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Operations ---------- [thumb\|74 002 at Waterloo](/wiki/File:74002_at_waterlooo.jpg "74002 at waterlooo.jpg") The Paxman engine of Class 74 was marginally more powerful than Class 73's English Electric engine, but significantly less reliable. The Paxman was also noisy (due to the silencer being mounted in the roof very near the cab) and difficult to start on occasion, which reduced flexibility. Until four additional [4\-REP](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_432 "British Rail Class 432") units were built in 1973 and 1974, Class 74 locomotives operated regular daytime passenger turns including [Waterloo](/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station "London Waterloo railway station")โ€“Weymouth services as far as Bournemouth. Subsequently, their only regular non\-freight workings were on night mail and newspaper trains to and from Bournemouth, the Weymouth boat trains, and Southampton 'Ocean Liner Specials'. These trains ran to/from both Southampton Western and Eastern Docks. In practice, Class 74s were a rare visitor to Weymouth because failures while running on diesel were common and disruptive, and they were usually replaced on Weymouth trains at Bournemouth by [Class 33](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_33 "British Rail Class 33") diesels for the final leg of the journey. This continuing unreliability bred mistrust of the class within BR, negating the point of acquiring them as higher\-power diesels. They did remain in frequent use on services to Southampton Ocean terminal, but as this required only a few miles of diesel\-powered running{{snd}}and on a branch line rather than a main{{snd}}the potential for disruption to other services was reduced. These problems were compounded by the difficulties faced in maintaining the locomotives' control systems, which were both more complicated and less reliable than those fitted to the Class 73 fleet, and Class 74s came to be unpopular with crew and fitters alike. When in good order they were judged to be sprightly performers, and the electronic traction control meant that acceleration was equally solid on both diesel and electric power sources. When running on the diesel engine, however, available power was pretty much exhausted by the time {{convert\|60\|or\|70\|mph\|km/h}} was reached even when hauling 'normal' loads{{snd}}as after losses and auxiliary loads were considered the engine's continuous at\-rail power output topped out at only {{cvt\|315\|hp\|kW}}. They were regular visitors to the London area, often running on [London Midland Region](/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways "London Midland Region of British Railways") and [Western Region](/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways "Western Region of British Railways") tracks. In the early half of the 1970s, milk trains for the Southern Region were a staple for the class as far as Acton Yard, requiring diesel power from [Clapham Junction](/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station "Clapham Junction railway station") through [Kensington](/wiki/Kensington_Olympia_station "Kensington Olympia station") and onto the Western Region mainline. Although their multiple\-working abilities allowed them to work with other locomotives of Classes 73 and 74, EP multiple unit stock, and any Blue Star fitted mainline diesel locomotive, multiple operations were exceptionally rare other than on the frequent balancing runs between their home depot of [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh "Eastleigh") and their day\-time out\-stations of either Clapham Junction yard or [Stewarts Lane depot](/wiki/Stewarts_Lane_TMD "Stewarts Lane TMD"), in readiness for night\-time postal and newspaper trains from London Waterloo. These were nearly always pairs running light\-engine or occasionally combined with empty coaching stock (ECS) moves. The entire class was allocated to Eastleigh depot for their operational life. In common with Class 73, Class 74 locomotives were sent to [Crewe Electric TMD](/wiki/Crewe_Electric_TMD "Crewe Electric TMD") for heavy maintenance up until 1972, after which Eastleigh took over all works for both classes.
[ "Operations\n----------", "[thumb\\|74 002 at Waterloo](/wiki/File:74002_at_waterlooo.jpg \"74002 at waterlooo.jpg\")\nThe Paxman engine of Class 74 was marginally more powerful than Class 73's English Electric engine, but significantly less reliable. The Paxman was also noisy (due to the silencer being mounted in the roof very near the cab) and difficult to start on occasion, which reduced flexibility. Until four additional [4\\-REP](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_432 \"British Rail Class 432\") units were built in 1973 and 1974, Class 74 locomotives operated regular daytime passenger turns including [Waterloo](/wiki/London_Waterloo_railway_station \"London Waterloo railway station\")โ€“Weymouth services as far as Bournemouth. Subsequently, their only regular non\\-freight workings were on night mail and newspaper trains to and from Bournemouth, the Weymouth boat trains, and Southampton 'Ocean Liner Specials'. These trains ran to/from both Southampton Western and Eastern Docks.", "In practice, Class 74s were a rare visitor to Weymouth because failures while running on diesel were common and disruptive, and they were usually replaced on Weymouth trains at Bournemouth by [Class 33](/wiki/British_Rail_Class_33 \"British Rail Class 33\") diesels for the final leg of the journey. This continuing unreliability bred mistrust of the class within BR, negating the point of acquiring them as higher\\-power diesels. They did remain in frequent use on services to Southampton Ocean terminal, but as this required only a few miles of diesel\\-powered running{{snd}}and on a branch line rather than a main{{snd}}the potential for disruption to other services was reduced. These problems were compounded by the difficulties faced in maintaining the locomotives' control systems, which were both more complicated and less reliable than those fitted to the Class 73 fleet, and Class 74s came to be unpopular with crew and fitters alike.", "When in good order they were judged to be sprightly performers, and the electronic traction control meant that acceleration was equally solid on both diesel and electric power sources. When running on the diesel engine, however, available power was pretty much exhausted by the time {{convert\\|60\\|or\\|70\\|mph\\|km/h}} was reached even when hauling 'normal' loads{{snd}}as after losses and auxiliary loads were considered the engine's continuous at\\-rail power output topped out at only {{cvt\\|315\\|hp\\|kW}}.", "They were regular visitors to the London area, often running on [London Midland Region](/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways \"London Midland Region of British Railways\") and [Western Region](/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways \"Western Region of British Railways\") tracks. In the early half of the 1970s, milk trains for the Southern Region were a staple for the class as far as Acton Yard, requiring diesel power from [Clapham Junction](/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station \"Clapham Junction railway station\") through [Kensington](/wiki/Kensington_Olympia_station \"Kensington Olympia station\") and onto the Western Region mainline.", "Although their multiple\\-working abilities allowed them to work with other locomotives of Classes 73 and 74, EP multiple unit stock, and any Blue Star fitted mainline diesel locomotive, multiple operations were exceptionally rare other than on the frequent balancing runs between their home depot of [Eastleigh](/wiki/Eastleigh \"Eastleigh\") and their day\\-time out\\-stations of either Clapham Junction yard or [Stewarts Lane depot](/wiki/Stewarts_Lane_TMD \"Stewarts Lane TMD\"), in readiness for night\\-time postal and newspaper trains from London Waterloo. These were nearly always pairs running light\\-engine or occasionally combined with empty coaching stock (ECS) moves.", "The entire class was allocated to Eastleigh depot for their operational life. In common with Class 73, Class 74 locomotives were sent to [Crewe Electric TMD](/wiki/Crewe_Electric_TMD \"Crewe Electric TMD\") for heavy maintenance up until 1972, after which Eastleigh took over all works for both classes.", "" ]
History ------- ### Precolonial contact The island of Timor is thought to have been settled in three waves. The first wave to arrive on the island were the Vedo\-Australoide roughly 40,000\-20,000 BCE, near the end of the fourth and final global glacier period, when much of Indonesia was a continuous body of land, and Timor was much closer to other islands in the archipelago. The second wave is thought to have come from Melanesia, specifically from [Papua New\-Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea "Papua New Guinea"), [Vanuatu](/wiki/Vanuatu "Vanuatu"), and the [Salomon Islands](/wiki/Salomon_Islands "Salomon Islands"), around 3,000 BCE. The Melanesian people had well\-developed agriculture, so they could explore the surrounding ocean better than other oceanic people's at the time. The Melanesian languages Fataluco, Macaรงai, and Bรบnac are still spoken in some parts of East and West Timor to this day. The third and final pre\-colonial wave, known as the Proto\-Malay, came to Timor from Southern China and Northern Indochina around 2,500 BCE. The Proto\-Malay populated most of modern\-day Indonesia.University of Coimbra: [*Population Settlements in East Timor and Indonesia*](https://web.archive.org/web/19990202035244/http://www.uc.pt/Timor/CURSO1A.HTM) ### Postcolonial contact Timor was contacted by the Portuguese in 1515, and claimed as a territory of Portugal in 1520\. The Dutch East India Company settled the west end of the island in 1640, pushing the Portuguese out and to the east side of the island. The Dutch government officially acknowledged their occupation in 1799, and an unsteady border was formed, separating the two sides. A treaty between the Portuguese and the Dutch was signed in 1859, and reformed in 1893, but it was not until as late as 1914 when the treaty was finalized and border disputes were finally laid to rest. Shortly after, in 1942, both sides of Timor were conquered by Empire of Japan during its invasion of the pacific. Timor participated in the [Indonesian Interdependence](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence "Proclamation of Indonesian Independence") cause, and joined the Republic of Indonesia in 1949\. East Timor voted to leave the republic in 1999, becoming the first new sovereign nation of the 21st century. ### Amarasi in Timor [thumb\|Dialects of the Amarasi language{{Cite book \| vauthors\=Edwards O \| title \= Metathesis and unmetathesis in Amarasi \| place \= Berlin \| publisher \= Language Science Press \| date \= 2020 \| format \= pdf \| url \= http://langsci\-press.org/catalog/book/228 \| doi \= 10\.5281/zenodo.3700413 \| doi\-access\=free \| isbn \= 978\-3\-96110\-223\-5 }}](/wiki/File:Amarasi_dialects.pdf "Amarasi dialects.pdf") The Amarasi were a powerful [princedom](/wiki/Principality "Principality") in the west section of Timor during the initial occupation of the Portuguese beginning in the 16th century. According to legend, a young man named Nafi Rasi, accidentally broke a family heirloom and left his home in East Timor to the west, out of fear of retaliation. He acquired guns from the Portuguese\-Timoric [Topasses](/wiki/Topasses "Topasses"), and used them to gain power and prestige, collecting a following from his home province of [Belu](/wiki/Belu_%28province%29 "Belu (province)"), and forming a lasting dynasty.Geerloff Heijmering, 'Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van Timor', *Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch\-Indรซ* 9:3 1847 By the mid 17th century, the Amarasi had been mostly converted to Catholicism by Dominican missionaries, an influence that has lasted to present day. A 2010 census found that 96\.9% of the population in Timor is Catholic, and that 2\.2% are Protestant.["Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas"](http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Publication-2-English-Web.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224015626/https://www.mof.gov.tl/wp\-content/uploads/2011/06/Publication\-2\-English\-Web.pdf \|date\=2015\-12\-24 }} (PDF). *Population and Housing Census of Timor\-Leste, 2010*. Timor\-Leste Ministry of Finance. p. 21\. Because of their debt to the Portuguese for helping found their dynasty, Amarasi sided with them to help resist the Dutch East India Company's settlement in 1640\. For over a hundred years the Amarasi fought against the Dutch in the [Kupang](/wiki/Kupang "Kupang") area along the west coast of Timor, engaging in "low\-scale warfare" and headhunting.Hans Hรคgerdal, 'White and Dark Stranger Kings; Kupang in the Early Colonial Era', *Moussons* 12 2009, p. 153\. The Amarasi suffered a severe loss at the hands of the Dutch in 1752, after attempting a large\-scale resistance with the Topasses against the Dutch occupying the west coast in 1749\. The Topasses were completely defeated, and the Amarasi attempted to retreat to their Portuguese allies, but were cut off by the Dutch East India Company's forces. Facing defeat, the Amarasi King killed himself rather than be taken prisoner, and a majority of his people were killed or taken as slaves. After several years, the Amarasi were released from their bondage and allowed to return to their native homes, with the condition that they relinquish any affiliation with the Portuguese, and remain loyal to Dutch interests, which they did until West Timor joined the Republic of Indonesia in the 1940s.H.G. Schulte Nordholt, *The Political System of the Atoni of Timor*. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, pp. 181\-2 During this time, the Amarasi dynasty split into three parts, Buwarein, who remained loyal to the bloodline of Nafi Rasi, andTaiba and Houmen, who believed that the bloodline was what had led them to their defeat at the hands of the Dutch. In the early part of the 20th century infighting let to further subdividing of the Amarasi, resulting in a total of five much smaller factions.H.G. Schulte Nordholt, 1971, pp. 155, 319\-20\. These factions were lost during the [Japanese occupation of Indonesia](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies "Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies") between 1942 and 1945, when the Amarasi were united once again. The princedom returned to power for the first few years of the Republic on Indonesia, until in 1962, when "traditional forms of government" were abolished in their region. Because of its complex occupational history, Amarasi and other Timoric languages use many loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Japanese, and various other Oceanic languages. Their long alliance with the Portuguese also accounts for why they seem to have had the largest influence on the Amarasi language. For example, the Amarasi for 'thank you' is {{Lang\|aaz\|obrigadu}}*,* derived from the Portuguese {{Lang\|pt\|obrigado}}.
[ "History\n-------", "### Precolonial contact", "The island of Timor is thought to have been settled in three waves. The first wave to arrive on the island were the Vedo\\-Australoide roughly 40,000\\-20,000 BCE, near the end of the fourth and final global glacier period, when much of Indonesia was a continuous body of land, and Timor was much closer to other islands in the archipelago. The second wave is thought to have come from Melanesia, specifically from [Papua New\\-Guinea](/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea \"Papua New Guinea\"), [Vanuatu](/wiki/Vanuatu \"Vanuatu\"), and the [Salomon Islands](/wiki/Salomon_Islands \"Salomon Islands\"), around 3,000 BCE. The Melanesian people had well\\-developed agriculture, so they could explore the surrounding ocean better than other oceanic people's at the time. The Melanesian languages Fataluco, Macaรงai, and Bรบnac are still spoken in some parts of East and West Timor to this day. The third and final pre\\-colonial wave, known as the Proto\\-Malay, came to Timor from Southern China and Northern Indochina around 2,500 BCE. The Proto\\-Malay populated most of modern\\-day Indonesia.University of Coimbra: [*Population Settlements in East Timor and Indonesia*](https://web.archive.org/web/19990202035244/http://www.uc.pt/Timor/CURSO1A.HTM)", "### Postcolonial contact", "Timor was contacted by the Portuguese in 1515, and claimed as a territory of Portugal in 1520\\. The Dutch East India Company settled the west end of the island in 1640, pushing the Portuguese out and to the east side of the island. The Dutch government officially acknowledged their occupation in 1799, and an unsteady border was formed, separating the two sides. A treaty between the Portuguese and the Dutch was signed in 1859, and reformed in 1893, but it was not until as late as 1914 when the treaty was finalized and border disputes were finally laid to rest. Shortly after, in 1942, both sides of Timor were conquered by Empire of Japan during its invasion of the pacific. Timor participated in the [Indonesian Interdependence](/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence \"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence\") cause, and joined the Republic of Indonesia in 1949\\. East Timor voted to leave the republic in 1999, becoming the first new sovereign nation of the 21st century.", "### Amarasi in Timor", "[thumb\\|Dialects of the Amarasi language{{Cite book\n\\| vauthors\\=Edwards O\n\\| title \\= Metathesis and unmetathesis in Amarasi\n\\| place \\= Berlin\n\\| publisher \\= Language Science Press\n\\| date \\= 2020\n\\| format \\= pdf\n\\| url \\= http://langsci\\-press.org/catalog/book/228\n\\| doi \\= 10\\.5281/zenodo.3700413\n\\| doi\\-access\\=free\n\\| isbn \\= 978\\-3\\-96110\\-223\\-5\n}}](/wiki/File:Amarasi_dialects.pdf \"Amarasi dialects.pdf\")", "The Amarasi were a powerful [princedom](/wiki/Principality \"Principality\") in the west section of Timor during the initial occupation of the Portuguese beginning in the 16th century. According to legend, a young man named Nafi Rasi, accidentally broke a family heirloom and left his home in East Timor to the west, out of fear of retaliation. He acquired guns from the Portuguese\\-Timoric [Topasses](/wiki/Topasses \"Topasses\"), and used them to gain power and prestige, collecting a following from his home province of [Belu](/wiki/Belu_%28province%29 \"Belu (province)\"), and forming a lasting dynasty.Geerloff Heijmering, 'Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van Timor', *Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch\\-Indรซ* 9:3 1847 By the mid 17th century, the Amarasi had been mostly converted to Catholicism by Dominican missionaries, an influence that has lasted to present day. A 2010 census found that 96\\.9% of the population in Timor is Catholic, and that 2\\.2% are Protestant.[\"Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas\"](http://www.mof.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Publication-2-English-Web.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224015626/https://www.mof.gov.tl/wp\\-content/uploads/2011/06/Publication\\-2\\-English\\-Web.pdf \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-24 }} (PDF). *Population and Housing Census of Timor\\-Leste, 2010*. Timor\\-Leste Ministry of Finance. p. 21\\. Because of their debt to the Portuguese for helping found their dynasty, Amarasi sided with them to help resist the Dutch East India Company's settlement in 1640\\. For over a hundred years the Amarasi fought against the Dutch in the [Kupang](/wiki/Kupang \"Kupang\") area along the west coast of Timor, engaging in \"low\\-scale warfare\" and headhunting.Hans Hรคgerdal, 'White and Dark Stranger Kings; Kupang in the Early Colonial Era', *Moussons* 12 2009, p. 153\\.", "The Amarasi suffered a severe loss at the hands of the Dutch in 1752, after attempting a large\\-scale resistance with the Topasses against the Dutch occupying the west coast in 1749\\. The Topasses were completely defeated, and the Amarasi attempted to retreat to their Portuguese allies, but were cut off by the Dutch East India Company's forces. Facing defeat, the Amarasi King killed himself rather than be taken prisoner, and a majority of his people were killed or taken as slaves. After several years, the Amarasi were released from their bondage and allowed to return to their native homes, with the condition that they relinquish any affiliation with the Portuguese, and remain loyal to Dutch interests, which they did until West Timor joined the Republic of Indonesia in the 1940s.H.G. Schulte Nordholt, *The Political System of the Atoni of Timor*. The Hague: M. Nijhoff, pp. 181\\-2 During this time, the Amarasi dynasty split into three parts, Buwarein, who remained loyal to the bloodline of Nafi Rasi, andTaiba and Houmen, who believed that the bloodline was what had led them to their defeat at the hands of the Dutch. In the early part of the 20th century infighting let to further subdividing of the Amarasi, resulting in a total of five much smaller factions.H.G. Schulte Nordholt, 1971, pp. 155, 319\\-20\\.", "These factions were lost during the [Japanese occupation of Indonesia](/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies \"Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies\") between 1942 and 1945, when the Amarasi were united once again. The princedom returned to power for the first few years of the Republic on Indonesia, until in 1962, when \"traditional forms of government\" were abolished in their region.", "Because of its complex occupational history, Amarasi and other Timoric languages use many loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Japanese, and various other Oceanic languages. Their long alliance with the Portuguese also accounts for why they seem to have had the largest influence on the Amarasi language. For example, the Amarasi for 'thank you' is {{Lang\\|aaz\\|obrigadu}}*,* derived from the Portuguese {{Lang\\|pt\\|obrigado}}.", "" ]
Capture and Death ----------------- During the [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War"), on October 13, 1973, around 11 A.M., Lanir was launched for an interception mission deep in Syrian territory. He was most probably not present at the squadron's morning briefing, and was not aware of the location of the mobile missile batteries that the Syrians placed during the night. On his way back to Israel, Lanir and his deputy were caught in a missile ambush. Lanir's Mirage was hit in the rear by an [SA\-3](/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora "S-125 Neva/Pechora") surface\-to\-air missile and began to burn. Lanir managed to steer his damaged plane westward until he had to abandon it over Israeli territory. Unfortunately, a strong westerly wind swept the parachute towards the Syrian forces. Lanir arrived safely on the ground in the area of [Mazraat Beit Jinn](/wiki/Mazraat_Beit_Jinn "Mazraat Beit Jinn"). Israeli armored soldiers from the [188th Armored Brigade](/wiki/188th_Armored_Brigade "188th Armored Brigade") saw him parachute but mistakenly thought he was a MiG pilot. Several minutes later, the commander of the rescue unit, [Eliezer Cohen](/wiki/Eliezer_Cohen "Eliezer Cohen"), contacted the armor brigade in the sector, who quickly sent several tanks to rescue Lanir.{{Cite web \|title\=ืื“ื ืžื•ืœ ืฉืžื™ื \- ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืื•ืžืŸ \|url\=https://www.machonso.org/mishol/item.asp?id\=1344 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-09 \|website\=www.machonso.org}} Lanir detached himself from the parachute and started running towards the Israeli armor. The Syrians, who wanted to stop Lanir's run, fired several artillery shells at him. As the minutes passed, Syrian commandos managed to surround Lanir. Lanir was seen being lifted off the ground and put into a Syrian [Armoured Personnel Carrier](/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier "Armoured personnel carrier"), which sped away to the east.Igal Sarna, *The Man Who Fell Into a Puddle: Israeli Lives*, Vintage Books/Random House (2000\) pages 144 through 148 When news of Lanir's capture became known, great concern was expressed in the IDF and Israel's political leadership. Their fear grew because, contrary to the Syrian custom of showing captured Israeli pilots on television, Lanir was not seen in public. According to the testimony of Prof. [Yuval Ne'eman](/wiki/Yuval_Ne%27eman "Yuval Ne'eman"), Prime Minister [Golda Meir](/wiki/Golda_Meir "Golda Meir") told [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") that the Israeli government was willing to give up the [Hermon](/wiki/Mount_Hermon "Mount Hermon") peak in exchange for 28 Israeli pilots (and Lanir among them) who were captured by Syria. The need to rescue Lanir from his captors was critical.{{Cite news \|date\=2023\-09\-07 \|title\="ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื": ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื \|url\=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13570433 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-09 \|website\=ynet \|language\=he \|last1\=ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ \|first1\=ืจื•ื ืŸ \|last2\=ืคื™ืืœืงื•ื‘ \|first2\=ืื•ืจ }} Based on the testimony of Capt. Amichai Rokah, an airforce crew member who was captured the day before Lanir's capture, it became clear that the two talked to each other in a Syrian hospital while lying on either side of a divider. To Rokah's question, Lanir replied "my situation is very severe, I have fractures in my arms and legs, they broke my bones". After an examination of the body at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, and after a comprehensive investigation by the Information Security Branch of the Field Security Department of the Intelligence Division, which asked to know whether the secrets had been leaked to the Syrians, it was determined in a detailed report that the answer is an unequivocal no.Sarna p. 148Abraham Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East, Random House/Schocken Books (2004\) p.115{{Cite web \|last\=Yemini \|first\=Galya \|date\=May 25, 2005 \|title\=Noam Lanir plans to float Empire Online at $1b value \|url\=http://www.haaretz.com/print\-edition/business/noam\-lanir\-plans\-to\-float\-empire\-online\-at\-1b\-value\-1\.159508 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114142401/http://www.haaretz.com/print\-edition/business/noam\-lanir\-plans\-to\-float\-empire\-online\-at\-1b\-value\-1\.159508 \|archivedate\=14 November 2010 \|accessdate\=October 15, 2010 \|publisher\=Haaretz}} In a letter published for the first time in 2023, written by the commander of the Air Force in the Yom Kippur War, [Benny Peled](/wiki/Benny_Peled "Benny Peled"), which was addressed to the Chief of Staff [Mota Gur](/wiki/Mordechai_Gur "Mordechai Gur"), and the title of which is "The issue: medal awarding to the [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel "Lieutenant colonel") Avi Lanir". It says: "After a long examination and encompassing about the circumstances of Avi's death in captivity in Syria, I got to the conclusion that I should recommend awarding the [medal of courage](/wiki/Medal_of_Courage "Medal of Courage") to the commander of the 101 squadron. In his position as commander of 101, lieutenant colonel Avi Lanir was a complete secret partner (in the project), and was the only one among all the prisoners from the Yom Kippur War who had such information". Peled comes to the conclusion that the system's secrets were carefully guarded, even though Lanir was "harshly tortured and interrogated", and recommends that Michal, his widow, would receive the decoration on his behalf.{{Cite news \|date\=2023\-09\-07 \|title\="ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื": ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื \|url\=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13570433 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-09 \|website\=ynet \|language\=he \|last1\=ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ \|first1\=ืจื•ื ืŸ \|last2\=ืคื™ืืœืงื•ื‘ \|first2\=ืื•ืจ }} Lanir was buried in the military cemetery on [Mount Herzl](/wiki/Mount_Herzl "Mount Herzl"). In April 1976, Lanir was awarded the [medal of courage](/wiki/Medal_of_Courage "Medal of Courage"). In the description of the reasons for the decoration it was stated: > On the 17th of Tishrei 1973 (October 13, 1973\), during a combat flight in the [Golan Heights](/wiki/Golan_Heights "Golan Heights"), the plane of the late Lt. Col. Avraham Lanir was damaged, and he was forced to abandon it in enemy territory. Lt. Col. Avraham Lanir parachuted and landed alive. He was captured and taken hostage. The Lt. Col. Avraham Lanir was tortured to death by his interrogators and did not reveal any information. In these actions, the Lt. Col. Avraham Lanir showed courage, loyalty and supreme sacrifice. For this act he was awarded the decoration of courage. Chief of Staff [Mordechai Gur](/wiki/Mordechai_Gur "Mordechai Gur") entrusted the decoration to Michal, Lanir's widow.
[ "Capture and Death\n-----------------", "During the [Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War \"Yom Kippur War\"), on October 13, 1973, around 11 A.M., Lanir was launched for an interception mission deep in Syrian territory. He was most probably not present at the squadron's morning briefing, and was not aware of the location of the mobile missile batteries that the Syrians placed during the night.", "On his way back to Israel, Lanir and his deputy were caught in a missile ambush. Lanir's Mirage was hit in the rear by an [SA\\-3](/wiki/S-125_Neva/Pechora \"S-125 Neva/Pechora\") surface\\-to\\-air missile and began to burn. Lanir managed to steer his damaged plane westward until he had to abandon it over Israeli territory. Unfortunately, a strong westerly wind swept the parachute towards the Syrian forces.", "Lanir arrived safely on the ground in the area of [Mazraat Beit Jinn](/wiki/Mazraat_Beit_Jinn \"Mazraat Beit Jinn\"). Israeli armored soldiers from the [188th Armored Brigade](/wiki/188th_Armored_Brigade \"188th Armored Brigade\") saw him parachute but mistakenly thought he was a MiG pilot. Several minutes later, the commander of the rescue unit, [Eliezer Cohen](/wiki/Eliezer_Cohen \"Eliezer Cohen\"), contacted the armor brigade in the sector, who quickly sent several tanks to rescue Lanir.{{Cite web \\|title\\=ืื“ื ืžื•ืœ ืฉืžื™ื \\- ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืื•ืžืŸ \\|url\\=https://www.machonso.org/mishol/item.asp?id\\=1344 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=www.machonso.org}}", "Lanir detached himself from the parachute and started running towards the Israeli armor. The Syrians, who wanted to stop Lanir's run, fired several artillery shells at him. As the minutes passed, Syrian commandos managed to surround Lanir. Lanir was seen being lifted off the ground and put into a Syrian [Armoured Personnel Carrier](/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier \"Armoured personnel carrier\"), which sped away to the east.Igal Sarna, *The Man Who Fell Into a Puddle: Israeli Lives*, Vintage Books/Random House (2000\\) pages 144 through 148", "When news of Lanir's capture became known, great concern was expressed in the IDF and Israel's political leadership. Their fear grew because, contrary to the Syrian custom of showing captured Israeli pilots on television, Lanir was not seen in public. According to the testimony of Prof. [Yuval Ne'eman](/wiki/Yuval_Ne%27eman \"Yuval Ne'eman\"), Prime Minister [Golda Meir](/wiki/Golda_Meir \"Golda Meir\") told [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger \"Henry Kissinger\") that the Israeli government was willing to give up the [Hermon](/wiki/Mount_Hermon \"Mount Hermon\") peak in exchange for 28 Israeli pilots (and Lanir among them) who were captured by Syria. The need to rescue Lanir from his captors was critical.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-07 \\|title\\=\"ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื\": ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื \\|url\\=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13570433 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=ynet \\|language\\=he \\|last1\\=ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ \\|first1\\=ืจื•ื ืŸ \\|last2\\=ืคื™ืืœืงื•ื‘ \\|first2\\=ืื•ืจ }}", "Based on the testimony of Capt. Amichai Rokah, an airforce crew member who was captured the day before Lanir's capture, it became clear that the two talked to each other in a Syrian hospital while lying on either side of a divider. To Rokah's question, Lanir replied \"my situation is very severe, I have fractures in my arms and legs, they broke my bones\".", "After an examination of the body at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, and after a comprehensive investigation by the Information Security Branch of the Field Security Department of the Intelligence Division, which asked to know whether the secrets had been leaked to the Syrians, it was determined in a detailed report that the answer is an unequivocal no.Sarna p. 148Abraham Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East, Random House/Schocken Books (2004\\) p.115{{Cite web \\|last\\=Yemini \\|first\\=Galya \\|date\\=May 25, 2005 \\|title\\=Noam Lanir plans to float Empire Online at $1b value \\|url\\=http://www.haaretz.com/print\\-edition/business/noam\\-lanir\\-plans\\-to\\-float\\-empire\\-online\\-at\\-1b\\-value\\-1\\.159508 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114142401/http://www.haaretz.com/print\\-edition/business/noam\\-lanir\\-plans\\-to\\-float\\-empire\\-online\\-at\\-1b\\-value\\-1\\.159508 \\|archivedate\\=14 November 2010 \\|accessdate\\=October 15, 2010 \\|publisher\\=Haaretz}}", "In a letter published for the first time in 2023, written by the commander of the Air Force in the Yom Kippur War, [Benny Peled](/wiki/Benny_Peled \"Benny Peled\"), which was addressed to the Chief of Staff [Mota Gur](/wiki/Mordechai_Gur \"Mordechai Gur\"), and the title of which is \"The issue: medal awarding to the [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel \"Lieutenant colonel\") Avi Lanir\". It says: \"After a long examination and encompassing about the circumstances of Avi's death in captivity in Syria, I got to the conclusion that I should recommend awarding the [medal of courage](/wiki/Medal_of_Courage \"Medal of Courage\") to the commander of the 101 squadron. In his position as commander of 101, lieutenant colonel Avi Lanir was a complete secret partner (in the project), and was the only one among all the prisoners from the Yom Kippur War who had such information\". Peled comes to the conclusion that the system's secrets were carefully guarded, even though Lanir was \"harshly tortured and interrogated\", and recommends that Michal, his widow, would receive the decoration on his behalf.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-07 \\|title\\=\"ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื\": ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื \\|url\\=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/yokra13570433 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=ynet \\|language\\=he \\|last1\\=ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ \\|first1\\=ืจื•ื ืŸ \\|last2\\=ืคื™ืืœืงื•ื‘ \\|first2\\=ืื•ืจ }} Lanir was buried in the military cemetery on [Mount Herzl](/wiki/Mount_Herzl \"Mount Herzl\").", "In April 1976, Lanir was awarded the [medal of courage](/wiki/Medal_of_Courage \"Medal of Courage\"). In the description of the reasons for the decoration it was stated:\n> On the 17th of Tishrei 1973 (October 13, 1973\\), during a combat flight in the [Golan Heights](/wiki/Golan_Heights \"Golan Heights\"), the plane of the late Lt. Col. Avraham Lanir was damaged, and he was forced to abandon it in enemy territory. Lt. Col. Avraham Lanir parachuted and landed alive. He was captured and taken hostage. The Lt. Col. Avraham Lanir was tortured to death by his interrogators and did not reveal any information. In these actions, the Lt. Col. Avraham Lanir showed courage, loyalty and supreme sacrifice. For this act he was awarded the decoration of courage.", "Chief of Staff [Mordechai Gur](/wiki/Mordechai_Gur \"Mordechai Gur\") entrusted the decoration to Michal, Lanir's widow.", "" ]
History ------- ### Military band Military training was an important part of the early curriculum at Ohio State, and a band was formed to provide music for the cadets to drill to. The first appearance of a marching band was in 1878, as a 12 piece fife and drum corps. The first marching band in 1878 was sponsored by the Military Department at OSU, and continued to perform for military functions until 1881, when a missing mouthpiece incident led to the student director's expulsion from the university, and the Military Department refusing to sponsor a program. Various student\-led bands with no university faculty were formed and performed through 1896\. In 1896, the Military Department decided to once again sponsor a band, hiring Gustav Bruder as their director. Under Bruder, and later Eugene J. Weigel, the band grew in size to a block of 64, and later 100 bandsmen. They also began playing and marching for most military and athletic events.{{cite book\|title\=Script Ohio: Tradition of Excellence\|year\=2013\|publisher\=Kappa Kappa Psi, Eta Chapter\|location\=Columbus, Ohio}} By 1929, the Marching Band, which Weigel limited to an even 100 musicians, was composed mostly of upperclass ROTC cadets. This caused many of the freshman and sophomore students to be unable to march. Weigel, in his desire to create a more well\-rounded music program at the university, created two Regimental Bands to complement the Marching Band. These bands, known as the Infantry Regimental Band and the Artillery Regimental Band, helped to train new students in the marching style of the Marching Band. These bands met primarily in the Winter and Spring Quarters, and were often complemented by the upperclass members of the Marching Band, looking to continue to improve their marching and musicianship. In 1934, Weigel removed all woodwind instruments from the marching band (flutes, clarinets, saxophones, etc.) The only exception to this was during World War II. From 1943โ€“1945, director William McBride allowed woodwinds, vocalists, young, old, and even citizens of the campus community to wear the uniform and perform at home football games. The Regimental Bands continued to complement the Marching Band throughout the 1940s and 1950s. In 1952, the ROTC department, by directive of the Department of Defense, had to sever ties with the Marching Band program. This allowed the general membership of [Ohio State University](/wiki/Ohio_State_University "Ohio State University") to try out and become members of the Marching Band. The Regimental Bands, which were combined into one Military Band, continued to perform during the Winter and Spring, and were conducted by the Band Staff of the Marching Band. Under director Charles Spohn, the Military Band became an ensemble that was highly respected. In 1970, the Military Band recorded the album *Adjutant's Call*. The Military Band was eventually merged with the Buckeye Scarlet and Gray bands. ### Athletic band In 1947, Jack O. Evans created the first Activities Band on campus. The Activities Band, from inception, allowed both men and women. This band performed at concerts, Men's basketball games and some pep rally events across campus. In 1956, the band's name was changed to the Buckeye Band. Enrollment in the Buckeye Band was open to students who played any concert band instrument, unlike the Marching Band which was limited to brass and percussion only. In the late 1950s, with membership passing 130 members, the Buckeye Band was split into two bands: Buckeye Scarlet and Buckeye Gray. These bands were run separately from the Marching and Military Bands until 1979\. In 1980, the Military band took over the performance of Basketball games from the Buckeye Bands. The Buckeye Bands became concert bands solely, taking on the names "University Band" and "Symphonic Band."{{cite web \|url\=http://music.osu.edu/bands/history \|title\=History {{!}} School of Music \|website\=music.osu.edu \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116140354/http://music.osu.edu/bands/history \|archive\-date\=2015\-11\-16}} The new Military Band performed at Men's and Women's Basketball games, the Spring Football Game, ROTC parades, other campus events, and concerts throughout the city. The Military Band continued to also be a source of training for prospective members of the Marching Band, as well as an ensemble for veteran Marching Band members to stay in shape with. By 1980, the Military Band's uniforms were replaced for Men's Basketball games. The band started wearing gray slacks and white shirts with a red vest for these games. The military style uniforms continued to be used for concerts, parades, and the Spring Football Game. The Military Band met twice a week, and once the Spring Football Game was over, the remainder of the year was typically spent teaching more advanced marching fundamentals used by the Marching Band.{{cite web\|title\=TBDBITL Alumni Club\|website\=\[\[Facebook]]\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/groups/TBDBITLAlumniClub}} As the Military Band began performing at Men's and Women's Basketball, various different uniforms were experimented with for these athletic events, including scarlet and gray striped [Waldo](/wiki/Wheres_Waldo "Wheres Waldo") sweaters, jerseys, and T\-shirts. The Men's Basketball Band was an auditioned band, while the bands that performed at other events were open enrollment. In 1988, the Marching Band received funds for new uniforms. Dr. Jon Woods kept the old Marching Band uniforms for use by the Military Band. These uniforms were used by the Military Band until the 1992 Spring Football Game. After that game, it was decided to retire the military uniforms and standardize the Spring Military Band with red polo shirts and gray pants. In 1994, Dr. Jon Woods decided to retire the name "Military Band," since the band typically performed at only one ROTC event, and did not wear any type of military uniform. The program was restarted in the autumn of 1994 as the Athletic Band. The Athletic Band continued to perform at the same functions as the Military Band did during Winter and Spring Quarters. In the Autumn Quarter of 1996, Dr. Jon Woods was approached by the OSU Athletic Department to form a Fall Quarter Athletic Band. This band would perform at women's volleyball games during the Autumn and then perform at pre\-season Men's Basketball and hockey games. The first Volleyball Band at OSU premiered with 14 students, one of whom was the conductor. The band continued to experiment with various uniforms, including track suits, T\-shirts, and polos. As enrollment increased, the Athletic Band would be split into evenly orchestrated smaller bands, which rehearsed together and occasionally performed as a full ensemble. In the early 21st century, with declining enrollment, the Winter Athletic Band ended auditions for the Men's Basketball Band, and rather split up the total enrollment of the band into smaller bands of relatively equal instrumentation. In 2006, the Band Staff launched a program called the "Total Band Program." This program emphasized the importance of the Athletic Band alongside the Marching Band. The Marching Band would host an event every Spring known as Junior \& Senior Night, which invited high school students to tour the Marching Band facilities and perform with the Marching Band in a concert at the end of the day. High school students would be given a tour in small groups by Squad Leaders and other members of the Marching Band. This event was opened to Athletic Band in 2006, and Junior \& Senior Night was opened to all students who played any band instrument. Students who play woodwinds would be given tours and information by section leaders of their respective sections in Athletic Band. The Band Staff also decided to remove Fall, Winter, and Spring, from the Athletic Band name, allowing for one continuous band through the year. A new logo, a crest of similar design to the Marching Band crest, was commissioned, and embroidered on new polo shirts. These efforts by the Band Staff have helped to bolster enrollment in the Fall Quarter, as well as continue to provide for a very robust Winter and Spring Quarter band. [thumbnail\|right\|The 2006 Spring Athletic Band marching in the Kentucky Derby Parade.](/wiki/File:Kentucky_Derby_Parade_06.jpg "Kentucky Derby Parade 06.jpg") Beginning in 2011, the athletic department requested that the Men's Basketball Band did not total more than 57 musicians, to maximize the number of seats for spectators. This arrangement made the Band Staff determine in the fall of 2012 that the Men's Basketball Band should once again be an audition band, to allow for the best musicians to perform at those games. In 2012, Ohio State transitioned from quarters to semesters, allowing for only Fall and Spring Bands. The Fall Band began rehearsing twice a week (Fall Band used to rehearse once a week only), and with more emphasis on musicianship, memorization, and choreography, the Athletic Band program has continued to evolve into a highly energetic program that complements the Marching Band throughout the year. The Athletic Band performs at Men's and Women's Basketball, Men's and Women's Volleyball, Men's and Women's Ice Hockey, Men's Soccer, Wrestling, the Spring Football Game, an ROTC Pass\-In\-Review, as well as an annual concert on campus. Typically the Fall Band program numbers around 200 musicians, with the Spring Band often totaling more than 300\. The school [fight songs](/wiki/Fight_songs "Fight songs")โ€”"[Buckeye Battle Cry](/wiki/Buckeye_Battle_Cry "Buckeye Battle Cry")" and "[Fight the Team Across the Field](/wiki/Across_the_Field "Across the Field")"โ€”were first performed by the Marching Band in the early 20th century. Other traditional songs performed by the band are the 1960s pop hit "[Hang on Sloopy](/wiki/Hang_on_Sloopy "Hang on Sloopy")" and the famous "We Don't Give a Damn for the Whole State of Michigan", which was popularized by [James Thurber](/wiki/James_Thurber "James Thurber") in the [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre "Broadway theatre") production of [The Male Animal](/wiki/The_Male_Animal "The Male Animal"). Several other popular charts include Al Jarreau's "Boogie Down," the Michael Stanley Band's "My Town," Royal Crown Revue's "Hey, Pachuco!" and recent hits such as Adele's "Rolling in the Deep," and Bruno Mars' "Locked Out of Heaven." The Athletic Band performs music of many different styles and genres, which allows for a variety of music to be played at performances, and also allows to expand the musicianship of the performers in the ensemble.
[ "History\n-------", "### Military band", "Military training was an important part of the early curriculum at Ohio State, and a band was formed to provide music for the cadets to drill to. The first appearance of a marching band was in 1878, as a 12 piece fife and drum corps. The first marching band in 1878 was sponsored by the Military Department at OSU, and continued to perform for military functions until 1881, when a missing mouthpiece incident led to the student director's expulsion from the university, and the Military Department refusing to sponsor a program. Various student\\-led bands with no university faculty were formed and performed through 1896\\. In 1896, the Military Department decided to once again sponsor a band, hiring Gustav Bruder as their director. Under Bruder, and later Eugene J. Weigel, the band grew in size to a block of 64, and later 100 bandsmen. They also began playing and marching for most military and athletic events.{{cite book\\|title\\=Script Ohio: Tradition of Excellence\\|year\\=2013\\|publisher\\=Kappa Kappa Psi, Eta Chapter\\|location\\=Columbus, Ohio}}", "By 1929, the Marching Band, which Weigel limited to an even 100 musicians, was composed mostly of upperclass ROTC cadets. This caused many of the freshman and sophomore students to be unable to march. Weigel, in his desire to create a more well\\-rounded music program at the university, created two Regimental Bands to complement the Marching Band. These bands, known as the Infantry Regimental Band and the Artillery Regimental Band, helped to train new students in the marching style of the Marching Band. These bands met primarily in the Winter and Spring Quarters, and were often complemented by the upperclass members of the Marching Band, looking to continue to improve their marching and musicianship. In 1934, Weigel removed all woodwind instruments from the marching band (flutes, clarinets, saxophones, etc.) The only exception to this was during World War II. From 1943โ€“1945, director William McBride allowed woodwinds, vocalists, young, old, and even citizens of the campus community to wear the uniform and perform at home football games. The Regimental Bands continued to complement the Marching Band throughout the 1940s and 1950s.", "In 1952, the ROTC department, by directive of the Department of Defense, had to sever ties with the Marching Band program. This allowed the general membership of [Ohio State University](/wiki/Ohio_State_University \"Ohio State University\") to try out and become members of the Marching Band. The Regimental Bands, which were combined into one Military Band, continued to perform during the Winter and Spring, and were conducted by the Band Staff of the Marching Band. Under director Charles Spohn, the Military Band became an ensemble that was highly respected. In 1970, the Military Band recorded the album *Adjutant's Call*. The Military Band was eventually merged with the Buckeye Scarlet and Gray bands.", "### Athletic band", "In 1947, Jack O. Evans created the first Activities Band on campus. The Activities Band, from inception, allowed both men and women. This band performed at concerts, Men's basketball games and some pep rally events across campus. In 1956, the band's name was changed to the Buckeye Band. Enrollment in the Buckeye Band was open to students who played any concert band instrument, unlike the Marching Band which was limited to brass and percussion only. In the late 1950s, with membership passing 130 members, the Buckeye Band was split into two bands: Buckeye Scarlet and Buckeye Gray. These bands were run separately from the Marching and Military Bands until 1979\\. In 1980, the Military band took over the performance of Basketball games from the Buckeye Bands. The Buckeye Bands became concert bands solely, taking on the names \"University Band\" and \"Symphonic Band.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://music.osu.edu/bands/history \\|title\\=History {{!}} School of Music \\|website\\=music.osu.edu \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116140354/http://music.osu.edu/bands/history \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-16}} The new Military Band performed at Men's and Women's Basketball games, the Spring Football Game, ROTC parades, other campus events, and concerts throughout the city. The Military Band continued to also be a source of training for prospective members of the Marching Band, as well as an ensemble for veteran Marching Band members to stay in shape with. By 1980, the Military Band's uniforms were replaced for Men's Basketball games. The band started wearing gray slacks and white shirts with a red vest for these games. The military style uniforms continued to be used for concerts, parades, and the Spring Football Game. The Military Band met twice a week, and once the Spring Football Game was over, the remainder of the year was typically spent teaching more advanced marching fundamentals used by the Marching Band.{{cite web\\|title\\=TBDBITL Alumni Club\\|website\\=\\[\\[Facebook]]\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/groups/TBDBITLAlumniClub}}", "As the Military Band began performing at Men's and Women's Basketball, various different uniforms were experimented with for these athletic events, including scarlet and gray striped [Waldo](/wiki/Wheres_Waldo \"Wheres Waldo\") sweaters, jerseys, and T\\-shirts. The Men's Basketball Band was an auditioned band, while the bands that performed at other events were open enrollment. In 1988, the Marching Band received funds for new uniforms. Dr. Jon Woods kept the old Marching Band uniforms for use by the Military Band. These uniforms were used by the Military Band until the 1992 Spring Football Game. After that game, it was decided to retire the military uniforms and standardize the Spring Military Band with red polo shirts and gray pants. In 1994, Dr. Jon Woods decided to retire the name \"Military Band,\" since the band typically performed at only one ROTC event, and did not wear any type of military uniform. The program was restarted in the autumn of 1994 as the Athletic Band. The Athletic Band continued to perform at the same functions as the Military Band did during Winter and Spring Quarters.", "In the Autumn Quarter of 1996, Dr. Jon Woods was approached by the OSU Athletic Department to form a Fall Quarter Athletic Band. This band would perform at women's volleyball games during the Autumn and then perform at pre\\-season Men's Basketball and hockey games. The first Volleyball Band at OSU premiered with 14 students, one of whom was the conductor. The band continued to experiment with various uniforms, including track suits, T\\-shirts, and polos. As enrollment increased, the Athletic Band would be split into evenly orchestrated smaller bands, which rehearsed together and occasionally performed as a full ensemble. In the early 21st century, with declining enrollment, the Winter Athletic Band ended auditions for the Men's Basketball Band, and rather split up the total enrollment of the band into smaller bands of relatively equal instrumentation. In 2006, the Band Staff launched a program called the \"Total Band Program.\" This program emphasized the importance of the Athletic Band alongside the Marching Band. The Marching Band would host an event every Spring known as Junior \\& Senior Night, which invited high school students to tour the Marching Band facilities and perform with the Marching Band in a concert at the end of the day. High school students would be given a tour in small groups by Squad Leaders and other members of the Marching Band. This event was opened to Athletic Band in 2006, and Junior \\& Senior Night was opened to all students who played any band instrument. Students who play woodwinds would be given tours and information by section leaders of their respective sections in Athletic Band. The Band Staff also decided to remove Fall, Winter, and Spring, from the Athletic Band name, allowing for one continuous band through the year. A new logo, a crest of similar design to the Marching Band crest, was commissioned, and embroidered on new polo shirts. These efforts by the Band Staff have helped to bolster enrollment in the Fall Quarter, as well as continue to provide for a very robust Winter and Spring Quarter band.", "[thumbnail\\|right\\|The 2006 Spring Athletic Band marching in the Kentucky Derby Parade.](/wiki/File:Kentucky_Derby_Parade_06.jpg \"Kentucky Derby Parade 06.jpg\")\nBeginning in 2011, the athletic department requested that the Men's Basketball Band did not total more than 57 musicians, to maximize the number of seats for spectators. This arrangement made the Band Staff determine in the fall of 2012 that the Men's Basketball Band should once again be an audition band, to allow for the best musicians to perform at those games.", "In 2012, Ohio State transitioned from quarters to semesters, allowing for only Fall and Spring Bands. The Fall Band began rehearsing twice a week (Fall Band used to rehearse once a week only), and with more emphasis on musicianship, memorization, and choreography, the Athletic Band program has continued to evolve into a highly energetic program that complements the Marching Band throughout the year. The Athletic Band performs at Men's and Women's Basketball, Men's and Women's Volleyball, Men's and Women's Ice Hockey, Men's Soccer, Wrestling, the Spring Football Game, an ROTC Pass\\-In\\-Review, as well as an annual concert on campus. Typically the Fall Band program numbers around 200 musicians, with the Spring Band often totaling more than 300\\.", "The school [fight songs](/wiki/Fight_songs \"Fight songs\")โ€”\"[Buckeye Battle Cry](/wiki/Buckeye_Battle_Cry \"Buckeye Battle Cry\")\" and \"[Fight the Team Across the Field](/wiki/Across_the_Field \"Across the Field\")\"โ€”were first performed by the Marching Band in the early 20th century. Other traditional songs performed by the band are the 1960s pop hit \"[Hang on Sloopy](/wiki/Hang_on_Sloopy \"Hang on Sloopy\")\" and the famous \"We Don't Give a Damn for the Whole State of Michigan\", which was popularized by [James Thurber](/wiki/James_Thurber \"James Thurber\") in the [Broadway](/wiki/Broadway_theatre \"Broadway theatre\") production of [The Male Animal](/wiki/The_Male_Animal \"The Male Animal\"). Several other popular charts include Al Jarreau's \"Boogie Down,\" the Michael Stanley Band's \"My Town,\" Royal Crown Revue's \"Hey, Pachuco!\" and recent hits such as Adele's \"Rolling in the Deep,\" and Bruno Mars' \"Locked Out of Heaven.\" The Athletic Band performs music of many different styles and genres, which allows for a variety of music to be played at performances, and also allows to expand the musicianship of the performers in the ensemble.", "" ]
Composition ----------- Every September, the Marching Band holds tryouts. Roughly 400 or more people try out for the Marching Band's 228 positions. As such, a significant number of musicians are cut. The Band Staff offers all of those cut the opportunity to return to the Band Center the following week to play through various School Songs and popular music pieces. Many students who have committed to moving in early, as well as Columbus\-local students, return for these pre school year rehearsals. Marching Band candidates make up a significant proportion of the brass and percussion sections of the Athletic Band. Many students who do not make the Marching Band their first or second year improve their marching and musicianship via the Athletic Band and subsequently make the Marching Band. Many students who tried out for the Marching Band and subsequently join Athletic Band find the atmosphere more to their preference, and stay with Athletic Band. Other students, including most woodwind players, join Athletic Band because of the atmosphere, schedule, and performance opportunities. The Athletic Band is a non\-audition band (with the exception of the Men's Basketball Band), meaning any student with previous music experience is allowed to join. In sections such as the Trumpets and Trombones, part placement hearings are held. These do not deny a person the ability to perform, however, it will denote which part they play for that Semester, such as Trumpet 1, 2, or 3, or Trombone 1, 2, or 3\. These hearings consist of scales, range exercises, and reading the School Songs. Marching Band members who also play in Athletic Band will often play the same instrument in both, though exceptions have happened in the past. Because of this, some instruments read music that would normally be out of range, such as the Eโ™ญ Cornet, which often plays Alto Saxophone parts an octave higher. Members of the Athletic Band who have not previously been in the Marching Band are eligible to play Eโ™ญ Cornet, Flugelhorn, and Bass Trombone on an individual basis. Typically, Flugelhorns play the 3rd trumpet part, while Bass Trombones may play either specifically written for Bass Trombone, or the lowest trombone part. The band consists of the following instrumentation: * Eโ™ญ Cornets * Bโ™ญ Trumpets * Bโ™ญ Flugelhorns * F Mellophones * Bโ™ญ Trombones * Bโ™ญ Bass Trombones * Bโ™ญ Baritones * Bโ™ญ Sousaphones * C Piccolos * C Flutes * Bโ™ญ Clarinets * Eโ™ญ Alto Saxophones * Bโ™ญ Tenor Saxophones (occasionally) * Eโ™ญ Baritone Saxophones (occasionally) * Snare Drums * Tenor Drums * Bass Drums * Cymbals On occasion, other instruments may show up playing on parts in their natural range. Some instruments that have been in Athletic Band include Oboes, Bassoons, Bass Guitar, concert Tubas, and Marching Brass not normally associated with the Marching Band. For Spring Athletic Band, the band is broken down into a block band for the field performances at the Spring Football Game. The instrumentation of the Spring Band is not modified to fit the block, rather the block is modified to accommodate the number of musicians. For purposes of band quality, and because of a limited number of seats at various athletic events, the band is divided as evenly as possible into two larger bands called Scarlet and Gray, which each compose of one half of the band, as well as numerous other bands, labeled A, B, and C (sometimes even D, E, F, etc.), which are all divided as evenly as possible. The smallest bands typically perform at Women's Basketball and Volleyball Games, so the greatest number of tickets can be available for the numerous fans. The Athletic Band is unique in that there is no limit to the number of Semesters one may spend in the program. The Marching Band only allows for 5 years and completions of the course curriculum, unless there are extenuating circumstances. A student may petition for a sixth year, but unless a year could not be completed for reasons beyond their control: i.e. death in the family, military service, etc. it is rare and almost impossible to be granted a sixth year. Athletic Band has a credit maximum as well. The Band Staff does not limit Athletic Band members to the credit maximum though. Many students choose to take Athletic Band as an audited course (receiving credit hours but no grade), or as an Independent Study course under one of the Band Staff. As such, some students through the years have accumulated 20\+ quarters and semesters of seniority in the program (the average four year college student would spend 12 quarters or 8 semesters in the program). Because of the nature of the program, it is also open to PSEOP students (high school juniors and seniors taking college courses on campus), graduate and doctorate level students, the Office of Continuing Education's Senior Program (persons 60\+ years of age who qualify for free non\-credit courses at OSU), as well as OSU Faculty and Staff. There are some musicians who regularly perform with the band with 25\+ quarters and semesters of seniority. The purpose of seniority within the Athletic Band is to select members for tournament trips. NCAA rules set the limit of musicians at any tournament game at 30: 29 musicians plus a director. For Men's Basketball, the band is selected from the 57 members of the Men's Basketball Band based upon seniority and instrumentation. All of the instruments are represented except bass guitar, electric guitar, crash cymbals, and tenor drums. Jon Waters conducts the Men's Basketball tournament band. Out of the rest of the Athletic Band, those with the highest seniority per section are invited to play for the Women's Basketball tournament, directed by Dr. Chris Hoch. Those who do not make that group are invited to perform for the Men's Hockey tournament, directed by one of the graduate assistants. Seniority also assists in picking section leaders, primarily for Spring Band, when the Athletic Band performs a full pre\-game and halftime show. Often one member of Athletic Band will be the "head" squad leader and a member with less seniority, but performs with both the Marching and Athletic Bands, will be "assistant" squad leader, helping mainly with marching and attendance. ### Student staff As well as the 200โ€“300 marching and playing members of the band, there are 14 additional student staff members who do not march. The student staff is responsible for the day\-to\-day happenings on the student level of the band. There are two head staff members who oversee the student staff. These staff members also work for the Marching Band during the Fall. The 14\-member student staff consists of: * Head secretary, two assistant secretaries and one librarian/secretary * Head manager, who oversees two uniform managers, one seamstress, two instrument managers, two record fund managers, and two A/V technicians. All staff members wear the Athletic Band uniform and work throughout the entire school year in the band offices. The student staff is in charge of holding director ladders for stability during field performances. Extra staff members not holding ladders stand along the sidelines to scan the field for wayward hats, mouthpieces, or tuning slides that may fall off during a performance. ### Section Leaders/Athletic Band Advisory Council (ABAC) Representatives Originally started in 2019 Autumn Semester. ABAC contains members selected from each section to represent their respective section. These members are the section leaders. There is at least one member at large who is not a section leader, but regardless has a position on ABAC.
[ "Composition\n-----------", "Every September, the Marching Band holds tryouts. Roughly 400 or more people try out for the Marching Band's 228 positions. As such, a significant number of musicians are cut. The Band Staff offers all of those cut the opportunity to return to the Band Center the following week to play through various School Songs and popular music pieces. Many students who have committed to moving in early, as well as Columbus\\-local students, return for these pre school year rehearsals. Marching Band candidates make up a significant proportion of the brass and percussion sections of the Athletic Band. Many students who do not make the Marching Band their first or second year improve their marching and musicianship via the Athletic Band and subsequently make the Marching Band. Many students who tried out for the Marching Band and subsequently join Athletic Band find the atmosphere more to their preference, and stay with Athletic Band. Other students, including most woodwind players, join Athletic Band because of the atmosphere, schedule, and performance opportunities.", "The Athletic Band is a non\\-audition band (with the exception of the Men's Basketball Band), meaning any student with previous music experience is allowed to join. In sections such as the Trumpets and Trombones, part placement hearings are held. These do not deny a person the ability to perform, however, it will denote which part they play for that Semester, such as Trumpet 1, 2, or 3, or Trombone 1, 2, or 3\\. These hearings consist of scales, range exercises, and reading the School Songs. Marching Band members who also play in Athletic Band will often play the same instrument in both, though exceptions have happened in the past. Because of this, some instruments read music that would normally be out of range, such as the Eโ™ญ Cornet, which often plays Alto Saxophone parts an octave higher. Members of the Athletic Band who have not previously been in the Marching Band are eligible to play Eโ™ญ Cornet, Flugelhorn, and Bass Trombone on an individual basis. Typically, Flugelhorns play the 3rd trumpet part, while Bass Trombones may play either specifically written for Bass Trombone, or the lowest trombone part.", "The band consists of the following instrumentation:\n* Eโ™ญ Cornets\n* Bโ™ญ Trumpets\n* Bโ™ญ Flugelhorns\n* F Mellophones\n* Bโ™ญ Trombones\n* Bโ™ญ Bass Trombones\n* Bโ™ญ Baritones\n* Bโ™ญ Sousaphones\n* C Piccolos\n* C Flutes\n* Bโ™ญ Clarinets\n* Eโ™ญ Alto Saxophones\n* Bโ™ญ Tenor Saxophones (occasionally)\n* Eโ™ญ Baritone Saxophones (occasionally)\n* Snare Drums\n* Tenor Drums\n* Bass Drums\n* Cymbals", "On occasion, other instruments may show up playing on parts in their natural range. Some instruments that have been in Athletic Band include Oboes, Bassoons, Bass Guitar, concert Tubas, and Marching Brass not normally associated with the Marching Band. For Spring Athletic Band, the band is broken down into a block band for the field performances at the Spring Football Game. The instrumentation of the Spring Band is not modified to fit the block, rather the block is modified to accommodate the number of musicians.", "For purposes of band quality, and because of a limited number of seats at various athletic events, the band is divided as evenly as possible into two larger bands called Scarlet and Gray, which each compose of one half of the band, as well as numerous other bands, labeled A, B, and C (sometimes even D, E, F, etc.), which are all divided as evenly as possible. The smallest bands typically perform at Women's Basketball and Volleyball Games, so the greatest number of tickets can be available for the numerous fans.", "The Athletic Band is unique in that there is no limit to the number of Semesters one may spend in the program. The Marching Band only allows for 5 years and completions of the course curriculum, unless there are extenuating circumstances. A student may petition for a sixth year, but unless a year could not be completed for reasons beyond their control: i.e. death in the family, military service, etc. it is rare and almost impossible to be granted a sixth year. Athletic Band has a credit maximum as well. The Band Staff does not limit Athletic Band members to the credit maximum though. Many students choose to take Athletic Band as an audited course (receiving credit hours but no grade), or as an Independent Study course under one of the Band Staff. As such, some students through the years have accumulated 20\\+ quarters and semesters of seniority in the program (the average four year college student would spend 12 quarters or 8 semesters in the program). Because of the nature of the program, it is also open to PSEOP students (high school juniors and seniors taking college courses on campus), graduate and doctorate level students, the Office of Continuing Education's Senior Program (persons 60\\+ years of age who qualify for free non\\-credit courses at OSU), as well as OSU Faculty and Staff. There are some musicians who regularly perform with the band with 25\\+ quarters and semesters of seniority.", "The purpose of seniority within the Athletic Band is to select members for tournament trips. NCAA rules set the limit of musicians at any tournament game at 30: 29 musicians plus a director. For Men's Basketball, the band is selected from the 57 members of the Men's Basketball Band based upon seniority and instrumentation. All of the instruments are represented except bass guitar, electric guitar, crash cymbals, and tenor drums. Jon Waters conducts the Men's Basketball tournament band. Out of the rest of the Athletic Band, those with the highest seniority per section are invited to play for the Women's Basketball tournament, directed by Dr. Chris Hoch. Those who do not make that group are invited to perform for the Men's Hockey tournament, directed by one of the graduate assistants. Seniority also assists in picking section leaders, primarily for Spring Band, when the Athletic Band performs a full pre\\-game and halftime show. Often one member of Athletic Band will be the \"head\" squad leader and a member with less seniority, but performs with both the Marching and Athletic Bands, will be \"assistant\" squad leader, helping mainly with marching and attendance.", "### Student staff", "As well as the 200โ€“300 marching and playing members of the band, there are 14 additional student staff members who do not march. The student staff is responsible for the day\\-to\\-day happenings on the student level of the band. There are two head staff members who oversee the student staff. These staff members also work for the Marching Band during the Fall. The 14\\-member student staff consists of:", "* Head secretary, two assistant secretaries and one librarian/secretary\n* Head manager, who oversees two uniform managers, one seamstress, two instrument managers, two record fund managers, and two A/V technicians.", "All staff members wear the Athletic Band uniform and work throughout the entire school year in the band offices. The student staff is in charge of holding director ladders for stability during field performances. Extra staff members not holding ladders stand along the sidelines to scan the field for wayward hats, mouthpieces, or tuning slides that may fall off during a performance.", "### Section Leaders/Athletic Band Advisory Council (ABAC) Representatives", "Originally started in 2019 Autumn Semester. ABAC contains members selected from each section to represent their respective section. These members are the section leaders. There is at least one member at large who is not a section leader, but regardless has a position on ABAC.", "" ]
Traditions ---------- Each fall, the Athletic Band is invited to perform at the Homecoming Skull Session with the Marching Band. This showcases the many talented musicians that make up both the Marching and Athletic Bands. The Athletic Band arrives at St. John Arena well before the Marching Band, and plays several pieces for the fans in attendance. Typically, an Ohio high school marching band is also present for these Skull Sessions, and the Athletic Band trades off performances with this high school band. Performances of School Songs and associated traditions show off the common bonds that both bands share, while the diverse selection of music that the Athletic Band plays shows off the differences from the Marching Band. While the Marching Band is required to memorize all show and stand music, and the Athletic Band is not, the Athletic Band will typically play a far greater range of musical genres during an event than the Marching Band does at a typical football game. [thumbnail\|left\|The 2006 Fall Athletic Band performs at the Homecoming Marching Band Skull Session. The varied instrumentation of the Athletic Band is seen clearly.](/wiki/File:Athletic_Band_Skull_Session.jpg "Athletic Band Skull Session.jpg") ### Script On Ice Script Ohio was first performed by The Ohio State University [Marching Band](/wiki/Marching_band "Marching band") on October 24, 1936 at the [Ohio State](/wiki/Ohio_State "Ohio State") versus [University of Pittsburgh](/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh "University of Pittsburgh") football game. According to The Ohio State University Library, a similar floating formation was first performed during the 1932 season by the [University of Michigan Marching band](/wiki/Michigan_Marching_Band "Michigan Marching Band"); however, it was a set\-piece, instead of being formed in a follow\-the\-leader style drill. The Script Ohio is the most identifiable trademark associated The Ohio State University Marching and Athletic Bands. It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel, who based the looped "Ohio" script design on the marquee sign of the [Loew's Ohio Theatre](/wiki/Ohio_Theatre_%28Columbus%29 "Ohio Theatre (Columbus)") in downtown Columbus. In the early 2000s (decade), the Athletic Band directing staff, as well as the Athletic Department, realized the wild popularity of the Script Ohio. Having been performed at professional football games, a World Series game, and on the deck of the USS Enterprise, the Athletic Dept wanted to bring this longstanding tradition to new audiences, and asked the Band Staff if it would be possible to create a Script Ohio on an ice rink. The directing staff decided to try it, and an instant hit was created. Members of the Athletic Band put on ice cleats strapped march on the ice between periods of Men's Hockey games, typically a Friday night OSU vs. Michigan or Michigan State hockey game. Because of the dangers of marching on ice, the Script on Ice was highly modified from the Marching Band's counterpart. The full Athletic Band, led by one of the Marching Band's Drum Majors, marches out onto the ice through the visiting team tunnel, at a tempo much slower than the Marching Band's 180 beats per minute. The band turns and faces the home and visitor sides of the arena, playing *[Buckeye Battle Cry](/wiki/Buckeye_Battle_Cry "Buckeye Battle Cry")*. After a drum roll\-off, the band begins playing a shortened version of *[Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse](/wiki/Le_Regiment_de_Sambre_et_Meuse "Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse")*. Every 32 counts, a section of the block band breaks formation and marches into the shape of the letters in the trademark Script Ohio. The Script on Ice is completed with the traditional dotting of the "i." Traditionally, the "Ice Dot" is reserved for Sousaphone players who have never been in the Sousaphone section of the Marching Band. The rules for an Ice Dot are somewhat relaxed compared to the Marching Band rules. In the Marching Band, dotting the i is an honor reserved only to fourth and fifth year members of the Sousaphone section. Because of this, all fourth years are guaranteed one dot, but quite often they may do multiple dots their fourth and fifth years. In Athletic Band, the Ice Dot eligibility is based on seniority. Once a student dots the ice, they are no longer eligible to dot. This routinely allows for students who may only be in their second or third year of Athletic Band to have an Ice Dot. The Ice Dot tradition varies on the abilities of the individual Sousaphone player: some Sousaphone players attempt to strut, some do the traditional bow, most play the solo during the sung portion of Buckeye Battle Cry, however, all Ice Dotters are led to the place of honor by the Drum Major. After the completion of Script on Ice, the band stands in place and performs a short version of *[Hang On, Sloopy!](/wiki/Hang_On_Sloopy "Hang On Sloopy")* and then plays the traditional marching cadence of both the Marching and Athletic Bands, and marches off the ice. As the title of this section suggests, the Athletic Band does not stop at performing Script Ohio at hockey games. Script Ohio's have been performed at many other events, including in the bottom of the unfilled, Olympic size swimming pool at Ohio State's McCorkle Aquatic Pavilion prior to opening. In 2007, Athletics asked if the band would be willing to perform a Script Ohio on the Basketball court at the OSU vs. Wisconsin Men's Basketball game. Because of the limitations of the court, not as many students could participate, but it was wildly popular, and has been a tradition performed at both Men's and Women's Basketball games. In 2012, the Athletic Band performed Script on Ice at the OSU vs. Michigan hockey game held at [Progressive Field](/wiki/Progressive_Field "Progressive Field") in Cleveland. ### St. John Pep Rally Before the Spring Football Game, the Athletic Band performs a concert of their pre\-game and halftime music on the grassy knoll outside of St. John Arena. This pep rally is not only designed to pump up fans of Ohio State Athletics, it also functions as a last\-minute music rehearsal for the Athletic Band, much in the same fashion that the Skull Session operates for football games and the Marching Band. In 2008, Athletics started adding a Men's Lacrosse game before the Spring Game as a chance to break an NCAA attendance record. While there are not too many opportunities for a band to perform during a lacrosse game, the directors decided to split the band in half. Half of the band would perform a Pep Rally during the first half of the lacrosse game, and the other half during the second half of the game. Because of the decision to add a lacrosse game directly before the Spring Game, it was decided to add a pre\-game and halftime show to the lacrosse game as well. The first lacrosse game played at Ohio Stadium to include a pre\-game and halftime show was in 2008 when OSU hosted the U.S. Air Force Academy. ### Spring Football Game The Spring Football Game has been an Ohio State tradition for many years. This pits the football team against itself as a type of public practice, which also gets fans pumped up for the upcoming football season. Since the days of the Military Band, there has been a band to perform a halftime show for the fans. Every year, students studying Marching Band Technique at OSU are given the chance to help write the drill for the pre\-game and halftime shows performed by the Athletic Band. Students are often given the chance to arrange music for the halftime show as well. Since 2008, the Athletic Band has performed their pre\-game and halftime shows twice: one time each for the lacrosse game, and one time each for the football game immediately following. Both the pre\-game and halftime shows require full music memorization, which is checked by section leaders and directing staff. Drill charts for the Athletic Band often are extensively modified on\-the\-fly since performer numbers are not set. One Spring may have 250 people, and the following year may have 350\. Often the drill is simpler than that of the Marching Band, allowing for the fact the rehearsal schedule is only twice a week, as opposed to the Marching Band, which rehearses daily. Musical selections have included Latin, Broadway, Heavy Metal, Big Band, etc. The Athletic Band's show music is as varied as the Marching Band's. ### Cedar Point and Spring Trips Each year, the Athletic Band is the featured guest of Cedar Point Amusement Park in Sandusky, Ohio. The Athletic Band performs the opening ceremonies for the first day of the regular season at the amusement park. They are then invited to enjoy the park for a few hours before another mid\-day performance, and then the remainder of the afternoon for fun and entertainment. In past years, the band has performed at Cleveland Indians games, the West Virginia Strawberry Festival in Buckhannon, WV, the Indianapolis 500 Parade, and the Kentucky Derby Parade. These performances are typically in the spring, when the Marching Band is no longer rehearsing, leaving the Athletic Band as ambassadors of the university around Ohio and neighboring states. ### "The Hockey Song" by Jughead During every Ohio State men's hockey home game, the song "The Hockey Song" by Jughead (not to be confused with the more well\-known song of the same name by [Stompin' Tom Connors](/wiki/Stompin%27_Tom_Connors "Stompin' Tom Connors")), is played during the Second Intermission, and members of the band do a traditional dance to the song. The song tells the story of a Canadian man who goes to various places around the world and is always asked the same two questions: "Where are you from?" to which the first\-person narrator responds, "Yeah I'm from Canada." and, "If you're from Canada, do you play Hockey?" after which the narrator starts listing various types of hockey.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=Zn7aw7X7fnU \| title\=Ohio State Athletic Band \- Hockey Song \| website\=\[\[YouTube]] \| date\=15 February 2015 }}
[ "Traditions\n----------", "Each fall, the Athletic Band is invited to perform at the Homecoming Skull Session with the Marching Band. This showcases the many talented musicians that make up both the Marching and Athletic Bands. The Athletic Band arrives at St. John Arena well before the Marching Band, and plays several pieces for the fans in attendance. Typically, an Ohio high school marching band is also present for these Skull Sessions, and the Athletic Band trades off performances with this high school band. Performances of School Songs and associated traditions show off the common bonds that both bands share, while the diverse selection of music that the Athletic Band plays shows off the differences from the Marching Band. While the Marching Band is required to memorize all show and stand music, and the Athletic Band is not, the Athletic Band will typically play a far greater range of musical genres during an event than the Marching Band does at a typical football game. \n[thumbnail\\|left\\|The 2006 Fall Athletic Band performs at the Homecoming Marching Band Skull Session. The varied instrumentation of the Athletic Band is seen clearly.](/wiki/File:Athletic_Band_Skull_Session.jpg \"Athletic Band Skull Session.jpg\")", "### Script On Ice", "Script Ohio was first performed by The Ohio State University [Marching Band](/wiki/Marching_band \"Marching band\") on October 24, 1936 at the [Ohio State](/wiki/Ohio_State \"Ohio State\") versus [University of Pittsburgh](/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh \"University of Pittsburgh\") football game. According to The Ohio State University Library, a similar floating formation was first performed during the 1932 season by the [University of Michigan Marching band](/wiki/Michigan_Marching_Band \"Michigan Marching Band\"); however, it was a set\\-piece, instead of being formed in a follow\\-the\\-leader style drill.", "The Script Ohio is the most identifiable trademark associated The Ohio State University Marching and Athletic Bands. It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel, who based the looped \"Ohio\" script design on the marquee sign of the [Loew's Ohio Theatre](/wiki/Ohio_Theatre_%28Columbus%29 \"Ohio Theatre (Columbus)\") in downtown Columbus.", "In the early 2000s (decade), the Athletic Band directing staff, as well as the Athletic Department, realized the wild popularity of the Script Ohio. Having been performed at professional football games, a World Series game, and on the deck of the USS Enterprise, the Athletic Dept wanted to bring this longstanding tradition to new audiences, and asked the Band Staff if it would be possible to create a Script Ohio on an ice rink. The directing staff decided to try it, and an instant hit was created. Members of the Athletic Band put on ice cleats strapped march on the ice between periods of Men's Hockey games, typically a Friday night OSU vs. Michigan or Michigan State hockey game. Because of the dangers of marching on ice, the Script on Ice was highly modified from the Marching Band's counterpart. The full Athletic Band, led by one of the Marching Band's Drum Majors, marches out onto the ice through the visiting team tunnel, at a tempo much slower than the Marching Band's 180 beats per minute. The band turns and faces the home and visitor sides of the arena, playing *[Buckeye Battle Cry](/wiki/Buckeye_Battle_Cry \"Buckeye Battle Cry\")*. After a drum roll\\-off, the band begins playing a shortened version of *[Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse](/wiki/Le_Regiment_de_Sambre_et_Meuse \"Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse\")*. Every 32 counts, a section of the block band breaks formation and marches into the shape of the letters in the trademark Script Ohio.", "The Script on Ice is completed with the traditional dotting of the \"i.\" Traditionally, the \"Ice Dot\" is reserved for Sousaphone players who have never been in the Sousaphone section of the Marching Band. The rules for an Ice Dot are somewhat relaxed compared to the Marching Band rules. In the Marching Band, dotting the i is an honor reserved only to fourth and fifth year members of the Sousaphone section. Because of this, all fourth years are guaranteed one dot, but quite often they may do multiple dots their fourth and fifth years. In Athletic Band, the Ice Dot eligibility is based on seniority. Once a student dots the ice, they are no longer eligible to dot. This routinely allows for students who may only be in their second or third year of Athletic Band to have an Ice Dot. The Ice Dot tradition varies on the abilities of the individual Sousaphone player: some Sousaphone players attempt to strut, some do the traditional bow, most play the solo during the sung portion of Buckeye Battle Cry, however, all Ice Dotters are led to the place of honor by the Drum Major.", "After the completion of Script on Ice, the band stands in place and performs a short version of *[Hang On, Sloopy!](/wiki/Hang_On_Sloopy \"Hang On Sloopy\")* and then plays the traditional marching cadence of both the Marching and Athletic Bands, and marches off the ice.", "As the title of this section suggests, the Athletic Band does not stop at performing Script Ohio at hockey games. Script Ohio's have been performed at many other events, including in the bottom of the unfilled, Olympic size swimming pool at Ohio State's McCorkle Aquatic Pavilion prior to opening. In 2007, Athletics asked if the band would be willing to perform a Script Ohio on the Basketball court at the OSU vs. Wisconsin Men's Basketball game. Because of the limitations of the court, not as many students could participate, but it was wildly popular, and has been a tradition performed at both Men's and Women's Basketball games.", "In 2012, the Athletic Band performed Script on Ice at the OSU vs. Michigan hockey game held at [Progressive Field](/wiki/Progressive_Field \"Progressive Field\") in Cleveland.", "### St. John Pep Rally", "Before the Spring Football Game, the Athletic Band performs a concert of their pre\\-game and halftime music on the grassy knoll outside of St. John Arena. This pep rally is not only designed to pump up fans of Ohio State Athletics, it also functions as a last\\-minute music rehearsal for the Athletic Band, much in the same fashion that the Skull Session operates for football games and the Marching Band. In 2008, Athletics started adding a Men's Lacrosse game before the Spring Game as a chance to break an NCAA attendance record. While there are not too many opportunities for a band to perform during a lacrosse game, the directors decided to split the band in half. Half of the band would perform a Pep Rally during the first half of the lacrosse game, and the other half during the second half of the game. Because of the decision to add a lacrosse game directly before the Spring Game, it was decided to add a pre\\-game and halftime show to the lacrosse game as well. The first lacrosse game played at Ohio Stadium to include a pre\\-game and halftime show was in 2008 when OSU hosted the U.S. Air Force Academy.", "### Spring Football Game", "The Spring Football Game has been an Ohio State tradition for many years. This pits the football team against itself as a type of public practice, which also gets fans pumped up for the upcoming football season. Since the days of the Military Band, there has been a band to perform a halftime show for the fans. Every year, students studying Marching Band Technique at OSU are given the chance to help write the drill for the pre\\-game and halftime shows performed by the Athletic Band. Students are often given the chance to arrange music for the halftime show as well. Since 2008, the Athletic Band has performed their pre\\-game and halftime shows twice: one time each for the lacrosse game, and one time each for the football game immediately following. Both the pre\\-game and halftime shows require full music memorization, which is checked by section leaders and directing staff. Drill charts for the Athletic Band often are extensively modified on\\-the\\-fly since performer numbers are not set. One Spring may have 250 people, and the following year may have 350\\. Often the drill is simpler than that of the Marching Band, allowing for the fact the rehearsal schedule is only twice a week, as opposed to the Marching Band, which rehearses daily. Musical selections have included Latin, Broadway, Heavy Metal, Big Band, etc. The Athletic Band's show music is as varied as the Marching Band's.", "### Cedar Point and Spring Trips", "Each year, the Athletic Band is the featured guest of Cedar Point Amusement Park in Sandusky, Ohio. The Athletic Band performs the opening ceremonies for the first day of the regular season at the amusement park. They are then invited to enjoy the park for a few hours before another mid\\-day performance, and then the remainder of the afternoon for fun and entertainment. In past years, the band has performed at Cleveland Indians games, the West Virginia Strawberry Festival in Buckhannon, WV, the Indianapolis 500 Parade, and the Kentucky Derby Parade. These performances are typically in the spring, when the Marching Band is no longer rehearsing, leaving the Athletic Band as ambassadors of the university around Ohio and neighboring states.", "### \"The Hockey Song\" by Jughead", "During every Ohio State men's hockey home game, the song \"The Hockey Song\" by Jughead (not to be confused with the more well\\-known song of the same name by [Stompin' Tom Connors](/wiki/Stompin%27_Tom_Connors \"Stompin' Tom Connors\")), is played during the Second Intermission, and members of the band do a traditional dance to the song. The song tells the story of a Canadian man who goes to various places around the world and is always asked the same two questions: \"Where are you from?\" to which the first\\-person narrator responds, \"Yeah I'm from Canada.\" and, \"If you're from Canada, do you play Hockey?\" after which the narrator starts listing various types of hockey.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=Zn7aw7X7fnU \\| title\\=Ohio State Athletic Band \\- Hockey Song \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]] \\| date\\=15 February 2015 }}", "" ]
### Script On Ice Script Ohio was first performed by The Ohio State University [Marching Band](/wiki/Marching_band "Marching band") on October 24, 1936 at the [Ohio State](/wiki/Ohio_State "Ohio State") versus [University of Pittsburgh](/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh "University of Pittsburgh") football game. According to The Ohio State University Library, a similar floating formation was first performed during the 1932 season by the [University of Michigan Marching band](/wiki/Michigan_Marching_Band "Michigan Marching Band"); however, it was a set\-piece, instead of being formed in a follow\-the\-leader style drill. The Script Ohio is the most identifiable trademark associated The Ohio State University Marching and Athletic Bands. It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel, who based the looped "Ohio" script design on the marquee sign of the [Loew's Ohio Theatre](/wiki/Ohio_Theatre_%28Columbus%29 "Ohio Theatre (Columbus)") in downtown Columbus. In the early 2000s (decade), the Athletic Band directing staff, as well as the Athletic Department, realized the wild popularity of the Script Ohio. Having been performed at professional football games, a World Series game, and on the deck of the USS Enterprise, the Athletic Dept wanted to bring this longstanding tradition to new audiences, and asked the Band Staff if it would be possible to create a Script Ohio on an ice rink. The directing staff decided to try it, and an instant hit was created. Members of the Athletic Band put on ice cleats strapped march on the ice between periods of Men's Hockey games, typically a Friday night OSU vs. Michigan or Michigan State hockey game. Because of the dangers of marching on ice, the Script on Ice was highly modified from the Marching Band's counterpart. The full Athletic Band, led by one of the Marching Band's Drum Majors, marches out onto the ice through the visiting team tunnel, at a tempo much slower than the Marching Band's 180 beats per minute. The band turns and faces the home and visitor sides of the arena, playing *[Buckeye Battle Cry](/wiki/Buckeye_Battle_Cry "Buckeye Battle Cry")*. After a drum roll\-off, the band begins playing a shortened version of *[Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse](/wiki/Le_Regiment_de_Sambre_et_Meuse "Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse")*. Every 32 counts, a section of the block band breaks formation and marches into the shape of the letters in the trademark Script Ohio. The Script on Ice is completed with the traditional dotting of the "i." Traditionally, the "Ice Dot" is reserved for Sousaphone players who have never been in the Sousaphone section of the Marching Band. The rules for an Ice Dot are somewhat relaxed compared to the Marching Band rules. In the Marching Band, dotting the i is an honor reserved only to fourth and fifth year members of the Sousaphone section. Because of this, all fourth years are guaranteed one dot, but quite often they may do multiple dots their fourth and fifth years. In Athletic Band, the Ice Dot eligibility is based on seniority. Once a student dots the ice, they are no longer eligible to dot. This routinely allows for students who may only be in their second or third year of Athletic Band to have an Ice Dot. The Ice Dot tradition varies on the abilities of the individual Sousaphone player: some Sousaphone players attempt to strut, some do the traditional bow, most play the solo during the sung portion of Buckeye Battle Cry, however, all Ice Dotters are led to the place of honor by the Drum Major. After the completion of Script on Ice, the band stands in place and performs a short version of *[Hang On, Sloopy!](/wiki/Hang_On_Sloopy "Hang On Sloopy")* and then plays the traditional marching cadence of both the Marching and Athletic Bands, and marches off the ice. As the title of this section suggests, the Athletic Band does not stop at performing Script Ohio at hockey games. Script Ohio's have been performed at many other events, including in the bottom of the unfilled, Olympic size swimming pool at Ohio State's McCorkle Aquatic Pavilion prior to opening. In 2007, Athletics asked if the band would be willing to perform a Script Ohio on the Basketball court at the OSU vs. Wisconsin Men's Basketball game. Because of the limitations of the court, not as many students could participate, but it was wildly popular, and has been a tradition performed at both Men's and Women's Basketball games. In 2012, the Athletic Band performed Script on Ice at the OSU vs. Michigan hockey game held at [Progressive Field](/wiki/Progressive_Field "Progressive Field") in Cleveland.
[ "### Script On Ice", "Script Ohio was first performed by The Ohio State University [Marching Band](/wiki/Marching_band \"Marching band\") on October 24, 1936 at the [Ohio State](/wiki/Ohio_State \"Ohio State\") versus [University of Pittsburgh](/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh \"University of Pittsburgh\") football game. According to The Ohio State University Library, a similar floating formation was first performed during the 1932 season by the [University of Michigan Marching band](/wiki/Michigan_Marching_Band \"Michigan Marching Band\"); however, it was a set\\-piece, instead of being formed in a follow\\-the\\-leader style drill.", "The Script Ohio is the most identifiable trademark associated The Ohio State University Marching and Athletic Bands. It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel, who based the looped \"Ohio\" script design on the marquee sign of the [Loew's Ohio Theatre](/wiki/Ohio_Theatre_%28Columbus%29 \"Ohio Theatre (Columbus)\") in downtown Columbus.", "In the early 2000s (decade), the Athletic Band directing staff, as well as the Athletic Department, realized the wild popularity of the Script Ohio. Having been performed at professional football games, a World Series game, and on the deck of the USS Enterprise, the Athletic Dept wanted to bring this longstanding tradition to new audiences, and asked the Band Staff if it would be possible to create a Script Ohio on an ice rink. The directing staff decided to try it, and an instant hit was created. Members of the Athletic Band put on ice cleats strapped march on the ice between periods of Men's Hockey games, typically a Friday night OSU vs. Michigan or Michigan State hockey game. Because of the dangers of marching on ice, the Script on Ice was highly modified from the Marching Band's counterpart. The full Athletic Band, led by one of the Marching Band's Drum Majors, marches out onto the ice through the visiting team tunnel, at a tempo much slower than the Marching Band's 180 beats per minute. The band turns and faces the home and visitor sides of the arena, playing *[Buckeye Battle Cry](/wiki/Buckeye_Battle_Cry \"Buckeye Battle Cry\")*. After a drum roll\\-off, the band begins playing a shortened version of *[Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse](/wiki/Le_Regiment_de_Sambre_et_Meuse \"Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse\")*. Every 32 counts, a section of the block band breaks formation and marches into the shape of the letters in the trademark Script Ohio.", "The Script on Ice is completed with the traditional dotting of the \"i.\" Traditionally, the \"Ice Dot\" is reserved for Sousaphone players who have never been in the Sousaphone section of the Marching Band. The rules for an Ice Dot are somewhat relaxed compared to the Marching Band rules. In the Marching Band, dotting the i is an honor reserved only to fourth and fifth year members of the Sousaphone section. Because of this, all fourth years are guaranteed one dot, but quite often they may do multiple dots their fourth and fifth years. In Athletic Band, the Ice Dot eligibility is based on seniority. Once a student dots the ice, they are no longer eligible to dot. This routinely allows for students who may only be in their second or third year of Athletic Band to have an Ice Dot. The Ice Dot tradition varies on the abilities of the individual Sousaphone player: some Sousaphone players attempt to strut, some do the traditional bow, most play the solo during the sung portion of Buckeye Battle Cry, however, all Ice Dotters are led to the place of honor by the Drum Major.", "After the completion of Script on Ice, the band stands in place and performs a short version of *[Hang On, Sloopy!](/wiki/Hang_On_Sloopy \"Hang On Sloopy\")* and then plays the traditional marching cadence of both the Marching and Athletic Bands, and marches off the ice.", "As the title of this section suggests, the Athletic Band does not stop at performing Script Ohio at hockey games. Script Ohio's have been performed at many other events, including in the bottom of the unfilled, Olympic size swimming pool at Ohio State's McCorkle Aquatic Pavilion prior to opening. In 2007, Athletics asked if the band would be willing to perform a Script Ohio on the Basketball court at the OSU vs. Wisconsin Men's Basketball game. Because of the limitations of the court, not as many students could participate, but it was wildly popular, and has been a tradition performed at both Men's and Women's Basketball games.", "In 2012, the Athletic Band performed Script on Ice at the OSU vs. Michigan hockey game held at [Progressive Field](/wiki/Progressive_Field \"Progressive Field\") in Cleveland.", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Martyn Jope studied at [Oriel College, Oxford](/wiki/Oriel_College%2C_Oxford "Oriel College, Oxford"). While studying for his first degree in chemistry, he worked intensively on the archaeology of the city of Oxford. Soon he joined the Oxford University Archaeological Society and in due course became secretary and president. His first appointment was in 1938 by the [Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales "Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales"). Until the outbreak of World War II, he excavated the medieval settlement of Bere together with R. I. Threlfall, near the village of [North Tawton](/wiki/North_Tawton "North Tawton") on the [River Taw](/wiki/River_Taw "River Taw") in Devon and created one of the first recorded plans of an English medieval farmhouse. [thumb\|right\|The London Hospital (now the Royal London Hospital) in Whitechapel](/wiki/File:Royal_London_Hospital_from_Whitechapel_Road.jpg "Royal London Hospital from Whitechapel Road.jpg") During World War II, he temporarily gave up the archaeology and received in 1940 a grant from the [Nuffield Foundation](/wiki/Nuffield_Foundation "Nuffield Foundation") for the study of [haemoglobins](/wiki/Haemoglobin "Haemoglobin") in human blood at the [London Hospital](/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital "Royal London Hospital") in [Whitechapel](/wiki/Whitechapel "Whitechapel"). Later, the [Medical Research Council](/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_%28UK%29 "Medical Research Council (UK)") supported his research on the application of spectroscopic methods and chemical\-biological spectro\-microscopy for biological studies, but later he moved back towards archaeology. In 1946, Jope was elected a Fellow of the [Society of Antiquaries of London](/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London "Society of Antiquaries of London").[Emeritus Professor Edward Martyn Jope, M.A., B.Sc., F.B.A., M.R.I.A.](http://www.sal.org.uk/obituaries/Obituary%20archive/edward-jope) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612232501/http://www.sal.org.uk/obituaries/Obituary%20archive/edward\-jope \|date\=12 June 2011 }}, Society of Antiquaries of London. In 1949, Jope received a call for a new post as a lecturer of archaeology at [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast "Queen's University Belfast") at the suggestion of geography Professor [Emyr Estyn Evans](/wiki/Emyr_Estyn_Evans "Emyr Estyn Evans"). This lectureship has evolved into a department under Jope, first as a lecturer from 1954 to 1963, and then as professor from 1963 until his retirement in 1981\.Tom McNeill: [Obituary: Professor Martyn Jope](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-martyn-jope-1353771.html), *The Independent*, Saturday, 23\. November 1996\. Jope maintained a house in Oxford for his holidays and later retirement. He used this as the basis for his English field work, especially on the subject of medieval pottery in the southwest of England. From there, he has excavated [Ascot d'Oilly Castle](/wiki/Ascot_d%27Oilly_Castle "Ascot d'Oilly Castle"), [Deddington Castle](/wiki/Deddington_Castle "Deddington Castle"), the medieval pottery kilns at [Brill](/wiki/Brill%2C_Buckinghamshire "Brill, Buckinghamshire") and some medieval sites in Oxford. He devoted himself to various parts of the provincial archaeology publications on topics such as the Neolithic Axe trade, metalwork from the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age"), the [raths](/wiki/Ringfort "Ringfort") and [earthworks](/wiki/Earthworks_%28archaeology%29 "Earthworks (archaeology)") of the early Christian period, such as the fort of [Dunglady](/wiki/Culnady%23History "Culnady#History"), medieval castles and the houses of the plantations of the 18th century. The result was the publication of the magisterial archaeological survey of [County](/wiki/County "County") Down in 1966\. This was the first systematic examination of the entire Archaeology of an Irish county. In 1963 he became a Fellow of the [British Academy](/wiki/British_Academy "British Academy"). Until the early 1960s he was one of the main actors in the development of the archaeology of the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") either by the survey of buildings, by the study of ceramics or by being one of the first teams excavating a medieval city. His attention then turned to more research on the Iron Age, in particular the completion of a book on the art of this period in the British Isles. He published his preliminary studies on the subject, but unfortunately he did not survive the final release of the entire work. [thumb\|Celtic Art \- The "Great [Torc](/wiki/Torc "Torc")" from the [Snettisham Hoard](/wiki/Snettisham_Hoard "Snettisham Hoard"), 1st century BC.](/wiki/File:Britishmuseumsnettishamgreattorc.jpg "Britishmuseumsnettishamgreattorc.jpg") The two\-volume work, "Early [Celtic Art](/wiki/Celtic_Art "Celtic Art") in the British Isles" was published posthumously and provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of the Celtic designs from the 4th century BC to the beginnings of the British Romanization in the 1st century AD. Jope showed the unique traces of the origins of art on the islands of Great Britain by a variety of art objects, especially swords, scabbards and brooches, and examined the development of the decoration of ceremonial armour and shields. The use of gold in the 3rd century BC and images of humans, animals and plants are also discussed and compared in the whole work amongst each other and with Celtic artefacts. Weapons, armour, vessels, mirrors, jewellery and horse equipment illustrate the sophistication of Celtic designs. A large part of the study to take a single Celtic design elements, such as the use of S\-shapes and spirals, the principles of design and metal working techniques and tools.[Early Celtic Art in the British Isles](http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/early-celtic-art-in-the-british-isles.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113106/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/early\-celtic\-art\-in\-the\-british\-isles.html \|date\=24 December 2013 }} Book review by Oxbow Books. He led the campaign of the British Academy for a separate state funds for archaeological research since 1976 and served in its first science\-based Archaeology Committee. The creation of the Department of Archaeological Sciences at the [University of Bradford](/wiki/University_of_Bradford "University of Bradford") goes back to his inspiration. He was a visiting professor there 1974โ€“81 and was an honorary visiting professor from 1982 to 1996\. Jope's enormous contribution to medieval and modern Irish Archaeology earned him membership of the [Royal Irish Academy](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy "Royal Irish Academy") in 1973\. He was a member of the [Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales "Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales") from 1963 to 1986 and the [Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Historical_Monuments_of_England "Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England") from 1980 to 1984\. [thumb\|Dendrochronology sampling and growth ring counting](/wiki/File:Dendrochronological_drill_hg.jpg "Dendrochronological drill hg.jpg") Jope used his archaeological and scientific knowledge to inspire the creation of the Institute of Archaeological Sciences at the University of Bradford, and as co\-director of the [palaeoecological](/wiki/Paleoecology "Paleoecology") Centre at Queen's University in Belfast, to motivate his staff in their work on [dendrochronology](/wiki/Dendrochronology "Dendrochronology") and studies to guide the [radiocarbon dating](/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating "Radiocarbon dating").
[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Martyn Jope studied at [Oriel College, Oxford](/wiki/Oriel_College%2C_Oxford \"Oriel College, Oxford\"). While studying for his first degree in chemistry, he worked intensively on the archaeology of the city of Oxford. Soon he joined the Oxford University Archaeological Society and in due course became secretary and president.", "His first appointment was in 1938 by the [Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales \"Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales\"). Until the outbreak of World War II, he excavated the medieval settlement of Bere together with R. I. Threlfall, near the village of [North Tawton](/wiki/North_Tawton \"North Tawton\") on the [River Taw](/wiki/River_Taw \"River Taw\") in Devon and created one of the first recorded plans of an English medieval farmhouse.", "[thumb\\|right\\|The London Hospital (now the Royal London Hospital) in Whitechapel](/wiki/File:Royal_London_Hospital_from_Whitechapel_Road.jpg \"Royal London Hospital from Whitechapel Road.jpg\")\nDuring World War II, he temporarily gave up the archaeology and received in 1940 a grant from the [Nuffield Foundation](/wiki/Nuffield_Foundation \"Nuffield Foundation\") for the study of [haemoglobins](/wiki/Haemoglobin \"Haemoglobin\") in human blood at the [London Hospital](/wiki/Royal_London_Hospital \"Royal London Hospital\") in [Whitechapel](/wiki/Whitechapel \"Whitechapel\"). Later, the [Medical Research Council](/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_%28UK%29 \"Medical Research Council (UK)\") supported his research on the application of spectroscopic methods and chemical\\-biological spectro\\-microscopy for biological studies, but later he moved back towards archaeology. In 1946, Jope was elected a Fellow of the [Society of Antiquaries of London](/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London \"Society of Antiquaries of London\").[Emeritus Professor Edward Martyn Jope, M.A., B.Sc., F.B.A., M.R.I.A.](http://www.sal.org.uk/obituaries/Obituary%20archive/edward-jope) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612232501/http://www.sal.org.uk/obituaries/Obituary%20archive/edward\\-jope \\|date\\=12 June 2011 }}, Society of Antiquaries of London.", "In 1949, Jope received a call for a new post as a lecturer of archaeology at [Queen's University Belfast](/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast \"Queen's University Belfast\") at the suggestion of geography Professor [Emyr Estyn Evans](/wiki/Emyr_Estyn_Evans \"Emyr Estyn Evans\"). This lectureship has evolved into a department under Jope, first as a lecturer from 1954 to 1963, and then as professor from 1963 until his retirement in 1981\\.Tom McNeill: [Obituary: Professor Martyn Jope](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-martyn-jope-1353771.html), *The Independent*, Saturday, 23\\. November 1996\\.", "Jope maintained a house in Oxford for his holidays and later retirement. He used this as the basis for his English field work, especially on the subject of medieval pottery in the southwest of England. From there, he has excavated [Ascot d'Oilly Castle](/wiki/Ascot_d%27Oilly_Castle \"Ascot d'Oilly Castle\"), [Deddington Castle](/wiki/Deddington_Castle \"Deddington Castle\"), the medieval pottery kilns at [Brill](/wiki/Brill%2C_Buckinghamshire \"Brill, Buckinghamshire\") and some medieval sites in Oxford.", "He devoted himself to various parts of the provincial archaeology publications on topics such as the Neolithic Axe trade, metalwork from the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\"), the [raths](/wiki/Ringfort \"Ringfort\") and [earthworks](/wiki/Earthworks_%28archaeology%29 \"Earthworks (archaeology)\") of the early Christian period, such as the fort of [Dunglady](/wiki/Culnady%23History \"Culnady#History\"), medieval castles and the houses of the plantations of the 18th century.", "The result was the publication of the magisterial archaeological survey of [County](/wiki/County \"County\") Down in 1966\\. This was the first systematic examination of the entire Archaeology of an Irish county.", "In 1963 he became a Fellow of the [British Academy](/wiki/British_Academy \"British Academy\"). Until the early 1960s he was one of the main actors in the development of the archaeology of the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") either by the survey of buildings, by the study of ceramics or by being one of the first teams excavating a medieval city. His attention then turned to more research on the Iron Age, in particular the completion of a book on the art of this period in the British Isles. He published his preliminary studies on the subject, but unfortunately he did not survive the final release of the entire work.", "[thumb\\|Celtic Art \\- The \"Great [Torc](/wiki/Torc \"Torc\")\" from the [Snettisham Hoard](/wiki/Snettisham_Hoard \"Snettisham Hoard\"), 1st century BC.](/wiki/File:Britishmuseumsnettishamgreattorc.jpg \"Britishmuseumsnettishamgreattorc.jpg\")\nThe two\\-volume work, \"Early [Celtic Art](/wiki/Celtic_Art \"Celtic Art\") in the British Isles\" was published posthumously and provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of the Celtic designs from the 4th century BC to the beginnings of the British Romanization in the 1st century AD. Jope showed the unique traces of the origins of art on the islands of Great Britain by a variety of art objects, especially swords, scabbards and brooches, and examined the development of the decoration of ceremonial armour and shields. The use of gold in the 3rd century BC and images of humans, animals and plants are also discussed and compared in the whole work amongst each other and with Celtic artefacts. Weapons, armour, vessels, mirrors, jewellery and horse equipment illustrate the sophistication of Celtic designs. A large part of the study to take a single Celtic design elements, such as the use of S\\-shapes and spirals, the principles of design and metal working techniques and tools.[Early Celtic Art in the British Isles](http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/early-celtic-art-in-the-british-isles.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113106/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/early\\-celtic\\-art\\-in\\-the\\-british\\-isles.html \\|date\\=24 December 2013 }} Book review by Oxbow Books.", "He led the campaign of the British Academy for a separate state funds for archaeological research since 1976 and served in its first science\\-based Archaeology Committee. The creation of the Department of Archaeological Sciences at the [University of Bradford](/wiki/University_of_Bradford \"University of Bradford\") goes back to his inspiration. He was a visiting professor there 1974โ€“81 and was an honorary visiting professor from 1982 to 1996\\. Jope's enormous contribution to medieval and modern Irish Archaeology earned him membership of the [Royal Irish Academy](/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy \"Royal Irish Academy\") in 1973\\. He was a member of the [Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales \"Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales\") from 1963 to 1986 and the [Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England](/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Historical_Monuments_of_England \"Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England\") from 1980 to 1984\\.", "[thumb\\|Dendrochronology sampling and growth ring counting](/wiki/File:Dendrochronological_drill_hg.jpg \"Dendrochronological drill hg.jpg\")\nJope used his archaeological and scientific knowledge to inspire the creation of the Institute of Archaeological Sciences at the University of Bradford, and as co\\-director of the [palaeoecological](/wiki/Paleoecology \"Paleoecology\") Centre at Queen's University in Belfast, to motivate his staff in their work on [dendrochronology](/wiki/Dendrochronology \"Dendrochronology\") and studies to guide the [radiocarbon dating](/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating \"Radiocarbon dating\").", "" ]
Geography --------- The eastern part of Rรธdรธy Municipality is located on the mainland, just west of the [Saltfjellet](/wiki/Saltfjellet "Saltfjellet") mountain range. The rest of the municipality consists of islands to the west including [Gjerdรธya](/wiki/Gjerd%C3%B8ya "Gjerdรธya"), [Storselsรธya](/wiki/Storsels%C3%B8ya "Storselsรธya"), [Myken](/wiki/Myken "Myken"), [Nesรธya](/wiki/Nes%C3%B8ya%2C_Nordland "Nesรธya, Nordland"), [Rangsundรธya](/wiki/Rangsund%C3%B8ya "Rangsundรธya"), [Renga](/wiki/Renga%2C_Nordland "Renga, Nordland"), and [Rรธdรธya](/wiki/R%C3%B8d%C3%B8ya "Rรธdรธya"). The westernmost part of the municipality is the Myken islands in the [Vestfjorden](/wiki/Vestfjorden_%28Norway%29 "Vestfjorden (Norway)"), where the [Myken Lighthouse](/wiki/Myken_Lighthouse "Myken Lighthouse") is located. The [Tjongsfjorden](/wiki/Tjongsfjorden "Tjongsfjorden") is located in the northern part of the mainland of Rรธdรธy, just north of the mountain Blokktinden. The [Melfjorden](/wiki/Melfjorden "Melfjorden") is located in the southern part of the mainland, flowing out of the [Saltfjelletโ€“Svartisen National Park](/wiki/Saltfjellet%E2%80%93Svartisen_National_Park "Saltfjelletโ€“Svartisen National Park"). The highest point in the municipality is the {{convert\|1533\.62\|m\|adj\=on}} tall mountain Steintinden. ### Climate The [Norwegian Meteorological Institute](/wiki/Norwegian_Meteorological_Institute "Norwegian Meteorological Institute") has a weather station near the [Myken Lighthouse](/wiki/Myken_Lighthouse "Myken Lighthouse") on an island west in the [Norwegian Sea](/wiki/Norwegian_Sea "Norwegian Sea"). Myken is situated {{convert\|32\|km}} from the mainland and {{convert\|25\|km}} north of the [Arctic Circle](/wiki/Arctic_Circle "Arctic Circle"). This is one of the most oceanic stations in Northern Norway. The current station has recording since 1992, and an earlier station at same location was in operation 1920โ€“1991\. The all\-time high temperature is {{convert\|27\.5\|ยฐC}} recorded July 1972; the all\-time low is {{convert\|\-13\.9\|ยฐC}} recorded in February 1966\. The driest month on record is September 2015 with {{convert\|0\.0\|mm}} precipitation, and the wettest is October 1934 with {{convert\|227\|mm}}. The average date for first overnight freeze (below {{convert\|0\|ยฐC}}) in autumn is November 10 (1981\-2010 average) at Myken.{{Cite web \|date\=25 September 2013 \|title\=Fรธrste frostnatt \|url\=https://www.yr.no/artikkel/forste\-frostnatt\-1\.11261900}} {{Weather box \|metric first\= yes \|single line \= yes \|location \= Myken 1991\-2020 (17 m, extremes 1921\-2020 includes earlier station) \|Jan record high C \= 10\.3 \| Jan record low C \= \-12\.6 \|Feb record high C \= 8\.9 \| Feb record low C \= \-13\.9 \|Mar record high C \= 10\.1 \| Mar record low C \= \-12 \|Apr record high C \= 18\.2 \| Apr record low C \= \-5\.8 \|May record high C \= 23\.8 \| May record low C \= \-2\.4 \|Jun record high C \= 25\.3 \| Jun record low C \= 1 \|Jul record high C \= 27\.5 \| Jul record low C \= 6\.3 \|Aug record high C \= 26\.1 \| Aug record low C \= 4\.9 \|Sep record high C \= 21\.1 \| Sep record low C \= \-0\.1 \|Oct record high C \= 17\.5 \| Oct record low C \= \-4\.4 \|Nov record high C \= 13\.5 \| Nov record low C \= \-7\.2 \|Dec record high C \= 10\.2 \| Dec record low C \= \-12 \| Jan high C \= 3\.5 \| Feb high C \= 2\.9 \| Mar high C \= 3\.5 \| Apr high C \= 5\.7 \| May high C \= 8\.7 \| Jun high C \= 11\.4 \| Jul high C \= 14\.3 \| Aug high C \= 14\.5 \| Sep high C \= 12\.4 \| Oct high C \= 8\.7 \| Nov high C \= 6\.2 \| Dec high C \= 4\.5 \| year high C \= 8\.0 \| Jan mean C \= 2\.3 \| Feb mean C \= 1\.6 \| Mar mean C \= 2\.1 \| Apr mean C \= 4\.0 \| May mean C \= 6\.9 \| Jun mean C \= 9\.7 \| Jul mean C \= 12\.3 \| Aug mean C \= 12\.8 \| Sep mean C \= 10\.9 \| Oct mean C \= 7\.5 \| Nov mean C \= 4\.9 \| Dec mean C \= 3\.4 \| year mean C \= 6\.5 \| Jan low C \= 0\.2 \| Feb low C \= \-0\.4 \| Mar low C \= 0\.3 \| Apr low C \= 2\.5 \| May low C \= 5\.3 \| Jun low C \= 8\.3 \| Jul low C \= 11\.1 \| Aug low C \= 11\.5 \| Sep low C \= 9\.5 \| Oct low C \= 5\.9 \| Nov low C \= 3\.1 \| Dec low C \= 1\.4 \| year low C \= 4\.9 \| precipitation colour \= green \| Jan precipitation mm \= 91\.9 \| Feb precipitation mm \= 70\.6 \| Mar precipitation mm \= 75\.2 \| Apr precipitation mm \= 57\.2 \| May precipitation mm \= 49\.5 \| Jun precipitation mm \= 40\.9 \| Jul precipitation mm \= 52\.8 \| Aug precipitation mm \= 66\.2 \| Sep precipitation mm \= 95\.4 \| Oct precipitation mm \= 94\.5 \| Nov precipitation mm \= 98\.6 \| Dec precipitation mm \= 100\.0 \| year precipitation mm \= 892\.8 \| unit precipitation days \= 1\.0 mm \| Jan precipitation days \= 17 \| Feb precipitation days \= 15 \| Mar precipitation days \= 15 \| Apr precipitation days \= 13 \| May precipitation days \= 11 \| Jun precipitation days \= 10 \| Jul precipitation days \= 11 \| Aug precipitation days \= 13 \| Sep precipitation days \= 17 \| Oct precipitation days \= 16 \| Nov precipitation days \= 17 \| Dec precipitation days \= 18 \| year precipitation days \= 173 \|source 1\= Norwegian Meteorological Institute{{Cite web \|title\=Norwegian Meteorological Institute \|url\=http://sharki.oslo.dnmi.no/portal/page?\_pageid\=73,39035,73\_39080\&\_dad\=portal\&\_schema\=PORTAL}} \| source 2 \= \[\[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\|NOAA]]{{Cite web \|title\=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991\-2020 โ€” Myken \|url\=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2\.2/data/0\-data/Region\-6\-WMO\-Normals\-9120/Norway/CSV/MYKEN\_01115\.csv \|access\-date\=January 11, 2024 \|publisher\=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}} }} ### Farms of Rรธdรธy Historically, the land of Rรธdรธy was divided up into named farms. These farms were used in census and tax records and are useful for genalogical research. These are the farm names in Rรธdรธy as they are listed in O. Rygh's series "[Norske Gaardnavne](/wiki/Norske_Gaardnavne "Norske Gaardnavne")" ("Norwegian Farm Names"), the Nordland volume of which was published in 1905\. *See also:* [Digital version of Norske Gaardnavne \- Nordland](https://books.google.com/books?id=4i5MAQAAIAAJ) {{in lang\|no}} The farm numbers are used in some census records, and numbers that are near each other indicate that those farms are geographically proximate. Handwritten Norwegian sources, particularly those prior to 1800, may use variants on these names. For recorded variants before 1723, see the digital version of O. Rygh. Farm names were often used as part of [Norwegian names](/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology%23Norway "Scandinavian family name etymology#Norway"), in addition to the person's given name and [patronymic](/wiki/Patronymic "Patronymic") or inherited surname. Some families retained the farm name, or [toponymic](https://www.kartverket.no/globalassets/til-lands/stadnamn/toponymic-guidelines-for-map-and-other-editors-norway.pdf), as a surname when they emigrated, so in those cases tracing a surname may tell you specifically where in Norway the family was from. This tradition began to change in the mid to late 19th century, and inherited surnames were codified into law in 1923\. #### Farm maps Note that each map has a maximum number of listings it can display, so the map has been divided into parts consistent with the enumeration districts ({{lang\-no\|tellingskrets}}) in the 1920 census. This map will include one farm name per farm number; other farm names or subdivision numbers may exist. Coordinates are approximate. {{OSM Location map \| coord \= {{coord\|66\.55\|13\.18}} \| zoom \= 10 \| float \= center \| nolabels \= 1 \| width \= 850 \| height \= 500 \| title \= Rรธdรธy municipality, tellingskrets 1\-6 from 1920 census \| caption \= '''Tellingskrets (enumeration districts):''' 1 Nordnรฆsรธy \- Storselsรธy (lime); 2 Sundรธy \- Molvik (black); 3, Stensland \- Skivik (blue); 4, Skogan \- Aspvik \- Vaatvik \- Hammerheivik (purple); 5, Hyttan \- Nordfjordholm (green); 6, Telnes \- Esjeholm (red). List of farms: \| auto\-caption \= 11 \| shapeD \= n\-circle \| label\-colorD \= black \| shape\-outlineD \= white \| label\-sizeD \= 11 \| label\-posD \= left \| mark\-sizeD \= 12,11 \| ldxD \= 0 \| ldyD \= 0 \| mark\-coord1 \= {{coord\|66\.5910913\|12\.6546387}} \| mark\-title1 \= 1: Nesรธy nordre \| shape\-color1 \= lime \| mark\-coord2 \= {{coord\|66\.5513941\|12\.844983}} \| mark\-title2 \= 2: Selsรธy \| shape\-color2 \= lime \| mark\-coord3 \= {{coord\|66\.586542\|12\.9221901}} \| mark\-title3 \= 3: Sundรธy \| shape\-color3 \= black \| mark\-coord4 \= {{coord\|66\.5723136\|12\.9840831}} \| mark\-title4 \= 4: Selsรธyvik \| shape\-color4 \= black \| mark\-coord5 \= {{coord\|66\.5652141\|12\.9974245}} \| mark\-title5 \= 5: Rangsund \| shape\-color5 \= black \| mark\-coord6 \= {{coord\|66\.5790232\|13\.0228939}} \| mark\-title6 \= 6: Hรฅkaringen \| shape\-color6 \= black \| mark\-coord7 \= {{coord\|66\.5271006\|13\.0221392}} \| mark\-title7 \= 7: Gjersvik \| shape\-color7 \= black \| mark\-coord8 \= {{coord\|66\.5447581\|13\.0921633}} \| mark\-title8 \= 8: Laugnes \| shape\-color8 \= black \| mark\-coord9 \= {{coord\|66\.5143283\|13\.2141585}} \| mark\-title9 \= 9: Steinsland \| shape\-color9 \= blue \| mark\-coord10 \= {{coord\|66\.4877984\|13\.2272791}} \| mark\-title10 \= 10: Kilboghavn \| shape\-color10 \= blue \| mark\-coord11 \= {{coord\|66\.4618195\|13\.2255906}} \| mark\-title11 \= 11: ร˜resvik \| shape\-color11 \= blue \| mark\-coord12 \= {{coord\|66\.4484488\|13\.2185491}} \| mark\-title12 \= 12: Tรธmmerdal \| shape\-color12 \= blue \| mark\-coord13 \= {{coord\|66\.4438249\|13\.2587815}} \| mark\-title13 \= 13: Sรธrfjorden \| shape\-color13 \= blue \| mark\-coord14 \= {{coord\|66\.4565723\|13\.3160553}} \| mark\-title14 \= 14: Vasvik \| shape\-color14 \= blue \| mark\-coord15 \= {{coord\|66\.4762601\|13\.4446065}} \| mark\-title15 \= 15: Gjervalvatnet \| shape\-color15 \= blue \| mark\-coord16 \= {{coord\|66\.4737604\|13\.4004307}} \| mark\-title16 \= 16: Kvalvik \| shape\-color16 \= blue \| mark\-coord17 \= {{coord\|66\.467281\|13\.2843359}} \| mark\-title17 \= 17: Skeivik \| shape\-color17 \= blue \| mark\-coord18 \= {{coord\|66\.4848116\|13\.2770108}} \| mark\-title18 \= 18: Strand \| shape\-color18 \= purple \| mark\-coord19 \= {{coord\|66\.5068353\|13\.3115016}} \| mark\-title19 \= 19: Oldervik \| shape\-color19 \= purple \| mark\-coord20 \= {{coord\|66\.5268791\|13\.3008387}} \| mark\-title20 \= 20: Hellervik \| shape\-color20 \= purple \| mark\-coord21 \= {{coord\|66\.5413561\|13\.4008099}} \| mark\-title21 \= 21: Aspvik \| shape\-color21 \= purple \| mark\-coord22 \= {{coord\|66\.5619585\|13\.3413723}} \| mark\-title22 \= 28: Vaatvik \| shape\-color22 \= purple \| mark\-coord23 \= {{coord\|66\.5531269\|13\.2980875}} \| mark\-title23 \= 29: Hammerhei \| shape\-color23 \= purple \| mark\-coord24 \= {{coord\|66\.5465367\|13\.467802}} \| mark\-title24 \= 22: Hyttan \| shape\-color24 \= green \| mark\-coord25 \= {{coord\|66\.5404928\|13\.5523822}} \| mark\-title25 \= 23: Sandvik \| shape\-color25 \= green \| mark\-coord26 \= {{coord\|66\.5303289\|13\.604496}} \| mark\-title26 \= 24: Kilhavn \| shape\-color26 \= green \| mark\-coord27 \= {{coord\|66\.5171782\|13\.6745064}} \| mark\-title27 \= 25: Melfjorden \| shape\-color27 \= green \| mark\-coord28 \= {{coord\|66\.5889906\|13\.544462}} \| mark\-title28 \= 26: Nordfjordnes \| shape\-color28 \= green \| mark\-coord29 \= {{coord\|66\.60062\|13\.541418}} \| mark\-title29 \= 27: Nordfjordholm \| shape\-color29 \= green \| mark\-coord30 \= {{coord\|66\.5699369\|13\.1991603}} \| mark\-title30 \= 30: Telnes \| shape\-color30 \= red \| mark\-coord31 \= {{coord\|66\.5994443\|13\.2310385}} \| mark\-title31 \= 31: Einvik \| shape\-color31 \= red \| mark\-coord32 \= {{coord\|66\.6125153\|13\.2381805}} \| mark\-title32 \= 32: Sperstad \| shape\-color32 \= red \| mark\-coord33 \= {{coord\|66\.6192284\|13\.2885935}} \| mark\-title33 \= 33: Sjaavik \| shape\-color33 \= red \| label\-pos33 \= bottom,n\-line \| ldx33 \= 0 \| ldy33 \= 16 \|label\-color33 \= red \| mark\-coord34 \= {{coord\|66\.6247214\|13\.2908708}} \| mark\-title34 \= 34: Jรฆgtvik \| shape\-color34 \= red \| label\-pos34 \= left,n\-line \| ldx34 \= \-16 \| ldy34 \= 0 \|label\-color34 \= red \| mark\-coord35 \= {{coord\|66\.6190243\|13\.3324516}} \| mark\-title35 \= 35: Forsdal \| shape\-color35 \= red \| label\-pos35 \= bottom,n\-line \| ldx35 \= 0 \| ldy35 \= 16 \|label\-color35 \= red \| mark\-coord36 \= {{coord\|66\.6210461\|13\.3381328}} \| mark\-title36 \= 36: Aanes (ร…nes) \| shape\-color36 \= red \| label\-pos36 \= right,n\-line \| ldx36 \= 13 \| ldy36 \= 13 \|label\-color36 \= red \| mark\-coord37 \= {{coord\|66\.6302624\|13\.3222003}} \| mark\-title37 \= 37: Kvitnesvik \| shape\-color37 \= red \| mark\-coord38 \= {{coord\|66\.6323295\|13\.3475072}} \| mark\-title38 \= 38: Mรฆlen \| shape\-color38 \= red \| mark\-coord39 \= {{coord\|66\.6229685\|13\.4375617}} \| mark\-title39 \= 39: Strรธmdal (Strรธmsnes) \| shape\-color39 \= red \| mark\-coord40 \= {{coord\|66\.6246392\|13\.4073219}} \| mark\-title40 \= 40: Kisten \| shape\-color40 \= red \| mark\-coord41 \= {{coord\|66\.6354784\|13\.3834786}} \| mark\-title41 \= 41: Strรธmsvik \| shape\-color41 \= red \| mark\-coord42 \= {{coord\|66\.6422859\|13\.3549912}} \| mark\-title42 \= 42: Eidvik \| shape\-color42 \= red \| mark\-coord43 \= {{coord\|66\.6459546\|13\.3011805}} \| mark\-title43 \= 43: Vรฆranger \| shape\-color43 \= red \| mark\-coord44 \= {{coord\|66\.6379293\|13\.2652849}} \| mark\-title44 \= 44: Lauknes \| shape\-color44 \= red \| mark\-coord45 \= {{coord\|66\.6367785\|13\.2290164}} \| mark\-title45 \= 45: Esjeholmen \| shape\-color45 \= red \| mark\-coord46 \= {{coord\|66\.49133\|13\.29269}} \| mark\-title46 \= Sรธrfjorden church (built 1916\) \| shape46 \= n\-square \| shape\-size46 \= 18 \| shape\-color46 \= orange \| label46 \= Sรธrfjorden church \| label\-pos46 \= right }} {{OSM Location map \| coord \= {{coord\|66\.68\|13\.04}} \| zoom \= 10 \| float \= center \| nolabels \= 1 \| width \= 900 \| height \= 400 \| title \= Rรธdรธy municipality, tellingskrets 7\-12 from 1920 census \| caption \= '''Tellingskrets (enumeration districts):''' 7, Vรฆrnesos \- Kvalvik (lime); 8, Blok \- Tryggestad (Tjongsfjorden) (black); 9, Vaageng \- Tรธllรธk \- Svinvรฆrรธ (blue); 10, Myken \- Valvรฆr (red); 11, Rรธdรธy \- Gjรฆsรธ \- Flatรธ (green); 12, Gjรฆrรธ \- Ringen (purple). List of farms: \| auto\-caption \= 11 \| shapeD \= n\-circle \| label\-colorD \= black \| shape\-outlineD \= white \| label\-sizeD \= 11 \| label\-posD \= left \| mark\-sizeD \= 12,11 \| ldxD \= 0 \| ldyD \= 0 \| mark\-coord1 \= {{coord\|66\.6526626\|13\.211544}} \| mark\-title1 \= 46: Vรฆrnesos \| shape\-color1 \= lime \| mark\-coord2 \= {{coord\|66\.6504302\|13\.1972818}} \| mark\-title2 \= 47: Sรธrvรฆrnes \| shape\-color2 \= lime \| mark\-coord3 \= {{coord\|66\.6691257\|13\.2098274}} \| mark\-title3 \= 48: Rรธnvik \| shape\-color3 \= lime \| mark\-coord4 \= {{coord\|66\.6738231\|13\.2281336}} \| mark\-title4 \= 49: Bรธ Kvalvik \| shape\-color4 \= lime \| mark\-coord5 \= {{coord\|66\.6656715\|13\.2494189}} \| mark\-title5 \= 50: Vรฆrnes nordre \| shape\-color5 \= lime \| mark\-coord6 \= {{coord\|66\.6650781\|13\.3679814}} \| mark\-title6 \= 51: Kvalvik \| shape\-color6 \= lime \| mark\-coord7 \= {{coord\|66\.6606656\|13\.0791874}} \| mark\-title7 \= 74: Rรธdรธ Vasdal \| shape\-color7 \= lime \| label\-color \= lime \| label\-pos7 \= right,n\-line \| ldx7 \= 16 \| ldy7 \= \-13 \| mark\-coord8 \= {{coord\|66\.650028\|13\.4005314}} \| mark\-title8 \= 52: Blok \| shape\-color8 \= black \| mark\-coord9 \= {{coord\|66\.6602093\|13\.475212}} \| mark\-title9 \= 53: Bjuga \| shape\-color9 \= black \| mark\-coord10 \= {{coord\|66\.6537268\|13\.5178904}} \| mark\-title10 \= 54: Klubben \| shape\-color10 \= black \| mark\-coord11 \= {{coord\|66\.6503191\|13\.5760777}} \| mark\-title11 \= 55: Reppen \| shape\-color11 \= black \| label\-pos11 \= left,n\-line \| ldx11 \= \-13 \| ldy11 \= 13 \| mark\-coord12 \= {{coord\|66\.6535132\|13\.5827155}} \| mark\-title12 \= 56: Fjeldmo \| shape\-color12 \= black \| label\-pos12 \= left,n\-line \| ldx12 \= \-13 \| ldy12 \= \-13 \| mark\-coord13 \= {{coord\|66\.6712165\|13\.5359333}} \| mark\-title13 \= 57: Breivik \| shape\-color13 \= black \| mark\-coord14 \= {{coord\|66\.6728149\|13\.5111515}} \| mark\-title14 \= 58: Aarnes (ร…rnes) \| shape\-color14 \= black \| mark\-coord15 \= {{coord\|66\.6859001\|13\.4651754}} \| mark\-title15 \= 59: Tjong nedre \| shape\-color15 \= black \| mark\-coord16 \= {{coord\|66\.6869591\|13\.4447233}} \| mark\-title16 \= 60: Melkvik \| shape\-color16 \= black \| mark\-coord17 \= {{coord\|66\.6963711\|13\.4211932}} \| mark\-title17 \= 61: Kila \| shape\-color17 \= black \| mark\-coord18 \= {{coord\|66\.6927182\|13\.3864621}} \| mark\-title18 \= 62: Engstad \| shape\-color18 \= black \| mark\-coord19 \= {{coord\|66\.6964266\|13\.3196889}} \| mark\-title19 \= 63: Seglfor \| shape\-color19 \= black \| mark\-coord20 \= {{coord\|66\.7065277\|13\.3006302}} \| mark\-title20 \= 64: Vaagenga \| shape\-color20 \= blue \| mark\-coord21 \= {{coord\|66\.7140797\|13\.2898638}} \| mark\-title21 \= 65: Vaaga \| shape\-color21 \= blue \| mark\-coord22 \= {{coord\|66\.72161\|13\.2212875}} \| mark\-title22 \= 66: Sleipnes \| shape\-color22 \= blue \| mark\-coord23 \= {{coord\|66\.7310313\|13\.3099494}} \| mark\-title23 \= 67: Seines \| shape\-color23 \= blue \| mark\-coord24 \= {{coord\|66\.7238932\|13\.3688041}} \| mark\-title24 \= 68: Tรธllรธken \| shape\-color24 \= blue \| mark\-coord25 \= {{coord\|66\.7513938\|13\.1592413}} \| mark\-title25 \= 69: Svinvรฆr \| shape\-color25 \= blue \| mark\-coord26 \= {{coord\|66\.7339479\|13\.0161988}} \| mark\-title26 \= 70: Otervรฆr \| shape\-color26 \= blue \| mark\-coord27 \= {{coord\|66\.7601247\|12\.4765768}} \| mark\-title27 \= 71: Myken \| shape\-color27 \= red \| mark\-coord28 \= {{coord\|66\.6852679\|12\.9742959}} \| mark\-title28 \= 72: Gjesรธy \| shape\-color28 \= green \| mark\-coord29 \= {{coord\|66\.6836323\|13\.0701933}} \| mark\-title29 \= 73: Hรธivรฅg \| shape\-color29 \= green \| mark\-coord30 \= {{coord\|66\.6606656\|13\.0791874}} \| mark\-title30 \= 74: Rรธdรธy \| shape\-color30 \= green \| mark\-coord31 \= {{coord\|66\.6534251\|12\.9908046}} \| mark\-title31 \= 75: Flatรธy \| shape\-color31 \= green \| mark\-coord32 \= {{coord\|66\.6313923\|13\.0280247}} \| mark\-title32 \= 76: Sandvik \| shape\-color32 \= purple \| mark\-coord33 \= {{coord\|66\.6150967\|13\.0008931}} \| mark\-title33 \= 77: Gjerรธy sรธndre \| shape\-color33 \= purple \| mark\-coord34 \= {{coord\|66\.5988435\|13\.0099155}} \| mark\-title34 \= 78: Gjerรธyhavn \| shape\-color34 \= purple \| mark\-coord35 \= {{coord\|66\.6182799\|13\.1034628}} \| mark\-title35 \= 79: Ringen ytre \| shape\-color35 \= purple \| mark\-coord36 \= {{coord\|66\.6085674\|13\.1199507}} \| mark\-title36 \= 80: Ringen indre \| shape\-color36 \= purple \| mark\-coord37 \= {{coord\|66\.65923\|13\.07771}} \| mark\-title37 \= Rรธdรธy church (built 1885\) \| shape37 \= n\-square \| shape\-size37 \= 18 \| shape\-color37 \= orange \| label37 \= Rรธdรธy church \| label\-pos37 \= bottom,n\-line \| ldx37 \= 20 \| ldy37 \= 20 \| mark\-coord38 \= {{coord\|66\.68672\|13\.43585}} \| mark\-title38 \= Tjongsfjorden church (built 1962\) \| shape38 \= n\-square \| shape\-size38 \= 18 \| shape\-color38 \= orange \| label38 \= Tjongsfjorden church \| label\-pos38 \= right,n\-line \| ldx38 \= 20 \| ldy38 \= \-20 }} #### Farm names and numbers The following table is taken from O. Rygh's work, and has inconsistencies with the 1920 census. If you can't find an entry when you are searching for a word that starts with AE, Ae, O, A or Aa, it may have been transcribed from one of those letters not used in English. Try looking for it under the Norwegian letter; ร†, ร˜, and ร… appear at the end of the [Norwegian alphabet](/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet "Danish and Norwegian alphabet"). | Farm Name | Farm Number | | Nesรธen nordre | 1 | | Selsรธen store | 2 | | Sundรธen | 3 | | Selsรธen lille | 4 | | Rangsund | 5 | | Haakaringen | 6 | | Gjersvik | 7 | | Langnes | 8 | | Steinsland | 9 | | Brensvik | 10 | | ร˜resvik | 11 | | Tรธmmerdal | 12 | | Sรธrfjorden | 13 | | Vasvik | 14 | | Gjervalen | 15 | | Kvalvik | 16 | | Skeivik | 17 | | Strand | 18 | | Helvik | 18, 2 | | Lines | 19 | | Hellervik | 20 | | Onรธen ytre | 21 | | Hytten | 22 | | Sandvik | 23 | | Kilhavn | 24 | | Melfjorden | 25 | | Nordfjordnes | 26 | | Nordfjordholmen | 27 | | Vaatvik | 28 | | Hammerรธen | 29 | | Telnes | 30 | | Einvik | 31 | | Sperstad | 32 | | Skjaavik | 33 | | Kolvik | 33, 3 | | Jรฆgtvik | 34 | | Forsdal | 35 | | Aanes | 36 | | Kvitnesvik | 37 | | Mรฆlen | 38 | | Strรธmsnes | 39 | | Kisten | 40 | | Strรธmsvik | 41 | | Eidvik | 42 | | Vรฆrangen | 43 | | Pladsen | 44 | | Eskeholmen | 45 | | Vรฆrnesosen | 46 | | Vรฆrnes sรธndre | 47 | | Rรธnvik | 48 | | Bรธ | 49 | | Vรฆrnes nordre | 50 | | Kvalvik | 51 | | Blok | 52 | | Bjerga | 53 | | Kjetvik | 54 | | Reppen, 1 | 55 | | Reppen, 2 | 56 | | Breivik | 57 | | Aarnes | 58 | | Tjong, 1 | 59 | | Tjong, 2 | 60 | | Kilen | 61 | | ร†svik | 62 | | Segelfor | 63 | | Vaagenge | 64 | | Vaage | 65 | | Sleipnes | 66 | | Seines | 67 | | Storsteinรธren | 68 | | Svinvรฆr | 69 | | Otervรฆr | 70 | | Myken | 71 | | Valvรฆr | 71, 2 | | Gjesรธen | 72 | | Hรธivaagen | 73 | | Rรธdรธen | 74 | | Flatรธen | 75 | | Gjerรธen, 1 | 76 | | Gjerรธen, 2 | 77 | | Gjรฆrรธhavn | 78 | | Ringen | 79 |
[ "Geography\n---------", "The eastern part of Rรธdรธy Municipality is located on the mainland, just west of the [Saltfjellet](/wiki/Saltfjellet \"Saltfjellet\") mountain range. The rest of the municipality consists of islands to the west including [Gjerdรธya](/wiki/Gjerd%C3%B8ya \"Gjerdรธya\"), [Storselsรธya](/wiki/Storsels%C3%B8ya \"Storselsรธya\"), [Myken](/wiki/Myken \"Myken\"), [Nesรธya](/wiki/Nes%C3%B8ya%2C_Nordland \"Nesรธya, Nordland\"), [Rangsundรธya](/wiki/Rangsund%C3%B8ya \"Rangsundรธya\"), [Renga](/wiki/Renga%2C_Nordland \"Renga, Nordland\"), and [Rรธdรธya](/wiki/R%C3%B8d%C3%B8ya \"Rรธdรธya\"). The westernmost part of the municipality is the Myken islands in the [Vestfjorden](/wiki/Vestfjorden_%28Norway%29 \"Vestfjorden (Norway)\"), where the [Myken Lighthouse](/wiki/Myken_Lighthouse \"Myken Lighthouse\") is located.", "The [Tjongsfjorden](/wiki/Tjongsfjorden \"Tjongsfjorden\") is located in the northern part of the mainland of Rรธdรธy, just north of the mountain Blokktinden. The [Melfjorden](/wiki/Melfjorden \"Melfjorden\") is located in the southern part of the mainland, flowing out of the [Saltfjelletโ€“Svartisen National Park](/wiki/Saltfjellet%E2%80%93Svartisen_National_Park \"Saltfjelletโ€“Svartisen National Park\"). The highest point in the municipality is the {{convert\\|1533\\.62\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} tall mountain Steintinden.", "### Climate", "The [Norwegian Meteorological Institute](/wiki/Norwegian_Meteorological_Institute \"Norwegian Meteorological Institute\") has a weather station near the [Myken Lighthouse](/wiki/Myken_Lighthouse \"Myken Lighthouse\") on an island west in the [Norwegian Sea](/wiki/Norwegian_Sea \"Norwegian Sea\"). Myken is situated {{convert\\|32\\|km}} from the mainland and {{convert\\|25\\|km}} north of the [Arctic Circle](/wiki/Arctic_Circle \"Arctic Circle\"). This is one of the most oceanic stations in Northern Norway. The current station has recording since 1992, and an earlier station at same location was in operation 1920โ€“1991\\. The all\\-time high temperature is {{convert\\|27\\.5\\|ยฐC}} recorded July 1972; the all\\-time low is {{convert\\|\\-13\\.9\\|ยฐC}} recorded in February 1966\\. The driest month on record is September 2015 with {{convert\\|0\\.0\\|mm}} precipitation, and the wettest is October 1934 with {{convert\\|227\\|mm}}. The average date for first overnight freeze (below {{convert\\|0\\|ยฐC}}) in autumn is November 10 (1981\\-2010 average) at Myken.{{Cite web \\|date\\=25 September 2013 \\|title\\=Fรธrste frostnatt \\|url\\=https://www.yr.no/artikkel/forste\\-frostnatt\\-1\\.11261900}}\n{{Weather box \n\\|metric first\\= yes\n\\|single line \\= yes\n\\|location \\= Myken 1991\\-2020 (17 m, extremes 1921\\-2020 includes earlier station)\n\\|Jan record high C \\= 10\\.3 \\| Jan record low C \\= \\-12\\.6\n\\|Feb record high C \\= 8\\.9 \\| Feb record low C \\= \\-13\\.9\n\\|Mar record high C \\= 10\\.1 \\| Mar record low C \\= \\-12\n\\|Apr record high C \\= 18\\.2 \\| Apr record low C \\= \\-5\\.8\n\\|May record high C \\= 23\\.8 \\| May record low C \\= \\-2\\.4\n\\|Jun record high C \\= 25\\.3 \\| Jun record low C \\= 1\n\\|Jul record high C \\= 27\\.5 \\| Jul record low C \\= 6\\.3\n\\|Aug record high C \\= 26\\.1 \\| Aug record low C \\= 4\\.9\n\\|Sep record high C \\= 21\\.1 \\| Sep record low C \\= \\-0\\.1\n\\|Oct record high C \\= 17\\.5 \\| Oct record low C \\= \\-4\\.4\n\\|Nov record high C \\= 13\\.5 \\| Nov record low C \\= \\-7\\.2\n\\|Dec record high C \\= 10\\.2 \\| Dec record low C \\= \\-12", "\\| Jan high C \\= 3\\.5\n \\| Feb high C \\= 2\\.9\n \\| Mar high C \\= 3\\.5\n \\| Apr high C \\= 5\\.7\n \\| May high C \\= 8\\.7\n \\| Jun high C \\= 11\\.4\n \\| Jul high C \\= 14\\.3\n \\| Aug high C \\= 14\\.5\n \\| Sep high C \\= 12\\.4\n \\| Oct high C \\= 8\\.7\n \\| Nov high C \\= 6\\.2\n \\| Dec high C \\= 4\\.5\n \\| year high C \\= 8\\.0", "\\| Jan mean C \\= 2\\.3\n \\| Feb mean C \\= 1\\.6\n \\| Mar mean C \\= 2\\.1\n \\| Apr mean C \\= 4\\.0\n \\| May mean C \\= 6\\.9\n \\| Jun mean C \\= 9\\.7\n \\| Jul mean C \\= 12\\.3\n \\| Aug mean C \\= 12\\.8\n \\| Sep mean C \\= 10\\.9\n \\| Oct mean C \\= 7\\.5\n \\| Nov mean C \\= 4\\.9\n \\| Dec mean C \\= 3\\.4\n \\| year mean C \\= 6\\.5", "\\| Jan low C \\= 0\\.2\n \\| Feb low C \\= \\-0\\.4\n \\| Mar low C \\= 0\\.3\n \\| Apr low C \\= 2\\.5\n \\| May low C \\= 5\\.3\n \\| Jun low C \\= 8\\.3\n \\| Jul low C \\= 11\\.1\n \\| Aug low C \\= 11\\.5\n \\| Sep low C \\= 9\\.5\n \\| Oct low C \\= 5\\.9\n \\| Nov low C \\= 3\\.1\n \\| Dec low C \\= 1\\.4\n \\| year low C \\= 4\\.9", "\\| precipitation colour \\= green\n \\| Jan precipitation mm \\= 91\\.9\n \\| Feb precipitation mm \\= 70\\.6\n \\| Mar precipitation mm \\= 75\\.2\n \\| Apr precipitation mm \\= 57\\.2\n \\| May precipitation mm \\= 49\\.5\n \\| Jun precipitation mm \\= 40\\.9\n \\| Jul precipitation mm \\= 52\\.8\n \\| Aug precipitation mm \\= 66\\.2\n \\| Sep precipitation mm \\= 95\\.4\n \\| Oct precipitation mm \\= 94\\.5\n \\| Nov precipitation mm \\= 98\\.6\n \\| Dec precipitation mm \\= 100\\.0\n \\| year precipitation mm \\= 892\\.8", "\\| unit precipitation days \\= 1\\.0 mm\n \\| Jan precipitation days \\= 17\n \\| Feb precipitation days \\= 15\n \\| Mar precipitation days \\= 15\n \\| Apr precipitation days \\= 13\n \\| May precipitation days \\= 11\n \\| Jun precipitation days \\= 10\n \\| Jul precipitation days \\= 11\n \\| Aug precipitation days \\= 13\n \\| Sep precipitation days \\= 17\n \\| Oct precipitation days \\= 16\n \\| Nov precipitation days \\= 17\n \\| Dec precipitation days \\= 18\n \\| year precipitation days \\= 173", "\\|source 1\\= Norwegian Meteorological Institute{{Cite web \\|title\\=Norwegian Meteorological Institute \\|url\\=http://sharki.oslo.dnmi.no/portal/page?\\_pageid\\=73,39035,73\\_39080\\&\\_dad\\=portal\\&\\_schema\\=PORTAL}}\n \\| source 2 \\= \\[\\[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\\|NOAA]]{{Cite web \\|title\\=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991\\-2020 โ€” Myken \\|url\\=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2\\.2/data/0\\-data/Region\\-6\\-WMO\\-Normals\\-9120/Norway/CSV/MYKEN\\_01115\\.csv \\|access\\-date\\=January 11, 2024 \\|publisher\\=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}\n}}", "### Farms of Rรธdรธy", "Historically, the land of Rรธdรธy was divided up into named farms. These farms were used in census and tax records and are useful for genalogical research. These are the farm names in Rรธdรธy as they are listed in O. Rygh's series \"[Norske Gaardnavne](/wiki/Norske_Gaardnavne \"Norske Gaardnavne\")\" (\"Norwegian Farm Names\"), the Nordland volume of which was published in 1905\\.\n*See also:* [Digital version of Norske Gaardnavne \\- Nordland](https://books.google.com/books?id=4i5MAQAAIAAJ) {{in lang\\|no}}", "The farm numbers are used in some census records, and numbers that are near each other indicate that those farms are geographically proximate. Handwritten Norwegian sources, particularly those prior to 1800, may use variants on these names. For recorded variants before 1723, see the digital version of O. Rygh.", "Farm names were often used as part of [Norwegian names](/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology%23Norway \"Scandinavian family name etymology#Norway\"), in addition to the person's given name and [patronymic](/wiki/Patronymic \"Patronymic\") or inherited surname. Some families retained the farm name, or [toponymic](https://www.kartverket.no/globalassets/til-lands/stadnamn/toponymic-guidelines-for-map-and-other-editors-norway.pdf), as a surname when they emigrated, so in those cases tracing a surname may tell you specifically where in Norway the family was from. This tradition began to change in the mid to late 19th century, and inherited surnames were codified into law in 1923\\.", "#### Farm maps", "Note that each map has a maximum number of listings it can display, so the map has been divided into parts consistent with the enumeration districts ({{lang\\-no\\|tellingskrets}}) in the 1920 census. This map will include one farm name per farm number; other farm names or subdivision numbers may exist.", "Coordinates are approximate.", "{{OSM Location map\n\\| coord \\= {{coord\\|66\\.55\\|13\\.18}}\n\\| zoom \\= 10\n\\| float \\= center\n\\| nolabels \\= 1\n\\| width \\= 850\n\\| height \\= 500\n\\| title \\= Rรธdรธy municipality, tellingskrets 1\\-6 from 1920 census\n\\| caption \\= '''Tellingskrets (enumeration districts):''' 1 Nordnรฆsรธy \\- Storselsรธy (lime); 2 Sundรธy \\- Molvik (black); 3, Stensland \\- Skivik (blue); 4, Skogan \\- Aspvik \\- Vaatvik \\- Hammerheivik (purple); 5, Hyttan \\- Nordfjordholm (green); 6, Telnes \\- Esjeholm (red). List of farms:\n\\| auto\\-caption \\= 11", "\\| shapeD \\= n\\-circle\n\\| label\\-colorD \\= black\n\\| shape\\-outlineD \\= white\n\\| label\\-sizeD \\= 11\n\\| label\\-posD \\= left\n\\| mark\\-sizeD \\= 12,11\n\\| ldxD \\= 0\n\\| ldyD \\= 0", "\\| mark\\-coord1 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5910913\\|12\\.6546387}}\n\\| mark\\-title1 \\= 1: Nesรธy nordre\n\\| shape\\-color1 \\= lime", "\\| mark\\-coord2 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5513941\\|12\\.844983}}\n\\| mark\\-title2 \\= 2: Selsรธy\n\\| shape\\-color2 \\= lime", "\\| mark\\-coord3 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.586542\\|12\\.9221901}}\n\\| mark\\-title3 \\= 3: Sundรธy\n\\| shape\\-color3 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord4 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5723136\\|12\\.9840831}}\n\\| mark\\-title4 \\= 4: Selsรธyvik\n\\| shape\\-color4 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord5 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5652141\\|12\\.9974245}}\n\\| mark\\-title5 \\= 5: Rangsund\n\\| shape\\-color5 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord6 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5790232\\|13\\.0228939}}\n\\| mark\\-title6 \\= 6: Hรฅkaringen\n\\| shape\\-color6 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord7 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5271006\\|13\\.0221392}}\n\\| mark\\-title7 \\= 7: Gjersvik\n\\| shape\\-color7 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord8 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5447581\\|13\\.0921633}}\n\\| mark\\-title8 \\= 8: Laugnes\n\\| shape\\-color8 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord9 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5143283\\|13\\.2141585}}\n\\| mark\\-title9 \\= 9: Steinsland\n\\| shape\\-color9 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord10 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.4877984\\|13\\.2272791}}\n\\| mark\\-title10 \\= 10: Kilboghavn\n\\| shape\\-color10 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord11 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.4618195\\|13\\.2255906}}\n\\| mark\\-title11 \\= 11: ร˜resvik\n\\| shape\\-color11 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord12 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.4484488\\|13\\.2185491}}\n\\| mark\\-title12 \\= 12: Tรธmmerdal\n\\| shape\\-color12 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord13 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.4438249\\|13\\.2587815}}\n\\| mark\\-title13 \\= 13: Sรธrfjorden\n\\| shape\\-color13 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord14 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.4565723\\|13\\.3160553}}\n\\| mark\\-title14 \\= 14: Vasvik\n\\| shape\\-color14 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord15 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.4762601\\|13\\.4446065}}\n\\| mark\\-title15 \\= 15: Gjervalvatnet\n\\| shape\\-color15 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord16 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.4737604\\|13\\.4004307}}\n\\| mark\\-title16 \\= 16: Kvalvik\n\\| shape\\-color16 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord17 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.467281\\|13\\.2843359}}\n\\| mark\\-title17 \\= 17: Skeivik\n\\| shape\\-color17 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord18 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.4848116\\|13\\.2770108}}\n\\| mark\\-title18 \\= 18: Strand\n\\| shape\\-color18 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord19 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5068353\\|13\\.3115016}}\n\\| mark\\-title19 \\= 19: Oldervik\n\\| shape\\-color19 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord20 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5268791\\|13\\.3008387}}\n\\| mark\\-title20 \\= 20: Hellervik\n\\| shape\\-color20 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord21 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5413561\\|13\\.4008099}}\n\\| mark\\-title21 \\= 21: Aspvik\n\\| shape\\-color21 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord22 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5619585\\|13\\.3413723}}\n\\| mark\\-title22 \\= 28: Vaatvik\n\\| shape\\-color22 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord23 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5531269\\|13\\.2980875}}\n\\| mark\\-title23 \\= 29: Hammerhei\n\\| shape\\-color23 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord24 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5465367\\|13\\.467802}}\n\\| mark\\-title24 \\= 22: Hyttan\n\\| shape\\-color24 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord25 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5404928\\|13\\.5523822}}\n\\| mark\\-title25 \\= 23: Sandvik\n\\| shape\\-color25 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord26 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5303289\\|13\\.604496}}\n\\| mark\\-title26 \\= 24: Kilhavn\n\\| shape\\-color26 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord27 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5171782\\|13\\.6745064}}\n\\| mark\\-title27 \\= 25: Melfjorden\n\\| shape\\-color27 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord28 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5889906\\|13\\.544462}}\n\\| mark\\-title28 \\= 26: Nordfjordnes\n\\| shape\\-color28 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord29 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.60062\\|13\\.541418}}\n\\| mark\\-title29 \\= 27: Nordfjordholm\n\\| shape\\-color29 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord30 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5699369\\|13\\.1991603}}\n\\| mark\\-title30 \\= 30: Telnes\n\\| shape\\-color30 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord31 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5994443\\|13\\.2310385}}\n\\| mark\\-title31 \\= 31: Einvik\n\\| shape\\-color31 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord32 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6125153\\|13\\.2381805}}\n\\| mark\\-title32 \\= 32: Sperstad\n\\| shape\\-color32 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord33 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6192284\\|13\\.2885935}}\n\\| mark\\-title33 \\= 33: Sjaavik\n\\| shape\\-color33 \\= red\n\\| label\\-pos33 \\= bottom,n\\-line \\| ldx33 \\= 0 \\| ldy33 \\= 16\n\\|label\\-color33 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord34 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6247214\\|13\\.2908708}}\n\\| mark\\-title34 \\= 34: Jรฆgtvik\n\\| shape\\-color34 \\= red\n\\| label\\-pos34 \\= left,n\\-line \\| ldx34 \\= \\-16 \\| ldy34 \\= 0\n\\|label\\-color34 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord35 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6190243\\|13\\.3324516}}\n\\| mark\\-title35 \\= 35: Forsdal\n\\| shape\\-color35 \\= red\n\\| label\\-pos35 \\= bottom,n\\-line \\| ldx35 \\= 0 \\| ldy35 \\= 16\n\\|label\\-color35 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord36 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6210461\\|13\\.3381328}}\n\\| mark\\-title36 \\= 36: Aanes (ร…nes)\n\\| shape\\-color36 \\= red\n\\| label\\-pos36 \\= right,n\\-line \\| ldx36 \\= 13 \\| ldy36 \\= 13\n\\|label\\-color36 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord37 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6302624\\|13\\.3222003}}\n\\| mark\\-title37 \\= 37: Kvitnesvik\n\\| shape\\-color37 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord38 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6323295\\|13\\.3475072}}\n\\| mark\\-title38 \\= 38: Mรฆlen\n\\| shape\\-color38 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord39 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6229685\\|13\\.4375617}}\n\\| mark\\-title39 \\= 39: Strรธmdal (Strรธmsnes)\n\\| shape\\-color39 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord40 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6246392\\|13\\.4073219}}\n\\| mark\\-title40 \\= 40: Kisten\n\\| shape\\-color40 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord41 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6354784\\|13\\.3834786}}\n\\| mark\\-title41 \\= 41: Strรธmsvik\n\\| shape\\-color41 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord42 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6422859\\|13\\.3549912}}\n\\| mark\\-title42 \\= 42: Eidvik\n\\| shape\\-color42 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord43 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6459546\\|13\\.3011805}}\n\\| mark\\-title43 \\= 43: Vรฆranger\n\\| shape\\-color43 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord44 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6379293\\|13\\.2652849}}\n\\| mark\\-title44 \\= 44: Lauknes\n\\| shape\\-color44 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord45 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6367785\\|13\\.2290164}}\n\\| mark\\-title45 \\= 45: Esjeholmen\n\\| shape\\-color45 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord46 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.49133\\|13\\.29269}}\n\\| mark\\-title46 \\= Sรธrfjorden church (built 1916\\)\n\\| shape46 \\= n\\-square\n\\| shape\\-size46 \\= 18\n\\| shape\\-color46 \\= orange\n\\| label46 \\= Sรธrfjorden church \n\\| label\\-pos46 \\= right \n}}", "{{OSM Location map\n\\| coord \\= {{coord\\|66\\.68\\|13\\.04}}\n\\| zoom \\= 10\n\\| float \\= center\n\\| nolabels \\= 1\n\\| width \\= 900\n\\| height \\= 400\n\\| title \\= Rรธdรธy municipality, tellingskrets 7\\-12 from 1920 census\n\\| caption \\= '''Tellingskrets (enumeration districts):''' 7, Vรฆrnesos \\- Kvalvik (lime); 8, Blok \\- Tryggestad (Tjongsfjorden) (black); 9, Vaageng \\- Tรธllรธk \\- Svinvรฆrรธ (blue); 10, Myken \\- Valvรฆr (red); 11, Rรธdรธy \\- Gjรฆsรธ \\- Flatรธ (green); 12, Gjรฆrรธ \\- Ringen (purple). List of farms:\n\\| auto\\-caption \\= 11", "\\| shapeD \\= n\\-circle\n\\| label\\-colorD \\= black\n\\| shape\\-outlineD \\= white\n\\| label\\-sizeD \\= 11\n\\| label\\-posD \\= left\n\\| mark\\-sizeD \\= 12,11\n\\| ldxD \\= 0\n\\| ldyD \\= 0", "\\| mark\\-coord1 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6526626\\|13\\.211544}}\n\\| mark\\-title1 \\= 46: Vรฆrnesos\n\\| shape\\-color1 \\= lime", "\\| mark\\-coord2 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6504302\\|13\\.1972818}}\n\\| mark\\-title2 \\= 47: Sรธrvรฆrnes\n\\| shape\\-color2 \\= lime", "\\| mark\\-coord3 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6691257\\|13\\.2098274}}\n\\| mark\\-title3 \\= 48: Rรธnvik\n\\| shape\\-color3 \\= lime", "\\| mark\\-coord4 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6738231\\|13\\.2281336}}\n\\| mark\\-title4 \\= 49: Bรธ Kvalvik\n\\| shape\\-color4 \\= lime", "\\| mark\\-coord5 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6656715\\|13\\.2494189}}\n\\| mark\\-title5 \\= 50: Vรฆrnes nordre\n\\| shape\\-color5 \\= lime", "\\| mark\\-coord6 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6650781\\|13\\.3679814}}\n\\| mark\\-title6 \\= 51: Kvalvik\n\\| shape\\-color6 \\= lime", "\\| mark\\-coord7 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6606656\\|13\\.0791874}}\n\\| mark\\-title7 \\= 74: Rรธdรธ Vasdal\n\\| shape\\-color7 \\= lime\n\\| label\\-color \\= lime\n\\| label\\-pos7 \\= right,n\\-line \\| ldx7 \\= 16 \\| ldy7 \\= \\-13", "\\| mark\\-coord8 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.650028\\|13\\.4005314}}\n\\| mark\\-title8 \\= 52: Blok\n\\| shape\\-color8 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord9 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6602093\\|13\\.475212}}\n\\| mark\\-title9 \\= 53: Bjuga\n\\| shape\\-color9 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord10 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6537268\\|13\\.5178904}}\n\\| mark\\-title10 \\= 54: Klubben\n\\| shape\\-color10 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord11 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6503191\\|13\\.5760777}}\n\\| mark\\-title11 \\= 55: Reppen\n\\| shape\\-color11 \\= black\n\\| label\\-pos11 \\= left,n\\-line \\| ldx11 \\= \\-13 \\| ldy11 \\= 13", "\\| mark\\-coord12 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6535132\\|13\\.5827155}}\n\\| mark\\-title12 \\= 56: Fjeldmo\n\\| shape\\-color12 \\= black\n\\| label\\-pos12 \\= left,n\\-line \\| ldx12 \\= \\-13 \\| ldy12 \\= \\-13", "\\| mark\\-coord13 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6712165\\|13\\.5359333}}\n\\| mark\\-title13 \\= 57: Breivik\n\\| shape\\-color13 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord14 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6728149\\|13\\.5111515}}\n\\| mark\\-title14 \\= 58: Aarnes (ร…rnes)\n\\| shape\\-color14 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord15 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6859001\\|13\\.4651754}}\n\\| mark\\-title15 \\= 59: Tjong nedre\n\\| shape\\-color15 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord16 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6869591\\|13\\.4447233}}\n\\| mark\\-title16 \\= 60: Melkvik\n\\| shape\\-color16 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord17 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6963711\\|13\\.4211932}}\n\\| mark\\-title17 \\= 61: Kila\n\\| shape\\-color17 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord18 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6927182\\|13\\.3864621}}\n\\| mark\\-title18 \\= 62: Engstad\n\\| shape\\-color18 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord19 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6964266\\|13\\.3196889}}\n\\| mark\\-title19 \\= 63: Seglfor\n\\| shape\\-color19 \\= black", "\\| mark\\-coord20 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.7065277\\|13\\.3006302}}\n\\| mark\\-title20 \\= 64: Vaagenga\n\\| shape\\-color20 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord21 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.7140797\\|13\\.2898638}}\n\\| mark\\-title21 \\= 65: Vaaga\n\\| shape\\-color21 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord22 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.72161\\|13\\.2212875}}\n\\| mark\\-title22 \\= 66: Sleipnes\n\\| shape\\-color22 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord23 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.7310313\\|13\\.3099494}}\n\\| mark\\-title23 \\= 67: Seines\n\\| shape\\-color23 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord24 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.7238932\\|13\\.3688041}}\n\\| mark\\-title24 \\= 68: Tรธllรธken\n\\| shape\\-color24 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord25 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.7513938\\|13\\.1592413}}\n\\| mark\\-title25 \\= 69: Svinvรฆr\n\\| shape\\-color25 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord26 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.7339479\\|13\\.0161988}}\n\\| mark\\-title26 \\= 70: Otervรฆr\n\\| shape\\-color26 \\= blue", "\\| mark\\-coord27 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.7601247\\|12\\.4765768}}\n\\| mark\\-title27 \\= 71: Myken\n\\| shape\\-color27 \\= red", "\\| mark\\-coord28 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6852679\\|12\\.9742959}}\n\\| mark\\-title28 \\= 72: Gjesรธy\n\\| shape\\-color28 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord29 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6836323\\|13\\.0701933}}\n\\| mark\\-title29 \\= 73: Hรธivรฅg\n\\| shape\\-color29 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord30 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6606656\\|13\\.0791874}}\n\\| mark\\-title30 \\= 74: Rรธdรธy\n\\| shape\\-color30 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord31 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6534251\\|12\\.9908046}}\n\\| mark\\-title31 \\= 75: Flatรธy\n\\| shape\\-color31 \\= green", "\\| mark\\-coord32 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6313923\\|13\\.0280247}}\n\\| mark\\-title32 \\= 76: Sandvik\n\\| shape\\-color32 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord33 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6150967\\|13\\.0008931}}\n\\| mark\\-title33 \\= 77: Gjerรธy sรธndre\n\\| shape\\-color33 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord34 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.5988435\\|13\\.0099155}}\n\\| mark\\-title34 \\= 78: Gjerรธyhavn\n\\| shape\\-color34 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord35 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6182799\\|13\\.1034628}}\n\\| mark\\-title35 \\= 79: Ringen ytre\n\\| shape\\-color35 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord36 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.6085674\\|13\\.1199507}}\n\\| mark\\-title36 \\= 80: Ringen indre\n\\| shape\\-color36 \\= purple", "\\| mark\\-coord37 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.65923\\|13\\.07771}}\n\\| mark\\-title37 \\= Rรธdรธy church (built 1885\\)\n\\| shape37 \\= n\\-square\n\\| shape\\-size37 \\= 18\n\\| shape\\-color37 \\= orange\n\\| label37 \\= Rรธdรธy church \n\\| label\\-pos37 \\= bottom,n\\-line \\| ldx37 \\= 20 \\| ldy37 \\= 20", "\\| mark\\-coord38 \\= {{coord\\|66\\.68672\\|13\\.43585}}\n\\| mark\\-title38 \\= Tjongsfjorden church (built 1962\\)\n\\| shape38 \\= n\\-square\n\\| shape\\-size38 \\= 18\n\\| shape\\-color38 \\= orange\n\\| label38 \\= Tjongsfjorden church \n\\| label\\-pos38 \\= right,n\\-line \\| ldx38 \\= 20 \\| ldy38 \\= \\-20\n}}", "#### Farm names and numbers", "The following table is taken from O. Rygh's work, and has inconsistencies with the 1920 census.", "If you can't find an entry when you are searching for a word that starts with AE, Ae, O, A or Aa, it may have been transcribed from one of those letters not used in English. Try looking for it under the Norwegian letter; ร†, ร˜, and ร… appear at the end of the [Norwegian alphabet](/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet \"Danish and Norwegian alphabet\").", "", "| Farm Name | Farm Number |", "| Nesรธen nordre | 1 |\n| Selsรธen store | 2 |\n| Sundรธen | 3 |\n| Selsรธen lille | 4 |\n| Rangsund | 5 |\n| Haakaringen | 6 |\n| Gjersvik | 7 |\n| Langnes | 8 |\n| Steinsland | 9 |\n| Brensvik | 10 |\n| ร˜resvik | 11 |\n| Tรธmmerdal | 12 |\n| Sรธrfjorden | 13 |\n| Vasvik | 14 |\n| Gjervalen | 15 |\n| Kvalvik | 16 |\n| Skeivik | 17 |\n| Strand | 18 |\n| Helvik | 18, 2 |\n| Lines | 19 |\n| Hellervik | 20 |\n| Onรธen ytre | 21 |\n| Hytten | 22 |\n| Sandvik | 23 |\n| Kilhavn | 24 |\n| Melfjorden | 25 |\n| Nordfjordnes | 26 |\n| Nordfjordholmen | 27 |\n| Vaatvik | 28 |\n| Hammerรธen | 29 |\n| Telnes | 30 |\n| Einvik | 31 |\n| Sperstad | 32 |\n| Skjaavik | 33 |\n| Kolvik | 33, 3 |\n| Jรฆgtvik | 34 |\n| Forsdal | 35 |\n| Aanes | 36 |\n| Kvitnesvik | 37 |\n| Mรฆlen | 38 |\n| Strรธmsnes | 39 |\n| Kisten | 40 |\n| Strรธmsvik | 41 |\n| Eidvik | 42 |\n| Vรฆrangen | 43 |\n| Pladsen | 44 |\n| Eskeholmen | 45 |\n| Vรฆrnesosen | 46 |\n| Vรฆrnes sรธndre | 47 |\n| Rรธnvik | 48 |\n| Bรธ | 49 |\n| Vรฆrnes nordre | 50 |\n| Kvalvik | 51 |\n| Blok | 52 |\n| Bjerga | 53 |\n| Kjetvik | 54 |\n| Reppen, 1 | 55 |\n| Reppen, 2 | 56 |\n| Breivik | 57 |\n| Aarnes | 58 |\n| Tjong, 1 | 59 |\n| Tjong, 2 | 60 |\n| Kilen | 61 |\n| ร†svik | 62 |\n| Segelfor | 63 |\n| Vaagenge | 64 |\n| Vaage | 65 |\n| Sleipnes | 66 |\n| Seines | 67 |\n| Storsteinรธren | 68 |\n| Svinvรฆr | 69 |\n| Otervรฆr | 70 |\n| Myken | 71 |\n| Valvรฆr | 71, 2 |\n| Gjesรธen | 72 |\n| Hรธivaagen | 73 |\n| Rรธdรธen | 74 |\n| Flatรธen | 75 |\n| Gjerรธen, 1 | 76 |\n| Gjerรธen, 2 | 77 |\n| Gjรฆrรธhavn | 78 |\n| Ringen | 79 |", "" ]
Contractual framework --------------------- The typical project finance documentation can be reconducted to six main types: * Shareholder/sponsor documents * Project documents * Finance documents * Security documents * Other project documents * Director/promotor Contribution ### Engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract The most common project finance construction contract is the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract. An EPC contract generally provides for the obligation of the contractor to build and deliver the project facilities on a fixed price, turnkey basis, i.e., at a certain pre\-determined fixed price, by a certain date, in accordance with certain specifications, and with certain performance warranties. The EPC contract is quite complicated in terms of legal issue, therefore the project company and the EPC contractor need sufficient experience and knowledge of the nature of project to avoid their faults and minimize the risks during contract execution. The terms EPC contract and turnkey contract are interchangeable. EPC stands for engineering (design), procurement and construction. Turnkey is based on the idea that when the owner takes responsibility for the facility all it will need to do is turn the key and the facility will function as intended. Alternative forms of construction contract are a project management approach and alliance contracting. Basic contents of an EPC contract are: * Description of the project * Price * Payment (typically by milestones) * Completion date * Completion guarantee and [Liquidated Damages](/wiki/Liquidated_Damages "Liquidated Damages") (LDs): * Performance guarantee and LDs * Cap under LDs ### Operation and maintenance agreement An [operation and maintenance](/wiki/Operation_and_maintenance "Operation and maintenance") (O\&M) agreement is an agreement between the project company and the operator. The project company delegates the operation, maintenance and often performance management of the project to a reputable operator with expertise in the industry under the terms of the O\&M agreement. The operator could be one of the sponsors of the project company or third\-party operator. In other cases the project company may carry out by itself the operation and maintenance of the project and may eventually arrange for the technical assistance of an experienced company under a technical assistance agreement. Basic contents of an O\&M contract are: * Definition of the service * Operator responsibility * Provision regarding the services rendered * Liquidated damages * Fee provisions ### Concession deed An agreement between the project company and a public\-sector entity (the contracting authority) is called a concession deed. The concession agreement concedes the use of a government asset (such as a plot of land or river crossing) to the project company for a specified period. A concession deed would be found in most projects which involve government such as in infrastructure projects. The concession agreement may be signed by a national/regional government, a municipality, or a special purpose entity set up by the state to grant the concession. Examples of concession agreements include contracts for the following: * A toll\-road or tunnel for which the concession agreement giving a right to collect tolls/fares from the public or where payments are made by the contracting authority based on usage by the public. * A transportation system (e.g., a railway / metro) for which the public pays fares to a private company) * Utility projects where payments are made by a municipality or by end\-users. * Ports and airports where payments are usually made by airlines or shipping companies. * Other public sector projects such as schools, hospitals, government buildings, where payments are made by the contracting authority. ### Shareholders Agreement The [shareholders agreement](/wiki/Shareholders_agreement "Shareholders agreement") (SHA) is an agreement between the project sponsors to form a [special purpose company](/wiki/Special_purpose_company "Special purpose company") (SPC) in relation to the project development. This is the most basic of structures held by the sponsors in a project finance transaction. This is an agreement between the sponsors and deals with: * Injection of share capital * Voting requirements * Resolution of force one * [Dividend policy](/wiki/Dividend_policy "Dividend policy") * Management of the SPC * Disposal and pre\-emption rights ### Off\-take agreement An off\-take agreement is an agreement between the project company and the offtaker (the party who is buying the product / service that the project produces / delivers). In a project financing the revenue is often contracted (rather than being sold on a merchant basis). The off\-take agreement governs mechanism of price and volume which make up revenue. The intention of this agreement is to provide the project company with stable and sufficient revenue to pay its project debt obligation, cover the operating costs and provide certain required return to the sponsors. The main off\-take agreements are: * Take\-or\-pay contract: under this contract the off\-taker โ€“ on an agreed price basis โ€“ is obligated to pay for product on a regular basis whether or not the off\-taker actually takes the product. * [Power purchase agreement](/wiki/Power_purchase_agreement "Power purchase agreement"): commonly used in power projects in emerging markets. The purchasing entity is usually a government entity. * Take\-and\-pay contract: the off\-taker only pays for the product taken on an agreed price basis. * Long\-term sales contract: the off\-taker agrees to take agreed\-upon quantities of the product from the project. The price is however paid based on market prices at the time of purchase or an agreed market index, subject to certain floor (minimum) price. Commonly used in mining, oil and gas, and petrochemical projects where the project company wants to ensure that its product can easily be sold in international markets, but off\-takers not willing to take the price risk * Hedging contract: found in the commodity markets such as in an oilfield project. * Contract for Differences: the project company sells its product into the market and not to the off\-taker or hedging counterpart. If however the market price is below an agreed level, the offtaker pays the difference to the project company, and vice versa if it is above an agreed level. * Throughput contract: a user of the pipeline agrees to use it to carry not less than a certain volume of product and to pay a minimum price for this. ### Supply agreement {{redirect\|Supply agreement\|supply agreements in parliamentary democracies\|confidence and supply}} A supply agreement is between the project company and the supplier of the required feedstock / fuel. If a project company has an off\-take contract, the supply contract is usually structured to match the general terms of the off\-take contract such as the length of the contract, force majeure provisions, etc. The volume of input supplies required by the project company is usually linked to the projectโ€™s output. Example under a PPA the power purchaser who does not require power can ask the project to shut down the power plant and continue to pay the capacity payment โ€“ in such case the project company needs to ensure its obligations to buy fuel can be reduced in parallel. The degree of commitment by the supplier can vary. The main supply agreements are: 1\. Fixed or variable supply: the supplier agrees to provide a fixed quantity of supplies to the project company on an agreed schedule, or a variable supply between an agreed maximum and minimum. The supply may be under a take\-or\-pay or take\-and\-pay. 2\.Output / reserve dedication: the supplier dedicates the entire output from a specific source, e.g., a coal mine, its own plant. However, the supplier may have no obligation to produce any output unless agreed otherwise. The supply can also be under a take\-or\-pay or take\-and\-pay 3\.Interruptible supply: some supplies such as gas are offered on a lower\-cost interruptible basis โ€“ often via a pipeline also supplying other users. 4\.Tolling contract: the supplier has no commitment to supply at all, and may choose not to do so if the supplies can be used more profitably elsewhere. However, the availability charge must be paid to the project company. ### Loan agreement A loan agreement is made between the project company (borrower) and the lenders. Loan agreement governs relationship between the lenders and the borrowers. It determines the basis on which the loan can be drawn and repaid, and contains the usual provisions found in a corporate loan agreement. It also contains the additional clauses to cover specific requirements of the project and project documents. Basic terms of a loan agreement include the following provisions. * General conditions precedent * Conditions precedent to each drawdown * Availability period, during which the borrower is obliged to pay a commitment fee * Drawdown mechanics * An interest clause, charged at a margin over base rate * A repayment clause * Financial covenants \- calculation of key project metrics / ratios and covenants * Dividend restrictions * Representations and warranties * The illegality clause ### Intercreditor agreement Intercreditor agreement is agreed between the main creditors of the project company. This is the agreement between the main creditors in connection with the project financing. The main creditors often enter into the Intercreditor Agreement to govern the common terms and relationships among the lenders in respect of the borrowerโ€™s obligations. Intercreditor agreement will specify provisions including the following. * Common terms * Order of drawdown * Cashflow waterfall * Limitation on ability of creditors to vary their rights * Voting rights * Notification of defaults * Order of applying the proceeds of debt recovery * If there is a mezzanine funding component, the terms of subordination and other principles to apply as between the senior debt providers and the mezzanine debt providers. ### Tripartite deed The financiers will usually require that a direct relationship between itself and the counterparty to that contract be established which is achieved through the use of a tripartite deed (sometimes called a consent deed, direct agreement or [side agreement](/wiki/Side_letter_%28contract_law%29 "Side letter (contract law)")). The tripartite deed sets out the circumstances in which the financiers may โ€œstep inโ€ under the project contracts in order to remedy any default. A tripartite deed would normally contain the following provision. * Acknowledgement of security: confirmation by the contractor or relevant party that it consents to the financier taking security over the relevant project contracts. * Notice of default: obligation on the relevant project counterparty to notify the lenders directly of defaults by the project company under the relevant contract. * [Step\-in rights](/wiki/Step-in_rights "Step-in rights") and extended periods: to ensure that the lenders will have sufficient notice /period to enable it to remedy any breach by the borrower. * Receivership: acknowledgement by the relevant party regarding the appointment of a receiver by the lenders under the relevant contract and that the receiver may continue the borrowerโ€™s performance under the contract * Sale of asset: terms and conditions upon which the lenders may transfer the borrowerโ€™s entitlements under the relevant contract. Tripartite deed can give rise to difficult issues for negotiation but is a critical document in project financing. ### Common Terms Agreement An agreement between the financing parties and the project company which sets out the terms that are common to all the financing instruments and the relationship between them (including definitions, conditions, order of drawdowns, project accounts, voting powers for waivers and amendments). A common terms agreement greatly clarifies and simplifies the multi\-sourcing of finance for a project and ensures that the parties have a common understanding of key definitions and critical events. ### Terms Sheet Agreement between the borrower and the lender for the cost, provision and repayment of debt. The term sheet outlines the key terms and conditions of the financing. The term sheet provides the basis for the lead arrangers to complete the credit approval to underwrite the debt, usually by signing the agreed term sheet. Generally the final term sheet is attached to the [mandate letter](/wiki/Mandate_letter "Mandate letter") and is used by the lead arrangers to syndicate the debt. The commitment by the lenders is usually subject to further detailed due diligence and negotiation of project agreements and finance documents including the security documents. The next phase in the financing is the negotiation of finance documents and the term sheet will eventually be replaced by the definitive finance documents when the project reaches financial close.
[ "Contractual framework\n---------------------", "The typical project finance documentation can be reconducted to six main types:", "* Shareholder/sponsor documents\n* Project documents\n* Finance documents\n* Security documents\n* Other project documents\n* Director/promotor Contribution", "### Engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract", "The most common project finance construction contract is the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract. An EPC contract generally provides for the obligation of the contractor to build and deliver the project facilities on a fixed price, turnkey basis, i.e., at a certain pre\\-determined fixed price, by a certain date, in accordance with certain specifications, and with certain performance warranties. The EPC contract is quite complicated in terms of legal issue, therefore the project company and the EPC contractor need sufficient experience and knowledge of the nature of project to avoid their faults and minimize the risks during contract execution.", "The terms EPC contract and turnkey contract are interchangeable. EPC stands for engineering (design), procurement and construction. Turnkey is based on the idea that when the owner takes responsibility for the facility all it will need to do is turn the key and the facility will function as intended. Alternative forms of construction contract are a project management approach and alliance contracting. Basic contents of an EPC contract are:\n* Description of the project\n* Price\n* Payment (typically by milestones)\n* Completion date\n* Completion guarantee and [Liquidated Damages](/wiki/Liquidated_Damages \"Liquidated Damages\") (LDs):\n* Performance guarantee and LDs\n* Cap under LDs", "### Operation and maintenance agreement", "An [operation and maintenance](/wiki/Operation_and_maintenance \"Operation and maintenance\") (O\\&M) agreement is an agreement between the project company and the operator. The project company delegates the operation, maintenance and often performance management of the project to a reputable operator with expertise in the industry under the terms of the O\\&M agreement. The operator could be one of the sponsors of the project company or third\\-party operator. In other cases the project company may carry out by itself the operation and maintenance of the project and may eventually arrange for the technical assistance of an experienced company under a technical assistance agreement. Basic contents of an O\\&M contract are:\n* Definition of the service\n* Operator responsibility\n* Provision regarding the services rendered\n* Liquidated damages\n* Fee provisions", "### Concession deed", "An agreement between the project company and a public\\-sector entity (the contracting authority) is called a concession deed. The concession agreement concedes the use of a government asset (such as a plot of land or river crossing) to the project company for a specified period. A concession deed would be found in most projects which involve government such as in infrastructure projects. The concession agreement may be signed by a national/regional government, a municipality, or a special purpose entity set up by the state to grant the concession. Examples of concession agreements include contracts for the following:\n* A toll\\-road or tunnel for which the concession agreement giving a right to collect tolls/fares from the public or where payments are made by the contracting authority based on usage by the public.\n* A transportation system (e.g., a railway / metro) for which the public pays fares to a private company)\n* Utility projects where payments are made by a municipality or by end\\-users.\n* Ports and airports where payments are usually made by airlines or shipping companies.\n* Other public sector projects such as schools, hospitals, government buildings, where payments are made by the contracting authority.", "### Shareholders Agreement", "The [shareholders agreement](/wiki/Shareholders_agreement \"Shareholders agreement\") (SHA) is an agreement between the project sponsors to form a [special purpose company](/wiki/Special_purpose_company \"Special purpose company\") (SPC) in relation to the project development. This is the most basic of structures held by the sponsors in a project finance transaction. This is an agreement between the sponsors and deals with:\n* Injection of share capital\n* Voting requirements\n* Resolution of force one\n* [Dividend policy](/wiki/Dividend_policy \"Dividend policy\")\n* Management of the SPC\n* Disposal and pre\\-emption rights", "### Off\\-take agreement", "An off\\-take agreement is an agreement between the project company and the offtaker (the party who is buying the product / service that the project produces / delivers). In a project financing the revenue is often contracted (rather than being sold on a merchant basis). The off\\-take agreement governs mechanism of price and volume which make up revenue. The intention of this agreement is to provide the project company with stable and sufficient revenue to pay its project debt obligation, cover the operating costs and provide certain required return to the sponsors.", "The main off\\-take agreements are:\n* Take\\-or\\-pay contract: under this contract the off\\-taker โ€“ on an agreed price basis โ€“ is obligated to pay for product on a regular basis whether or not the off\\-taker actually takes the product.\n* [Power purchase agreement](/wiki/Power_purchase_agreement \"Power purchase agreement\"): commonly used in power projects in emerging markets. The purchasing entity is usually a government entity.\n* Take\\-and\\-pay contract: the off\\-taker only pays for the product taken on an agreed price basis.\n* Long\\-term sales contract: the off\\-taker agrees to take agreed\\-upon quantities of the product from the project. The price is however paid based on market prices at the time of purchase or an agreed market index, subject to certain floor (minimum) price. Commonly used in mining, oil and gas, and petrochemical projects where the project company wants to ensure that its product can easily be sold in international markets, but off\\-takers not willing to take the price risk\n* Hedging contract: found in the commodity markets such as in an oilfield project.\n* Contract for Differences: the project company sells its product into the market and not to the off\\-taker or hedging counterpart. If however the market price is below an agreed level, the offtaker pays the difference to the project company, and vice versa if it is above an agreed level.\n* Throughput contract: a user of the pipeline agrees to use it to carry not less than a certain volume of product and to pay a minimum price for this.", "### Supply agreement", "{{redirect\\|Supply agreement\\|supply agreements in parliamentary democracies\\|confidence and supply}}\nA supply agreement is between the project company and the supplier of the required feedstock / fuel.", "If a project company has an off\\-take contract, the supply contract is usually structured to match the general terms of the off\\-take contract such as the length of the contract, force majeure provisions, etc.\nThe volume of input supplies required by the project company is usually linked to the projectโ€™s output. Example under a PPA the power purchaser who does not require power can ask the project to shut down the power plant and continue to pay the capacity payment โ€“ in such case the project company needs to ensure its obligations to buy fuel can be reduced in parallel. The degree of commitment by the supplier can vary.", "The main supply agreements are:", "1\\. Fixed or variable supply: the supplier agrees to provide a fixed quantity of supplies to the project company on an agreed schedule, or a variable supply between an agreed maximum and minimum. The supply may be under a take\\-or\\-pay or take\\-and\\-pay.", "2\\.Output / reserve dedication: the supplier dedicates the entire output from a specific source, e.g., a coal mine, its own plant. However, the supplier may have no obligation to produce any output unless agreed otherwise. The supply can also be under a take\\-or\\-pay or take\\-and\\-pay", "3\\.Interruptible supply: some supplies such as gas are offered on a lower\\-cost interruptible basis โ€“ often via a pipeline also supplying other users.", "4\\.Tolling contract: the supplier has no commitment to supply at all, and may choose not to do so if the supplies can be used more profitably elsewhere. However, the availability charge must be paid to the project company.", "### Loan agreement", "A loan agreement is made between the project company (borrower) and the lenders. Loan agreement governs relationship between the lenders and the borrowers. It determines the basis on which the loan can be drawn and repaid, and contains the usual provisions found in a corporate loan agreement. It also contains the additional clauses to cover specific requirements of the project and project documents.", "Basic terms of a loan agreement include the following provisions.\n* General conditions precedent\n* Conditions precedent to each drawdown\n* Availability period, during which the borrower is obliged to pay a commitment fee\n* Drawdown mechanics\n* An interest clause, charged at a margin over base rate\n* A repayment clause\n* Financial covenants \\- calculation of key project metrics / ratios and covenants\n* Dividend restrictions\n* Representations and warranties\n* The illegality clause", "### Intercreditor agreement", "Intercreditor agreement is agreed between the main creditors of the project company.\nThis is the agreement between the main creditors in connection with the project financing. The main creditors often enter into the Intercreditor Agreement to govern the common terms and relationships among the lenders in respect of the borrowerโ€™s obligations.", "Intercreditor agreement will specify provisions including the following.\n* Common terms\n* Order of drawdown\n* Cashflow waterfall\n* Limitation on ability of creditors to vary their rights\n* Voting rights\n* Notification of defaults\n* Order of applying the proceeds of debt recovery\n* If there is a mezzanine funding component, the terms of subordination and other principles to apply as between the senior debt providers and the mezzanine debt providers.", "### Tripartite deed", "The financiers will usually require that a direct relationship between itself and the counterparty to that contract be established which is achieved through the use of a tripartite deed (sometimes called a consent deed, direct agreement or [side agreement](/wiki/Side_letter_%28contract_law%29 \"Side letter (contract law)\")). The tripartite deed sets out the circumstances in which the financiers may โ€œstep inโ€ under the project contracts in order to remedy any default.", "A tripartite deed would normally contain the following provision.\n* Acknowledgement of security: confirmation by the contractor or relevant party that it consents to the financier taking security over the relevant project contracts.\n* Notice of default: obligation on the relevant project counterparty to notify the lenders directly of defaults by the project company under the relevant contract.\n* [Step\\-in rights](/wiki/Step-in_rights \"Step-in rights\") and extended periods: to ensure that the lenders will have sufficient notice /period to enable it to remedy any breach by the borrower.\n* Receivership: acknowledgement by the relevant party regarding the appointment of a receiver by the lenders under the relevant contract and that the receiver may continue the borrowerโ€™s performance under the contract\n* Sale of asset: terms and conditions upon which the lenders may transfer the borrowerโ€™s entitlements under the relevant contract.", "Tripartite deed can give rise to difficult issues for negotiation but is a critical document in project financing.", "### Common Terms Agreement", "An agreement between the financing parties and the project company which sets out the terms that are common to all the financing instruments and the relationship between them (including definitions, conditions, order of drawdowns, project accounts, voting powers for waivers and amendments). A common terms agreement greatly clarifies and simplifies the multi\\-sourcing of finance for a project and ensures that the parties have a common understanding of key definitions and critical events.", "### Terms Sheet", "Agreement between the borrower and the lender for the cost, provision and repayment of debt.\nThe term sheet outlines the key terms and conditions of the financing. The term sheet provides the basis for the lead arrangers to complete the credit approval to underwrite the debt, usually by signing the agreed term sheet. Generally the final term sheet is attached to the [mandate letter](/wiki/Mandate_letter \"Mandate letter\") and is used by the lead arrangers to syndicate the debt.\nThe commitment by the lenders is usually subject to further detailed due diligence and negotiation of project agreements and finance documents including the security documents. The next phase in the financing is the negotiation of finance documents and the term sheet will eventually be replaced by the definitive finance documents when the project reaches financial close.", "" ]
Basic scheme ------------ [thumb\|350px\|Hypothetical project finance scheme](/wiki/Image:Project_finance.png "Project finance.png") For example, the Acme Coal Co. imports coal. Energen Inc. supplies energy to consumers. The two companies agree to build a power plant to accomplish their respective goals. Typically, the first step would be to sign a [memorandum of understanding](/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding "Memorandum of understanding") to set out the intentions of the two parties. This would be followed by an agreement to form a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture "Joint venture"). Acme Coal and Energen form an SPC (Special Purpose Corporation) called Power Holdings Inc. and divide the shares between them according to their contributions. Acme Coal, being more established, contributes more [capital](/wiki/Financial_capital "Financial capital") and takes 70% of the shares. Energen is a smaller company and takes the remaining 30%. The new company has no assets. Power Holdings then signs a construction contract with Acme Construction to build a power plant. Acme Construction is an affiliate of Acme Coal and the only company with the know\-how to construct a power plant in accordance with Acme's delivery specification. A power plant can cost hundreds of millions of dollars. To pay Acme Construction, Power Holdings receives financing from a [development bank](/wiki/Development_finance_institution "Development finance institution") and a [commercial bank](/wiki/Commercial_bank "Commercial bank"). These banks provide a guarantee to Acme Construction's financier that the company can pay for the completion of construction. Payment for construction is generally paid as such: 10% up front, 10% midway through construction, 10% shortly before completion, and 70% upon transfer of title to Power Holdings, which becomes the owner of the power plant. Acme Coal and Energen form Power Manage Inc., another SPC, to manage the facility. The ultimate purpose of the two SPCs (Power Holding and Power Manage) is primarily to protect Acme Coal and Energen. If a disaster happens at the plant, prospective plaintiffs cannot sue Acme Coal or Energen and target their assets because neither company owns or operates the plant. However project financiers may recognize this and require some sort of parent guarantee for up to negotiated amounts of operational liabilities. A Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) between Power Manage and Acme Coal supplies raw materials to the power plant. Electricity is then delivered to Energen using a wholesale delivery contract. The net cash flow of the SPC Power Holdings (sales proceeds less costs) will be used to repay the financiers.
[ "Basic scheme\n------------", "[thumb\\|350px\\|Hypothetical project finance scheme](/wiki/Image:Project_finance.png \"Project finance.png\")\nFor example, the Acme Coal Co. imports coal. Energen Inc. supplies energy to consumers. The two companies agree to build a power plant to accomplish their respective goals. Typically, the first step would be to sign a [memorandum of understanding](/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding \"Memorandum of understanding\") to set out the intentions of the two parties. This would be followed by an agreement to form a [joint venture](/wiki/Joint_venture \"Joint venture\").", "Acme Coal and Energen form an SPC (Special Purpose Corporation) called Power Holdings Inc. and divide the shares between them according to their contributions. Acme Coal, being more established, contributes more [capital](/wiki/Financial_capital \"Financial capital\") and takes 70% of the shares. Energen is a smaller company and takes the remaining 30%. The new company has no assets.", "Power Holdings then signs a construction contract with Acme Construction to build a power plant. Acme Construction is an affiliate of Acme Coal and the only company with the know\\-how to construct a power plant in accordance with Acme's delivery specification.", "A power plant can cost hundreds of millions of dollars. To pay Acme Construction, Power Holdings receives financing from a [development bank](/wiki/Development_finance_institution \"Development finance institution\") and a [commercial bank](/wiki/Commercial_bank \"Commercial bank\"). These banks provide a guarantee to Acme Construction's financier that the company can pay for the completion of construction. Payment for construction is generally paid as such: 10% up front, 10% midway through construction, 10% shortly before completion, and 70% upon transfer of title to Power Holdings, which becomes the owner of the power plant.", "Acme Coal and Energen form Power Manage Inc., another SPC, to manage the facility. The ultimate purpose of the two SPCs (Power Holding and Power Manage) is primarily to protect Acme Coal and Energen. If a disaster happens at the plant, prospective plaintiffs cannot sue Acme Coal or Energen and target their assets because neither company owns or operates the plant. However project financiers may recognize this and require some sort of parent guarantee for up to negotiated amounts of operational liabilities.", "A Sale and Purchase Agreement (SPA) between Power Manage and Acme Coal supplies raw materials to the power plant. Electricity is then delivered to Energen using a wholesale delivery contract. The net cash flow of the SPC Power Holdings (sales proceeds less costs) will be used to repay the financiers.", "" ]
History ------- {{More citations needed\|date\=May 2015}} ### Medieval period The first written record of Kursk dates back to 1032\. It was mentioned as one of [Severian](/wiki/Severia "Severia") towns by [Prince Igor](/wiki/Igor_Svyatoslavich "Igor Svyatoslavich") in *[The Tale of Igor's Campaign](/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign "The Tale of Igor's Campaign")*: > Saddle, brother, your swift steeds. As to mine, they are ready, saddled ahead, near Kursk; as to my Kurskers, they are famous knightsโ€”swaddled under war\-horns, nursed under helmets, fed from the point of the lance; to them the trails are familiar, to them the ravines are known, the bows they have are strung tight, the quivers, unclosed, the sabers, sharpened; themselves, like gray wolves, they lope in the field, seeking for themselves honor, and for their prince, glory.[The Song of Igor's Campaign, Igor son of Svyatoslav and grandson of Oleg. Translated by Vladimir Nabokov. 78โ€“95](http://lib.ru/NABOKOW/slovo.txt) The seat of the minor principality of [Kievan Rus'](/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27 "Kievan Rus'"), Kursk was raided by the [Turkic](/wiki/Turkic_peoples "Turkic peoples")\-speaking [Polovtsians](/wiki/Polovtsi "Polovtsi") in the 12th and 13th centuries. Destroyed by the [Mongols](/wiki/Mongols "Mongols") under [Batu Khan](/wiki/Batu_Khan "Batu Khan") during the [Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'](/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27 "Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'") around 1237, the city was rebuilt no later than 1283\. Between 1360 and 1508, it was ruled by the [Grand Duchy of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania "Grand Duchy of Lithuania"). Kursk joined the [centralized Russian state](/wiki/Great_Duchy_of_Moscow "Great Duchy of Moscow") in 1508, becoming its southern border province. ### Modern period [thumb\|Pre\-1917 view of Kursk](/wiki/File:Kursk.Old.2.jpg "Kursk.Old.2.jpg") {{Historical populations\|1989\|424,239\|2002\|412,442\|2010\|415,159\|2021\|440,052}} However, a century later the city re\-emerged in a new place; date of re\-considered grounds Kursk 1586 \[9]. In 1596 a new fortress was built, which was garrisoned by over 1,300 soldiers in 1616\. At the beginning of the 17th century, Kursk was repeatedly attacked by the [Polishโ€“Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polishโ€“Lithuanian Commonwealth") forces during the [Polishโ€“Russian Wars](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_%281609%E2%80%931618%29 "Polishโ€“Russian War (1609โ€“1618)") (in 1612, 1616, 1617, and 1634\), and was also attacked by the [Crimean Khanate](/wiki/Crimean_Khanate "Crimean Khanate") and the [Nogai Horde](/wiki/Nogai_Horde "Nogai Horde") during the [Crimeanโ€“Nogai slave raids on Russia](/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe "Crimeanโ€“Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe"), but the Kursk fortress was never taken. Residents of [Oryol](/wiki/Oryol "Oryol") and other southern Russian cities were resettled in Kursk (by 1678, 2,800 had been resettled). The city developed due to its advantageous geographical position on the shortest route from Moscow to the Crimea and from Moscow to [Kiev](/wiki/Kiev "Kiev"). It was an important center of the corn trade with [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") and hosted an important fair, which took place annually under the walls of the monastery of [Our Lady of Kursk](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kursk "Our Lady of Kursk"). During the period of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire"), it was successively part of the [Kiev Governorate](/wiki/Kiev_Governorate "Kiev Governorate") (1708โ€“1727\), [Belgorod Governorate](/wiki/Belgorod_Governorate "Belgorod Governorate") (1727โ€“1779\), and [Kursk Viceroyalty](/wiki/Kursk_Viceroyalty "Kursk Viceroyalty") (1779โ€“1797\). The town status was granted to Kursk in 1779, and it became the administrative center of [Kursk Governorate](/wiki/Kursk_Governorate "Kursk Governorate") in 1797\. After a fire in 1781 devastated Kursk, a new plan for the city was developed in which a market center would be placed in the central square, known as the Red Square. In 1768, the Voskresensko\-Ilinskaya Church was built ({{lang\-ru\|ะ’ะพัะบั€ะตัะตะฝัะบะพ\-ะ˜ะปัŒะธะฝัะบะฐั ั†ะตั€ะบะพะฒัŒ}}). In 1778 both the baroque Sergiev Cathedral and Trinity\-Sergius Cathedral were completed. The city opened its first school for [nobility](/wiki/Russian_nobility "Russian nobility") in 1783\. A men's gymnasium was opened in 1808 and a seminary in 1817\. A women's gymnasium was opened in 1872\.{{Cite journal \|last\=Vetchinova \|first\=Marina \|date\=January 2014 \|title\=Female Gymnasium Education in Kursk Governorate in the Second Half of the 19th Century Through the Early 20th Century \|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285029908 \|access\-date\=May 27, 2022 \|journal\=Voprosy Obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow \|issue\=2 \|pages\=222โ€“235 \|doi\=10\.17323/1814\-9545\-2014\-2\-222\-235}} ### 20th century At the beginning of the 20th century, Kursk played a dominant role in the food industry (Kvilitsu AK, one of the largest breweries in Russia, operated in Kursk) and in other industries; in the 1900s, the city had 4 sitoproboynye shops (of which the largest was the Tikhonov works, whose products were exported to Germany, Austria\-Hungary, etc.). There were several engineering enterprises operating in Kursk (in 1914 there were seven, including a railroad one). The working conditions in the factories of Kursk were harsh, and workers' strikes were frequent (for instance, the workers at the sugar mill went on strike in 1901โ€“1903\). The Kursk workers also participated in the general political strike during the [1905 Russian Revolution](/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution "1905 Russian Revolution"). After the [Bolshevik revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution") in Russia, the Soviets took power in Kursk on 26 November (9 December โ€“ new style) 1917\. On 28 November 1918, the [Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine](/wiki/Provisional_Workers%27_and_Peasants%27_Government_of_Ukraine "Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine") was established in Kursk.{{cite web\|url\=https://leksika.com.ua/14680720/ure/timchasoviy\_robitnycho\-selyanskiy\_uryad\_ukrayini\|title\=ะขะธะผั‡ะฐัะพะฒะธะน ะ ะพะฑั–ั‚ะฝะธั‡ะพ\-ะกะตะปัะฝััŒะบะธะน ะฃั€ัะด ะฃะบั€ะฐั—ะฝะธ\|language\=uk\|author\=ะ‘. ะœ. ะ‘ะฐะฑั–ะน\|access\-date\=11 August 2024}} On 20 September 1919, during the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War "Russian Civil War"), the city was taken over by the [anti\-Bolshevik troops](/wiki/White_movement "White movement") under the command of General [Denikin](/wiki/Denikin "Denikin"); however, on 19 November 1919, Kursk was retaken by the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army "Red Army"). [thumb\|left\|Soviet troops and [T\-34](/wiki/T-34 "T-34") tanks advancing during the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk "Battle of Kursk").](/wiki/File:Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg "Soviet troops and T-34 tanks counterattacking Kursk Voronezh Front July 1943.jpg") The Soviet government valued Kursk for its rich deposits of [iron ore](/wiki/Iron_ore "Iron ore") and developed it into one of the major [railroad](/wiki/Railroad "Railroad") hubs in the Russian southwest. In 1932, Yamskaya Sloboda was incorporated into the city. In 1935, Kursk got its first tram system. Sometime in the 1930s, the area of the city of Kursk was divided into Leninsky District (the left bank of the Kura River), Dzerzhinsky District (the right bank of the Kura River) and Kirov District (Yamskaya Sloboda). In 1937 Stalinsky District was formed at the southern outskirts of the city. During World War II, Kursk was occupied by [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") between {{start and end date\|1941\|11\|04\|1943\|2\|08\|df\=y}}. The occupiers operated a Jewish [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II "Forced labour under German rule during World War II") battalion in the city.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action\=2\.2\&tab\=7\&id\=100002236\|title\=Jรผdisches Arbeitsbataillon Kursk \|website\=Bundesarchiv.de\|access\-date\=11 August 2024\|language\=de}} In July 1943, the Germans launched [Operation Citadel](/wiki/Operation_Citadel "Operation Citadel") in an attempt to recapture Kursk. During the resulting [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk "Battle of Kursk"), the village of [Prokhorovka](/wiki/Prokhorovka%2C_Belgorod_Oblast "Prokhorovka, Belgorod Oblast") near Kursk became the center of a major armoured engagement โ€“ the [Battle of Prokhorovka](/wiki/Battle_of_Prokhorovka "Battle of Prokhorovka") โ€“ between [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") and [German](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") forces: one of the largest tank battles in history. Operation Citadel was the last major German offensive against the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). [thumb\|[Stalin\-era buildings](/wiki/Stalinist_architecture "Stalinist architecture") flanking Kursk's Red Square](/wiki/File:Red_Square_in_Kursk.JPG "Red Square in Kursk.JPG") Rebuilding efforts in the city began in February 1944\. The cultural life recovered as well: on 19 February a cinema was reopened, and on 27 February a drama theatre. By 1950 the urban economy had been completely restored. In 1953 the tram system began operating again. On 17 August 1956, Stalinsky District was renamed Promishlenost District, and Dzerzhinsky District was abolished and its territory divided between Promishlenost and Leninsky Districts. ### Recent history In 2009, for the first time in 90 years at the site of [Theotokos of Kursk](/wiki/Theotokos_of_Kursk "Theotokos of Kursk"), the most revered icon in the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church "Russian Orthodox Church"), received the name Hodigitria [Russian diaspora](/wiki/Russian_diaspora "Russian diaspora"). Until 2010, Kursk had the status of historical settlement, but the [Russian Ministry of Culture](/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Culture "Russian Ministry of Culture") deprived the city of this status on 29 July 2010 in resolution No. 418/339\. On 29 October 2011, for the first time in 30 years, the city opened a new firehouse for the protection of the Central District, with modern equipment. In 2012, Kursk celebrated its 980th anniversary.
[ "History\n-------", "{{More citations needed\\|date\\=May 2015}}\n### Medieval period", "The first written record of Kursk dates back to 1032\\. It was mentioned as one of [Severian](/wiki/Severia \"Severia\") towns by [Prince Igor](/wiki/Igor_Svyatoslavich \"Igor Svyatoslavich\") in *[The Tale of Igor's Campaign](/wiki/The_Tale_of_Igor%27s_Campaign \"The Tale of Igor's Campaign\")*:", "", "> Saddle, brother, your swift steeds. As to mine, they are ready, saddled ahead, near Kursk; as to my Kurskers, they are famous knightsโ€”swaddled under war\\-horns, nursed under helmets, fed from the point of the lance; to them the trails are familiar, to them the ravines are known, the bows they have are strung tight, the quivers, unclosed, the sabers, sharpened; themselves, like gray wolves, they lope in the field, seeking for themselves honor, and for their prince, glory.[The Song of Igor's Campaign, Igor son of Svyatoslav and grandson of Oleg. Translated by Vladimir Nabokov. 78โ€“95](http://lib.ru/NABOKOW/slovo.txt)", "The seat of the minor principality of [Kievan Rus'](/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27 \"Kievan Rus'\"), Kursk was raided by the [Turkic](/wiki/Turkic_peoples \"Turkic peoples\")\\-speaking [Polovtsians](/wiki/Polovtsi \"Polovtsi\") in the 12th and 13th centuries. Destroyed by the [Mongols](/wiki/Mongols \"Mongols\") under [Batu Khan](/wiki/Batu_Khan \"Batu Khan\") during the [Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'](/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27 \"Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'\") around 1237, the city was rebuilt no later than 1283\\. Between 1360 and 1508, it was ruled by the [Grand Duchy of Lithuania](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania \"Grand Duchy of Lithuania\"). Kursk joined the [centralized Russian state](/wiki/Great_Duchy_of_Moscow \"Great Duchy of Moscow\") in 1508, becoming its southern border province.", "### Modern period", "[thumb\\|Pre\\-1917 view of Kursk](/wiki/File:Kursk.Old.2.jpg \"Kursk.Old.2.jpg\")\n{{Historical populations\\|1989\\|424,239\\|2002\\|412,442\\|2010\\|415,159\\|2021\\|440,052}}\nHowever, a century later the city re\\-emerged in a new place; date of re\\-considered grounds Kursk 1586 \\[9]. In 1596 a new fortress was built, which was garrisoned by over 1,300 soldiers in 1616\\. At the beginning of the 17th century, Kursk was repeatedly attacked by the [Polishโ€“Lithuanian Commonwealth](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth \"Polishโ€“Lithuanian Commonwealth\") forces during the [Polishโ€“Russian Wars](/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_%281609%E2%80%931618%29 \"Polishโ€“Russian War (1609โ€“1618)\") (in 1612, 1616, 1617, and 1634\\), and was also attacked by the [Crimean Khanate](/wiki/Crimean_Khanate \"Crimean Khanate\") and the [Nogai Horde](/wiki/Nogai_Horde \"Nogai Horde\") during the [Crimeanโ€“Nogai slave raids on Russia](/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe \"Crimeanโ€“Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe\"), but the Kursk fortress was never taken.", "Residents of [Oryol](/wiki/Oryol \"Oryol\") and other southern Russian cities were resettled in Kursk (by 1678, 2,800 had been resettled). The city developed due to its advantageous geographical position on the shortest route from Moscow to the Crimea and from Moscow to [Kiev](/wiki/Kiev \"Kiev\"). It was an important center of the corn trade with [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") and hosted an important fair, which took place annually under the walls of the monastery of [Our Lady of Kursk](/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kursk \"Our Lady of Kursk\").", "During the period of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\"), it was successively part of the [Kiev Governorate](/wiki/Kiev_Governorate \"Kiev Governorate\") (1708โ€“1727\\), [Belgorod Governorate](/wiki/Belgorod_Governorate \"Belgorod Governorate\") (1727โ€“1779\\), and [Kursk Viceroyalty](/wiki/Kursk_Viceroyalty \"Kursk Viceroyalty\") (1779โ€“1797\\). The town status was granted to Kursk in 1779, and it became the administrative center of [Kursk Governorate](/wiki/Kursk_Governorate \"Kursk Governorate\") in 1797\\.", "After a fire in 1781 devastated Kursk, a new plan for the city was developed in which a market center would be placed in the central square, known as the Red Square. In 1768, the Voskresensko\\-Ilinskaya Church was built ({{lang\\-ru\\|ะ’ะพัะบั€ะตัะตะฝัะบะพ\\-ะ˜ะปัŒะธะฝัะบะฐั ั†ะตั€ะบะพะฒัŒ}}). In 1778 both the baroque Sergiev Cathedral and Trinity\\-Sergius Cathedral were completed. The city opened its first school for [nobility](/wiki/Russian_nobility \"Russian nobility\") in 1783\\. A men's gymnasium was opened in 1808 and a seminary in 1817\\. A women's gymnasium was opened in 1872\\.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Vetchinova \\|first\\=Marina \\|date\\=January 2014 \\|title\\=Female Gymnasium Education in Kursk Governorate in the Second Half of the 19th Century Through the Early 20th Century \\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285029908 \\|access\\-date\\=May 27, 2022 \\|journal\\=Voprosy Obrazovaniya / Educational Studies Moscow \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=222โ€“235 \\|doi\\=10\\.17323/1814\\-9545\\-2014\\-2\\-222\\-235}}", "### 20th century", "At the beginning of the 20th century, Kursk played a dominant role in the food industry (Kvilitsu AK, one of the largest breweries in Russia, operated in Kursk) and in other industries; in the 1900s, the city had 4 sitoproboynye shops (of which the largest was the Tikhonov works, whose products were exported to Germany, Austria\\-Hungary, etc.). There were several engineering enterprises operating in Kursk (in 1914 there were seven, including a railroad one). The working conditions in the factories of Kursk were harsh, and workers' strikes were frequent (for instance, the workers at the sugar mill went on strike in 1901โ€“1903\\). The Kursk workers also participated in the general political strike during the [1905 Russian Revolution](/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution \"1905 Russian Revolution\").", "After the [Bolshevik revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\") in Russia, the Soviets took power in Kursk on 26 November (9 December โ€“ new style) 1917\\. On 28 November 1918, the [Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine](/wiki/Provisional_Workers%27_and_Peasants%27_Government_of_Ukraine \"Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine\") was established in Kursk.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://leksika.com.ua/14680720/ure/timchasoviy\\_robitnycho\\-selyanskiy\\_uryad\\_ukrayini\\|title\\=ะขะธะผั‡ะฐัะพะฒะธะน ะ ะพะฑั–ั‚ะฝะธั‡ะพ\\-ะกะตะปัะฝััŒะบะธะน ะฃั€ัะด ะฃะบั€ะฐั—ะฝะธ\\|language\\=uk\\|author\\=ะ‘. ะœ. ะ‘ะฐะฑั–ะน\\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2024}} On 20 September 1919, during the [Russian Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\"), the city was taken over by the [anti\\-Bolshevik troops](/wiki/White_movement \"White movement\") under the command of General [Denikin](/wiki/Denikin \"Denikin\"); however, on 19 November 1919, Kursk was retaken by the [Red Army](/wiki/Red_Army \"Red Army\").", "[thumb\\|left\\|Soviet troops and [T\\-34](/wiki/T-34 \"T-34\") tanks advancing during the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk \"Battle of Kursk\").](/wiki/File:Soviet_troops_and_T-34_tanks_counterattacking_Kursk_Voronezh_Front_July_1943.jpg \"Soviet troops and T-34 tanks counterattacking Kursk Voronezh Front July 1943.jpg\")\nThe Soviet government valued Kursk for its rich deposits of [iron ore](/wiki/Iron_ore \"Iron ore\") and developed it into one of the major [railroad](/wiki/Railroad \"Railroad\") hubs in the Russian southwest. In 1932, Yamskaya Sloboda was incorporated into the city. In 1935, Kursk got its first tram system. Sometime in the 1930s, the area of the city of Kursk was divided into Leninsky District (the left bank of the Kura River), Dzerzhinsky District (the right bank of the Kura River) and Kirov District (Yamskaya Sloboda). In 1937 Stalinsky District was formed at the southern outskirts of the city.", "During World War II, Kursk was occupied by [Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") between {{start and end date\\|1941\\|11\\|04\\|1943\\|2\\|08\\|df\\=y}}. The occupiers operated a Jewish [forced labour](/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II \"Forced labour under German rule during World War II\") battalion in the city.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action\\=2\\.2\\&tab\\=7\\&id\\=100002236\\|title\\=Jรผdisches Arbeitsbataillon Kursk\n\\|website\\=Bundesarchiv.de\\|access\\-date\\=11 August 2024\\|language\\=de}} In July 1943, the Germans launched [Operation Citadel](/wiki/Operation_Citadel \"Operation Citadel\") in an attempt to recapture Kursk. During the resulting [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk \"Battle of Kursk\"), the village of [Prokhorovka](/wiki/Prokhorovka%2C_Belgorod_Oblast \"Prokhorovka, Belgorod Oblast\") near Kursk became the center of a major armoured engagement โ€“ the [Battle of Prokhorovka](/wiki/Battle_of_Prokhorovka \"Battle of Prokhorovka\") โ€“ between [Soviet](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") and [German](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") forces: one of the largest tank battles in history. Operation Citadel was the last major German offensive against the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\").", "[thumb\\|[Stalin\\-era buildings](/wiki/Stalinist_architecture \"Stalinist architecture\") flanking Kursk's Red Square](/wiki/File:Red_Square_in_Kursk.JPG \"Red Square in Kursk.JPG\")\nRebuilding efforts in the city began in February 1944\\. The cultural life recovered as well: on 19 February a cinema was reopened, and on 27 February a drama theatre. By 1950 the urban economy had been completely restored. In 1953 the tram system began operating again. On 17 August 1956, Stalinsky District was renamed Promishlenost District, and Dzerzhinsky District was abolished and its territory divided between Promishlenost and Leninsky Districts.", "### Recent history", "In 2009, for the first time in 90 years at the site of [Theotokos of Kursk](/wiki/Theotokos_of_Kursk \"Theotokos of Kursk\"), the most revered icon in the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\"), received the name Hodigitria [Russian diaspora](/wiki/Russian_diaspora \"Russian diaspora\").", "Until 2010, Kursk had the status of historical settlement, but the [Russian Ministry of Culture](/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Culture \"Russian Ministry of Culture\") deprived the city of this status on 29 July 2010 in resolution No. 418/339\\.", "On 29 October 2011, for the first time in 30 years, the city opened a new firehouse for the protection of the Central District, with modern equipment. In 2012, Kursk celebrated its 980th anniversary.", "" ]
Attractions ----------- [thumb\|*[Religious Procession in Kursk Province](/wiki/Religious_Procession_in_Kursk_Province "Religious Procession in Kursk Province")*, painting by [Ilya Repin](/wiki/Ilya_Repin "Ilya Repin") (1880โ€“1883\)](/wiki/File:Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Pascua_en_la_regi%C3%B3n_de_Kursk%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg "Procesiรณn de Pascua en la regiรณn de Kursk, por Iliรก Repin.jpg") The oldest building in Kursk is the upper church of the Trinity Monastery, a good example of the transition style characteristic of [Peter the Great](/wiki/Peter_the_Great "Peter the Great")'s early reign. The oldest lay building is the so\-called [Romodanovsky](/wiki/Romodanovsky_%28family%29 "Romodanovsky (family)") Chamber, although it was erected in all probability in the mid\-18th century, when the Romodanovsky family had ceased to exist. The city cathedral was built between 1752 and 1778 in the splendid [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_architecture "Baroque architecture") style and was decorated so sumptuously that many art historians attributed it to [Bartolomeo Rastrelli](/wiki/Bartolomeo_Rastrelli "Bartolomeo Rastrelli"). Although Rastrelli's authorship is out of the question, the cathedral is indeed the most impressive monument of Elizabethan Baroque not to be commissioned by the imperial family or built in the imperial capital. [thumb\|upright\|left\|Sergievsko\-Kazansky Cathedral in Kursk, 1752โ€“1778](/wiki/File:Kursk.Old.3.jpg "Kursk.Old.3.jpg") The cathedral has two stories, with the lower church consecrated to St.ย [Sergius of Radonezh](/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh "Sergius of Radonezh") and the upper one to the [Theotokos of Kazan](/wiki/Theotokos_of_Kazan "Theotokos of Kazan"). The upper church is noted for an intricate icon screen which took sixteen years to complete. The three\-story cathedral bell tower derives peculiar interest from the fact that [Seraphim of Sarov](/wiki/Seraphim_of_Sarov "Seraphim of Sarov"), whose father took part in construction works, survived an accidental fall from its top floor at the age of seven. The Resurrection Church is also shown, where St.ย Seraphim was baptized. The monastery cathedral of the Sign (1816โ€“26\) is another imposing edifice, rigorously formulated in the purest [Neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture "Neoclassical architecture") style, with a cupola measuring {{convert\|20\|m\|sp\=us}} in diameter and rising {{convert\|48\|m\|sp\=us}} high. The interior was formerly as rich as colored marbles, gilding, and frescoes could make it. During the Soviet period, the cathedral was desecrated, and four lateral domes and twin belltowers over the entrance were pulled down. There are plans to restore the church to its former glory. [thumb\|Central Bank of Russia building](/wiki/File:Kursk-8.jpg "Kursk-8.jpg") The modern city is a home for several universities: [Kursk State Medical University](/wiki/Kursk_State_Medical_University "Kursk State Medical University"), State Technical University, [Kursk State University](/wiki/Kursk_State_University "Kursk State University") (former Pedagogical University) and Agricultural Academy, as well as the private Regional Open Social Institute (ROSI). There are also modern shrines and memorials commemorating the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk "Battle of Kursk"), both in the city and in Prokhorovka. The Command Station Bunker \& Museum was specifically built in memory of the courageous Russian [T\-34](/wiki/T-34 "T-34") tank units that fought in the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk "Battle of Kursk"), where a T\-34 tank is on display. Over 6,000 armored vehicles fought in close range over the open territory near Kursk in 1943\.{{cite web\|url\=http://mysite.verizon.net/nt5b/wcci.html\|title\=Dr. Ed Norris, World Indigenous Missions, 2007\|access\-date\=2007\-07\-29\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203643/http://mysite.verizon.net/nt5b/wcci.html\|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-30}} This battle stopped the German advance into the Kursk Salient, and was a turning point of World War II on the Eastern Front. Kursk played a role in the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") as host to [Khalino](/wiki/Khalino "Khalino") air base. Nearby is [Tsentralno\-Chernozemny Zapovednik](/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_Nature_Reserve "Central Black Earth Nature Reserve"), a large section of steppe soil that has never been plowed. It is used for a variety of research purposes.
[ "Attractions\n-----------", "[thumb\\|*[Religious Procession in Kursk Province](/wiki/Religious_Procession_in_Kursk_Province \"Religious Procession in Kursk Province\")*, painting by [Ilya Repin](/wiki/Ilya_Repin \"Ilya Repin\") (1880โ€“1883\\)](/wiki/File:Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Pascua_en_la_regi%C3%B3n_de_Kursk%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg \"Procesiรณn de Pascua en la regiรณn de Kursk, por Iliรก Repin.jpg\")\nThe oldest building in Kursk is the upper church of the Trinity Monastery, a good example of the transition style characteristic of [Peter the Great](/wiki/Peter_the_Great \"Peter the Great\")'s early reign. The oldest lay building is the so\\-called [Romodanovsky](/wiki/Romodanovsky_%28family%29 \"Romodanovsky (family)\") Chamber, although it was erected in all probability in the mid\\-18th century, when the Romodanovsky family had ceased to exist.", "The city cathedral was built between 1752 and 1778 in the splendid [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque_architecture \"Baroque architecture\") style and was decorated so sumptuously that many art historians attributed it to [Bartolomeo Rastrelli](/wiki/Bartolomeo_Rastrelli \"Bartolomeo Rastrelli\"). Although Rastrelli's authorship is out of the question, the cathedral is indeed the most impressive monument of Elizabethan Baroque not to be commissioned by the imperial family or built in the imperial capital.", "[thumb\\|upright\\|left\\|Sergievsko\\-Kazansky Cathedral in Kursk, 1752โ€“1778](/wiki/File:Kursk.Old.3.jpg \"Kursk.Old.3.jpg\")", "The cathedral has two stories, with the lower church consecrated to St.ย [Sergius of Radonezh](/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh \"Sergius of Radonezh\") and the upper one to the [Theotokos of Kazan](/wiki/Theotokos_of_Kazan \"Theotokos of Kazan\"). The upper church is noted for an intricate icon screen which took sixteen years to complete. The three\\-story cathedral bell tower derives peculiar interest from the fact that [Seraphim of Sarov](/wiki/Seraphim_of_Sarov \"Seraphim of Sarov\"), whose father took part in construction works, survived an accidental fall from its top floor at the age of seven. The Resurrection Church is also shown, where St.ย Seraphim was baptized.", "The monastery cathedral of the Sign (1816โ€“26\\) is another imposing edifice, rigorously formulated in the purest [Neoclassical](/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture \"Neoclassical architecture\") style, with a cupola measuring {{convert\\|20\\|m\\|sp\\=us}} in diameter and rising {{convert\\|48\\|m\\|sp\\=us}} high. The interior was formerly as rich as colored marbles, gilding, and frescoes could make it. During the Soviet period, the cathedral was desecrated, and four lateral domes and twin belltowers over the entrance were pulled down. There are plans to restore the church to its former glory.\n[thumb\\|Central Bank of Russia building](/wiki/File:Kursk-8.jpg \"Kursk-8.jpg\")\nThe modern city is a home for several universities: [Kursk State Medical University](/wiki/Kursk_State_Medical_University \"Kursk State Medical University\"), State Technical University, [Kursk State University](/wiki/Kursk_State_University \"Kursk State University\") (former Pedagogical University) and Agricultural Academy, as well as the private Regional Open Social Institute (ROSI). There are also modern shrines and memorials commemorating the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk \"Battle of Kursk\"), both in the city and in Prokhorovka.", "The Command Station Bunker \\& Museum was specifically built in memory of the courageous Russian [T\\-34](/wiki/T-34 \"T-34\") tank units that fought in the [Battle of Kursk](/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk \"Battle of Kursk\"), where a T\\-34 tank is on display. Over 6,000 armored vehicles fought in close range over the open territory near Kursk in 1943\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mysite.verizon.net/nt5b/wcci.html\\|title\\=Dr. Ed Norris, World Indigenous Missions, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-07\\-29\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203643/http://mysite.verizon.net/nt5b/wcci.html\\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-30}} This battle stopped the German advance into the Kursk Salient, and was a turning point of World War II on the Eastern Front.", "Kursk played a role in the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") as host to [Khalino](/wiki/Khalino \"Khalino\") air base.", "Nearby is [Tsentralno\\-Chernozemny Zapovednik](/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_Nature_Reserve \"Central Black Earth Nature Reserve\"), a large section of steppe soil that has never been plowed. It is used for a variety of research purposes.", "" ]
Career ------ ### 2013 On 3 January 2013, the Chinese table tennis team went straight to [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris") for the first time Fan In the first stage of the competition, Fan who was only 16 years old, defeated many famous players and won an unexpected second place, thus becoming the biggest dark horse. From 15 to 19 January, in the second stage of the Chinese men's table tennis selection that went directly to Paris, Fan Zhendong finally achieved eighth place. ### 2014 On 22 March, in the men's singles final of the Asian Cup Table Tennis Tournament, he lost to Ma Long 3:4 and placed runner\-up. On 5 May, the 52nd Team World Table Tennis Championships kicked off the men's team finals in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). In the end, the Chinese team defeated its opponent with a big score of 3\-1 and won the men's team championship of this World Table Tennis Championships. Fan Zhendong also became the world champion by virtue of this competition, and won the world championship at the age of 17 years and 103 days, surpassing [Ma Long](/wiki/Ma_Long "Ma Long"), who won the world championship at the age of 17 years and 8 months; becoming the youngest world champion in the history of men's table tennis. ### 2015 In January, he won the Dubai World Cup men's team championship with [Zhang Jike](/wiki/Zhang_Jike "Zhang Jike"), [Ma Long](/wiki/Ma_Long "Ma Long"), [Xu Xin](/wiki/Xu_Xin_%28table_tennis%29 "Xu Xin (table tennis)") and [Fang Bo](/wiki/Fang_Bo "Fang Bo"). On 28 July 2015, in the 13th round of the [Table Tennis Super League](/wiki/China_Table_Tennis_Super_League "China Table Tennis Super League") men's competition, 18\-year\-old Fan Zhendong of the Bayi Team won another victory this round. So far, his personal winning rate is still 100%. Winning 24 games, Fan Zhendong broke the Super League record of 23 games won by [Ma Long](/wiki/Ma_Long "Ma Long") in 2012\. ### 2016 In June, Fan Zhendong won the men's singles championship at the [ITTF World Tour](/wiki/ITTF_World_Tour "ITTF World Tour") Japan Open.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160831113449/http://www.ittf.com/competitions/competitions2\.asp?Competition\_ID\=2663\&category\=PT](https://web.archive.org/web/20160831113449/http://www.ittf.com/competitions/competitions2.asp?Competition_ID=2663&category=PT) {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} It is worth mentioning that in the quarter\-finals with French player [Simon Gauzy](/wiki/Simon_Gauzy "Simon Gauzy"), Fan Zhendong hit a "magic save". This "magic save" not only made Fan Zhendong's popularity soar, but also won the [ITTF Star Awards](/wiki/ITTF_Star_Awards "ITTF Star Awards") title of "Star Point of the Year".{{cite web \| url\=https://www.ittf.com/2016/12/08/ma\-long\-ding\-ning\-star\-players\-year/ \| title\=Ma Long and Ding Ning once again star players of the year \| date\=8 December 2016 }} ### 2017 On 8 March, in the final round of the World Table Tennis Championships in [Dusseldorf](/wiki/Dusseldorf "Dusseldorf") held in Shenzhen, Fan Zhendong defeated [Xu Xin](/wiki/Xu_Xin_%28table_tennis%29 "Xu Xin (table tennis)") 2\-0, ranking first with 9 wins and 2 losses, and won the first Dusseldorf title. On 12 April, he won the men's team championship at the Asian Table Tennis Championships. ### 2018 In the early morning of 22 January 2018, the Hungarian Open, the first ITTF tournament in 2018, decided on four championships, all of which were won by China Table Tennis Federation. Fan Zhendong defeated another Chinese player Wang Chuqin 4\-1 in the men's singles final and won the championship. ### 2019 On 3 March 2019, Fan Zhendong won all 11 matches in the 2019 Direct Tournament and received the qualification for singles participation as the first seed in the [2019 World Table Tennis Championships](/wiki/2019_World_Table_Tennis_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles "2019 World Table Tennis Championships โ€“ Men's singles"), held in Budapest. Fan was knocked out in the fourth round by compatriot [Liang Jingkun](/wiki/Liang_Jingkun "Liang Jingkun").{{cite web \| url\=https://results.ittf.com/ittf\-web\-results/html/TTE5000/results.html\#/results/2019\-04\-27 \| title\=Liebherr 2019 ITTF World Championships \- Results }} ### 2020 On 15 November 2020, he defeated Ma Long 4\-3 in the men's singles final of the 2020 Men's Table Tennis World Cup and won the championship for the fourth time. On 22 November, in the men's singles final of the 2020 ITTF Finals, Fan Zhendong lost to Ma Long 1\-4 and won the runner\-up. ### 2021 [thumb\|Fan Zhendong after winning the [2024 World Team Table Tennis Championships](/wiki/2024_World_Team_Table_Tennis_Championships "2024 World Team Table Tennis Championships") in [Busan](/wiki/Busan "Busan"), [China News Service](/wiki/China_News_Service "China News Service").](/wiki/File:%E6%A8%8A%E6%8C%AF%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%92%E8%B5%9B%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%B5%9B%E5%90%8E%E5%9B%9E%E5%BA%94%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%83%AD%E6%90%9C%E2%80%9C%E6%A8%8A%E6%8C%AF%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E6%93%A6%E8%BE%B9%E2%80%9D.webm "ๆจŠๆŒฏไธœไธ–ไน’่ต›ๅ›ขไฝ“่ต›ๅŽๅ›žๅบ”ๅพฎๅš็ƒญๆœโ€œๆจŠๆŒฏไธœไธปๅŠจ็คบๆ„ๆ“ฆ่พนโ€.webm") In May, Fan played in the Chinese Olympic Scrimmages. He won all his group matches 3โ€“0 and defeated 16\-year\-old break\-out star Lin Shidong, who defeated Xu Xin in the group stage,{{Cite web\|date\=3 May 2021\|title\=China Olympic Scrimmage Day 1 Singles Results โ€“ Edges and Nets\|url\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/03/china\-olympic\-scrimmage\-day\-1\-singles\-results/\|access\-date\=6 May 2021\|website\=edgesandnets.com\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=3 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503194511/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/03/china\-olympic\-scrimmage\-day\-1\-singles\-results/\|url\-status\=dead}} 4โ€“2 in the quarter\-finals.{{Cite web\|date\=6 May 2021\|title\=Fan Zhendong Ends Lin Shidong's Cinderalla Run At China Olympic Scrimmage\|url\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/05/fan\-zhendong\-ends\-lin\-shidongs\-cinderalla\-run\-at\-china\-olympic\-scrimmage/\|access\-date\=6 May 2021\|website\=edgesandnets.com\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=6 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506021852/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/05/fan\-zhendong\-ends\-lin\-shidongs\-cinderalla\-run\-at\-china\-olympic\-scrimmage/\|url\-status\=dead}} Because of Lin's similarity to Fan, he received the nickname "Little Little Fatty" by Chinese netizens. Fan defeated Wang Chuqin in the semi\-finals, but lost to the dark horse champion Zhou Qihao in the finals.{{Cite web\|date\=8 May 2021\|title\=Zhou Qihao Wins China Olympic Scrimmage With 4โ€“2 Upset Over Fan Zhendong\|url\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/07/zhou\-qihao\-wins\-china\-olympic\-scrimmage\-with\-4\-2\-upset\-over\-fan\-zhendong/\|access\-date\=8 May 2021\|website\=edgesandnets.com\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=8 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508002852/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/07/zhou\-qihao\-wins\-china\-olympic\-scrimmage\-with\-4\-2\-upset\-over\-fan\-zhendong/\|url\-status\=dead}} Fan was selected alongside Ma Long to represent China in the men's singles event at the Tokyo Olympics.{{Cite web\|date\=29 May 2021\|title\=Out\-of\-Sorts Ma Long Upset By Xu Chenhao In Chinese Olympic Scrimmage Quarterfinals\|url\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/29/out\-of\-sorts\-ma\-long\-upset\-by\-xu\-chenhao\-in\-chinese\-olympic\-scrimmage\-quarterfinals/\|access\-date\=29 May 2021\|website\=edgesandnets.com\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=29 May 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529203328/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/29/out\-of\-sorts\-ma\-long\-upset\-by\-xu\-chenhao\-in\-chinese\-olympic\-scrimmage\-quarterfinals/\|url\-status\=dead}} Fan won the second leg of the Chinese Olympic Scrimmage, coming back from down 8โ€“4 and 3โ€“1 in games to defeat Xu Xin in the finals.{{Cite web\|date\=31 May 2021\|title\=Fan Zhendong and Wang Manyu Win Second Leg of China Olympic Scrimmage\|url\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/30/fan\-zhendong\-and\-wang\-manyu\-win\-second\-leg\-china\-olympic\-scrimmage/\|access\-date\=31 May 2021\|website\=edgesandnets.com\|language\=en\-US}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Fan noted that his selection onto the Olympic team helped him focus better on his training and play better in the second leg compared to the first leg.{{Cite web\|date\=10 July 2021\|title\=Fan Zhendong Recounts Chinese Olympic Scrimmage Title\|url\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/07/10/fan\-zhendong\-recounts\-chinese\-olympic\-scrimmage/\|access\-date\=12 July 2021\|website\=edgesandnets.com\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=12 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712024208/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/07/10/fan\-zhendong\-recounts\-chinese\-olympic\-scrimmage/\|url\-status\=dead}} Zhou again upset Fan in a closed\-door scrimmage in June.{{Cite web\|date\=24 June 2021\|title\=Liu Guoliang Downplays Expectations and Reiterates Need For Mental Strength Heading Into Tokyo\|url\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/06/24/liu\-guoliang\-downplays\-expectations\-and\-reiterates\-need\-for\-mental\-strength\-heading\-into\-tokyo/\|access\-date\=25 June 2021\|website\=edgesandnets.com\|language\=en\-US}}{{Dead link\|date\=April 2024 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} Although Ma Long called Fan the favorite before their Olympic finals match\-up, Ma ended up upsetting Fan 4\-2 in the Olympic finals, giving Ma the gold medal and Fan the silver. Despite the loss, Fan Zhendong still showed class, acknowledging Ma Long's control of the match and recognizing his own missed opportunities. When asked about Ma Long's place in history, Fan acknowledged that he is the greatest in their generation.{{Cite web\|date\=2 March 2023\|title\=Ma Long versus Fan Zhendong \- the final battle Tokyo Olympics\|url\=https://pingsunday.com/will\-fan\-zhendong\-surpass\-ma\-long/\|access\-date\=3 February 2023\|website\=pingsunday.com\|language\=en\-US}} In September, Fan saved six match points to beat Ma Long in the fifth in the finals of the team event at the China National Games.{{Cite web\|date\=21 September 2021\|title\=Lucky Fan Zhendong Saves Six Match Points to Defeat Ma Long at China National Games\|url\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/09/21/lucky\-fan\-zhendong\-saves\-six\-match\-points\-to\-defeat\-ma\-long\-at\-china\-national\-games/\|access\-date\=21 September 2021\|website\=edgesandnets.com\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=21 September 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921215918/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/09/21/lucky\-fan\-zhendong\-saves\-six\-match\-points\-to\-defeat\-ma\-long\-at\-china\-national\-games/\|url\-status\=dead}} Fan's win over Ma delivered Team Guangdong the gold medal. Fan Zhendong also won the gold in the men's singles event.{{Cite web\|date\=26 September 2021\|title\=Fan Zhendong Cruises to China National Games Men's Singles Gold\|url\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/09/26/fan\-zhendong\-cruises\-to\-china\-national\-games\-mens\-singles\-gold/\|access\-date\=26 September 2021\|website\=edgesandnets.com\|language\=en\-US}} ### 2023 Fan won five titles in 2023, including double gold at both the Singapore Smash and the [2023 World Table Tennis Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Table_Tennis_Championships "2023 World Table Tennis Championships"), where he won the men's singles and doubles competition in both events. Fan won the ITTF "Male Player of the Year" award later that year, with an impressive 81% singles winning rate and reaching seven finals.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.ittf.com/2024/02/27/ittf\-awards\-night\-celebrating\-excellence\-in\-table\-tennis/\#:\~:text\=Fan%20Zhendong%2C%20the%20recipient%20of,rate%20and%20reaching%20seven%20finals \| title\=ITTF Awards Night: Celebrating Excellence in Table Tennis \| date\=27 February 2024 }} ### 2024 Fan Zhendong beat Swedenโ€™s [Truls Mรถregรฅrdh](/wiki/Truls_M%C3%B6reg%C3%A5rdh "Truls Mรถregรฅrdh") 4\-1 to win his first individual Olympic gold medal at Paris 2024 on Sunday, 4 August.[https://olympics.com/en/news/paris\-2024\-fan\-zehndong\-takes\-table\-tennis\-individual\-gold](https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-fan-zehndong-takes-table-tennis-individual-gold). {{Bare URL inline\|date\=August 2024}} His victory marked Fan's completion of a career Grand slam, having now secured singles titles in the World Championships, World Cup, and Olympics.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.scmp.com/sport/paris\-olympics\-2024/china/article/3273168/paris\-olympics\-fan\-zhendong\-praised\-chinese\-social\-after\-gold\-seals\-career\-grand\-slam \| title\=Fan Zhendong praised on Chinese social as Olympic gold seals career grand slam \| date\=4 August 2024 }} He becomes the sixth man to achieve this feat after [Kong Linghui](/wiki/Kong_Linghui "Kong Linghui"), [Liu Guoliang](/wiki/Liu_Guoliang "Liu Guoliang"), [Zhang Jike](/wiki/Zhang_Jike "Zhang Jike"), [Ma Long](/wiki/Ma_Long "Ma Long") and [Jan\-Ove Waldner](/wiki/Jan-Ove_Waldner "Jan-Ove Waldner").
[ "Career\n------", "### 2013", "On 3 January 2013, the Chinese table tennis team went straight to [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\") for the first time", "Fan In the first stage of the competition, Fan who was only 16 years old, defeated many famous players and won an unexpected second place, thus becoming the biggest dark horse. From 15 to 19 January, in the second stage of the Chinese men's table tennis selection that went directly to Paris, Fan Zhendong finally achieved eighth place.", "### 2014", "On 22 March, in the men's singles final of the Asian Cup Table Tennis Tournament, he lost to Ma Long 3:4 and placed runner\\-up.", "On 5 May, the 52nd Team World Table Tennis Championships kicked off the men's team finals in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). In the end, the Chinese team defeated its opponent with a big score of 3\\-1 and won the men's team championship of this World Table Tennis Championships. Fan Zhendong also became the world champion by virtue of this competition, and won the world championship at the age of 17 years and 103 days, surpassing [Ma Long](/wiki/Ma_Long \"Ma Long\"), who won the world championship at the age of 17 years and 8 months; becoming the youngest world champion in the history of men's table tennis.", "### 2015", "In January, he won the Dubai World Cup men's team championship with [Zhang Jike](/wiki/Zhang_Jike \"Zhang Jike\"), [Ma Long](/wiki/Ma_Long \"Ma Long\"), [Xu Xin](/wiki/Xu_Xin_%28table_tennis%29 \"Xu Xin (table tennis)\") and [Fang Bo](/wiki/Fang_Bo \"Fang Bo\"). On 28 July 2015, in the 13th round of the [Table Tennis Super League](/wiki/China_Table_Tennis_Super_League \"China Table Tennis Super League\") men's competition, 18\\-year\\-old Fan Zhendong of the Bayi Team won another victory this round. So far, his personal winning rate is still 100%. Winning 24 games, Fan Zhendong broke the Super League record of 23 games won by [Ma Long](/wiki/Ma_Long \"Ma Long\") in 2012\\.", "### 2016", "In June, Fan Zhendong won the men's singles championship at the [ITTF World Tour](/wiki/ITTF_World_Tour \"ITTF World Tour\") Japan Open.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160831113449/http://www.ittf.com/competitions/competitions2\\.asp?Competition\\_ID\\=2663\\&category\\=PT](https://web.archive.org/web/20160831113449/http://www.ittf.com/competitions/competitions2.asp?Competition_ID=2663&category=PT) {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}} It is worth mentioning that in the quarter\\-finals with French player [Simon Gauzy](/wiki/Simon_Gauzy \"Simon Gauzy\"), Fan Zhendong hit a \"magic save\". This \"magic save\" not only made Fan Zhendong's popularity soar, but also won the [ITTF Star Awards](/wiki/ITTF_Star_Awards \"ITTF Star Awards\") title of \"Star Point of the Year\".{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.ittf.com/2016/12/08/ma\\-long\\-ding\\-ning\\-star\\-players\\-year/ \\| title\\=Ma Long and Ding Ning once again star players of the year \\| date\\=8 December 2016 }}", "### 2017", "On 8 March, in the final round of the World Table Tennis Championships in [Dusseldorf](/wiki/Dusseldorf \"Dusseldorf\") held in Shenzhen, Fan Zhendong defeated [Xu Xin](/wiki/Xu_Xin_%28table_tennis%29 \"Xu Xin (table tennis)\") 2\\-0, ranking first with 9 wins and 2 losses, and won the first Dusseldorf title. On 12 April, he won the men's team championship at the Asian Table Tennis Championships.", "### 2018", "In the early morning of 22 January 2018, the Hungarian Open, the first ITTF tournament in 2018, decided on four championships, all of which were won by China Table Tennis Federation. Fan Zhendong defeated another Chinese player Wang Chuqin 4\\-1 in the men's singles final and won the championship.", "### 2019", "On 3 March 2019, Fan Zhendong won all 11 matches in the 2019 Direct Tournament and received the qualification for singles participation as the first seed in the [2019 World Table Tennis Championships](/wiki/2019_World_Table_Tennis_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles \"2019 World Table Tennis Championships โ€“ Men's singles\"), held in Budapest. Fan was knocked out in the fourth round by compatriot [Liang Jingkun](/wiki/Liang_Jingkun \"Liang Jingkun\").{{cite web \\| url\\=https://results.ittf.com/ittf\\-web\\-results/html/TTE5000/results.html\\#/results/2019\\-04\\-27 \\| title\\=Liebherr 2019 ITTF World Championships \\- Results }}", "### 2020", "On 15 November 2020, he defeated Ma Long 4\\-3 in the men's singles final of the 2020 Men's Table Tennis World Cup and won the championship for the fourth time. On 22 November, in the men's singles final of the 2020 ITTF Finals, Fan Zhendong lost to Ma Long 1\\-4 and won the runner\\-up.", "### 2021", "[thumb\\|Fan Zhendong after winning the [2024 World Team Table Tennis Championships](/wiki/2024_World_Team_Table_Tennis_Championships \"2024 World Team Table Tennis Championships\") in [Busan](/wiki/Busan \"Busan\"), [China News Service](/wiki/China_News_Service \"China News Service\").](/wiki/File:%E6%A8%8A%E6%8C%AF%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%92%E8%B5%9B%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%B5%9B%E5%90%8E%E5%9B%9E%E5%BA%94%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%83%AD%E6%90%9C%E2%80%9C%E6%A8%8A%E6%8C%AF%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E6%93%A6%E8%BE%B9%E2%80%9D.webm \"ๆจŠๆŒฏไธœไธ–ไน’่ต›ๅ›ขไฝ“่ต›ๅŽๅ›žๅบ”ๅพฎๅš็ƒญๆœโ€œๆจŠๆŒฏไธœไธปๅŠจ็คบๆ„ๆ“ฆ่พนโ€.webm\")\nIn May, Fan played in the Chinese Olympic Scrimmages. He won all his group matches 3โ€“0 and defeated 16\\-year\\-old break\\-out star Lin Shidong, who defeated Xu Xin in the group stage,{{Cite web\\|date\\=3 May 2021\\|title\\=China Olympic Scrimmage Day 1 Singles Results โ€“ Edges and Nets\\|url\\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/03/china\\-olympic\\-scrimmage\\-day\\-1\\-singles\\-results/\\|access\\-date\\=6 May 2021\\|website\\=edgesandnets.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503194511/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/03/china\\-olympic\\-scrimmage\\-day\\-1\\-singles\\-results/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} 4โ€“2 in the quarter\\-finals.{{Cite web\\|date\\=6 May 2021\\|title\\=Fan Zhendong Ends Lin Shidong's Cinderalla Run At China Olympic Scrimmage\\|url\\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/05/fan\\-zhendong\\-ends\\-lin\\-shidongs\\-cinderalla\\-run\\-at\\-china\\-olympic\\-scrimmage/\\|access\\-date\\=6 May 2021\\|website\\=edgesandnets.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506021852/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/05/fan\\-zhendong\\-ends\\-lin\\-shidongs\\-cinderalla\\-run\\-at\\-china\\-olympic\\-scrimmage/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Because of Lin's similarity to Fan, he received the nickname \"Little Little Fatty\" by Chinese netizens. Fan defeated Wang Chuqin in the semi\\-finals, but lost to the dark horse champion Zhou Qihao in the finals.{{Cite web\\|date\\=8 May 2021\\|title\\=Zhou Qihao Wins China Olympic Scrimmage With 4โ€“2 Upset Over Fan Zhendong\\|url\\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/07/zhou\\-qihao\\-wins\\-china\\-olympic\\-scrimmage\\-with\\-4\\-2\\-upset\\-over\\-fan\\-zhendong/\\|access\\-date\\=8 May 2021\\|website\\=edgesandnets.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508002852/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/07/zhou\\-qihao\\-wins\\-china\\-olympic\\-scrimmage\\-with\\-4\\-2\\-upset\\-over\\-fan\\-zhendong/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Fan was selected alongside Ma Long to represent China in the men's singles event at the Tokyo Olympics.{{Cite web\\|date\\=29 May 2021\\|title\\=Out\\-of\\-Sorts Ma Long Upset By Xu Chenhao In Chinese Olympic Scrimmage Quarterfinals\\|url\\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/29/out\\-of\\-sorts\\-ma\\-long\\-upset\\-by\\-xu\\-chenhao\\-in\\-chinese\\-olympic\\-scrimmage\\-quarterfinals/\\|access\\-date\\=29 May 2021\\|website\\=edgesandnets.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=29 May 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529203328/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/29/out\\-of\\-sorts\\-ma\\-long\\-upset\\-by\\-xu\\-chenhao\\-in\\-chinese\\-olympic\\-scrimmage\\-quarterfinals/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Fan won the second leg of the Chinese Olympic Scrimmage, coming back from down 8โ€“4 and 3โ€“1 in games to defeat Xu Xin in the finals.{{Cite web\\|date\\=31 May 2021\\|title\\=Fan Zhendong and Wang Manyu Win Second Leg of China Olympic Scrimmage\\|url\\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/05/30/fan\\-zhendong\\-and\\-wang\\-manyu\\-win\\-second\\-leg\\-china\\-olympic\\-scrimmage/\\|access\\-date\\=31 May 2021\\|website\\=edgesandnets.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} Fan noted that his selection onto the Olympic team helped him focus better on his training and play better in the second leg compared to the first leg.{{Cite web\\|date\\=10 July 2021\\|title\\=Fan Zhendong Recounts Chinese Olympic Scrimmage Title\\|url\\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/07/10/fan\\-zhendong\\-recounts\\-chinese\\-olympic\\-scrimmage/\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2021\\|website\\=edgesandnets.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712024208/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/07/10/fan\\-zhendong\\-recounts\\-chinese\\-olympic\\-scrimmage/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Zhou again upset Fan in a closed\\-door scrimmage in June.{{Cite web\\|date\\=24 June 2021\\|title\\=Liu Guoliang Downplays Expectations and Reiterates Need For Mental Strength Heading Into Tokyo\\|url\\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/06/24/liu\\-guoliang\\-downplays\\-expectations\\-and\\-reiterates\\-need\\-for\\-mental\\-strength\\-heading\\-into\\-tokyo/\\|access\\-date\\=25 June 2021\\|website\\=edgesandnets.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=April 2024 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "Although Ma Long called Fan the favorite before their Olympic finals match\\-up, Ma ended up upsetting Fan 4\\-2 in the Olympic finals, giving Ma the gold medal and Fan the silver. Despite the loss, Fan Zhendong still showed class, acknowledging Ma Long's control of the match and recognizing his own missed opportunities. When asked about Ma Long's place in history, Fan acknowledged that he is the greatest in their generation.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2 March 2023\\|title\\=Ma Long versus Fan Zhendong \\- the final battle Tokyo Olympics\\|url\\=https://pingsunday.com/will\\-fan\\-zhendong\\-surpass\\-ma\\-long/\\|access\\-date\\=3 February 2023\\|website\\=pingsunday.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "In September, Fan saved six match points to beat Ma Long in the fifth in the finals of the team event at the China National Games.{{Cite web\\|date\\=21 September 2021\\|title\\=Lucky Fan Zhendong Saves Six Match Points to Defeat Ma Long at China National Games\\|url\\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/09/21/lucky\\-fan\\-zhendong\\-saves\\-six\\-match\\-points\\-to\\-defeat\\-ma\\-long\\-at\\-china\\-national\\-games/\\|access\\-date\\=21 September 2021\\|website\\=edgesandnets.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921215918/https://edgesandnets.com/2021/09/21/lucky\\-fan\\-zhendong\\-saves\\-six\\-match\\-points\\-to\\-defeat\\-ma\\-long\\-at\\-china\\-national\\-games/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Fan's win over Ma delivered Team Guangdong the gold medal. Fan Zhendong also won the gold in the men's singles event.{{Cite web\\|date\\=26 September 2021\\|title\\=Fan Zhendong Cruises to China National Games Men's Singles Gold\\|url\\=https://edgesandnets.com/2021/09/26/fan\\-zhendong\\-cruises\\-to\\-china\\-national\\-games\\-mens\\-singles\\-gold/\\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2021\\|website\\=edgesandnets.com\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "### 2023", "Fan won five titles in 2023, including double gold at both the Singapore Smash and the [2023 World Table Tennis Championships](/wiki/2023_World_Table_Tennis_Championships \"2023 World Table Tennis Championships\"), where he won the men's singles and doubles competition in both events. Fan won the ITTF \"Male Player of the Year\" award later that year, with an impressive 81% singles winning rate and reaching seven finals.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.ittf.com/2024/02/27/ittf\\-awards\\-night\\-celebrating\\-excellence\\-in\\-table\\-tennis/\\#:\\~:text\\=Fan%20Zhendong%2C%20the%20recipient%20of,rate%20and%20reaching%20seven%20finals \\| title\\=ITTF Awards Night: Celebrating Excellence in Table Tennis \\| date\\=27 February 2024 }}", "### 2024", "Fan Zhendong beat Swedenโ€™s [Truls Mรถregรฅrdh](/wiki/Truls_M%C3%B6reg%C3%A5rdh \"Truls Mรถregรฅrdh\") 4\\-1 to win his first individual Olympic gold medal at Paris 2024 on Sunday, 4 August.[https://olympics.com/en/news/paris\\-2024\\-fan\\-zehndong\\-takes\\-table\\-tennis\\-individual\\-gold](https://olympics.com/en/news/paris-2024-fan-zehndong-takes-table-tennis-individual-gold). {{Bare URL inline\\|date\\=August 2024}}", "His victory marked Fan's completion of a career Grand slam, having now secured singles titles in the World Championships, World Cup, and Olympics.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.scmp.com/sport/paris\\-olympics\\-2024/china/article/3273168/paris\\-olympics\\-fan\\-zhendong\\-praised\\-chinese\\-social\\-after\\-gold\\-seals\\-career\\-grand\\-slam \\| title\\=Fan Zhendong praised on Chinese social as Olympic gold seals career grand slam \\| date\\=4 August 2024 }} He becomes the sixth man to achieve this feat after [Kong Linghui](/wiki/Kong_Linghui \"Kong Linghui\"), [Liu Guoliang](/wiki/Liu_Guoliang \"Liu Guoliang\"), [Zhang Jike](/wiki/Zhang_Jike \"Zhang Jike\"), [Ma Long](/wiki/Ma_Long \"Ma Long\") and [Jan\\-Ove Waldner](/wiki/Jan-Ove_Waldner \"Jan-Ove Waldner\").", "" ]
Main characters --------------- ### Shinnosuke Tomari {{nihongo\|Shinnosuke Tomari\|ๆณŠ ้€ฒใƒŽไป‹\|Tomari Shin'nosuke}} is a detective of the Metropolitan Police's First Investigation Division who seeks to solve the mystery behind his father, Eisuke Tomari's, death. Prior to the series, amidst the "Global Freeze", Shinnosuke accidentally abandoned his partner, Akira Hayase, who was left critically injured. Upon hearing of this, the former lost all motivation to be a police officer and was transferred to the Special Investigations Division. After encountering Mr. Belt, Shinnosuke secretly becomes Kamen Rider Drive to combat the Roidmudes, who caused the Global Freeze. Following the Roidmudes' defeat and the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, Shinnosuke is promoted to police sergeant and transferred back to the First Investigation Division. As of the crossover films *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_%26_Drive:Super_Movie_War_Genesis "Super Movie War Genesis")* and *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac\-Man vs. Ex\-Aid \& Ghost with Legend Rider* and the [V\-Cinema](/wiki/V-Cinema "V-Cinema") *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Shinnosuke goes on to marry his Special Investigations partner, Kiriko Shijima, and have a son named Eiji. Utilizing one of several {{nihongo\|Shift \[\[Model car\|Cars]]\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚ซใƒผ\|Shifuto Kฤ}} in conjunction with the {{nihongo\|Drive Driver\|ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ\|Doraibu Doraibฤ}} belt and the {{nihongo\|Shift Brace\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚น\|Shifuto Buresu}}, Shinnosuke can transform into Kamen Rider Drive. Unlike most Kamen Riders, his personal vehicle is the {{nihongo\|Tridoron\|ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\|Toraidoron}} [sports car](/wiki/Sports_car "Sports car"), which has alternate [dune buggy](/wiki/Dune_buggy "Dune buggy") and [garbage truck](/wiki/Garbage_truck "Garbage truck") forms and can combine with a pair of {{nihongo\|Ride Booster\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผ\|Raido Bลซsutฤ}} [go\-karts](/wiki/Go-kart "Go-kart") to form the {{nihongo\|Booster Tridoron\|ใƒ–ใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\|Bลซsutฤ Toraidoron}} [hovercraft](/wiki/Hovercraft "Hovercraft").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.47news.jp/topics/entertainment/oricon/movie\_anime/151802\.html\|title\="ๆ–ฐไบบไฟณๅ„ช"็ซนๅ†…ๆถผ็œŸใ€ๆ–ฐไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใซๆŠœใฆใใ€Œ1ๅนด้–“ใ€ๅ…จๅŠ›ใงใ€ \- ๆ˜ ็”ปใƒปใ‚ขใƒ‹ใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นไธ€่ฆง \- ใ‚ชใƒชใ‚ณใƒณใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซ \- ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ฟใƒก \- 47NEWS๏ผˆใ‚ˆใ‚“ใชใชใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น๏ผ‰\|date\=2014\-08\-28\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-28\|archive\-date\=September 3, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145448/http://www.47news.jp/topics/entertainment/oricon/movie\_anime/151802\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.47news.jp/topics/entertainment/oricon/movie\_anime/151797\.html\|title\=ใ€Œไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ€ใŒ"็ฆใ˜ๆ‰‹" ใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏๆจใฆใ€่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ๅˆ‘ไบ‹ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ็™ปๅ ด \- ๆ˜ ็”ปใƒปใ‚ขใƒ‹ใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นไธ€่ฆง \- ใ‚ชใƒชใ‚ณใƒณใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซ \- ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ฟใƒก \- 47NEWS๏ผˆใ‚ˆใ‚“ใชใชใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น๏ผ‰\|date\=2014\-08\-28\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-28\|archive\-date\=September 3, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145450/http://www.47news.jp/topics/entertainment/oricon/movie\_anime/151797\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2014/08/28/256/\|title\=ๆœ€ๆ–ฐไฝœใ€Žไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€ใฏๅฒไธŠๅˆใƒปใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏใซไน—ใ‚‰ใš่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ๅˆ‘ไบ‹ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ \|publisher\= ใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น\|date\=2014\-08\-28\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-28}}{{cite web\|url\=http://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1408/28/news126\.html\|title\=ใ€Œไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€10ๆœˆ5ๆ—ฅใ‹ใ‚‰ ใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏใซไน—ใ‚‰ใšใซ่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ \- ใญใจใ‚‰ใผ\|date\=2014\-08\-28\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-28}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1408/28/news132\.html\|title\=ใญใฃใจ้ƒจ๏ผšๅฒไธŠๅˆใ€ใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏใซไน—ใ‚‰ใชใ„ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€ ๅˆใฎๅˆ‘ไบ‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใ€Œๅน…ๅบƒใ„ๅฑคใŒๆฅฝใ—ใ‚ใ‚‹ไฝœๅ“ใซใ€ \- ITmedia ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น\|date\=2014\-08\-28\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-28}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2041459/full/\|title\=ใ€Œไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ€ใŒ"็ฆใ˜ๆ‰‹" ใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏๆจใฆใ€่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ๅˆ‘ไบ‹ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ็™ปๅ ด (ๅ†…็”ฐ็†ๅคฎ) ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น\-ORICON STYLE\-\|date\=2014\-08\-28\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-28}}{{cite web\|url\=http://news.ameba.jp/20140828\-495/\|title\=็ซนๅ†…ๆถผ็œŸใŒๆ–ฐไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใซ๏ผใƒ’ใƒญใ‚คใƒณๅฝนใฏๅ†…็”ฐ็†ๅคฎใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒณใƒใƒฉใซใฏ็ดฐๅฟƒใฎๆณจๆ„ใ€!?ใ€Žไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€ๅˆถไฝœ็™บ่กจ \- Ameba News \[ใ‚ขใƒกใƒผใƒใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น]\|date\=2014\-08\-28\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-28\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831152931/http://news.ameba.jp/20140828\-495\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.asahi.com/and\_M/interest/entertainment/Cfettp01408280041\.html\|title\=ใ€ˆ้€Ÿๅ ฑใ€‰ๆ–ฐใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ็ซนๅ†…ใ€Œใ‚บใƒœใƒณใฎใŠใ—ใ‚Š็ ดใ‚ŒใŸใ€ \- ๆ—ฅๅˆŠใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„่Šธ่ƒฝ้€Ÿๅ ฑ \- ๆœๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ่žใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซ๏ผ†๏ผญ\|date\=2014\-08\-28\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-28}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2014/08/28/kiji/K20140828008827680\.html\|title\=็ซนๅ†…ๆถผ็œŸ ๆ–ฐใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผ้ธๆ‰‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ"ๅค‰่บซ"ใ€ŒใŠใ˜ใŒๆณฃใ„ใฆๅ–œใ‚“ใ ใ€ โ€• ใ‚นใƒใƒ‹ใƒ Sponichi Annex ่Šธ่ƒฝ\|date\=2014\-08\-28\|work\=\[\[Sports Nippon]]\|access\-date\=2014\-08\-28}} While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\|Handle\-Ken\|ใƒใƒณใƒ‰ใƒซๅ‰ฃ\|Handoru Ken\|Steering Wheel Sword}} and the {{nihongo\|Door\-Ju\|ใƒ‰ใ‚ข้Šƒ\|Doa Jลซ\|Door Gun}}, can perform {{nihongo\|Full Throttle\|ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚นใƒญใƒƒใƒˆใƒซ\|Furu Surottoru}} finishers, is immune to the Roidmudes' Heavy Acceleration fields, and can use other Shift Cars to either perform a {{nihongo\|Tire Exchange\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒคไบคๆ›\|Taiya Kลkan}} technique and grant himself unique abilities or assume alternate {{nihongo\|Type\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—\|Taipu}} forms, which are as follows: * {{nihongo\|Type Speed\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰\|Taipu Supฤซdo}}: Shinnosuke's sports car\-themed default form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Speed\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰\|Shifuto Supฤซdo}} Car that grants increased speed and agility. + {{nihongo\|Type High Speed\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰\|Taipu Hai Supฤซdo}}: A [luxury car](/wiki/Luxury_car "Luxury car")\-themed version of Type Speed accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift High Speed\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใ‚คใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰\|Shifuto Hai Supฤซdo}} Car that grants similar capabilities as Type Speed. This form appears exclusively in the DVD special *Type TV\-Kun Hunter \& Monster! Chase the Mystery of the Super Thief!* * {{nihongo\|Type Wild\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒฏใ‚คใƒซใƒ‰\|Taipu Wairudo}}: A dune buggy\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Wild\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒฏใ‚คใƒซใƒ‰\|Shifuto Wairudo}} Car that grants increased strength and durability. * {{nihongo\|Type Technic\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ\|Taipu Tekunikku}}: A garbage truck\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Technic\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ\|Shifuto Tekunikku}} Car that grants increased accuracy and precision. * {{nihongo\|Type Deadheat\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆ\|Taipu Deddohฤซto}}: A [motorcycle](/wiki/Motorcycle "Motorcycle")/[sidecar](/wiki/Sidecar "Sidecar")\-themed fusion form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Deadheat\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆ\|Shifuto Deddohฤซto}} Shift Car/Signal Bike hybrid, which is shared with [Kamen Rider Mach](/wiki/%23Go_Shijima "#Go Shijima"), that allows the user to emulate [Heart](/wiki/%23Heart "#Heart")'s Dead Zone, but has a side effect that renders them uncontrollable after extended use, and grants immunity to the Super Heavy Acceleration fields, but with the drawback of their enhanced capabilities being limited. + {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Super Deadheat Drive\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ่ถ…ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\|Kamen Raidฤ Chล Deddohฤซto Doraibu}}: The evolved form of Type Deadheat accessed from the {{nihongo\|Tridoron Key\|ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณใ‚ญใƒผ\|Toraidoron Kฤซ}}, which serves as a backup for Mr. Belt's consciousness and allows the user to control the Tridoron, in conjunction with the Mach Driver Honoh. This form appears exclusively in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future "Surprise Future")*. + {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Deadheat Drive\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\|Kamen Raidฤ Deddohฤซto Doraibu}}: A variant of Type Deadheat accessed from the Shift Deadheat Shift Car/Signal Bike hybrid in conjunction with the Mach Driver Honoh that grants similar capabilities as Type Deadheat. This form appears exclusively in the crossover film *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_%26_Drive:Super_Movie_War_Genesis "Super Movie War Genesis")*. * {{nihongo\|Type Formula\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒŸใƒฅใƒฉ\|Taipu Fลmyura}}: Shinnosuke's [Formula One car](/wiki/Formula_One_car "Formula One car")\-themed super form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Formula\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒŸใƒฅใƒฉ\|Shifuto Fลmyura}} Car that grants [supersonic speed](/wiki/Supersonic_speed "Supersonic speed"), aerokinesis, immunity to the Super Heavy Acceleration fields, and the use of three [pit crew](/wiki/Pit_crew "Pit crew")\-themed Shift Cars. In this form, he wields the [semi\-trailer truck](/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck "Semi-trailer truck")\-like {{nihongo\|Trailer\-Hou\|ใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒฉใƒผ็ ฒ\|Torฤ“rฤ Hล\|Trailer Cannon}} rifle. * {{nihongo\|Type Tridoron\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\|Taipu Toraidoron}}: Shinnosuke's ultimate form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Tridoron\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\|Shifuto Toraidoron}} Car that transforms the Tridoron into increased armor and grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Tire Blending\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒคใ‚ซใ‚ญใƒžใ‚ผใƒผใƒซ\|Taiya Kakimazฤ“ru}} ability to fuse three Tire Exchange Shift Cars of a certain type into a singular one with their combined powers. If necessary, Mr. Belt can assume control of the form. * {{nihongo\|Type Fruits\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒ•ใƒซใƒผใƒ„\|Taipu Furลซtsu}}: A [samurai](/wiki/Samurai "Samurai")/[orange](/wiki/Orange_%28fruit%29 "Orange (fruit)")\-themed special form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Fruits\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ•ใƒซใƒผใƒ„\|Shifuto Furลซtsu}} Car that grants proficiency in sword fighting. In this form, Shinnosuke dual wields [Kamen Rider Gaim](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kota_Kazuraba "List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kota Kazuraba")'s Musou Saber and Daidaimaru. This form appears exclusively in the crossover film *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Drive \& Gaim: Movie War Full Throttle](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Drive_%26_Gaim:Movie_War_Full_Throttle "Movie War Full Throttle")*. * {{nihongo\|Type Special\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚นใƒšใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ\|Taipu Supesharu}}: A futuristic car\-themed fusion form accessed from the dark blue\-colored {{nihongo\|Special\|ใ‚นใƒšใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ\|Supesharu}} side of [Eiji Tomari](/wiki/%23Eiji_Tomari "#Eiji Tomari")'s Shift Next Special Car that combines the powers of the present and future Kamen Rider Drives. This form appears exclusively in the film *Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future*. * {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Zero Drive\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ผใƒญใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\|Kamen Raidฤ Zero Doraibu}}: A prototypical version of Kamen Rider Proto Drive. This form appears exclusively in the crossover film *Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis*.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.toei.co.jp/release/movie/1206365\_979\.html\|title\=ๆ˜ ็”ปใ€Žไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผร—ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ ใ‚ดใƒผใ‚นใƒˆ๏ผ†ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ– ่ถ…MOVIEๅคงๆˆฆใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใ‚ทใ‚นใ€ใƒใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซ่งฃ็ฆ๏ผใ‚ดใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใฏใƒ€ใƒปใƒดใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใฎๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผ...\|work\=ๆฑๆ˜ ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ\|access\-date\=November 13, 2015}} Shinnosuke Tomari is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Ryoma Takeuchi]]\|็ซนๅ†… ๆถผ็œŸ\|Takeuchi Ryลma}}. As a child, Shinnosuke is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Ryohei Aoki\|้’ๆœจ ็ถพๅนณ\|Aoki Ryลhei}}. ### Mr. Belt {{nihongo\|"Mr. Belt"\|ใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใ•ใ‚“\|Beruto\-san}} is an [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") (AI) who was originally {{nihongo\|Krim Steinbelt\|ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒ ใƒปใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒณใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆ\|Kurimu Sutainberuto}}, a human scientist who created the {{nihongo\|Core Driviars\|ใ‚ณใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ“ใ‚ข\|Koa Doraibia}}, the technology used in Kamen Rider Drive's Shift Cars and Tridoron as well as his colleague Tenjuro Banno's Roidmudes, who killed him and led to him uploading his consciousness into the Drive Driver. During the Global Freeze, Mr. Belt worked with [Proto Zero](/wiki/%23Chase "#Chase") as Kamen Rider Proto Drive to combat the Roidmudes until the latter's apparent death. In the intervening months, Mr. Belt upgraded the Drive arsenal until he is found by and chose Shinnosuke Tomari to become Kamen Rider Drive because of the officer's tendency to act first without hesitation. Mr. Belt continues to fight alongside Tomari and the Special Investigations Division until Banno and the Roidmudes are eventually defeated. Following this, Mr. Belt bids farewell to his allies before sealing himself and the Drive arsenal beneath the Kuruma Driver's License Center to prevent them from falling into the wrong hands by the series finale, though he returns twice to help Shinnosuke during the events of the crossover films *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_%26_Drive:Super_Movie_War_Genesis "Super Movie War Genesis")* and *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac\-Man vs. Ex\-Aid \& Ghost with Legend Rider*. Mr. Belt is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Chris Peppler]]\|ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใƒปใƒšใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผ\|Kurisu Pepurฤ}}, who also portrays Krim Steinbelt and serves as the series narrator. ### Kiriko Shijima {{nihongo\|Kiriko Shijima\|่ฉฉๅณถ ้œงๅญ\|Shijima Kiriko}} is an athletic officer in the Special Investigations Division who tries to maintain a serious exterior by refusing to smile and working with mechanical precision, though she loses her composure whenever Shinnosuke points out the times she does smile and is forced to physically drag him back to work when he slacks off, often handcuffing him in the process. After being attacked by the Paint Roidmude and rescued by Kamen Rider Proto Drive during the Global Freeze, she attempts to become Kamen Rider Drive. Due to being incompatible however, she assists Shinnosuke as Drive in the field and is, as such, initially the only member of the division who is aware of his secret identity. Additionally, she was aware of her father, Tenjuro Banno's, evil despite not knowing him personally and did her best to protect her brother Go from the truth. She would later help Chase recover his memories upon learning he was Proto Drive and, following the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, join Shinnosuke in the First Investigation Division. As of the crossover films *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_%26_Drive:Super_Movie_War_Genesis "Super Movie War Genesis")* and *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac\-Man vs. Ex\-Aid \& Ghost with Legend Rider* and the [V\-Cinema](/wiki/V-Cinema "V-Cinema") *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Kiriko goes on to marry Shinnosuke and have a son named Eiji. Kiriko Shijima is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Rio Uchida]]\|ๅ†…็”ฐ ็†ๅคฎ\|Uchida Rio}}. As a child, Kiriko is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Yui Kato\|ๅŠ ่—ค ็ต\|Katล Yui}}. ### Heart The {{nihongo\|\[\[Heart]] Roidmude\|ใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Hฤto Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\|Heart\|ใƒใƒผใƒˆ\|Hฤto}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 002\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰002\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Ni}}, is a jovial and hedonistic yet imposing namesake\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude and the field leader of the Roidmude forces stationed in Japan. He refers to his fellow Roidmudes as his friends, desires a worthy opponent to fight, and can assume the human guise of {{nihongo\|Shinzo Hiroi\|ๅบƒไบ• ็œŸ่”ต\|Hiroi Shinzล}}, a businessman who refused to invest in Heart's creator, Tenjuro Banno's, research. Years prior to the series, he was tortured by Banno before eventually joining Freeze and Brain in killing him and Krim Steinbelt, though Heart was left with a hatred for humanity. In the present, Heart finds his rival in Shinnosuke Tomari, admiring his strength and honor, and uses this to achieve his Over\-Evolved form. After learning Banno survived, Heart breaks off from his fellow Roidmudes to focus on killing him permanently, to the detriment of all else and refusing to forgive humanity as a result. However, he is forced to work with Banno after the latter takes Medic and a member of the Grim Reaper Unit hostage. When Brain sacrifices himself to save Medic, Heart helps the Kamen Riders defeat Banno and destroy the Sigma Circular before attempting to face Shinnosuke in a final battle, refusing to let go of his grudge. Nonetheless, Shinnosuke makes his peace with the dying Roidmude. Two years later, during the events of the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Heart*, Heart is revived by Go Shijima, Rinna Sawagami, and Kyu Saijo, who intended to revive Chase, with Brain and Medic's Cores within him. After learning of Roidmude 5886 attacking the various human templates the Roidmudes mimicked or fused with and seeking redemption for his and his kind's crimes, Heart volunteers to help stop it, but is unable to regain the full potential of his former Roidmude power. Instead, he uses the {{nihongo\|Shift Heartron\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒญใƒณ\|Shifuto Hฤtoron}} Car in conjunction with copies of the Drive Driver and Shift Brace to transform into {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Heart\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒใƒผใƒˆ\|Kamen Raidฤ Hฤto}} and combine his power with Brain and Medic's in order to defeat 5886, though their Cores are overloaded and they are destroyed once more. Despite this, a changed Heart dies believing humans and Roidmudes can coexist. In his Roidmude form, Heart can strengthen himself via joy as his emotional catalyst and possesses heat absorption, the ability to adapt to opponents' power and strategies once he has fought them once, the ability to grow stronger over time, illusion casting, an ability called the {{nihongo\|Dead Zone\|ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚พใƒผใƒณ\|Deddo Zลn}}, which grants uncontrollable overwhelming combat capability and the ability to generate energy blasts, though it will cause him to explode over time and damage him. After Medic modifies him, he gains the ability to generate a {{nihongo\|Super Heavy Acceleration\|่ถ…้‡ๅŠ ้€Ÿ\|Chล Jลซkasouku}} field, which freezes everything within its vicinity, such as humans and Shinnosuke in his regular forms. As Kamen Rider Heart, he initially assumed the mismatched, hastily\-made {{nihongo\|Type Speed Wild Technic\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฏใ‚คใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ\|Taipu Supฤซdo Wairudo Tekunikku}} form due to Brain's compiled data on their battles with Shinnosuke. After regaining his Roidmude power, Heart is able to assume his true form, {{nihongo\|Type Miracle\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒซ\|Taipu Mirakuru}}, which grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Viral Blending\|ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ซใ‚ญใƒžใ‚ผใƒผใƒซ\|Bairaru Kakimazฤ“ru}} ability to combine his, Brain, and Medic's powers. Heart is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Tomoya Warabino]]\|่•จ้‡Ž ๅ‹ไนŸ\|Warabino Tomoya}}. ### Brain The {{nihongo\|\[\[Brain]] Roidmude\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Buren Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\|Brain\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณ\|Buren}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 003\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰003\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero San}}, is a cold, arrogant, calculating, and stoic namesake\-themed Bat\-Type Roidmude who is responsible for collecting and managing information on their kind, resetting rogue members, and serving as Heart's advisor. Detesting chaos and unruly behavior, even amongst his comrades, he is easily irritated by the brash and disorderly Advanced Roidmudes and the idea that they seem to be the most powerful. Additionally, he sees the Kamen Riders as a threat to the Roidmudes' goal. Initially assuming the identity of the intelligence agency's programming deputy director {{nihongo\|Mitsuharu Kineta\|ๆต็”ฐ ๅ…‰ๆ™ด\|Kineta Mitsuharu}} after escaping into cyberspace during the Global Freeze, Brain later assumes the alias of {{nihongo\|Sou Noumi\|่ƒฝ่ฆ‹ ๅฃฎ\|Nลmi Sล}},{{efn\|{{nihongo3\|\|่ƒฝ่ฆ‹ ๅฃฎ\|Nลmi Sล}} is a pun on the Japanese word {{nihongo3\|"brain"\|่„ณใฟใ\|nล miso}}.}} a consultant from a Paranormal Science Institute, to help Freeze hinder the Special Investigations Division's efforts to stop the Roidmudes and get Shinnosuke Tomari suspended from the police force. Following Freeze's death, Brain uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse with Mitsuhide Nira, who was envious of Shinnosuke's father, Eisuke Tomari, to achieve his Over\-Evolved form. However, the Roidmude is defeated by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and Chaser and subsequently tortured by Medic for his failure. After witnessing Tenjuro Banno's return as Gold Drive and warning Heart of Medic being under Banno's control, Brain goes into hiding to prevent himself from being used in Banno's plot to enact a second Global Freeze, leading to Brain entering the Special Investigations Division's protective custody. Ultimately, Brain chooses to help Heart save Medic by sacrificing himself to power Banno's Sigma Circular in her place. During the events of the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Brain*, Go Shijima reconstitutes Brain, Heart, and Medic's consciousnesses while attempting to revive Chase. Following this, Brain dreams of becoming {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Brain\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณ\|Kamen Raidฤ Buren}} via the {{nihongo\|Brain Driver\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ\|Buren Doraibฤ}} belt and fighting the {{nihongo\|Mu\|็„ก}} organization to prevent them from wiping out individuality on Earth. During the events of the web\-exclusive crossover series *Kamen Rider Outsiders*, Brain is revived by [Foundation X](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Foundation_X "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Foundation X") as a [Humagear](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Hiden_Intelligence "List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Hiden Intelligence"). In his Roidmude form, Brain can attack a target's nervous system via a powerful neurotoxin, hack technology by tapping his glasses, and strengthen himself via envy as his emotional catalyst. Additionally, he used a tablet to keep track of the Roidmudes, though he was unaware of Banno's consciousness being within it until the mad scientist became Gold Drive. In his Over\-Evolved form, Brain possesses ESP, the use of psionic attacks, poisonous tentacles, and data manipulation. As Kamen Rider Brain, he retains his Roidmude powers while gaining the use of the {{nihongo\|Brain Megane Blade\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒกใ‚ฌใƒใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰\|Buren Megane Burฤ“do}} sword and the {{nihongo\|Ride Braiser\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ถใƒผ\|Raido Bureizฤ}} motorcycle. He can also perform the {{nihongo\|Rider Poison Hands\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผๆฏ’ๆ‰‹\|Raidฤ Dokushu}} and {{nihongo\|Poison Handkerchiefs\|ใƒใ‚คใ‚บใƒณใƒใƒณใ‚ซใƒใƒผใƒ•\|Poizun Hankachฤซfu}} attacks, which allow him to secrete 999 types of [toxicants](/wiki/Toxicant "Toxicant"), and the {{nihongo\|Brain Head Crusher\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒ˜ใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผ\|Buren Heddo Kurasshฤ}} Full Throttle. Brain is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Shota Matsushima]]\|ๆพๅณถ ๅบ„ๆฑฐ\|Matsushima Shลta}}. ### Chase {{nihongo\|Chase\|ใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚น\|Cheisu}}, also known as Roidmude 000 and {{nihongo\|Proto Zero\|ใƒ—ใƒญใƒˆใ‚ผใƒญ\|Puroto Zero}}, is a soft\-spoken specially modified Roidmude created to serve as Krim Steinbelt's aide. During the Global Freeze, Chase attempted to stop the Roidmudes as Kamen Rider Proto Drive before he was captured and reprogrammed by Freeze, Heart, and Brain to work for them as their {{nihongo\|"Grim Reaper"\|ๆญป็ฅž\|Shinigami}}, Mashin Chaser, while adopting the form of traffic police officer Koichi Kano as a civilian disguise. With no recollection of his past save for a directive to protect humans, Chase is tasked with destroying rogue Roidmudes' bodies and taking their numbers so Brain can reset them, developing a rivalry with Shinnosuke in the process and slowly regaining his memories. In response to the latter, Medic reprograms Chase to protect Roidmudes instead of humans, during which he develops a separate rivalry with Go Shijima until he is eventually defeated by Shinnosuke. Presumed dead, Kiriko finds and nurses Chase back to health in return for him saving her during the Global Freeze. Initially torn over whether to be a Roidmude or a Kamen Rider, he chooses to become the latter after Kiriko gives him to the means to become Kamen Rider Chaser and attempts to become more human after learning of human emotions. Along the way, he develops an attraction towards her, though he realizes she loves Shinnosuke and continues to bear an unrequited love for her to become closer to being human. Amidst Tenjuro Banno's attempt to enact a second Global Freeze, Chase joins forces with Go to stop him, sacrificing himself in the process. Following this, Go takes Chase's Signal Chaser Bike with him to the U.S. in the hopes of reviving him someday. Throughout the series, Chase has assumed the following forms: * {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Proto Drive\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ—ใƒญใƒˆใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\|Kamen Raidฤ Puroto Doraibu}}: Chase's [concept car](/wiki/Concept_car "Concept car")\-themed original Rider form and the prototypical version of Kamen Rider Drive accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Speed Prototype\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒญใƒˆใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—\|Shifuto Supฤซdo Purototaipu}} Car in conjunction with the Drive Driver and Shift Brace. * {{nihongo\|Mashin Chaser\|้ญ”้€ฒใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\|Mashin Cheisฤ}}:{{efn\|{{nihongo3\|\|้ญ”้€ฒ\|Mashin}} is made up of the kanji {{nihongo3\|"evil" or "demonic"\|้ญ”\|ma}} and {{nihongo3\|"advance" or "progress"\|้€ฒ\|shin}}. It is also a homophone of {{nihongo\|"machine"\|ใƒžใ‚ทใƒณ\|mashin}}.}} Chase's Kamen Rider\-esque warrior form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Break Gunner\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ฏใ‚ฌใƒณใƒŠใƒผ\|Bureiku Gannฤ}} firearm, which can switch between {{nihongo\|\[\[Raygun\|Gun]] Mode\|ใ‚ฌใƒณใƒขใƒผใƒ‰\|Gan Mลdo}} and {{nihongo\|\[\[Brass knuckles\|Break]] Mode\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒขใƒผใƒ‰\|Bureiku Mลdo}}, that grants the use of three {{nihongo\|Chaser Viral Cores\|ใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\|Cheisฤ Bairaru Koa}}, which allow him to augment himself into {{nihongo\|Tune Chaser\|ๆญฆ่ฃ…ใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\|Busล Cheisฤ}}. His personal vehicle is the {{nihongo\|Ride Chaser\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\|Raido Cheisฤ}} motorcycle, which can combine with the Ride Macher to form the {{nihongo\|Ride Crosser\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒƒใ‚ตใƒผ\|Raido Kurossฤ}} car. + {{nihongo\|Super Mashin Chaser\|่ถ…้ญ”้€ฒ๏ผปใƒžใ‚ทใƒณ๏ผฝใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\|Chล Mashin Cheisฤ}}: The evolved form of Mashin Chaser accessed from the {{nihongo\|Rhino Super\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒŽใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผ\|Raino Sลซpฤ}} Viral Core in conjunction with the Break Gunner that grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Rhino Strizer\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒŽใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ถใƒผ\|Raino Sutoraizฤ}} blade. This form appears exclusively in the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*. * {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Chaser\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\|Kamen Raidฤ Cheisฤ}}: Chase's motorcycle\-themed second Rider form accessed from the {{nihongo\|Signal Chaser\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\|Shigunaru Cheisฤ}} Bike in conjunction with the Mach Driver Honoh that grants the use of the [pedestrian signal](/wiki/Traffic_light%23Pedestrian_signals "Traffic light#Pedestrian signals")\-like {{nihongo\|Shingou\-Axe\|ใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ดใ‚ฆใ‚ขใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น\|Shingล Akkusu\|Signal Axe}} and the {{nihongo\|Ride Booster Blue\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใƒผ\|Raido Bลซsutฤ Burลซ}} go\-kart while retaining the use of his Break Gunner and Ride Chaser. While transformed, he can use a repaired version of the Shift Speed Prototype Car to grant himself superhuman speed. Chase is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Taiko Katono]]\|ไธŠ้ ้‡Ž ๅคชๆดธ\|Katลno Taikล}}, who also portrays Koichi Kano, while Proto Drive is voiced by {{nihongo\|Daichi Endล\|้ ่—ค ๅคงๆ™บ\|Endล Daichi}} in *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*. ### Go Shijima {{nihongo\|Go Shijima\|่ฉฉๅณถ ๅ‰›\|Shijima Gล}} is Kiriko's younger brother who lived in the United States for some time, working as a freelance photographer, before eventually returning to Japan to fight the Roidmudes as {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Mach\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒžใƒƒใƒ\|Kamen Raidฤ Mahha}}, who uses {{nihongo\|Signal Bikes\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏ\|Shigunaru Baiku}} as opposed to Drive's Shift Cars. Having dedicated himself to destroying his father, Tenjuro Banno's, work, Go displays a hatred for the Roidmudes and develops a rivalry with Chase before eventually warming up to him. Upon learning Banno's consciousness is stored in Brain's tablet computer, Go pretends to betray his allies to get closer to the Roidmude leaders and rescue him while working undercover as "Mr. X" to covertly help the Special Investigations Division. After eventually rescuing Banno however, Go discovers the former used him in a plot to enact a second Global Freeze and joins forces with Chase to stop him before returning to America in the hopes of reviving Chase, becoming a famous photographer along the way. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Go's grudge against the Roidmudes is revealed to have stemmed from Roidmudes 017 and 018 killing his friend {{nihongo\|Ethan Woodward\|ใ‚คใƒผใ‚ตใƒณใƒปใ‚ฆใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒฏใƒผใƒ‰\|ฤชsan Uddowฤdo}} and Go being unable to save him. Afterward, Professor Harley Hendrickson rescued Go and prepared him to face the Roidmudes. In the present, Go develops a mutual attraction towards Reiko Nishiori due to their similar backgrounds and battles the Revenger Roidmude after the latter contributes to Reiko's father's death, seemingly destroying the monster. During the events of the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Go works to find proof of Reiko's innocence after the Revenger Roidmude frames her for his crimes and permanently destroys the Roidmude, clearing her name and entering a relationship with her. Utilizing the {{nihongo\|Signal Mach\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใƒžใƒƒใƒ\|Shigunaru Mahha}} Bike in conjunction with the {{nihongo\|Mach Driver Honoh\|ใƒžใƒƒใƒใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ็‚Ž\|Mahha Doraibฤ Honล\|Mach Driver Flame}} belt, Go can transform into Kamen Rider Mach. While transformed, he gains the use of the {{nihongo\|Next System\|ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ \|Nekusuto Shisutemu}}, which allows to utilize Signal Bikes and Shift Cars, and wields the {{nihongo\|Zenrin Shooter\|ใ‚ผใƒณใƒชใƒณใ‚ทใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผ\|Zenrin Shลซtฤ\|Front Wheel Shooter}} handgun. His personal vehicles are the {{nihongo\|Ride Macher\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒžใƒƒใƒใƒผ\|Raido Mahhฤ}} motorcycle and the {{nihongo\|Ride Booster Red\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒฌใƒƒใƒ‰\|Raido Bลซsutฤ Reddo}} go\-kart. Similarly to Drive, most of Go's Signal Bikes allow him to perform a {{nihongo\|Signal Exchange\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซไบคๆ›\|Shigunaru Kลkan}} technique and grant himself unique abilities while some allow him to assume alternate forms, which are as follows: * {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆใƒžใƒƒใƒ\|Kamen Raidฤ Deddohฤซto Mahha}}: A motorcycle/sidecar\-themed fusion form accessed from the Shift Deadheat Shift Car/Signal Bike hybrid, which is shared with Kamen Rider Drive, that grants similar capabilities as Type Deadheat. Unlike Shinnosuke, Go later manages to overcome the Dead Zone's negative side effects. + {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Super Deadheat Mach\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ่ถ…ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆใƒžใƒƒใƒ\|Kamen Raidฤ Chล Deddohฤซto Mahha}}: The evolved form of Deadheat Mach accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Viral Core\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\|Shifuto Bairaru Koa}} in conjunction with a prototype Mach Driver Honoh. This form appears exclusively in the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*. * {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Chaser Mach\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผใƒžใƒƒใƒ\|Kamen Raidฤ Cheisฤ Mahha}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Mach and Chaser accessed from the latter's Signal Chaser Bike that grants the use of his Shingou\-Axe and Mashin Chaser's Viral Cores. + {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Mach Chaser\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒžใƒƒใƒใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\|Kamen Raidฤ Mahha Cheisฤ}}: The evolved form of Chaser Mach accessed from the {{nihongo\|Shift Ride Crosser\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒƒใ‚ตใƒผ\|Shifuto Raido Kurossฤ}} Car. This form appears exclusively in the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*. Go Shijima is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Yu Inaba]]\|็จฒ่‘‰ ๅ‹\|Inaba Yลซ}}. As a child, Go is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Ryu Hashizume\|ๆฉ‹็ˆช ้พ\|Hashizume Ryลซ}}. ### Medic The {{nihongo\|\[\[Medic]] Roidmude\|ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Medikku Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\|Medic\|ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏ\|Medikku}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 009\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰009\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Kyลซ}}, is a heartless namesake\-themed Cobra\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of {{nihongo\|Misuzu Hatori\|็พฝ้ณฅ ็พŽ้ˆด\|Hatori Misuzu}}, a human ballerina who was left hospitalized, paralyzed, and amnesiac following a car crash. While taking part in the Global Freeze, Medic found and nursed an injured Heart back to health, but entered a catatonic state when the event ended. In the present, Volt gives his life to contribute to Medic's revival, allowing her to help Heart and Brain achieve their Over\-evolved forms, reprogram Chase to become the Roidmudes' defender after he slowly regains his memories as Proto Zero, and create the Grim Reaper Unit to take his place in helping Brain reset rogue Roidmudes. Despite taking on Hatori's kindness, Medic's emotions became twisted as a result of synchronizing with other Roidmudes, which manifests as her alternating between nurse/ballerina\-inspired attire and [Gothic Lolita](/wiki/Gothic_Lolita "Gothic Lolita")\-inspired attire in her human form based on whether Hatori's kindness or the other Roidmudes' collective minds hold the most influence on her. After Tenjuro Banno resurfaces as Gold Drive, he manipulates Medic into facilitating his scheme to enact a second Global Freeze, though her loyalty to Heart causes her to achieve her Over\-Evolved form. Banno reprograms her to obey him instead so he can use her to power his Sigma Circular. However, Brain sacrifices himself to save her, causing her to regain her memories and rejoin Heart to stop Banno before she is destroyed by the Sigma Circular. In combat, Medic can use feelings of devotion to strengthen herself, produce healing energy from her hands, which has the side effect of causing her to absorb targets' emotions, absorb Roidmudes' Cores for transportation purposes, teleport, alter other Roidmudes' programming, produce scalpel\-tipped tentacles from her shoulders in both her human and Roidmude forms capable of penetrating Roidmudes' bodies and destroying their Cores, fire a scalpel beam, produce human clones, and enhanced vision. In her Over\-Evolved form, she possesses aero\- and ergokinesis and superhuman strength. Medic is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Fumika Baba]]\|้ฆฌๅ ด ใตใฟใ‹\|Baba Fumika}}.
[ "Main characters\n---------------", "### Shinnosuke Tomari", "{{nihongo\\|Shinnosuke Tomari\\|ๆณŠ ้€ฒใƒŽไป‹\\|Tomari Shin'nosuke}} is a detective of the Metropolitan Police's First Investigation Division who seeks to solve the mystery behind his father, Eisuke Tomari's, death. Prior to the series, amidst the \"Global Freeze\", Shinnosuke accidentally abandoned his partner, Akira Hayase, who was left critically injured. Upon hearing of this, the former lost all motivation to be a police officer and was transferred to the Special Investigations Division. After encountering Mr. Belt, Shinnosuke secretly becomes Kamen Rider Drive to combat the Roidmudes, who caused the Global Freeze. Following the Roidmudes' defeat and the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, Shinnosuke is promoted to police sergeant and transferred back to the First Investigation Division. As of the crossover films *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \\& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_%26_Drive:Super_Movie_War_Genesis \"Super Movie War Genesis\")* and *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac\\-Man vs. Ex\\-Aid \\& Ghost with Legend Rider* and the [V\\-Cinema](/wiki/V-Cinema \"V-Cinema\") *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Shinnosuke goes on to marry his Special Investigations partner, Kiriko Shijima, and have a son named Eiji.", "Utilizing one of several {{nihongo\\|Shift \\[\\[Model car\\|Cars]]\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚ซใƒผ\\|Shifuto Kฤ}} in conjunction with the {{nihongo\\|Drive Driver\\|ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ\\|Doraibu Doraibฤ}} belt and the {{nihongo\\|Shift Brace\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚น\\|Shifuto Buresu}}, Shinnosuke can transform into Kamen Rider Drive. Unlike most Kamen Riders, his personal vehicle is the {{nihongo\\|Tridoron\\|ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\\|Toraidoron}} [sports car](/wiki/Sports_car \"Sports car\"), which has alternate [dune buggy](/wiki/Dune_buggy \"Dune buggy\") and [garbage truck](/wiki/Garbage_truck \"Garbage truck\") forms and can combine with a pair of {{nihongo\\|Ride Booster\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผ\\|Raido Bลซsutฤ}} [go\\-karts](/wiki/Go-kart \"Go-kart\") to form the {{nihongo\\|Booster Tridoron\\|ใƒ–ใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\\|Bลซsutฤ Toraidoron}} [hovercraft](/wiki/Hovercraft \"Hovercraft\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.47news.jp/topics/entertainment/oricon/movie\\_anime/151802\\.html\\|title\\=\"ๆ–ฐไบบไฟณๅ„ช\"็ซนๅ†…ๆถผ็œŸใ€ๆ–ฐไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใซๆŠœใฆใใ€Œ1ๅนด้–“ใ€ๅ…จๅŠ›ใงใ€ \\- ๆ˜ ็”ปใƒปใ‚ขใƒ‹ใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นไธ€่ฆง \\- ใ‚ชใƒชใ‚ณใƒณใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซ \\- ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ฟใƒก \\- 47NEWS๏ผˆใ‚ˆใ‚“ใชใชใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น๏ผ‰\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|archive\\-date\\=September 3, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145448/http://www.47news.jp/topics/entertainment/oricon/movie\\_anime/151802\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.47news.jp/topics/entertainment/oricon/movie\\_anime/151797\\.html\\|title\\=ใ€Œไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ€ใŒ\"็ฆใ˜ๆ‰‹\" ใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏๆจใฆใ€่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ๅˆ‘ไบ‹ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ็™ปๅ ด \\- ๆ˜ ็”ปใƒปใ‚ขใƒ‹ใƒกใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚นไธ€่ฆง \\- ใ‚ชใƒชใ‚ณใƒณใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒซ \\- ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ฟใƒก \\- 47NEWS๏ผˆใ‚ˆใ‚“ใชใชใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น๏ผ‰\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|archive\\-date\\=September 3, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903145450/http://www.47news.jp/topics/entertainment/oricon/movie\\_anime/151797\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2014/08/28/256/\\|title\\=ๆœ€ๆ–ฐไฝœใ€Žไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€ใฏๅฒไธŠๅˆใƒปใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏใซไน—ใ‚‰ใš่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ๅˆ‘ไบ‹ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ \\|publisher\\= ใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-28}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://nlab.itmedia.co.jp/nl/articles/1408/28/news126\\.html\\|title\\=ใ€Œไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€10ๆœˆ5ๆ—ฅใ‹ใ‚‰ ใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏใซไน—ใ‚‰ใšใซ่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ \\- ใญใจใ‚‰ใผ\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-28}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/1408/28/news132\\.html\\|title\\=ใญใฃใจ้ƒจ๏ผšๅฒไธŠๅˆใ€ใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏใซไน—ใ‚‰ใชใ„ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ€Œใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€ ๅˆใฎๅˆ‘ไบ‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ€ใ€Œๅน…ๅบƒใ„ๅฑคใŒๆฅฝใ—ใ‚ใ‚‹ไฝœๅ“ใซใ€ \\- ITmedia ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-28}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2041459/full/\\|title\\=ใ€Œไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ€ใŒ\"็ฆใ˜ๆ‰‹\" ใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏๆจใฆใ€่ปŠใซไน—ใ‚‹ๅˆ‘ไบ‹ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ็™ปๅ ด (ๅ†…็”ฐ็†ๅคฎ) ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น\\-ORICON STYLE\\-\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-28}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.ameba.jp/20140828\\-495/\\|title\\=็ซนๅ†…ๆถผ็œŸใŒๆ–ฐไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใซ๏ผใƒ’ใƒญใ‚คใƒณๅฝนใฏๅ†…็”ฐ็†ๅคฎใ€Œใƒ‘ใƒณใƒใƒฉใซใฏ็ดฐๅฟƒใฎๆณจๆ„ใ€!?ใ€Žไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€ๅˆถไฝœ็™บ่กจ \\- Ameba News \\[ใ‚ขใƒกใƒผใƒใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น]\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831152931/http://news.ameba.jp/20140828\\-495\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.asahi.com/and\\_M/interest/entertainment/Cfettp01408280041\\.html\\|title\\=ใ€ˆ้€Ÿๅ ฑใ€‰ๆ–ฐใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ็ซนๅ†…ใ€Œใ‚บใƒœใƒณใฎใŠใ—ใ‚Š็ ดใ‚ŒใŸใ€ \\- ๆ—ฅๅˆŠใ‚นใƒใƒผใƒ„่Šธ่ƒฝ้€Ÿๅ ฑ \\- ๆœๆ—ฅๆ–ฐ่žใƒ‡ใ‚ธใ‚ฟใƒซ๏ผ†๏ผญ\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-28}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/news/2014/08/28/kiji/K20140828008827680\\.html\\|title\\=็ซนๅ†…ๆถผ็œŸ ๆ–ฐใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใฏใ‚ตใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผ้ธๆ‰‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใฎ\"ๅค‰่บซ\"ใ€ŒใŠใ˜ใŒๆณฃใ„ใฆๅ–œใ‚“ใ ใ€ โ€• ใ‚นใƒใƒ‹ใƒ Sponichi Annex ่Šธ่ƒฝ\\|date\\=2014\\-08\\-28\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sports Nippon]]\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-08\\-28}} While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\\|Handle\\-Ken\\|ใƒใƒณใƒ‰ใƒซๅ‰ฃ\\|Handoru Ken\\|Steering Wheel Sword}} and the {{nihongo\\|Door\\-Ju\\|ใƒ‰ใ‚ข้Šƒ\\|Doa Jลซ\\|Door Gun}}, can perform {{nihongo\\|Full Throttle\\|ใƒ•ใƒซใ‚นใƒญใƒƒใƒˆใƒซ\\|Furu Surottoru}} finishers, is immune to the Roidmudes' Heavy Acceleration fields, and can use other Shift Cars to either perform a {{nihongo\\|Tire Exchange\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒคไบคๆ›\\|Taiya Kลkan}} technique and grant himself unique abilities or assume alternate {{nihongo\\|Type\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—\\|Taipu}} forms, which are as follows:", "* {{nihongo\\|Type Speed\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰\\|Taipu Supฤซdo}}: Shinnosuke's sports car\\-themed default form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Speed\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰\\|Shifuto Supฤซdo}} Car that grants increased speed and agility.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Type High Speed\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒใ‚คใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰\\|Taipu Hai Supฤซdo}}: A [luxury car](/wiki/Luxury_car \"Luxury car\")\\-themed version of Type Speed accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift High Speed\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใ‚คใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰\\|Shifuto Hai Supฤซdo}} Car that grants similar capabilities as Type Speed. This form appears exclusively in the DVD special *Type TV\\-Kun Hunter \\& Monster! Chase the Mystery of the Super Thief!*\n* {{nihongo\\|Type Wild\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒฏใ‚คใƒซใƒ‰\\|Taipu Wairudo}}: A dune buggy\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Wild\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒฏใ‚คใƒซใƒ‰\\|Shifuto Wairudo}} Car that grants increased strength and durability.\n* {{nihongo\\|Type Technic\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ\\|Taipu Tekunikku}}: A garbage truck\\-themed auxiliary form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Technic\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ\\|Shifuto Tekunikku}} Car that grants increased accuracy and precision.\n* {{nihongo\\|Type Deadheat\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆ\\|Taipu Deddohฤซto}}: A [motorcycle](/wiki/Motorcycle \"Motorcycle\")/[sidecar](/wiki/Sidecar \"Sidecar\")\\-themed fusion form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Deadheat\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆ\\|Shifuto Deddohฤซto}} Shift Car/Signal Bike hybrid, which is shared with [Kamen Rider Mach](/wiki/%23Go_Shijima \"#Go Shijima\"), that allows the user to emulate [Heart](/wiki/%23Heart \"#Heart\")'s Dead Zone, but has a side effect that renders them uncontrollable after extended use, and grants immunity to the Super Heavy Acceleration fields, but with the drawback of their enhanced capabilities being limited.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Super Deadheat Drive\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ่ถ…ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\\|Kamen Raidฤ Chล Deddohฤซto Doraibu}}: The evolved form of Type Deadheat accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Tridoron Key\\|ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณใ‚ญใƒผ\\|Toraidoron Kฤซ}}, which serves as a backup for Mr. Belt's consciousness and allows the user to control the Tridoron, in conjunction with the Mach Driver Honoh. This form appears exclusively in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future \"Surprise Future\")*.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Deadheat Drive\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\\|Kamen Raidฤ Deddohฤซto Doraibu}}: A variant of Type Deadheat accessed from the Shift Deadheat Shift Car/Signal Bike hybrid in conjunction with the Mach Driver Honoh that grants similar capabilities as Type Deadheat. This form appears exclusively in the crossover film *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \\& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_%26_Drive:Super_Movie_War_Genesis \"Super Movie War Genesis\")*.\n* {{nihongo\\|Type Formula\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒŸใƒฅใƒฉ\\|Taipu Fลmyura}}: Shinnosuke's [Formula One car](/wiki/Formula_One_car \"Formula One car\")\\-themed super form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Formula\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒŸใƒฅใƒฉ\\|Shifuto Fลmyura}} Car that grants [supersonic speed](/wiki/Supersonic_speed \"Supersonic speed\"), aerokinesis, immunity to the Super Heavy Acceleration fields, and the use of three [pit crew](/wiki/Pit_crew \"Pit crew\")\\-themed Shift Cars. In this form, he wields the [semi\\-trailer truck](/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck \"Semi-trailer truck\")\\-like {{nihongo\\|Trailer\\-Hou\\|ใƒˆใƒฌใƒผใƒฉใƒผ็ ฒ\\|Torฤ“rฤ Hล\\|Trailer Cannon}} rifle.\n* {{nihongo\\|Type Tridoron\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\\|Taipu Toraidoron}}: Shinnosuke's ultimate form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Tridoron\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\\|Shifuto Toraidoron}} Car that transforms the Tridoron into increased armor and grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Tire Blending\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒคใ‚ซใ‚ญใƒžใ‚ผใƒผใƒซ\\|Taiya Kakimazฤ“ru}} ability to fuse three Tire Exchange Shift Cars of a certain type into a singular one with their combined powers. If necessary, Mr. Belt can assume control of the form.\n* {{nihongo\\|Type Fruits\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒ•ใƒซใƒผใƒ„\\|Taipu Furลซtsu}}: A [samurai](/wiki/Samurai \"Samurai\")/[orange](/wiki/Orange_%28fruit%29 \"Orange (fruit)\")\\-themed special form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Fruits\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒ•ใƒซใƒผใƒ„\\|Shifuto Furลซtsu}} Car that grants proficiency in sword fighting. In this form, Shinnosuke dual wields [Kamen Rider Gaim](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Gaim_characters%23Kota_Kazuraba \"List of Kamen Rider Gaim characters#Kota Kazuraba\")'s Musou Saber and Daidaimaru. This form appears exclusively in the crossover film *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Drive \\& Gaim: Movie War Full Throttle](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Drive_%26_Gaim:Movie_War_Full_Throttle \"Movie War Full Throttle\")*.\n* {{nihongo\\|Type Special\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚นใƒšใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ\\|Taipu Supesharu}}: A futuristic car\\-themed fusion form accessed from the dark blue\\-colored {{nihongo\\|Special\\|ใ‚นใƒšใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ\\|Supesharu}} side of [Eiji Tomari](/wiki/%23Eiji_Tomari \"#Eiji Tomari\")'s Shift Next Special Car that combines the powers of the present and future Kamen Rider Drives. This form appears exclusively in the film *Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future*.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Zero Drive\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ผใƒญใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\\|Kamen Raidฤ Zero Doraibu}}: A prototypical version of Kamen Rider Proto Drive. This form appears exclusively in the crossover film *Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \\& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis*.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.toei.co.jp/release/movie/1206365\\_979\\.html\\|title\\=ๆ˜ ็”ปใ€Žไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผร—ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ ใ‚ดใƒผใ‚นใƒˆ๏ผ†ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ– ่ถ…MOVIEๅคงๆˆฆใ‚ธใ‚งใƒใ‚ทใ‚นใ€ใƒใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ“ใ‚ธใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซ่งฃ็ฆ๏ผใ‚ดใƒผใ‚นใƒˆใฏใƒ€ใƒปใƒดใ‚ฃใƒณใƒใฎๅŠ›ใ‚’ๆ‰‹ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใ‹๏ผ...\\|work\\=ๆฑๆ˜ ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ\\|access\\-date\\=November 13, 2015}}", "Shinnosuke Tomari is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Ryoma Takeuchi]]\\|็ซนๅ†… ๆถผ็œŸ\\|Takeuchi Ryลma}}. As a child, Shinnosuke is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Ryohei Aoki\\|้’ๆœจ ็ถพๅนณ\\|Aoki Ryลhei}}.", "### Mr. Belt", "{{nihongo\\|\"Mr. Belt\"\\|ใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆใ•ใ‚“\\|Beruto\\-san}} is an [artificial intelligence](/wiki/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\") (AI) who was originally {{nihongo\\|Krim Steinbelt\\|ใ‚ฏใƒชใƒ ใƒปใ‚นใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒณใƒ™ใƒซใƒˆ\\|Kurimu Sutainberuto}}, a human scientist who created the {{nihongo\\|Core Driviars\\|ใ‚ณใ‚ขใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ“ใ‚ข\\|Koa Doraibia}}, the technology used in Kamen Rider Drive's Shift Cars and Tridoron as well as his colleague Tenjuro Banno's Roidmudes, who killed him and led to him uploading his consciousness into the Drive Driver. During the Global Freeze, Mr. Belt worked with [Proto Zero](/wiki/%23Chase \"#Chase\") as Kamen Rider Proto Drive to combat the Roidmudes until the latter's apparent death. In the intervening months, Mr. Belt upgraded the Drive arsenal until he is found by and chose Shinnosuke Tomari to become Kamen Rider Drive because of the officer's tendency to act first without hesitation. Mr. Belt continues to fight alongside Tomari and the Special Investigations Division until Banno and the Roidmudes are eventually defeated. Following this, Mr. Belt bids farewell to his allies before sealing himself and the Drive arsenal beneath the Kuruma Driver's License Center to prevent them from falling into the wrong hands by the series finale, though he returns twice to help Shinnosuke during the events of the crossover films *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \\& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_%26_Drive:Super_Movie_War_Genesis \"Super Movie War Genesis\")* and *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac\\-Man vs. Ex\\-Aid \\& Ghost with Legend Rider*.", "Mr. Belt is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Chris Peppler]]\\|ใ‚ฏใƒชใ‚นใƒปใƒšใƒ—ใƒฉใƒผ\\|Kurisu Pepurฤ}}, who also portrays Krim Steinbelt and serves as the series narrator.", "### Kiriko Shijima", "{{nihongo\\|Kiriko Shijima\\|่ฉฉๅณถ ้œงๅญ\\|Shijima Kiriko}} is an athletic officer in the Special Investigations Division who tries to maintain a serious exterior by refusing to smile and working with mechanical precision, though she loses her composure whenever Shinnosuke points out the times she does smile and is forced to physically drag him back to work when he slacks off, often handcuffing him in the process. After being attacked by the Paint Roidmude and rescued by Kamen Rider Proto Drive during the Global Freeze, she attempts to become Kamen Rider Drive. Due to being incompatible however, she assists Shinnosuke as Drive in the field and is, as such, initially the only member of the division who is aware of his secret identity. Additionally, she was aware of her father, Tenjuro Banno's, evil despite not knowing him personally and did her best to protect her brother Go from the truth. She would later help Chase recover his memories upon learning he was Proto Drive and, following the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, join Shinnosuke in the First Investigation Division. As of the crossover films *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Ghost \\& Drive: Super Movie War Genesis](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Ghost_%26_Drive:Super_Movie_War_Genesis \"Super Movie War Genesis\")* and *Kamen Rider Heisei Generations: Dr. Pac\\-Man vs. Ex\\-Aid \\& Ghost with Legend Rider* and the [V\\-Cinema](/wiki/V-Cinema \"V-Cinema\") *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Kiriko goes on to marry Shinnosuke and have a son named Eiji.", "Kiriko Shijima is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Rio Uchida]]\\|ๅ†…็”ฐ ็†ๅคฎ\\|Uchida Rio}}. As a child, Kiriko is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Yui Kato\\|ๅŠ ่—ค ็ต\\|Katล Yui}}.", "### Heart", "The {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Heart]] Roidmude\\|ใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Hฤto Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\\|Heart\\|ใƒใƒผใƒˆ\\|Hฤto}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 002\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰002\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Ni}}, is a jovial and hedonistic yet imposing namesake\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude and the field leader of the Roidmude forces stationed in Japan. He refers to his fellow Roidmudes as his friends, desires a worthy opponent to fight, and can assume the human guise of {{nihongo\\|Shinzo Hiroi\\|ๅบƒไบ• ็œŸ่”ต\\|Hiroi Shinzล}}, a businessman who refused to invest in Heart's creator, Tenjuro Banno's, research. Years prior to the series, he was tortured by Banno before eventually joining Freeze and Brain in killing him and Krim Steinbelt, though Heart was left with a hatred for humanity.", "In the present, Heart finds his rival in Shinnosuke Tomari, admiring his strength and honor, and uses this to achieve his Over\\-Evolved form. After learning Banno survived, Heart breaks off from his fellow Roidmudes to focus on killing him permanently, to the detriment of all else and refusing to forgive humanity as a result. However, he is forced to work with Banno after the latter takes Medic and a member of the Grim Reaper Unit hostage. When Brain sacrifices himself to save Medic, Heart helps the Kamen Riders defeat Banno and destroy the Sigma Circular before attempting to face Shinnosuke in a final battle, refusing to let go of his grudge. Nonetheless, Shinnosuke makes his peace with the dying Roidmude.", "Two years later, during the events of the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Heart*, Heart is revived by Go Shijima, Rinna Sawagami, and Kyu Saijo, who intended to revive Chase, with Brain and Medic's Cores within him. After learning of Roidmude 5886 attacking the various human templates the Roidmudes mimicked or fused with and seeking redemption for his and his kind's crimes, Heart volunteers to help stop it, but is unable to regain the full potential of his former Roidmude power. Instead, he uses the {{nihongo\\|Shift Heartron\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒญใƒณ\\|Shifuto Hฤtoron}} Car in conjunction with copies of the Drive Driver and Shift Brace to transform into {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Heart\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒใƒผใƒˆ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Hฤto}} and combine his power with Brain and Medic's in order to defeat 5886, though their Cores are overloaded and they are destroyed once more. Despite this, a changed Heart dies believing humans and Roidmudes can coexist.", "In his Roidmude form, Heart can strengthen himself via joy as his emotional catalyst and possesses heat absorption, the ability to adapt to opponents' power and strategies once he has fought them once, the ability to grow stronger over time, illusion casting, an ability called the {{nihongo\\|Dead Zone\\|ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚พใƒผใƒณ\\|Deddo Zลn}}, which grants uncontrollable overwhelming combat capability and the ability to generate energy blasts, though it will cause him to explode over time and damage him. After Medic modifies him, he gains the ability to generate a {{nihongo\\|Super Heavy Acceleration\\|่ถ…้‡ๅŠ ้€Ÿ\\|Chล Jลซkasouku}} field, which freezes everything within its vicinity, such as humans and Shinnosuke in his regular forms.", "As Kamen Rider Heart, he initially assumed the mismatched, hastily\\-made {{nihongo\\|Type Speed Wild Technic\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฏใ‚คใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ\\|Taipu Supฤซdo Wairudo Tekunikku}} form due to Brain's compiled data on their battles with Shinnosuke. After regaining his Roidmude power, Heart is able to assume his true form, {{nihongo\\|Type Miracle\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒซ\\|Taipu Mirakuru}}, which grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Viral Blending\\|ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ซใ‚ญใƒžใ‚ผใƒผใƒซ\\|Bairaru Kakimazฤ“ru}} ability to combine his, Brain, and Medic's powers.", "Heart is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Tomoya Warabino]]\\|่•จ้‡Ž ๅ‹ไนŸ\\|Warabino Tomoya}}.", "### Brain", "The {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Brain]] Roidmude\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Buren Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\\|Brain\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณ\\|Buren}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 003\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰003\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero San}}, is a cold, arrogant, calculating, and stoic namesake\\-themed Bat\\-Type Roidmude who is responsible for collecting and managing information on their kind, resetting rogue members, and serving as Heart's advisor. Detesting chaos and unruly behavior, even amongst his comrades, he is easily irritated by the brash and disorderly Advanced Roidmudes and the idea that they seem to be the most powerful. Additionally, he sees the Kamen Riders as a threat to the Roidmudes' goal. Initially assuming the identity of the intelligence agency's programming deputy director {{nihongo\\|Mitsuharu Kineta\\|ๆต็”ฐ ๅ…‰ๆ™ด\\|Kineta Mitsuharu}} after escaping into cyberspace during the Global Freeze, Brain later assumes the alias of {{nihongo\\|Sou Noumi\\|่ƒฝ่ฆ‹ ๅฃฎ\\|Nลmi Sล}},{{efn\\|{{nihongo3\\|\\|่ƒฝ่ฆ‹ ๅฃฎ\\|Nลmi Sล}} is a pun on the Japanese word {{nihongo3\\|\"brain\"\\|่„ณใฟใ\\|nล miso}}.}} a consultant from a Paranormal Science Institute, to help Freeze hinder the Special Investigations Division's efforts to stop the Roidmudes and get Shinnosuke Tomari suspended from the police force.", "Following Freeze's death, Brain uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse with Mitsuhide Nira, who was envious of Shinnosuke's father, Eisuke Tomari, to achieve his Over\\-Evolved form. However, the Roidmude is defeated by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and Chaser and subsequently tortured by Medic for his failure. After witnessing Tenjuro Banno's return as Gold Drive and warning Heart of Medic being under Banno's control, Brain goes into hiding to prevent himself from being used in Banno's plot to enact a second Global Freeze, leading to Brain entering the Special Investigations Division's protective custody. Ultimately, Brain chooses to help Heart save Medic by sacrificing himself to power Banno's Sigma Circular in her place.", "During the events of the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Brain*, Go Shijima reconstitutes Brain, Heart, and Medic's consciousnesses while attempting to revive Chase. Following this, Brain dreams of becoming {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Brain\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Buren}} via the {{nihongo\\|Brain Driver\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ\\|Buren Doraibฤ}} belt and fighting the {{nihongo\\|Mu\\|็„ก}} organization to prevent them from wiping out individuality on Earth.", "During the events of the web\\-exclusive crossover series *Kamen Rider Outsiders*, Brain is revived by [Foundation X](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Foundation_X \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Foundation X\") as a [Humagear](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Hiden_Intelligence \"List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Hiden Intelligence\").", "In his Roidmude form, Brain can attack a target's nervous system via a powerful neurotoxin, hack technology by tapping his glasses, and strengthen himself via envy as his emotional catalyst. Additionally, he used a tablet to keep track of the Roidmudes, though he was unaware of Banno's consciousness being within it until the mad scientist became Gold Drive. In his Over\\-Evolved form, Brain possesses ESP, the use of psionic attacks, poisonous tentacles, and data manipulation. As Kamen Rider Brain, he retains his Roidmude powers while gaining the use of the {{nihongo\\|Brain Megane Blade\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒกใ‚ฌใƒใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰\\|Buren Megane Burฤ“do}} sword and the {{nihongo\\|Ride Braiser\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ถใƒผ\\|Raido Bureizฤ}} motorcycle. He can also perform the {{nihongo\\|Rider Poison Hands\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผๆฏ’ๆ‰‹\\|Raidฤ Dokushu}} and {{nihongo\\|Poison Handkerchiefs\\|ใƒใ‚คใ‚บใƒณใƒใƒณใ‚ซใƒใƒผใƒ•\\|Poizun Hankachฤซfu}} attacks, which allow him to secrete 999 types of [toxicants](/wiki/Toxicant \"Toxicant\"), and the {{nihongo\\|Brain Head Crusher\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒ˜ใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผ\\|Buren Heddo Kurasshฤ}} Full Throttle.", "Brain is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Shota Matsushima]]\\|ๆพๅณถ ๅบ„ๆฑฐ\\|Matsushima Shลta}}.", "### Chase", "{{nihongo\\|Chase\\|ใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚น\\|Cheisu}}, also known as Roidmude 000 and {{nihongo\\|Proto Zero\\|ใƒ—ใƒญใƒˆใ‚ผใƒญ\\|Puroto Zero}}, is a soft\\-spoken specially modified Roidmude created to serve as Krim Steinbelt's aide. During the Global Freeze, Chase attempted to stop the Roidmudes as Kamen Rider Proto Drive before he was captured and reprogrammed by Freeze, Heart, and Brain to work for them as their {{nihongo\\|\"Grim Reaper\"\\|ๆญป็ฅž\\|Shinigami}}, Mashin Chaser, while adopting the form of traffic police officer Koichi Kano as a civilian disguise. With no recollection of his past save for a directive to protect humans, Chase is tasked with destroying rogue Roidmudes' bodies and taking their numbers so Brain can reset them, developing a rivalry with Shinnosuke in the process and slowly regaining his memories. In response to the latter, Medic reprograms Chase to protect Roidmudes instead of humans, during which he develops a separate rivalry with Go Shijima until he is eventually defeated by Shinnosuke. Presumed dead, Kiriko finds and nurses Chase back to health in return for him saving her during the Global Freeze.", "Initially torn over whether to be a Roidmude or a Kamen Rider, he chooses to become the latter after Kiriko gives him to the means to become Kamen Rider Chaser and attempts to become more human after learning of human emotions. Along the way, he develops an attraction towards her, though he realizes she loves Shinnosuke and continues to bear an unrequited love for her to become closer to being human. Amidst Tenjuro Banno's attempt to enact a second Global Freeze, Chase joins forces with Go to stop him, sacrificing himself in the process. Following this, Go takes Chase's Signal Chaser Bike with him to the U.S. in the hopes of reviving him someday.", "Throughout the series, Chase has assumed the following forms:\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Proto Drive\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ—ใƒญใƒˆใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\\|Kamen Raidฤ Puroto Doraibu}}: Chase's [concept car](/wiki/Concept_car \"Concept car\")\\-themed original Rider form and the prototypical version of Kamen Rider Drive accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Speed Prototype\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒ—ใƒญใƒˆใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—\\|Shifuto Supฤซdo Purototaipu}} Car in conjunction with the Drive Driver and Shift Brace.\n* {{nihongo\\|Mashin Chaser\\|้ญ”้€ฒใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\\|Mashin Cheisฤ}}:{{efn\\|{{nihongo3\\|\\|้ญ”้€ฒ\\|Mashin}} is made up of the kanji {{nihongo3\\|\"evil\" or \"demonic\"\\|้ญ”\\|ma}} and {{nihongo3\\|\"advance\" or \"progress\"\\|้€ฒ\\|shin}}. It is also a homophone of {{nihongo\\|\"machine\"\\|ใƒžใ‚ทใƒณ\\|mashin}}.}} Chase's Kamen Rider\\-esque warrior form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Break Gunner\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ฏใ‚ฌใƒณใƒŠใƒผ\\|Bureiku Gannฤ}} firearm, which can switch between {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Raygun\\|Gun]] Mode\\|ใ‚ฌใƒณใƒขใƒผใƒ‰\\|Gan Mลdo}} and {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Brass knuckles\\|Break]] Mode\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒขใƒผใƒ‰\\|Bureiku Mลdo}}, that grants the use of three {{nihongo\\|Chaser Viral Cores\\|ใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\\|Cheisฤ Bairaru Koa}}, which allow him to augment himself into {{nihongo\\|Tune Chaser\\|ๆญฆ่ฃ…ใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\\|Busล Cheisฤ}}. His personal vehicle is the {{nihongo\\|Ride Chaser\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\\|Raido Cheisฤ}} motorcycle, which can combine with the Ride Macher to form the {{nihongo\\|Ride Crosser\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒƒใ‚ตใƒผ\\|Raido Kurossฤ}} car.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Super Mashin Chaser\\|่ถ…้ญ”้€ฒ๏ผปใƒžใ‚ทใƒณ๏ผฝใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\\|Chล Mashin Cheisฤ}}: The evolved form of Mashin Chaser accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Rhino Super\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒŽใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผ\\|Raino Sลซpฤ}} Viral Core in conjunction with the Break Gunner that grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Rhino Strizer\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒŽใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใ‚ถใƒผ\\|Raino Sutoraizฤ}} blade. This form appears exclusively in the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Chaser\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Cheisฤ}}: Chase's motorcycle\\-themed second Rider form accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Signal Chaser\\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\\|Shigunaru Cheisฤ}} Bike in conjunction with the Mach Driver Honoh that grants the use of the [pedestrian signal](/wiki/Traffic_light%23Pedestrian_signals \"Traffic light#Pedestrian signals\")\\-like {{nihongo\\|Shingou\\-Axe\\|ใ‚ทใƒณใ‚ดใ‚ฆใ‚ขใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น\\|Shingล Akkusu\\|Signal Axe}} and the {{nihongo\\|Ride Booster Blue\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใƒผ\\|Raido Bลซsutฤ Burลซ}} go\\-kart while retaining the use of his Break Gunner and Ride Chaser. While transformed, he can use a repaired version of the Shift Speed Prototype Car to grant himself superhuman speed.", "Chase is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Taiko Katono]]\\|ไธŠ้ ้‡Ž ๅคชๆดธ\\|Katลno Taikล}}, who also portrays Koichi Kano, while Proto Drive is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Daichi Endล\\|้ ่—ค ๅคงๆ™บ\\|Endล Daichi}} in *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*.", "### Go Shijima", "{{nihongo\\|Go Shijima\\|่ฉฉๅณถ ๅ‰›\\|Shijima Gล}} is Kiriko's younger brother who lived in the United States for some time, working as a freelance photographer, before eventually returning to Japan to fight the Roidmudes as {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Mach\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒžใƒƒใƒ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Mahha}}, who uses {{nihongo\\|Signal Bikes\\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใƒใ‚คใ‚ฏ\\|Shigunaru Baiku}} as opposed to Drive's Shift Cars. Having dedicated himself to destroying his father, Tenjuro Banno's, work, Go displays a hatred for the Roidmudes and develops a rivalry with Chase before eventually warming up to him. Upon learning Banno's consciousness is stored in Brain's tablet computer, Go pretends to betray his allies to get closer to the Roidmude leaders and rescue him while working undercover as \"Mr. X\" to covertly help the Special Investigations Division. After eventually rescuing Banno however, Go discovers the former used him in a plot to enact a second Global Freeze and joins forces with Chase to stop him before returning to America in the hopes of reviving Chase, becoming a famous photographer along the way.", "In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Go's grudge against the Roidmudes is revealed to have stemmed from Roidmudes 017 and 018 killing his friend {{nihongo\\|Ethan Woodward\\|ใ‚คใƒผใ‚ตใƒณใƒปใ‚ฆใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒฏใƒผใƒ‰\\|ฤชsan Uddowฤdo}} and Go being unable to save him. Afterward, Professor Harley Hendrickson rescued Go and prepared him to face the Roidmudes. In the present, Go develops a mutual attraction towards Reiko Nishiori due to their similar backgrounds and battles the Revenger Roidmude after the latter contributes to Reiko's father's death, seemingly destroying the monster. During the events of the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Go works to find proof of Reiko's innocence after the Revenger Roidmude frames her for his crimes and permanently destroys the Roidmude, clearing her name and entering a relationship with her.", "Utilizing the {{nihongo\\|Signal Mach\\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซใƒžใƒƒใƒ\\|Shigunaru Mahha}} Bike in conjunction with the {{nihongo\\|Mach Driver Honoh\\|ใƒžใƒƒใƒใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ็‚Ž\\|Mahha Doraibฤ Honล\\|Mach Driver Flame}} belt, Go can transform into Kamen Rider Mach. While transformed, he gains the use of the {{nihongo\\|Next System\\|ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ \\|Nekusuto Shisutemu}}, which allows to utilize Signal Bikes and Shift Cars, and wields the {{nihongo\\|Zenrin Shooter\\|ใ‚ผใƒณใƒชใƒณใ‚ทใƒฅใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผ\\|Zenrin Shลซtฤ\\|Front Wheel Shooter}} handgun. His personal vehicles are the {{nihongo\\|Ride Macher\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒžใƒƒใƒใƒผ\\|Raido Mahhฤ}} motorcycle and the {{nihongo\\|Ride Booster Red\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒผใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใƒฌใƒƒใƒ‰\\|Raido Bลซsutฤ Reddo}} go\\-kart. Similarly to Drive, most of Go's Signal Bikes allow him to perform a {{nihongo\\|Signal Exchange\\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒŠใƒซไบคๆ›\\|Shigunaru Kลkan}} technique and grant himself unique abilities while some allow him to assume alternate forms, which are as follows:", "* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆใƒžใƒƒใƒ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Deddohฤซto Mahha}}: A motorcycle/sidecar\\-themed fusion form accessed from the Shift Deadheat Shift Car/Signal Bike hybrid, which is shared with Kamen Rider Drive, that grants similar capabilities as Type Deadheat. Unlike Shinnosuke, Go later manages to overcome the Dead Zone's negative side effects.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Super Deadheat Mach\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ่ถ…ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใƒ’ใƒผใƒˆใƒžใƒƒใƒ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Chล Deddohฤซto Mahha}}: The evolved form of Deadheat Mach accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Viral Core\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\\|Shifuto Bairaru Koa}} in conjunction with a prototype Mach Driver Honoh. This form appears exclusively in the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*.\n* {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Chaser Mach\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผใƒžใƒƒใƒ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Cheisฤ Mahha}}: A fusion form between Kamen Riders Mach and Chaser accessed from the latter's Signal Chaser Bike that grants the use of his Shingou\\-Axe and Mashin Chaser's Viral Cores.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Mach Chaser\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒžใƒƒใƒใƒใ‚งใ‚คใ‚ตใƒผ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Mahha Cheisฤ}}: The evolved form of Chaser Mach accessed from the {{nihongo\\|Shift Ride Crosser\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใ‚ฏใƒญใƒƒใ‚ตใƒผ\\|Shifuto Raido Kurossฤ}} Car. This form appears exclusively in the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*.", "Go Shijima is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Yu Inaba]]\\|็จฒ่‘‰ ๅ‹\\|Inaba Yลซ}}. As a child, Go is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Ryu Hashizume\\|ๆฉ‹็ˆช ้พ\\|Hashizume Ryลซ}}.", "### Medic", "The {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Medic]] Roidmude\\|ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Medikku Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\\|Medic\\|ใƒกใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒƒใ‚ฏ\\|Medikku}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 009\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰009\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Kyลซ}}, is a heartless namesake\\-themed Cobra\\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of {{nihongo\\|Misuzu Hatori\\|็พฝ้ณฅ ็พŽ้ˆด\\|Hatori Misuzu}}, a human ballerina who was left hospitalized, paralyzed, and amnesiac following a car crash. While taking part in the Global Freeze, Medic found and nursed an injured Heart back to health, but entered a catatonic state when the event ended.", "In the present, Volt gives his life to contribute to Medic's revival, allowing her to help Heart and Brain achieve their Over\\-evolved forms, reprogram Chase to become the Roidmudes' defender after he slowly regains his memories as Proto Zero, and create the Grim Reaper Unit to take his place in helping Brain reset rogue Roidmudes. Despite taking on Hatori's kindness, Medic's emotions became twisted as a result of synchronizing with other Roidmudes, which manifests as her alternating between nurse/ballerina\\-inspired attire and [Gothic Lolita](/wiki/Gothic_Lolita \"Gothic Lolita\")\\-inspired attire in her human form based on whether Hatori's kindness or the other Roidmudes' collective minds hold the most influence on her. After Tenjuro Banno resurfaces as Gold Drive, he manipulates Medic into facilitating his scheme to enact a second Global Freeze, though her loyalty to Heart causes her to achieve her Over\\-Evolved form. Banno reprograms her to obey him instead so he can use her to power his Sigma Circular. However, Brain sacrifices himself to save her, causing her to regain her memories and rejoin Heart to stop Banno before she is destroyed by the Sigma Circular.", "In combat, Medic can use feelings of devotion to strengthen herself, produce healing energy from her hands, which has the side effect of causing her to absorb targets' emotions, absorb Roidmudes' Cores for transportation purposes, teleport, alter other Roidmudes' programming, produce scalpel\\-tipped tentacles from her shoulders in both her human and Roidmude forms capable of penetrating Roidmudes' bodies and destroying their Cores, fire a scalpel beam, produce human clones, and enhanced vision. In her Over\\-Evolved form, she possesses aero\\- and ergokinesis and superhuman strength.", "Medic is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Fumika Baba]]\\|้ฆฌๅ ด ใตใฟใ‹\\|Baba Fumika}}.", "" ]
### Heart The {{nihongo\|\[\[Heart]] Roidmude\|ใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Hฤto Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\|Heart\|ใƒใƒผใƒˆ\|Hฤto}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 002\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰002\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Ni}}, is a jovial and hedonistic yet imposing namesake\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude and the field leader of the Roidmude forces stationed in Japan. He refers to his fellow Roidmudes as his friends, desires a worthy opponent to fight, and can assume the human guise of {{nihongo\|Shinzo Hiroi\|ๅบƒไบ• ็œŸ่”ต\|Hiroi Shinzล}}, a businessman who refused to invest in Heart's creator, Tenjuro Banno's, research. Years prior to the series, he was tortured by Banno before eventually joining Freeze and Brain in killing him and Krim Steinbelt, though Heart was left with a hatred for humanity. In the present, Heart finds his rival in Shinnosuke Tomari, admiring his strength and honor, and uses this to achieve his Over\-Evolved form. After learning Banno survived, Heart breaks off from his fellow Roidmudes to focus on killing him permanently, to the detriment of all else and refusing to forgive humanity as a result. However, he is forced to work with Banno after the latter takes Medic and a member of the Grim Reaper Unit hostage. When Brain sacrifices himself to save Medic, Heart helps the Kamen Riders defeat Banno and destroy the Sigma Circular before attempting to face Shinnosuke in a final battle, refusing to let go of his grudge. Nonetheless, Shinnosuke makes his peace with the dying Roidmude. Two years later, during the events of the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Heart*, Heart is revived by Go Shijima, Rinna Sawagami, and Kyu Saijo, who intended to revive Chase, with Brain and Medic's Cores within him. After learning of Roidmude 5886 attacking the various human templates the Roidmudes mimicked or fused with and seeking redemption for his and his kind's crimes, Heart volunteers to help stop it, but is unable to regain the full potential of his former Roidmude power. Instead, he uses the {{nihongo\|Shift Heartron\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒญใƒณ\|Shifuto Hฤtoron}} Car in conjunction with copies of the Drive Driver and Shift Brace to transform into {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Heart\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒใƒผใƒˆ\|Kamen Raidฤ Hฤto}} and combine his power with Brain and Medic's in order to defeat 5886, though their Cores are overloaded and they are destroyed once more. Despite this, a changed Heart dies believing humans and Roidmudes can coexist. In his Roidmude form, Heart can strengthen himself via joy as his emotional catalyst and possesses heat absorption, the ability to adapt to opponents' power and strategies once he has fought them once, the ability to grow stronger over time, illusion casting, an ability called the {{nihongo\|Dead Zone\|ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚พใƒผใƒณ\|Deddo Zลn}}, which grants uncontrollable overwhelming combat capability and the ability to generate energy blasts, though it will cause him to explode over time and damage him. After Medic modifies him, he gains the ability to generate a {{nihongo\|Super Heavy Acceleration\|่ถ…้‡ๅŠ ้€Ÿ\|Chล Jลซkasouku}} field, which freezes everything within its vicinity, such as humans and Shinnosuke in his regular forms. As Kamen Rider Heart, he initially assumed the mismatched, hastily\-made {{nihongo\|Type Speed Wild Technic\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฏใ‚คใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ\|Taipu Supฤซdo Wairudo Tekunikku}} form due to Brain's compiled data on their battles with Shinnosuke. After regaining his Roidmude power, Heart is able to assume his true form, {{nihongo\|Type Miracle\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒซ\|Taipu Mirakuru}}, which grants the use of the {{nihongo\|Viral Blending\|ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ซใ‚ญใƒžใ‚ผใƒผใƒซ\|Bairaru Kakimazฤ“ru}} ability to combine his, Brain, and Medic's powers. Heart is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Tomoya Warabino]]\|่•จ้‡Ž ๅ‹ไนŸ\|Warabino Tomoya}}.
[ "### Heart", "The {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Heart]] Roidmude\\|ใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Hฤto Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\\|Heart\\|ใƒใƒผใƒˆ\\|Hฤto}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 002\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰002\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Ni}}, is a jovial and hedonistic yet imposing namesake\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude and the field leader of the Roidmude forces stationed in Japan. He refers to his fellow Roidmudes as his friends, desires a worthy opponent to fight, and can assume the human guise of {{nihongo\\|Shinzo Hiroi\\|ๅบƒไบ• ็œŸ่”ต\\|Hiroi Shinzล}}, a businessman who refused to invest in Heart's creator, Tenjuro Banno's, research. Years prior to the series, he was tortured by Banno before eventually joining Freeze and Brain in killing him and Krim Steinbelt, though Heart was left with a hatred for humanity.", "In the present, Heart finds his rival in Shinnosuke Tomari, admiring his strength and honor, and uses this to achieve his Over\\-Evolved form. After learning Banno survived, Heart breaks off from his fellow Roidmudes to focus on killing him permanently, to the detriment of all else and refusing to forgive humanity as a result. However, he is forced to work with Banno after the latter takes Medic and a member of the Grim Reaper Unit hostage. When Brain sacrifices himself to save Medic, Heart helps the Kamen Riders defeat Banno and destroy the Sigma Circular before attempting to face Shinnosuke in a final battle, refusing to let go of his grudge. Nonetheless, Shinnosuke makes his peace with the dying Roidmude.", "Two years later, during the events of the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Heart*, Heart is revived by Go Shijima, Rinna Sawagami, and Kyu Saijo, who intended to revive Chase, with Brain and Medic's Cores within him. After learning of Roidmude 5886 attacking the various human templates the Roidmudes mimicked or fused with and seeking redemption for his and his kind's crimes, Heart volunteers to help stop it, but is unable to regain the full potential of his former Roidmude power. Instead, he uses the {{nihongo\\|Shift Heartron\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใƒผใƒˆใƒญใƒณ\\|Shifuto Hฤtoron}} Car in conjunction with copies of the Drive Driver and Shift Brace to transform into {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Heart\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒใƒผใƒˆ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Hฤto}} and combine his power with Brain and Medic's in order to defeat 5886, though their Cores are overloaded and they are destroyed once more. Despite this, a changed Heart dies believing humans and Roidmudes can coexist.", "In his Roidmude form, Heart can strengthen himself via joy as his emotional catalyst and possesses heat absorption, the ability to adapt to opponents' power and strategies once he has fought them once, the ability to grow stronger over time, illusion casting, an ability called the {{nihongo\\|Dead Zone\\|ใƒ‡ใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚พใƒผใƒณ\\|Deddo Zลn}}, which grants uncontrollable overwhelming combat capability and the ability to generate energy blasts, though it will cause him to explode over time and damage him. After Medic modifies him, he gains the ability to generate a {{nihongo\\|Super Heavy Acceleration\\|่ถ…้‡ๅŠ ้€Ÿ\\|Chล Jลซkasouku}} field, which freezes everything within its vicinity, such as humans and Shinnosuke in his regular forms.", "As Kamen Rider Heart, he initially assumed the mismatched, hastily\\-made {{nihongo\\|Type Speed Wild Technic\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฏใ‚คใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ†ใ‚ฏใƒ‹ใƒƒใ‚ฏ\\|Taipu Supฤซdo Wairudo Tekunikku}} form due to Brain's compiled data on their battles with Shinnosuke. After regaining his Roidmude power, Heart is able to assume his true form, {{nihongo\\|Type Miracle\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒŸใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒซ\\|Taipu Mirakuru}}, which grants the use of the {{nihongo\\|Viral Blending\\|ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ซใ‚ญใƒžใ‚ผใƒผใƒซ\\|Bairaru Kakimazฤ“ru}} ability to combine his, Brain, and Medic's powers.", "Heart is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Tomoya Warabino]]\\|่•จ้‡Ž ๅ‹ไนŸ\\|Warabino Tomoya}}.", "" ]
### Brain The {{nihongo\|\[\[Brain]] Roidmude\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Buren Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\|Brain\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณ\|Buren}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 003\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰003\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero San}}, is a cold, arrogant, calculating, and stoic namesake\-themed Bat\-Type Roidmude who is responsible for collecting and managing information on their kind, resetting rogue members, and serving as Heart's advisor. Detesting chaos and unruly behavior, even amongst his comrades, he is easily irritated by the brash and disorderly Advanced Roidmudes and the idea that they seem to be the most powerful. Additionally, he sees the Kamen Riders as a threat to the Roidmudes' goal. Initially assuming the identity of the intelligence agency's programming deputy director {{nihongo\|Mitsuharu Kineta\|ๆต็”ฐ ๅ…‰ๆ™ด\|Kineta Mitsuharu}} after escaping into cyberspace during the Global Freeze, Brain later assumes the alias of {{nihongo\|Sou Noumi\|่ƒฝ่ฆ‹ ๅฃฎ\|Nลmi Sล}},{{efn\|{{nihongo3\|\|่ƒฝ่ฆ‹ ๅฃฎ\|Nลmi Sล}} is a pun on the Japanese word {{nihongo3\|"brain"\|่„ณใฟใ\|nล miso}}.}} a consultant from a Paranormal Science Institute, to help Freeze hinder the Special Investigations Division's efforts to stop the Roidmudes and get Shinnosuke Tomari suspended from the police force. Following Freeze's death, Brain uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse with Mitsuhide Nira, who was envious of Shinnosuke's father, Eisuke Tomari, to achieve his Over\-Evolved form. However, the Roidmude is defeated by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and Chaser and subsequently tortured by Medic for his failure. After witnessing Tenjuro Banno's return as Gold Drive and warning Heart of Medic being under Banno's control, Brain goes into hiding to prevent himself from being used in Banno's plot to enact a second Global Freeze, leading to Brain entering the Special Investigations Division's protective custody. Ultimately, Brain chooses to help Heart save Medic by sacrificing himself to power Banno's Sigma Circular in her place. During the events of the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Brain*, Go Shijima reconstitutes Brain, Heart, and Medic's consciousnesses while attempting to revive Chase. Following this, Brain dreams of becoming {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Brain\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณ\|Kamen Raidฤ Buren}} via the {{nihongo\|Brain Driver\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ\|Buren Doraibฤ}} belt and fighting the {{nihongo\|Mu\|็„ก}} organization to prevent them from wiping out individuality on Earth. During the events of the web\-exclusive crossover series *Kamen Rider Outsiders*, Brain is revived by [Foundation X](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Foundation_X "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Foundation X") as a [Humagear](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Hiden_Intelligence "List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Hiden Intelligence"). In his Roidmude form, Brain can attack a target's nervous system via a powerful neurotoxin, hack technology by tapping his glasses, and strengthen himself via envy as his emotional catalyst. Additionally, he used a tablet to keep track of the Roidmudes, though he was unaware of Banno's consciousness being within it until the mad scientist became Gold Drive. In his Over\-Evolved form, Brain possesses ESP, the use of psionic attacks, poisonous tentacles, and data manipulation. As Kamen Rider Brain, he retains his Roidmude powers while gaining the use of the {{nihongo\|Brain Megane Blade\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒกใ‚ฌใƒใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰\|Buren Megane Burฤ“do}} sword and the {{nihongo\|Ride Braiser\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ถใƒผ\|Raido Bureizฤ}} motorcycle. He can also perform the {{nihongo\|Rider Poison Hands\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผๆฏ’ๆ‰‹\|Raidฤ Dokushu}} and {{nihongo\|Poison Handkerchiefs\|ใƒใ‚คใ‚บใƒณใƒใƒณใ‚ซใƒใƒผใƒ•\|Poizun Hankachฤซfu}} attacks, which allow him to secrete 999 types of [toxicants](/wiki/Toxicant "Toxicant"), and the {{nihongo\|Brain Head Crusher\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒ˜ใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผ\|Buren Heddo Kurasshฤ}} Full Throttle. Brain is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Shota Matsushima]]\|ๆพๅณถ ๅบ„ๆฑฐ\|Matsushima Shลta}}.
[ "### Brain", "The {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Brain]] Roidmude\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Buren Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\\|Brain\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณ\\|Buren}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 003\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰003\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero San}}, is a cold, arrogant, calculating, and stoic namesake\\-themed Bat\\-Type Roidmude who is responsible for collecting and managing information on their kind, resetting rogue members, and serving as Heart's advisor. Detesting chaos and unruly behavior, even amongst his comrades, he is easily irritated by the brash and disorderly Advanced Roidmudes and the idea that they seem to be the most powerful. Additionally, he sees the Kamen Riders as a threat to the Roidmudes' goal. Initially assuming the identity of the intelligence agency's programming deputy director {{nihongo\\|Mitsuharu Kineta\\|ๆต็”ฐ ๅ…‰ๆ™ด\\|Kineta Mitsuharu}} after escaping into cyberspace during the Global Freeze, Brain later assumes the alias of {{nihongo\\|Sou Noumi\\|่ƒฝ่ฆ‹ ๅฃฎ\\|Nลmi Sล}},{{efn\\|{{nihongo3\\|\\|่ƒฝ่ฆ‹ ๅฃฎ\\|Nลmi Sล}} is a pun on the Japanese word {{nihongo3\\|\"brain\"\\|่„ณใฟใ\\|nล miso}}.}} a consultant from a Paranormal Science Institute, to help Freeze hinder the Special Investigations Division's efforts to stop the Roidmudes and get Shinnosuke Tomari suspended from the police force.", "Following Freeze's death, Brain uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse with Mitsuhide Nira, who was envious of Shinnosuke's father, Eisuke Tomari, to achieve his Over\\-Evolved form. However, the Roidmude is defeated by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and Chaser and subsequently tortured by Medic for his failure. After witnessing Tenjuro Banno's return as Gold Drive and warning Heart of Medic being under Banno's control, Brain goes into hiding to prevent himself from being used in Banno's plot to enact a second Global Freeze, leading to Brain entering the Special Investigations Division's protective custody. Ultimately, Brain chooses to help Heart save Medic by sacrificing himself to power Banno's Sigma Circular in her place.", "During the events of the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Brain*, Go Shijima reconstitutes Brain, Heart, and Medic's consciousnesses while attempting to revive Chase. Following this, Brain dreams of becoming {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Brain\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Buren}} via the {{nihongo\\|Brain Driver\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ\\|Buren Doraibฤ}} belt and fighting the {{nihongo\\|Mu\\|็„ก}} organization to prevent them from wiping out individuality on Earth.", "During the events of the web\\-exclusive crossover series *Kamen Rider Outsiders*, Brain is revived by [Foundation X](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Foundation_X \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Foundation X\") as a [Humagear](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Hiden_Intelligence \"List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Hiden Intelligence\").", "In his Roidmude form, Brain can attack a target's nervous system via a powerful neurotoxin, hack technology by tapping his glasses, and strengthen himself via envy as his emotional catalyst. Additionally, he used a tablet to keep track of the Roidmudes, though he was unaware of Banno's consciousness being within it until the mad scientist became Gold Drive. In his Over\\-Evolved form, Brain possesses ESP, the use of psionic attacks, poisonous tentacles, and data manipulation. As Kamen Rider Brain, he retains his Roidmude powers while gaining the use of the {{nihongo\\|Brain Megane Blade\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒกใ‚ฌใƒใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰\\|Buren Megane Burฤ“do}} sword and the {{nihongo\\|Ride Braiser\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒ–ใƒฌใ‚คใ‚ถใƒผ\\|Raido Bureizฤ}} motorcycle. He can also perform the {{nihongo\\|Rider Poison Hands\\|ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผๆฏ’ๆ‰‹\\|Raidฤ Dokushu}} and {{nihongo\\|Poison Handkerchiefs\\|ใƒใ‚คใ‚บใƒณใƒใƒณใ‚ซใƒใƒผใƒ•\\|Poizun Hankachฤซfu}} attacks, which allow him to secrete 999 types of [toxicants](/wiki/Toxicant \"Toxicant\"), and the {{nihongo\\|Brain Head Crusher\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒณใƒ˜ใƒƒใƒ‰ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผ\\|Buren Heddo Kurasshฤ}} Full Throttle.", "Brain is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Shota Matsushima]]\\|ๆพๅณถ ๅบ„ๆฑฐ\\|Matsushima Shลta}}.", "" ]
Recurring characters -------------------- ### Roidmudes The {{nihongo\|Roidmudes\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Roimyลซdo}} are 108 androids that wish to usurp humanity as Earth's dominant species. Designed by Professor Tenjuro Banno as life forms capable of [evolving like and mimicking humans](/wiki/Uncanny_valley "Uncanny valley") 15 years prior to the series, his friend and colleague, Krim Steinbelt unwittingly provided him with prototype Core Driviars to complete their development. Following their activation six months prior to the series, the Roidmudes launched a full\-scale attack on Northeastern Asia in an event called the {{nihongo\|Global Freeze\|ใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บ\|Gurลbaru Furฤซzu}}. In the present, the Roidmudes operate in the shadows to pursue varying individual agendas and create four Over\-Evolved Roidmudes and find the "Promised Number" even as their numbers are reduced by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and Chaser, among others. If a Roidmude works against their plan, the leading members will have the dissenter's body destroyed so their Core can be reset back into line. Upon learning of Banno's plot to sacrifice four of them to the Sigma Circular to instigate a second Global Freeze across the rest of the world, several of the Roidmudes help the Riders thwart him, resulting in most of the androids' destruction. Roidmudes possess the ability to produce {{nihongo\|Heavy Acceleration\|้‡ๅŠ ้€Ÿ\|Jลซkasoku}} fields, which is colloquially referred to as {{nihongo\|"Heaviness"\|ใฉใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ‚Š\|Don'yori}} and drastically decelerates everything around them, with victims caught in the fields describing it as the sudden physical sensation of slowed time. To sustain, empower, and evolve themselves, the Roidmudes use devices called {{nihongo\|Viral Cores\|ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\|Bairaru Koa}}. All Roidmudes possess a {{nihongo\|Core\|ใ‚ณใ‚ข\|Koa}}, which contains their essence, and start out as {{nihongo\|Plain Roidmudes\|ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Purฤ“n Roimyลซdo}}, which are divided between the following variations: {{nihongo\|Cobra\-Types\|ใ‚ณใƒ–ใƒฉๅž‹\|Kobura\-gata}}, which possess superhuman strength; {{nihongo\|Spider\-Types\|ใ‚นใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผๅž‹\|Supaidฤ\-gata}}, which can cling to walls and ceilings as well as produce spider silk; and flight\-capable {{nihongo\|Bat\-Types\|ใƒใƒƒใƒˆๅž‹\|Batto\-gata}}. As long as their core remains intact, the Roidmudes can survive losing a physical body and revive themselves with a Viral Core. If Plain Roidmudes copy the appearances and memories of a particular target and gain enough information, they can evolve into {{nihongo\|Advanced Roidmudes\|ไธŠ็ดšใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Jลkyลซ Roimyลซdo}}, gaining a distinct personality reflecting their new individualized form and the ability to spread their Heavy Acceleration fields across multiple city blocks. If they absorb multiple Viral Cores at once, they can transform into {{nihongo\|Giant Roidmudes\|ๅทจๅคงใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Kyodai Roimyลซdo}}, which resembles their base Viral Core. Following Chase's defection, Freeze develops {{nihongo\|Neo Viral Cores\|ใƒใ‚ชใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\|Neo Bairaru Koa}}, which allow Roidmudes to fuse with a human and instantly assume a red\-colored {{nihongo\|Fusion Evolved Form\|่žๅˆ้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\|Yลซgล Shinkatai}} via [symbiosis](/wiki/Symbiosis "Symbiosis"). If a Roidmude forms a connection with a particular emotion and exceeds a certain limit, they can evolve into a gold\-colored {{nihongo\|Over\-Evolved Form\|่ถ…้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\|Chล Shinkatai}}. #### Freeze The {{nihongo\|Freeze Roidmude\|ใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Furฤซzu Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\|Freeze\|ใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บ\|Furฤซzu}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 001\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰001\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Ichi}}, is an [ice](/wiki/Ice "Ice")/[snow](/wiki/Snow "Snow")\-themed Cobra\-Type Roidmude, the leader of the Roidmude forces, and one of Tenjuro Banno's earliest creations who joined Heart and Brain in killing Banno and Krim Steinbelt before causing the Global Freeze as Freeze has the ability to create the strongest Heavy Acceleration field, even in his original form. Not long afterwards, Freeze assumed the form of {{nihongo\|Soichi Makage\|็œŸๅฝฑ ๅฃฎไธ€\|Makage Sลichi}}, secretary of the {{nihongo\|National Bureau of Defense\|ๅ›ฝๅฎถ้˜ฒ่ก›ๅฑ€\|Kokka Bลeikyoku}}, to watch over the police force and evolved into his Advanced form. In the present, he creates Neo Viral Cores to bolster the Roidmudes in their fight against the Kamen Riders and fights to personally remove Shinnosuke Tomari from the police force while using him to complete his evolution. While Freeze succeeds in attaining his Over\-Evolved form using humiliation as his emotional catalyst and killing Shinnosuke, the latter's allies revive him so he can destroy Freeze in retaliation for seemingly killing his father, Eisuke Tomari, though Freeze reveals it was Mitsuhide Nira instead before he dies. In his Advanced form, Freeze possesses cryokinesis and the ability to produce snowflakes capable of suppressing memories, though Eisuke proved immune. In his Over\-Evolved form, Freeze can fly, generate snowstorms, and produce energy blasts and shields. Freeze is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Masami Horiuchi]]\|ๅ €ๅ†… ๆญฃ็พŽ\|Horiuchi Masami}}. #### Roidmude 004 {{nihongo\|Roidmude 004\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰004\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Yon}} is a Spider\-Type Roidmude and Tenjuro Banno's right\-hand man who copied Krim Steinbelt's appearance before the Global Freeze, though 004's mind became corrupted and he was deactivated. In the present, Banno reactivates 004 to serve as his subordinate and pose as a future version of Steinbelt who became the ruler of a Roidmude dominant Earth. After being defeated in battle by Kamen Rider Drive, 004 attempts to destroy the Kamen Riders, Medic, and Heart by self\-destructing, but Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach protects them before 004 explodes. In a possible future time period depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future "Surprise Future")*, 004 planted a chip in Mr. Belt that allowed the Roidmudes to take over Earth after Shinnosuke destroyed the latter. By 2035, 004 became the leader of an army of blank Roidmudes and tasked Roidmude 108 with going back in time to ensure their future comes to pass. Roidmude 004 is portrayed by Chris Peppler, who also portrays Krim Steinbelt and voices Mr. Belt. #### Grim Reaper Unit The {{nihongo\|Grim Reaper Unit\|ๆญป็ฅž่ปๅ›ฃ\|Shinigami Gundan}} is a [cockroach](/wiki/Cockroach "Cockroach")\-themed division of remodeled Plain Roidmudes who serve as Medic's subordinates and are armed with {{nihongo\|Hell Scythes\|ใƒ˜ใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚น\|Heru Saisu}}, guns, and claws. Medic creates them to take over Mashin Chaser's duty of eliminating rogue Roidmudes, destroying them completely instead of resetting them. #### Minor Roidmudes * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 029\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰029\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Kyลซ}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude who has a habit of picking up other people's traits, assumed the identity of {{nihongo\|Nobuo Masuda\|็›Š็”ฐ ไฟกๅคซ\|Masuda Nobuo}}, and sneaks into public places such as gyms and talent agencies to find ideal humans to emulate before ambushing a target to add their traits to his human guise. After being defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, Heart gives 029 a Viral Core, transforming him into the [human body](/wiki/Human_body "Human body")\-themed {{nihongo\|Iron Roidmude\|ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ขใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Aian Roimyลซdo}}. In his new, upgraded body and after copying several human body parts, 029 gains the ability to stretch his arms. However, he is destroyed by Drive. Roidmude 029 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Masafumi Yokoyama\|ๆจชๅฑฑ ็œŸๅฒ\|Yokoyama Masafumi}}. * {{nihongo\|\[\[Paint]] Roidmude\|ใƒšใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Peinto Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake/[artist](/wiki/Artist "Artist")\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 010\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰010\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Zero}} who possesses the ability to convert victims into colorful, paint\-like data streams, fire paint\-based projectiles, and extendable [paint tube](/wiki/Oil_paint "Oil paint")\-like arms. During the Global Freeze, Paint attacked Kiriko Shijima as part of his desire to capture women in his paintings, but was repelled by Kamen Rider Proto Drive. In the present, Paint assumes the identity of {{nihongo\|Kazuhiro Asaya\|ๆต…็Ÿข ไธ€ๅบƒ\|Asaya Kazuhiro}}, establishes an art gallery to store all of his victims, and gains Roidmude 084's help in undergoing a mass kidnapping spree. However, Paint is eventually exposed and destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive, which restores his victims. The Paint Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Lou Oshiba\|ใƒซใƒผๅคงๆŸด\|Rลซ ลŒshiba}}. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 084\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰084\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Yon}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude and associate of Paint's who assumes the guise of Kazuhiro Asaya's student, {{nihongo\|Hajime Fujimiya\|ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฎฎ ่‚‡\|Fujimiya Hajime}} and possesses a similar version of Paint's conversion ability, though 084's streams manifest as monochrome pencil sketches. 084 assists Paint in his kidnapping spree until the former is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 084 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Yลซta Murakami\|ๆ‘ไธŠ ้›„ๅคช\|Murakami Yลซta}}. * {{nihongo\|Crash Roidmude\|ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Kurasshu Roimyลซdo}}: A [hammer](/wiki/Hammer "Hammer")\-themed Cobra\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 023\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰023\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii San}}, who assumes the identity of a criminal named "Crash" and possesses large, twin arm\-mounted hammers. He and his "brothers", Roidmudes 060 and 074, target the Font Earl company's armored vehicles for their explosives so they can commit a major heist. Despite Kamen Rider Drive destroying 060, Crash and 074 succeed in stealing the explosives, but are ultimately destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and the Tridoron respectively. The Crash Roidmude is portrayed by HIRO of [Yasuda Dai Circus](/wiki/Yasuda_Dai_Circus "Yasuda Dai Circus"). + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 060\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰060\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Zero}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude and one of Crash's "brothers". 060 assists his brothers in their plot to steal explosives until he is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 060 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Danchล Yasuda\|ๅ›ฃ้•ทๅฎ‰็”ฐ}} of Yasuda Dai Circus. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 074\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰074\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Yon}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude and one of Crash's "brothers". To facilitate Crash's scheme, 074 transforms into a Giant Roidmude, but is destroyed by the Tridoron. Roidmude 074 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Akihiro Kurokawa\|้ป’ๅท ๆ˜Žไบบ\|Kurokawa Akihiro}} of Yasuda Dai Circus. * {{nihongo\|Scooper Roidmude\|ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Sukลซpฤ Roimyลซdo}}: A [camera](/wiki/Camera "Camera")\-themed Bat\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 033\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰033\|Roimyลซdo Zero San San}}, who possesses the ability to steal metal from anything he targets, produce energy blasts, materialize objects from photos, and the ability to fire balls of light. He originally intended to assume the form of reporter, {{nihongo\|Shunsuke Kusaka\|ไน…ๅ‚ ไฟŠไป‹\|Kusaka Shunsuke}}, but chose instead to give him a {{nihongo\|Special Badge\|็‰นๆฎŠใชใƒใƒƒใ‚ธ\|Tokushu na Bajji}} to protect him from Heavy Acceleration fields while Scooper fulfills the latter's desire to see Kaishima City Construction\-built buildings destroyed and have news stories to report on, absorbing Kusaka's greed to facilitate his evolution. After Kusaka's colleague, Kenta, brings in the Special Investigations Division, Scooper attempts to kill Kusaka, but is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. The Scooper Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Hiroshi Naka]]\|ไธญ ๅšๅฒ\|Naka Hiroshi}} while Shunsuke Kusaka is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Takuya Nagaoka\|ๆฐธๅฒก ๅ“ไนŸ\|Nagaoka Takuya}}. * {{nihongo\|Volt Roidmude\|ใƒœใƒซใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Boruto Roimyลซdo}}: An [electricity](/wiki/Electricity "Electricity")\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 024\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰024\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Yon}}, who possesses electrokinesis. He assumes the guise of deceased writer {{nihongo\|Goro Minami\|็พŽๆณข ่ญท้ƒŽ\|Minami Gorล}} while absorbing electricity throughout Tokyo to cause mass blackouts and revive Medic with help from Roidmudes 037 and 103\. After being destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive, 103 recovers Volt's power controller, which contains a backup of the latter and causes him to manifest as {{nihongo\|Volt Ghost\|ใƒœใƒซใƒˆใ‚ดใƒผใ‚นใƒˆ\|Boruto Gลsuto}} in an attempt to help the Roidmudes enact a second Global Freeze. After consuming two Spider Viral Cores, he transforms further into a Giant Roidmude. However, he is reverted to his original form and destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive while his power controller is destroyed by Kiriko Shijima. The Volt Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Isamu Ago\|ใ‚ใ”ๅ‹‡\|Ago Isamu}}. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 037\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰037\|Roimyลซdo Zero San Nana}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude and accomplice of Volt's who assists the latter in his plot to cause mass blackouts before he is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 037 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Kenta Nitta\|ๆ–ฐ็”ฐ ๅฅๅคช\|Nitta Kenta}}. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 103\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰103\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero San}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude and accomplice of Volt's who assists the latter in his plot to cause mass blackouts. After being mortally wounded by Kamen Rider Drive, 103 delivers Volt's power controller to Heart before succumbing to his injuries. Roidmude 103 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Kazuki Tsujimoto\|่พปๆœฌ ไธ€ๆจน\|Tsujimoto Kazuki}}. * {{nihongo\|Gunman Roidmude\|ใ‚ฌใƒณใƒžใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Ganman Roimyลซdo}}: A [cowboy](/wiki/Cowboy "Cowboy")\-themed Bat\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 017\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰017\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Nana}}, who wields the {{nihongo\|Emperor 17\|ใ‚จใƒณใƒšใƒฉ17\|Enpera Jลซnana}} handgun. He and his "little brother", Roidmude 018, come to Japan to sell Heavy Acceleration\-inducing bands to humans on the black market until they are destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Gunman and 018 killed Mach's friend, Ethan Woodward, while the Roidmudes were in the U.S. as part of the American mafia. The Gunman Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Bernard Ackah]]\|ใƒ™ใƒซใƒŠใƒผใƒซใƒปใ‚ขใƒƒใ‚ซ\|Berunฤru Akka}}. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 018\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰018\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Hachi}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude and Gunman's "little brother" who failed to fully evolve and possesses personal Heavy Acceleration bands. 018 assumes the guise of the {{nihongo\|Boss\|ๅ…ƒ็ท ใ‚\|Motojime}} of the black market and assists Gunman in his scheme to sell Heavy Acceleration bands to humans before they are destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, 018 and Gunman killed Mach's friend, Ethan Woodward, while the Roidmudes were in the U.S. as part of the American mafia. Roidmude 018 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Marvin Jr.\|ใƒžใƒผใƒ“ใƒณJr.\|Mฤbin Junia}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 069\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰069\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Kyลซ}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of makeup artist turned stalker, {{nihongo\|Koichi Sakaki\|ๅ‚ๆœจ ๅ…‰ไธ€\|Sakaki Kลichi}}. While stalking Rira Nanao, 069 and Sakaki are repelled by Roidmude 096 and Kamen Riders Drive and Mach. After Sakaki is arrested, Brain transforms 069 into a Giant Roidmude, but the latter is destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach and the Ride Crosser. During the events of the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Sakaki and five other criminals out of prison. After receiving poisonous bracelets from 005, Sakaki joins Hajime Taga in robbing a bank before they are arrested by Go Shijima and Koichi Kano and killed by their bracelets. Both Roidmude 069 and Koichi Sakaki are portrayed by {{nihongo\|Shunsuke Miura\|ไธ‰ๆตฆ ไฟŠ่ผ”\|Miura Shunsuke}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 096\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰096\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Roku}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who possesses red claws capable of putting victims into suspended animation. A year prior to the series, he appeared before famous actress {{nihongo\|Rira Nanao\|ไธƒๅฐพ ใƒชใƒฉ\|Nanao Rira}}, who had accidentally killed her boyfriend and [tarot card reader](/wiki/Tarot_card_reader "Tarot card reader"), {{nihongo\|Hiroki Nikaido\|ไบŒ้šŽๅ ‚ ๅผ˜ๆจน\|Nikaidล Hiroki}}. Absorbing her memories, 096 began impersonating Nanao herself to save her from people he deems threats to her well\-being. After the Special Investigations Division discover the truth behind Nikaido's death, 096 attempts to kill them to maintain the secret, but is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Mach. Roidmude 096 is voiced by an uncredited male actor while {{nihongo\|\[\[Haruka Suenaga]]\|ๆœซๆฐธ ้ฅ\|Suenaga Haruka}} provides his female voice in addition to portraying Rira Nanao.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.toei.co.jp/tv/drive/story/1204969\_2271\.html\|title\=ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ– ็ฌฌ16่ฉฑ ๆฒข็ฅžใ‚Šใ‚“ใชใฏใชใœใ‚ฝใƒฏใ‚ฝใƒฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ‹\|work\=ๆฑๆ˜ ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ\|access\-date\=2015\-01\-25}} * {{nihongo\|\[\[Voice]] Roidmude\|ใƒœใ‚คใ‚นใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Boisu Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 030\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰030\|Roimyลซdo Zero San Zero}}, who possesses sonokinesis and hypnotic soundwaves. He assumes the form of businessman {{nihongo\|Shu Amagi\|็”˜ๅŸŽ ็ง€\|Amagi Shลซ}}, and later applied physicist {{nihongo\|Kisaburo Sasamoto\|็ฌนๆœฌ ๅ–œไธ‰้ƒŽ\|Sasamoto Kisaburล}}, to rob women of their money. He initially went under the Special Investigations Division's radar as his crimes did not produce Heavy Acceleration fields and came off as normal fraud cases until his victims developed sensitive hearing. After being exposed by Kiriko Shijima, Voice is destroyed by Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach. The Voice Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Hiroshi Matsunaga\|ๆพๆฐธ ๅšๅฒ\|Matsunaga Hiroshi}} as Shu Amagi and {{nihongo\|Yoshihiko Narimatsu\|ๆˆๆพ ๆ…ถๅฝฆ\|Narimatsu Yoshihiko}} as Kisaburo Sasamoto. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 046\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰046\|Roimyลซdo Zero Yon Roku}} and {{nihongo\|Roidmude 085\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰085\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Go}}: A Spider\- and Cobra\-Type Roidmude respectively and associates of Voice's who are destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmudes 046 and 085 are portrayed by {{nihongo\|Yasuaki Ishii\|็Ÿณไบ• ้–่ฆ‹\|Ishii Yasuaki}} and {{nihongo\|Akira Murai\|ๆ‘ไบ• ไบฎ\|Murai Akira}} respectively. * {{nihongo\|\[\[Judge]] Roidmude\|ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Jajji Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\-themed Cobra\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 065\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰065\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Go}}, who wields the {{nihongo\|Shock Judge\|ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธ\|Shokku Jajji}} electrodes and the {{nihongo\|Blade Judge\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธ\|Burฤ“do Jajji}} [cattle prod](/wiki/Cattle_prod "Cattle prod"). He assumes the form of retired police officer {{nihongo\|Shingo Tachibana\|ๆฉ˜ ็œŸไผ\|Tachibana Shingo}} to help him find a vigilante called "Judge" by attacking criminals. After his namesake is arrested, Judge attempts to kill him, only to be destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. The Judge Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|Shลซhei Takubo\|็”ฐไน…ไฟ ไฟฎๅนณ\|Takubo Shลซhei}} while Shingo Tachibana is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Seiroku Nakazawa\|ไธญๆฒข ้’ๅ…ญ\|Nakazawa Seiroku}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 072\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰072\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Ni}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who assumes the form of Kyu Saijo. During New Year's, the former infiltrated his computer with the intention of killing him and taking his place in the Special Investigations Division. However, 072 honored Saijo's final request to watch his favorite anime one more time and joined him. Moved by how wonderful a human creation can be, 072 befriended Saijo and agreed to take his place at work whenever the latter becomes preoccupied with other activities. While Saijo's obsessive personality causes 072 to kidnap an idol who was meant to guest star in the anime, Shinnosuke spares 072 as the Roidmude had gained humanity like Chase did. However, Medic later kills 072\. Before he dies, 072 asks Shinnosuke to tell Saijo he had been killed by the Kamen Riders because he went out of control to save Saijo from suffering an emotional breakdown. Following this, 072 would go on to inspire Saijo's novel *Mechanical Friendship*. Roidmude 072 is voiced by Kenta Hamano, who also portrays Kyu Saijo. * {{nihongo\|Shoot Roidmude\|ใ‚ทใƒฅใƒผใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Shลซto Roimyลซdo}}: A [missile launcher](/wiki/Missile_launcher "Missile launcher")\-themed Bat\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 091\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰091\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Ichi}}, who can fire {{nihongo\|Blast Dart\|ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใƒ€ใƒผใƒˆ\|Burasuto Dฤto}} missiles. He assumes the form of and made a deal with high school student {{nihongo\|Takuro Mogi\|่Œ‚ๆœจ ๆ‹“้ƒŽ\|Mogi Takurล}} to attack several places with bomb threats and his missiles. After being defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, Brain rescues Shoot's core and gives him a new Viral Core to grant him an upgraded body with neurotoxin\-laced Blast Darts. No longer interested in him, Shoot attempts to kill Mogi, only to be destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Deadheat Mach. The Shoot Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Naoki Takeshi]]\|ๆญฆๅญ ็›ด่ผ\|Takeshi Naoki}}. * {{nihongo\|\[\[Sword]] Roidmude\|ใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Sลdo Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\-themed Neo Viral Core\-based Bat\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 007\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰007\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Nana}}, who possesses barbed broadswords for arms and the ability to strengthen himself via vengeful feelings as his emotional catalyst. He originally fought Kamen Rider Proto Drive during the Global Freeze, during which he freed a criminal named {{nihongo\|Hajime Taga\|ๅคš่ณ€ ๅง‹\|Taga Hajime}} to serve as his partner. In the present, Sword fuses with Taga to help him seek revenge on Akira Hayase, which leads to Kamen Rider Drive publicly revealing his secret identity. Despite being separated, Sword and Taga overwhelm Drive and Mach before attempting to kill Kiriko Shijima, only to be thwarted and separated by Kamen Rider Chaser, who destroys Sword while Taga is arrested by the Special Investigations Division. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Taga and five other criminals out of prison. After receiving poisonous bracelets from 005, Taga joins Koichi Sakaki in robbing a bank, only to be arrested by Go Shijima and Koichi Kano and killed by their bracelets. The Sword Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Takashi ลŒhara]]\|ๅคงๅŽŸ ๅด‡\|ลŒhara Takashi}} while Hajime Taga is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Mitsuyoshi Tani\|่ฐท ๅ……็พฉ\|Tani Mitsuyoshi}}. * {{nihongo\|Seeker Roidmude\|ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Shฤซkฤ Roimyลซdo}}: A [Mokumokuren](/wiki/Mokumokuren "Mokumokuren")\-themed, Neo Viral Core\-based Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 050\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰050\|Roimyลซdo Zero Gล Zero}}, who wields the {{nihongo\|Blow Wand\|ใƒ–ใƒญใ‚ฆใƒฏใƒณใƒ‰\|Burล Wando}}. He fuses with Reiko Nishiori, daughter of incarcerated criminal psychologist Koya Nishihori, and uses her form coupled with the pseudonym {{nihongo\|Yoriko Soma\|็›ธ้ฆฌ ้ ผๅญ\|Sลma Yoriko}} as part of her plot to manipulate Kamen Rider Mach into killing her and seek revenge for her father. However, Kamen Rider Drive discovers the ruse and separates Reiko from Seeker before arresting her and destroying him. The Seeker Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|Kiyohito Yoshikai\|ๅ‰้–‹ ๆธ…ไบบ\|Yoshikai Kiyohito}}. * {{nihongo\|Open Roidmude\|ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ—ใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|ลŒpun Roimyลซdo}}: A [Swiss army knife](/wiki/Swiss_army_knife "Swiss army knife")/[lock pick](/wiki/Lock_picking "Lock picking")\-themed, Neo Viral Core\-based Cobra\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 067\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰067\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Nana}}, who wields the {{nihongo\|Common Master Key\|ใ‚ณใƒขใƒณใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ญใƒผ\|Komon Masutฤ Kฤซ}}, which allows him to open anything. He fuses with {{nihongo\|Itsuro Negishi\|ๆ นๅฒธ ้€ธ้ƒŽ\|Negishi Itsurล}}, an armed robber who Mitsuhide Nira framed as Eisuke Tomari's killer, only to be separated from Negishi and destroyed by Kamen Riders Chaser and Drive while Negishi is arrested by the Special Investigations Division. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Negishi and five other criminals out of prison. Initially assisting Nira, Negishi has a change of heart and sacrifices himself to shield Yukari Karasawa from 005's army of brainwashed officers. The Open Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|Yoshimasa Kawata\|ๆฒณ็”ฐ ๅ‰ๆญฃ\|Kawata Yoshimasa}} while Itsuro Negishi is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Hiroaki Fukui\|็ฆไบ• ๅš็ซ \|Fukui Hiroaki}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 106\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰106\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Roku}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who assists Mitsuhide Nira in covering up evidence of him murdering Eisuke Tomari before Nira uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse them into the {{nihongo\|\[\[Thief]] Roidmude\|ใ‚ทใƒผใƒ•ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Shฤซfu Roimyลซdo}}, gaining a hook for a right hand, the ability to fire energy hooks, absorb stolen objects into their body, and invisibility. After they are separated by Kamen Rider Drive, Brain transforms 106 into a Giant Roidmude, but the latter is destroyed by the Tridoron. Roidmude 106 is voiced by {{nihongo\|Anri Katsu\|ๅ‹ ๆ้‡Œ\|Katsu Anri}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 090\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰090\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Zero}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude tasked by Medic with completing the Honfleur's Dusk recipe to help Heart achieve his Over\-Evolved form. To complete her task, 090 assumes the form of sous\-chef {{nihongo\|Miho Masukawa\|ๅข—ๅท ็พŽ็ฉ‚\|Masukawa Miho}} and fuses with chef {{nihongo\|Matsutaro Okumura\|ๅฅฅๆ‘ ๆพๅคช้ƒŽ\|Okumura Matsutarล}} to evolve into the [chef](/wiki/Chef "Chef")/[kitchen utensil](/wiki/Kitchen_utensil "Kitchen utensil")\-themed {{nihongo\|Cook Roidmude\|ใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Kukku Roimyลซdo}}, gaining right arm\-mounted cutlery and an extendable tongue. Despite completing the recipe, separating from Okumura, and receiving an arm cannon from Medic, 090 is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 090 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Momoka Ayukawa\|้ฎŽๅท ๆกƒๆžœ\|Ayukawa Momoka}} while Matsutaro Okumura is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Sonrei Yoshioka\|ๅ‰ๅฒก ใใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„\|Yoshioka Sonrei}}. * {{nihongo\|\[\[Tornado]] Roidmude\|ใƒˆใƒซใƒใƒผใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Torunฤ“do Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 008\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰008\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Hachi}}, who possesses aerokinesis, teleportation capabilities, self\-acceleration, the ability to turn his right arm into a drill, and the ability to strengthen himself via passionate feelings as his emotional catalyst. He assumes the form of fashion designer {{nihongo\|George Shirogane\|ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธ็™ฝ้˜\|Jลji Shirogane}} to kidnap several young women in the hopes of finding one who can help him achieve his Over\-Evolved form. After claiming to have found the perfect woman in Kiriko Shijima and kidnapping her, Kamen Riders Drive and Mach join forces to rescue her and destroy Tornado. The Tornado Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Joe Hyuga\|ๆ—ฅๅ‘ ไธˆ\|Hyลซga Jล}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 006\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰006\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Roku}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude who assumes the form of an unnamed mafia boss and is tasked by Heart with eliminating Tenjuro Banno after the latter transfers himself into the Banno Driver. Despite nearly achieving his Over\-Evolved form, 006's Core is destroyed by Banno, who uses the Roidmude's body as a vessel to manifest as Gold Drive. Roidmude 006 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Arata Matsuura\|ๆพๆตฆ ๆ–ฐ\|Matsuura Arata}}. ##### Other Roidmudes * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 027\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰027\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Nana}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude who appears exclusively in the DVD special *Type TV\-Kun Hunter \& Monster! Chase the Mystery of the Super Thief!* He attempts to sell counterfeit *Televi\-Kun* issues until he is discovered and confronted by Shinnosuke and Kiriko. After gathering enough data on him, 027 transforms into a counterfeit version of Kamen Rider Drive until he is destroyed by the real version. Roidmude 027 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Tomokazu Seki]]\|้–ข ๆ™บไธ€\|Seki Tomokazu}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 089\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰089\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Kyลซ}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude who used the DNA of a deceased [Shocker](/wiki/Shocker_%28Kamen_Rider%29 "Shocker (Kamen Rider)") scientist named {{nihongo\|Doctor Dee\|ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผๅšๅฃซ\|Dฤซ\-hakase}} to assume his form, finish the latter's {{nihongo\|Dimensional Distortion Machine\|็ฉบ้–“ๅค‰็•ฐ่ฃ…็ฝฎ\|Kลซkan Heni Sลchi}}, and ally himself with [Kyuemon Izayoi](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Kyuemon_Izayoi "List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Kyuemon Izayoi") to create the [Yokai](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Yokai "List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Yokai") Buruburu during the events of the two\-part crossover special *Shuriken Sentai Ninninger vs. Kamen Rider Drive: Spring Break Combined 1 Hour Special*. After Buruburu is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and the [Ninningers](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Ninningers "List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Ninningers"), 089 uses Buruburu's Sealing Shuriken to become {{nihongo\|Shocker Buruburu\|ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใƒ–ใƒซ\|Shokkฤ Buruburu}}, combining his powers with Shocker's technology and fear from the [Kibaoni Army Corps](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Kibaoni_Army_Corps "List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Kibaoni Army Corps"). However, he is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Mach and the Ninningers. Roidmude 089 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Yลซji Kishi]]\|ๅฒธ ็ฅไบŒ\|Kishi Yลซji}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 077\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰077\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Nana}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of robber {{nihongo\|Toshio Miwa\|ไธ‰่ผช ๅˆฉ้›„\|Miwa Toshio}} and appears exclusively in the V\-Cinema *Kamen Rider Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*. After becoming a [Gaia Memory](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Dopants "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Dopants")\-based criminal, 077 attempts to use the Beast Memory on himself, only to collapse on the border between the Tokyo and Fuuto prefectures and cause a conflict of jurisdictions between their respective police forces. 077 later awakens and successfully transforms into the Beast Dopant, but is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and [Accel](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Ryu_Terui "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Ryu Terui"). Roidmude 077 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Mamoru Tanaka\|็”ฐไธญ ่ญท\|Tanaka Mamoru}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 100\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰100\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Zero}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude and member of the Grim Reaper Unit with the ability to wield defeated Roidmudes' weapons who appears exclusively in the DVD special *Kamen Rider Drive Secret Mission: Type Lupin! \~Lupin, the Last Challenge\~*. Amidst his quest to find 100 different weapons and learn 100 different fighting styles, he steals [Zoruku Tojo](/wiki/%23Zoruku_Tojo "#Zoruku Tojo")'s Lupin Gunner and poses as him, gaining the ability to summon blank Roidmudes in the process. However, Tojo regains the Lupin Gunner and joins forces with Kamen Rider Drive to destroy 100\. Roidmude 100 is voiced by {{nihongo\|Kenji Takahashi\|้ซ˜ๆฉ‹ ็ ”ไบŒ\|Takahashi Kenji}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 5886\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰5886\|Roimyลซdo Gล Hachi Hachi Roku}}: A wild and unstable Roidmude created from the merger of all 108 Roidmudes' fragmented data who appears exclusively in the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Heart*. He seeks to complete himself by absorbing the life\-forces of the various human templates the Roidmudes copied or fused with, only to be destroyed by Kamen Rider Heart. Roidmude 5886 is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Takaya Kuroda]]\|้ป’็”ฐ ๅด‡็Ÿข\|Kuroda Takaya}}. ### Akira Hayase {{nihongo\|Akira Hayase\|ๆ—ฉ็€ฌ ๆ˜Ž\|Hayase Akira}} is a retired police officer and Shinnosuke's former colleague. Six months prior to the beginning of the series, they were investigating the Neo\-Shade terrorist organization when the Global Freeze occurred, during which Shinnosuke accidentally hospitalized Hayase. As of the present, the latter has begun physical rehabilitation, but is unable to return to active duty. Despite what happened, Hayase does not blame Shinnosuke and pushes him to move beyond his guilt and seek new goals in life. After learning Shinnosuke is Kamen Rider Drive, Hayase secretly supports him and works with the Metropolitan Police's vehicles division to procure space and materials for a Makeshift Emergency Drive Pit. Two years later, during the events of the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga* and the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Hayase has joined the newly reassembled Special Investigations Division. Akira Hayase is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Yukihiro Takiguchi]]\|ๆปๅฃ ๅนธๅบƒ\|Takiguchi Yukihiro}}. ### Special Investigations Division The {{nihongo\|Metropolitan Police's Special Investigations Division\|่ญฆ่ฆ–ๅบ็‰น็Šถ่ชฒ\|Keishichล Toku\-jล\-ka}}{{efn\|{{nihongo3\|\|็‰น็Šถ่ชฒ\|Toku\-jล\-ka}} is an abbreviation for {{nihongo3\|\|็‰นๆฎŠ็Šถๆณไธ‹ไบ‹ไปถๆœๆŸป่ชฒ\|Tokushu Jลkyลka Jiken Sลsaka}}.}} is a separate branch of the Metropolitan Police charged with investigating Roidmude and "Heaviness"\-related incidents that is based inside the {{nihongo\|Kuruma Driver's License Center\|ไน…็‘ ้–“้‹่ปขๅ…่จฑ่ฉฆ้จ“ๅ ด\|Kuruma Unten Menkyo Shikenjล}}. Despite being allies of Kamen Rider Drive, few of their number are initially aware of his secret identity until he is forced to expose it later in the series. Following the Roidmudes' destruction, the Special Investigations Division is disbanded in the series finale, but is revived two years later during the events of the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga* and the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*. #### Rinna Sawagami {{nihongo\|Rinna Sawagami\|ๆฒข็ฅž ใ‚Šใ‚“ใช\|Sawagami Rinna}} is the Special Investigations Division's visiting [electro\-physicist](/wiki/Electromagnetism "Electromagnetism") who is in charge of engineering. Though she displays anxiety about her situation, her bright personality still brings up her teammates' spirits. Later in the series, she is revealed to be the engineer behind most of Shinnosuke's arsenal and aware of his and Mr. Belt's work. Following the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, she returns to academia, becomes an expert in electro\-physics, and is awarded the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics "Nobel Prize in Physics"). Rinna Sawagami is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Rei Yoshii]]\|ๅ‰ไบ• ๆ€œ\|Yoshii Rei}}. #### Kyu Saijo {{nihongo\|Kenta Imai\|ไปŠไบ• ๅฅๅคช\|Imai Kenta}}, also known as {{nihongo\|Kyu Saijo\|่ฅฟๅŸŽ ็ฉถ\|Saijล Kyลซ}},{{efn\|His name is a pun on the Japanese word {{nihongo3\|"superior"\|ๆœ€ไธŠ็ดš\|saijลkyลซ}}.}} is the Special Investigations Division's visiting network engineer and resident electronic networks expert who often serves as an information gatherer. Due to his obsessive personality, he also displays an intense fascination towards the topics the Special Investigations Division covers, such as the occult. Following the division's disbandment, Saijo becomes a popular network researcher and author, with his novel {{nihongo\|''Mechanical Friendship''\|ๆฉŸๆขฐใ˜ใ‹ใ‘ใฎๅ‹ๆƒ…\|Kikai\-jikake no Yลซjล}} becoming a best seller. Kyu Saijo is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Kenta Hamano]]\|ๆตœ้‡Ž ่ฌ™ๅคช\|Hamano Kenta}}. #### Jun Honganji {{nihongo\|Jun Honganji\|ๆœฌ้ก˜ๅฏบ ็ด”\|Honganji Jun}} is the Chief of the Special Investigations Division who comes off as an incompetent and goofy management level employee more concerned with pleasing his superiors and keeping an eye on his subordinates to ensure they stay out of trouble, but is secretly an astute and perceptive officer. An avid believer in divination and fortune\-telling, he also has a tendency to wear an appropriately\-colored tie based on the day's lucky color. Later in the series, Honganji reveals he was always aware of Shinnosuke's activities as Kamen Rider Drive, a longtime friend of Krim Steinbelt's, and that he personally established and maintained the Special Investigations Division to support Drive. Additionally, his apparent sycophancy was a front for him to find information on the Global Freeze from the police force's upper levels. Following the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, Honganji eventually rises through the ranks to become the Deputy Superintendent General of the Metropolitan Police Department. In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *[Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3](/wiki/Super_Hero_Taisen_GP:Kamen_Rider_3 "Kamen Rider 3")*, Honganji continues to lead the Special Investigations Division with Rinna Sawagami and Kyu Saijo, being one of the few people who are largely immune to [Shocker](/wiki/Shocker_%28Kamen_Rider%29 "Shocker (Kamen Rider)")'s changes to the timeline. After learning of what happened, he keeps [Kamen Rider Black](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Black "Kamen Rider Black") safe until he is killed by Cheetahkatatsumuri. Jun Honganji is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Tsurutaro Kataoka]]\|็‰‡ๅฒก ้ถดๅคช้ƒŽ\|Kataoka Tsurutarล}}. #### Genpachiro Otta {{nihongo\|Genpachiro Otta\|่ฟฝ็”ฐ ็พๅ…ซ้ƒŽ\|Otta Genpachirล}} is a lieutenant in the Metropolitan Police's {{nihongo\|First Investigation Division\|ๆœๆŸปไธ€่ชฒ\|Sลsaikka}}, the first group to be sent out to investigate crimes, and liaison between his group and the Special Investigations Division. Despite dismissing the latter group as an "occult club", he is quite fond of Shinnosuke, which he tries to hide. Following the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, Otta is promoted to police inspector for, later chief of, the First Investigation Division. In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3*, Otta became a Shocker general and the monstrous {{nihongo\|Cheetahkatatsumuri\|ใƒใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ซใ‚ฟใƒ„ใƒ ใƒช\|Chฤซtฤ Katatsumuri\|lit. "Cheetah Snail"}} before he is killed by [Kamen Riders 1, 2](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%281971_TV_series%29%23Characters "Kamen Rider (1971 TV series)#Characters"), and 3\. Genpachiro Otta is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Taira Imata]]\|ไบ•ไฟฃ ๅคช่‰ฏ\|Imata Taira}}. ### Mitsuhide Nira {{nihongo\|Mitsuhide Nira\|ไป่‰ฏ ๅ…‰็ง€\|Nira Mitsuhide}} is a corrupt chief in the Metropolitan Police's First Investigation Division who works directly under Freeze as Soichi Makage, assisting him in controlling the police force and hindering the Special Investigations Division's attempts to stop the Roidmudes. Additionally, he suffers from an inferiority complex towards his partner, Eisuke Tomari, and killed him years prior while working with him to arrest Itsuro Negishi, who Nira framed for the murder. After Freeze kills Shinnosuke and abandons him, Nira helps the Special Investigations Division revive Shinnosuke before they discover what he did. Nira uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse himself with Roidmude 106 and become the Thief Roidmude, but Shinnosuke separates them and destroys the Roidmude. Nira fuses himself with Brain and helps him achieve his Over\-Evolved Form before turning turning the police and the public against the Special Investigations Division. However, his corruption is revealed and Brain abandons him, leading to Nira being arrested by Shinnosuke. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Nira and five other criminals out of prison. After killing Makoto Asamura for getting himself arrested again, Nira descends into madness from being humiliated by the Tomari family over the years and joins Negishi in leading an army of officers brainwashed by 005 in an attempt to kill Yukari Karasawa. However, a reformed Negishi sacrifices himself to shield the woman, allowing Shinnosuke to arrest Nira once more. Mitsuhide Nira is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Kisuke Iida\|้ฃฏ็”ฐ ๅŸบ็ฅ\|Iida Kisuke}}. ### Eisuke Tomari {{nihongo\|Eisuke Tomari\|ๆณŠ ่‹ฑไป‹\|Tomari Eisuke}} is Shinnosuke's father and an officer in the Metropolitan Police's First Investigation Division. Twelve years earlier, the former discovered Freeze's deception, but was killed by his partner and Freeze's subordinate, Mitsuhide Nira, who framed bank robber Itsuro Negishi. Eisuke Tomari is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Tareyanagi\|ใŸใ‚Œใ‚„ใชใŽ}}. ### Tenjuro Banno {{nihongo\|Tenjuro Banno\|่›ฎ้‡Ž ๅคฉๅ้ƒŽ\|Banno Tenjลซrล}} is a cruel scientist, former colleague of Krim Steinbelt, and father of Kiriko and Go Shijima with a [superiority complex](/wiki/God_complex "God complex") who secretly holds a grudge against Steinbelt for creating the Core Driviars and cares little for his family, willing to treat them like slaves. Fifteen years prior to the series, Banno attempted to create an artificial life form capable of transcending humanity, but dead ends in his research drove him mad and forced him to convince Steinbelt to share the Core Driviar technology with him, which allowed Banno to create the Roidmudes. After witnessing Banno abusing a Roidmude, a horrified Steinbelt abandoned him, but Banno secretly stole his colleague's mind link technology, completed the Roidmudes on his own, and subsequently allowed them to mortally wound him so he could upload his consciousness into a computer tablet and kill Steinbelt. While the tablet wound up in [Brain](/wiki/%23Brain "#Brain")'s possession, Banno used the Roidmudes to cause the Global Freeze. In the present, Banno manipulates the Kamen Riders to suit his needs and Go into believing he was being held hostage by the Roidmudes before receiving Roidmude 004's help in creating an imitation of the Drive Driver called the {{nihongo\|Banno Driver\|ใƒใƒณใƒŽใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ\|Banno Doraibฤ}} and stealing Roidmude 006's body to house his mind and turn himself into a Kamen Rider Drive\-esque Over\-Evolved Roidmude. Dubbing himself {{nihongo\|Gold Drive\|ใ‚ดใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\|Gorudo Doraibu}},{{efn\|Alternately referred to as {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Gold Drive\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ดใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\|Kamen Raidฤ Gorudo Doraibu}} and "Gord Drive" in other media.}} Banno attempts to enact a second, worldwide version of the Global Freeze by using himself and three other Roidmudes to power the Sigma Circular. However, he is eventually confronted by Go and Chase, with the latter sacrificing himself to help the former destroy Banno's body and the Banno Driver over his pleas for mercy. During the events of the web\-exclusive crossover series *Kamen Rider Outsiders*, Banno is revived by [Foundation X](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Foundation_X "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Foundation X") as a Kamen Rider Drive\-esque [Humagear](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Hiden_Intelligence "List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Hiden Intelligence"), {{nihongo\|Bronze Drive\|ใƒ–ใƒญใƒณใ‚บใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\|Buronzu Doraibu}}, before his body is destroyed by Kamen Rider Zein. While he was within Brain's tablet, Banno possesses the ability to manipulate data, allowing him to create constructs such as tentacles capable of delivering painful electric shocks and a shield, and heal people infected by Roidmudes. As Gold Drive, he possesses ergokinesis and the ability to steal and use the other Riders' Shift Cars, Signal Bikes, and weapons until Rinna Sawagami develops a special data coating to protect the Shift Cars and Signal Bikes. Tenjuro Banno is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Masakazu Morita]]\|ๆฃฎ็”ฐ ๆˆไธ€\|Morita Masakazu}}. ### Sigma Circular The {{nihongo\|Sigma Circular\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒžใ‚ตใƒผใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฉใƒผ\|Shiguma Sฤkyurฤ}} is a sentient machine created by Banno and Roidmude 004 that acts as the former's will and serves to dominate humanity and convert those that oppose Banno into data. Initially starting in an orb\-like form, Banno intends to use Medic as a sacrificial power source and vessel, but Brain takes her place to save her from being brainwashed. Following this, Banno and the Grim Reaper Unit infiltrate the Special Situation Defense Center to help the Sigma Circular evolve so he can use it to enact a second Global Freeze. After the Kamen Riders, Heart, and Medic foil Banno's plans, the Sigma Circular kills a weakened Medic and saves Kiriko Shijima before it is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and Heart. The Sigma Circular is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Ayumi Fujimura]]\|่—คๆ‘ ๆญฉ\|Fujimura Ayumi}} and Masakazu Morita.
[ "Recurring characters\n--------------------", "### Roidmudes", "The {{nihongo\\|Roidmudes\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Roimyลซdo}} are 108 androids that wish to usurp humanity as Earth's dominant species. Designed by Professor Tenjuro Banno as life forms capable of [evolving like and mimicking humans](/wiki/Uncanny_valley \"Uncanny valley\") 15 years prior to the series, his friend and colleague, Krim Steinbelt unwittingly provided him with prototype Core Driviars to complete their development. Following their activation six months prior to the series, the Roidmudes launched a full\\-scale attack on Northeastern Asia in an event called the {{nihongo\\|Global Freeze\\|ใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บ\\|Gurลbaru Furฤซzu}}. In the present, the Roidmudes operate in the shadows to pursue varying individual agendas and create four Over\\-Evolved Roidmudes and find the \"Promised Number\" even as their numbers are reduced by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and Chaser, among others. If a Roidmude works against their plan, the leading members will have the dissenter's body destroyed so their Core can be reset back into line. Upon learning of Banno's plot to sacrifice four of them to the Sigma Circular to instigate a second Global Freeze across the rest of the world, several of the Roidmudes help the Riders thwart him, resulting in most of the androids' destruction.", "Roidmudes possess the ability to produce {{nihongo\\|Heavy Acceleration\\|้‡ๅŠ ้€Ÿ\\|Jลซkasoku}} fields, which is colloquially referred to as {{nihongo\\|\"Heaviness\"\\|ใฉใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ‚Š\\|Don'yori}} and drastically decelerates everything around them, with victims caught in the fields describing it as the sudden physical sensation of slowed time. To sustain, empower, and evolve themselves, the Roidmudes use devices called {{nihongo\\|Viral Cores\\|ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\\|Bairaru Koa}}. All Roidmudes possess a {{nihongo\\|Core\\|ใ‚ณใ‚ข\\|Koa}}, which contains their essence, and start out as {{nihongo\\|Plain Roidmudes\\|ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Purฤ“n Roimyลซdo}}, which are divided between the following variations: {{nihongo\\|Cobra\\-Types\\|ใ‚ณใƒ–ใƒฉๅž‹\\|Kobura\\-gata}}, which possess superhuman strength; {{nihongo\\|Spider\\-Types\\|ใ‚นใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผๅž‹\\|Supaidฤ\\-gata}}, which can cling to walls and ceilings as well as produce spider silk; and flight\\-capable {{nihongo\\|Bat\\-Types\\|ใƒใƒƒใƒˆๅž‹\\|Batto\\-gata}}. As long as their core remains intact, the Roidmudes can survive losing a physical body and revive themselves with a Viral Core.", "If Plain Roidmudes copy the appearances and memories of a particular target and gain enough information, they can evolve into {{nihongo\\|Advanced Roidmudes\\|ไธŠ็ดšใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Jลkyลซ Roimyลซdo}}, gaining a distinct personality reflecting their new individualized form and the ability to spread their Heavy Acceleration fields across multiple city blocks. If they absorb multiple Viral Cores at once, they can transform into {{nihongo\\|Giant Roidmudes\\|ๅทจๅคงใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Kyodai Roimyลซdo}}, which resembles their base Viral Core.", "Following Chase's defection, Freeze develops {{nihongo\\|Neo Viral Cores\\|ใƒใ‚ชใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\\|Neo Bairaru Koa}}, which allow Roidmudes to fuse with a human and instantly assume a red\\-colored {{nihongo\\|Fusion Evolved Form\\|่žๅˆ้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\\|Yลซgล Shinkatai}} via [symbiosis](/wiki/Symbiosis \"Symbiosis\"). If a Roidmude forms a connection with a particular emotion and exceeds a certain limit, they can evolve into a gold\\-colored {{nihongo\\|Over\\-Evolved Form\\|่ถ…้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\\|Chล Shinkatai}}.", "#### Freeze", "The {{nihongo\\|Freeze Roidmude\\|ใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Furฤซzu Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\\|Freeze\\|ใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บ\\|Furฤซzu}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 001\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰001\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Ichi}}, is an [ice](/wiki/Ice \"Ice\")/[snow](/wiki/Snow \"Snow\")\\-themed Cobra\\-Type Roidmude, the leader of the Roidmude forces, and one of Tenjuro Banno's earliest creations who joined Heart and Brain in killing Banno and Krim Steinbelt before causing the Global Freeze as Freeze has the ability to create the strongest Heavy Acceleration field, even in his original form. Not long afterwards, Freeze assumed the form of {{nihongo\\|Soichi Makage\\|็œŸๅฝฑ ๅฃฎไธ€\\|Makage Sลichi}}, secretary of the {{nihongo\\|National Bureau of Defense\\|ๅ›ฝๅฎถ้˜ฒ่ก›ๅฑ€\\|Kokka Bลeikyoku}}, to watch over the police force and evolved into his Advanced form.", "In the present, he creates Neo Viral Cores to bolster the Roidmudes in their fight against the Kamen Riders and fights to personally remove Shinnosuke Tomari from the police force while using him to complete his evolution. While Freeze succeeds in attaining his Over\\-Evolved form using humiliation as his emotional catalyst and killing Shinnosuke, the latter's allies revive him so he can destroy Freeze in retaliation for seemingly killing his father, Eisuke Tomari, though Freeze reveals it was Mitsuhide Nira instead before he dies.", "In his Advanced form, Freeze possesses cryokinesis and the ability to produce snowflakes capable of suppressing memories, though Eisuke proved immune. In his Over\\-Evolved form, Freeze can fly, generate snowstorms, and produce energy blasts and shields.", "Freeze is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Masami Horiuchi]]\\|ๅ €ๅ†… ๆญฃ็พŽ\\|Horiuchi Masami}}.", "#### Roidmude 004", "{{nihongo\\|Roidmude 004\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰004\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Yon}} is a Spider\\-Type Roidmude and Tenjuro Banno's right\\-hand man who copied Krim Steinbelt's appearance before the Global Freeze, though 004's mind became corrupted and he was deactivated. In the present, Banno reactivates 004 to serve as his subordinate and pose as a future version of Steinbelt who became the ruler of a Roidmude dominant Earth. After being defeated in battle by Kamen Rider Drive, 004 attempts to destroy the Kamen Riders, Medic, and Heart by self\\-destructing, but Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach protects them before 004 explodes.", "In a possible future time period depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future \"Surprise Future\")*, 004 planted a chip in Mr. Belt that allowed the Roidmudes to take over Earth after Shinnosuke destroyed the latter. By 2035, 004 became the leader of an army of blank Roidmudes and tasked Roidmude 108 with going back in time to ensure their future comes to pass.", "Roidmude 004 is portrayed by Chris Peppler, who also portrays Krim Steinbelt and voices Mr. Belt.", "#### Grim Reaper Unit", "The {{nihongo\\|Grim Reaper Unit\\|ๆญป็ฅž่ปๅ›ฃ\\|Shinigami Gundan}} is a [cockroach](/wiki/Cockroach \"Cockroach\")\\-themed division of remodeled Plain Roidmudes who serve as Medic's subordinates and are armed with {{nihongo\\|Hell Scythes\\|ใƒ˜ใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚น\\|Heru Saisu}}, guns, and claws. Medic creates them to take over Mashin Chaser's duty of eliminating rogue Roidmudes, destroying them completely instead of resetting them.", "#### Minor Roidmudes", "* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 029\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰029\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Kyลซ}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude who has a habit of picking up other people's traits, assumed the identity of {{nihongo\\|Nobuo Masuda\\|็›Š็”ฐ ไฟกๅคซ\\|Masuda Nobuo}}, and sneaks into public places such as gyms and talent agencies to find ideal humans to emulate before ambushing a target to add their traits to his human guise. After being defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, Heart gives 029 a Viral Core, transforming him into the [human body](/wiki/Human_body \"Human body\")\\-themed {{nihongo\\|Iron Roidmude\\|ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ขใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Aian Roimyลซdo}}. In his new, upgraded body and after copying several human body parts, 029 gains the ability to stretch his arms. However, he is destroyed by Drive. Roidmude 029 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Masafumi Yokoyama\\|ๆจชๅฑฑ ็œŸๅฒ\\|Yokoyama Masafumi}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Paint]] Roidmude\\|ใƒšใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Peinto Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake/[artist](/wiki/Artist \"Artist\")\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 010\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰010\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Zero}} who possesses the ability to convert victims into colorful, paint\\-like data streams, fire paint\\-based projectiles, and extendable [paint tube](/wiki/Oil_paint \"Oil paint\")\\-like arms. During the Global Freeze, Paint attacked Kiriko Shijima as part of his desire to capture women in his paintings, but was repelled by Kamen Rider Proto Drive. In the present, Paint assumes the identity of {{nihongo\\|Kazuhiro Asaya\\|ๆต…็Ÿข ไธ€ๅบƒ\\|Asaya Kazuhiro}}, establishes an art gallery to store all of his victims, and gains Roidmude 084's help in undergoing a mass kidnapping spree. However, Paint is eventually exposed and destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive, which restores his victims. The Paint Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Lou Oshiba\\|ใƒซใƒผๅคงๆŸด\\|Rลซ ลŒshiba}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 084\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰084\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Yon}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude and associate of Paint's who assumes the guise of Kazuhiro Asaya's student, {{nihongo\\|Hajime Fujimiya\\|ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฎฎ ่‚‡\\|Fujimiya Hajime}} and possesses a similar version of Paint's conversion ability, though 084's streams manifest as monochrome pencil sketches. 084 assists Paint in his kidnapping spree until the former is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 084 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Yลซta Murakami\\|ๆ‘ไธŠ ้›„ๅคช\\|Murakami Yลซta}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Crash Roidmude\\|ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Kurasshu Roimyลซdo}}: A [hammer](/wiki/Hammer \"Hammer\")\\-themed Cobra\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 023\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰023\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii San}}, who assumes the identity of a criminal named \"Crash\" and possesses large, twin arm\\-mounted hammers. He and his \"brothers\", Roidmudes 060 and 074, target the Font Earl company's armored vehicles for their explosives so they can commit a major heist. Despite Kamen Rider Drive destroying 060, Crash and 074 succeed in stealing the explosives, but are ultimately destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and the Tridoron respectively. The Crash Roidmude is portrayed by HIRO of [Yasuda Dai Circus](/wiki/Yasuda_Dai_Circus \"Yasuda Dai Circus\").\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 060\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰060\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Zero}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude and one of Crash's \"brothers\". 060 assists his brothers in their plot to steal explosives until he is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 060 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Danchล Yasuda\\|ๅ›ฃ้•ทๅฎ‰็”ฐ}} of Yasuda Dai Circus.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 074\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰074\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Yon}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude and one of Crash's \"brothers\". To facilitate Crash's scheme, 074 transforms into a Giant Roidmude, but is destroyed by the Tridoron. Roidmude 074 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Akihiro Kurokawa\\|้ป’ๅท ๆ˜Žไบบ\\|Kurokawa Akihiro}} of Yasuda Dai Circus.\n* {{nihongo\\|Scooper Roidmude\\|ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Sukลซpฤ Roimyลซdo}}: A [camera](/wiki/Camera \"Camera\")\\-themed Bat\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 033\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰033\\|Roimyลซdo Zero San San}}, who possesses the ability to steal metal from anything he targets, produce energy blasts, materialize objects from photos, and the ability to fire balls of light. He originally intended to assume the form of reporter, {{nihongo\\|Shunsuke Kusaka\\|ไน…ๅ‚ ไฟŠไป‹\\|Kusaka Shunsuke}}, but chose instead to give him a {{nihongo\\|Special Badge\\|็‰นๆฎŠใชใƒใƒƒใ‚ธ\\|Tokushu na Bajji}} to protect him from Heavy Acceleration fields while Scooper fulfills the latter's desire to see Kaishima City Construction\\-built buildings destroyed and have news stories to report on, absorbing Kusaka's greed to facilitate his evolution. After Kusaka's colleague, Kenta, brings in the Special Investigations Division, Scooper attempts to kill Kusaka, but is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. The Scooper Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Hiroshi Naka]]\\|ไธญ ๅšๅฒ\\|Naka Hiroshi}} while Shunsuke Kusaka is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Takuya Nagaoka\\|ๆฐธๅฒก ๅ“ไนŸ\\|Nagaoka Takuya}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Volt Roidmude\\|ใƒœใƒซใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Boruto Roimyลซdo}}: An [electricity](/wiki/Electricity \"Electricity\")\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 024\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰024\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Yon}}, who possesses electrokinesis. He assumes the guise of deceased writer {{nihongo\\|Goro Minami\\|็พŽๆณข ่ญท้ƒŽ\\|Minami Gorล}} while absorbing electricity throughout Tokyo to cause mass blackouts and revive Medic with help from Roidmudes 037 and 103\\. After being destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive, 103 recovers Volt's power controller, which contains a backup of the latter and causes him to manifest as {{nihongo\\|Volt Ghost\\|ใƒœใƒซใƒˆใ‚ดใƒผใ‚นใƒˆ\\|Boruto Gลsuto}} in an attempt to help the Roidmudes enact a second Global Freeze. After consuming two Spider Viral Cores, he transforms further into a Giant Roidmude. However, he is reverted to his original form and destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive while his power controller is destroyed by Kiriko Shijima. The Volt Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Isamu Ago\\|ใ‚ใ”ๅ‹‡\\|Ago Isamu}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 037\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰037\\|Roimyลซdo Zero San Nana}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude and accomplice of Volt's who assists the latter in his plot to cause mass blackouts before he is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 037 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Kenta Nitta\\|ๆ–ฐ็”ฐ ๅฅๅคช\\|Nitta Kenta}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 103\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰103\\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero San}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude and accomplice of Volt's who assists the latter in his plot to cause mass blackouts. After being mortally wounded by Kamen Rider Drive, 103 delivers Volt's power controller to Heart before succumbing to his injuries. Roidmude 103 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Kazuki Tsujimoto\\|่พปๆœฌ ไธ€ๆจน\\|Tsujimoto Kazuki}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Gunman Roidmude\\|ใ‚ฌใƒณใƒžใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Ganman Roimyลซdo}}: A [cowboy](/wiki/Cowboy \"Cowboy\")\\-themed Bat\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 017\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰017\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Nana}}, who wields the {{nihongo\\|Emperor 17\\|ใ‚จใƒณใƒšใƒฉ17\\|Enpera Jลซnana}} handgun. He and his \"little brother\", Roidmude 018, come to Japan to sell Heavy Acceleration\\-inducing bands to humans on the black market until they are destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach. In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Gunman and 018 killed Mach's friend, Ethan Woodward, while the Roidmudes were in the U.S. as part of the American mafia. The Gunman Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Bernard Ackah]]\\|ใƒ™ใƒซใƒŠใƒผใƒซใƒปใ‚ขใƒƒใ‚ซ\\|Berunฤru Akka}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 018\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰018\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Hachi}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude and Gunman's \"little brother\" who failed to fully evolve and possesses personal Heavy Acceleration bands. 018 assumes the guise of the {{nihongo\\|Boss\\|ๅ…ƒ็ท ใ‚\\|Motojime}} of the black market and assists Gunman in his scheme to sell Heavy Acceleration bands to humans before they are destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach. In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, 018 and Gunman killed Mach's friend, Ethan Woodward, while the Roidmudes were in the U.S. as part of the American mafia. Roidmude 018 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Marvin Jr.\\|ใƒžใƒผใƒ“ใƒณJr.\\|Mฤbin Junia}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 069\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰069\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Kyลซ}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of makeup artist turned stalker, {{nihongo\\|Koichi Sakaki\\|ๅ‚ๆœจ ๅ…‰ไธ€\\|Sakaki Kลichi}}. While stalking Rira Nanao, 069 and Sakaki are repelled by Roidmude 096 and Kamen Riders Drive and Mach. After Sakaki is arrested, Brain transforms 069 into a Giant Roidmude, but the latter is destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach and the Ride Crosser. During the events of the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Sakaki and five other criminals out of prison. After receiving poisonous bracelets from 005, Sakaki joins Hajime Taga in robbing a bank before they are arrested by Go Shijima and Koichi Kano and killed by their bracelets. Both Roidmude 069 and Koichi Sakaki are portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Shunsuke Miura\\|ไธ‰ๆตฆ ไฟŠ่ผ”\\|Miura Shunsuke}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 096\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰096\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Roku}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who possesses red claws capable of putting victims into suspended animation. A year prior to the series, he appeared before famous actress {{nihongo\\|Rira Nanao\\|ไธƒๅฐพ ใƒชใƒฉ\\|Nanao Rira}}, who had accidentally killed her boyfriend and [tarot card reader](/wiki/Tarot_card_reader \"Tarot card reader\"), {{nihongo\\|Hiroki Nikaido\\|ไบŒ้šŽๅ ‚ ๅผ˜ๆจน\\|Nikaidล Hiroki}}. Absorbing her memories, 096 began impersonating Nanao herself to save her from people he deems threats to her well\\-being. After the Special Investigations Division discover the truth behind Nikaido's death, 096 attempts to kill them to maintain the secret, but is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Mach. Roidmude 096 is voiced by an uncredited male actor while {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Haruka Suenaga]]\\|ๆœซๆฐธ ้ฅ\\|Suenaga Haruka}} provides his female voice in addition to portraying Rira Nanao.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.toei.co.jp/tv/drive/story/1204969\\_2271\\.html\\|title\\=ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ– ็ฌฌ16่ฉฑ ๆฒข็ฅžใ‚Šใ‚“ใชใฏใชใœใ‚ฝใƒฏใ‚ฝใƒฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ‹\\|work\\=ๆฑๆ˜ ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-25}}\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Voice]] Roidmude\\|ใƒœใ‚คใ‚นใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Boisu Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 030\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰030\\|Roimyลซdo Zero San Zero}}, who possesses sonokinesis and hypnotic soundwaves. He assumes the form of businessman {{nihongo\\|Shu Amagi\\|็”˜ๅŸŽ ็ง€\\|Amagi Shลซ}}, and later applied physicist {{nihongo\\|Kisaburo Sasamoto\\|็ฌนๆœฌ ๅ–œไธ‰้ƒŽ\\|Sasamoto Kisaburล}}, to rob women of their money. He initially went under the Special Investigations Division's radar as his crimes did not produce Heavy Acceleration fields and came off as normal fraud cases until his victims developed sensitive hearing. After being exposed by Kiriko Shijima, Voice is destroyed by Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach. The Voice Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Hiroshi Matsunaga\\|ๆพๆฐธ ๅšๅฒ\\|Matsunaga Hiroshi}} as Shu Amagi and {{nihongo\\|Yoshihiko Narimatsu\\|ๆˆๆพ ๆ…ถๅฝฆ\\|Narimatsu Yoshihiko}} as Kisaburo Sasamoto.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 046\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰046\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Yon Roku}} and {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 085\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰085\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Go}}: A Spider\\- and Cobra\\-Type Roidmude respectively and associates of Voice's who are destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmudes 046 and 085 are portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Yasuaki Ishii\\|็Ÿณไบ• ้–่ฆ‹\\|Ishii Yasuaki}} and {{nihongo\\|Akira Murai\\|ๆ‘ไบ• ไบฎ\\|Murai Akira}} respectively.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Judge]] Roidmude\\|ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Jajji Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\\-themed Cobra\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 065\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰065\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Go}}, who wields the {{nihongo\\|Shock Judge\\|ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธ\\|Shokku Jajji}} electrodes and the {{nihongo\\|Blade Judge\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธ\\|Burฤ“do Jajji}} [cattle prod](/wiki/Cattle_prod \"Cattle prod\"). He assumes the form of retired police officer {{nihongo\\|Shingo Tachibana\\|ๆฉ˜ ็œŸไผ\\|Tachibana Shingo}} to help him find a vigilante called \"Judge\" by attacking criminals. After his namesake is arrested, Judge attempts to kill him, only to be destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. The Judge Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Shลซhei Takubo\\|็”ฐไน…ไฟ ไฟฎๅนณ\\|Takubo Shลซhei}} while Shingo Tachibana is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Seiroku Nakazawa\\|ไธญๆฒข ้’ๅ…ญ\\|Nakazawa Seiroku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 072\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰072\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Ni}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who assumes the form of Kyu Saijo. During New Year's, the former infiltrated his computer with the intention of killing him and taking his place in the Special Investigations Division. However, 072 honored Saijo's final request to watch his favorite anime one more time and joined him. Moved by how wonderful a human creation can be, 072 befriended Saijo and agreed to take his place at work whenever the latter becomes preoccupied with other activities. While Saijo's obsessive personality causes 072 to kidnap an idol who was meant to guest star in the anime, Shinnosuke spares 072 as the Roidmude had gained humanity like Chase did. However, Medic later kills 072\\. Before he dies, 072 asks Shinnosuke to tell Saijo he had been killed by the Kamen Riders because he went out of control to save Saijo from suffering an emotional breakdown. Following this, 072 would go on to inspire Saijo's novel *Mechanical Friendship*. Roidmude 072 is voiced by Kenta Hamano, who also portrays Kyu Saijo.\n* {{nihongo\\|Shoot Roidmude\\|ใ‚ทใƒฅใƒผใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Shลซto Roimyลซdo}}: A [missile launcher](/wiki/Missile_launcher \"Missile launcher\")\\-themed Bat\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 091\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰091\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Ichi}}, who can fire {{nihongo\\|Blast Dart\\|ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใƒ€ใƒผใƒˆ\\|Burasuto Dฤto}} missiles. He assumes the form of and made a deal with high school student {{nihongo\\|Takuro Mogi\\|่Œ‚ๆœจ ๆ‹“้ƒŽ\\|Mogi Takurล}} to attack several places with bomb threats and his missiles. After being defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, Brain rescues Shoot's core and gives him a new Viral Core to grant him an upgraded body with neurotoxin\\-laced Blast Darts. No longer interested in him, Shoot attempts to kill Mogi, only to be destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Deadheat Mach. The Shoot Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Naoki Takeshi]]\\|ๆญฆๅญ ็›ด่ผ\\|Takeshi Naoki}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Sword]] Roidmude\\|ใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Sลdo Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\\-themed Neo Viral Core\\-based Bat\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 007\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰007\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Nana}}, who possesses barbed broadswords for arms and the ability to strengthen himself via vengeful feelings as his emotional catalyst. He originally fought Kamen Rider Proto Drive during the Global Freeze, during which he freed a criminal named {{nihongo\\|Hajime Taga\\|ๅคš่ณ€ ๅง‹\\|Taga Hajime}} to serve as his partner. In the present, Sword fuses with Taga to help him seek revenge on Akira Hayase, which leads to Kamen Rider Drive publicly revealing his secret identity. Despite being separated, Sword and Taga overwhelm Drive and Mach before attempting to kill Kiriko Shijima, only to be thwarted and separated by Kamen Rider Chaser, who destroys Sword while Taga is arrested by the Special Investigations Division. In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Taga and five other criminals out of prison. After receiving poisonous bracelets from 005, Taga joins Koichi Sakaki in robbing a bank, only to be arrested by Go Shijima and Koichi Kano and killed by their bracelets. The Sword Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Takashi ลŒhara]]\\|ๅคงๅŽŸ ๅด‡\\|ลŒhara Takashi}} while Hajime Taga is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Mitsuyoshi Tani\\|่ฐท ๅ……็พฉ\\|Tani Mitsuyoshi}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Seeker Roidmude\\|ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Shฤซkฤ Roimyลซdo}}: A [Mokumokuren](/wiki/Mokumokuren \"Mokumokuren\")\\-themed, Neo Viral Core\\-based Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 050\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰050\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Gล Zero}}, who wields the {{nihongo\\|Blow Wand\\|ใƒ–ใƒญใ‚ฆใƒฏใƒณใƒ‰\\|Burล Wando}}. He fuses with Reiko Nishiori, daughter of incarcerated criminal psychologist Koya Nishihori, and uses her form coupled with the pseudonym {{nihongo\\|Yoriko Soma\\|็›ธ้ฆฌ ้ ผๅญ\\|Sลma Yoriko}} as part of her plot to manipulate Kamen Rider Mach into killing her and seek revenge for her father. However, Kamen Rider Drive discovers the ruse and separates Reiko from Seeker before arresting her and destroying him. The Seeker Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Kiyohito Yoshikai\\|ๅ‰้–‹ ๆธ…ไบบ\\|Yoshikai Kiyohito}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Open Roidmude\\|ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ—ใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|ลŒpun Roimyลซdo}}: A [Swiss army knife](/wiki/Swiss_army_knife \"Swiss army knife\")/[lock pick](/wiki/Lock_picking \"Lock picking\")\\-themed, Neo Viral Core\\-based Cobra\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 067\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰067\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Nana}}, who wields the {{nihongo\\|Common Master Key\\|ใ‚ณใƒขใƒณใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ญใƒผ\\|Komon Masutฤ Kฤซ}}, which allows him to open anything. He fuses with {{nihongo\\|Itsuro Negishi\\|ๆ นๅฒธ ้€ธ้ƒŽ\\|Negishi Itsurล}}, an armed robber who Mitsuhide Nira framed as Eisuke Tomari's killer, only to be separated from Negishi and destroyed by Kamen Riders Chaser and Drive while Negishi is arrested by the Special Investigations Division. In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Negishi and five other criminals out of prison. Initially assisting Nira, Negishi has a change of heart and sacrifices himself to shield Yukari Karasawa from 005's army of brainwashed officers. The Open Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Yoshimasa Kawata\\|ๆฒณ็”ฐ ๅ‰ๆญฃ\\|Kawata Yoshimasa}} while Itsuro Negishi is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Hiroaki Fukui\\|็ฆไบ• ๅš็ซ \\|Fukui Hiroaki}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 106\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰106\\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Roku}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who assists Mitsuhide Nira in covering up evidence of him murdering Eisuke Tomari before Nira uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse them into the {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Thief]] Roidmude\\|ใ‚ทใƒผใƒ•ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Shฤซfu Roimyลซdo}}, gaining a hook for a right hand, the ability to fire energy hooks, absorb stolen objects into their body, and invisibility. After they are separated by Kamen Rider Drive, Brain transforms 106 into a Giant Roidmude, but the latter is destroyed by the Tridoron. Roidmude 106 is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Anri Katsu\\|ๅ‹ ๆ้‡Œ\\|Katsu Anri}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 090\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰090\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Zero}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude tasked by Medic with completing the Honfleur's Dusk recipe to help Heart achieve his Over\\-Evolved form. To complete her task, 090 assumes the form of sous\\-chef {{nihongo\\|Miho Masukawa\\|ๅข—ๅท ็พŽ็ฉ‚\\|Masukawa Miho}} and fuses with chef {{nihongo\\|Matsutaro Okumura\\|ๅฅฅๆ‘ ๆพๅคช้ƒŽ\\|Okumura Matsutarล}} to evolve into the [chef](/wiki/Chef \"Chef\")/[kitchen utensil](/wiki/Kitchen_utensil \"Kitchen utensil\")\\-themed {{nihongo\\|Cook Roidmude\\|ใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Kukku Roimyลซdo}}, gaining right arm\\-mounted cutlery and an extendable tongue. Despite completing the recipe, separating from Okumura, and receiving an arm cannon from Medic, 090 is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 090 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Momoka Ayukawa\\|้ฎŽๅท ๆกƒๆžœ\\|Ayukawa Momoka}} while Matsutaro Okumura is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Sonrei Yoshioka\\|ๅ‰ๅฒก ใใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„\\|Yoshioka Sonrei}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Tornado]] Roidmude\\|ใƒˆใƒซใƒใƒผใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Torunฤ“do Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 008\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰008\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Hachi}}, who possesses aerokinesis, teleportation capabilities, self\\-acceleration, the ability to turn his right arm into a drill, and the ability to strengthen himself via passionate feelings as his emotional catalyst. He assumes the form of fashion designer {{nihongo\\|George Shirogane\\|ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธ็™ฝ้˜\\|Jลji Shirogane}} to kidnap several young women in the hopes of finding one who can help him achieve his Over\\-Evolved form. After claiming to have found the perfect woman in Kiriko Shijima and kidnapping her, Kamen Riders Drive and Mach join forces to rescue her and destroy Tornado. The Tornado Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Joe Hyuga\\|ๆ—ฅๅ‘ ไธˆ\\|Hyลซga Jล}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 006\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰006\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Roku}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude who assumes the form of an unnamed mafia boss and is tasked by Heart with eliminating Tenjuro Banno after the latter transfers himself into the Banno Driver. Despite nearly achieving his Over\\-Evolved form, 006's Core is destroyed by Banno, who uses the Roidmude's body as a vessel to manifest as Gold Drive. Roidmude 006 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Arata Matsuura\\|ๆพๆตฆ ๆ–ฐ\\|Matsuura Arata}}.", "##### Other Roidmudes", "* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 027\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰027\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Nana}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude who appears exclusively in the DVD special *Type TV\\-Kun Hunter \\& Monster! Chase the Mystery of the Super Thief!* He attempts to sell counterfeit *Televi\\-Kun* issues until he is discovered and confronted by Shinnosuke and Kiriko. After gathering enough data on him, 027 transforms into a counterfeit version of Kamen Rider Drive until he is destroyed by the real version. Roidmude 027 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Tomokazu Seki]]\\|้–ข ๆ™บไธ€\\|Seki Tomokazu}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 089\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰089\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Kyลซ}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude who used the DNA of a deceased [Shocker](/wiki/Shocker_%28Kamen_Rider%29 \"Shocker (Kamen Rider)\") scientist named {{nihongo\\|Doctor Dee\\|ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผๅšๅฃซ\\|Dฤซ\\-hakase}} to assume his form, finish the latter's {{nihongo\\|Dimensional Distortion Machine\\|็ฉบ้–“ๅค‰็•ฐ่ฃ…็ฝฎ\\|Kลซkan Heni Sลchi}}, and ally himself with [Kyuemon Izayoi](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Kyuemon_Izayoi \"List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Kyuemon Izayoi\") to create the [Yokai](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Yokai \"List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Yokai\") Buruburu during the events of the two\\-part crossover special *Shuriken Sentai Ninninger vs. Kamen Rider Drive: Spring Break Combined 1 Hour Special*. After Buruburu is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and the [Ninningers](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Ninningers \"List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Ninningers\"), 089 uses Buruburu's Sealing Shuriken to become {{nihongo\\|Shocker Buruburu\\|ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใƒ–ใƒซ\\|Shokkฤ Buruburu}}, combining his powers with Shocker's technology and fear from the [Kibaoni Army Corps](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Kibaoni_Army_Corps \"List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Kibaoni Army Corps\"). However, he is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Mach and the Ninningers. Roidmude 089 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Yลซji Kishi]]\\|ๅฒธ ็ฅไบŒ\\|Kishi Yลซji}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 077\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰077\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Nana}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of robber {{nihongo\\|Toshio Miwa\\|ไธ‰่ผช ๅˆฉ้›„\\|Miwa Toshio}} and appears exclusively in the V\\-Cinema *Kamen Rider Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*. After becoming a [Gaia Memory](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Dopants \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Dopants\")\\-based criminal, 077 attempts to use the Beast Memory on himself, only to collapse on the border between the Tokyo and Fuuto prefectures and cause a conflict of jurisdictions between their respective police forces. 077 later awakens and successfully transforms into the Beast Dopant, but is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and [Accel](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Ryu_Terui \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Ryu Terui\"). Roidmude 077 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Mamoru Tanaka\\|็”ฐไธญ ่ญท\\|Tanaka Mamoru}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 100\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰100\\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Zero}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude and member of the Grim Reaper Unit with the ability to wield defeated Roidmudes' weapons who appears exclusively in the DVD special *Kamen Rider Drive Secret Mission: Type Lupin! \\~Lupin, the Last Challenge\\~*. Amidst his quest to find 100 different weapons and learn 100 different fighting styles, he steals [Zoruku Tojo](/wiki/%23Zoruku_Tojo \"#Zoruku Tojo\")'s Lupin Gunner and poses as him, gaining the ability to summon blank Roidmudes in the process. However, Tojo regains the Lupin Gunner and joins forces with Kamen Rider Drive to destroy 100\\. Roidmude 100 is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Kenji Takahashi\\|้ซ˜ๆฉ‹ ็ ”ไบŒ\\|Takahashi Kenji}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 5886\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰5886\\|Roimyลซdo Gล Hachi Hachi Roku}}: A wild and unstable Roidmude created from the merger of all 108 Roidmudes' fragmented data who appears exclusively in the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Heart*. He seeks to complete himself by absorbing the life\\-forces of the various human templates the Roidmudes copied or fused with, only to be destroyed by Kamen Rider Heart. Roidmude 5886 is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Takaya Kuroda]]\\|้ป’็”ฐ ๅด‡็Ÿข\\|Kuroda Takaya}}.", "### Akira Hayase", "{{nihongo\\|Akira Hayase\\|ๆ—ฉ็€ฌ ๆ˜Ž\\|Hayase Akira}} is a retired police officer and Shinnosuke's former colleague. Six months prior to the beginning of the series, they were investigating the Neo\\-Shade terrorist organization when the Global Freeze occurred, during which Shinnosuke accidentally hospitalized Hayase. As of the present, the latter has begun physical rehabilitation, but is unable to return to active duty. Despite what happened, Hayase does not blame Shinnosuke and pushes him to move beyond his guilt and seek new goals in life. After learning Shinnosuke is Kamen Rider Drive, Hayase secretly supports him and works with the Metropolitan Police's vehicles division to procure space and materials for a Makeshift Emergency Drive Pit. Two years later, during the events of the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga* and the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Hayase has joined the newly reassembled Special Investigations Division.", "Akira Hayase is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Yukihiro Takiguchi]]\\|ๆปๅฃ ๅนธๅบƒ\\|Takiguchi Yukihiro}}.", "### Special Investigations Division", "The {{nihongo\\|Metropolitan Police's Special Investigations Division\\|่ญฆ่ฆ–ๅบ็‰น็Šถ่ชฒ\\|Keishichล Toku\\-jล\\-ka}}{{efn\\|{{nihongo3\\|\\|็‰น็Šถ่ชฒ\\|Toku\\-jล\\-ka}} is an abbreviation for {{nihongo3\\|\\|็‰นๆฎŠ็Šถๆณไธ‹ไบ‹ไปถๆœๆŸป่ชฒ\\|Tokushu Jลkyลka Jiken Sลsaka}}.}} is a separate branch of the Metropolitan Police charged with investigating Roidmude and \"Heaviness\"\\-related incidents that is based inside the {{nihongo\\|Kuruma Driver's License Center\\|ไน…็‘ ้–“้‹่ปขๅ…่จฑ่ฉฆ้จ“ๅ ด\\|Kuruma Unten Menkyo Shikenjล}}. Despite being allies of Kamen Rider Drive, few of their number are initially aware of his secret identity until he is forced to expose it later in the series. Following the Roidmudes' destruction, the Special Investigations Division is disbanded in the series finale, but is revived two years later during the events of the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga* and the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*.", "#### Rinna Sawagami", "{{nihongo\\|Rinna Sawagami\\|ๆฒข็ฅž ใ‚Šใ‚“ใช\\|Sawagami Rinna}} is the Special Investigations Division's visiting [electro\\-physicist](/wiki/Electromagnetism \"Electromagnetism\") who is in charge of engineering. Though she displays anxiety about her situation, her bright personality still brings up her teammates' spirits. Later in the series, she is revealed to be the engineer behind most of Shinnosuke's arsenal and aware of his and Mr. Belt's work. Following the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, she returns to academia, becomes an expert in electro\\-physics, and is awarded the [Nobel Prize in Physics](/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics \"Nobel Prize in Physics\").", "Rinna Sawagami is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Rei Yoshii]]\\|ๅ‰ไบ• ๆ€œ\\|Yoshii Rei}}.", "#### Kyu Saijo", "{{nihongo\\|Kenta Imai\\|ไปŠไบ• ๅฅๅคช\\|Imai Kenta}}, also known as {{nihongo\\|Kyu Saijo\\|่ฅฟๅŸŽ ็ฉถ\\|Saijล Kyลซ}},{{efn\\|His name is a pun on the Japanese word {{nihongo3\\|\"superior\"\\|ๆœ€ไธŠ็ดš\\|saijลkyลซ}}.}} is the Special Investigations Division's visiting network engineer and resident electronic networks expert who often serves as an information gatherer. Due to his obsessive personality, he also displays an intense fascination towards the topics the Special Investigations Division covers, such as the occult. Following the division's disbandment, Saijo becomes a popular network researcher and author, with his novel {{nihongo\\|''Mechanical Friendship''\\|ๆฉŸๆขฐใ˜ใ‹ใ‘ใฎๅ‹ๆƒ…\\|Kikai\\-jikake no Yลซjล}} becoming a best seller.", "Kyu Saijo is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Kenta Hamano]]\\|ๆตœ้‡Ž ่ฌ™ๅคช\\|Hamano Kenta}}.", "#### Jun Honganji", "{{nihongo\\|Jun Honganji\\|ๆœฌ้ก˜ๅฏบ ็ด”\\|Honganji Jun}} is the Chief of the Special Investigations Division who comes off as an incompetent and goofy management level employee more concerned with pleasing his superiors and keeping an eye on his subordinates to ensure they stay out of trouble, but is secretly an astute and perceptive officer. An avid believer in divination and fortune\\-telling, he also has a tendency to wear an appropriately\\-colored tie based on the day's lucky color. Later in the series, Honganji reveals he was always aware of Shinnosuke's activities as Kamen Rider Drive, a longtime friend of Krim Steinbelt's, and that he personally established and maintained the Special Investigations Division to support Drive. Additionally, his apparent sycophancy was a front for him to find information on the Global Freeze from the police force's upper levels. Following the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, Honganji eventually rises through the ranks to become the Deputy Superintendent General of the Metropolitan Police Department.", "In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *[Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3](/wiki/Super_Hero_Taisen_GP:Kamen_Rider_3 \"Kamen Rider 3\")*, Honganji continues to lead the Special Investigations Division with Rinna Sawagami and Kyu Saijo, being one of the few people who are largely immune to [Shocker](/wiki/Shocker_%28Kamen_Rider%29 \"Shocker (Kamen Rider)\")'s changes to the timeline. After learning of what happened, he keeps [Kamen Rider Black](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Black \"Kamen Rider Black\") safe until he is killed by Cheetahkatatsumuri.", "Jun Honganji is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Tsurutaro Kataoka]]\\|็‰‡ๅฒก ้ถดๅคช้ƒŽ\\|Kataoka Tsurutarล}}.", "#### Genpachiro Otta", "{{nihongo\\|Genpachiro Otta\\|่ฟฝ็”ฐ ็พๅ…ซ้ƒŽ\\|Otta Genpachirล}} is a lieutenant in the Metropolitan Police's {{nihongo\\|First Investigation Division\\|ๆœๆŸปไธ€่ชฒ\\|Sลsaikka}}, the first group to be sent out to investigate crimes, and liaison between his group and the Special Investigations Division. Despite dismissing the latter group as an \"occult club\", he is quite fond of Shinnosuke, which he tries to hide. Following the Special Investigations Division's disbandment, Otta is promoted to police inspector for, later chief of, the First Investigation Division.", "In an alternate timeline depicted in the film *Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3*, Otta became a Shocker general and the monstrous {{nihongo\\|Cheetahkatatsumuri\\|ใƒใƒผใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ซใ‚ฟใƒ„ใƒ ใƒช\\|Chฤซtฤ Katatsumuri\\|lit. \"Cheetah Snail\"}} before he is killed by [Kamen Riders 1, 2](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%281971_TV_series%29%23Characters \"Kamen Rider (1971 TV series)#Characters\"), and 3\\.", "Genpachiro Otta is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Taira Imata]]\\|ไบ•ไฟฃ ๅคช่‰ฏ\\|Imata Taira}}.", "### Mitsuhide Nira", "{{nihongo\\|Mitsuhide Nira\\|ไป่‰ฏ ๅ…‰็ง€\\|Nira Mitsuhide}} is a corrupt chief in the Metropolitan Police's First Investigation Division who works directly under Freeze as Soichi Makage, assisting him in controlling the police force and hindering the Special Investigations Division's attempts to stop the Roidmudes. Additionally, he suffers from an inferiority complex towards his partner, Eisuke Tomari, and killed him years prior while working with him to arrest Itsuro Negishi, who Nira framed for the murder.", "After Freeze kills Shinnosuke and abandons him, Nira helps the Special Investigations Division revive Shinnosuke before they discover what he did. Nira uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse himself with Roidmude 106 and become the Thief Roidmude, but Shinnosuke separates them and destroys the Roidmude. Nira fuses himself with Brain and helps him achieve his Over\\-Evolved Form before turning turning the police and the public against the Special Investigations Division. However, his corruption is revealed and Brain abandons him, leading to Nira being arrested by Shinnosuke.", "In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Nira and five other criminals out of prison. After killing Makoto Asamura for getting himself arrested again, Nira descends into madness from being humiliated by the Tomari family over the years and joins Negishi in leading an army of officers brainwashed by 005 in an attempt to kill Yukari Karasawa. However, a reformed Negishi sacrifices himself to shield the woman, allowing Shinnosuke to arrest Nira once more.", "Mitsuhide Nira is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Kisuke Iida\\|้ฃฏ็”ฐ ๅŸบ็ฅ\\|Iida Kisuke}}.", "### Eisuke Tomari", "{{nihongo\\|Eisuke Tomari\\|ๆณŠ ่‹ฑไป‹\\|Tomari Eisuke}} is Shinnosuke's father and an officer in the Metropolitan Police's First Investigation Division. Twelve years earlier, the former discovered Freeze's deception, but was killed by his partner and Freeze's subordinate, Mitsuhide Nira, who framed bank robber Itsuro Negishi.", "Eisuke Tomari is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Tareyanagi\\|ใŸใ‚Œใ‚„ใชใŽ}}.", "### Tenjuro Banno", "{{nihongo\\|Tenjuro Banno\\|่›ฎ้‡Ž ๅคฉๅ้ƒŽ\\|Banno Tenjลซrล}} is a cruel scientist, former colleague of Krim Steinbelt, and father of Kiriko and Go Shijima with a [superiority complex](/wiki/God_complex \"God complex\") who secretly holds a grudge against Steinbelt for creating the Core Driviars and cares little for his family, willing to treat them like slaves. Fifteen years prior to the series, Banno attempted to create an artificial life form capable of transcending humanity, but dead ends in his research drove him mad and forced him to convince Steinbelt to share the Core Driviar technology with him, which allowed Banno to create the Roidmudes. After witnessing Banno abusing a Roidmude, a horrified Steinbelt abandoned him, but Banno secretly stole his colleague's mind link technology, completed the Roidmudes on his own, and subsequently allowed them to mortally wound him so he could upload his consciousness into a computer tablet and kill Steinbelt. While the tablet wound up in [Brain](/wiki/%23Brain \"#Brain\")'s possession, Banno used the Roidmudes to cause the Global Freeze.", "In the present, Banno manipulates the Kamen Riders to suit his needs and Go into believing he was being held hostage by the Roidmudes before receiving Roidmude 004's help in creating an imitation of the Drive Driver called the {{nihongo\\|Banno Driver\\|ใƒใƒณใƒŽใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒใƒผ\\|Banno Doraibฤ}} and stealing Roidmude 006's body to house his mind and turn himself into a Kamen Rider Drive\\-esque Over\\-Evolved Roidmude. Dubbing himself {{nihongo\\|Gold Drive\\|ใ‚ดใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\\|Gorudo Doraibu}},{{efn\\|Alternately referred to as {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Gold Drive\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ดใƒซใƒ‰ใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\\|Kamen Raidฤ Gorudo Doraibu}} and \"Gord Drive\" in other media.}} Banno attempts to enact a second, worldwide version of the Global Freeze by using himself and three other Roidmudes to power the Sigma Circular. However, he is eventually confronted by Go and Chase, with the latter sacrificing himself to help the former destroy Banno's body and the Banno Driver over his pleas for mercy.", "During the events of the web\\-exclusive crossover series *Kamen Rider Outsiders*, Banno is revived by [Foundation X](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Foundation_X \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Foundation X\") as a Kamen Rider Drive\\-esque [Humagear](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_Zero-One_characters%23Hiden_Intelligence \"List of Kamen Rider Zero-One characters#Hiden Intelligence\"), {{nihongo\\|Bronze Drive\\|ใƒ–ใƒญใƒณใ‚บใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\\|Buronzu Doraibu}}, before his body is destroyed by Kamen Rider Zein.", "While he was within Brain's tablet, Banno possesses the ability to manipulate data, allowing him to create constructs such as tentacles capable of delivering painful electric shocks and a shield, and heal people infected by Roidmudes. As Gold Drive, he possesses ergokinesis and the ability to steal and use the other Riders' Shift Cars, Signal Bikes, and weapons until Rinna Sawagami develops a special data coating to protect the Shift Cars and Signal Bikes.", "Tenjuro Banno is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Masakazu Morita]]\\|ๆฃฎ็”ฐ ๆˆไธ€\\|Morita Masakazu}}.", "### Sigma Circular", "The {{nihongo\\|Sigma Circular\\|ใ‚ทใ‚ฐใƒžใ‚ตใƒผใ‚ญใƒฅใƒฉใƒผ\\|Shiguma Sฤkyurฤ}} is a sentient machine created by Banno and Roidmude 004 that acts as the former's will and serves to dominate humanity and convert those that oppose Banno into data. Initially starting in an orb\\-like form, Banno intends to use Medic as a sacrificial power source and vessel, but Brain takes her place to save her from being brainwashed. Following this, Banno and the Grim Reaper Unit infiltrate the Special Situation Defense Center to help the Sigma Circular evolve so he can use it to enact a second Global Freeze. After the Kamen Riders, Heart, and Medic foil Banno's plans, the Sigma Circular kills a weakened Medic and saves Kiriko Shijima before it is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and Heart.", "The Sigma Circular is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Ayumi Fujimura]]\\|่—คๆ‘ ๆญฉ\\|Fujimura Ayumi}} and Masakazu Morita.", "" ]
### Roidmudes The {{nihongo\|Roidmudes\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Roimyลซdo}} are 108 androids that wish to usurp humanity as Earth's dominant species. Designed by Professor Tenjuro Banno as life forms capable of [evolving like and mimicking humans](/wiki/Uncanny_valley "Uncanny valley") 15 years prior to the series, his friend and colleague, Krim Steinbelt unwittingly provided him with prototype Core Driviars to complete their development. Following their activation six months prior to the series, the Roidmudes launched a full\-scale attack on Northeastern Asia in an event called the {{nihongo\|Global Freeze\|ใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บ\|Gurลbaru Furฤซzu}}. In the present, the Roidmudes operate in the shadows to pursue varying individual agendas and create four Over\-Evolved Roidmudes and find the "Promised Number" even as their numbers are reduced by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and Chaser, among others. If a Roidmude works against their plan, the leading members will have the dissenter's body destroyed so their Core can be reset back into line. Upon learning of Banno's plot to sacrifice four of them to the Sigma Circular to instigate a second Global Freeze across the rest of the world, several of the Roidmudes help the Riders thwart him, resulting in most of the androids' destruction. Roidmudes possess the ability to produce {{nihongo\|Heavy Acceleration\|้‡ๅŠ ้€Ÿ\|Jลซkasoku}} fields, which is colloquially referred to as {{nihongo\|"Heaviness"\|ใฉใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ‚Š\|Don'yori}} and drastically decelerates everything around them, with victims caught in the fields describing it as the sudden physical sensation of slowed time. To sustain, empower, and evolve themselves, the Roidmudes use devices called {{nihongo\|Viral Cores\|ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\|Bairaru Koa}}. All Roidmudes possess a {{nihongo\|Core\|ใ‚ณใ‚ข\|Koa}}, which contains their essence, and start out as {{nihongo\|Plain Roidmudes\|ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Purฤ“n Roimyลซdo}}, which are divided between the following variations: {{nihongo\|Cobra\-Types\|ใ‚ณใƒ–ใƒฉๅž‹\|Kobura\-gata}}, which possess superhuman strength; {{nihongo\|Spider\-Types\|ใ‚นใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผๅž‹\|Supaidฤ\-gata}}, which can cling to walls and ceilings as well as produce spider silk; and flight\-capable {{nihongo\|Bat\-Types\|ใƒใƒƒใƒˆๅž‹\|Batto\-gata}}. As long as their core remains intact, the Roidmudes can survive losing a physical body and revive themselves with a Viral Core. If Plain Roidmudes copy the appearances and memories of a particular target and gain enough information, they can evolve into {{nihongo\|Advanced Roidmudes\|ไธŠ็ดšใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Jลkyลซ Roimyลซdo}}, gaining a distinct personality reflecting their new individualized form and the ability to spread their Heavy Acceleration fields across multiple city blocks. If they absorb multiple Viral Cores at once, they can transform into {{nihongo\|Giant Roidmudes\|ๅทจๅคงใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Kyodai Roimyลซdo}}, which resembles their base Viral Core. Following Chase's defection, Freeze develops {{nihongo\|Neo Viral Cores\|ใƒใ‚ชใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\|Neo Bairaru Koa}}, which allow Roidmudes to fuse with a human and instantly assume a red\-colored {{nihongo\|Fusion Evolved Form\|่žๅˆ้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\|Yลซgล Shinkatai}} via [symbiosis](/wiki/Symbiosis "Symbiosis"). If a Roidmude forms a connection with a particular emotion and exceeds a certain limit, they can evolve into a gold\-colored {{nihongo\|Over\-Evolved Form\|่ถ…้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\|Chล Shinkatai}}. #### Freeze The {{nihongo\|Freeze Roidmude\|ใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Furฤซzu Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\|Freeze\|ใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บ\|Furฤซzu}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 001\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰001\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Ichi}}, is an [ice](/wiki/Ice "Ice")/[snow](/wiki/Snow "Snow")\-themed Cobra\-Type Roidmude, the leader of the Roidmude forces, and one of Tenjuro Banno's earliest creations who joined Heart and Brain in killing Banno and Krim Steinbelt before causing the Global Freeze as Freeze has the ability to create the strongest Heavy Acceleration field, even in his original form. Not long afterwards, Freeze assumed the form of {{nihongo\|Soichi Makage\|็œŸๅฝฑ ๅฃฎไธ€\|Makage Sลichi}}, secretary of the {{nihongo\|National Bureau of Defense\|ๅ›ฝๅฎถ้˜ฒ่ก›ๅฑ€\|Kokka Bลeikyoku}}, to watch over the police force and evolved into his Advanced form. In the present, he creates Neo Viral Cores to bolster the Roidmudes in their fight against the Kamen Riders and fights to personally remove Shinnosuke Tomari from the police force while using him to complete his evolution. While Freeze succeeds in attaining his Over\-Evolved form using humiliation as his emotional catalyst and killing Shinnosuke, the latter's allies revive him so he can destroy Freeze in retaliation for seemingly killing his father, Eisuke Tomari, though Freeze reveals it was Mitsuhide Nira instead before he dies. In his Advanced form, Freeze possesses cryokinesis and the ability to produce snowflakes capable of suppressing memories, though Eisuke proved immune. In his Over\-Evolved form, Freeze can fly, generate snowstorms, and produce energy blasts and shields. Freeze is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Masami Horiuchi]]\|ๅ €ๅ†… ๆญฃ็พŽ\|Horiuchi Masami}}. #### Roidmude 004 {{nihongo\|Roidmude 004\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰004\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Yon}} is a Spider\-Type Roidmude and Tenjuro Banno's right\-hand man who copied Krim Steinbelt's appearance before the Global Freeze, though 004's mind became corrupted and he was deactivated. In the present, Banno reactivates 004 to serve as his subordinate and pose as a future version of Steinbelt who became the ruler of a Roidmude dominant Earth. After being defeated in battle by Kamen Rider Drive, 004 attempts to destroy the Kamen Riders, Medic, and Heart by self\-destructing, but Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach protects them before 004 explodes. In a possible future time period depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future "Surprise Future")*, 004 planted a chip in Mr. Belt that allowed the Roidmudes to take over Earth after Shinnosuke destroyed the latter. By 2035, 004 became the leader of an army of blank Roidmudes and tasked Roidmude 108 with going back in time to ensure their future comes to pass. Roidmude 004 is portrayed by Chris Peppler, who also portrays Krim Steinbelt and voices Mr. Belt. #### Grim Reaper Unit The {{nihongo\|Grim Reaper Unit\|ๆญป็ฅž่ปๅ›ฃ\|Shinigami Gundan}} is a [cockroach](/wiki/Cockroach "Cockroach")\-themed division of remodeled Plain Roidmudes who serve as Medic's subordinates and are armed with {{nihongo\|Hell Scythes\|ใƒ˜ใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚น\|Heru Saisu}}, guns, and claws. Medic creates them to take over Mashin Chaser's duty of eliminating rogue Roidmudes, destroying them completely instead of resetting them. #### Minor Roidmudes * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 029\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰029\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Kyลซ}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude who has a habit of picking up other people's traits, assumed the identity of {{nihongo\|Nobuo Masuda\|็›Š็”ฐ ไฟกๅคซ\|Masuda Nobuo}}, and sneaks into public places such as gyms and talent agencies to find ideal humans to emulate before ambushing a target to add their traits to his human guise. After being defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, Heart gives 029 a Viral Core, transforming him into the [human body](/wiki/Human_body "Human body")\-themed {{nihongo\|Iron Roidmude\|ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ขใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Aian Roimyลซdo}}. In his new, upgraded body and after copying several human body parts, 029 gains the ability to stretch his arms. However, he is destroyed by Drive. Roidmude 029 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Masafumi Yokoyama\|ๆจชๅฑฑ ็œŸๅฒ\|Yokoyama Masafumi}}. * {{nihongo\|\[\[Paint]] Roidmude\|ใƒšใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Peinto Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake/[artist](/wiki/Artist "Artist")\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 010\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰010\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Zero}} who possesses the ability to convert victims into colorful, paint\-like data streams, fire paint\-based projectiles, and extendable [paint tube](/wiki/Oil_paint "Oil paint")\-like arms. During the Global Freeze, Paint attacked Kiriko Shijima as part of his desire to capture women in his paintings, but was repelled by Kamen Rider Proto Drive. In the present, Paint assumes the identity of {{nihongo\|Kazuhiro Asaya\|ๆต…็Ÿข ไธ€ๅบƒ\|Asaya Kazuhiro}}, establishes an art gallery to store all of his victims, and gains Roidmude 084's help in undergoing a mass kidnapping spree. However, Paint is eventually exposed and destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive, which restores his victims. The Paint Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Lou Oshiba\|ใƒซใƒผๅคงๆŸด\|Rลซ ลŒshiba}}. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 084\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰084\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Yon}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude and associate of Paint's who assumes the guise of Kazuhiro Asaya's student, {{nihongo\|Hajime Fujimiya\|ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฎฎ ่‚‡\|Fujimiya Hajime}} and possesses a similar version of Paint's conversion ability, though 084's streams manifest as monochrome pencil sketches. 084 assists Paint in his kidnapping spree until the former is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 084 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Yลซta Murakami\|ๆ‘ไธŠ ้›„ๅคช\|Murakami Yลซta}}. * {{nihongo\|Crash Roidmude\|ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Kurasshu Roimyลซdo}}: A [hammer](/wiki/Hammer "Hammer")\-themed Cobra\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 023\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰023\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii San}}, who assumes the identity of a criminal named "Crash" and possesses large, twin arm\-mounted hammers. He and his "brothers", Roidmudes 060 and 074, target the Font Earl company's armored vehicles for their explosives so they can commit a major heist. Despite Kamen Rider Drive destroying 060, Crash and 074 succeed in stealing the explosives, but are ultimately destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and the Tridoron respectively. The Crash Roidmude is portrayed by HIRO of [Yasuda Dai Circus](/wiki/Yasuda_Dai_Circus "Yasuda Dai Circus"). + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 060\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰060\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Zero}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude and one of Crash's "brothers". 060 assists his brothers in their plot to steal explosives until he is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 060 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Danchล Yasuda\|ๅ›ฃ้•ทๅฎ‰็”ฐ}} of Yasuda Dai Circus. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 074\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰074\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Yon}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude and one of Crash's "brothers". To facilitate Crash's scheme, 074 transforms into a Giant Roidmude, but is destroyed by the Tridoron. Roidmude 074 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Akihiro Kurokawa\|้ป’ๅท ๆ˜Žไบบ\|Kurokawa Akihiro}} of Yasuda Dai Circus. * {{nihongo\|Scooper Roidmude\|ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Sukลซpฤ Roimyลซdo}}: A [camera](/wiki/Camera "Camera")\-themed Bat\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 033\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰033\|Roimyลซdo Zero San San}}, who possesses the ability to steal metal from anything he targets, produce energy blasts, materialize objects from photos, and the ability to fire balls of light. He originally intended to assume the form of reporter, {{nihongo\|Shunsuke Kusaka\|ไน…ๅ‚ ไฟŠไป‹\|Kusaka Shunsuke}}, but chose instead to give him a {{nihongo\|Special Badge\|็‰นๆฎŠใชใƒใƒƒใ‚ธ\|Tokushu na Bajji}} to protect him from Heavy Acceleration fields while Scooper fulfills the latter's desire to see Kaishima City Construction\-built buildings destroyed and have news stories to report on, absorbing Kusaka's greed to facilitate his evolution. After Kusaka's colleague, Kenta, brings in the Special Investigations Division, Scooper attempts to kill Kusaka, but is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. The Scooper Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Hiroshi Naka]]\|ไธญ ๅšๅฒ\|Naka Hiroshi}} while Shunsuke Kusaka is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Takuya Nagaoka\|ๆฐธๅฒก ๅ“ไนŸ\|Nagaoka Takuya}}. * {{nihongo\|Volt Roidmude\|ใƒœใƒซใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Boruto Roimyลซdo}}: An [electricity](/wiki/Electricity "Electricity")\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 024\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰024\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Yon}}, who possesses electrokinesis. He assumes the guise of deceased writer {{nihongo\|Goro Minami\|็พŽๆณข ่ญท้ƒŽ\|Minami Gorล}} while absorbing electricity throughout Tokyo to cause mass blackouts and revive Medic with help from Roidmudes 037 and 103\. After being destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive, 103 recovers Volt's power controller, which contains a backup of the latter and causes him to manifest as {{nihongo\|Volt Ghost\|ใƒœใƒซใƒˆใ‚ดใƒผใ‚นใƒˆ\|Boruto Gลsuto}} in an attempt to help the Roidmudes enact a second Global Freeze. After consuming two Spider Viral Cores, he transforms further into a Giant Roidmude. However, he is reverted to his original form and destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive while his power controller is destroyed by Kiriko Shijima. The Volt Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Isamu Ago\|ใ‚ใ”ๅ‹‡\|Ago Isamu}}. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 037\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰037\|Roimyลซdo Zero San Nana}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude and accomplice of Volt's who assists the latter in his plot to cause mass blackouts before he is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 037 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Kenta Nitta\|ๆ–ฐ็”ฐ ๅฅๅคช\|Nitta Kenta}}. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 103\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰103\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero San}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude and accomplice of Volt's who assists the latter in his plot to cause mass blackouts. After being mortally wounded by Kamen Rider Drive, 103 delivers Volt's power controller to Heart before succumbing to his injuries. Roidmude 103 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Kazuki Tsujimoto\|่พปๆœฌ ไธ€ๆจน\|Tsujimoto Kazuki}}. * {{nihongo\|Gunman Roidmude\|ใ‚ฌใƒณใƒžใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Ganman Roimyลซdo}}: A [cowboy](/wiki/Cowboy "Cowboy")\-themed Bat\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 017\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰017\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Nana}}, who wields the {{nihongo\|Emperor 17\|ใ‚จใƒณใƒšใƒฉ17\|Enpera Jลซnana}} handgun. He and his "little brother", Roidmude 018, come to Japan to sell Heavy Acceleration\-inducing bands to humans on the black market until they are destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Gunman and 018 killed Mach's friend, Ethan Woodward, while the Roidmudes were in the U.S. as part of the American mafia. The Gunman Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Bernard Ackah]]\|ใƒ™ใƒซใƒŠใƒผใƒซใƒปใ‚ขใƒƒใ‚ซ\|Berunฤru Akka}}. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 018\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰018\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Hachi}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude and Gunman's "little brother" who failed to fully evolve and possesses personal Heavy Acceleration bands. 018 assumes the guise of the {{nihongo\|Boss\|ๅ…ƒ็ท ใ‚\|Motojime}} of the black market and assists Gunman in his scheme to sell Heavy Acceleration bands to humans before they are destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, 018 and Gunman killed Mach's friend, Ethan Woodward, while the Roidmudes were in the U.S. as part of the American mafia. Roidmude 018 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Marvin Jr.\|ใƒžใƒผใƒ“ใƒณJr.\|Mฤbin Junia}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 069\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰069\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Kyลซ}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of makeup artist turned stalker, {{nihongo\|Koichi Sakaki\|ๅ‚ๆœจ ๅ…‰ไธ€\|Sakaki Kลichi}}. While stalking Rira Nanao, 069 and Sakaki are repelled by Roidmude 096 and Kamen Riders Drive and Mach. After Sakaki is arrested, Brain transforms 069 into a Giant Roidmude, but the latter is destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach and the Ride Crosser. During the events of the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Sakaki and five other criminals out of prison. After receiving poisonous bracelets from 005, Sakaki joins Hajime Taga in robbing a bank before they are arrested by Go Shijima and Koichi Kano and killed by their bracelets. Both Roidmude 069 and Koichi Sakaki are portrayed by {{nihongo\|Shunsuke Miura\|ไธ‰ๆตฆ ไฟŠ่ผ”\|Miura Shunsuke}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 096\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰096\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Roku}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who possesses red claws capable of putting victims into suspended animation. A year prior to the series, he appeared before famous actress {{nihongo\|Rira Nanao\|ไธƒๅฐพ ใƒชใƒฉ\|Nanao Rira}}, who had accidentally killed her boyfriend and [tarot card reader](/wiki/Tarot_card_reader "Tarot card reader"), {{nihongo\|Hiroki Nikaido\|ไบŒ้šŽๅ ‚ ๅผ˜ๆจน\|Nikaidล Hiroki}}. Absorbing her memories, 096 began impersonating Nanao herself to save her from people he deems threats to her well\-being. After the Special Investigations Division discover the truth behind Nikaido's death, 096 attempts to kill them to maintain the secret, but is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Mach. Roidmude 096 is voiced by an uncredited male actor while {{nihongo\|\[\[Haruka Suenaga]]\|ๆœซๆฐธ ้ฅ\|Suenaga Haruka}} provides his female voice in addition to portraying Rira Nanao.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.toei.co.jp/tv/drive/story/1204969\_2271\.html\|title\=ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ– ็ฌฌ16่ฉฑ ๆฒข็ฅžใ‚Šใ‚“ใชใฏใชใœใ‚ฝใƒฏใ‚ฝใƒฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ‹\|work\=ๆฑๆ˜ ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ\|access\-date\=2015\-01\-25}} * {{nihongo\|\[\[Voice]] Roidmude\|ใƒœใ‚คใ‚นใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Boisu Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 030\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰030\|Roimyลซdo Zero San Zero}}, who possesses sonokinesis and hypnotic soundwaves. He assumes the form of businessman {{nihongo\|Shu Amagi\|็”˜ๅŸŽ ็ง€\|Amagi Shลซ}}, and later applied physicist {{nihongo\|Kisaburo Sasamoto\|็ฌนๆœฌ ๅ–œไธ‰้ƒŽ\|Sasamoto Kisaburล}}, to rob women of their money. He initially went under the Special Investigations Division's radar as his crimes did not produce Heavy Acceleration fields and came off as normal fraud cases until his victims developed sensitive hearing. After being exposed by Kiriko Shijima, Voice is destroyed by Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach. The Voice Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Hiroshi Matsunaga\|ๆพๆฐธ ๅšๅฒ\|Matsunaga Hiroshi}} as Shu Amagi and {{nihongo\|Yoshihiko Narimatsu\|ๆˆๆพ ๆ…ถๅฝฆ\|Narimatsu Yoshihiko}} as Kisaburo Sasamoto. + {{nihongo\|Roidmude 046\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰046\|Roimyลซdo Zero Yon Roku}} and {{nihongo\|Roidmude 085\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰085\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Go}}: A Spider\- and Cobra\-Type Roidmude respectively and associates of Voice's who are destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmudes 046 and 085 are portrayed by {{nihongo\|Yasuaki Ishii\|็Ÿณไบ• ้–่ฆ‹\|Ishii Yasuaki}} and {{nihongo\|Akira Murai\|ๆ‘ไบ• ไบฎ\|Murai Akira}} respectively. * {{nihongo\|\[\[Judge]] Roidmude\|ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Jajji Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\-themed Cobra\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 065\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰065\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Go}}, who wields the {{nihongo\|Shock Judge\|ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธ\|Shokku Jajji}} electrodes and the {{nihongo\|Blade Judge\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธ\|Burฤ“do Jajji}} [cattle prod](/wiki/Cattle_prod "Cattle prod"). He assumes the form of retired police officer {{nihongo\|Shingo Tachibana\|ๆฉ˜ ็œŸไผ\|Tachibana Shingo}} to help him find a vigilante called "Judge" by attacking criminals. After his namesake is arrested, Judge attempts to kill him, only to be destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. The Judge Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|Shลซhei Takubo\|็”ฐไน…ไฟ ไฟฎๅนณ\|Takubo Shลซhei}} while Shingo Tachibana is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Seiroku Nakazawa\|ไธญๆฒข ้’ๅ…ญ\|Nakazawa Seiroku}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 072\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰072\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Ni}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who assumes the form of Kyu Saijo. During New Year's, the former infiltrated his computer with the intention of killing him and taking his place in the Special Investigations Division. However, 072 honored Saijo's final request to watch his favorite anime one more time and joined him. Moved by how wonderful a human creation can be, 072 befriended Saijo and agreed to take his place at work whenever the latter becomes preoccupied with other activities. While Saijo's obsessive personality causes 072 to kidnap an idol who was meant to guest star in the anime, Shinnosuke spares 072 as the Roidmude had gained humanity like Chase did. However, Medic later kills 072\. Before he dies, 072 asks Shinnosuke to tell Saijo he had been killed by the Kamen Riders because he went out of control to save Saijo from suffering an emotional breakdown. Following this, 072 would go on to inspire Saijo's novel *Mechanical Friendship*. Roidmude 072 is voiced by Kenta Hamano, who also portrays Kyu Saijo. * {{nihongo\|Shoot Roidmude\|ใ‚ทใƒฅใƒผใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Shลซto Roimyลซdo}}: A [missile launcher](/wiki/Missile_launcher "Missile launcher")\-themed Bat\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 091\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰091\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Ichi}}, who can fire {{nihongo\|Blast Dart\|ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใƒ€ใƒผใƒˆ\|Burasuto Dฤto}} missiles. He assumes the form of and made a deal with high school student {{nihongo\|Takuro Mogi\|่Œ‚ๆœจ ๆ‹“้ƒŽ\|Mogi Takurล}} to attack several places with bomb threats and his missiles. After being defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, Brain rescues Shoot's core and gives him a new Viral Core to grant him an upgraded body with neurotoxin\-laced Blast Darts. No longer interested in him, Shoot attempts to kill Mogi, only to be destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Deadheat Mach. The Shoot Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Naoki Takeshi]]\|ๆญฆๅญ ็›ด่ผ\|Takeshi Naoki}}. * {{nihongo\|\[\[Sword]] Roidmude\|ใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Sลdo Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\-themed Neo Viral Core\-based Bat\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 007\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰007\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Nana}}, who possesses barbed broadswords for arms and the ability to strengthen himself via vengeful feelings as his emotional catalyst. He originally fought Kamen Rider Proto Drive during the Global Freeze, during which he freed a criminal named {{nihongo\|Hajime Taga\|ๅคš่ณ€ ๅง‹\|Taga Hajime}} to serve as his partner. In the present, Sword fuses with Taga to help him seek revenge on Akira Hayase, which leads to Kamen Rider Drive publicly revealing his secret identity. Despite being separated, Sword and Taga overwhelm Drive and Mach before attempting to kill Kiriko Shijima, only to be thwarted and separated by Kamen Rider Chaser, who destroys Sword while Taga is arrested by the Special Investigations Division. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Taga and five other criminals out of prison. After receiving poisonous bracelets from 005, Taga joins Koichi Sakaki in robbing a bank, only to be arrested by Go Shijima and Koichi Kano and killed by their bracelets. The Sword Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Takashi ลŒhara]]\|ๅคงๅŽŸ ๅด‡\|ลŒhara Takashi}} while Hajime Taga is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Mitsuyoshi Tani\|่ฐท ๅ……็พฉ\|Tani Mitsuyoshi}}. * {{nihongo\|Seeker Roidmude\|ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Shฤซkฤ Roimyลซdo}}: A [Mokumokuren](/wiki/Mokumokuren "Mokumokuren")\-themed, Neo Viral Core\-based Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 050\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰050\|Roimyลซdo Zero Gล Zero}}, who wields the {{nihongo\|Blow Wand\|ใƒ–ใƒญใ‚ฆใƒฏใƒณใƒ‰\|Burล Wando}}. He fuses with Reiko Nishiori, daughter of incarcerated criminal psychologist Koya Nishihori, and uses her form coupled with the pseudonym {{nihongo\|Yoriko Soma\|็›ธ้ฆฌ ้ ผๅญ\|Sลma Yoriko}} as part of her plot to manipulate Kamen Rider Mach into killing her and seek revenge for her father. However, Kamen Rider Drive discovers the ruse and separates Reiko from Seeker before arresting her and destroying him. The Seeker Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|Kiyohito Yoshikai\|ๅ‰้–‹ ๆธ…ไบบ\|Yoshikai Kiyohito}}. * {{nihongo\|Open Roidmude\|ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ—ใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|ลŒpun Roimyลซdo}}: A [Swiss army knife](/wiki/Swiss_army_knife "Swiss army knife")/[lock pick](/wiki/Lock_picking "Lock picking")\-themed, Neo Viral Core\-based Cobra\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 067\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰067\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Nana}}, who wields the {{nihongo\|Common Master Key\|ใ‚ณใƒขใƒณใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ญใƒผ\|Komon Masutฤ Kฤซ}}, which allows him to open anything. He fuses with {{nihongo\|Itsuro Negishi\|ๆ นๅฒธ ้€ธ้ƒŽ\|Negishi Itsurล}}, an armed robber who Mitsuhide Nira framed as Eisuke Tomari's killer, only to be separated from Negishi and destroyed by Kamen Riders Chaser and Drive while Negishi is arrested by the Special Investigations Division. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Negishi and five other criminals out of prison. Initially assisting Nira, Negishi has a change of heart and sacrifices himself to shield Yukari Karasawa from 005's army of brainwashed officers. The Open Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\|Yoshimasa Kawata\|ๆฒณ็”ฐ ๅ‰ๆญฃ\|Kawata Yoshimasa}} while Itsuro Negishi is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Hiroaki Fukui\|็ฆไบ• ๅš็ซ \|Fukui Hiroaki}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 106\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰106\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Roku}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who assists Mitsuhide Nira in covering up evidence of him murdering Eisuke Tomari before Nira uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse them into the {{nihongo\|\[\[Thief]] Roidmude\|ใ‚ทใƒผใƒ•ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Shฤซfu Roimyลซdo}}, gaining a hook for a right hand, the ability to fire energy hooks, absorb stolen objects into their body, and invisibility. After they are separated by Kamen Rider Drive, Brain transforms 106 into a Giant Roidmude, but the latter is destroyed by the Tridoron. Roidmude 106 is voiced by {{nihongo\|Anri Katsu\|ๅ‹ ๆ้‡Œ\|Katsu Anri}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 090\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰090\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Zero}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude tasked by Medic with completing the Honfleur's Dusk recipe to help Heart achieve his Over\-Evolved form. To complete her task, 090 assumes the form of sous\-chef {{nihongo\|Miho Masukawa\|ๅข—ๅท ็พŽ็ฉ‚\|Masukawa Miho}} and fuses with chef {{nihongo\|Matsutaro Okumura\|ๅฅฅๆ‘ ๆพๅคช้ƒŽ\|Okumura Matsutarล}} to evolve into the [chef](/wiki/Chef "Chef")/[kitchen utensil](/wiki/Kitchen_utensil "Kitchen utensil")\-themed {{nihongo\|Cook Roidmude\|ใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Kukku Roimyลซdo}}, gaining right arm\-mounted cutlery and an extendable tongue. Despite completing the recipe, separating from Okumura, and receiving an arm cannon from Medic, 090 is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 090 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Momoka Ayukawa\|้ฎŽๅท ๆกƒๆžœ\|Ayukawa Momoka}} while Matsutaro Okumura is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Sonrei Yoshioka\|ๅ‰ๅฒก ใใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„\|Yoshioka Sonrei}}. * {{nihongo\|\[\[Tornado]] Roidmude\|ใƒˆใƒซใƒใƒผใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Torunฤ“do Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 008\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰008\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Hachi}}, who possesses aerokinesis, teleportation capabilities, self\-acceleration, the ability to turn his right arm into a drill, and the ability to strengthen himself via passionate feelings as his emotional catalyst. He assumes the form of fashion designer {{nihongo\|George Shirogane\|ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธ็™ฝ้˜\|Jลji Shirogane}} to kidnap several young women in the hopes of finding one who can help him achieve his Over\-Evolved form. After claiming to have found the perfect woman in Kiriko Shijima and kidnapping her, Kamen Riders Drive and Mach join forces to rescue her and destroy Tornado. The Tornado Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Joe Hyuga\|ๆ—ฅๅ‘ ไธˆ\|Hyลซga Jล}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 006\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰006\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Roku}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude who assumes the form of an unnamed mafia boss and is tasked by Heart with eliminating Tenjuro Banno after the latter transfers himself into the Banno Driver. Despite nearly achieving his Over\-Evolved form, 006's Core is destroyed by Banno, who uses the Roidmude's body as a vessel to manifest as Gold Drive. Roidmude 006 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Arata Matsuura\|ๆพๆตฆ ๆ–ฐ\|Matsuura Arata}}. ##### Other Roidmudes * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 027\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰027\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Nana}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude who appears exclusively in the DVD special *Type TV\-Kun Hunter \& Monster! Chase the Mystery of the Super Thief!* He attempts to sell counterfeit *Televi\-Kun* issues until he is discovered and confronted by Shinnosuke and Kiriko. After gathering enough data on him, 027 transforms into a counterfeit version of Kamen Rider Drive until he is destroyed by the real version. Roidmude 027 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Tomokazu Seki]]\|้–ข ๆ™บไธ€\|Seki Tomokazu}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 089\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰089\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Kyลซ}}: A Spider\-Type Roidmude who used the DNA of a deceased [Shocker](/wiki/Shocker_%28Kamen_Rider%29 "Shocker (Kamen Rider)") scientist named {{nihongo\|Doctor Dee\|ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผๅšๅฃซ\|Dฤซ\-hakase}} to assume his form, finish the latter's {{nihongo\|Dimensional Distortion Machine\|็ฉบ้–“ๅค‰็•ฐ่ฃ…็ฝฎ\|Kลซkan Heni Sลchi}}, and ally himself with [Kyuemon Izayoi](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Kyuemon_Izayoi "List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Kyuemon Izayoi") to create the [Yokai](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Yokai "List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Yokai") Buruburu during the events of the two\-part crossover special *Shuriken Sentai Ninninger vs. Kamen Rider Drive: Spring Break Combined 1 Hour Special*. After Buruburu is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and the [Ninningers](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Ninningers "List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Ninningers"), 089 uses Buruburu's Sealing Shuriken to become {{nihongo\|Shocker Buruburu\|ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใƒ–ใƒซ\|Shokkฤ Buruburu}}, combining his powers with Shocker's technology and fear from the [Kibaoni Army Corps](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Kibaoni_Army_Corps "List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Kibaoni Army Corps"). However, he is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Mach and the Ninningers. Roidmude 089 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Yลซji Kishi]]\|ๅฒธ ็ฅไบŒ\|Kishi Yลซji}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 077\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰077\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Nana}}: A Bat\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of robber {{nihongo\|Toshio Miwa\|ไธ‰่ผช ๅˆฉ้›„\|Miwa Toshio}} and appears exclusively in the V\-Cinema *Kamen Rider Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*. After becoming a [Gaia Memory](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Dopants "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Dopants")\-based criminal, 077 attempts to use the Beast Memory on himself, only to collapse on the border between the Tokyo and Fuuto prefectures and cause a conflict of jurisdictions between their respective police forces. 077 later awakens and successfully transforms into the Beast Dopant, but is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and [Accel](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Ryu_Terui "List of Kamen Rider W characters#Ryu Terui"). Roidmude 077 is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Mamoru Tanaka\|็”ฐไธญ ่ญท\|Tanaka Mamoru}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 100\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰100\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Zero}}: A Cobra\-Type Roidmude and member of the Grim Reaper Unit with the ability to wield defeated Roidmudes' weapons who appears exclusively in the DVD special *Kamen Rider Drive Secret Mission: Type Lupin! \~Lupin, the Last Challenge\~*. Amidst his quest to find 100 different weapons and learn 100 different fighting styles, he steals [Zoruku Tojo](/wiki/%23Zoruku_Tojo "#Zoruku Tojo")'s Lupin Gunner and poses as him, gaining the ability to summon blank Roidmudes in the process. However, Tojo regains the Lupin Gunner and joins forces with Kamen Rider Drive to destroy 100\. Roidmude 100 is voiced by {{nihongo\|Kenji Takahashi\|้ซ˜ๆฉ‹ ็ ”ไบŒ\|Takahashi Kenji}}. * {{nihongo\|Roidmude 5886\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰5886\|Roimyลซdo Gล Hachi Hachi Roku}}: A wild and unstable Roidmude created from the merger of all 108 Roidmudes' fragmented data who appears exclusively in the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Heart*. He seeks to complete himself by absorbing the life\-forces of the various human templates the Roidmudes copied or fused with, only to be destroyed by Kamen Rider Heart. Roidmude 5886 is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Takaya Kuroda]]\|้ป’็”ฐ ๅด‡็Ÿข\|Kuroda Takaya}}.
[ "### Roidmudes", "The {{nihongo\\|Roidmudes\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Roimyลซdo}} are 108 androids that wish to usurp humanity as Earth's dominant species. Designed by Professor Tenjuro Banno as life forms capable of [evolving like and mimicking humans](/wiki/Uncanny_valley \"Uncanny valley\") 15 years prior to the series, his friend and colleague, Krim Steinbelt unwittingly provided him with prototype Core Driviars to complete their development. Following their activation six months prior to the series, the Roidmudes launched a full\\-scale attack on Northeastern Asia in an event called the {{nihongo\\|Global Freeze\\|ใ‚ฐใƒญใƒผใƒใƒซใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บ\\|Gurลbaru Furฤซzu}}. In the present, the Roidmudes operate in the shadows to pursue varying individual agendas and create four Over\\-Evolved Roidmudes and find the \"Promised Number\" even as their numbers are reduced by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and Chaser, among others. If a Roidmude works against their plan, the leading members will have the dissenter's body destroyed so their Core can be reset back into line. Upon learning of Banno's plot to sacrifice four of them to the Sigma Circular to instigate a second Global Freeze across the rest of the world, several of the Roidmudes help the Riders thwart him, resulting in most of the androids' destruction.", "Roidmudes possess the ability to produce {{nihongo\\|Heavy Acceleration\\|้‡ๅŠ ้€Ÿ\\|Jลซkasoku}} fields, which is colloquially referred to as {{nihongo\\|\"Heaviness\"\\|ใฉใ‚“ใ‚ˆใ‚Š\\|Don'yori}} and drastically decelerates everything around them, with victims caught in the fields describing it as the sudden physical sensation of slowed time. To sustain, empower, and evolve themselves, the Roidmudes use devices called {{nihongo\\|Viral Cores\\|ใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\\|Bairaru Koa}}. All Roidmudes possess a {{nihongo\\|Core\\|ใ‚ณใ‚ข\\|Koa}}, which contains their essence, and start out as {{nihongo\\|Plain Roidmudes\\|ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒผใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Purฤ“n Roimyลซdo}}, which are divided between the following variations: {{nihongo\\|Cobra\\-Types\\|ใ‚ณใƒ–ใƒฉๅž‹\\|Kobura\\-gata}}, which possess superhuman strength; {{nihongo\\|Spider\\-Types\\|ใ‚นใƒ‘ใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผๅž‹\\|Supaidฤ\\-gata}}, which can cling to walls and ceilings as well as produce spider silk; and flight\\-capable {{nihongo\\|Bat\\-Types\\|ใƒใƒƒใƒˆๅž‹\\|Batto\\-gata}}. As long as their core remains intact, the Roidmudes can survive losing a physical body and revive themselves with a Viral Core.", "If Plain Roidmudes copy the appearances and memories of a particular target and gain enough information, they can evolve into {{nihongo\\|Advanced Roidmudes\\|ไธŠ็ดšใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Jลkyลซ Roimyลซdo}}, gaining a distinct personality reflecting their new individualized form and the ability to spread their Heavy Acceleration fields across multiple city blocks. If they absorb multiple Viral Cores at once, they can transform into {{nihongo\\|Giant Roidmudes\\|ๅทจๅคงใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Kyodai Roimyลซdo}}, which resembles their base Viral Core.", "Following Chase's defection, Freeze develops {{nihongo\\|Neo Viral Cores\\|ใƒใ‚ชใƒใ‚คใƒฉใƒซใ‚ณใ‚ข\\|Neo Bairaru Koa}}, which allow Roidmudes to fuse with a human and instantly assume a red\\-colored {{nihongo\\|Fusion Evolved Form\\|่žๅˆ้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\\|Yลซgล Shinkatai}} via [symbiosis](/wiki/Symbiosis \"Symbiosis\"). If a Roidmude forms a connection with a particular emotion and exceeds a certain limit, they can evolve into a gold\\-colored {{nihongo\\|Over\\-Evolved Form\\|่ถ…้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\\|Chล Shinkatai}}.", "#### Freeze", "The {{nihongo\\|Freeze Roidmude\\|ใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Furฤซzu Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\\|Freeze\\|ใƒ•ใƒชใƒผใ‚บ\\|Furฤซzu}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 001\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰001\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Ichi}}, is an [ice](/wiki/Ice \"Ice\")/[snow](/wiki/Snow \"Snow\")\\-themed Cobra\\-Type Roidmude, the leader of the Roidmude forces, and one of Tenjuro Banno's earliest creations who joined Heart and Brain in killing Banno and Krim Steinbelt before causing the Global Freeze as Freeze has the ability to create the strongest Heavy Acceleration field, even in his original form. Not long afterwards, Freeze assumed the form of {{nihongo\\|Soichi Makage\\|็œŸๅฝฑ ๅฃฎไธ€\\|Makage Sลichi}}, secretary of the {{nihongo\\|National Bureau of Defense\\|ๅ›ฝๅฎถ้˜ฒ่ก›ๅฑ€\\|Kokka Bลeikyoku}}, to watch over the police force and evolved into his Advanced form.", "In the present, he creates Neo Viral Cores to bolster the Roidmudes in their fight against the Kamen Riders and fights to personally remove Shinnosuke Tomari from the police force while using him to complete his evolution. While Freeze succeeds in attaining his Over\\-Evolved form using humiliation as his emotional catalyst and killing Shinnosuke, the latter's allies revive him so he can destroy Freeze in retaliation for seemingly killing his father, Eisuke Tomari, though Freeze reveals it was Mitsuhide Nira instead before he dies.", "In his Advanced form, Freeze possesses cryokinesis and the ability to produce snowflakes capable of suppressing memories, though Eisuke proved immune. In his Over\\-Evolved form, Freeze can fly, generate snowstorms, and produce energy blasts and shields.", "Freeze is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Masami Horiuchi]]\\|ๅ €ๅ†… ๆญฃ็พŽ\\|Horiuchi Masami}}.", "#### Roidmude 004", "{{nihongo\\|Roidmude 004\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰004\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Yon}} is a Spider\\-Type Roidmude and Tenjuro Banno's right\\-hand man who copied Krim Steinbelt's appearance before the Global Freeze, though 004's mind became corrupted and he was deactivated. In the present, Banno reactivates 004 to serve as his subordinate and pose as a future version of Steinbelt who became the ruler of a Roidmude dominant Earth. After being defeated in battle by Kamen Rider Drive, 004 attempts to destroy the Kamen Riders, Medic, and Heart by self\\-destructing, but Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach protects them before 004 explodes.", "In a possible future time period depicted in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future \"Surprise Future\")*, 004 planted a chip in Mr. Belt that allowed the Roidmudes to take over Earth after Shinnosuke destroyed the latter. By 2035, 004 became the leader of an army of blank Roidmudes and tasked Roidmude 108 with going back in time to ensure their future comes to pass.", "Roidmude 004 is portrayed by Chris Peppler, who also portrays Krim Steinbelt and voices Mr. Belt.", "#### Grim Reaper Unit", "The {{nihongo\\|Grim Reaper Unit\\|ๆญป็ฅž่ปๅ›ฃ\\|Shinigami Gundan}} is a [cockroach](/wiki/Cockroach \"Cockroach\")\\-themed division of remodeled Plain Roidmudes who serve as Medic's subordinates and are armed with {{nihongo\\|Hell Scythes\\|ใƒ˜ใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚น\\|Heru Saisu}}, guns, and claws. Medic creates them to take over Mashin Chaser's duty of eliminating rogue Roidmudes, destroying them completely instead of resetting them.", "#### Minor Roidmudes", "* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 029\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰029\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Kyลซ}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude who has a habit of picking up other people's traits, assumed the identity of {{nihongo\\|Nobuo Masuda\\|็›Š็”ฐ ไฟกๅคซ\\|Masuda Nobuo}}, and sneaks into public places such as gyms and talent agencies to find ideal humans to emulate before ambushing a target to add their traits to his human guise. After being defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, Heart gives 029 a Viral Core, transforming him into the [human body](/wiki/Human_body \"Human body\")\\-themed {{nihongo\\|Iron Roidmude\\|ใ‚ขใ‚คใ‚ขใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Aian Roimyลซdo}}. In his new, upgraded body and after copying several human body parts, 029 gains the ability to stretch his arms. However, he is destroyed by Drive. Roidmude 029 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Masafumi Yokoyama\\|ๆจชๅฑฑ ็œŸๅฒ\\|Yokoyama Masafumi}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Paint]] Roidmude\\|ใƒšใ‚คใƒณใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Peinto Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake/[artist](/wiki/Artist \"Artist\")\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 010\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰010\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Zero}} who possesses the ability to convert victims into colorful, paint\\-like data streams, fire paint\\-based projectiles, and extendable [paint tube](/wiki/Oil_paint \"Oil paint\")\\-like arms. During the Global Freeze, Paint attacked Kiriko Shijima as part of his desire to capture women in his paintings, but was repelled by Kamen Rider Proto Drive. In the present, Paint assumes the identity of {{nihongo\\|Kazuhiro Asaya\\|ๆต…็Ÿข ไธ€ๅบƒ\\|Asaya Kazuhiro}}, establishes an art gallery to store all of his victims, and gains Roidmude 084's help in undergoing a mass kidnapping spree. However, Paint is eventually exposed and destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive, which restores his victims. The Paint Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Lou Oshiba\\|ใƒซใƒผๅคงๆŸด\\|Rลซ ลŒshiba}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 084\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰084\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Yon}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude and associate of Paint's who assumes the guise of Kazuhiro Asaya's student, {{nihongo\\|Hajime Fujimiya\\|ๅฏŒๅฃซๅฎฎ ่‚‡\\|Fujimiya Hajime}} and possesses a similar version of Paint's conversion ability, though 084's streams manifest as monochrome pencil sketches. 084 assists Paint in his kidnapping spree until the former is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 084 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Yลซta Murakami\\|ๆ‘ไธŠ ้›„ๅคช\\|Murakami Yลซta}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Crash Roidmude\\|ใ‚ฏใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Kurasshu Roimyลซdo}}: A [hammer](/wiki/Hammer \"Hammer\")\\-themed Cobra\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 023\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰023\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii San}}, who assumes the identity of a criminal named \"Crash\" and possesses large, twin arm\\-mounted hammers. He and his \"brothers\", Roidmudes 060 and 074, target the Font Earl company's armored vehicles for their explosives so they can commit a major heist. Despite Kamen Rider Drive destroying 060, Crash and 074 succeed in stealing the explosives, but are ultimately destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and the Tridoron respectively. The Crash Roidmude is portrayed by HIRO of [Yasuda Dai Circus](/wiki/Yasuda_Dai_Circus \"Yasuda Dai Circus\").\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 060\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰060\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Zero}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude and one of Crash's \"brothers\". 060 assists his brothers in their plot to steal explosives until he is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 060 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Danchล Yasuda\\|ๅ›ฃ้•ทๅฎ‰็”ฐ}} of Yasuda Dai Circus.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 074\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰074\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Yon}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude and one of Crash's \"brothers\". To facilitate Crash's scheme, 074 transforms into a Giant Roidmude, but is destroyed by the Tridoron. Roidmude 074 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Akihiro Kurokawa\\|้ป’ๅท ๆ˜Žไบบ\\|Kurokawa Akihiro}} of Yasuda Dai Circus.\n* {{nihongo\\|Scooper Roidmude\\|ใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Sukลซpฤ Roimyลซdo}}: A [camera](/wiki/Camera \"Camera\")\\-themed Bat\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 033\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰033\\|Roimyลซdo Zero San San}}, who possesses the ability to steal metal from anything he targets, produce energy blasts, materialize objects from photos, and the ability to fire balls of light. He originally intended to assume the form of reporter, {{nihongo\\|Shunsuke Kusaka\\|ไน…ๅ‚ ไฟŠไป‹\\|Kusaka Shunsuke}}, but chose instead to give him a {{nihongo\\|Special Badge\\|็‰นๆฎŠใชใƒใƒƒใ‚ธ\\|Tokushu na Bajji}} to protect him from Heavy Acceleration fields while Scooper fulfills the latter's desire to see Kaishima City Construction\\-built buildings destroyed and have news stories to report on, absorbing Kusaka's greed to facilitate his evolution. After Kusaka's colleague, Kenta, brings in the Special Investigations Division, Scooper attempts to kill Kusaka, but is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. The Scooper Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Hiroshi Naka]]\\|ไธญ ๅšๅฒ\\|Naka Hiroshi}} while Shunsuke Kusaka is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Takuya Nagaoka\\|ๆฐธๅฒก ๅ“ไนŸ\\|Nagaoka Takuya}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Volt Roidmude\\|ใƒœใƒซใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Boruto Roimyลซdo}}: An [electricity](/wiki/Electricity \"Electricity\")\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 024\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰024\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Yon}}, who possesses electrokinesis. He assumes the guise of deceased writer {{nihongo\\|Goro Minami\\|็พŽๆณข ่ญท้ƒŽ\\|Minami Gorล}} while absorbing electricity throughout Tokyo to cause mass blackouts and revive Medic with help from Roidmudes 037 and 103\\. After being destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive, 103 recovers Volt's power controller, which contains a backup of the latter and causes him to manifest as {{nihongo\\|Volt Ghost\\|ใƒœใƒซใƒˆใ‚ดใƒผใ‚นใƒˆ\\|Boruto Gลsuto}} in an attempt to help the Roidmudes enact a second Global Freeze. After consuming two Spider Viral Cores, he transforms further into a Giant Roidmude. However, he is reverted to his original form and destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive while his power controller is destroyed by Kiriko Shijima. The Volt Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Isamu Ago\\|ใ‚ใ”ๅ‹‡\\|Ago Isamu}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 037\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰037\\|Roimyลซdo Zero San Nana}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude and accomplice of Volt's who assists the latter in his plot to cause mass blackouts before he is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 037 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Kenta Nitta\\|ๆ–ฐ็”ฐ ๅฅๅคช\\|Nitta Kenta}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 103\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰103\\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero San}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude and accomplice of Volt's who assists the latter in his plot to cause mass blackouts. After being mortally wounded by Kamen Rider Drive, 103 delivers Volt's power controller to Heart before succumbing to his injuries. Roidmude 103 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Kazuki Tsujimoto\\|่พปๆœฌ ไธ€ๆจน\\|Tsujimoto Kazuki}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Gunman Roidmude\\|ใ‚ฌใƒณใƒžใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Ganman Roimyลซdo}}: A [cowboy](/wiki/Cowboy \"Cowboy\")\\-themed Bat\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 017\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰017\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Nana}}, who wields the {{nihongo\\|Emperor 17\\|ใ‚จใƒณใƒšใƒฉ17\\|Enpera Jลซnana}} handgun. He and his \"little brother\", Roidmude 018, come to Japan to sell Heavy Acceleration\\-inducing bands to humans on the black market until they are destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach. In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Gunman and 018 killed Mach's friend, Ethan Woodward, while the Roidmudes were in the U.S. as part of the American mafia. The Gunman Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Bernard Ackah]]\\|ใƒ™ใƒซใƒŠใƒผใƒซใƒปใ‚ขใƒƒใ‚ซ\\|Berunฤru Akka}}.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 018\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰018\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Ichi Hachi}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude and Gunman's \"little brother\" who failed to fully evolve and possesses personal Heavy Acceleration bands. 018 assumes the guise of the {{nihongo\\|Boss\\|ๅ…ƒ็ท ใ‚\\|Motojime}} of the black market and assists Gunman in his scheme to sell Heavy Acceleration bands to humans before they are destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach. In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, 018 and Gunman killed Mach's friend, Ethan Woodward, while the Roidmudes were in the U.S. as part of the American mafia. Roidmude 018 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Marvin Jr.\\|ใƒžใƒผใƒ“ใƒณJr.\\|Mฤbin Junia}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 069\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰069\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Kyลซ}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of makeup artist turned stalker, {{nihongo\\|Koichi Sakaki\\|ๅ‚ๆœจ ๅ…‰ไธ€\\|Sakaki Kลichi}}. While stalking Rira Nanao, 069 and Sakaki are repelled by Roidmude 096 and Kamen Riders Drive and Mach. After Sakaki is arrested, Brain transforms 069 into a Giant Roidmude, but the latter is destroyed by Kamen Rider Mach and the Ride Crosser. During the events of the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Sakaki and five other criminals out of prison. After receiving poisonous bracelets from 005, Sakaki joins Hajime Taga in robbing a bank before they are arrested by Go Shijima and Koichi Kano and killed by their bracelets. Both Roidmude 069 and Koichi Sakaki are portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Shunsuke Miura\\|ไธ‰ๆตฆ ไฟŠ่ผ”\\|Miura Shunsuke}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 096\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰096\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Roku}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who possesses red claws capable of putting victims into suspended animation. A year prior to the series, he appeared before famous actress {{nihongo\\|Rira Nanao\\|ไธƒๅฐพ ใƒชใƒฉ\\|Nanao Rira}}, who had accidentally killed her boyfriend and [tarot card reader](/wiki/Tarot_card_reader \"Tarot card reader\"), {{nihongo\\|Hiroki Nikaido\\|ไบŒ้šŽๅ ‚ ๅผ˜ๆจน\\|Nikaidล Hiroki}}. Absorbing her memories, 096 began impersonating Nanao herself to save her from people he deems threats to her well\\-being. After the Special Investigations Division discover the truth behind Nikaido's death, 096 attempts to kill them to maintain the secret, but is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Mach. Roidmude 096 is voiced by an uncredited male actor while {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Haruka Suenaga]]\\|ๆœซๆฐธ ้ฅ\\|Suenaga Haruka}} provides his female voice in addition to portraying Rira Nanao.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.toei.co.jp/tv/drive/story/1204969\\_2271\\.html\\|title\\=ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ– ็ฌฌ16่ฉฑ ๆฒข็ฅžใ‚Šใ‚“ใชใฏใชใœใ‚ฝใƒฏใ‚ฝใƒฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใ‹\\|work\\=ๆฑๆ˜ ใ‚ชใƒ•ใ‚ฃใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆ\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-25}}\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Voice]] Roidmude\\|ใƒœใ‚คใ‚นใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Boisu Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 030\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰030\\|Roimyลซdo Zero San Zero}}, who possesses sonokinesis and hypnotic soundwaves. He assumes the form of businessman {{nihongo\\|Shu Amagi\\|็”˜ๅŸŽ ็ง€\\|Amagi Shลซ}}, and later applied physicist {{nihongo\\|Kisaburo Sasamoto\\|็ฌนๆœฌ ๅ–œไธ‰้ƒŽ\\|Sasamoto Kisaburล}}, to rob women of their money. He initially went under the Special Investigations Division's radar as his crimes did not produce Heavy Acceleration fields and came off as normal fraud cases until his victims developed sensitive hearing. After being exposed by Kiriko Shijima, Voice is destroyed by Kamen Rider Deadheat Mach. The Voice Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Hiroshi Matsunaga\\|ๆพๆฐธ ๅšๅฒ\\|Matsunaga Hiroshi}} as Shu Amagi and {{nihongo\\|Yoshihiko Narimatsu\\|ๆˆๆพ ๆ…ถๅฝฆ\\|Narimatsu Yoshihiko}} as Kisaburo Sasamoto.\n\t+ {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 046\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰046\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Yon Roku}} and {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 085\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰085\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Go}}: A Spider\\- and Cobra\\-Type Roidmude respectively and associates of Voice's who are destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmudes 046 and 085 are portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Yasuaki Ishii\\|็Ÿณไบ• ้–่ฆ‹\\|Ishii Yasuaki}} and {{nihongo\\|Akira Murai\\|ๆ‘ไบ• ไบฎ\\|Murai Akira}} respectively.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Judge]] Roidmude\\|ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Jajji Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\\-themed Cobra\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 065\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰065\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Go}}, who wields the {{nihongo\\|Shock Judge\\|ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธ\\|Shokku Jajji}} electrodes and the {{nihongo\\|Blade Judge\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ธใƒฃใƒƒใ‚ธ\\|Burฤ“do Jajji}} [cattle prod](/wiki/Cattle_prod \"Cattle prod\"). He assumes the form of retired police officer {{nihongo\\|Shingo Tachibana\\|ๆฉ˜ ็œŸไผ\\|Tachibana Shingo}} to help him find a vigilante called \"Judge\" by attacking criminals. After his namesake is arrested, Judge attempts to kill him, only to be destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. The Judge Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Shลซhei Takubo\\|็”ฐไน…ไฟ ไฟฎๅนณ\\|Takubo Shลซhei}} while Shingo Tachibana is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Seiroku Nakazawa\\|ไธญๆฒข ้’ๅ…ญ\\|Nakazawa Seiroku}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 072\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰072\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Ni}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who assumes the form of Kyu Saijo. During New Year's, the former infiltrated his computer with the intention of killing him and taking his place in the Special Investigations Division. However, 072 honored Saijo's final request to watch his favorite anime one more time and joined him. Moved by how wonderful a human creation can be, 072 befriended Saijo and agreed to take his place at work whenever the latter becomes preoccupied with other activities. While Saijo's obsessive personality causes 072 to kidnap an idol who was meant to guest star in the anime, Shinnosuke spares 072 as the Roidmude had gained humanity like Chase did. However, Medic later kills 072\\. Before he dies, 072 asks Shinnosuke to tell Saijo he had been killed by the Kamen Riders because he went out of control to save Saijo from suffering an emotional breakdown. Following this, 072 would go on to inspire Saijo's novel *Mechanical Friendship*. Roidmude 072 is voiced by Kenta Hamano, who also portrays Kyu Saijo.\n* {{nihongo\\|Shoot Roidmude\\|ใ‚ทใƒฅใƒผใƒˆใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Shลซto Roimyลซdo}}: A [missile launcher](/wiki/Missile_launcher \"Missile launcher\")\\-themed Bat\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 091\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰091\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Ichi}}, who can fire {{nihongo\\|Blast Dart\\|ใƒ–ใƒฉใ‚นใƒˆใƒ€ใƒผใƒˆ\\|Burasuto Dฤto}} missiles. He assumes the form of and made a deal with high school student {{nihongo\\|Takuro Mogi\\|่Œ‚ๆœจ ๆ‹“้ƒŽ\\|Mogi Takurล}} to attack several places with bomb threats and his missiles. After being defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, Brain rescues Shoot's core and gives him a new Viral Core to grant him an upgraded body with neurotoxin\\-laced Blast Darts. No longer interested in him, Shoot attempts to kill Mogi, only to be destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Deadheat Mach. The Shoot Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Naoki Takeshi]]\\|ๆญฆๅญ ็›ด่ผ\\|Takeshi Naoki}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Sword]] Roidmude\\|ใ‚ฝใƒผใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Sลdo Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\\-themed Neo Viral Core\\-based Bat\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 007\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰007\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Nana}}, who possesses barbed broadswords for arms and the ability to strengthen himself via vengeful feelings as his emotional catalyst. He originally fought Kamen Rider Proto Drive during the Global Freeze, during which he freed a criminal named {{nihongo\\|Hajime Taga\\|ๅคš่ณ€ ๅง‹\\|Taga Hajime}} to serve as his partner. In the present, Sword fuses with Taga to help him seek revenge on Akira Hayase, which leads to Kamen Rider Drive publicly revealing his secret identity. Despite being separated, Sword and Taga overwhelm Drive and Mach before attempting to kill Kiriko Shijima, only to be thwarted and separated by Kamen Rider Chaser, who destroys Sword while Taga is arrested by the Special Investigations Division. In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Taga and five other criminals out of prison. After receiving poisonous bracelets from 005, Taga joins Koichi Sakaki in robbing a bank, only to be arrested by Go Shijima and Koichi Kano and killed by their bracelets. The Sword Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Takashi ลŒhara]]\\|ๅคงๅŽŸ ๅด‡\\|ลŒhara Takashi}} while Hajime Taga is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Mitsuyoshi Tani\\|่ฐท ๅ……็พฉ\\|Tani Mitsuyoshi}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Seeker Roidmude\\|ใ‚ทใƒผใ‚ซใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Shฤซkฤ Roimyลซdo}}: A [Mokumokuren](/wiki/Mokumokuren \"Mokumokuren\")\\-themed, Neo Viral Core\\-based Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 050\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰050\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Gล Zero}}, who wields the {{nihongo\\|Blow Wand\\|ใƒ–ใƒญใ‚ฆใƒฏใƒณใƒ‰\\|Burล Wando}}. He fuses with Reiko Nishiori, daughter of incarcerated criminal psychologist Koya Nishihori, and uses her form coupled with the pseudonym {{nihongo\\|Yoriko Soma\\|็›ธ้ฆฌ ้ ผๅญ\\|Sลma Yoriko}} as part of her plot to manipulate Kamen Rider Mach into killing her and seek revenge for her father. However, Kamen Rider Drive discovers the ruse and separates Reiko from Seeker before arresting her and destroying him. The Seeker Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Kiyohito Yoshikai\\|ๅ‰้–‹ ๆธ…ไบบ\\|Yoshikai Kiyohito}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Open Roidmude\\|ใ‚ชใƒผใƒ—ใƒณใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|ลŒpun Roimyลซdo}}: A [Swiss army knife](/wiki/Swiss_army_knife \"Swiss army knife\")/[lock pick](/wiki/Lock_picking \"Lock picking\")\\-themed, Neo Viral Core\\-based Cobra\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 067\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰067\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Roku Nana}}, who wields the {{nihongo\\|Common Master Key\\|ใ‚ณใƒขใƒณใƒžใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒผใ‚ญใƒผ\\|Komon Masutฤ Kฤซ}}, which allows him to open anything. He fuses with {{nihongo\\|Itsuro Negishi\\|ๆ นๅฒธ ้€ธ้ƒŽ\\|Negishi Itsurล}}, an armed robber who Mitsuhide Nira framed as Eisuke Tomari's killer, only to be separated from Negishi and destroyed by Kamen Riders Chaser and Drive while Negishi is arrested by the Special Investigations Division. In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, Roidmude 005 breaks Negishi and five other criminals out of prison. Initially assisting Nira, Negishi has a change of heart and sacrifices himself to shield Yukari Karasawa from 005's army of brainwashed officers. The Open Roidmude is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Yoshimasa Kawata\\|ๆฒณ็”ฐ ๅ‰ๆญฃ\\|Kawata Yoshimasa}} while Itsuro Negishi is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Hiroaki Fukui\\|็ฆไบ• ๅš็ซ \\|Fukui Hiroaki}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 106\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰106\\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Roku}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who assists Mitsuhide Nira in covering up evidence of him murdering Eisuke Tomari before Nira uses a Neo Viral Core to fuse them into the {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Thief]] Roidmude\\|ใ‚ทใƒผใƒ•ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Shฤซfu Roimyลซdo}}, gaining a hook for a right hand, the ability to fire energy hooks, absorb stolen objects into their body, and invisibility. After they are separated by Kamen Rider Drive, Brain transforms 106 into a Giant Roidmude, but the latter is destroyed by the Tridoron. Roidmude 106 is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Anri Katsu\\|ๅ‹ ๆ้‡Œ\\|Katsu Anri}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 090\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰090\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Zero}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude tasked by Medic with completing the Honfleur's Dusk recipe to help Heart achieve his Over\\-Evolved form. To complete her task, 090 assumes the form of sous\\-chef {{nihongo\\|Miho Masukawa\\|ๅข—ๅท ็พŽ็ฉ‚\\|Masukawa Miho}} and fuses with chef {{nihongo\\|Matsutaro Okumura\\|ๅฅฅๆ‘ ๆพๅคช้ƒŽ\\|Okumura Matsutarล}} to evolve into the [chef](/wiki/Chef \"Chef\")/[kitchen utensil](/wiki/Kitchen_utensil \"Kitchen utensil\")\\-themed {{nihongo\\|Cook Roidmude\\|ใ‚ฏใƒƒใ‚ฏใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Kukku Roimyลซdo}}, gaining right arm\\-mounted cutlery and an extendable tongue. Despite completing the recipe, separating from Okumura, and receiving an arm cannon from Medic, 090 is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. Roidmude 090 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Momoka Ayukawa\\|้ฎŽๅท ๆกƒๆžœ\\|Ayukawa Momoka}} while Matsutaro Okumura is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Sonrei Yoshioka\\|ๅ‰ๅฒก ใใ‚“ใ‚Œใ„\\|Yoshioka Sonrei}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Tornado]] Roidmude\\|ใƒˆใƒซใƒใƒผใƒ‰ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Torunฤ“do Roimyลซdo}}: A namesake\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude, formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 008\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰008\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Hachi}}, who possesses aerokinesis, teleportation capabilities, self\\-acceleration, the ability to turn his right arm into a drill, and the ability to strengthen himself via passionate feelings as his emotional catalyst. He assumes the form of fashion designer {{nihongo\\|George Shirogane\\|ใ‚ธใƒงใƒผใ‚ธ็™ฝ้˜\\|Jลji Shirogane}} to kidnap several young women in the hopes of finding one who can help him achieve his Over\\-Evolved form. After claiming to have found the perfect woman in Kiriko Shijima and kidnapping her, Kamen Riders Drive and Mach join forces to rescue her and destroy Tornado. The Tornado Roidmude is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Joe Hyuga\\|ๆ—ฅๅ‘ ไธˆ\\|Hyลซga Jล}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 006\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰006\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Roku}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude who assumes the form of an unnamed mafia boss and is tasked by Heart with eliminating Tenjuro Banno after the latter transfers himself into the Banno Driver. Despite nearly achieving his Over\\-Evolved form, 006's Core is destroyed by Banno, who uses the Roidmude's body as a vessel to manifest as Gold Drive. Roidmude 006 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Arata Matsuura\\|ๆพๆตฆ ๆ–ฐ\\|Matsuura Arata}}.", "##### Other Roidmudes", "* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 027\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰027\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nii Nana}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude who appears exclusively in the DVD special *Type TV\\-Kun Hunter \\& Monster! Chase the Mystery of the Super Thief!* He attempts to sell counterfeit *Televi\\-Kun* issues until he is discovered and confronted by Shinnosuke and Kiriko. After gathering enough data on him, 027 transforms into a counterfeit version of Kamen Rider Drive until he is destroyed by the real version. Roidmude 027 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Tomokazu Seki]]\\|้–ข ๆ™บไธ€\\|Seki Tomokazu}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 089\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰089\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Hachi Kyลซ}}: A Spider\\-Type Roidmude who used the DNA of a deceased [Shocker](/wiki/Shocker_%28Kamen_Rider%29 \"Shocker (Kamen Rider)\") scientist named {{nihongo\\|Doctor Dee\\|ใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒผๅšๅฃซ\\|Dฤซ\\-hakase}} to assume his form, finish the latter's {{nihongo\\|Dimensional Distortion Machine\\|็ฉบ้–“ๅค‰็•ฐ่ฃ…็ฝฎ\\|Kลซkan Heni Sลchi}}, and ally himself with [Kyuemon Izayoi](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Kyuemon_Izayoi \"List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Kyuemon Izayoi\") to create the [Yokai](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Yokai \"List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Yokai\") Buruburu during the events of the two\\-part crossover special *Shuriken Sentai Ninninger vs. Kamen Rider Drive: Spring Break Combined 1 Hour Special*. After Buruburu is destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive and the [Ninningers](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Ninningers \"List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Ninningers\"), 089 uses Buruburu's Sealing Shuriken to become {{nihongo\\|Shocker Buruburu\\|ใ‚ทใƒงใƒƒใ‚ซใƒผใƒ–ใƒซใƒ–ใƒซ\\|Shokkฤ Buruburu}}, combining his powers with Shocker's technology and fear from the [Kibaoni Army Corps](/wiki/List_of_Shuriken_Sentai_Ninninger_characters%23Kibaoni_Army_Corps \"List of Shuriken Sentai Ninninger characters#Kibaoni Army Corps\"). However, he is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive and Mach and the Ninningers. Roidmude 089 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Yลซji Kishi]]\\|ๅฒธ ็ฅไบŒ\\|Kishi Yลซji}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 077\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰077\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Nana Nana}}: A Bat\\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of robber {{nihongo\\|Toshio Miwa\\|ไธ‰่ผช ๅˆฉ้›„\\|Miwa Toshio}} and appears exclusively in the V\\-Cinema *Kamen Rider Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*. After becoming a [Gaia Memory](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Dopants \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Dopants\")\\-based criminal, 077 attempts to use the Beast Memory on himself, only to collapse on the border between the Tokyo and Fuuto prefectures and cause a conflict of jurisdictions between their respective police forces. 077 later awakens and successfully transforms into the Beast Dopant, but is destroyed by Kamen Riders Drive, Mach, and [Accel](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_W_characters%23Ryu_Terui \"List of Kamen Rider W characters#Ryu Terui\"). Roidmude 077 is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Mamoru Tanaka\\|็”ฐไธญ ่ญท\\|Tanaka Mamoru}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 100\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰100\\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Zero}}: A Cobra\\-Type Roidmude and member of the Grim Reaper Unit with the ability to wield defeated Roidmudes' weapons who appears exclusively in the DVD special *Kamen Rider Drive Secret Mission: Type Lupin! \\~Lupin, the Last Challenge\\~*. Amidst his quest to find 100 different weapons and learn 100 different fighting styles, he steals [Zoruku Tojo](/wiki/%23Zoruku_Tojo \"#Zoruku Tojo\")'s Lupin Gunner and poses as him, gaining the ability to summon blank Roidmudes in the process. However, Tojo regains the Lupin Gunner and joins forces with Kamen Rider Drive to destroy 100\\. Roidmude 100 is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Kenji Takahashi\\|้ซ˜ๆฉ‹ ็ ”ไบŒ\\|Takahashi Kenji}}.\n* {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 5886\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰5886\\|Roimyลซdo Gล Hachi Hachi Roku}}: A wild and unstable Roidmude created from the merger of all 108 Roidmudes' fragmented data who appears exclusively in the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Heart*. He seeks to complete himself by absorbing the life\\-forces of the various human templates the Roidmudes copied or fused with, only to be destroyed by Kamen Rider Heart. Roidmude 5886 is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Takaya Kuroda]]\\|้ป’็”ฐ ๅด‡็Ÿข\\|Kuroda Takaya}}." ]
Spin\-off exclusive characters ------------------------------ ### Roidmude 005 {{nihongo\|Roidmude 005\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰005\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Go}} is a Bat\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of criminal psychologist, Koya Nishihori. First appearing in the DVD specials *Type Zero Episode 0: Countdown to Global Freeze* and *Type TV\-Kun Hunter \& Monster! Chase the Mystery of the Super Thief!*, 005 briefly kidnapped Koya to steal his form before the former's body was destroyed by Kamen Rider Proto Drive during the Global Freeze before his core was seemingly destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. In the tie\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, it is revealed 005 uploaded a backup of his core to the internet to plan revenge on the Kamen Riders, which caused him to evolve into the {{nihongo\|\[\[Revenge]]r Roidmude\|ใƒชใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Ribenjฤ Roimyลซdo}}, though his new body is destroyed by Super Deadheat Mach. During the events of the *Drive Saga* [V\-Cinemas](/wiki/V-Cinema "V-Cinema"), *Kamen Rider Heart* and *Kamen Rider Mach*, Revenger's core is temporarily absorbed by the unstable Roidmude 5886 before Kamen Rider Heart destroys it, allowing Revenger to escape and frame Nishihori's daughter, Reiko, for his crimes, lure Mach into a trap, and attempt to kill him along with several father/daughter pairs, only to be destroyed permanently by Kamen Rider Mach Chaser. Roidmude 005 is portrayed by Toru Nomaguchi, who also portrays Koya Nishihori. ### Zoruku Tojo {{nihongo\|Zoruku Tojo\|ใ‚พใƒซใƒผใ‚ฏๆฑๆก\|Zorลซku Tลjล}} is a master criminal and [gentleman thief](/wiki/Gentleman_thief "Gentleman thief") nicknamed {{nihongo\|"Phantom Thief Ultimate Lupin"\|ๆ€ช็›—ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒกใƒƒใƒˆใƒปใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณ\|Kitล Arutimetto Rupan}}. First appearing in the crossover film *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Drive \& Gaim: Movie War Full Throttle](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Drive_%26_Gaim:Movie_War_Full_Throttle "Movie War Full Throttle")* and sometime after the Global Freeze, an aged Tojo found {{nihongo\|Cyberoid ZZZ\|ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ZZZ\|Saibaroido Surฤซ Zetto}}, an android that Krim Steinbelt created in preparation for the Roidmudes' attack against humanity with the intention of transferring his consciousness into it before he was forced to put the android in storage as it requires a strong mind to control it. Before his death, Tojo transferred his mind into Cyberoid ZZZ, obtains a variant of the Break Gunner called the {{nihongo\|Lupin Gunner\|ใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚ฌใƒณใƒŠใƒผ\|Rupan Gannฤ}}, and goes on a crime spree as {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Lupin\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณ\|Kamen Raidฤ Rupan}}. However, he is confronted and defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, who burns out Cyberoid ZZZ and forces out Tojo's consciousness, which ends up in a Bat Viral Core. Via a holographic projection, Tojo promises Drive he will return. As of the DVD special *Kamen Rider Drive Secret Mission: Type Lupin! \~Lupin, the Last Challenge\~*, Tojo has become a Roidmude and recovered from his injuries, only to be attacked by Roidmude 100, who steals his Lupin Gunner to pose as him. Tojo eventually finds Drive and 100, steals back the Lupin Gunner, and helps the former defeat the latter, burning up the last of his energy in the process. Through a letter he sent before he died, Tojo leaves his Lupin Gunner and Viral Core with Drive for safekeeping. As Kamen Rider Lupin, Tojo possesses enough power to destroy regular Roidmudes and their cores. He can also combine the Lupin Gunner and the {{nihongo\|Lupin Blade\|ใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰\|Rupan Bureido}} Viral Core to access the former's dagger\-like {{nihongo\|Blade Mode\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ใƒขใƒผใƒ‰\|Bureido Mลdo}}, which allows him to perform the {{nihongo\|Ultimate Lupin Stlash\|ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒกใƒƒใƒˆใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅ\|Arutimetto Rupan Sutorasshu}} finisher. Zoruku Tojo is portrayed by {{nihongo\|Yลซji Ayabe\|็ถพ้ƒจ ็ฅไบŒ\|Ayabe Yลซji}}. ### Kamen Rider 4 {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider 4\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ4ๅท\|Kamen Raidฤ Yongล}} is a Rider that Shocker created to alter history who was created from a time paradox due to [Takumi Inui](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_555_characters%23Takumi_Inui "List of Kamen Rider 555 characters#Takumi Inui")'s wish to protect people without having them die and appears exclusively in the after\-credits scene of the crossover film *[Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3](/wiki/Super_Hero_Taisen_GP:Kamen_Rider_3 "Kamen Rider 3")* and a self\-titled three\-episode web series. Following their failure to use Kamen Rider 3 to alter history, Shocker uses the History Modification Machine to send 4 back in time and lead the Shocker Air Force in another attempt. However, 4 is killed by Kamen Rider Drive. While transformed, 4 possesses a [wingsuit](/wiki/Wingsuit "Wingsuit") and pilots the [Douglas A\-1 Skyraider](/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider "Douglas A-1 Skyraider")\-esque {{nihongo\|Sky Cyclone\|ใ‚นใ‚ซใ‚คใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒญใƒณ\|Sukai Saikuron}} aircraft, which can combine with two Shocker Fighters. Kamen Rider 4 is voiced by {{nihongo\|Mitsuru Matsuoka\|ๆพๅฒก ๅ……\|Matsuoka Mitsuru}}. ### Eiji Tomari {{nihongo\|Eiji Tomari\|ๆณŠ ใ‚จใ‚คใ‚ธ\|Tomari Eiji}} is Shinnosuke Tomari and Kiriko Shijima's son. First appearing in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future "Surprise Future")*, Paradox kills and poses as a future version of Eiji from the year 2035 in an attempt to alter history. However, Eiji used mind link technology that Krim Steinbelt had developed to upload his consciousness into his double\-sided {{nihongo\|Shift Next Special\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆใ‚นใƒšใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ\|Shifuto Nekusuto Supesharu}} Car to help the present Shinnosuke defeat Paradox. As of the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Kiriko has given birth to Eiji. The adult Eiji Tomari is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Mackenyu]]\|็œŸๅ‰ฃไฝ‘\|Makken'yลซ}}. ### Paradox The {{nihongo\|\[\[Paradox]] Roidmude\|ใƒ‘ใƒฉใƒ‰ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Paradokkusu Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\|Paradox\|ใƒ‘ใƒฉใƒ‰ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น\|Paradokkusu}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 108\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰108\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Hachi}}, is a namesake\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude loyal to Tenjuro Banno and Roidmude 004 who appears exclusively in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future "Surprise Future")*. In a future timeline where Banno succeeded in enacting the second Global Freeze, Paradox was sealed away by his fellow Roidmudes. After breaking free in the year 2035, he attacks and kills Eiji Tomari before stealing his Rider equipment to pose as him while using a duplicate AI of himself to operate as {{nihongo\|Kamen Rider Dark Drive\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฏใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\|Kamen Raidฤ Dฤku Doraibu}}. Traveling back in time to the present, Paradox tricks Shinnosuke into destroying Mr. Belt, turns the police force against the former, and fuses with his present self to transform into a {{nihongo\|Supreme Evolved Form\|่ถ…็ตถ้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\|Chลzetsu Shinkatai}} to personally cause the second Global Freeze as part of a [predestination paradox](/wiki/Predestination_paradox "Predestination paradox"). However, Chase rescues and reveals the truth to Shinnosuke, who transfers Mr. Belt's consciousness to Paradox's abandoned Rider equipment before destroying him. Utilizing the yellow\-colored {{nihongo\|Next\|ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆ\|Nekusuto}} side of Eiji's Shift Next Special Car in conjunction with the Drive Driver and Shift Brace, Paradox can transform into Kamen Rider Dark Drive {{nihongo\|Type Next\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆ\|Taipu Nekusuto}}. While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\|Blade Gunner\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ฌใƒณใƒŠใƒผ\|Burฤ“do Gan'nฤ}} sword. His personal vehicle is the [Mercedes\-AMG GT](/wiki/Mercedes-AMG_GT "Mercedes-AMG GT")\-esque {{nihongo\|NexTridoron\|ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\|Nekusutoraidoron}} car.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2015/05/08/432/\|title\=ๆ˜ ็”ปใ€Žไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€ใซใƒ™ใƒณใƒ„ๆ–ฐๅž‹ใŒ็™ปๅ ด!ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณใŠๆŠซ้œฒ็›ฎ\|publisher\=Mynavi Corporation\|work\=ใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น\|date\=May 8, 2015}} Paradox is voiced by {{nihongo\|\[\[Rikiya Koyama]]\|ๅฐๅฑฑ ๅŠ›ไนŸ\|Koyama Rikiya}}. ### Angel The {{nihongo\|\[\[Angel]] Roidmude\|ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใ‚งใƒซใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\|Enjeru Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\|Angel\|ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใ‚งใƒซ\|Enjeru}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\|Roidmude 099\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰099\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Kyลซ}}, is a namesake\-themed Spider\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of psychiatrist {{nihongo\|Shoko Hazama\|็พฝไฝ้–“ ็ฟ”ๅญ\|Hazama Shลko}}, quickly achieved her Over\-Evolved form, and appears exclusively in the V\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*. She uses her {{nihongo\|Feather Circuits\|ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ถใƒผใ‚ตใƒผใ‚ญใƒƒใƒˆ\|Fezฤ Sฤkitto}}, which allow Roidmudes to experience human emotions, to convince others of her kind to join her in rebelling against Heart's leadership and give Chase the opportunity to fulfill his quest to become human via emotions as part of her plot to overload Roidmudes and humans' minds with [euphoria](/wiki/Euphoria "Euphoria") until they die. Despite absorbing several Roidmudes to strengthen herself, she is eventually destroyed by Chase at the cost of his newfound emotions. Angel is portrayed by {{nihongo\|\[\[Mami Yamasaki]]\|ๅฑฑๅดŽ ็œŸๅฎŸ\|Yamasaki Mami}}.
[ "Spin\\-off exclusive characters\n------------------------------", "### Roidmude 005", "{{nihongo\\|Roidmude 005\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰005\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Zero Go}} is a Bat\\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of criminal psychologist, Koya Nishihori. First appearing in the DVD specials *Type Zero Episode 0: Countdown to Global Freeze* and *Type TV\\-Kun Hunter \\& Monster! Chase the Mystery of the Super Thief!*, 005 briefly kidnapped Koya to steal his form before the former's body was destroyed by Kamen Rider Proto Drive during the Global Freeze before his core was seemingly destroyed by Kamen Rider Drive. In the tie\\-in novel *Kamen Rider Drive: Mach Saga*, it is revealed 005 uploaded a backup of his core to the internet to plan revenge on the Kamen Riders, which caused him to evolve into the {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Revenge]]r Roidmude\\|ใƒชใƒ™ใƒณใ‚ธใƒฃใƒผใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Ribenjฤ Roimyลซdo}}, though his new body is destroyed by Super Deadheat Mach. During the events of the *Drive Saga* [V\\-Cinemas](/wiki/V-Cinema \"V-Cinema\"), *Kamen Rider Heart* and *Kamen Rider Mach*, Revenger's core is temporarily absorbed by the unstable Roidmude 5886 before Kamen Rider Heart destroys it, allowing Revenger to escape and frame Nishihori's daughter, Reiko, for his crimes, lure Mach into a trap, and attempt to kill him along with several father/daughter pairs, only to be destroyed permanently by Kamen Rider Mach Chaser.", "Roidmude 005 is portrayed by Toru Nomaguchi, who also portrays Koya Nishihori.", "### Zoruku Tojo", "{{nihongo\\|Zoruku Tojo\\|ใ‚พใƒซใƒผใ‚ฏๆฑๆก\\|Zorลซku Tลjล}} is a master criminal and [gentleman thief](/wiki/Gentleman_thief \"Gentleman thief\") nicknamed {{nihongo\\|\"Phantom Thief Ultimate Lupin\"\\|ๆ€ช็›—ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒกใƒƒใƒˆใƒปใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณ\\|Kitล Arutimetto Rupan}}. First appearing in the crossover film *[Kamen Rider ร— Kamen Rider Drive \\& Gaim: Movie War Full Throttle](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_%C3%97_Kamen_Rider_Drive_%26_Gaim:Movie_War_Full_Throttle \"Movie War Full Throttle\")* and sometime after the Global Freeze, an aged Tojo found {{nihongo\\|Cyberoid ZZZ\\|ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒใƒญใ‚คใƒ‰ZZZ\\|Saibaroido Surฤซ Zetto}}, an android that Krim Steinbelt created in preparation for the Roidmudes' attack against humanity with the intention of transferring his consciousness into it before he was forced to put the android in storage as it requires a strong mind to control it. Before his death, Tojo transferred his mind into Cyberoid ZZZ, obtains a variant of the Break Gunner called the {{nihongo\\|Lupin Gunner\\|ใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚ฌใƒณใƒŠใƒผ\\|Rupan Gannฤ}}, and goes on a crime spree as {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Lupin\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณ\\|Kamen Raidฤ Rupan}}. However, he is confronted and defeated by Kamen Rider Drive, who burns out Cyberoid ZZZ and forces out Tojo's consciousness, which ends up in a Bat Viral Core. Via a holographic projection, Tojo promises Drive he will return.", "As of the DVD special *Kamen Rider Drive Secret Mission: Type Lupin! \\~Lupin, the Last Challenge\\~*, Tojo has become a Roidmude and recovered from his injuries, only to be attacked by Roidmude 100, who steals his Lupin Gunner to pose as him. Tojo eventually finds Drive and 100, steals back the Lupin Gunner, and helps the former defeat the latter, burning up the last of his energy in the process. Through a letter he sent before he died, Tojo leaves his Lupin Gunner and Viral Core with Drive for safekeeping.", "As Kamen Rider Lupin, Tojo possesses enough power to destroy regular Roidmudes and their cores. He can also combine the Lupin Gunner and the {{nihongo\\|Lupin Blade\\|ใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰\\|Rupan Bureido}} Viral Core to access the former's dagger\\-like {{nihongo\\|Blade Mode\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ใƒขใƒผใƒ‰\\|Bureido Mลdo}}, which allows him to perform the {{nihongo\\|Ultimate Lupin Stlash\\|ใ‚ขใƒซใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒกใƒƒใƒˆใƒซใƒ‘ใƒณใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฅ\\|Arutimetto Rupan Sutorasshu}} finisher.", "Zoruku Tojo is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|Yลซji Ayabe\\|็ถพ้ƒจ ็ฅไบŒ\\|Ayabe Yลซji}}.", "### Kamen Rider 4", "{{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider 4\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผ4ๅท\\|Kamen Raidฤ Yongล}} is a Rider that Shocker created to alter history who was created from a time paradox due to [Takumi Inui](/wiki/List_of_Kamen_Rider_555_characters%23Takumi_Inui \"List of Kamen Rider 555 characters#Takumi Inui\")'s wish to protect people without having them die and appears exclusively in the after\\-credits scene of the crossover film *[Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3](/wiki/Super_Hero_Taisen_GP:Kamen_Rider_3 \"Kamen Rider 3\")* and a self\\-titled three\\-episode web series. Following their failure to use Kamen Rider 3 to alter history, Shocker uses the History Modification Machine to send 4 back in time and lead the Shocker Air Force in another attempt. However, 4 is killed by Kamen Rider Drive.", "While transformed, 4 possesses a [wingsuit](/wiki/Wingsuit \"Wingsuit\") and pilots the [Douglas A\\-1 Skyraider](/wiki/Douglas_A-1_Skyraider \"Douglas A-1 Skyraider\")\\-esque {{nihongo\\|Sky Cyclone\\|ใ‚นใ‚ซใ‚คใ‚ตใ‚คใ‚ฏใƒญใƒณ\\|Sukai Saikuron}} aircraft, which can combine with two Shocker Fighters.", "Kamen Rider 4 is voiced by {{nihongo\\|Mitsuru Matsuoka\\|ๆพๅฒก ๅ……\\|Matsuoka Mitsuru}}.", "### Eiji Tomari", "{{nihongo\\|Eiji Tomari\\|ๆณŠ ใ‚จใ‚คใ‚ธ\\|Tomari Eiji}} is Shinnosuke Tomari and Kiriko Shijima's son. First appearing in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future \"Surprise Future\")*, Paradox kills and poses as a future version of Eiji from the year 2035 in an attempt to alter history. However, Eiji used mind link technology that Krim Steinbelt had developed to upload his consciousness into his double\\-sided {{nihongo\\|Shift Next Special\\|ใ‚ทใƒ•ใƒˆใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆใ‚นใƒšใ‚ทใƒฃใƒซ\\|Shifuto Nekusuto Supesharu}} Car to help the present Shinnosuke defeat Paradox. As of the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Mach*, Kiriko has given birth to Eiji.", "The adult Eiji Tomari is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Mackenyu]]\\|็œŸๅ‰ฃไฝ‘\\|Makken'yลซ}}.", "### Paradox", "The {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Paradox]] Roidmude\\|ใƒ‘ใƒฉใƒ‰ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Paradokkusu Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\\|Paradox\\|ใƒ‘ใƒฉใƒ‰ใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚น\\|Paradokkusu}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 108\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰108\\|Roimyลซdo Ichi Zero Hachi}}, is a namesake\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude loyal to Tenjuro Banno and Roidmude 004 who appears exclusively in the film *[Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future](/wiki/Kamen_Rider_Drive:Surprise_Future \"Surprise Future\")*. In a future timeline where Banno succeeded in enacting the second Global Freeze, Paradox was sealed away by his fellow Roidmudes. After breaking free in the year 2035, he attacks and kills Eiji Tomari before stealing his Rider equipment to pose as him while using a duplicate AI of himself to operate as {{nihongo\\|Kamen Rider Dark Drive\\|ไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ€ใƒผใ‚ฏใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–\\|Kamen Raidฤ Dฤku Doraibu}}. Traveling back in time to the present, Paradox tricks Shinnosuke into destroying Mr. Belt, turns the police force against the former, and fuses with his present self to transform into a {{nihongo\\|Supreme Evolved Form\\|่ถ…็ตถ้€ฒๅŒ–ๆ…‹\\|Chลzetsu Shinkatai}} to personally cause the second Global Freeze as part of a [predestination paradox](/wiki/Predestination_paradox \"Predestination paradox\"). However, Chase rescues and reveals the truth to Shinnosuke, who transfers Mr. Belt's consciousness to Paradox's abandoned Rider equipment before destroying him.", "Utilizing the yellow\\-colored {{nihongo\\|Next\\|ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆ\\|Nekusuto}} side of Eiji's Shift Next Special Car in conjunction with the Drive Driver and Shift Brace, Paradox can transform into Kamen Rider Dark Drive {{nihongo\\|Type Next\\|ใ‚ฟใ‚คใƒ—ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆ\\|Taipu Nekusuto}}. While transformed, he wields the {{nihongo\\|Blade Gunner\\|ใƒ–ใƒฌใƒผใƒ‰ใ‚ฌใƒณใƒŠใƒผ\\|Burฤ“do Gan'nฤ}} sword. His personal vehicle is the [Mercedes\\-AMG GT](/wiki/Mercedes-AMG_GT \"Mercedes-AMG GT\")\\-esque {{nihongo\\|NexTridoron\\|ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณ\\|Nekusutoraidoron}} car.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.mynavi.jp/news/2015/05/08/432/\\|title\\=ๆ˜ ็”ปใ€Žไปฎ้ขใƒฉใ‚คใƒ€ใƒผใƒ‰ใƒฉใ‚คใƒ–ใ€ใซใƒ™ใƒณใƒ„ๆ–ฐๅž‹ใŒ็™ปๅ ด!ใƒใ‚ฏใ‚นใƒˆใƒฉใ‚คใƒ‰ใƒญใƒณใŠๆŠซ้œฒ็›ฎ\\|publisher\\=Mynavi Corporation\\|work\\=ใƒžใ‚คใƒŠใƒ“ใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใ‚น\\|date\\=May 8, 2015}}", "Paradox is voiced by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Rikiya Koyama]]\\|ๅฐๅฑฑ ๅŠ›ไนŸ\\|Koyama Rikiya}}.", "### Angel", "The {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Angel]] Roidmude\\|ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใ‚งใƒซใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰\\|Enjeru Roimyลซdo}}, also known simply as {{nihongo\\|Angel\\|ใ‚จใƒณใ‚ธใ‚งใƒซ\\|Enjeru}} and formerly known as {{nihongo\\|Roidmude 099\\|ใƒญใ‚คใƒŸใƒฅใƒผใƒ‰099\\|Roimyลซdo Zero Kyลซ Kyลซ}}, is a namesake\\-themed Spider\\-Type Roidmude who assumed the form of psychiatrist {{nihongo\\|Shoko Hazama\\|็พฝไฝ้–“ ็ฟ”ๅญ\\|Hazama Shลko}}, quickly achieved her Over\\-Evolved form, and appears exclusively in the V\\-Cinema *Drive Saga: Kamen Rider Chaser*. She uses her {{nihongo\\|Feather Circuits\\|ใƒ•ใ‚งใ‚ถใƒผใ‚ตใƒผใ‚ญใƒƒใƒˆ\\|Fezฤ Sฤkitto}}, which allow Roidmudes to experience human emotions, to convince others of her kind to join her in rebelling against Heart's leadership and give Chase the opportunity to fulfill his quest to become human via emotions as part of her plot to overload Roidmudes and humans' minds with [euphoria](/wiki/Euphoria \"Euphoria\") until they die. Despite absorbing several Roidmudes to strengthen herself, she is eventually destroyed by Chase at the cost of his newfound emotions.", "Angel is portrayed by {{nihongo\\|\\[\\[Mami Yamasaki]]\\|ๅฑฑๅดŽ ็œŸๅฎŸ\\|Yamasaki Mami}}.", "" ]
Plot ---- During a briefing in the Multiple Threat Assessment Center (MTAC) by the [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy "United States Secretary of the Navy") (SECNAV), network security detects an unauthorized electronic signal being broadcast, and the room is placed in lock down. While McGee sweeps the room, DiNozzo scans the four defense contractor representatives the SECNAV was briefing. Nothing is found until DiNozzo comes in close proximity to SECNAV, and his scanner goes off. A pen containing a [covert listening device](/wiki/Covert_listening_device "Covert listening device") is found on SECNAV, but she cannot remember when or where the pen came from. As the investigation proceeds, DiNozzo finds a two\-year\-old [National Security Agency](/wiki/National_Security_Agency "National Security Agency") (NSA) threat analysis report that describes the exact scenario of the security breach. Gibbs and DiNozzo visit the National Security Operations Center where they meet analyst Eleanor "Ellie" Bishop, the paper's author. Gibbs brings Bishop back to NCIS to assist in the investigation. SECNAV is contacted with a demand for $10 million for return of the [intel](/wiki/Intelligence_assessment "Intelligence assessment") that was recorded by the bug. She approves the payment and tasks the NSA with tracking the [electronic funds transfer](/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer "Electronic funds transfer") to catch the [extortionist](/wiki/Extortion "Extortion"). Bishop's colleague at the NSA follows a lead to a coffee shop where the account was accessed from and is killed. Abby's [forensics](/wiki/Forensics "Forensics") work on the bug from the pen leads to a license plate number for the suspected extortionist. Gibbs, DiNozzo and Bishop apprehend him and [interrogate](/wiki/Interrogate "Interrogate") him to find he was working with someone else who extorted the government and killed the NSA agent. Gibbs' team tracks the killer to a private post office and are waiting to arrest him when Bishop arrives. Gibbs calls her to get her to get back in her car. As she tries to explain why she is there, the killer comes out of the post office surprising Bishop. The killer spots her NSA badge, pulls his gun and tries to subdue her. As Gibbs, DiNozzo and McGee rush to help Bishop, they find she has already wrestled the man to the ground and is holding her own gun on him. Investigating the killer further, Bishop determines that the killer was working for one of the defense contractors in the earlier briefing, who was trying to embarrass the SECNAV because she is a civilian who never served in uniform. Later Bishop meets privately with Gibbs and apologizes for not being a team player. Gibbs has pulled Bishop's application to NCIS she made before she started working at the NSA and offers her a joint duty assignment with NCIS.
[ "Plot\n----", "During a briefing in the Multiple Threat Assessment Center (MTAC) by the [Secretary of the Navy](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy \"United States Secretary of the Navy\") (SECNAV), network security detects an unauthorized electronic signal being broadcast, and the room is placed in lock down. While McGee sweeps the room, DiNozzo scans the four defense contractor representatives the SECNAV was briefing. Nothing is found until DiNozzo comes in close proximity to SECNAV, and his scanner goes off. A pen containing a [covert listening device](/wiki/Covert_listening_device \"Covert listening device\") is found on SECNAV, but she cannot remember when or where the pen came from.", "As the investigation proceeds, DiNozzo finds a two\\-year\\-old [National Security Agency](/wiki/National_Security_Agency \"National Security Agency\") (NSA) threat analysis report that describes the exact scenario of the security breach. Gibbs and DiNozzo visit the National Security Operations Center where they meet analyst Eleanor \"Ellie\" Bishop, the paper's author. Gibbs brings Bishop back to NCIS to assist in the investigation.", "SECNAV is contacted with a demand for $10 million for return of the [intel](/wiki/Intelligence_assessment \"Intelligence assessment\") that was recorded by the bug. She approves the payment and tasks the NSA with tracking the [electronic funds transfer](/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer \"Electronic funds transfer\") to catch the [extortionist](/wiki/Extortion \"Extortion\"). Bishop's colleague at the NSA follows a lead to a coffee shop where the account was accessed from and is killed.", "Abby's [forensics](/wiki/Forensics \"Forensics\") work on the bug from the pen leads to a license plate number for the suspected extortionist. Gibbs, DiNozzo and Bishop apprehend him and [interrogate](/wiki/Interrogate \"Interrogate\") him to find he was working with someone else who extorted the government and killed the NSA agent.", "Gibbs' team tracks the killer to a private post office and are waiting to arrest him when Bishop arrives. Gibbs calls her to get her to get back in her car. As she tries to explain why she is there, the killer comes out of the post office surprising Bishop. The killer spots her NSA badge, pulls his gun and tries to subdue her. As Gibbs, DiNozzo and McGee rush to help Bishop, they find she has already wrestled the man to the ground and is holding her own gun on him.", "Investigating the killer further, Bishop determines that the killer was working for one of the defense contractors in the earlier briefing, who was trying to embarrass the SECNAV because she is a civilian who never served in uniform.", "Later Bishop meets privately with Gibbs and apologizes for not being a team player. Gibbs has pulled Bishop's application to NCIS she made before she started working at the NSA and offers her a joint duty assignment with NCIS.", "" ]
Military career --------------- {{Rquote\|right\|John was one of the most popular officers in this Battalion, his light, energetic personality was a delight to all who met him... he carried out feats of daring that will long live in our memory.\|Lt. Col. F.C.L. Bell\|Letter to John Brunt's parents}} Brunt joined the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army "British Army") when he left school, training as a [private soldier](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 "Private (rank)") with the [Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment](/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Royal_West_Kent_Regiment "Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment") in 1941, during the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). He received a [commission](/wiki/Officer_%28armed_forces%29%23Commissioned_officers "Officer (armed forces)#Commissioned officers") as a [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant "Second lieutenant") on 2 January 1943,{{London Gazette\|issue\=35997\|supp\=y\|pages\=1950โ€“1953\|date\=27 April 1943}} and was posted to [North Africa](/wiki/North_African_campaign "North African campaign"). Although he was commissioned in the [Sherwood Foresters](/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters "Sherwood Foresters"), he never served with them, instead being posted to the 6th Battalion, [Lincolnshire Regiment](/wiki/Royal_Lincolnshire_Regiment "Royal Lincolnshire Regiment") (6th Lincolns), a [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Army Reserve (United Kingdom)") (TA) unit, having become friendly with Captain Alan Money, an officer in the Lincolns, on the boat to [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa "North Africa"). The battalion was part of the [138th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/138th_%28Lincoln_and_Leicester%29_Brigade "138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade") of the [46th Infantry Division](/wiki/46th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 "46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)"). The division was then commanded by [Major General](/wiki/Major-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Major-general (United Kingdom)") [John Hawkesworth](/wiki/John_Hawkesworth_%28British_Army_officer%29 "John Hawkesworth (British Army officer)"). On 9 September 1943, Brunt's battalion landed at [Salerno](/wiki/Salerno "Salerno") as part of the [Allied invasion of Italy](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy "Allied invasion of Italy") and Brunt, now a [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 "Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)"), was given command of No.9 Platoon in 'A' Company. The unit subsequently moved south\-east to establish a base on a farm near the river Asa. ### Military Cross Between December 1943 and January 1944, during the [Bernhardt Line](/wiki/Bernhardt_Line "Bernhardt Line") fighting, Brunt commanded a battle patrol and saw near\-constant action. In the early hours of 15 December, they received orders to destroy an enemy post based in some houses {{convert\|200\|yards\|metres}} north of the [River Peccia](/wiki/River_Peccia "River Peccia"). In efforts to break the enemy line, he crossed and re\-crossed the river so many times that the troops took to calling it "Brunt's Brook". After an intense five\-minute bombardment, Brunt led a section into an assault. The first two houses contained two enemy soldiers, but it was the third house that provided the most resistance. Using grenades and [Tommy guns](/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun "Thompson submachine gun"), they managed to kill eight enemy troops outside the house, as well as those inside, all belonging to the 1st Battalion, 2nd [Hermann Goering Panzer Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/Hermann_Goering_Panzer_Grenadier_Regiment "Hermann Goering Panzer Grenadier Regiment"). After thirty minutes of intense fighting, the patrol withdrew, having had one man killed and six wounded. While the rest of the section pulled back, Brunt remained behind with his sergeant and a private to retrieve a wounded soldier. For his actions, he was awarded the [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross "Military Cross") (MC).{{London Gazette\|issue\=36394\|page\=937\|date\=22 February 1944}} On 5 January 1944, Brunt was in a sick bed in a rear hospital. He pleaded with doctors to be allowed to leave to take part in an attack, and was given permission, leading his patrol under heavy fire. He was back in the hospital 24 hours later with concussion after a piece of shrapnel almost split his helmet, but would have carried on fighting if it had not been for a [non\-commissioned officer](/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer "Non-commissioned officer") (NCO), who forcibly led him away from the front line. At the end of the campaign, Brunt is said to have commented to his friends, "I've won the MC, now for the VC!" ### Victoria Cross Brunt's division left Italy in March 1944, and was sent to [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") to rest and retrain, before returning to Italy in July 1944\. Having been promoted to temporary [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 "Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)"), Brunt was appointed [second\-in\-command](/wiki/Second-in-command "Second-in-command") (2IC) of 'D' Company. By early December 1944, after being engaged in heavy fighting in the [Gothic Line](/wiki/Gothic_Line "Gothic Line") offensive, the battalion was operating near [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna "Ravenna"), fighting German troops who were retreating north through Italy. On the night of 3 December, the battalion began their attack on the city of [Faenza](/wiki/Faenza "Faenza"). By the evening of 6 December, they had taken the village of [Ragazzina](/wiki/Ragazzina "Ragazzina") near Faenza, and after heavy fighting, the 6th Lincolns established defensive positions in Faenza itself. For his actions during the engagement, Brunt was awarded the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross") (VC). The full citation for the award appeared in a supplement to the *[London Gazette](/wiki/London_Gazette "London Gazette")* of 6 February 1945, reading:{{London Gazette\|issue\=36928\|supp\=y\|page\=791 \|date\=6 February 1945 }} {{cquote\|''War Office, 8thย February, 1945'' The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the VICTORIA CROSS to:โ€” Lieutenant (temporary Captain) John Henry Cound Brunt, M.C. (258297\), The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) (Paddock Wood, Kent). In Italy, on the 9thย December, 1944, the \[\[Platoon]] commanded by Captain Brunt was holding a vital sector of the line. At dawn the German \[\[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\|90 Panzer Grenadier Division]] counter\-attacked the Battalion's forward positions in great strength with three \[\[Panzer IV\|Mark IV tanks]] and infantry. The house, around which the Platoon was dug in, was destroyed and the whole area was subjected to intense mortar fire. The situation then became critical, as the anti\-tank defences had been destroyed and two Sherman tanks knocked out. Captain Brunt, however, rallied his remaining men, and, moving to an alternative position, continued to hold the enemy infantry, although outnumbered by at least three to one. Personally firing a \[\[Bren gun]], Captain Brunt killed about fourteen of the enemy. His wireless set was destroyed by shell\-fire, but on receiving a message by runner to withdraw to a \[\[Company (military unit)\|Company]] locality some 200 yards to his left and rear, he remained behind to give covering fire. When his Bren ammunition was exhausted, he fired a \[\[PIAT]] and \[\[Two\-inch mortar\|2 in. Mortar]], left by casualties, before he himself dashed over the open ground to the new position. This aggressive defence caused the enemy to pause, so Captain Brunt took a party back to his previous position, and although fiercely engaged by small arms fire, carried away the wounded who had been left there. Later in the day, a further counter\-attack was put in by the enemy on two axes. Captain Brunt immediately seized a spare Bren gun and, going round his forward positions, rallied his men. Then, leaping on a \[\[Sherman tank]] supporting the Company, he ordered the tank commander to drive from one fire position to another, whilst he sat, or stood, on the turret, directing \[\[Besa machine gun\|Besa]] fire at the advancing enemy, regardless of the hail of small arms fire. Then, seeing small parties of the enemy, armed with bazookas, trying to approach round the left flank, he jumped off the tank and, taking a Bren gun, stalked these parties well in front of the Company positions, killing more and causing the enemy finally to withdraw in great haste leaving their dead behind them. Wherever the fighting was heaviest, Captain Brunt was always to be found, moving from one post to another, encouraging the men and firing any weapon he found at any target he could see. The magnificent action fought by this Officer, his coolness, bravery, devotion to duty and complete disregard of his own personal safety under the most intense and concentrated fire was beyond praise. His personal example and individual action were responsible to a very great extent for the successful repulse of these fierce enemy counter\-attacks. The next day Captain Brunt was killed by mortar fire.}} The next morning, having won the battle and the acclaim of his regiment, Captain Brunt was as eager to return to the offensive, keeping alert for more trouble as breakfast was being prepared for the men, their first meal in 48 hours. He was standing in the doorway of the platoon headquarters, having a mug of tea and chatting with friends, when a stray German mortar bomb landed at his feet, killing him outright. He had celebrated his 22nd birthday just four days before. John Brunt is buried at Faenza War Cemetery in Italy under a [Commonwealth War Grave](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Grave "Commonwealth War Grave") headstone;{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cwgc.org/find\-war\-dead/casualty/2237026\|title\=Commonwealth War Graves Commission โ€“ Casualty details\|publisher\=\[\[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]\|access\-date\=13 December 2007}} his VC was announced [posthumously](/wiki/Posthumous_recognition "Posthumous recognition") in February 1945\.
[ "Military career\n---------------", "{{Rquote\\|right\\|John was one of the most popular officers in this Battalion, his light, energetic personality was a delight to all who met him... he carried out feats of daring that will long live in our memory.\\|Lt. Col. F.C.L. Bell\\|Letter to John Brunt's parents}}", "Brunt joined the [British Army](/wiki/British_Army \"British Army\") when he left school, training as a [private soldier](/wiki/Private_%28rank%29 \"Private (rank)\") with the [Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment](/wiki/Queen%27s_Own_Royal_West_Kent_Regiment \"Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment\") in 1941, during the [Second World War](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"). He received a [commission](/wiki/Officer_%28armed_forces%29%23Commissioned_officers \"Officer (armed forces)#Commissioned officers\") as a [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant \"Second lieutenant\") on 2 January 1943,{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=35997\\|supp\\=y\\|pages\\=1950โ€“1953\\|date\\=27 April 1943}} and was posted to [North Africa](/wiki/North_African_campaign \"North African campaign\"). Although he was commissioned in the [Sherwood Foresters](/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters \"Sherwood Foresters\"), he never served with them, instead being posted to the 6th Battalion, [Lincolnshire Regiment](/wiki/Royal_Lincolnshire_Regiment \"Royal Lincolnshire Regiment\") (6th Lincolns), a [Territorial Army](/wiki/Army_Reserve_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Army Reserve (United Kingdom)\") (TA) unit, having become friendly with Captain Alan Money, an officer in the Lincolns, on the boat to [North Africa](/wiki/North_Africa \"North Africa\"). The battalion was part of the [138th Infantry Brigade](/wiki/138th_%28Lincoln_and_Leicester%29_Brigade \"138th (Lincoln and Leicester) Brigade\") of the [46th Infantry Division](/wiki/46th_Infantry_Division_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)\"). The division was then commanded by [Major General](/wiki/Major-general_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Major-general (United Kingdom)\") [John Hawkesworth](/wiki/John_Hawkesworth_%28British_Army_officer%29 \"John Hawkesworth (British Army officer)\").", "On 9 September 1943, Brunt's battalion landed at [Salerno](/wiki/Salerno \"Salerno\") as part of the [Allied invasion of Italy](/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy \"Allied invasion of Italy\") and Brunt, now a [lieutenant](/wiki/Lieutenant_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 \"Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)\"), was given command of No.9 Platoon in 'A' Company. The unit subsequently moved south\\-east to establish a base on a farm near the river Asa.", "### Military Cross", "Between December 1943 and January 1944, during the [Bernhardt Line](/wiki/Bernhardt_Line \"Bernhardt Line\") fighting, Brunt commanded a battle patrol and saw near\\-constant action. In the early hours of 15 December, they received orders to destroy an enemy post based in some houses {{convert\\|200\\|yards\\|metres}} north of the [River Peccia](/wiki/River_Peccia \"River Peccia\"). In efforts to break the enemy line, he crossed and re\\-crossed the river so many times that the troops took to calling it \"Brunt's Brook\". After an intense five\\-minute bombardment, Brunt led a section into an assault. The first two houses contained two enemy soldiers, but it was the third house that provided the most resistance. Using grenades and [Tommy guns](/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun \"Thompson submachine gun\"), they managed to kill eight enemy troops outside the house, as well as those inside, all belonging to the 1st Battalion, 2nd [Hermann Goering Panzer Grenadier Regiment](/wiki/Hermann_Goering_Panzer_Grenadier_Regiment \"Hermann Goering Panzer Grenadier Regiment\"). After thirty minutes of intense fighting, the patrol withdrew, having had one man killed and six wounded. While the rest of the section pulled back, Brunt remained behind with his sergeant and a private to retrieve a wounded soldier. For his actions, he was awarded the [Military Cross](/wiki/Military_Cross \"Military Cross\") (MC).{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=36394\\|page\\=937\\|date\\=22 February 1944}}", "On 5 January 1944, Brunt was in a sick bed in a rear hospital. He pleaded with doctors to be allowed to leave to take part in an attack, and was given permission, leading his patrol under heavy fire. He was back in the hospital 24 hours later with concussion after a piece of shrapnel almost split his helmet, but would have carried on fighting if it had not been for a [non\\-commissioned officer](/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer \"Non-commissioned officer\") (NCO), who forcibly led him away from the front line. At the end of the campaign, Brunt is said to have commented to his friends, \"I've won the MC, now for the VC!\"", "### Victoria Cross", "Brunt's division left Italy in March 1944, and was sent to [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") to rest and retrain, before returning to Italy in July 1944\\. Having been promoted to temporary [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 \"Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)\"), Brunt was appointed [second\\-in\\-command](/wiki/Second-in-command \"Second-in-command\") (2IC) of 'D' Company. By early December 1944, after being engaged in heavy fighting in the [Gothic Line](/wiki/Gothic_Line \"Gothic Line\") offensive, the battalion was operating near [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna \"Ravenna\"), fighting German troops who were retreating north through Italy. On the night of 3 December, the battalion began their attack on the city of [Faenza](/wiki/Faenza \"Faenza\"). By the evening of 6 December, they had taken the village of [Ragazzina](/wiki/Ragazzina \"Ragazzina\") near Faenza, and after heavy fighting, the 6th Lincolns established defensive positions in Faenza itself. For his actions during the engagement, Brunt was awarded the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\") (VC). The full citation for the award appeared in a supplement to the *[London Gazette](/wiki/London_Gazette \"London Gazette\")* of 6 February 1945, reading:{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=36928\\|supp\\=y\\|page\\=791 \\|date\\=6 February 1945 }}", "{{cquote\\|''War Office, 8thย February, 1945''", "The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the VICTORIA CROSS to:โ€”", "Lieutenant (temporary Captain) John Henry Cound Brunt, M.C. (258297\\), The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) (Paddock Wood, Kent).", "In Italy, on the 9thย December, 1944, the \\[\\[Platoon]] commanded by Captain Brunt was holding a vital sector of the line.", "At dawn the German \\[\\[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\\|90 Panzer Grenadier Division]] counter\\-attacked the Battalion's forward positions in great strength with three \\[\\[Panzer IV\\|Mark IV tanks]] and infantry. The house, around which the Platoon was dug in, was destroyed and the whole area was subjected to intense mortar fire. The situation then became critical, as the anti\\-tank defences had been destroyed and two Sherman tanks knocked out. Captain Brunt, however, rallied his remaining men, and, moving to an alternative position, continued to hold the enemy infantry, although outnumbered by at least three to one. Personally firing a \\[\\[Bren gun]], Captain Brunt killed about fourteen of the enemy. His wireless set was destroyed by shell\\-fire, but on receiving a message by runner to withdraw to a \\[\\[Company (military unit)\\|Company]] locality some 200 yards to his left and rear, he remained behind to give covering fire. When his Bren ammunition was exhausted, he fired a \\[\\[PIAT]] and \\[\\[Two\\-inch mortar\\|2 in. Mortar]], left by casualties, before he himself dashed over the open ground to the new position. This aggressive defence caused the enemy to pause, so Captain Brunt took a party back to his previous position, and although fiercely engaged by small arms fire, carried away the wounded who had been left there.", "Later in the day, a further counter\\-attack was put in by the enemy on two axes. Captain Brunt immediately seized a spare Bren gun and, going round his forward positions, rallied his men. Then, leaping on a \\[\\[Sherman tank]] supporting the Company, he ordered the tank commander to drive from one fire position to another, whilst he sat, or stood, on the turret, directing \\[\\[Besa machine gun\\|Besa]] fire at the advancing enemy, regardless of the hail of small arms fire. Then, seeing small parties of the enemy, armed with bazookas, trying to approach round the left flank, he jumped off the tank and, taking a Bren gun, stalked these parties well in front of the Company positions, killing more and causing the enemy finally to withdraw in great haste leaving their dead behind them.", "Wherever the fighting was heaviest, Captain Brunt was always to be found, moving from one post to another, encouraging the men and firing any weapon he found at any target he could see. The magnificent action fought by this Officer, his coolness, bravery, devotion to duty and complete disregard of his own personal safety under the most intense and concentrated fire was beyond praise. His personal example and individual action were responsible to a very great extent for the successful repulse of these fierce enemy counter\\-attacks.", "The next day Captain Brunt was killed by mortar fire.}}", "The next morning, having won the battle and the acclaim of his regiment, Captain Brunt was as eager to return to the offensive, keeping alert for more trouble as breakfast was being prepared for the men, their first meal in 48 hours. He was standing in the doorway of the platoon headquarters, having a mug of tea and chatting with friends, when a stray German mortar bomb landed at his feet, killing him outright. He had celebrated his 22nd birthday just four days before.", "John Brunt is buried at Faenza War Cemetery in Italy under a [Commonwealth War Grave](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Grave \"Commonwealth War Grave\") headstone;{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cwgc.org/find\\-war\\-dead/casualty/2237026\\|title\\=Commonwealth War Graves Commission โ€“ Casualty details\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]\\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2007}} his VC was announced [posthumously](/wiki/Posthumous_recognition \"Posthumous recognition\") in February 1945\\.", "" ]
### Victoria Cross Brunt's division left Italy in March 1944, and was sent to [Syria](/wiki/Syria "Syria") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt "Egypt") to rest and retrain, before returning to Italy in July 1944\. Having been promoted to temporary [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 "Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)"), Brunt was appointed [second\-in\-command](/wiki/Second-in-command "Second-in-command") (2IC) of 'D' Company. By early December 1944, after being engaged in heavy fighting in the [Gothic Line](/wiki/Gothic_Line "Gothic Line") offensive, the battalion was operating near [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna "Ravenna"), fighting German troops who were retreating north through Italy. On the night of 3 December, the battalion began their attack on the city of [Faenza](/wiki/Faenza "Faenza"). By the evening of 6 December, they had taken the village of [Ragazzina](/wiki/Ragazzina "Ragazzina") near Faenza, and after heavy fighting, the 6th Lincolns established defensive positions in Faenza itself. For his actions during the engagement, Brunt was awarded the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross "Victoria Cross") (VC). The full citation for the award appeared in a supplement to the *[London Gazette](/wiki/London_Gazette "London Gazette")* of 6 February 1945, reading:{{London Gazette\|issue\=36928\|supp\=y\|page\=791 \|date\=6 February 1945 }} {{cquote\|''War Office, 8thย February, 1945'' The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the VICTORIA CROSS to:โ€” Lieutenant (temporary Captain) John Henry Cound Brunt, M.C. (258297\), The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) (Paddock Wood, Kent). In Italy, on the 9thย December, 1944, the \[\[Platoon]] commanded by Captain Brunt was holding a vital sector of the line. At dawn the German \[\[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\|90 Panzer Grenadier Division]] counter\-attacked the Battalion's forward positions in great strength with three \[\[Panzer IV\|Mark IV tanks]] and infantry. The house, around which the Platoon was dug in, was destroyed and the whole area was subjected to intense mortar fire. The situation then became critical, as the anti\-tank defences had been destroyed and two Sherman tanks knocked out. Captain Brunt, however, rallied his remaining men, and, moving to an alternative position, continued to hold the enemy infantry, although outnumbered by at least three to one. Personally firing a \[\[Bren gun]], Captain Brunt killed about fourteen of the enemy. His wireless set was destroyed by shell\-fire, but on receiving a message by runner to withdraw to a \[\[Company (military unit)\|Company]] locality some 200 yards to his left and rear, he remained behind to give covering fire. When his Bren ammunition was exhausted, he fired a \[\[PIAT]] and \[\[Two\-inch mortar\|2 in. Mortar]], left by casualties, before he himself dashed over the open ground to the new position. This aggressive defence caused the enemy to pause, so Captain Brunt took a party back to his previous position, and although fiercely engaged by small arms fire, carried away the wounded who had been left there. Later in the day, a further counter\-attack was put in by the enemy on two axes. Captain Brunt immediately seized a spare Bren gun and, going round his forward positions, rallied his men. Then, leaping on a \[\[Sherman tank]] supporting the Company, he ordered the tank commander to drive from one fire position to another, whilst he sat, or stood, on the turret, directing \[\[Besa machine gun\|Besa]] fire at the advancing enemy, regardless of the hail of small arms fire. Then, seeing small parties of the enemy, armed with bazookas, trying to approach round the left flank, he jumped off the tank and, taking a Bren gun, stalked these parties well in front of the Company positions, killing more and causing the enemy finally to withdraw in great haste leaving their dead behind them. Wherever the fighting was heaviest, Captain Brunt was always to be found, moving from one post to another, encouraging the men and firing any weapon he found at any target he could see. The magnificent action fought by this Officer, his coolness, bravery, devotion to duty and complete disregard of his own personal safety under the most intense and concentrated fire was beyond praise. His personal example and individual action were responsible to a very great extent for the successful repulse of these fierce enemy counter\-attacks. The next day Captain Brunt was killed by mortar fire.}} The next morning, having won the battle and the acclaim of his regiment, Captain Brunt was as eager to return to the offensive, keeping alert for more trouble as breakfast was being prepared for the men, their first meal in 48 hours. He was standing in the doorway of the platoon headquarters, having a mug of tea and chatting with friends, when a stray German mortar bomb landed at his feet, killing him outright. He had celebrated his 22nd birthday just four days before. John Brunt is buried at Faenza War Cemetery in Italy under a [Commonwealth War Grave](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Grave "Commonwealth War Grave") headstone;{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cwgc.org/find\-war\-dead/casualty/2237026\|title\=Commonwealth War Graves Commission โ€“ Casualty details\|publisher\=\[\[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]\|access\-date\=13 December 2007}} his VC was announced [posthumously](/wiki/Posthumous_recognition "Posthumous recognition") in February 1945\.
[ "### Victoria Cross", "Brunt's division left Italy in March 1944, and was sent to [Syria](/wiki/Syria \"Syria\") and [Egypt](/wiki/Egypt \"Egypt\") to rest and retrain, before returning to Italy in July 1944\\. Having been promoted to temporary [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28British_Army_and_Royal_Marines%29 \"Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)\"), Brunt was appointed [second\\-in\\-command](/wiki/Second-in-command \"Second-in-command\") (2IC) of 'D' Company. By early December 1944, after being engaged in heavy fighting in the [Gothic Line](/wiki/Gothic_Line \"Gothic Line\") offensive, the battalion was operating near [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna \"Ravenna\"), fighting German troops who were retreating north through Italy. On the night of 3 December, the battalion began their attack on the city of [Faenza](/wiki/Faenza \"Faenza\"). By the evening of 6 December, they had taken the village of [Ragazzina](/wiki/Ragazzina \"Ragazzina\") near Faenza, and after heavy fighting, the 6th Lincolns established defensive positions in Faenza itself. For his actions during the engagement, Brunt was awarded the [Victoria Cross](/wiki/Victoria_Cross \"Victoria Cross\") (VC). The full citation for the award appeared in a supplement to the *[London Gazette](/wiki/London_Gazette \"London Gazette\")* of 6 February 1945, reading:{{London Gazette\\|issue\\=36928\\|supp\\=y\\|page\\=791 \\|date\\=6 February 1945 }}", "{{cquote\\|''War Office, 8thย February, 1945''", "The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the VICTORIA CROSS to:โ€”", "Lieutenant (temporary Captain) John Henry Cound Brunt, M.C. (258297\\), The Sherwood Foresters (Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment) (Paddock Wood, Kent).", "In Italy, on the 9thย December, 1944, the \\[\\[Platoon]] commanded by Captain Brunt was holding a vital sector of the line.", "At dawn the German \\[\\[90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\\|90 Panzer Grenadier Division]] counter\\-attacked the Battalion's forward positions in great strength with three \\[\\[Panzer IV\\|Mark IV tanks]] and infantry. The house, around which the Platoon was dug in, was destroyed and the whole area was subjected to intense mortar fire. The situation then became critical, as the anti\\-tank defences had been destroyed and two Sherman tanks knocked out. Captain Brunt, however, rallied his remaining men, and, moving to an alternative position, continued to hold the enemy infantry, although outnumbered by at least three to one. Personally firing a \\[\\[Bren gun]], Captain Brunt killed about fourteen of the enemy. His wireless set was destroyed by shell\\-fire, but on receiving a message by runner to withdraw to a \\[\\[Company (military unit)\\|Company]] locality some 200 yards to his left and rear, he remained behind to give covering fire. When his Bren ammunition was exhausted, he fired a \\[\\[PIAT]] and \\[\\[Two\\-inch mortar\\|2 in. Mortar]], left by casualties, before he himself dashed over the open ground to the new position. This aggressive defence caused the enemy to pause, so Captain Brunt took a party back to his previous position, and although fiercely engaged by small arms fire, carried away the wounded who had been left there.", "Later in the day, a further counter\\-attack was put in by the enemy on two axes. Captain Brunt immediately seized a spare Bren gun and, going round his forward positions, rallied his men. Then, leaping on a \\[\\[Sherman tank]] supporting the Company, he ordered the tank commander to drive from one fire position to another, whilst he sat, or stood, on the turret, directing \\[\\[Besa machine gun\\|Besa]] fire at the advancing enemy, regardless of the hail of small arms fire. Then, seeing small parties of the enemy, armed with bazookas, trying to approach round the left flank, he jumped off the tank and, taking a Bren gun, stalked these parties well in front of the Company positions, killing more and causing the enemy finally to withdraw in great haste leaving their dead behind them.", "Wherever the fighting was heaviest, Captain Brunt was always to be found, moving from one post to another, encouraging the men and firing any weapon he found at any target he could see. The magnificent action fought by this Officer, his coolness, bravery, devotion to duty and complete disregard of his own personal safety under the most intense and concentrated fire was beyond praise. His personal example and individual action were responsible to a very great extent for the successful repulse of these fierce enemy counter\\-attacks.", "The next day Captain Brunt was killed by mortar fire.}}", "The next morning, having won the battle and the acclaim of his regiment, Captain Brunt was as eager to return to the offensive, keeping alert for more trouble as breakfast was being prepared for the men, their first meal in 48 hours. He was standing in the doorway of the platoon headquarters, having a mug of tea and chatting with friends, when a stray German mortar bomb landed at his feet, killing him outright. He had celebrated his 22nd birthday just four days before.", "John Brunt is buried at Faenza War Cemetery in Italy under a [Commonwealth War Grave](/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Grave \"Commonwealth War Grave\") headstone;{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cwgc.org/find\\-war\\-dead/casualty/2237026\\|title\\=Commonwealth War Graves Commission โ€“ Casualty details\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]\\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2007}} his VC was announced [posthumously](/wiki/Posthumous_recognition \"Posthumous recognition\") in February 1945\\.", "" ]
Plot ---- In 1942 in [Boston, Massachusetts](/wiki/Boston "Boston"), 10\-year\-old Timmy Reston is abused by his mother who compares him to his father for playing with a [jigsaw puzzle](/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle "Jigsaw puzzle") of a nude woman. After she orders him to dispose of the puzzle, he returns with an [axe](/wiki/Axe "Axe"), murders her, then dismembers her body with a [hacksaw](/wiki/Hacksaw "Hacksaw"). When the police arrive, Timmy hides inside a closet and pretends to be a witness to the crime. The police believe Timmy's story and he is sent to live with his aunt. Forty years later, after witnessing a female skateboarder smash into a mirror, a black\-clad figure opens a box containing the bloodied clothing and a photograph of Timmy's mother. He also unboxes the bloodied jigsaw puzzle and starts to put it together. While studying outside in broad daylight, a female student is [decapitated](/wiki/Decapitation "Decapitation") with a chainsaw by an unidentified killer who steals her head. Lt. Bracken and his partner, Sgt. Holden, investigate the murder. Arthur Brown, a reserved professor of [anatomy](/wiki/Anatomy "Anatomy") who is often teased by students for being gay, gives the detectives a tour of the school. Outside, the groundskeeper, Willard, is seen trimming a hedge with a chainsaw. In the library, a student named Kendall receives a note given by a young woman to come to the pool later; the killer finds it and tracks down the note\-writer at the pool, where she is brutally killed with the chainsaw. Willard later arrives on the scene and is arrested, believed to be a suspect. Near the pool, they find the chainsaw and the victim's body parts, save for her [torso](/wiki/Torso "Torso"). Professor Brown inspects the remains, and is briefly considered a suspect. The next day, Dr. Jennings meets with Kendall at the station in hopes that he can help provide a profile of the murderer. Bracken brings in an undercover cop named Mary Riggs, who was also a former tennis player. Bracken explains to Holden that she will pose as a tennis instructor at the college and that Kendall is going to assist her whenever he can. As a reporter named Sylvia Costa is stonewalled by Bracken, the killer stalks a student later that evening and saws her arms off inside an elevator just before Kendall and the police arrive. That same evening, the killer also stalks Sylvia and stabs her on a [waterbed](/wiki/Waterbed "Waterbed"). Later the next day, one of Mary's tennis students, Suzie, goes into the locker room after the killer plays music on the loudspeakers. She gets chased down by the killer. As she pees herself, the killer saws into the room and ends up killing Suzie by being sawed in half. While Mary and Kendall focus on turning off the music, the killer steals Suzie's legs and escapes. Kendall presents his theory to Holden about the killer being a member of the faculty, since he knows when and where to strike before avoiding the police. They spend hours researching files on the faculty and discover that the dean previously changed his name and that his mother was brutally murdered, discovering that he was Timmy. Meanwhile, Mary is drugged with a [paralytic](/wiki/Paralytic "Paralytic") substance by the dean at his apartment. He attempts to saw off her feet, since the previous victim's feet did not fit his mother's shoes for the puzzle. Bracken, Holden, and Kendall burst into the dean's apartment, and he is shot dead by Bracken while Kendall rescues Mary. After searching the apartment and finding the jigsaw puzzle, Holden jokes to Kendall about joining the police. He then leans on a bookshelf, revealing the dean's human puzzle: a decomposing body made of his victimsโ€™ parts stitched together in his mother's dress, which falls apart onto Kendall. Later, a shaken Kendall leaves with Holden, and just as he grabs his jacket, the jigsaw corpse inexplicably comes to life grabbing and crushing Kendall's [genitalia](/wiki/Male_reproductive_system "Male reproductive system"), [castrating](/wiki/Castration "Castration") and [emasculating](/wiki/Emasculation "Emasculation") him in the process as he screams.
[ "Plot\n----", "In 1942 in [Boston, Massachusetts](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), 10\\-year\\-old Timmy Reston is abused by his mother who compares him to his father for playing with a [jigsaw puzzle](/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle \"Jigsaw puzzle\") of a nude woman. After she orders him to dispose of the puzzle, he returns with an [axe](/wiki/Axe \"Axe\"), murders her, then dismembers her body with a [hacksaw](/wiki/Hacksaw \"Hacksaw\"). When the police arrive, Timmy hides inside a closet and pretends to be a witness to the crime. The police believe Timmy's story and he is sent to live with his aunt. Forty years later, after witnessing a female skateboarder smash into a mirror, a black\\-clad figure opens a box containing the bloodied clothing and a photograph of Timmy's mother. He also unboxes the bloodied jigsaw puzzle and starts to put it together.", "While studying outside in broad daylight, a female student is [decapitated](/wiki/Decapitation \"Decapitation\") with a chainsaw by an unidentified killer who steals her head. Lt. Bracken and his partner, Sgt. Holden, investigate the murder. Arthur Brown, a reserved professor of [anatomy](/wiki/Anatomy \"Anatomy\") who is often teased by students for being gay, gives the detectives a tour of the school. Outside, the groundskeeper, Willard, is seen trimming a hedge with a chainsaw. In the library, a student named Kendall receives a note given by a young woman to come to the pool later; the killer finds it and tracks down the note\\-writer at the pool, where she is brutally killed with the chainsaw. Willard later arrives on the scene and is arrested, believed to be a suspect. Near the pool, they find the chainsaw and the victim's body parts, save for her [torso](/wiki/Torso \"Torso\"). Professor Brown inspects the remains, and is briefly considered a suspect.", "The next day, Dr. Jennings meets with Kendall at the station in hopes that he can help provide a profile of the murderer. Bracken brings in an undercover cop named Mary Riggs, who was also a former tennis player. Bracken explains to Holden that she will pose as a tennis instructor at the college and that Kendall is going to assist her whenever he can. As a reporter named Sylvia Costa is stonewalled by Bracken, the killer stalks a student later that evening and saws her arms off inside an elevator just before Kendall and the police arrive. That same evening, the killer also stalks Sylvia and stabs her on a [waterbed](/wiki/Waterbed \"Waterbed\").", "Later the next day, one of Mary's tennis students, Suzie, goes into the locker room after the killer plays music on the loudspeakers. She gets chased down by the killer. As she pees herself, the killer saws into the room and ends up killing Suzie by being sawed in half. While Mary and Kendall focus on turning off the music, the killer steals Suzie's legs and escapes. Kendall presents his theory to Holden about the killer being a member of the faculty, since he knows when and where to strike before avoiding the police. They spend hours researching files on the faculty and discover that the dean previously changed his name and that his mother was brutally murdered, discovering that he was Timmy. Meanwhile, Mary is drugged with a [paralytic](/wiki/Paralytic \"Paralytic\") substance by the dean at his apartment. He attempts to saw off her feet, since the previous victim's feet did not fit his mother's shoes for the puzzle. Bracken, Holden, and Kendall burst into the dean's apartment, and he is shot dead by Bracken while Kendall rescues Mary.", "After searching the apartment and finding the jigsaw puzzle, Holden jokes to Kendall about joining the police. He then leans on a bookshelf, revealing the dean's human puzzle: a decomposing body made of his victimsโ€™ parts stitched together in his mother's dress, which falls apart onto Kendall. Later, a shaken Kendall leaves with Holden, and just as he grabs his jacket, the jigsaw corpse inexplicably comes to life grabbing and crushing Kendall's [genitalia](/wiki/Male_reproductive_system \"Male reproductive system\"), [castrating](/wiki/Castration \"Castration\") and [emasculating](/wiki/Emasculation \"Emasculation\") him in the process as he screams.", "" ]
Fictional character biography ----------------------------- ### Obadiah Stane When **Obadiah Stane** was a child, his [father](/wiki/Zebediah_Stane "Zebediah Stane") was a degenerate gambler and Obadiah's mother had already died. One day, his father considered himself on a "lucky streak," played a game of [Russian roulette](/wiki/Russian_roulette "Russian roulette"), and shot himself in the head while young Obadiah watched. This [trauma](/wiki/Psychological_trauma "Psychological trauma") caused Obadiah to go bald, and shaped his outlook on life. From then on, Stane was a ruthless manipulator who studied his adversaries to find weaknesses to exploit. Stane enjoys [chess](/wiki/Chess "Chess"), and lives his life with the same kind of methodical logic that he uses in the game. In addition, he is a strong believer in using [psychological manipulation](/wiki/Psychological_manipulation "Psychological manipulation") to his advantage. For instance, in a childhood [chess](/wiki/Chess "Chess") match against another boy whose skill at least equaled his own, he killed the boy's dog so that the other boy would be distracted from the game. In adulthood, Obadiah Stane becomes the President and CEO of his own company Stane International as a munitions dealer. He also goes into business with [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark "Howard Stark"). After the elder Stark's death in a car accident, Stane turns his sights on acquiring control of [Stark International](/wiki/Stark_Industries "Stark Industries") now owned by [Tony Stark](/wiki/Iron_Man "Iron Man") (Howard's son). Stane has his agents โ€“ known as the Chessmen โ€“ attack Stark Industries and assault [James Rhodes](/wiki/War_Machine "War Machine") (Tony's confidant).*Iron Man* \#163โ€“165\. Marvel Comics. He also confronts the younger Stark in person.*Iron Man* \#166 Stane also sets up Indries Moomji as Stark's lover without Stark knowing that Moomji is actually the Chessmen's Queen. Meanwhile, Stane and his associates conspire to lock Stark International out of various business deals. Stark eventually learns that Stane is the mastermind behind these attacks, but is unable to confront him. Stane's assaults on Stark's business and friends push Stark to the edge, relapsing into alcoholism.*Iron Man* \#167\. Marvel Comics. With [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D.")'s help, Stane buys out Stark International which he renames Stane International. Stark (having fallen off the wagon) relinquishes Iron Man's armor to Rhodes and disappears to be a [homeless](/wiki/Homelessness "Homelessness") vagrant while Rhodes as Iron Man ignores Stane's demands to relinquish Iron Man's armor. Rhodes eventually thwarts Stane in his attempt to take over Iron Man's battle\-suits.*Iron Man* \#173โ€“174\. Marvel Comics. Looking through Stark Enterprises' records, Stane discovers Stark's notes on Iron Man's armor. The notes are incomplete and highly advanced, but Stane assigns a team of scientists to decipher; they eventually create the Iron Monger armor which is "far superior to Stark's Iron Man armor" according to Stane. He even considers selling the suit to the highest bidder or creating an army of Iron Mongers, using them to "take over any country he wanted". Stane assigns the Termite to [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage "Sabotage") another business rival.*Iron Man* \#189\. Marvel Comics. He also forms an alliance with [Madame Masque](/wiki/Madame_Masque "Madame Masque").*Iron Man* \#190\. Marvel Comics. While living on the streets, Stark befriends pregnant homeless woman Gertl Anders who dies in childbirth, promising to protect the child which helps Stark overcome alcoholism to eventually confront Stane.*Iron Man* \#182\. Marvel Comics. Stark recovers, joining Rhodes and the Erwin twins (Morley and Clytemnestra) in starting a new company in [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley"),*Iron Man* \#184\. Marvel Comics. which is then dubbed Circuits Maximus.*Iron Man* \#188\. Marvel Comics. Stark builds a new prototype armor, resembling his original gray suit, to test new designs; Stark ends up using the armor to stop the out\-of\-control Rhodes,*Iron Man* \#191โ€“192\. Marvel Comics. and then to assist the [West Coast Avengers](/wiki/West_Coast_Avengers "West Coast Avengers") against [Doctor Demonicus](/wiki/Doctor_Demonicus "Doctor Demonicus"), while using the Avengers' facilities to construct the advanced [Silver Centurion](/wiki/Iron_Man%27s_Armor%23Iron_Man_Armor_MK_VII_%28Silver_Centurion%29 "Iron Man's Armor#Iron Man Armor MK VII (Silver Centurion)") armor.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=July 2011}} Realizing that Stark is once again a potential threat, Stane orders [Bethany Cabe](/wiki/Bethany_Cabe "Bethany Cabe")'s abduction, and plans an attack to take out Iron Man whom Stane believes is currently either Rhodes or one of the Erwins. He sends an attack drone known as the Circuits Breaker to destroy Iron Man which both Rhodes and Stark are able to defeat. Stane further plots against Stark by switching the minds of Madame Masque and Cabe, and by abducting Stark's old friends ([Happy Hogan](/wiki/Happy_Hogan_%28character%29 "Happy Hogan (character)"), [Pepper Potts](/wiki/Pepper_Potts "Pepper Potts") and Bambi Arbogast). Stane eventually detonates a bomb planted inside the Circuits Maximus [dome](/wiki/Geodesic_dome "Geodesic dome"), killing Morley while wounding Rhodes and Clytemnestra.*Iron Man* \#195โ€“199\. Marvel Comics. When Cly confronts Stark at the hospital, Tony faces Stane directly; Iron Man collects the newly completed Silver Centurion and flies to [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island"). Iron Man confronts Stane on Stane International's property and defeats Stane's agents, including the Chessmen who had proven a match for Iron Man's previous armor. Stane dons the Iron Monger armor and confronts Iron Man personally. The Iron Monger is more powerful than Iron Man's previous armor, but not the Silver Centurion model, which includes such features as the ability to absorb the heat from the Iron Monger's thermal rays and channel into the armor's own energy supplies. Stane tries to defeat Iron Man by tricking him into entering a room where Stark's friends (Happy, Pepper and Mrs. Arbogast) are being held in suspended animation tanks. The room's walls are covered with photo\-electric cells that will send 200,000 volts into their bodies if Iron Man moves. Refusing to give in, Iron Man calmly uses his armor's sensors to find the power source of Stane's trap, and destroys it with his chest\-plate's uni\-beam weapon, which requires no movement to fire.*Iron Man* \#200 (Nov. 1985\). Marvel Comics. With Stark's friends freed, Iron Man confronts Stane and the villain learns that even in the Iron Monger armor, he is no match for Stark. Finally, Stane uses his last card: Gertl Anders's infant son whom Stane had abducted from an orphanage. Stane tells Iron Man to remove the helmet or he will crush the baby. Having detected interfering frequencies in the armor systems throughout the battle, Iron Man deduces that Stane is not experienced enough to pilot the Iron Monger armor without some help via an external computer. Stark uses his armor's pulse bolts to destroy the building containing that computer, causing Stane's Iron Monger armor to seize up. Stane (refusing to be arrested and humiliated) fires his repulsor ray beam into his head, disintegrating his skull. When Stark would make a fresh start with the new company [Stark Enterprises](/wiki/Stark_Industries "Stark Industries"),*Iron Man* \#217 (April 1987\). Marvel Comics. [Justin Hammer](/wiki/Justin_Hammer "Justin Hammer") would take control of Stane International and continue Stane's unethical business practices. It's only when Stark himself is confronted over those practices that he learns of Hammer's ownership stake and forces him to sell the company back to Stark.*Iron Man* \#281โ€“283 (Juneโ€“Aug. 1992\). Marvel Comics. Stane was also an acquaintance of [Sonny Burch](/wiki/Sonny_Burch "Sonny Burch") at one point.*Iron Man* vol. 3 \#73 (Dec. 2003\). Marvel Comics. During the "[Dark Reign](/wiki/Dark_Reign_%28comics%29 "Dark Reign (comics)")" storyline, Stane in his Iron Monger armor was chosen as a member of [Pluto](/wiki/Pluto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Pluto (Marvel Comics)")'s jury of the damned to decide the fate of [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Zeus (Marvel Comics)").*The Incredible Hercules* \#129 When the lord of Hades's power was undone, it was Iron Monger who laid the first blow.*The Incredible Hercules* \#131\. Marvel Comics. During the "[Chaos War](/wiki/Chaos_War_%28comics%29 "Chaos War (comics)")" storyline, Stane is among the dead characters in the Underworld that Pluto released to defend the Underworld from [Amatsu\-Mikaboshi](/wiki/Amatsu-Mikaboshi_%28comics%29 "Amatsu-Mikaboshi (comics)").*Chaos War* \#2\. Marvel Comics. ### Other wearers of the Iron Monger armor Industrialist **Simon Steele** constructs another suit of Iron Monger armor and has an employee wear it in battle against [Dominic Fortune](/wiki/Dominic_Fortune "Dominic Fortune").*Iron Man* \#212\. Marvel Comics. After Stane's death, the original Iron Monger armor was obtained by the [United States government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States"). **General Lewis Haywerth** has one of the [Guardsmen](/wiki/Guardsman_%28comics%29 "Guardsman (comics)") use it to test the [U.S. Agent](/wiki/U.S._Agent_%28comics%29 "U.S. Agent (comics)")'s combat skills.*Captain America* \#354\. Marvel Comics. **Joey Cosmatos** was Tony Stark's former college classmate that builds a third version of Iron Monger suit from Obadiah's plans. This suit is worn by the criminal **Slagmire**, an operative of underworld boss Mr. Desmond.*Iron Man* \#253\. Marvel Comics. The [Red Skull](/wiki/Red_Skull "Red Skull") later has one of his own agents use an Iron Monger suit in an assassination attempt against the [Viper](/wiki/Viper_%28Madame_Hydra%29 "Viper (Madame Hydra)"), but the suit's wearer is apparently killed by the Viper's men.*Captain America* \#419\. Marvel Comics. A group of renegade [New York City Police Department](/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department "New York City Police Department") officers calling themselves "the Cabal" commissions Stane International to design a suit of combat armor so they can hunt down and kill criminals like the [Punisher](/wiki/Punisher "Punisher"). Various members of the Cabal wear the resulting Savage Steel armor at different times, coming into conflict with Iron Man and [Darkhawk](/wiki/Darkhawk "Darkhawk"). ### Zeke Stane {{Main\|Zeke Stane}} Ezekiel "Zeke" Stane is Obadiah Stane's son who would have a vendetta against Tony Stark in his father's name.{{cite news \| author \= Matt Brady \| title \= Fraction, Larocca helm new Iron Man series in May \| publisher \= \[\[Newsarama]] \| date \= February 11, 2008 \| url \= http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\=146352 \| access\-date \= February 11, 2008 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20081215045449/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\=146352 \| archive\-date \= December 15, 2008 \| url\-status \= dead }} Obadiah's son gradually adapts his body to be a [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg "Cyborg") to the extent he regenerates injuries very quickly, no longer needs to breathe, and generates at least as much energy as the Iron Man armor. He constructs a special [exoskeleton](/wiki/Exoskeleton "Exoskeleton") to help him deal with excess heat (and turn into even more usable energy).
[ "Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------", "### Obadiah Stane", "When **Obadiah Stane** was a child, his [father](/wiki/Zebediah_Stane \"Zebediah Stane\") was a degenerate gambler and Obadiah's mother had already died. One day, his father considered himself on a \"lucky streak,\" played a game of [Russian roulette](/wiki/Russian_roulette \"Russian roulette\"), and shot himself in the head while young Obadiah watched. This [trauma](/wiki/Psychological_trauma \"Psychological trauma\") caused Obadiah to go bald, and shaped his outlook on life. From then on, Stane was a ruthless manipulator who studied his adversaries to find weaknesses to exploit. Stane enjoys [chess](/wiki/Chess \"Chess\"), and lives his life with the same kind of methodical logic that he uses in the game. In addition, he is a strong believer in using [psychological manipulation](/wiki/Psychological_manipulation \"Psychological manipulation\") to his advantage. For instance, in a childhood [chess](/wiki/Chess \"Chess\") match against another boy whose skill at least equaled his own, he killed the boy's dog so that the other boy would be distracted from the game.", "In adulthood, Obadiah Stane becomes the President and CEO of his own company Stane International as a munitions dealer. He also goes into business with [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark \"Howard Stark\"). After the elder Stark's death in a car accident, Stane turns his sights on acquiring control of [Stark International](/wiki/Stark_Industries \"Stark Industries\") now owned by [Tony Stark](/wiki/Iron_Man \"Iron Man\") (Howard's son). Stane has his agents โ€“ known as the Chessmen โ€“ attack Stark Industries and assault [James Rhodes](/wiki/War_Machine \"War Machine\") (Tony's confidant).*Iron Man* \\#163โ€“165\\. Marvel Comics. He also confronts the younger Stark in person.*Iron Man* \\#166 Stane also sets up Indries Moomji as Stark's lover without Stark knowing that Moomji is actually the Chessmen's Queen. Meanwhile, Stane and his associates conspire to lock Stark International out of various business deals. Stark eventually learns that Stane is the mastermind behind these attacks, but is unable to confront him. Stane's assaults on Stark's business and friends push Stark to the edge, relapsing into alcoholism.*Iron Man* \\#167\\. Marvel Comics. With [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\")'s help, Stane buys out Stark International which he renames Stane International. Stark (having fallen off the wagon) relinquishes Iron Man's armor to Rhodes and disappears to be a [homeless](/wiki/Homelessness \"Homelessness\") vagrant while Rhodes as Iron Man ignores Stane's demands to relinquish Iron Man's armor. Rhodes eventually thwarts Stane in his attempt to take over Iron Man's battle\\-suits.*Iron Man* \\#173โ€“174\\. Marvel Comics.", "Looking through Stark Enterprises' records, Stane discovers Stark's notes on Iron Man's armor. The notes are incomplete and highly advanced, but Stane assigns a team of scientists to decipher; they eventually create the Iron Monger armor which is \"far superior to Stark's Iron Man armor\" according to Stane. He even considers selling the suit to the highest bidder or creating an army of Iron Mongers, using them to \"take over any country he wanted\".", "Stane assigns the Termite to [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage \"Sabotage\") another business rival.*Iron Man* \\#189\\. Marvel Comics. He also forms an alliance with [Madame Masque](/wiki/Madame_Masque \"Madame Masque\").*Iron Man* \\#190\\. Marvel Comics.", "While living on the streets, Stark befriends pregnant homeless woman Gertl Anders who dies in childbirth, promising to protect the child which helps Stark overcome alcoholism to eventually confront Stane.*Iron Man* \\#182\\. Marvel Comics. Stark recovers, joining Rhodes and the Erwin twins (Morley and Clytemnestra) in starting a new company in [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley \"Silicon Valley\"),*Iron Man* \\#184\\. Marvel Comics. which is then dubbed Circuits Maximus.*Iron Man* \\#188\\. Marvel Comics. Stark builds a new prototype armor, resembling his original gray suit, to test new designs; Stark ends up using the armor to stop the out\\-of\\-control Rhodes,*Iron Man* \\#191โ€“192\\. Marvel Comics. and then to assist the [West Coast Avengers](/wiki/West_Coast_Avengers \"West Coast Avengers\") against [Doctor Demonicus](/wiki/Doctor_Demonicus \"Doctor Demonicus\"), while using the Avengers' facilities to construct the advanced [Silver Centurion](/wiki/Iron_Man%27s_Armor%23Iron_Man_Armor_MK_VII_%28Silver_Centurion%29 \"Iron Man's Armor#Iron Man Armor MK VII (Silver Centurion)\") armor.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=July 2011}}", "Realizing that Stark is once again a potential threat, Stane orders [Bethany Cabe](/wiki/Bethany_Cabe \"Bethany Cabe\")'s abduction, and plans an attack to take out Iron Man whom Stane believes is currently either Rhodes or one of the Erwins. He sends an attack drone known as the Circuits Breaker to destroy Iron Man which both Rhodes and Stark are able to defeat. Stane further plots against Stark by switching the minds of Madame Masque and Cabe, and by abducting Stark's old friends ([Happy Hogan](/wiki/Happy_Hogan_%28character%29 \"Happy Hogan (character)\"), [Pepper Potts](/wiki/Pepper_Potts \"Pepper Potts\") and Bambi Arbogast). Stane eventually detonates a bomb planted inside the Circuits Maximus [dome](/wiki/Geodesic_dome \"Geodesic dome\"), killing Morley while wounding Rhodes and Clytemnestra.*Iron Man* \\#195โ€“199\\. Marvel Comics.", "When Cly confronts Stark at the hospital, Tony faces Stane directly; Iron Man collects the newly completed Silver Centurion and flies to [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\"). Iron Man confronts Stane on Stane International's property and defeats Stane's agents, including the Chessmen who had proven a match for Iron Man's previous armor. Stane dons the Iron Monger armor and confronts Iron Man personally. The Iron Monger is more powerful than Iron Man's previous armor, but not the Silver Centurion model, which includes such features as the ability to absorb the heat from the Iron Monger's thermal rays and channel into the armor's own energy supplies. Stane tries to defeat Iron Man by tricking him into entering a room where Stark's friends (Happy, Pepper and Mrs. Arbogast) are being held in suspended animation tanks. The room's walls are covered with photo\\-electric cells that will send 200,000 volts into their bodies if Iron Man moves. Refusing to give in, Iron Man calmly uses his armor's sensors to find the power source of Stane's trap, and destroys it with his chest\\-plate's uni\\-beam weapon, which requires no movement to fire.*Iron Man* \\#200 (Nov. 1985\\). Marvel Comics.", "With Stark's friends freed, Iron Man confronts Stane and the villain learns that even in the Iron Monger armor, he is no match for Stark. Finally, Stane uses his last card: Gertl Anders's infant son whom Stane had abducted from an orphanage. Stane tells Iron Man to remove the helmet or he will crush the baby. Having detected interfering frequencies in the armor systems throughout the battle, Iron Man deduces that Stane is not experienced enough to pilot the Iron Monger armor without some help via an external computer. Stark uses his armor's pulse bolts to destroy the building containing that computer, causing Stane's Iron Monger armor to seize up. Stane (refusing to be arrested and humiliated) fires his repulsor ray beam into his head, disintegrating his skull.", "When Stark would make a fresh start with the new company [Stark Enterprises](/wiki/Stark_Industries \"Stark Industries\"),*Iron Man* \\#217 (April 1987\\). Marvel Comics. [Justin Hammer](/wiki/Justin_Hammer \"Justin Hammer\") would take control of Stane International and continue Stane's unethical business practices. It's only when Stark himself is confronted over those practices that he learns of Hammer's ownership stake and forces him to sell the company back to Stark.*Iron Man* \\#281โ€“283 (Juneโ€“Aug. 1992\\). Marvel Comics.", "Stane was also an acquaintance of [Sonny Burch](/wiki/Sonny_Burch \"Sonny Burch\") at one point.*Iron Man* vol. 3 \\#73 (Dec. 2003\\). Marvel Comics.", "During the \"[Dark Reign](/wiki/Dark_Reign_%28comics%29 \"Dark Reign (comics)\")\" storyline, Stane in his Iron Monger armor was chosen as a member of [Pluto](/wiki/Pluto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Pluto (Marvel Comics)\")'s jury of the damned to decide the fate of [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Zeus (Marvel Comics)\").*The Incredible Hercules* \\#129 When the lord of Hades's power was undone, it was Iron Monger who laid the first blow.*The Incredible Hercules* \\#131\\. Marvel Comics.", "During the \"[Chaos War](/wiki/Chaos_War_%28comics%29 \"Chaos War (comics)\")\" storyline, Stane is among the dead characters in the Underworld that Pluto released to defend the Underworld from [Amatsu\\-Mikaboshi](/wiki/Amatsu-Mikaboshi_%28comics%29 \"Amatsu-Mikaboshi (comics)\").*Chaos War* \\#2\\. Marvel Comics.", "### Other wearers of the Iron Monger armor", "Industrialist **Simon Steele** constructs another suit of Iron Monger armor and has an employee wear it in battle against [Dominic Fortune](/wiki/Dominic_Fortune \"Dominic Fortune\").*Iron Man* \\#212\\. Marvel Comics.", "After Stane's death, the original Iron Monger armor was obtained by the [United States government](/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States \"Federal government of the United States\"). **General Lewis Haywerth** has one of the [Guardsmen](/wiki/Guardsman_%28comics%29 \"Guardsman (comics)\") use it to test the [U.S. Agent](/wiki/U.S._Agent_%28comics%29 \"U.S. Agent (comics)\")'s combat skills.*Captain America* \\#354\\. Marvel Comics.", "**Joey Cosmatos** was Tony Stark's former college classmate that builds a third version of Iron Monger suit from Obadiah's plans. This suit is worn by the criminal **Slagmire**, an operative of underworld boss Mr. Desmond.*Iron Man* \\#253\\. Marvel Comics.", "The [Red Skull](/wiki/Red_Skull \"Red Skull\") later has one of his own agents use an Iron Monger suit in an assassination attempt against the [Viper](/wiki/Viper_%28Madame_Hydra%29 \"Viper (Madame Hydra)\"), but the suit's wearer is apparently killed by the Viper's men.*Captain America* \\#419\\. Marvel Comics.", "A group of renegade [New York City Police Department](/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department \"New York City Police Department\") officers calling themselves \"the Cabal\" commissions Stane International to design a suit of combat armor so they can hunt down and kill criminals like the [Punisher](/wiki/Punisher \"Punisher\"). Various members of the Cabal wear the resulting Savage Steel armor at different times, coming into conflict with Iron Man and [Darkhawk](/wiki/Darkhawk \"Darkhawk\").", "### Zeke Stane", "{{Main\\|Zeke Stane}}\nEzekiel \"Zeke\" Stane is Obadiah Stane's son who would have a vendetta against Tony Stark in his father's name.{{cite news \\| author \\= Matt Brady \\| title \\= Fraction, Larocca helm new Iron Man series in May \\| publisher \\= \\[\\[Newsarama]] \\| date \\= February 11, 2008 \\| url \\= http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\\=146352 \\| access\\-date \\= February 11, 2008 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081215045449/http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t\\=146352 \\| archive\\-date \\= December 15, 2008 \\| url\\-status \\= dead }} Obadiah's son gradually adapts his body to be a [cyborg](/wiki/Cyborg \"Cyborg\") to the extent he regenerates injuries very quickly, no longer needs to breathe, and generates at least as much energy as the Iron Man armor. He constructs a special [exoskeleton](/wiki/Exoskeleton \"Exoskeleton\") to help him deal with excess heat (and turn into even more usable energy).", "" ]
### Obadiah Stane When **Obadiah Stane** was a child, his [father](/wiki/Zebediah_Stane "Zebediah Stane") was a degenerate gambler and Obadiah's mother had already died. One day, his father considered himself on a "lucky streak," played a game of [Russian roulette](/wiki/Russian_roulette "Russian roulette"), and shot himself in the head while young Obadiah watched. This [trauma](/wiki/Psychological_trauma "Psychological trauma") caused Obadiah to go bald, and shaped his outlook on life. From then on, Stane was a ruthless manipulator who studied his adversaries to find weaknesses to exploit. Stane enjoys [chess](/wiki/Chess "Chess"), and lives his life with the same kind of methodical logic that he uses in the game. In addition, he is a strong believer in using [psychological manipulation](/wiki/Psychological_manipulation "Psychological manipulation") to his advantage. For instance, in a childhood [chess](/wiki/Chess "Chess") match against another boy whose skill at least equaled his own, he killed the boy's dog so that the other boy would be distracted from the game. In adulthood, Obadiah Stane becomes the President and CEO of his own company Stane International as a munitions dealer. He also goes into business with [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark "Howard Stark"). After the elder Stark's death in a car accident, Stane turns his sights on acquiring control of [Stark International](/wiki/Stark_Industries "Stark Industries") now owned by [Tony Stark](/wiki/Iron_Man "Iron Man") (Howard's son). Stane has his agents โ€“ known as the Chessmen โ€“ attack Stark Industries and assault [James Rhodes](/wiki/War_Machine "War Machine") (Tony's confidant).*Iron Man* \#163โ€“165\. Marvel Comics. He also confronts the younger Stark in person.*Iron Man* \#166 Stane also sets up Indries Moomji as Stark's lover without Stark knowing that Moomji is actually the Chessmen's Queen. Meanwhile, Stane and his associates conspire to lock Stark International out of various business deals. Stark eventually learns that Stane is the mastermind behind these attacks, but is unable to confront him. Stane's assaults on Stark's business and friends push Stark to the edge, relapsing into alcoholism.*Iron Man* \#167\. Marvel Comics. With [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D.")'s help, Stane buys out Stark International which he renames Stane International. Stark (having fallen off the wagon) relinquishes Iron Man's armor to Rhodes and disappears to be a [homeless](/wiki/Homelessness "Homelessness") vagrant while Rhodes as Iron Man ignores Stane's demands to relinquish Iron Man's armor. Rhodes eventually thwarts Stane in his attempt to take over Iron Man's battle\-suits.*Iron Man* \#173โ€“174\. Marvel Comics. Looking through Stark Enterprises' records, Stane discovers Stark's notes on Iron Man's armor. The notes are incomplete and highly advanced, but Stane assigns a team of scientists to decipher; they eventually create the Iron Monger armor which is "far superior to Stark's Iron Man armor" according to Stane. He even considers selling the suit to the highest bidder or creating an army of Iron Mongers, using them to "take over any country he wanted". Stane assigns the Termite to [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage "Sabotage") another business rival.*Iron Man* \#189\. Marvel Comics. He also forms an alliance with [Madame Masque](/wiki/Madame_Masque "Madame Masque").*Iron Man* \#190\. Marvel Comics. While living on the streets, Stark befriends pregnant homeless woman Gertl Anders who dies in childbirth, promising to protect the child which helps Stark overcome alcoholism to eventually confront Stane.*Iron Man* \#182\. Marvel Comics. Stark recovers, joining Rhodes and the Erwin twins (Morley and Clytemnestra) in starting a new company in [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley"),*Iron Man* \#184\. Marvel Comics. which is then dubbed Circuits Maximus.*Iron Man* \#188\. Marvel Comics. Stark builds a new prototype armor, resembling his original gray suit, to test new designs; Stark ends up using the armor to stop the out\-of\-control Rhodes,*Iron Man* \#191โ€“192\. Marvel Comics. and then to assist the [West Coast Avengers](/wiki/West_Coast_Avengers "West Coast Avengers") against [Doctor Demonicus](/wiki/Doctor_Demonicus "Doctor Demonicus"), while using the Avengers' facilities to construct the advanced [Silver Centurion](/wiki/Iron_Man%27s_Armor%23Iron_Man_Armor_MK_VII_%28Silver_Centurion%29 "Iron Man's Armor#Iron Man Armor MK VII (Silver Centurion)") armor.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=July 2011}} Realizing that Stark is once again a potential threat, Stane orders [Bethany Cabe](/wiki/Bethany_Cabe "Bethany Cabe")'s abduction, and plans an attack to take out Iron Man whom Stane believes is currently either Rhodes or one of the Erwins. He sends an attack drone known as the Circuits Breaker to destroy Iron Man which both Rhodes and Stark are able to defeat. Stane further plots against Stark by switching the minds of Madame Masque and Cabe, and by abducting Stark's old friends ([Happy Hogan](/wiki/Happy_Hogan_%28character%29 "Happy Hogan (character)"), [Pepper Potts](/wiki/Pepper_Potts "Pepper Potts") and Bambi Arbogast). Stane eventually detonates a bomb planted inside the Circuits Maximus [dome](/wiki/Geodesic_dome "Geodesic dome"), killing Morley while wounding Rhodes and Clytemnestra.*Iron Man* \#195โ€“199\. Marvel Comics. When Cly confronts Stark at the hospital, Tony faces Stane directly; Iron Man collects the newly completed Silver Centurion and flies to [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island "Long Island"). Iron Man confronts Stane on Stane International's property and defeats Stane's agents, including the Chessmen who had proven a match for Iron Man's previous armor. Stane dons the Iron Monger armor and confronts Iron Man personally. The Iron Monger is more powerful than Iron Man's previous armor, but not the Silver Centurion model, which includes such features as the ability to absorb the heat from the Iron Monger's thermal rays and channel into the armor's own energy supplies. Stane tries to defeat Iron Man by tricking him into entering a room where Stark's friends (Happy, Pepper and Mrs. Arbogast) are being held in suspended animation tanks. The room's walls are covered with photo\-electric cells that will send 200,000 volts into their bodies if Iron Man moves. Refusing to give in, Iron Man calmly uses his armor's sensors to find the power source of Stane's trap, and destroys it with his chest\-plate's uni\-beam weapon, which requires no movement to fire.*Iron Man* \#200 (Nov. 1985\). Marvel Comics. With Stark's friends freed, Iron Man confronts Stane and the villain learns that even in the Iron Monger armor, he is no match for Stark. Finally, Stane uses his last card: Gertl Anders's infant son whom Stane had abducted from an orphanage. Stane tells Iron Man to remove the helmet or he will crush the baby. Having detected interfering frequencies in the armor systems throughout the battle, Iron Man deduces that Stane is not experienced enough to pilot the Iron Monger armor without some help via an external computer. Stark uses his armor's pulse bolts to destroy the building containing that computer, causing Stane's Iron Monger armor to seize up. Stane (refusing to be arrested and humiliated) fires his repulsor ray beam into his head, disintegrating his skull. When Stark would make a fresh start with the new company [Stark Enterprises](/wiki/Stark_Industries "Stark Industries"),*Iron Man* \#217 (April 1987\). Marvel Comics. [Justin Hammer](/wiki/Justin_Hammer "Justin Hammer") would take control of Stane International and continue Stane's unethical business practices. It's only when Stark himself is confronted over those practices that he learns of Hammer's ownership stake and forces him to sell the company back to Stark.*Iron Man* \#281โ€“283 (Juneโ€“Aug. 1992\). Marvel Comics. Stane was also an acquaintance of [Sonny Burch](/wiki/Sonny_Burch "Sonny Burch") at one point.*Iron Man* vol. 3 \#73 (Dec. 2003\). Marvel Comics. During the "[Dark Reign](/wiki/Dark_Reign_%28comics%29 "Dark Reign (comics)")" storyline, Stane in his Iron Monger armor was chosen as a member of [Pluto](/wiki/Pluto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Pluto (Marvel Comics)")'s jury of the damned to decide the fate of [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Zeus (Marvel Comics)").*The Incredible Hercules* \#129 When the lord of Hades's power was undone, it was Iron Monger who laid the first blow.*The Incredible Hercules* \#131\. Marvel Comics. During the "[Chaos War](/wiki/Chaos_War_%28comics%29 "Chaos War (comics)")" storyline, Stane is among the dead characters in the Underworld that Pluto released to defend the Underworld from [Amatsu\-Mikaboshi](/wiki/Amatsu-Mikaboshi_%28comics%29 "Amatsu-Mikaboshi (comics)").*Chaos War* \#2\. Marvel Comics.
[ "### Obadiah Stane", "When **Obadiah Stane** was a child, his [father](/wiki/Zebediah_Stane \"Zebediah Stane\") was a degenerate gambler and Obadiah's mother had already died. One day, his father considered himself on a \"lucky streak,\" played a game of [Russian roulette](/wiki/Russian_roulette \"Russian roulette\"), and shot himself in the head while young Obadiah watched. This [trauma](/wiki/Psychological_trauma \"Psychological trauma\") caused Obadiah to go bald, and shaped his outlook on life. From then on, Stane was a ruthless manipulator who studied his adversaries to find weaknesses to exploit. Stane enjoys [chess](/wiki/Chess \"Chess\"), and lives his life with the same kind of methodical logic that he uses in the game. In addition, he is a strong believer in using [psychological manipulation](/wiki/Psychological_manipulation \"Psychological manipulation\") to his advantage. For instance, in a childhood [chess](/wiki/Chess \"Chess\") match against another boy whose skill at least equaled his own, he killed the boy's dog so that the other boy would be distracted from the game.", "In adulthood, Obadiah Stane becomes the President and CEO of his own company Stane International as a munitions dealer. He also goes into business with [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark \"Howard Stark\"). After the elder Stark's death in a car accident, Stane turns his sights on acquiring control of [Stark International](/wiki/Stark_Industries \"Stark Industries\") now owned by [Tony Stark](/wiki/Iron_Man \"Iron Man\") (Howard's son). Stane has his agents โ€“ known as the Chessmen โ€“ attack Stark Industries and assault [James Rhodes](/wiki/War_Machine \"War Machine\") (Tony's confidant).*Iron Man* \\#163โ€“165\\. Marvel Comics. He also confronts the younger Stark in person.*Iron Man* \\#166 Stane also sets up Indries Moomji as Stark's lover without Stark knowing that Moomji is actually the Chessmen's Queen. Meanwhile, Stane and his associates conspire to lock Stark International out of various business deals. Stark eventually learns that Stane is the mastermind behind these attacks, but is unable to confront him. Stane's assaults on Stark's business and friends push Stark to the edge, relapsing into alcoholism.*Iron Man* \\#167\\. Marvel Comics. With [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\")'s help, Stane buys out Stark International which he renames Stane International. Stark (having fallen off the wagon) relinquishes Iron Man's armor to Rhodes and disappears to be a [homeless](/wiki/Homelessness \"Homelessness\") vagrant while Rhodes as Iron Man ignores Stane's demands to relinquish Iron Man's armor. Rhodes eventually thwarts Stane in his attempt to take over Iron Man's battle\\-suits.*Iron Man* \\#173โ€“174\\. Marvel Comics.", "Looking through Stark Enterprises' records, Stane discovers Stark's notes on Iron Man's armor. The notes are incomplete and highly advanced, but Stane assigns a team of scientists to decipher; they eventually create the Iron Monger armor which is \"far superior to Stark's Iron Man armor\" according to Stane. He even considers selling the suit to the highest bidder or creating an army of Iron Mongers, using them to \"take over any country he wanted\".", "Stane assigns the Termite to [sabotage](/wiki/Sabotage \"Sabotage\") another business rival.*Iron Man* \\#189\\. Marvel Comics. He also forms an alliance with [Madame Masque](/wiki/Madame_Masque \"Madame Masque\").*Iron Man* \\#190\\. Marvel Comics.", "While living on the streets, Stark befriends pregnant homeless woman Gertl Anders who dies in childbirth, promising to protect the child which helps Stark overcome alcoholism to eventually confront Stane.*Iron Man* \\#182\\. Marvel Comics. Stark recovers, joining Rhodes and the Erwin twins (Morley and Clytemnestra) in starting a new company in [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley \"Silicon Valley\"),*Iron Man* \\#184\\. Marvel Comics. which is then dubbed Circuits Maximus.*Iron Man* \\#188\\. Marvel Comics. Stark builds a new prototype armor, resembling his original gray suit, to test new designs; Stark ends up using the armor to stop the out\\-of\\-control Rhodes,*Iron Man* \\#191โ€“192\\. Marvel Comics. and then to assist the [West Coast Avengers](/wiki/West_Coast_Avengers \"West Coast Avengers\") against [Doctor Demonicus](/wiki/Doctor_Demonicus \"Doctor Demonicus\"), while using the Avengers' facilities to construct the advanced [Silver Centurion](/wiki/Iron_Man%27s_Armor%23Iron_Man_Armor_MK_VII_%28Silver_Centurion%29 \"Iron Man's Armor#Iron Man Armor MK VII (Silver Centurion)\") armor.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=July 2011}}", "Realizing that Stark is once again a potential threat, Stane orders [Bethany Cabe](/wiki/Bethany_Cabe \"Bethany Cabe\")'s abduction, and plans an attack to take out Iron Man whom Stane believes is currently either Rhodes or one of the Erwins. He sends an attack drone known as the Circuits Breaker to destroy Iron Man which both Rhodes and Stark are able to defeat. Stane further plots against Stark by switching the minds of Madame Masque and Cabe, and by abducting Stark's old friends ([Happy Hogan](/wiki/Happy_Hogan_%28character%29 \"Happy Hogan (character)\"), [Pepper Potts](/wiki/Pepper_Potts \"Pepper Potts\") and Bambi Arbogast). Stane eventually detonates a bomb planted inside the Circuits Maximus [dome](/wiki/Geodesic_dome \"Geodesic dome\"), killing Morley while wounding Rhodes and Clytemnestra.*Iron Man* \\#195โ€“199\\. Marvel Comics.", "When Cly confronts Stark at the hospital, Tony faces Stane directly; Iron Man collects the newly completed Silver Centurion and flies to [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\"). Iron Man confronts Stane on Stane International's property and defeats Stane's agents, including the Chessmen who had proven a match for Iron Man's previous armor. Stane dons the Iron Monger armor and confronts Iron Man personally. The Iron Monger is more powerful than Iron Man's previous armor, but not the Silver Centurion model, which includes such features as the ability to absorb the heat from the Iron Monger's thermal rays and channel into the armor's own energy supplies. Stane tries to defeat Iron Man by tricking him into entering a room where Stark's friends (Happy, Pepper and Mrs. Arbogast) are being held in suspended animation tanks. The room's walls are covered with photo\\-electric cells that will send 200,000 volts into their bodies if Iron Man moves. Refusing to give in, Iron Man calmly uses his armor's sensors to find the power source of Stane's trap, and destroys it with his chest\\-plate's uni\\-beam weapon, which requires no movement to fire.*Iron Man* \\#200 (Nov. 1985\\). Marvel Comics.", "With Stark's friends freed, Iron Man confronts Stane and the villain learns that even in the Iron Monger armor, he is no match for Stark. Finally, Stane uses his last card: Gertl Anders's infant son whom Stane had abducted from an orphanage. Stane tells Iron Man to remove the helmet or he will crush the baby. Having detected interfering frequencies in the armor systems throughout the battle, Iron Man deduces that Stane is not experienced enough to pilot the Iron Monger armor without some help via an external computer. Stark uses his armor's pulse bolts to destroy the building containing that computer, causing Stane's Iron Monger armor to seize up. Stane (refusing to be arrested and humiliated) fires his repulsor ray beam into his head, disintegrating his skull.", "When Stark would make a fresh start with the new company [Stark Enterprises](/wiki/Stark_Industries \"Stark Industries\"),*Iron Man* \\#217 (April 1987\\). Marvel Comics. [Justin Hammer](/wiki/Justin_Hammer \"Justin Hammer\") would take control of Stane International and continue Stane's unethical business practices. It's only when Stark himself is confronted over those practices that he learns of Hammer's ownership stake and forces him to sell the company back to Stark.*Iron Man* \\#281โ€“283 (Juneโ€“Aug. 1992\\). Marvel Comics.", "Stane was also an acquaintance of [Sonny Burch](/wiki/Sonny_Burch \"Sonny Burch\") at one point.*Iron Man* vol. 3 \\#73 (Dec. 2003\\). Marvel Comics.", "During the \"[Dark Reign](/wiki/Dark_Reign_%28comics%29 \"Dark Reign (comics)\")\" storyline, Stane in his Iron Monger armor was chosen as a member of [Pluto](/wiki/Pluto_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Pluto (Marvel Comics)\")'s jury of the damned to decide the fate of [Zeus](/wiki/Zeus_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Zeus (Marvel Comics)\").*The Incredible Hercules* \\#129 When the lord of Hades's power was undone, it was Iron Monger who laid the first blow.*The Incredible Hercules* \\#131\\. Marvel Comics.", "During the \"[Chaos War](/wiki/Chaos_War_%28comics%29 \"Chaos War (comics)\")\" storyline, Stane is among the dead characters in the Underworld that Pluto released to defend the Underworld from [Amatsu\\-Mikaboshi](/wiki/Amatsu-Mikaboshi_%28comics%29 \"Amatsu-Mikaboshi (comics)\").*Chaos War* \\#2\\. Marvel Comics.", "" ]
Other versions -------------- ### Ultimate Marvel The original *[Ultimate Marvel](/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel "Ultimate Marvel")* version of Obadiah Stane is shown as the young son of [Loni Stane](/wiki/Loni_%28Ultimate_Iron_Man%29 "Loni (Ultimate Iron Man)") and [Zebediah Stane](/wiki/Zebediah_Stane "Zebediah Stane"). During a visit in jail, his mother divorces his father while he gets the other half. The story then fast forwards to Obadiah being enrolled in [a special school](/wiki/Baxter_Building "Baxter Building") at his mother's personal request. Shortly after their arrival, Obadiah murders a pair of students (Link and Dodge) and made it look like an accident which hardens Tony Stark's resolve to punish Obadiah. Later, Obadiah visits [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark "Howard Stark") in jail and has the guards attempt to murder him but they failed. Obadiah reveals that he's working with Dolores and Dolores convinced Obadiah to try and murder Howard. Obadiah drugs a prison guard with a "hypnotizing" bio\-drug, and the guard tries to kill Howard. He fails, but Howard gets shot in the process and is in the ICU and Tony sends [War Machine](/wiki/War_Machine "War Machine") to protect his father in the hospital. [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Iron Man (Ultimate Marvel character)") goes to Obadiah's house and confronts him on setting up Howard and sending him to prison for Zebediah's murder. Obadiah says it was all Dolores' idea, and sets up a meeting with Dolores and Tony. Obadiah also figures out that the armor is not a robot, a fact he shares with Dolores before he meets with Tony.*Ultimate Iron Man* \#1โ€“4\. Marvel Comics. Dolores and Tony make a deal. Dolores will give Tony the information about the terrorists with nukes who plan to bomb the city, and Tony will give Dolores one of his "robots". Tony, knowing that Dolores knows he wears the armor personally decides to trick him and actually bring an Iron Man suit that is remote controlled. Dolores and Tony meet on a plane together, holding each other hostage while their friends confirm each other's end of the bargain. Dolores is skeptical because the robot is not walking smoothly and is clumsy, and Tony is skeptical because the feds found a nuke but no terrorists with it, and the deal for terrorists. Dolores' men plan to kill the Federal agents who delivered them the robot, but Rhodes shows up to save them.*Ultimate Iron Man 2* \#1\. Marvel Comics. Tony then realizes that Dolores is no longer on the plane, and upon breaking into the cockpit he sees another nuke. He cannot disable it, because then a separate bomb will go off, destroying the nuke and plane. War Machine goes to Dolores' mansion, only to find him dead. Someone booby trapped his piano, and it blew up in his face while he was playing. Tony flies the plane low enough to the water that Obadiah can jump off into the water. He then gets his nanobots to disarm the nuke and set off the smaller bomb while he attempts to jump off the plane. They realize that another arms dealer was out to kill everyone (Dolores, Obadiah and Tony).*Ultimate Iron Man 2* \#3\. Marvel Comics. Meanwhile, Howard is recovered enough to go to prison, but the guards sent to escort him were not sent by the Police Department. Howard fights them off and escapes. Tony meets with him, and says that he thinks it was Loni that is the mastermind behind the scenes trying to kill them. Iron Man, War Machine, Nifara, Howard and Obadiah set off to Utah to find Loni. They arrive and their chopper explodes, injuring War Machine. Obadiah falls off a cliff, but Iron Man catches him as terrorists arrive on the scene. Iron Man flees, but follows them as they take Obadiah to his mother Loni and their hideout. Iron Man breaks into the compound and Loni floods it with poison gas trying to kill him, abandoning Obadiah. After Tony beats Loni and tends to Howard, Obadiah (mad that his mother abandoned him for dead with the poison gas) enters the room and kills her. However, he decides not to attack Tony, stating that he had saved his life several times and that they are now even. They are all picked up by the feds and go home.*Ultimate Iron Man* vol. 2 \#4\. Marvel Comics. The retconned Ultimate universe has the mastermind of *[Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars](/wiki/Ultimate_Comics:Armor_Wars "Armor Wars")* as **[Howard Stark Sr.](/wiki/Howard_Stark_Sr. "Howard Stark Sr.")** in a human/machine armor that resembles Iron Monger with some elements of [Titanium Man](/wiki/Titanium_Man "Titanium Man").*Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars* \#4\. Marvel Comics. ### Ultimate Universe During the "[Ultimate Invasion](/wiki/Ultimate_Invasion "Ultimate Invasion")", [Maker](/wiki/Maker_%28character%29 "Maker (character)") remade [Earth\-6160](/wiki/Earth-6160 "Earth-6160") into his own image. Obadiah Stane is an African\-American man who is the business partner of Howard Stark, running Stark/Stane, one of the North American Union's main corporations, alongside him. Both of them attend an international event of world leaders in The City at [Latveria](/wiki/Latveria "Latveria"). When a clone army from the future attacks, Stane dons his armor to fight them until he is killed by a [Vision](/wiki/Vision_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Vision (Marvel Comics)") clone.*Ultimate Invasion* \#2\. Marvel Comics. It is later stated he was one of the members of the [Maker's Council](/wiki/Illuminati_%28comics%29%23Ultimate_Universe "Illuminati (comics)#Ultimate Universe"), serving as the ruler of the [technocratic](/wiki/Technocratic "Technocratic") Union. After his death, Howard Stark is appointed in his place.*Ultimate Invasion* \#3\. Marvel Comics.
[ "Other versions\n--------------", "### Ultimate Marvel", "The original *[Ultimate Marvel](/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel \"Ultimate Marvel\")* version of Obadiah Stane is shown as the young son of [Loni Stane](/wiki/Loni_%28Ultimate_Iron_Man%29 \"Loni (Ultimate Iron Man)\") and [Zebediah Stane](/wiki/Zebediah_Stane \"Zebediah Stane\"). During a visit in jail, his mother divorces his father while he gets the other half. The story then fast forwards to Obadiah being enrolled in [a special school](/wiki/Baxter_Building \"Baxter Building\") at his mother's personal request. Shortly after their arrival, Obadiah murders a pair of students (Link and Dodge) and made it look like an accident which hardens Tony Stark's resolve to punish Obadiah. Later, Obadiah visits [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark \"Howard Stark\") in jail and has the guards attempt to murder him but they failed. Obadiah reveals that he's working with Dolores and Dolores convinced Obadiah to try and murder Howard. Obadiah drugs a prison guard with a \"hypnotizing\" bio\\-drug, and the guard tries to kill Howard. He fails, but Howard gets shot in the process and is in the ICU and Tony sends [War Machine](/wiki/War_Machine \"War Machine\") to protect his father in the hospital. [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Iron Man (Ultimate Marvel character)\") goes to Obadiah's house and confronts him on setting up Howard and sending him to prison for Zebediah's murder. Obadiah says it was all Dolores' idea, and sets up a meeting with Dolores and Tony. Obadiah also figures out that the armor is not a robot, a fact he shares with Dolores before he meets with Tony.*Ultimate Iron Man* \\#1โ€“4\\. Marvel Comics.", "Dolores and Tony make a deal. Dolores will give Tony the information about the terrorists with nukes who plan to bomb the city, and Tony will give Dolores one of his \"robots\". Tony, knowing that Dolores knows he wears the armor personally decides to trick him and actually bring an Iron Man suit that is remote controlled. Dolores and Tony meet on a plane together, holding each other hostage while their friends confirm each other's end of the bargain. Dolores is skeptical because the robot is not walking smoothly and is clumsy, and Tony is skeptical because the feds found a nuke but no terrorists with it, and the deal for terrorists. Dolores' men plan to kill the Federal agents who delivered them the robot, but Rhodes shows up to save them.*Ultimate Iron Man 2* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.", "Tony then realizes that Dolores is no longer on the plane, and upon breaking into the cockpit he sees another nuke. He cannot disable it, because then a separate bomb will go off, destroying the nuke and plane. War Machine goes to Dolores' mansion, only to find him dead. Someone booby trapped his piano, and it blew up in his face while he was playing. Tony flies the plane low enough to the water that Obadiah can jump off into the water. He then gets his nanobots to disarm the nuke and set off the smaller bomb while he attempts to jump off the plane. They realize that another arms dealer was out to kill everyone (Dolores, Obadiah and Tony).*Ultimate Iron Man 2* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.", "Meanwhile, Howard is recovered enough to go to prison, but the guards sent to escort him were not sent by the Police Department. Howard fights them off and escapes. Tony meets with him, and says that he thinks it was Loni that is the mastermind behind the scenes trying to kill them. Iron Man, War Machine, Nifara, Howard and Obadiah set off to Utah to find Loni. They arrive and their chopper explodes, injuring War Machine. Obadiah falls off a cliff, but Iron Man catches him as terrorists arrive on the scene. Iron Man flees, but follows them as they take Obadiah to his mother Loni and their hideout. Iron Man breaks into the compound and Loni floods it with poison gas trying to kill him, abandoning Obadiah. After Tony beats Loni and tends to Howard, Obadiah (mad that his mother abandoned him for dead with the poison gas) enters the room and kills her. However, he decides not to attack Tony, stating that he had saved his life several times and that they are now even. They are all picked up by the feds and go home.*Ultimate Iron Man* vol. 2 \\#4\\. Marvel Comics.", "The retconned Ultimate universe has the mastermind of *[Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars](/wiki/Ultimate_Comics:Armor_Wars \"Armor Wars\")* as **[Howard Stark Sr.](/wiki/Howard_Stark_Sr. \"Howard Stark Sr.\")** in a human/machine armor that resembles Iron Monger with some elements of [Titanium Man](/wiki/Titanium_Man \"Titanium Man\").*Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars* \\#4\\. Marvel Comics.", "### Ultimate Universe", "During the \"[Ultimate Invasion](/wiki/Ultimate_Invasion \"Ultimate Invasion\")\", [Maker](/wiki/Maker_%28character%29 \"Maker (character)\") remade [Earth\\-6160](/wiki/Earth-6160 \"Earth-6160\") into his own image. Obadiah Stane is an African\\-American man who is the business partner of Howard Stark, running Stark/Stane, one of the North American Union's main corporations, alongside him. Both of them attend an international event of world leaders in The City at [Latveria](/wiki/Latveria \"Latveria\"). When a clone army from the future attacks, Stane dons his armor to fight them until he is killed by a [Vision](/wiki/Vision_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Vision (Marvel Comics)\") clone.*Ultimate Invasion* \\#2\\. Marvel Comics.", "It is later stated he was one of the members of the [Maker's Council](/wiki/Illuminati_%28comics%29%23Ultimate_Universe \"Illuminati (comics)#Ultimate Universe\"), serving as the ruler of the [technocratic](/wiki/Technocratic \"Technocratic\") Union. After his death, Howard Stark is appointed in his place.*Ultimate Invasion* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.", "" ]
### Ultimate Marvel The original *[Ultimate Marvel](/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel "Ultimate Marvel")* version of Obadiah Stane is shown as the young son of [Loni Stane](/wiki/Loni_%28Ultimate_Iron_Man%29 "Loni (Ultimate Iron Man)") and [Zebediah Stane](/wiki/Zebediah_Stane "Zebediah Stane"). During a visit in jail, his mother divorces his father while he gets the other half. The story then fast forwards to Obadiah being enrolled in [a special school](/wiki/Baxter_Building "Baxter Building") at his mother's personal request. Shortly after their arrival, Obadiah murders a pair of students (Link and Dodge) and made it look like an accident which hardens Tony Stark's resolve to punish Obadiah. Later, Obadiah visits [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark "Howard Stark") in jail and has the guards attempt to murder him but they failed. Obadiah reveals that he's working with Dolores and Dolores convinced Obadiah to try and murder Howard. Obadiah drugs a prison guard with a "hypnotizing" bio\-drug, and the guard tries to kill Howard. He fails, but Howard gets shot in the process and is in the ICU and Tony sends [War Machine](/wiki/War_Machine "War Machine") to protect his father in the hospital. [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Iron Man (Ultimate Marvel character)") goes to Obadiah's house and confronts him on setting up Howard and sending him to prison for Zebediah's murder. Obadiah says it was all Dolores' idea, and sets up a meeting with Dolores and Tony. Obadiah also figures out that the armor is not a robot, a fact he shares with Dolores before he meets with Tony.*Ultimate Iron Man* \#1โ€“4\. Marvel Comics. Dolores and Tony make a deal. Dolores will give Tony the information about the terrorists with nukes who plan to bomb the city, and Tony will give Dolores one of his "robots". Tony, knowing that Dolores knows he wears the armor personally decides to trick him and actually bring an Iron Man suit that is remote controlled. Dolores and Tony meet on a plane together, holding each other hostage while their friends confirm each other's end of the bargain. Dolores is skeptical because the robot is not walking smoothly and is clumsy, and Tony is skeptical because the feds found a nuke but no terrorists with it, and the deal for terrorists. Dolores' men plan to kill the Federal agents who delivered them the robot, but Rhodes shows up to save them.*Ultimate Iron Man 2* \#1\. Marvel Comics. Tony then realizes that Dolores is no longer on the plane, and upon breaking into the cockpit he sees another nuke. He cannot disable it, because then a separate bomb will go off, destroying the nuke and plane. War Machine goes to Dolores' mansion, only to find him dead. Someone booby trapped his piano, and it blew up in his face while he was playing. Tony flies the plane low enough to the water that Obadiah can jump off into the water. He then gets his nanobots to disarm the nuke and set off the smaller bomb while he attempts to jump off the plane. They realize that another arms dealer was out to kill everyone (Dolores, Obadiah and Tony).*Ultimate Iron Man 2* \#3\. Marvel Comics. Meanwhile, Howard is recovered enough to go to prison, but the guards sent to escort him were not sent by the Police Department. Howard fights them off and escapes. Tony meets with him, and says that he thinks it was Loni that is the mastermind behind the scenes trying to kill them. Iron Man, War Machine, Nifara, Howard and Obadiah set off to Utah to find Loni. They arrive and their chopper explodes, injuring War Machine. Obadiah falls off a cliff, but Iron Man catches him as terrorists arrive on the scene. Iron Man flees, but follows them as they take Obadiah to his mother Loni and their hideout. Iron Man breaks into the compound and Loni floods it with poison gas trying to kill him, abandoning Obadiah. After Tony beats Loni and tends to Howard, Obadiah (mad that his mother abandoned him for dead with the poison gas) enters the room and kills her. However, he decides not to attack Tony, stating that he had saved his life several times and that they are now even. They are all picked up by the feds and go home.*Ultimate Iron Man* vol. 2 \#4\. Marvel Comics. The retconned Ultimate universe has the mastermind of *[Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars](/wiki/Ultimate_Comics:Armor_Wars "Armor Wars")* as **[Howard Stark Sr.](/wiki/Howard_Stark_Sr. "Howard Stark Sr.")** in a human/machine armor that resembles Iron Monger with some elements of [Titanium Man](/wiki/Titanium_Man "Titanium Man").*Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars* \#4\. Marvel Comics.
[ "### Ultimate Marvel", "The original *[Ultimate Marvel](/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel \"Ultimate Marvel\")* version of Obadiah Stane is shown as the young son of [Loni Stane](/wiki/Loni_%28Ultimate_Iron_Man%29 \"Loni (Ultimate Iron Man)\") and [Zebediah Stane](/wiki/Zebediah_Stane \"Zebediah Stane\"). During a visit in jail, his mother divorces his father while he gets the other half. The story then fast forwards to Obadiah being enrolled in [a special school](/wiki/Baxter_Building \"Baxter Building\") at his mother's personal request. Shortly after their arrival, Obadiah murders a pair of students (Link and Dodge) and made it look like an accident which hardens Tony Stark's resolve to punish Obadiah. Later, Obadiah visits [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark \"Howard Stark\") in jail and has the guards attempt to murder him but they failed. Obadiah reveals that he's working with Dolores and Dolores convinced Obadiah to try and murder Howard. Obadiah drugs a prison guard with a \"hypnotizing\" bio\\-drug, and the guard tries to kill Howard. He fails, but Howard gets shot in the process and is in the ICU and Tony sends [War Machine](/wiki/War_Machine \"War Machine\") to protect his father in the hospital. [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Iron Man (Ultimate Marvel character)\") goes to Obadiah's house and confronts him on setting up Howard and sending him to prison for Zebediah's murder. Obadiah says it was all Dolores' idea, and sets up a meeting with Dolores and Tony. Obadiah also figures out that the armor is not a robot, a fact he shares with Dolores before he meets with Tony.*Ultimate Iron Man* \\#1โ€“4\\. Marvel Comics.", "Dolores and Tony make a deal. Dolores will give Tony the information about the terrorists with nukes who plan to bomb the city, and Tony will give Dolores one of his \"robots\". Tony, knowing that Dolores knows he wears the armor personally decides to trick him and actually bring an Iron Man suit that is remote controlled. Dolores and Tony meet on a plane together, holding each other hostage while their friends confirm each other's end of the bargain. Dolores is skeptical because the robot is not walking smoothly and is clumsy, and Tony is skeptical because the feds found a nuke but no terrorists with it, and the deal for terrorists. Dolores' men plan to kill the Federal agents who delivered them the robot, but Rhodes shows up to save them.*Ultimate Iron Man 2* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.", "Tony then realizes that Dolores is no longer on the plane, and upon breaking into the cockpit he sees another nuke. He cannot disable it, because then a separate bomb will go off, destroying the nuke and plane. War Machine goes to Dolores' mansion, only to find him dead. Someone booby trapped his piano, and it blew up in his face while he was playing. Tony flies the plane low enough to the water that Obadiah can jump off into the water. He then gets his nanobots to disarm the nuke and set off the smaller bomb while he attempts to jump off the plane. They realize that another arms dealer was out to kill everyone (Dolores, Obadiah and Tony).*Ultimate Iron Man 2* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.", "Meanwhile, Howard is recovered enough to go to prison, but the guards sent to escort him were not sent by the Police Department. Howard fights them off and escapes. Tony meets with him, and says that he thinks it was Loni that is the mastermind behind the scenes trying to kill them. Iron Man, War Machine, Nifara, Howard and Obadiah set off to Utah to find Loni. They arrive and their chopper explodes, injuring War Machine. Obadiah falls off a cliff, but Iron Man catches him as terrorists arrive on the scene. Iron Man flees, but follows them as they take Obadiah to his mother Loni and their hideout. Iron Man breaks into the compound and Loni floods it with poison gas trying to kill him, abandoning Obadiah. After Tony beats Loni and tends to Howard, Obadiah (mad that his mother abandoned him for dead with the poison gas) enters the room and kills her. However, he decides not to attack Tony, stating that he had saved his life several times and that they are now even. They are all picked up by the feds and go home.*Ultimate Iron Man* vol. 2 \\#4\\. Marvel Comics.", "The retconned Ultimate universe has the mastermind of *[Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars](/wiki/Ultimate_Comics:Armor_Wars \"Armor Wars\")* as **[Howard Stark Sr.](/wiki/Howard_Stark_Sr. \"Howard Stark Sr.\")** in a human/machine armor that resembles Iron Monger with some elements of [Titanium Man](/wiki/Titanium_Man \"Titanium Man\").*Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars* \\#4\\. Marvel Comics.", "" ]
History ------- The band's first recording, a five\-song [EP](/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play") entitled *Are We Not Drawn Onward to New Era?*, was released by now\-defunct St. Louis label Ambivalent Records in 2003\. The album was recorded by John John (John Katsafanas) at Red Light Studios in St. Louis. Like the band's name, the title of the EP is also a palindrome.{{cite web\|last\=Friswold \|first\=Paul \|url\=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/so\-many\-dynamos/Content?oid\=2463381 \|title\=So Many Dynamos \| Critics' Picks \| St. Louis News and Events \|publisher\=Riverfront Times \|date\= \|accessdate\=2017\-04\-26}} So Many Dynamos recorded their first full\-length, *When I Explode*, in February 2004 at Semaphore Studios in Chicago, Illinois. The album was recorded onto 2" tape by Jeremy Lemos and was mixed on 1/2" tape by former [Dismemberment Plan](/wiki/Dismemberment_Plan "Dismemberment Plan") member Jason Caddell at Inner Ear Studios in Arlington, Virginia. *When I Explode* was released by Skrocki Records in June 2004\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.punknews.org/bands/somanydynamos \|title\=So Many Dynamos \|website\=Punknews.org \|date\= \|accessdate\=2017\-04\-26}} Shortly thereafter, guitarist Ryan Ballew quit the group. Griffin Kay joined on as guitarist in September 2004\. In February 2005, the band recorded "It's Gonna Rain" for a [split 7\-inch](/wiki/Split_album "Split album") single with Bring Back the Guns. The song was recorded and mixed on 1" tape by Chris Deckard at Radio Penny Studio in St. Louis. The band spent most of 2005 touring, attempting to play all 48 continental states within the year, but ultimately only playing in 35\. In October 2005, So Many Dynamos began playing as the touring band for [Emperor X](/wiki/Emperor_X "Emperor X"), a solo project of Chad Matheny. In December 2005, Matheny released the "So Many Dynamos"/"Bring Back the Guns" split 7\-inch on his label, Discos Mariscos. So Many Dynamos began recording their second full\-length album, *Flashlights*, with Chris Deckard at Radio Penny in March 2006\. The band spent more time in the studio than with *When I Explode*, and consequently was able to experiment wildly with instrumentation; the record utilizes a horn section and a choir, and incorporates instruments such as thumb pianos and toy accordions. This resulted in a more intricate and "live" sounding record, expanding on the band's existing sound. *Flashlights* was released on CD by Skrocki Records in June 2006, and Hello Sir Records released the vinyl in early 2007\. [Architecture Label](/wiki/Architecture_Label "Architecture Label") released the CD in Australia and New Zealand in June 2007\. In July 2007, So Many Dynamos began recording their third full\-length, *The Loud Wars* with [Christopher Walla](/wiki/Christopher_Walla "Christopher Walla").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/best\-local\-album\-of\-the\-past\-12\-months/BestOf?oid\=2510306 \|title\=Best Local Album of the Past 12 Months \| Flashlights So Many Dynamos (Skrocki Records) \| Arts \& Entertainment \|website\=Riverfronttimes.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2017\-04\-26}} Sessions took place at [Tiny Telephone Studios](/wiki/Tiny_Telephone_Studios "Tiny Telephone Studios") in San Francisco, Alberta Court in Portland, and the band's house in Edwardsville, Illinois. The record was mixed by Alex Newport at Metropolitan Sound, Brooklyn, New York, in December 2007\. The band recorded another track for the album in February 2008 at Great Western Records Recording in Champaign, Illinois. This track was mixed by Alex Newport in May 2008\. *The Loud Wars* was released by Vagrant Records on June 9, 2009{{cite web\|url\=http://pitchfork.com/news/35481\-new\-release\-so\-many\-dynamos\-the\-loud\-wars/ \|title\=New Release: So Many Dynamos: The Loud Wars \|publisher\=Pitchfork \|date\=2009\-06\-02 \|accessdate\=2017\-04\-26}} and on vinyl by Hello Sir Records in 2010\. On August 25, 2009, Ryan Wasoba announced he was leaving the band. Nathan Bernaix, of St. Louis band Target Market, took his place as guitarist.{{cite web\|last\=Zaleski \|first\=Annie \|url\=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/sxstl\-st\-louis\-sends\-several\-representatives\-to\-austin\-for\-this\-years\-sxsw\-festivities/Content?oid\=2483188 \|title\=SXSTL: St. Louis sends several representatives to Austin for this year's SXSW festivities \| Music Stories \| St. Louis News and Events \|publisher\=Riverfront Times \|date\= \|accessdate\=2017\-04\-26}} In March 2010, UK label Hassle Records released *The Loud Wars* and the band embarked on a tour of the UK and Eastern Europe. On June 10, 2011, Griffin Kay announced he would be leaving the band. After a final performance in St. Louis on July 30, Travis Lewis would become the newest member and take over as the band's guitarist. On June 26, 2012, So Many Dynamos self\-released a digital\-only EP in the form of a refrigerator magnet, designed by The Bungaloo. On November 13, 2015, the band released their final full length album "Safe With Sound".{{cite web\|last\=Schaeffer \|first\=Christian \|url\=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/dont\-call\-it\-a\-comeback\-so\-many\-dynamos\-releases\-safe\-with\-sound\-after\-a\-six\-year\-wait/Content?oid\=3043409 \|title\=Don't Call It a Comeback: So Many Dynamos Releases Safe With Sound After a Six\-Year Wait \| Homespun \| St. Louis News and Events \|publisher\=Riverfront Times \|date\= \|accessdate\=2017\-04\-26}} On August 9, 2023, the band released their final single "Consider the Past" on most streaming platforms. The band played their final show on August 12, 2023 at Delmar Hall in St. Louis, MO. It involved all iterations of the bands through the years.
[ "History\n-------", "The band's first recording, a five\\-song [EP](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\") entitled *Are We Not Drawn Onward to New Era?*, was released by now\\-defunct St. Louis label Ambivalent Records in 2003\\. The album was recorded by John John (John Katsafanas) at Red Light Studios in St. Louis. Like the band's name, the title of the EP is also a palindrome.{{cite web\\|last\\=Friswold \\|first\\=Paul \\|url\\=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/so\\-many\\-dynamos/Content?oid\\=2463381 \\|title\\=So Many Dynamos \\| Critics' Picks \\| St. Louis News and Events \\|publisher\\=Riverfront Times \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-04\\-26}}", "So Many Dynamos recorded their first full\\-length, *When I Explode*, in February 2004 at Semaphore Studios in Chicago, Illinois. The album was recorded onto 2\" tape by Jeremy Lemos and was mixed on 1/2\" tape by former [Dismemberment Plan](/wiki/Dismemberment_Plan \"Dismemberment Plan\") member Jason Caddell at Inner Ear Studios in Arlington, Virginia. *When I Explode* was released by Skrocki Records in June 2004\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.punknews.org/bands/somanydynamos \\|title\\=So Many Dynamos \\|website\\=Punknews.org \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-04\\-26}} Shortly thereafter, guitarist Ryan Ballew quit the group. Griffin Kay joined on as guitarist in September 2004\\.", "In February 2005, the band recorded \"It's Gonna Rain\" for a [split 7\\-inch](/wiki/Split_album \"Split album\") single with Bring Back the Guns. The song was recorded and mixed on 1\" tape by Chris Deckard at Radio Penny Studio in St. Louis. The band spent most of 2005 touring, attempting to play all 48 continental states within the year, but ultimately only playing in 35\\. In October 2005, So Many Dynamos began playing as the touring band for [Emperor X](/wiki/Emperor_X \"Emperor X\"), a solo project of Chad Matheny. In December 2005, Matheny released the \"So Many Dynamos\"/\"Bring Back the Guns\" split 7\\-inch on his label, Discos Mariscos.", "So Many Dynamos began recording their second full\\-length album, *Flashlights*, with Chris Deckard at Radio Penny in March 2006\\. The band spent more time in the studio than with *When I Explode*, and consequently was able to experiment wildly with instrumentation; the record utilizes a horn section and a choir, and incorporates instruments such as thumb pianos and toy accordions. This resulted in a more intricate and \"live\" sounding record, expanding on the band's existing sound. *Flashlights* was released on CD by Skrocki Records in June 2006, and Hello Sir Records released the vinyl in early 2007\\. [Architecture Label](/wiki/Architecture_Label \"Architecture Label\") released the CD in Australia and New Zealand in June 2007\\.", "In July 2007, So Many Dynamos began recording their third full\\-length, *The Loud Wars* with [Christopher Walla](/wiki/Christopher_Walla \"Christopher Walla\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/best\\-local\\-album\\-of\\-the\\-past\\-12\\-months/BestOf?oid\\=2510306 \\|title\\=Best Local Album of the Past 12 Months \\| Flashlights So Many Dynamos (Skrocki Records) \\| Arts \\& Entertainment \\|website\\=Riverfronttimes.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-04\\-26}} Sessions took place at [Tiny Telephone Studios](/wiki/Tiny_Telephone_Studios \"Tiny Telephone Studios\") in San Francisco, Alberta Court in Portland, and the band's house in Edwardsville, Illinois. The record was mixed by Alex Newport at Metropolitan Sound, Brooklyn, New York, in December 2007\\. The band recorded another track for the album in February 2008 at Great Western Records Recording in Champaign, Illinois. This track was mixed by Alex Newport in May 2008\\. *The Loud Wars* was released by Vagrant Records on June 9, 2009{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pitchfork.com/news/35481\\-new\\-release\\-so\\-many\\-dynamos\\-the\\-loud\\-wars/ \\|title\\=New Release: So Many Dynamos: The Loud Wars \\|publisher\\=Pitchfork \\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-02 \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-04\\-26}} and on vinyl by Hello Sir Records in 2010\\.", "On August 25, 2009, Ryan Wasoba announced he was leaving the band. Nathan Bernaix, of St. Louis band Target Market, took his place as guitarist.{{cite web\\|last\\=Zaleski \\|first\\=Annie \\|url\\=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/sxstl\\-st\\-louis\\-sends\\-several\\-representatives\\-to\\-austin\\-for\\-this\\-years\\-sxsw\\-festivities/Content?oid\\=2483188 \\|title\\=SXSTL: St. Louis sends several representatives to Austin for this year's SXSW festivities \\| Music Stories \\| St. Louis News and Events \\|publisher\\=Riverfront Times \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-04\\-26}}", "In March 2010, UK label Hassle Records released *The Loud Wars* and the band embarked on a tour of the UK and Eastern Europe.", "On June 10, 2011, Griffin Kay announced he would be leaving the band. After a final performance in St. Louis on July 30, Travis Lewis would become the newest member and take over as the band's guitarist.", "On June 26, 2012, So Many Dynamos self\\-released a digital\\-only EP in the form of a refrigerator magnet, designed by The Bungaloo.", "On November 13, 2015, the band released their final full length album \"Safe With Sound\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Schaeffer \\|first\\=Christian \\|url\\=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/stlouis/dont\\-call\\-it\\-a\\-comeback\\-so\\-many\\-dynamos\\-releases\\-safe\\-with\\-sound\\-after\\-a\\-six\\-year\\-wait/Content?oid\\=3043409 \\|title\\=Don't Call It a Comeback: So Many Dynamos Releases Safe With Sound After a Six\\-Year Wait \\| Homespun \\| St. Louis News and Events \\|publisher\\=Riverfront Times \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2017\\-04\\-26}}", "On August 9, 2023, the band released their final single \"Consider the Past\" on most streaming platforms.", "The band played their final show on August 12, 2023 at Delmar Hall in St. Louis, MO. It involved all iterations of the bands through the years.", "" ]
Life ---- Eugรจne Dieudonnรฉ was born 1 May 1884 in [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France "Nancy, France"), to a widow with three other young children, and was raised in the Stanislas orphanage. From the age of 16 he worked as a [joiner](/wiki/Joinery "Joinery"). He was active in the local anarchist scene.{{Citation \|last1\=Maitron \|first1\=Jean \|title\=DIEUDONNร‰ Eugรจne, Camille, Marie \|date\=2020\-08\-12 \|work\=Dictionnaire des anarchistes \|url\=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article155177 \|access\-date\=2024\-01\-23 \|place\=Paris \|publisher\=Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier \|language\=fr \|last2\=Dupuy \|first2\=Rolf \|last3\=Steiner \|first3\=Anne}} In 1907, he married [Louise Kaiser](/wiki/Louise_Kaiser_%28anarchist%29 "Louise Kaiser (anarchist)"), and in 1909 the couple moved to Paris with their son, Pierre. There, he was a frequent visitor of the headquarters of *[L'Anarchie](/wiki/L%27Anarchie "L'Anarchie")*. He was arrested on 27 February 1912, accused of being involved in the [Bonnot Gang](/wiki/Bonnot_Gang "Bonnot Gang")'s robbery of the [Sociรฉtรฉ Gรฉnรฉrale](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale "Sociรฉtรฉ Gรฉnรฉrale"). Dieudonnรฉ denied the accusation, and a letter written by [Octave Garnier](/wiki/Octave_Garnier "Octave Garnier") while on the run exonerated him, but on 3 February 1913 the jury nonetheless found him guilty, and he was sentenced to death. [Raymond Callemin](/wiki/Raymond_Callemin "Raymond Callemin"), convicted of the same crime, declared that he and Garnier were the only people culpable, which led to the President commuting Dieudonnรฉ's sentence to forced labour in perpetuity. First deported to the penal colony in [Guiana](/wiki/French_Guiana "French Guiana"), then to [Cayenne](/wiki/Cayenne "Cayenne"), Dieudonnรฉ attempted escape several times, and was finally successful in December 1926\. A few months later, he was arrested and detained in [Belem do Para](/wiki/Belem_do_Para "Belem do Para") in Brazil. Back in France, there were campaigns for his release initiated by his wife, his lawyer, and journalists [Albert Londres](/wiki/Albert_Londres "Albert Londres") and {{Interlanguage link\|Louis Roubaud\|fr\|\|WD\=}}. He was released from his sentence on 29 August 1927, and returned to France, where he worked in [Faubourg Saint\-Antoine](/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Antoine "Faubourg Saint-Antoine"). Owing to his experience in prison, Dieudonnรฉ no longer advocated for illegalism. Anarchists from *Libertaire*, in particular [Louis Lorรฉal](/wiki/Louis_Lor%C3%A9al "Louis Lorรฉal"), accused him of abandoning the anarchist cause. Dieudonnรฉ appeared (as himself) in a theatrical performance by [Albert Londres](/wiki/Albert_Londres "Albert Londres"). He was friends with [Jean Vigo](/wiki/Jean_Vigo "Jean Vigo"), and did carpentry work for his films. Vigo intended to create a film, *Evadรฉ du bagne*, about Dieudonnรฉ's prison experiences; [Gaby Morlay](/wiki/Gaby_Morlay "Gaby Morlay") would have starred alongside Dieudonnรฉ. Vigo died before the film was made. Dieudonnรฉ died in the hospital in [Eaubonne](/wiki/Eaubonne "Eaubonne") on 21 August 1944\.
[ "Life\n----", "Eugรจne Dieudonnรฉ was born 1 May 1884 in [Nancy](/wiki/Nancy%2C_France \"Nancy, France\"), to a widow with three other young children, and was raised in the Stanislas orphanage. From the age of 16 he worked as a [joiner](/wiki/Joinery \"Joinery\"). He was active in the local anarchist scene.{{Citation \\|last1\\=Maitron \\|first1\\=Jean \\|title\\=DIEUDONNร‰ Eugรจne, Camille, Marie \\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-12 \\|work\\=Dictionnaire des anarchistes \\|url\\=https://maitron.fr/spip.php?article155177 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-01\\-23 \\|place\\=Paris \\|publisher\\=Maitron/Editions de l'Atelier \\|language\\=fr \\|last2\\=Dupuy \\|first2\\=Rolf \\|last3\\=Steiner \\|first3\\=Anne}}", "In 1907, he married [Louise Kaiser](/wiki/Louise_Kaiser_%28anarchist%29 \"Louise Kaiser (anarchist)\"), and in 1909 the couple moved to Paris with their son, Pierre. There, he was a frequent visitor of the headquarters of *[L'Anarchie](/wiki/L%27Anarchie \"L'Anarchie\")*.", "He was arrested on 27 February 1912, accused of being involved in the [Bonnot Gang](/wiki/Bonnot_Gang \"Bonnot Gang\")'s robbery of the [Sociรฉtรฉ Gรฉnรฉrale](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale \"Sociรฉtรฉ Gรฉnรฉrale\"). Dieudonnรฉ denied the accusation, and a letter written by [Octave Garnier](/wiki/Octave_Garnier \"Octave Garnier\") while on the run exonerated him, but on 3 February 1913 the jury nonetheless found him guilty, and he was sentenced to death. [Raymond Callemin](/wiki/Raymond_Callemin \"Raymond Callemin\"), convicted of the same crime, declared that he and Garnier were the only people culpable, which led to the President commuting Dieudonnรฉ's sentence to forced labour in perpetuity.", "First deported to the penal colony in [Guiana](/wiki/French_Guiana \"French Guiana\"), then to [Cayenne](/wiki/Cayenne \"Cayenne\"), Dieudonnรฉ attempted escape several times, and was finally successful in December 1926\\. A few months later, he was arrested and detained in [Belem do Para](/wiki/Belem_do_Para \"Belem do Para\") in Brazil. Back in France, there were campaigns for his release initiated by his wife, his lawyer, and journalists [Albert Londres](/wiki/Albert_Londres \"Albert Londres\") and {{Interlanguage link\\|Louis Roubaud\\|fr\\|\\|WD\\=}}. He was released from his sentence on 29 August 1927, and returned to France, where he worked in [Faubourg Saint\\-Antoine](/wiki/Faubourg_Saint-Antoine \"Faubourg Saint-Antoine\").", "Owing to his experience in prison, Dieudonnรฉ no longer advocated for illegalism. Anarchists from *Libertaire*, in particular [Louis Lorรฉal](/wiki/Louis_Lor%C3%A9al \"Louis Lorรฉal\"), accused him of abandoning the anarchist cause.", "Dieudonnรฉ appeared (as himself) in a theatrical performance by [Albert Londres](/wiki/Albert_Londres \"Albert Londres\"). He was friends with [Jean Vigo](/wiki/Jean_Vigo \"Jean Vigo\"), and did carpentry work for his films. Vigo intended to create a film, *Evadรฉ du bagne*, about Dieudonnรฉ's prison experiences; [Gaby Morlay](/wiki/Gaby_Morlay \"Gaby Morlay\") would have starred alongside Dieudonnรฉ. Vigo died before the film was made.", "Dieudonnรฉ died in the hospital in [Eaubonne](/wiki/Eaubonne \"Eaubonne\") on 21 August 1944\\.", "" ]
Noise types ----------- Different types of noise are generated by different devices and different processes. [Thermal noise](/wiki/Thermal_noise "Thermal noise") is unavoidable at non\-zero temperature (see [fluctuation\-dissipation theorem](/wiki/Fluctuation-dissipation_theorem "Fluctuation-dissipation theorem")), while other types depend mostly on device type (such as [shot noise](/wiki/Shot_noise "Shot noise"),{{cite journal \|first1\=L. B. \|last1\=Kish \|first2\=C. G. \|last2\=Granqvist \|title\=Noise in nanotechnology \|journal\=Microelectronics Reliability \|volume\=40 \|issue\=11 \|date\=November 2000 \|pages\=1833โ€“1837 \|publisher\=Elsevier \|doi\=10\.1016/S0026\-2714(00\)00063\-9 }} which needs a steep potential barrier) or manufacturing quality and [semiconductor](/wiki/Semiconductor "Semiconductor") defects, such as conductance fluctuations, including [1/f noise](/wiki/1/f_noise "1/f noise"). ### Thermal noise {{Main\|Johnsonโ€“Nyquist noise}} Johnsonโ€“Nyquist noise (more often thermal noise) is unavoidable, and generated by the random thermal motion of charge carriers (usually [electrons](/wiki/Electron "Electron")), inside an [electrical conductor](/wiki/Electrical_conductor "Electrical conductor"), which happens regardless of any applied [voltage](/wiki/Voltage "Voltage"). Thermal noise is approximately [white](/wiki/White_noise "White noise"), meaning that its [power spectral density](/wiki/Power_spectral_density "Power spectral density") is nearly equal throughout the [frequency spectrum](/wiki/Frequency_spectrum "Frequency spectrum"). The amplitude of the signal has very nearly a [Gaussian probability density function](/wiki/Gaussian_probability_density_function "Gaussian probability density function"). A communication system affected by thermal noise is often modelled as an [additive white Gaussian noise](/wiki/Additive_white_Gaussian_noise "Additive white Gaussian noise") (AWGN) channel. ### Shot noise {{Main\|Shot noise}} Shot noise in electronic devices results from unavoidable random statistical fluctuations of the [electric current](/wiki/Electric_current "Electric current") when the charge carriers (such as electrons) traverse a gap. If electrons flow across a barrier, then they have discrete arrival times. Those discrete arrivals exhibit shot noise. Typically, the barrier in a diode is used.{{Citation \|last\=Ott \|first\=Henry W. \|title\=Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems \|date\=1976 \|publisher\=John Wiley \|isbn\=0\-471\-65726\-3 \|pages\=208, 218}} Shot noise is similar to the noise created by rain falling on a tin roof. The flow of rain may be relatively constant, but the individual raindrops arrive discretely.{{Citation \|last\=MacDonald \|first\=D. K. C. \|title\=Noise and Fluctuations: An Introduction \|date\=2006 \|publisher\=Dover Publications Inc \|isbn\=0\-486\-45029\-5 \|pages\=2}} The root\-mean\-square value of the shot noise current *i*n is given by the Schottky formula. i\_n \= \\sqrt{2 I q \\Delta B} where *I* is the DC current, *q* is the charge of an electron, and ฮ”*B* is the bandwidth in hertz. The Schottky formula assumes independent arrivals. [Vacuum tubes](/wiki/Vacuum_tube "Vacuum tube") exhibit shot noise because the electrons randomly leave the cathode and arrive at the anode (plate). A tube may not exhibit the full shot noise effect: the presence of a [space charge](/wiki/Space_charge "Space charge") tends to smooth out the arrival times (and thus reduce the randomness of the current). [Pentodes](/wiki/Pentode "Pentode") and screen\-grid [tetrodes](/wiki/Tetrodes "Tetrodes") exhibit more noise than [triodes](/wiki/Triodes "Triodes") because the cathode current splits randomly between the screen grid and the anode. Conductors and resistors typically do not exhibit shot noise because the electrons [thermalize](/wiki/Thermalize "Thermalize") and move diffusively within the material; the electrons do not have discrete arrival times. Shot noise has been demonstrated in [mesoscopic](/wiki/wikt:Mesoscopic "Mesoscopic") resistors when the size of the resistive element becomes shorter than the electronโ€“phonon scattering length.{{cite journal\|last1\=Steinbach\|first1\=Andrew\|last2\=Martinis\|first2\=John\|last3\=Devoret\|first3\=Michel\|title\=Observation of Hot\-Electron Shot Noise in a Metallic Resistor\|journal\=Phys. Rev. Lett.\|date\=1996\-05\-13\|volume\=76\|issue\=20\|pages\=38\.6โ€“38\.9\|bibcode \= 1996PhRvL..76\...38M \|doi \= 10\.1103/PhysRevLett.76\.38 \|pmid\=10060428}} ### Partition noise Where current divides between two (or more) paths,{{cite web \|url\=https://encyclopedia2\.thefreedictionary.com/partition\+noise \|title\=Partition noise \|access\-date\=2021\-11\-05}} noise occurs as a result of random fluctuations that occur during this division. For this reason, a transistor will have more noise than the combined shot noise from its two PN junctions. ### Flicker noise {{Main\|Flicker noise\|1/f noise}} Flicker noise, also known as 1/*f* noise, is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum that falls off steadily into the higher frequencies, with a [pink](/wiki/Pink_noise "Pink noise") spectrum. It occurs in almost all electronic devices and results from a variety of effects. ### Burst noise {{Main\|Burst noise}} Burst noise consists of sudden step\-like transitions between two or more discrete voltage or current levels, as high as several hundred [microvolts](/wiki/Microvolt "Microvolt"), at random and unpredictable times. Each shift in offset voltage or current lasts for several milliseconds to seconds. It is also known as *popcorn noise* for the popping or crackling sounds it produces in audio circuits. ### Transit\-time noise If the time taken by the electrons to travel from emitter to collector in a transistor becomes comparable to the period of the signal being amplified, that is, at frequencies above [VHF](/wiki/VHF "VHF") and beyond, the transit\-time effect takes place and the noise input impedance of the transistor decreases. From the frequency at which this effect becomes significant, it increases with frequency and quickly dominates other sources of noise.{{cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=D30ACAhesdIC\&q\=Transit\-time\+noise\&pg\=SA3\-PA6 \|title\=Communication Theory \|pages\=3โ€“6 \|publisher\=Technical Publications \|isbn\=9788184314472\|year\=1991 }}
[ "Noise types\n-----------", "Different types of noise are generated by different devices and different processes. [Thermal noise](/wiki/Thermal_noise \"Thermal noise\") is unavoidable at non\\-zero temperature (see [fluctuation\\-dissipation theorem](/wiki/Fluctuation-dissipation_theorem \"Fluctuation-dissipation theorem\")), while other types depend mostly on device type (such as [shot noise](/wiki/Shot_noise \"Shot noise\"),{{cite journal \\|first1\\=L. B. \\|last1\\=Kish \\|first2\\=C. G. \\|last2\\=Granqvist \\|title\\=Noise in nanotechnology \\|journal\\=Microelectronics Reliability \\|volume\\=40 \\|issue\\=11 \\|date\\=November 2000 \\|pages\\=1833โ€“1837 \\|publisher\\=Elsevier \\|doi\\=10\\.1016/S0026\\-2714(00\\)00063\\-9 }} which needs a steep potential barrier) or manufacturing quality and [semiconductor](/wiki/Semiconductor \"Semiconductor\") defects, such as conductance fluctuations, including [1/f noise](/wiki/1/f_noise \"1/f noise\").", "### Thermal noise", "{{Main\\|Johnsonโ€“Nyquist noise}}", "Johnsonโ€“Nyquist noise (more often thermal noise) is unavoidable, and generated by the random thermal motion of charge carriers (usually [electrons](/wiki/Electron \"Electron\")), inside an [electrical conductor](/wiki/Electrical_conductor \"Electrical conductor\"), which happens regardless of any applied [voltage](/wiki/Voltage \"Voltage\").", "Thermal noise is approximately [white](/wiki/White_noise \"White noise\"), meaning that its [power spectral density](/wiki/Power_spectral_density \"Power spectral density\") is nearly equal throughout the [frequency spectrum](/wiki/Frequency_spectrum \"Frequency spectrum\"). The amplitude of the signal has very nearly a [Gaussian probability density function](/wiki/Gaussian_probability_density_function \"Gaussian probability density function\"). A communication system affected by thermal noise is often modelled as an [additive white Gaussian noise](/wiki/Additive_white_Gaussian_noise \"Additive white Gaussian noise\") (AWGN) channel.", "### Shot noise", "{{Main\\|Shot noise}}", "Shot noise in electronic devices results from unavoidable random statistical fluctuations of the [electric current](/wiki/Electric_current \"Electric current\") when the charge carriers (such as electrons) traverse a gap. If electrons flow across a barrier, then they have discrete arrival times. Those discrete arrivals exhibit shot noise. Typically, the barrier in a diode is used.{{Citation \\|last\\=Ott \\|first\\=Henry W. \\|title\\=Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems \\|date\\=1976 \\|publisher\\=John Wiley \\|isbn\\=0\\-471\\-65726\\-3 \\|pages\\=208, 218}} Shot noise is similar to the noise created by rain falling on a tin roof. The flow of rain may be relatively constant, but the individual raindrops arrive discretely.{{Citation \\|last\\=MacDonald \\|first\\=D. K. C. \\|title\\=Noise and Fluctuations: An Introduction \\|date\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=Dover Publications Inc \\|isbn\\=0\\-486\\-45029\\-5 \\|pages\\=2}}", "The root\\-mean\\-square value of the shot noise current *i*n is given by the Schottky formula.\ni\\_n \\= \\\\sqrt{2 I q \\\\Delta B}", "where *I* is the DC current, *q* is the charge of an electron, and ฮ”*B* is the bandwidth in hertz. The Schottky formula assumes independent arrivals.", "[Vacuum tubes](/wiki/Vacuum_tube \"Vacuum tube\") exhibit shot noise because the electrons randomly leave the cathode and arrive at the anode (plate). A tube may not exhibit the full shot noise effect: the presence of a [space charge](/wiki/Space_charge \"Space charge\") tends to smooth out the arrival times (and thus reduce the randomness of the current). [Pentodes](/wiki/Pentode \"Pentode\") and screen\\-grid [tetrodes](/wiki/Tetrodes \"Tetrodes\") exhibit more noise than [triodes](/wiki/Triodes \"Triodes\") because the cathode current splits randomly between the screen grid and the anode.", "Conductors and resistors typically do not exhibit shot noise because the electrons [thermalize](/wiki/Thermalize \"Thermalize\") and move diffusively within the material; the electrons do not have discrete arrival times. Shot noise has been demonstrated in [mesoscopic](/wiki/wikt:Mesoscopic \"Mesoscopic\") resistors when the size of the resistive element becomes shorter than the electronโ€“phonon scattering length.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Steinbach\\|first1\\=Andrew\\|last2\\=Martinis\\|first2\\=John\\|last3\\=Devoret\\|first3\\=Michel\\|title\\=Observation of Hot\\-Electron Shot Noise in a Metallic Resistor\\|journal\\=Phys. Rev. Lett.\\|date\\=1996\\-05\\-13\\|volume\\=76\\|issue\\=20\\|pages\\=38\\.6โ€“38\\.9\\|bibcode \\= 1996PhRvL..76\\...38M \\|doi \\= 10\\.1103/PhysRevLett.76\\.38 \\|pmid\\=10060428}}", "### Partition noise", "Where current divides between two (or more) paths,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://encyclopedia2\\.thefreedictionary.com/partition\\+noise \\|title\\=Partition noise \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-05}} noise occurs as a result of random fluctuations that occur during this division.", "For this reason, a transistor will have more noise than the combined shot noise from its two PN junctions.", "### Flicker noise", "{{Main\\|Flicker noise\\|1/f noise}}\nFlicker noise, also known as 1/*f* noise, is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum that falls off steadily into the higher frequencies, with a [pink](/wiki/Pink_noise \"Pink noise\") spectrum. It occurs in almost all electronic devices and results from a variety of effects.", "### Burst noise", "{{Main\\|Burst noise}}\nBurst noise consists of sudden step\\-like transitions between two or more discrete voltage or current levels, as high as several hundred [microvolts](/wiki/Microvolt \"Microvolt\"), at random and unpredictable times. Each shift in offset voltage or current lasts for several milliseconds to seconds. It is also known as *popcorn noise* for the popping or crackling sounds it produces in audio circuits.", "### Transit\\-time noise", "If the time taken by the electrons to travel from emitter to collector in a transistor becomes comparable to the period of the signal being amplified, that is, at frequencies above [VHF](/wiki/VHF \"VHF\") and beyond, the transit\\-time effect takes place and the noise input impedance of the transistor decreases. From the frequency at which this effect becomes significant, it increases with frequency and quickly dominates other sources of noise.{{cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=D30ACAhesdIC\\&q\\=Transit\\-time\\+noise\\&pg\\=SA3\\-PA6 \\|title\\=Communication Theory \\|pages\\=3โ€“6 \\|publisher\\=Technical Publications \\|isbn\\=9788184314472\\|year\\=1991 }}", "" ]
Career ------ When Tata was in tour, he was inspired by his friend's father, aviation pioneer [Louis Blรฉriot](/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot "Louis Blรฉriot"), the first man to fly across the English Channel, and took to flying. On 10 February 1929, Tata obtained the first license issued in India.{{cite news \|title\=Bombay Flying Club First Annual Report \|url\=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929\-1%20\-%200670\.html \|work\=\[\[Flight Global]] \|date\=1 August 1929 \|access\-date\=16 September 2011 \|archive\-date\=6 March 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306101309/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929\-1%20\-%200670\.html \|url\-status\=live }} He later came to be known as the "Father of Indian [civil aviation](/wiki/Civil_aviation "Civil aviation")". He founded India's first commercial airline, Tata Airlines in 1932, which became [Air India](/wiki/Air_India "Air India") in 1946, now India's national airline. He and [Nevill Vintcent](/wiki/Nevill_Vintcent "Nevill Vintcent") worked together in building [Tata Airlines](/wiki/Tata_Airlines "Tata Airlines"). They were also good friends. In 1929, J. R. D. became one of the first Indians to be granted a commercial's license. In 1932 Tata Aviation Service, the forerunner to Tata Airline and Air India, took to the skies.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2020}} That same year he flew the first commercial mail flight to [Juhu](/wiki/Juhu "Juhu"), in a [de Havilland Puss Moth](/wiki/De_Havilland_Puss_Moth "De Havilland Puss Moth").{{cite web \| title\=Juhu aerodrome: Is India's first civil set to rise again? \| website\=Yahoo News India \| url\=https://in.news.yahoo.com/juhu\-aerodrome\-indias\-first\-civil\-075449079\.html \| access\-date\=6 December 2020}} The first flight in the History of Indian aviation{{Dubious\|reason\=The page 'Aviation in India' lists the first commercial flight as having happened in 1911\.\|date\=July 2024}} lifted off from [Drigh](/wiki/Drigh "Drigh") in [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi "Karachi") to [Madras](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai") with J. R. D. at the controls of a Puss on 15 October 1932\.{{Cite web\|title\=Air India needs JRD Tata's legacy once again to get back in shape\|url\=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/air\-india\-needs\-jrd\-tatas\-legacy\-once\-again\-to\-get\-back\-in\-shape/article36904875\.ece\|access\-date\=15 October 2021\|website\=@businessline\|date\=8 October 2021\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=9 October 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009045322/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/air\-india\-needs\-jrd\-tatas\-legacy\-once\-again\-to\-get\-back\-in\-shape/article36904875\.ece\|url\-status\=live}} J. R. D. nourished and nurtured his airline baby through to 1953, when the government of [Jawaharlal Nehru](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru "Jawaharlal Nehru") nationalised Air India. It was a decision J. R. D. had fought against tooth and nail.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2020}} He joined Tata Sons as an unpaid apprentice in 1925\. In 1938, at the age of 34, Tata was elected Chairman of Tata Sons making him the head of the largest industrial group in India. He took over as Chairman of [Tata Sons](/wiki/Tata_Sons "Tata Sons") from his second cousin [Nowroji Saklatwala](/wiki/Nowroji_Saklatwala "Nowroji Saklatwala"). For decades, he directed the huge Tata Group of companies, with major interests in steel, engineering, power, chemicals and hospitality. He was famous for succeeding in business while maintaining high [ethical standards](/wiki/Business_ethics "Business ethics") โ€“ refusing to bribe politicians or use the [black market](/wiki/Black_market "Black market"). Under his chairmanship, the assets of the Tata Group grew from US$100ย million to over US$5ย billion. He started with 14 enterprises under his leadership and half a century later on 26 July 1988, when he left, Tata Sons was a conglomerate of 95 enterprises which they either started or in which they had controlling interest. He was the trustee of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from its inception in 1932 for over half a century. Under his guidance, this Trust established Asia's first cancer facility, the Tata Memorial Centre for Cancer, Research and Treatment, Bombay in 1941\. He also founded the Tata Institute of Social Sciences ([TISS](/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences "Tata Institute of Social Sciences"), 1936\), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ([TIFR](/wiki/TIFR "TIFR"), 1945\), and the National Center for Performing Arts. In 1945, he founded [Tata Motors](/wiki/Tata_Motors "Tata Motors"). In 1948, Tata launched Air India International as India's first international airline. In 1953, the Indian Government appointed Tata as Chairman of [Air India](/wiki/Air_India "Air India") and a director on the Board of [Indian Airlines](/wiki/Indian_Airlines "Indian Airlines") โ€“ a position he retained for 25 years. For his crowning achievements in aviation, he was bestowed with the title of Honorary Air Commodore of India. Tata cared greatly for his workers. In 1956, he initiated a programme of closer 'employee association with management' to give workers a stronger voice in the affairs of the company. He firmly believed in employee welfare and espoused the principles of an eight\-hour working day, free medical aid, workers' provident scheme, and workmen's accident compensation schemes, which were later, adopted as statutory requirements in India. He was also a founding member of the first Governing Body of NCAER, the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956\. In 1968, he founded [Tata Consultancy Services](/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services "Tata Consultancy Services") as Tata Computer Centre. In 1979, [Tata Steel](/wiki/Tata_Steel "Tata Steel") instituted a new practice: a worker being deemed to be "at work" from the moment he leaves home for work until he returns home from work. This made the company financially liable to the worker for any mishap on the way to and from work. In 1987, he founded [Titan Industries](/wiki/Titan_Industries "Titan Industries"). [Jamshedpur](/wiki/Jamshedpur "Jamshedpur") was also selected as a UN Global Compact City because of the quality of life, conditions of sanitation, roads and welfare that were offered by Tata Steel.{{citation \|work\=UN Global Compact Cities Programme \|url\=http://citiesprogramme.com/cities/asia/india/jamshedpur \|title\=The glory of J. R. D \|access\-date\=25 July 2013 \|archive\-date\=26 June 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626142055/http://citiesprogramme.com/cities/asia/india/jamshedpur \|url\-status\=dead }} ### Support of emergency powers in 1975 Tata was also supportive of the declaration of [emergency powers](/wiki/The_Emergency_%28India%29 "The Emergency (India)") by Prime Minister [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi "Indira Gandhi"), in 1975\. He is quoted to have told a reporter of the [Times](/wiki/The_Times_of_India "The Times of India"), "things had gone too far. You can't imagine what we've been through hereโ€”strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn't walk out of my house into the streets. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs."{{cite book\|title\=The glory of J. R. D.\|last1\=Guha\|first1\=Ramachandran\|publisher\=Pan Books\|location\=India\|isbn\=978\-0\-330\-54022\-3\|page\=110\|edition\=2007\|date\=25 July 2013}}
[ "Career\n------", "When Tata was in tour, he was inspired by his friend's father, aviation pioneer [Louis Blรฉriot](/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot \"Louis Blรฉriot\"), the first man to fly across the English Channel, and took to flying. On 10 February 1929, Tata obtained the first license issued in India.{{cite news \\|title\\=Bombay Flying Club First Annual Report \\|url\\=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929\\-1%20\\-%200670\\.html \\|work\\=\\[\\[Flight Global]] \\|date\\=1 August 1929 \\|access\\-date\\=16 September 2011 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306101309/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929\\-1%20\\-%200670\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}\nHe later came to be known as the \"Father of Indian [civil aviation](/wiki/Civil_aviation \"Civil aviation\")\". He founded India's first commercial airline, Tata Airlines in 1932, which became [Air India](/wiki/Air_India \"Air India\") in 1946, now India's national airline. He and [Nevill Vintcent](/wiki/Nevill_Vintcent \"Nevill Vintcent\") worked together in building [Tata Airlines](/wiki/Tata_Airlines \"Tata Airlines\"). They were also good friends. In 1929, J. R. D. became one of the first Indians to be granted a commercial's license. In 1932 Tata Aviation Service, the forerunner to Tata Airline and Air India, took to the skies.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2020}} That same year he flew the first commercial mail flight to [Juhu](/wiki/Juhu \"Juhu\"), in a [de Havilland Puss Moth](/wiki/De_Havilland_Puss_Moth \"De Havilland Puss Moth\").{{cite web \\| title\\=Juhu aerodrome: Is India's first civil set to rise again? \\| website\\=Yahoo News India \\| url\\=https://in.news.yahoo.com/juhu\\-aerodrome\\-indias\\-first\\-civil\\-075449079\\.html \\| access\\-date\\=6 December 2020}}", "The first flight in the History of Indian aviation{{Dubious\\|reason\\=The page 'Aviation in India' lists the first commercial flight as having happened in 1911\\.\\|date\\=July 2024}} lifted off from [Drigh](/wiki/Drigh \"Drigh\") in [Karachi](/wiki/Karachi \"Karachi\") to [Madras](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\") with J. R. D. at the controls of a Puss on 15 October 1932\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Air India needs JRD Tata's legacy once again to get back in shape\\|url\\=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/air\\-india\\-needs\\-jrd\\-tatas\\-legacy\\-once\\-again\\-to\\-get\\-back\\-in\\-shape/article36904875\\.ece\\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2021\\|website\\=@businessline\\|date\\=8 October 2021\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009045322/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/air\\-india\\-needs\\-jrd\\-tatas\\-legacy\\-once\\-again\\-to\\-get\\-back\\-in\\-shape/article36904875\\.ece\\|url\\-status\\=live}} J. R. D. nourished and nurtured his airline baby through to 1953, when the government of [Jawaharlal Nehru](/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru \"Jawaharlal Nehru\") nationalised Air India. It was a decision J. R. D. had fought against tooth and nail.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2020}}", "He joined Tata Sons as an unpaid apprentice in 1925\\. In 1938, at the age of 34, Tata was elected Chairman of Tata Sons making him the head of the largest industrial group in India. He took over as Chairman of [Tata Sons](/wiki/Tata_Sons \"Tata Sons\") from his second cousin [Nowroji Saklatwala](/wiki/Nowroji_Saklatwala \"Nowroji Saklatwala\"). For decades, he directed the huge Tata Group of companies, with major interests in steel, engineering, power, chemicals and hospitality. He was famous for succeeding in business while maintaining high [ethical standards](/wiki/Business_ethics \"Business ethics\") โ€“ refusing to bribe politicians or use the [black market](/wiki/Black_market \"Black market\").", "Under his chairmanship, the assets of the Tata Group grew from US$100ย million to over US$5ย billion. He started with 14 enterprises under his leadership and half a century later on 26 July 1988, when he left, Tata Sons was a conglomerate of 95 enterprises which they either started or in which they had controlling interest.", "He was the trustee of the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust from its inception in 1932 for over half a century. Under his guidance, this Trust established Asia's first cancer facility, the Tata Memorial Centre for Cancer, Research and Treatment, Bombay in 1941\\. He also founded the Tata Institute of Social Sciences ([TISS](/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences \"Tata Institute of Social Sciences\"), 1936\\), the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ([TIFR](/wiki/TIFR \"TIFR\"), 1945\\), and the National Center for Performing Arts.", "In 1945, he founded [Tata Motors](/wiki/Tata_Motors \"Tata Motors\"). In 1948, Tata launched Air India International as India's first international airline. In 1953, the Indian Government appointed Tata as Chairman of [Air India](/wiki/Air_India \"Air India\") and a director on the Board of [Indian Airlines](/wiki/Indian_Airlines \"Indian Airlines\") โ€“ a position he retained for 25 years. For his crowning achievements in aviation, he was bestowed with the title of Honorary Air Commodore of India.", "Tata cared greatly for his workers. In 1956, he initiated a programme of closer 'employee association with management' to give workers a stronger voice in the affairs of the company. He firmly believed in employee welfare and espoused the principles of an eight\\-hour working day, free medical aid, workers' provident scheme, and workmen's accident compensation schemes, which were later, adopted as statutory requirements in India.", "He was also a founding member of the first Governing Body of NCAER, the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India's first independent economic policy institute established in 1956\\. In 1968, he founded [Tata Consultancy Services](/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services \"Tata Consultancy Services\") as Tata Computer Centre. In 1979, [Tata Steel](/wiki/Tata_Steel \"Tata Steel\") instituted a new practice: a worker being deemed to be \"at work\" from the moment he leaves home for work until he returns home from work. This made the company financially liable to the worker for any mishap on the way to and from work. In 1987, he founded [Titan Industries](/wiki/Titan_Industries \"Titan Industries\"). [Jamshedpur](/wiki/Jamshedpur \"Jamshedpur\") was also selected as a UN Global Compact City because of the quality of life, conditions of sanitation, roads and welfare that were offered by Tata Steel.{{citation \\|work\\=UN Global Compact Cities Programme \\|url\\=http://citiesprogramme.com/cities/asia/india/jamshedpur \\|title\\=The glory of J. R. D \\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 June 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626142055/http://citiesprogramme.com/cities/asia/india/jamshedpur \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "### Support of emergency powers in 1975", "Tata was also supportive of the declaration of [emergency powers](/wiki/The_Emergency_%28India%29 \"The Emergency (India)\") by Prime Minister [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi \"Indira Gandhi\"), in 1975\\. He is quoted to have told a reporter of the [Times](/wiki/The_Times_of_India \"The Times of India\"), \"things had gone too far. You can't imagine what we've been through hereโ€”strikes, boycotts, demonstrations. Why, there were days I couldn't walk out of my house into the streets. The parliamentary system is not suited to our needs.\"{{cite book\\|title\\=The glory of J. R. D.\\|last1\\=Guha\\|first1\\=Ramachandran\\|publisher\\=Pan Books\\|location\\=India\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-330\\-54022\\-3\\|page\\=110\\|edition\\=2007\\|date\\=25 July 2013}}", "" ]
Stations -------- ### Addington Until the 1970s, Addington was a major facility for the receiving and sale of livestock, with significant stock yards, races and loading platforms beside the track. It handled livestock traffic from as far afield as Marlborough, South Canterbury and the West Coast, with the proceeds of the sales destined for locations all over the South Island. Given the limited size of the lorry transport available at the time, it is understandable how the railways could compete with road transport for this type of traffic, even for relatively short distances. One particularly sought\-after source of livestock for Addington was the sheep of the Molesworth cattle and sheep station in Marlborough. From 1957 until about 1970, this livestock was driven to the railhead at Culverden (on the [Waiau Branch](/wiki/Waiau_Branch "Waiau Branch") line) then transported in several trains to Addington. In the last years of this traffic, there were in excess of 1,000 head to move, requiring a substantial portion of the cattle wagon fleet in the South Island. When the workshops closed, it was decided to locate the new Christchurch railway station on the site for long distance trains (opened on 5 April 1993\), see {{slink\|Christchurch railway station, New Zealand\|Third station}}. Today, the passenger facilities are gone, but the site still retains a signal box, several loops and railsheds for the storage of rolling stock. The land formerly occupied by the saleyards is currently a vacant lot. Image:Addington Saleyards 01\.JPG\|The former saleyards building. Image:Addington Saleyards 02\.JPG\|Saleyards land and rear of the saleyards building. Image:Addington Saleyards 03\.JPG\|Loading races for stock trucks. ### Belfast Image:Belfastnz1\.jpg Image:Belfastnz2\.jpg Image:Belfastnz3\.jpg Image:Belfastnz4\.jpg Image:Belfastnz5\.jpg ### Bryndwr This station served passenger trains for residents of the suburbs of [Bryndwr](/wiki/Bryndwr "Bryndwr") and Elmwood. Nothing of the station remains. Image:Bryndwrnz1\.jpg Image:Bryndwrnz2\.jpg ### Burnham File:Burnham Railway Station.png\|Map of Burnham ### Christchurch {{Main\|Christchurch railway station (New Zealand)}} The current Christchurch station at Troup Drive is the third railway Christchurch station. The two earlier stations, at Madras Street and Moorhouse Avenue, were a short distance away to the east on the Main South Line, closer to the city centre. Image:Christchurch\_railway\_station\_04\.JPG\|Christchurch platform and baggage conveyor, looking at the line passing beneath the new Blenheim Road overbridge. Image:Christchurch railway station 05\.JPG\|Christchurch platform and building, looking in the direction of Addington junction. Image:Christchurch\_railway\_station\_Moorhouse\_Avenue\_03\.JPG\|Main platform and former station yard area at Moorhouse Avenue. File:Christchurch railway station Moorhouse Avenue 04\.JPG\|Christchurch railway station building, Moorhouse Avenue. ### Heathcote Originally known as The Valley, this station was sited about 240 metres from the mouth of the Lyttelton rail tunnel. It was equipped with a signal box, freight sidings for nearby industrial customers as well as passenger facilities and a platform, which is the only remaining feature. Public access is from Station Road, at the intersection with Flavell Street, Marsden Street and Rollin Street. The signal box, constructed in 1870, was to have been moved to the Ferrymead Heritage Park for use in the rail operations there after many years of disuse until it was destroyed on\-site by fire in September 1996, shortly before its relocation. Image:Heathcote railway station 04\.JPG\|Looking along the Heathcote station platform in the direction of the Lyttelton rail tunnel. Image:Heathcote railway station 05\.JPG\|Looking along the Heathcote station platform in the direction of Ferrymead. File:Heathcote railway station 01\.JPG\|Overview of the former Heathcote station site showing the only remnant of the station still visible, its platform. The Main South Line disappears into the Lyttelton rail tunnel beneath where this picture was taken from. Image:Heathcote railway station 02\.JPG\|Public access to the Heathcote station platform is gained through this gate from Station Road. Image:Heathcote railway station 03\.JPG\|Looking along the Heathcote station platform in the direction of the Lyttelton rail tunnel. ### Hornby File:Hornby Railway Station Map.png\|Map of Hornby Image:Hornbynz1\.jpg\|The back of loading bank can be seen in front of the station platform. Image:Hornbynz2\.jpg\|The back of loading bank can be seen in front of the station platform. Image:Hornby Railway Station.jpg\|Looking at the main platform from up close. Image:Hornby Railway Station 2\.jpg\| Looking at the platforms together Image:Hornby Railway Station 3\.jpg\| Main platform from the side. ### Islington File:Islington Railway Station.png\|Map of Islington ### Kaiapoi The Main North Line railway runs through Kaiapoi, and the town once served as the junction for the Eyreton Branch, which provided rail access to communities west of Kaiapoi such as West Eyreton (though it ran to the north of Eyreton itself). This branch line opened in 1875 and closed fully by April 1965\. Image:Kaiapoinz1\.jpg\|Old Kaiapoi Station after relocation. Image:Kaiapoi railway station.jpg\| Site of relocation showing damage after the September 2010 Canterbury earthquake. ### Kainga The station at Kainga was a small rural station to serve the settlement of Kainga. Nothing of the station remains. The Main North Line through Kainga was opened on 1 September 1958 as a deviation when the Waimakariri River Bridge at Stewarts Gully was replaced with a new structure 1\.6ย km upstream. \<gallery\> File:Kainga Railway Station.png\|Map of Kainga Image:Kainganz1\.jpg\|Looking North from station site. ### Ladbrooks File:Ladbrooks Railway Station.png\|Map of Ladbrooks ### Lincoln File:Lincoln Railway Station.png\|Map of Lincoln ### Linwood One of the "younger" stations on the line, Linwood was not built by the provincial council. Nothing remains of the station today, though it continued to serve in a rail capacity as the location of a locomotive depot until the depot was damaged beyond repair in the [2011 Christchurch earthquake](/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake "2011 Christchurch earthquake") and subsequently demolished, with the services it provided relocated to Middleton. Image:Linwood\_railway\_station\_02\.JPG\|Site of the Linwood railway station. Image:Linwood railway station 01\.JPG\|Water tower and turntable at the Linwood station site. Image:Linwood\_railway\_station\_03\.JPG\|Linwood Locomotive Depot. ### Little River The Little River station has been well preserved by the local community, who have converted into a centre that sells local craft and historical items. The platform and goods shed are still in good repair, and some metres of trackage have been installed so that a number of preserved [freight wagons](/wiki/Goods_wagon "Goods wagon") can be displayed. Image:Little River railway station, Banks Peninsula.jpg\|The Little River railway station on Banks Peninsula, these days used as a tourist information, craft shop and public toilets. Image:Little River Station Yard.jpg\|View from the northern side of the surprisingly large former yard at Little River. The main road from Christchurch to Akaroa runs behind the station, which is visible above the guard's van. Image:Little River Railway Station \- wagon.jpg\|A wagon parked at the Little River Railway Station. Image:Haere Mai in Little River.jpg\|Welcome sign leaning against the goods shed of the Little River Railway Station. Image:Guard's Van F2803 Little River.jpg\|A Guard's Van at the Little River Railway Station. Image:Goods Wagons Little River.jpg\|La Class open wagon, two N Class flat wagons, and a guard's van sit in the yard at Little River on a small section of track. Image:Cattle Wagon Little River.jpg\|Hc Class \[\[cattle wagon]] HC1018 and ganger's hut (on loading bank) at Little River. A notable omission are the running boards that should be on top of the roof. Image:Goods\_Shed\_at\_Little\_River.jpg\|Goods shed, loading bank, and Hc Class cattle wagon. ### Lyttelton {{Main\|Lyttelton Railway Station}} Lyttelton railway station is the northern terminus of the Main South Line, a main trunk railway line from Lyttelton to Invercargill in the South Island of New Zealand. There have been three stations built at Lyttelton, with the most recent of these still being used for railway purposes. File:Lyttelton\_Railway\_Station.png\|Map of Lyttelton Image:Lyttelton\_railway\_station\_03\.JPG\|Lyttelton railway station. File:Lyttelton railway station 07\.JPG\|Lyttelton railway station yard. Features of interest include the Oxford Street overbridge (middle), Lyttelton station building (right, in front of the bridge), shore\-end of wharves 2 and 3 (left, opposite the end of the bridge), Lyttelton rail tunnel portal (obscured, centre background), and Lyttelton road tunnel portal (centre\-right background). Also shown are two of the ports main sources of traffic: timber and motor vehicles. Image:Lyttelton\_railway\_station\_04\.JPG\|Lyttelton railway station from above. Image:Lyttelton railway station 01\.JPG\|Lyttelton railway station as seen from Norwich Quay. ### Middleton File:Middleton Railway Station.png\|Map of Middleton The Middleton Marshalling Yard in Christchurch on the Christchurch\-Ashburton Line had a hump for shunting, and was opened on 5 December 1927\. It closed in September 1930, then reopened in November 1946\. Later it closed on 13 October 1986 for local loading and deliveries and fully closed on 22 October 1998\.{{cite book \|title\= Names \& Opening and Closing Dates of Railway Stations in New Zealand, 1863 to 2012 \|last\= Scoble \|first\= Juliet \|year\= 2012 \|publisher\= Scoble \|location\= Wellington }} ### Opawa This station served passenger trains for residents of the suburb of Opawa. Nothing of the station remains. File:Opawa\_Railway\_Station\_Map.png\|Map of Opawa Image:Opawa\_railway\_station\_04\.JPG\|Opawa railway station site, from the Richardson Terrace \- Judge Street walkway. Image:Opawa\_railway\_station\_03\.JPG\|Opawa railway station site, looking south towards Woolston. Image:Opawa\_railway\_station\_02\.JPG\|Opawa railway station site, looking north towards Linwood. Image:Opawa\_railway\_station\_01\.JPG\|Heathcote River rail bridge, just south of the Opawa railway station site. ### Papanui {{main\|Papanui Railway Station}} The Papanui Railway Station closed in 1991\. It is located in Restell Street, Papanui, Christchurch, and is registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category II heritage building with registration number.{{NZHPT\|7415}} Image:Papanui Railway Station 66\.jpg\|Papanui Railway Station from Restell Street. Image:Papanui Railway Station 64\.jpg\|View of the railway tracks south. Image:Papanui Railway Station 63\.jpg\|View of the platform. Image:Papanui Railway Station 62\.jpg\|Sign detail. ### Rangiora File:RangioraStation\_gobeirne.jpg Image:Rangioranz2\.jpg File:Rangiora Diagram.png\|Map of Rangiora Station ### Riccarton The Riccarton railway station was located on the [Main North Line](/wiki/Main_North_Line%2C_New_Zealand "Main North Line, New Zealand"), accessible from the south via Matai Street. The station building was to the west of the line.{{cite web \|title\=Map of the city of Christchurch Sheet 3 of 9 \|url\=http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Maps/174746\-3\.asp \|publisher\=\[\[Christchurch City Libraries]] \|access\-date\=23 February 2019}} Riccarton station was last serviced by a single weekday return service between Christchurch and Rangiora in 1976\. These services were popular with commuters working in the eastern parts of the city, and also with railway staff based at the [Addington Railway Workshops](/wiki/Addington_Railway_Workshops "Addington Railway Workshops"). In 1959, there were still two daily return services. Riccarton station at the time had a small but busy freight yard, handling coal consignments for local merchants, timber from the West Coast, and wheat and flour traffic for the mill sited on land that now forms the grounds of [Christchurch Girls' High School](/wiki/Christchurch_Girls%27_High_School "Christchurch Girls' High School"). For many years, a special train ran through Riccarton station to the October meeting of the Kaikoura Trotting Club. It conveyed patrons, horses, trainers, sulkies and jockeys. The popularity of this train diminished as horse floats were used to take horses and trainers to the meetings, and patrons opting to travel using private cars. The fact that the meetings were held midweek also limited the appeal. In its heyday, in addition to the platform, station building and main line, the station also had a couple of loops and a curved siding from the north end of the yard that provided access to the flour mill. In late 1905, a spur line was built that left the Main North Line in this location heading through North [Hagley Park](/wiki/Hagley_Park%2C_Christchurch "Hagley Park, Christchurch") to service the [International Exhibition](/wiki/International_Exhibition_%281906%29 "International Exhibition (1906)"). The spur was used for freight traffic only and was removed in 1908\.{{cite news \|title\=The International Exhibition \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19051207\.2\.50 \|access\-date\=23 February 2019 \|work\=\[\[The Press]] \|volume\=LXII \|issue\=12369 \|date\=7 December 1905 \|page\=10}}{{cite web \|title\=New Zealand International Exhibition 1906 \|url\=http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Exhibitions/1906/Timeline/ \|publisher\=\[\[Christchurch City Libraries]] \|access\-date\=23 February 2019}} Today, no obvious signs of the station remain. The yard is now a bus and car park, and a cycle/walk way runs along the western side of the line connecting Fendalton Road with Kereru Lane, which runs the length of the former yard. Image:Riccarton\_station\_site\_1\.jpg\|Former station site Image:Riccarton\_station\_site\_2\.jpg\|View of the railway track south ### Rolleston The small south Canterbury town of [Rolleston](/wiki/Rolleston%2C_New_Zealand "Rolleston, New Zealand") was first served by a railway station built by the [Canterbury Provincial Railways](/wiki/Canterbury_Provincial_Railways "Canterbury Provincial Railways") on their broad gauge line from Christchurch, which was then known as the Canterbury Great Southern Railway. Since then, the station has been patronised by a variety of services, most recently by the long\-distance [TranzAlpine](/wiki/TranzAlpine "TranzAlpine") passenger train.Tranz Scenic. *[The TranzAlpine Daily Timetable](http://www.tranzscenic.co.nz/services/tranzalpine_timetable.aspx)* The station is located on State Highway 1, at the intersection of Main South Road and Rolleston Drive. The current station building opened on March 17 1969{{Cite web \|title\=Rolleston Station \|url\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19690317\.2\.128?items\_per\_page\=10\&query\=Rolleston\+Station\&snippet\=true \|access\-date\=2022\-08\-05 \|website\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}} Image:Rolleston railway station 01\.JPG\|Rolleston railway station, looking north towards Templeton. Image:Rolleston railway station 02\.JPG\|Loading bank. Image:Rolleston railway station 03\.JPG\|Station building. Image:Rolleston railway station 04\.JPG\|Rolleston station yard, looking south in the direction of the Midland Line junction. ### Sockburn File:Sockburn Railway Station.png\|Map of Sockburn ### Stewarts Gully This station served the settlement of Stewarts Gully on the south bank of the Waimakariri River, just south of Kaiapoi. The dates of operation of the station are not known at the time of writing, but the Main North Line in the area opened on 29 April 1872, and closed on 31 August 1958 when the Waimakariri River Bridge was replaced with a new structure and associated trackage 1\.6ย km upstream. File:Stewarts Gully Railway Station.png\|Map of Stewarts Gully ### Templeton File:Templeton Railway Station.png\|Map of Templeton ### Weedons File:Weedons Railway Station.png\|Map of Weedons ### Woolston Formerly known as Hillsborough after another nearby suburb, this station continues to serve as a freight hub for several adjacent industrial customers. The platform and loading bank remain, though the station building has been demolished. Image:Woolston\_Railway\_Station\_02\.JPG\|View along the Woolston Railway Station platform. Image:Woolston Railway Station 04\.JPG\|Woolston Railway Station: wagon sidings, foreground; container storage yard, background; loading bank, right. Image:Woolston\_Railway\_Station\_05\.JPG\|Disused private siding across Maunsell Street from the Woolston Railway Station yard. File:Woolston Railway Station 03\.JPG\|View from the side of the Woolston Railway Station platform.
[ "Stations\n--------", "### Addington", "Until the 1970s, Addington was a major facility for the receiving and sale of livestock, with significant stock yards, races and loading platforms beside the track. It handled livestock traffic from as far afield as Marlborough, South Canterbury and the West Coast, with the proceeds of the sales destined for locations all over the South Island. Given the limited size of the lorry transport available at the time, it is understandable how the railways could compete with road transport for this type of traffic, even for relatively short distances.", "One particularly sought\\-after source of livestock for Addington was the sheep of the Molesworth cattle and sheep station in Marlborough. From 1957 until about 1970, this livestock was driven to the railhead at Culverden (on the [Waiau Branch](/wiki/Waiau_Branch \"Waiau Branch\") line) then transported in several trains to Addington. In the last years of this traffic, there were in excess of 1,000 head to move, requiring a substantial portion of the cattle wagon fleet in the South Island.", "When the workshops closed, it was decided to locate the new Christchurch railway station on the site for long distance trains (opened on 5 April 1993\\), see {{slink\\|Christchurch railway station, New Zealand\\|Third station}}.", "Today, the passenger facilities are gone, but the site still retains a signal box, several loops and railsheds for the storage of rolling stock. The land formerly occupied by the saleyards is currently a vacant lot.", "", "Image:Addington Saleyards 01\\.JPG\\|The former saleyards building.\nImage:Addington Saleyards 02\\.JPG\\|Saleyards land and rear of the saleyards building.\nImage:Addington Saleyards 03\\.JPG\\|Loading races for stock trucks.", "", "### Belfast", "", "Image:Belfastnz1\\.jpg\nImage:Belfastnz2\\.jpg\nImage:Belfastnz3\\.jpg\nImage:Belfastnz4\\.jpg\nImage:Belfastnz5\\.jpg", "", "### Bryndwr", "This station served passenger trains for residents of the suburbs of [Bryndwr](/wiki/Bryndwr \"Bryndwr\") and Elmwood. Nothing of the station remains.", "Image:Bryndwrnz1\\.jpg\nImage:Bryndwrnz2\\.jpg", "", "### Burnham", "", "File:Burnham Railway Station.png\\|Map of Burnham", "", "### Christchurch", "{{Main\\|Christchurch railway station (New Zealand)}}", "The current Christchurch station at Troup Drive is the third railway Christchurch station. The two earlier stations, at Madras Street and Moorhouse Avenue, were a short distance away to the east on the Main South Line, closer to the city centre.", "", "Image:Christchurch\\_railway\\_station\\_04\\.JPG\\|Christchurch platform and baggage conveyor, looking at the line passing beneath the new Blenheim Road overbridge.\nImage:Christchurch railway station 05\\.JPG\\|Christchurch platform and building, looking in the direction of Addington junction.\nImage:Christchurch\\_railway\\_station\\_Moorhouse\\_Avenue\\_03\\.JPG\\|Main platform and former station yard area at Moorhouse Avenue.\nFile:Christchurch railway station Moorhouse Avenue 04\\.JPG\\|Christchurch railway station building, Moorhouse Avenue.", "", "### Heathcote", "Originally known as The Valley, this station was sited about 240 metres from the mouth of the Lyttelton rail tunnel. It was equipped with a signal box, freight sidings for nearby industrial customers as well as passenger facilities and a platform, which is the only remaining feature. Public access is from Station Road, at the intersection with Flavell Street, Marsden Street and Rollin Street.", "The signal box, constructed in 1870, was to have been moved to the Ferrymead Heritage Park for use in the rail operations there after many years of disuse until it was destroyed on\\-site by fire in September 1996, shortly before its relocation.", "", "Image:Heathcote railway station 04\\.JPG\\|Looking along the Heathcote station platform in the direction of the Lyttelton rail tunnel.\nImage:Heathcote railway station 05\\.JPG\\|Looking along the Heathcote station platform in the direction of Ferrymead.\nFile:Heathcote railway station 01\\.JPG\\|Overview of the former Heathcote station site showing the only remnant of the station still visible, its platform. The Main South Line disappears into the Lyttelton rail tunnel beneath where this picture was taken from.\nImage:Heathcote railway station 02\\.JPG\\|Public access to the Heathcote station platform is gained through this gate from Station Road.\nImage:Heathcote railway station 03\\.JPG\\|Looking along the Heathcote station platform in the direction of the Lyttelton rail tunnel.", "", "### Hornby", "", "File:Hornby Railway Station Map.png\\|Map of Hornby\nImage:Hornbynz1\\.jpg\\|The back of loading bank can be seen in front of the station platform. \nImage:Hornbynz2\\.jpg\\|The back of loading bank can be seen in front of the station platform.\nImage:Hornby Railway Station.jpg\\|Looking at the main platform from up close.\nImage:Hornby Railway Station 2\\.jpg\\| Looking at the platforms together\nImage:Hornby Railway Station 3\\.jpg\\| Main platform from the side.", "", "### Islington", "", "File:Islington Railway Station.png\\|Map of Islington", "", "### Kaiapoi", "The Main North Line railway runs through Kaiapoi, and the town once served as the junction for the Eyreton Branch, which provided rail access to communities west of Kaiapoi such as West Eyreton (though it ran to the north of Eyreton itself). This branch line opened in 1875 and closed fully by April 1965\\.", "Image:Kaiapoinz1\\.jpg\\|Old Kaiapoi Station after relocation.\nImage:Kaiapoi railway station.jpg\\| Site of relocation showing damage after the September 2010 Canterbury earthquake.", "", "### Kainga", "The station at Kainga was a small rural station to serve the settlement of Kainga. Nothing of the station remains. The Main North Line through Kainga was opened on 1 September 1958 as a deviation when the Waimakariri River Bridge at Stewarts Gully was replaced with a new structure 1\\.6ย km upstream.\n\\<gallery\\>\nFile:Kainga Railway Station.png\\|Map of Kainga\nImage:Kainganz1\\.jpg\\|Looking North from station site.", "", "### Ladbrooks", "", "File:Ladbrooks Railway Station.png\\|Map of Ladbrooks", "", "### Lincoln", "", "File:Lincoln Railway Station.png\\|Map of Lincoln", "", "### Linwood", "One of the \"younger\" stations on the line, Linwood was not built by the provincial council. Nothing remains of the station today, though it continued to serve in a rail capacity as the location of a locomotive depot until the depot was damaged beyond repair in the [2011 Christchurch earthquake](/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake \"2011 Christchurch earthquake\") and subsequently demolished, with the services it provided relocated to Middleton.", "", "Image:Linwood\\_railway\\_station\\_02\\.JPG\\|Site of the Linwood railway station.\nImage:Linwood railway station 01\\.JPG\\|Water tower and turntable at the Linwood station site.\nImage:Linwood\\_railway\\_station\\_03\\.JPG\\|Linwood Locomotive Depot.", "", "### Little River", "The Little River station has been well preserved by the local community, who have converted into a centre that sells local craft and historical items. The platform and goods shed are still in good repair, and some metres of trackage have been installed so that a number of preserved [freight wagons](/wiki/Goods_wagon \"Goods wagon\") can be displayed.", "", "Image:Little River railway station, Banks Peninsula.jpg\\|The Little River railway station on Banks Peninsula, these days used as a tourist information, craft shop and public toilets.\nImage:Little River Station Yard.jpg\\|View from the northern side of the surprisingly large former yard at Little River. The main road from Christchurch to Akaroa runs behind the station, which is visible above the guard's van.\nImage:Little River Railway Station \\- wagon.jpg\\|A wagon parked at the Little River Railway Station.\nImage:Haere Mai in Little River.jpg\\|Welcome sign leaning against the goods shed of the Little River Railway Station.\nImage:Guard's Van F2803 Little River.jpg\\|A Guard's Van at the Little River Railway Station.\nImage:Goods Wagons Little River.jpg\\|La Class open wagon, two N Class flat wagons, and a guard's van sit in the yard at Little River on a small section of track.\nImage:Cattle Wagon Little River.jpg\\|Hc Class \\[\\[cattle wagon]] HC1018 and ganger's hut (on loading bank) at Little River. A notable omission are the running boards that should be on top of the roof.\nImage:Goods\\_Shed\\_at\\_Little\\_River.jpg\\|Goods shed, loading bank, and Hc Class cattle wagon.", "", "### Lyttelton", "{{Main\\|Lyttelton Railway Station}}\nLyttelton railway station is the northern terminus of the Main South Line, a main trunk railway line from Lyttelton to Invercargill in the South Island of New Zealand. There have been three stations built at Lyttelton, with the most recent of these still being used for railway purposes.", "", "File:Lyttelton\\_Railway\\_Station.png\\|Map of Lyttelton\nImage:Lyttelton\\_railway\\_station\\_03\\.JPG\\|Lyttelton railway station.\nFile:Lyttelton railway station 07\\.JPG\\|Lyttelton railway station yard. Features of interest include the Oxford Street overbridge (middle), Lyttelton station building (right, in front of the bridge), shore\\-end of wharves 2 and 3 (left, opposite the end of the bridge), Lyttelton rail tunnel portal (obscured, centre background), and Lyttelton road tunnel portal (centre\\-right background). Also shown are two of the ports main sources of traffic: timber and motor vehicles.\nImage:Lyttelton\\_railway\\_station\\_04\\.JPG\\|Lyttelton railway station from above.\nImage:Lyttelton railway station 01\\.JPG\\|Lyttelton railway station as seen from Norwich Quay.", "", "### Middleton", "", "File:Middleton Railway Station.png\\|Map of Middleton", "The Middleton Marshalling Yard in Christchurch on the Christchurch\\-Ashburton Line had a hump for shunting, and was opened on 5 December 1927\\. It closed in September 1930, then reopened in November 1946\\. Later it closed on 13 October 1986 for local loading and deliveries and fully closed on 22 October 1998\\.{{cite book \\|title\\= Names \\& Opening and Closing Dates of Railway Stations in New Zealand, 1863 to 2012 \\|last\\= Scoble \\|first\\= Juliet \\|year\\= 2012 \\|publisher\\= Scoble \\|location\\= Wellington }}", "### Opawa", "This station served passenger trains for residents of the suburb of Opawa. Nothing of the station remains.", "", "File:Opawa\\_Railway\\_Station\\_Map.png\\|Map of Opawa\nImage:Opawa\\_railway\\_station\\_04\\.JPG\\|Opawa railway station site, from the Richardson Terrace \\- Judge Street walkway.\nImage:Opawa\\_railway\\_station\\_03\\.JPG\\|Opawa railway station site, looking south towards Woolston.\nImage:Opawa\\_railway\\_station\\_02\\.JPG\\|Opawa railway station site, looking north towards Linwood.\nImage:Opawa\\_railway\\_station\\_01\\.JPG\\|Heathcote River rail bridge, just south of the Opawa railway station site.", "", "### Papanui", "{{main\\|Papanui Railway Station}}\nThe Papanui Railway Station closed in 1991\\. It is located in Restell Street, Papanui, Christchurch, and is registered by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category II heritage building with registration number.{{NZHPT\\|7415}}", "", "Image:Papanui Railway Station 66\\.jpg\\|Papanui Railway Station from Restell Street.\nImage:Papanui Railway Station 64\\.jpg\\|View of the railway tracks south.\nImage:Papanui Railway Station 63\\.jpg\\|View of the platform.\nImage:Papanui Railway Station 62\\.jpg\\|Sign detail.", "", "### Rangiora", "", "File:RangioraStation\\_gobeirne.jpg\nImage:Rangioranz2\\.jpg\nFile:Rangiora Diagram.png\\|Map of Rangiora Station", "", "### Riccarton", "The Riccarton railway station was located on the [Main North Line](/wiki/Main_North_Line%2C_New_Zealand \"Main North Line, New Zealand\"), accessible from the south via Matai Street. The station building was to the west of the line.{{cite web \\|title\\=Map of the city of Christchurch Sheet 3 of 9 \\|url\\=http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Maps/174746\\-3\\.asp \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Christchurch City Libraries]] \\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2019}}", "Riccarton station was last serviced by a single weekday return service between Christchurch and Rangiora in 1976\\. These services were popular with commuters working in the eastern parts of the city, and also with railway staff based at the [Addington Railway Workshops](/wiki/Addington_Railway_Workshops \"Addington Railway Workshops\").", "In 1959, there were still two daily return services. Riccarton station at the time had a small but busy freight yard, handling coal consignments for local merchants, timber from the West Coast, and wheat and flour traffic for the mill sited on land that now forms the grounds of [Christchurch Girls' High School](/wiki/Christchurch_Girls%27_High_School \"Christchurch Girls' High School\").", "For many years, a special train ran through Riccarton station to the October meeting of the Kaikoura Trotting Club. It conveyed patrons, horses, trainers, sulkies and jockeys. The popularity of this train diminished as horse floats were used to take horses and trainers to the meetings, and patrons opting to travel using private cars. The fact that the meetings were held midweek also limited the appeal.", "In its heyday, in addition to the platform, station building and main line, the station also had a couple of loops and a curved siding from the north end of the yard that provided access to the flour mill. In late 1905, a spur line was built that left the Main North Line in this location heading through North [Hagley Park](/wiki/Hagley_Park%2C_Christchurch \"Hagley Park, Christchurch\") to service the [International Exhibition](/wiki/International_Exhibition_%281906%29 \"International Exhibition (1906)\"). The spur was used for freight traffic only and was removed in 1908\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=The International Exhibition \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19051207\\.2\\.50 \\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2019 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Press]] \\|volume\\=LXII \\|issue\\=12369 \\|date\\=7 December 1905 \\|page\\=10}}{{cite web \\|title\\=New Zealand International Exhibition 1906 \\|url\\=http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/Heritage/Exhibitions/1906/Timeline/ \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Christchurch City Libraries]] \\|access\\-date\\=23 February 2019}}", "Today, no obvious signs of the station remain. The yard is now a bus and car park, and a cycle/walk way runs along the western side of the line connecting Fendalton Road with Kereru Lane, which runs the length of the former yard.", "", "Image:Riccarton\\_station\\_site\\_1\\.jpg\\|Former station site\nImage:Riccarton\\_station\\_site\\_2\\.jpg\\|View of the railway track south", "", "### Rolleston", "The small south Canterbury town of [Rolleston](/wiki/Rolleston%2C_New_Zealand \"Rolleston, New Zealand\") was first served by a railway station built by the [Canterbury Provincial Railways](/wiki/Canterbury_Provincial_Railways \"Canterbury Provincial Railways\") on their broad gauge line from Christchurch, which was then known as the Canterbury Great Southern Railway. Since then, the station has been patronised by a variety of services, most recently by the long\\-distance [TranzAlpine](/wiki/TranzAlpine \"TranzAlpine\") passenger train.Tranz Scenic. *[The TranzAlpine Daily Timetable](http://www.tranzscenic.co.nz/services/tranzalpine_timetable.aspx)*", "The station is located on State Highway 1, at the intersection of Main South Road and Rolleston Drive. The current station building opened on March 17 1969{{Cite web \\|title\\=Rolleston Station \\|url\\=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19690317\\.2\\.128?items\\_per\\_page\\=10\\&query\\=Rolleston\\+Station\\&snippet\\=true \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-08\\-05 \\|website\\=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz}}", "", "Image:Rolleston railway station 01\\.JPG\\|Rolleston railway station, looking north towards Templeton.\nImage:Rolleston railway station 02\\.JPG\\|Loading bank.\nImage:Rolleston railway station 03\\.JPG\\|Station building.\nImage:Rolleston railway station 04\\.JPG\\|Rolleston station yard, looking south in the direction of the Midland Line junction.", "", "### Sockburn", "", "File:Sockburn Railway Station.png\\|Map of Sockburn", "", "### Stewarts Gully", "This station served the settlement of Stewarts Gully on the south bank of the Waimakariri River, just south of Kaiapoi. The dates of operation of the station are not known at the time of writing, but the Main North Line in the area opened on 29 April 1872, and closed on 31 August 1958 when the Waimakariri River Bridge was replaced with a new structure and associated trackage 1\\.6ย km upstream.", "File:Stewarts Gully Railway Station.png\\|Map of Stewarts Gully", "", "### Templeton", "", "File:Templeton Railway Station.png\\|Map of Templeton", "", "### Weedons", "", "File:Weedons Railway Station.png\\|Map of Weedons", "", "### Woolston", "Formerly known as Hillsborough after another nearby suburb, this station continues to serve as a freight hub for several adjacent industrial customers. The platform and loading bank remain, though the station building has been demolished.", "", "Image:Woolston\\_Railway\\_Station\\_02\\.JPG\\|View along the Woolston Railway Station platform.\nImage:Woolston Railway Station 04\\.JPG\\|Woolston Railway Station: wagon sidings, foreground; container storage yard, background; loading bank, right.\nImage:Woolston\\_Railway\\_Station\\_05\\.JPG\\|Disused private siding across Maunsell Street from the Woolston Railway Station yard.\nFile:Woolston Railway Station 03\\.JPG\\|View from the side of the Woolston Railway Station platform.", "", "" ]
### Addington Until the 1970s, Addington was a major facility for the receiving and sale of livestock, with significant stock yards, races and loading platforms beside the track. It handled livestock traffic from as far afield as Marlborough, South Canterbury and the West Coast, with the proceeds of the sales destined for locations all over the South Island. Given the limited size of the lorry transport available at the time, it is understandable how the railways could compete with road transport for this type of traffic, even for relatively short distances. One particularly sought\-after source of livestock for Addington was the sheep of the Molesworth cattle and sheep station in Marlborough. From 1957 until about 1970, this livestock was driven to the railhead at Culverden (on the [Waiau Branch](/wiki/Waiau_Branch "Waiau Branch") line) then transported in several trains to Addington. In the last years of this traffic, there were in excess of 1,000 head to move, requiring a substantial portion of the cattle wagon fleet in the South Island. When the workshops closed, it was decided to locate the new Christchurch railway station on the site for long distance trains (opened on 5 April 1993\), see {{slink\|Christchurch railway station, New Zealand\|Third station}}. Today, the passenger facilities are gone, but the site still retains a signal box, several loops and railsheds for the storage of rolling stock. The land formerly occupied by the saleyards is currently a vacant lot. Image:Addington Saleyards 01\.JPG\|The former saleyards building. Image:Addington Saleyards 02\.JPG\|Saleyards land and rear of the saleyards building. Image:Addington Saleyards 03\.JPG\|Loading races for stock trucks.
[ "### Addington", "Until the 1970s, Addington was a major facility for the receiving and sale of livestock, with significant stock yards, races and loading platforms beside the track. It handled livestock traffic from as far afield as Marlborough, South Canterbury and the West Coast, with the proceeds of the sales destined for locations all over the South Island. Given the limited size of the lorry transport available at the time, it is understandable how the railways could compete with road transport for this type of traffic, even for relatively short distances.", "One particularly sought\\-after source of livestock for Addington was the sheep of the Molesworth cattle and sheep station in Marlborough. From 1957 until about 1970, this livestock was driven to the railhead at Culverden (on the [Waiau Branch](/wiki/Waiau_Branch \"Waiau Branch\") line) then transported in several trains to Addington. In the last years of this traffic, there were in excess of 1,000 head to move, requiring a substantial portion of the cattle wagon fleet in the South Island.", "When the workshops closed, it was decided to locate the new Christchurch railway station on the site for long distance trains (opened on 5 April 1993\\), see {{slink\\|Christchurch railway station, New Zealand\\|Third station}}.", "Today, the passenger facilities are gone, but the site still retains a signal box, several loops and railsheds for the storage of rolling stock. The land formerly occupied by the saleyards is currently a vacant lot.", "", "Image:Addington Saleyards 01\\.JPG\\|The former saleyards building.\nImage:Addington Saleyards 02\\.JPG\\|Saleyards land and rear of the saleyards building.\nImage:Addington Saleyards 03\\.JPG\\|Loading races for stock trucks.", "", "" ]
Biography --------- Biegaล„ski was born in [Grabรณw nad Prosnฤ…](/wiki/Grab%C3%B3w_nad_Prosn%C4%85 "Grabรณw nad Prosnฤ…"). Between 1870 and 1875 he studied at high school in [Piotrkรณw Trybunalski](/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski "Piotrkรณw Trybunalski"); at that time he lived in nearby Janow. Immediately after graduating from junior high school, he started medical studies at the Imperial University of Warsaw, which he graduated from in 1880\. In his fifth year of study, he wrote a thesis for the competition organized by the Faculty of Philosophy, *Comparison of the teachings on the ideas of Lock and Leibniz.* After internshipsโ€”mainly obstetricalโ€”in Berlin and Prague in 1883, he settled permanently in [Czฤ™stochowa](/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa "Czฤ™stochowa"), where he opened a private practice. He became a hospital and [municipal doctor](/wiki/City_physician "City physician"), between 1884 and 1910 he was a departmental doctor on the Warsaw\-Vienna railway, and he also served as a factory doctor (from 1887 at the Motte factory and from 1885 at the Czฤ™stochowianka factory). He held the office of the director of the municipal hospital (until 1907\), which he reorganized and transformed into an important medical and scientific centre of the region. Between 1901 and 1917 Biegaล„ski served as President of the Medical Association of Czestochowa (which he co\-founded). He was also the creator and president of the Society for Charity for Christians (1899โ€“1901\) and the initiator (1906\) and the first president of the Czฤ™stochowa Branch of the Polish Countryside Society, as well as a promoter of hygiene issues (in 1901 he founded the Hygienic Society). He initiated the creation of the City Library (currently bearing his name). In Czฤ™stochowa he conducted scientific work, away from Polish academic centres, which meant that he was called "a professor without a cathedral." In 1906, he was a co\-organizer of the 1st Polish Junior High School in Czฤ™stochowa at ul. Koล›ciuszki 10/12\. Biegaล„ski also dealt with the philosophy of medicine and belonged to the Polish school of philosophy of medicine.Zenon Maฤ‡kowiak, Wล‚adysล‚aw Biegaล„ski, (in :) *Polish school of the philosophy of medicine* . Representatives and selected source texts, edited by Michaล‚ Musielak and Jan Zamojski, Scientific Publisher of the Medical University of K. Marcinkowski in Poznan, Poznan 2010 From 1907 he was a member of the Warsaw Scientific Society. He wrote several textbooks, including: *Differential diagnosis of internal diseases* (1891\), *Lectures on acute infectious diseases* (1900\-1901\), *General issues in the theory of medical sciences* (1897\), *Logic of medicine* (1894, supplemented in 1908 and published as the *Logic of medicine, i.e. the principles of general methodology of medical sciences,* in 1909 in Germany). He published in *Medical Review, News and Medicine.* As a philosopher, he devoted himself to the theory of knowledge and the origin of morality. Biegaล„ski described his views as previsit. His greatest philosophical works are: *The Principles of General Logic* (1903\), *Theory of Logic* (1912\), *The Treatise on Knowledge and Truth* (1910\), *Theory of Knowledge from the Position of the Principle of Purpose* (1914โ€“1915\), *Previsitism and Pragmatism*, *Manual of Logic for High Schools and self\-taught* (1906\), and *General Ethics* (posthumously, 1918\). From 1885, he was married to Mieczysล‚awa Rozenfeldรณwna, the daughter of engineer Henryk Rozenfeld. He died of angina and was buried in Kule cemetery in [Czฤ™stochowa](/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa "Czฤ™stochowa"). By resolution of 4 November 2016, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland established 2017 as the Year of Wล‚adysล‚aw Biegaล„ski.{{cite web\|accessdate\=2019\-11\-08\|title\=Uchwaล‚a Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 4 listopada 2016 r. w sprawie ustanowienia roku 2017 Rokiem Wล‚adysล‚awa Biegaล„skiego\|url\=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\=WMP20160001122\|website\=prawo.sejm.gov.pl}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "Biegaล„ski was born in [Grabรณw nad Prosnฤ…](/wiki/Grab%C3%B3w_nad_Prosn%C4%85 \"Grabรณw nad Prosnฤ…\"). Between 1870 and 1875 he studied at high school in [Piotrkรณw Trybunalski](/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski \"Piotrkรณw Trybunalski\"); at that time he lived in nearby Janow. Immediately after graduating from junior high school, he started medical studies at the Imperial University of Warsaw, which he graduated from in 1880\\. In his fifth year of study, he wrote a thesis for the competition organized by the Faculty of Philosophy, *Comparison of the teachings on the ideas of Lock and Leibniz.*", "After internshipsโ€”mainly obstetricalโ€”in Berlin and Prague in 1883, he settled permanently in [Czฤ™stochowa](/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa \"Czฤ™stochowa\"), where he opened a private practice. He became a hospital and [municipal doctor](/wiki/City_physician \"City physician\"), between 1884 and 1910 he was a departmental doctor on the Warsaw\\-Vienna railway, and he also served as a factory doctor (from 1887 at the Motte factory and from 1885 at the Czฤ™stochowianka factory). He held the office of the director of the municipal hospital (until 1907\\), which he reorganized and transformed into an important medical and scientific centre of the region.", "Between 1901 and 1917 Biegaล„ski served as President of the Medical Association of Czestochowa (which he co\\-founded). He was also the creator and president of the Society for Charity for Christians (1899โ€“1901\\) and the initiator (1906\\) and the first president of the Czฤ™stochowa Branch of the Polish Countryside Society, as well as a promoter of hygiene issues (in 1901 he founded the Hygienic Society). He initiated the creation of the City Library (currently bearing his name). In Czฤ™stochowa he conducted scientific work, away from Polish academic centres, which meant that he was called \"a professor without a cathedral.\"", "In 1906, he was a co\\-organizer of the 1st Polish Junior High School in Czฤ™stochowa at ul. Koล›ciuszki 10/12\\.", "Biegaล„ski also dealt with the philosophy of medicine and belonged to the Polish school of philosophy of medicine.Zenon Maฤ‡kowiak, Wล‚adysล‚aw Biegaล„ski, (in :) *Polish school of the philosophy of medicine* . Representatives and selected source texts, edited by Michaล‚ Musielak and Jan Zamojski, Scientific Publisher of the Medical University of K. Marcinkowski in Poznan, Poznan 2010 From 1907 he was a member of the Warsaw Scientific Society.", "He wrote several textbooks, including: *Differential diagnosis of internal diseases* (1891\\), *Lectures on acute infectious diseases* (1900\\-1901\\), *General issues in the theory of medical sciences* (1897\\), *Logic of medicine* (1894, supplemented in 1908 and published as the *Logic of medicine, i.e. the principles of general methodology of medical sciences,* in 1909 in Germany). He published in *Medical Review, News and Medicine.* As a philosopher, he devoted himself to the theory of knowledge and the origin of morality. Biegaล„ski described his views as previsit. His greatest philosophical works are: *The Principles of General Logic* (1903\\), *Theory of Logic* (1912\\), *The Treatise on Knowledge and Truth* (1910\\), *Theory of Knowledge from the Position of the Principle of Purpose* (1914โ€“1915\\), *Previsitism and Pragmatism*, *Manual of Logic for High Schools and self\\-taught* (1906\\), and *General Ethics* (posthumously, 1918\\).", "From 1885, he was married to Mieczysล‚awa Rozenfeldรณwna, the daughter of engineer Henryk Rozenfeld.", "He died of angina and was buried in Kule cemetery in [Czฤ™stochowa](/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa \"Czฤ™stochowa\").", "By resolution of 4 November 2016, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland established 2017 as the Year of Wล‚adysล‚aw Biegaล„ski.{{cite web\\|accessdate\\=2019\\-11\\-08\\|title\\=Uchwaล‚a Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 4 listopada 2016 r. w sprawie ustanowienia roku 2017 Rokiem Wล‚adysล‚awa Biegaล„skiego\\|url\\=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id\\=WMP20160001122\\|website\\=prawo.sejm.gov.pl}}", "" ]
Fictional character biography ----------------------------- In *The Uncanny X\-Men* \# 153, "Kitty's Fairy Tale", Kitty Pryde, the teenage member of the X\-Men, tells a bedtime story to young [Illyana Rasputin](/wiki/Magik "Magik"), who was living with the X\-Men at the time. The story recasts the X\-Men, including the recently deceased [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey "Jean Grey"), in the roles of fairy tale characters. One such character was a black dragon named "Lockheed",*The Uncanny X\-Men* \#153 who was based on the X\-Men's modified [Lockheed SR\-71 Blackbird](/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird "Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird") [jet aircraft](/wiki/Jet_aircraft "Jet aircraft"). Not long afterward, the X\-Men are captured by the alien race, the [Brood](/wiki/Brood_%28comics%29 "Brood (comics)"), and taken to a Brood\-colonized planet. Here, Kitty meets a purple dragon who resembles the creature from her fairy tale, which she also names "Lockheed".*The Uncanny X\-Men* \#166 Lockheed is actually a member of an advanced dragon\-like alien race whose society is similar to [insect hives](/wiki/Insect_social_networks "Insect social networks"). Lockheed had been celebrated by his people as a brave fighter and hero against the Brood, but had demonstrated individual attitudes and wishes which were realized only when he encountered the X\-Men. Lockheed saves Kitty from the Brood, and then secretly departs along with her. She, as well as [Professor X](/wiki/Professor_X "Professor X") and her teammates, are unaware of his presence in the [X\-Mansion](/wiki/X-Mansion "X-Mansion") until he again saves Kitty's life from a nest of alien [Sidrian](/wiki/Sidri "Sidri") hunter hatchlings.*The Uncanny X\-Men* \#168 (1983\) The X\-Men accept his presence,*The Uncanny X\-Men* \#168 and Lockheed has since become Kitty's longtime companion. To a lesser degree, Lockheed also bonds with Illyana Rasputin,{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=November 2011}} who, after being abducted into the dimension of Limbo (also known as [Otherplace](/wiki/Otherplace "Otherplace")) by the sorcerer [Belasco](/wiki/Belasco_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Belasco (Marvel Comics)"), had aged into a teenager, manifested her own mutant powers, and been installed as Kitty's roommate. Lockheed occasionally accompanies Illyana after she joins the X\-Men's "junior team", the [New Mutants](/wiki/New_Mutants%23The_New_Mutants_%28vol._1%29 "New Mutants#The New Mutants (vol. 1)"), including an adventure where the two encounter Brood\-controlled [clones](/wiki/Molecular_cloning "Molecular cloning") of the X\-Men.*The New Mutants* \#63 ### Secret Wars During the *[Secret Wars](/wiki/Secret_Wars "Secret Wars")* the X\-Men, including Lockheed, are transported to an alien planet nicknamed "Battleworld". There Lockheed meets a green, female alien dragon, supposedly created by the Beyonder's lingering power. This second dragon accompanied Lockheed and his allies to Earth, but she grew to gigantic size upon arrival and rampaged across [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). She seemingly vanished from existence when Lockheed rejected her,*The Uncanny X\-Men* \#178โ€“181 (Feb.โ€“May 1984\) though she eventually resurfaced. In the companion series *Spider\-Man and the Secret Wars*, it is shown that Lockheed spent some time patrolling Denver, Colorado, which had been taken to Battleworld as well, protecting its citizens from alien attack.*Spider\-Man and the Secret Wars* \#2 (2009\) ### Excalibur In addition to serving with the X\-Men alongside Kitty, he joins her when she co\-founds the [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [superhero](/wiki/Superhero "Superhero") team Excalibur.*Excalibur* \#1 (Dec. 1988\) There he would form a friendship with [Widget](/wiki/Kitty_Pryde%23Days_of_Future_Past "Kitty Pryde#Days of Future Past"). Lockheed participates in the so\-called Cross\-Time Caper, which involves him and his teammates leaping through dimensions on a train. The train itself is from an alternate universe, and it is discovered that its power source is an alternate version of Lockheed himself. The two Lockheeds become good friends, although the other Lockheed desires to stay on the train. Lockheed travels with the team (and their ally, [Alistaire Stuart](/wiki/Alistaire_Stuart "Alistaire Stuart")) on several adventures throughout multiple realities. The team also encounters a humanoid version of Lockheed. He and a female Nightcrawler analogue together adopt the identity of [Captain Britain](/wiki/Captain_Britain "Captain Britain"), protecting the citizens of a magic\-heavy planet. Near the end of the Caper, Lockheed and the team believe Kitty to be lost in the dimensions; in reality she had been transported home far earlier than the rest of the group. The intervention of [Saturnyne](/wiki/Saturnyne "Saturnyne") allows the team to return home.*Excalibur* \#12โ€“24 (1988\) Eventually, Lockheed's decision to leave with Kitty and the X\-Men comes back to haunt him. By leaving so unexpectedly, he had abandoned his fiancรฉe, whom he had been due to wed the following day. While healing from injuries gained from fighting [Doctor Doom](/wiki/Doctor_Doom "Doctor Doom"),*Excalibur* \#37โ€“39 his astral form is apprehended by the Flock and made to stand trial for treason. After managing to explain his motives and saving his fellows from a piloting accident, he is officially exiled from his race, but on amicable terms.*Excalibur* \#40 1991 Lockheed's affections for Kitty earn him the ire of interdimensional entities called [Bamfs](/wiki/Bamf "Bamf"), characters from the fairy tale Kitty once told Illyana. Like Lockheed, these were real as well. These small versions of Nightcrawler also love Kitty, in their own way. At one point, jealous of Lockheed's relationship with Kitty, they invade the tunnels under [Muir Island](/wiki/Muir_Island "Muir Island") and hold him prisoner for some time. Lockheed's penchant for hiding after Kitty moves did not help his situation, as Kitty simply thought he was again being difficult.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=November 2011}} Lockheed develops a severe distaste for the secret agent [Pete Wisdom](/wiki/Pete_Wisdom "Pete Wisdom"), Kitty's love interest. Lockheed demonstrates that he has the ability to speak, but only talks to Wisdom, telling him that he "hates him". Wisdom tells Kitty about this, but she believes he is only joking, and he suffers the frequent theft of his clothing and cigarettes. Even so, Lockheed does save Wisdom's life at one point, although he tells the Londoner "I *still* 'ate yoo". It appears that one reason Lockheed dislikes Wisdom so much is that he much prefers Kitty's previous boyfriend, [Colossus](/wiki/Colossus_%28comics%29 "Colossus (comics)"). This is demonstrated at the wedding of [Captain Britain](/wiki/Captain_Britain "Captain Britain") and [Meggan](/wiki/Meggan_%28character%29 "Meggan (character)"), when Lockheed attempts to help them reconnect by snatching the bride's garter and dropping it into Piotr's hands just after Kitty had won Meggan's bouquet.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=November 2011}} Later, after Kitty left Excalibur and the X\-Men entirely, it is believed that Lockheed had died. In reality, Lockheed had been found, wounded and confused, by a pair of girls who practiced witchcraft. He bonds with them until he discovers that the girls use their abilities to terrorize the local populace. The duo were soon humiliated in battle by their rival, another young girl with powers. This new friend heals Lockheed and directs him back to Kitty.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=January 2018}} ### Back on the X\-Men Kitty eventually rejoins the X\-Men and Lockheed happily follows. When the X\-Men battle the alien [Ord](/wiki/Ord_%28comics%29 "Ord (comics)"), Lockheed saves the day with his fire breath.*Astonishing X\-Men* (vol. 3\) \#1 (2004\) Lockheed becomes part of a training exercise for the younger students at Xavier's institute. He was the "flag" in a game of [Capture the Flag](/wiki/Capture_the_Flag "Capture the Flag"), hiding in the middle of the hedge maze. This created problems because many of the students found it hard to actually believe in a living, miniature dragon; the mutant [Wither](/wiki/Wither_%28comics%29 "Wither (comics)") ended up endangering Lockheed with his organic\-destruction powers.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=September 2011}} Lockheed attempts to help the X\-Men stop the [Hulk](/wiki/Hulk "Hulk") in *[World War Hulk](/wiki/World_War_Hulk "World War Hulk")*, but was defeated with the rest of the team.*World War Hulk: X\-Men* \#1\-3 (2007\) ### Agent of S.W.O.R.D. It is revealed that Lockheed is a mole within the Institute for [S.W.O.R.D.](/wiki/S.W.O.R.D._%28comics%29 "S.W.O.R.D. (comics)")*Astonishing X\-Men* (vol. 3\) \#17 [Abigail Brand](/wiki/Abigail_Brand "Abigail Brand"), S.W.O.R.D.'s Director later told Kitty to stop coddling the dragon like a "starlet's chihuahua", that he was an informant in exchange for S.W.O.R.D.'s help with pressing issues on his homeworld, and that he could speak more languages than the X\-Men's resident genius, the [Beast](/wiki/Beast_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Beast (Marvel Comics)"). The shocked team looked on as Lockheed flew away from Kitty.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=November 2011}} The X\-Men then join forces with S.W.O.R.D. in an attempt to end the confrontation with the alien race of Breakworld, who are attempting to destroy Earth with a giant missile. Kitty is assigned with the team appointed to stop the missile, while Lockheed is forced to remain behind. The two share a final lingering look before Kitty leaves. It is revealed that the missile is actually a giant bullet, and Kitty becomes trapped in it phasing it through the Earth. While grieving over Kitty, Lockheed drinks heavily to help with the pain. Eventually Abigail Brand reveals that Kitty is still alive within the bullet but they can't get her out yet. Lockheed then approaches a villain named Unit for help, but after learning that he would have to free Unit from prison changes his mind and leaves.*S.W.O.R.D.* \#1 (November 2009\) Kitty and Lockheed reunite in *Astonishing X\-Men* (vol. 3\) \#38\. He has since joined her at the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning. A brochure included at the end of *Wolverine and the X\-Men* \#1 states that he teaches a class entitled "Knowing Your Alien Races, And How To Kill Them". ### *Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers* In the mini\-series *[Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers](/wiki/Lockjaw_and_the_Pet_Avengers "Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers")*, Lockheed teams up with [Lockjaw](/wiki/Lockjaw_%28character%29 "Lockjaw (character)") (the teleporting bulldog from the Inhumans), [Redwing](/wiki/Redwing_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Redwing (Marvel Comics)"), [Zabu](/wiki/Zabu "Zabu"), Niels the Cat/Hairball (who gained the same powers as [Speedball](/wiki/Robbie_Baldwin "Robbie Baldwin") during the same incident), a [frog Thor](/wiki/Throg "Throg"), and Ms. Lion ([May Parker's](/wiki/Aunt_May "Aunt May") pet dog from *[Spider\-Man and his Amazing Friends](/wiki/Spider-Man_and_his_Amazing_Friends "Spider-Man and his Amazing Friends")*) on a quest for the [Infinity Gems](/wiki/Infinity_Gems "Infinity Gems"). He expresses great grief over the loss of Kitty, and his estrangement from his homeworld. In another instance, he expresses feelings of guilt over acting as a mole for S.W.O.R.D, stating that he had already "betrayed too many friends and allies in the past". Lockheed is given the Time Gem during this adventure.{{cite web\| last \= Renauld\|first \= Jeffrey\| title \= NYCC: Pet Avengers Assemble!\|url\=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page\=article\&id\=19965\|publisher\=\[\[CBR.com]]\|date \=February 9, 2009}} ### X\-Men Gold Lockheed attends Kitty's wedding rehearsal dinner, bringing along his dragon family.*X\-Men: Gold* \#30 (2018\)
[ "Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------", "In *The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\# 153, \"Kitty's Fairy Tale\", Kitty Pryde, the teenage member of the X\\-Men, tells a bedtime story to young [Illyana Rasputin](/wiki/Magik \"Magik\"), who was living with the X\\-Men at the time. The story recasts the X\\-Men, including the recently deceased [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey \"Jean Grey\"), in the roles of fairy tale characters. One such character was a black dragon named \"Lockheed\",*The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#153 who was based on the X\\-Men's modified [Lockheed SR\\-71 Blackbird](/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird \"Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird\") [jet aircraft](/wiki/Jet_aircraft \"Jet aircraft\").", "Not long afterward, the X\\-Men are captured by the alien race, the [Brood](/wiki/Brood_%28comics%29 \"Brood (comics)\"), and taken to a Brood\\-colonized planet. Here, Kitty meets a purple dragon who resembles the creature from her fairy tale, which she also names \"Lockheed\".*The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#166 Lockheed is actually a member of an advanced dragon\\-like alien race whose society is similar to [insect hives](/wiki/Insect_social_networks \"Insect social networks\"). Lockheed had been celebrated by his people as a brave fighter and hero against the Brood, but had demonstrated individual attitudes and wishes which were realized only when he encountered the X\\-Men.", "Lockheed saves Kitty from the Brood, and then secretly departs along with her. She, as well as [Professor X](/wiki/Professor_X \"Professor X\") and her teammates, are unaware of his presence in the [X\\-Mansion](/wiki/X-Mansion \"X-Mansion\") until he again saves Kitty's life from a nest of alien [Sidrian](/wiki/Sidri \"Sidri\") hunter hatchlings.*The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#168 (1983\\) The X\\-Men accept his presence,*The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#168 and Lockheed has since become Kitty's longtime companion.", "To a lesser degree, Lockheed also bonds with Illyana Rasputin,{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=November 2011}} who, after being abducted into the dimension of Limbo (also known as [Otherplace](/wiki/Otherplace \"Otherplace\")) by the sorcerer [Belasco](/wiki/Belasco_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Belasco (Marvel Comics)\"), had aged into a teenager, manifested her own mutant powers, and been installed as Kitty's roommate. Lockheed occasionally accompanies Illyana after she joins the X\\-Men's \"junior team\", the [New Mutants](/wiki/New_Mutants%23The_New_Mutants_%28vol._1%29 \"New Mutants#The New Mutants (vol. 1)\"), including an adventure where the two encounter Brood\\-controlled [clones](/wiki/Molecular_cloning \"Molecular cloning\") of the X\\-Men.*The New Mutants* \\#63", "### Secret Wars", "During the *[Secret Wars](/wiki/Secret_Wars \"Secret Wars\")* the X\\-Men, including Lockheed, are transported to an alien planet nicknamed \"Battleworld\". There Lockheed meets a green, female alien dragon, supposedly created by the Beyonder's lingering power. This second dragon accompanied Lockheed and his allies to Earth, but she grew to gigantic size upon arrival and rampaged across [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"). She seemingly vanished from existence when Lockheed rejected her,*The Uncanny X\\-Men* \\#178โ€“181 (Feb.โ€“May 1984\\) though she eventually resurfaced. In the companion series *Spider\\-Man and the Secret Wars*, it is shown that Lockheed spent some time patrolling Denver, Colorado, which had been taken to Battleworld as well, protecting its citizens from alien attack.*Spider\\-Man and the Secret Wars* \\#2 (2009\\)", "### Excalibur", "In addition to serving with the X\\-Men alongside Kitty, he joins her when she co\\-founds the [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [superhero](/wiki/Superhero \"Superhero\") team Excalibur.*Excalibur* \\#1 (Dec. 1988\\) There he would form a friendship with [Widget](/wiki/Kitty_Pryde%23Days_of_Future_Past \"Kitty Pryde#Days of Future Past\").", "Lockheed participates in the so\\-called Cross\\-Time Caper, which involves him and his teammates leaping through dimensions on a train. The train itself is from an alternate universe, and it is discovered that its power source is an alternate version of Lockheed himself. The two Lockheeds become good friends, although the other Lockheed desires to stay on the train. Lockheed travels with the team (and their ally, [Alistaire Stuart](/wiki/Alistaire_Stuart \"Alistaire Stuart\")) on several adventures throughout multiple realities. The team also encounters a humanoid version of Lockheed. He and a female Nightcrawler analogue together adopt the identity of [Captain Britain](/wiki/Captain_Britain \"Captain Britain\"), protecting the citizens of a magic\\-heavy planet. Near the end of the Caper, Lockheed and the team believe Kitty to be lost in the dimensions; in reality she had been transported home far earlier than the rest of the group. The intervention of [Saturnyne](/wiki/Saturnyne \"Saturnyne\") allows the team to return home.*Excalibur* \\#12โ€“24 (1988\\)", "Eventually, Lockheed's decision to leave with Kitty and the X\\-Men comes back to haunt him. By leaving so unexpectedly, he had abandoned his fiancรฉe, whom he had been due to wed the following day. While healing from injuries gained from fighting [Doctor Doom](/wiki/Doctor_Doom \"Doctor Doom\"),*Excalibur* \\#37โ€“39 his astral form is apprehended by the Flock and made to stand trial for treason. After managing to explain his motives and saving his fellows from a piloting accident, he is officially exiled from his race, but on amicable terms.*Excalibur* \\#40 1991", "Lockheed's affections for Kitty earn him the ire of interdimensional entities called [Bamfs](/wiki/Bamf \"Bamf\"), characters from the fairy tale Kitty once told Illyana. Like Lockheed, these were real as well. These small versions of Nightcrawler also love Kitty, in their own way. At one point, jealous of Lockheed's relationship with Kitty, they invade the tunnels under [Muir Island](/wiki/Muir_Island \"Muir Island\") and hold him prisoner for some time. Lockheed's penchant for hiding after Kitty moves did not help his situation, as Kitty simply thought he was again being difficult.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=November 2011}}", "Lockheed develops a severe distaste for the secret agent [Pete Wisdom](/wiki/Pete_Wisdom \"Pete Wisdom\"), Kitty's love interest. Lockheed demonstrates that he has the ability to speak, but only talks to Wisdom, telling him that he \"hates him\". Wisdom tells Kitty about this, but she believes he is only joking, and he suffers the frequent theft of his clothing and cigarettes. Even so, Lockheed does save Wisdom's life at one point, although he tells the Londoner \"I *still* 'ate yoo\". It appears that one reason Lockheed dislikes Wisdom so much is that he much prefers Kitty's previous boyfriend, [Colossus](/wiki/Colossus_%28comics%29 \"Colossus (comics)\"). This is demonstrated at the wedding of [Captain Britain](/wiki/Captain_Britain \"Captain Britain\") and [Meggan](/wiki/Meggan_%28character%29 \"Meggan (character)\"), when Lockheed attempts to help them reconnect by snatching the bride's garter and dropping it into Piotr's hands just after Kitty had won Meggan's bouquet.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=November 2011}}", "Later, after Kitty left Excalibur and the X\\-Men entirely, it is believed that Lockheed had died. In reality, Lockheed had been found, wounded and confused, by a pair of girls who practiced witchcraft. He bonds with them until he discovers that the girls use their abilities to terrorize the local populace. The duo were soon humiliated in battle by their rival, another young girl with powers. This new friend heals Lockheed and directs him back to Kitty.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=January 2018}}", "### Back on the X\\-Men", "Kitty eventually rejoins the X\\-Men and Lockheed happily follows. When the X\\-Men battle the alien [Ord](/wiki/Ord_%28comics%29 \"Ord (comics)\"), Lockheed saves the day with his fire breath.*Astonishing X\\-Men* (vol. 3\\) \\#1 (2004\\)", "Lockheed becomes part of a training exercise for the younger students at Xavier's institute. He was the \"flag\" in a game of [Capture the Flag](/wiki/Capture_the_Flag \"Capture the Flag\"), hiding in the middle of the hedge maze. This created problems because many of the students found it hard to actually believe in a living, miniature dragon; the mutant [Wither](/wiki/Wither_%28comics%29 \"Wither (comics)\") ended up endangering Lockheed with his organic\\-destruction powers.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=September 2011}}", "Lockheed attempts to help the X\\-Men stop the [Hulk](/wiki/Hulk \"Hulk\") in *[World War Hulk](/wiki/World_War_Hulk \"World War Hulk\")*, but was defeated with the rest of the team.*World War Hulk: X\\-Men* \\#1\\-3 (2007\\)", "### Agent of S.W.O.R.D.", "It is revealed that Lockheed is a mole within the Institute for [S.W.O.R.D.](/wiki/S.W.O.R.D._%28comics%29 \"S.W.O.R.D. (comics)\")*Astonishing X\\-Men* (vol. 3\\) \\#17 [Abigail Brand](/wiki/Abigail_Brand \"Abigail Brand\"), S.W.O.R.D.'s Director later told Kitty to stop coddling the dragon like a \"starlet's chihuahua\", that he was an informant in exchange for S.W.O.R.D.'s help with pressing issues on his homeworld, and that he could speak more languages than the X\\-Men's resident genius, the [Beast](/wiki/Beast_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Beast (Marvel Comics)\"). The shocked team looked on as Lockheed flew away from Kitty.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=November 2011}} The X\\-Men then join forces with S.W.O.R.D. in an attempt to end the confrontation with the alien race of Breakworld, who are attempting to destroy Earth with a giant missile. Kitty is assigned with the team appointed to stop the missile, while Lockheed is forced to remain behind. The two share a final lingering look before Kitty leaves. It is revealed that the missile is actually a giant bullet, and Kitty becomes trapped in it phasing it through the Earth. While grieving over Kitty, Lockheed drinks heavily to help with the pain. Eventually Abigail Brand reveals that Kitty is still alive within the bullet but they can't get her out yet. Lockheed then approaches a villain named Unit for help, but after learning that he would have to free Unit from prison changes his mind and leaves.*S.W.O.R.D.* \\#1 (November 2009\\)", "Kitty and Lockheed reunite in *Astonishing X\\-Men* (vol. 3\\) \\#38\\. He has since joined her at the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning. A brochure included at the end of *Wolverine and the X\\-Men* \\#1 states that he teaches a class entitled \"Knowing Your Alien Races, And How To Kill Them\".", "### *Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers*", "In the mini\\-series *[Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers](/wiki/Lockjaw_and_the_Pet_Avengers \"Lockjaw and the Pet Avengers\")*, Lockheed teams up with [Lockjaw](/wiki/Lockjaw_%28character%29 \"Lockjaw (character)\") (the teleporting bulldog from the Inhumans), [Redwing](/wiki/Redwing_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Redwing (Marvel Comics)\"), [Zabu](/wiki/Zabu \"Zabu\"), Niels the Cat/Hairball (who gained the same powers as [Speedball](/wiki/Robbie_Baldwin \"Robbie Baldwin\") during the same incident), a [frog Thor](/wiki/Throg \"Throg\"), and Ms. Lion ([May Parker's](/wiki/Aunt_May \"Aunt May\") pet dog from *[Spider\\-Man and his Amazing Friends](/wiki/Spider-Man_and_his_Amazing_Friends \"Spider-Man and his Amazing Friends\")*) on a quest for the [Infinity Gems](/wiki/Infinity_Gems \"Infinity Gems\"). He expresses great grief over the loss of Kitty, and his estrangement from his homeworld. In another instance, he expresses feelings of guilt over acting as a mole for S.W.O.R.D, stating that he had already \"betrayed too many friends and allies in the past\". Lockheed is given the Time Gem during this adventure.{{cite web\\| last \\= Renauld\\|first \\= Jeffrey\\| title \\= NYCC: Pet Avengers Assemble!\\|url\\=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page\\=article\\&id\\=19965\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CBR.com]]\\|date \\=February 9, 2009}}", "### X\\-Men Gold", "Lockheed attends Kitty's wedding rehearsal dinner, bringing along his dragon family.*X\\-Men: Gold* \\#30 (2018\\)", "" ]
History ------- Throughout the decades of organized professional automobile racing, track owners and sanctioning bodies were constantly developing and attempting to utilize various devices to protect drivers and spectators in the event of a crash. Tire barriers, water and sand barrels, Styrofoam blocks, gravel traps, guardrails, earth embankments, and other various low\-cost devices were implemented, with a varying level of success and usefulness. In most cases, the devices were practical for road and street courses, but impractical, or particularly inappropriate for [oval tracks](/wiki/Oval_track_racing "Oval track racing"). Oval tracks typically were constructed with reinforced concrete walls around the entire perimeter of the track (and along all or parts of the inside perimeters). The high speeds of oval track racing required strong walls to prevent cars from leaving the racing surface and protect spectators alike, primarily due to [centrifugal force](/wiki/Centrifugal_force "Centrifugal force"). Early years saw metal guardrails on the outside perimeters at some oval tracks, but their limitations, maintenance needs, and sometimes troublesome results saw them completely phased out by the late 1980s. The concrete walls generally showed favorable protection for spectators, and even against large [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") stock cars, routinely held up nearly unscathed during crashes. They also usually required minimal maintenance. However, the hard surface and unforgiving nature of the walls were prone to cause injury to the drivers in a crash. In the later years of the 20th century, sharply increasing speeds and several high\-profile fatal accidents accelerated the need and public outcry for safety improvements at the track level.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.prnewswire.com/news\-releases\-test/pave\-the\-gravel\-traps\-\-re\-think\-the\-tire\-barriers\-cushion\-the\-oval\-walls\-says\-ex\-racer\-fitch\-72832602\.html\|title\=All News Releases Distributed by PR Newswire\|work\=prnewswire.com\|access\-date\=22 February 2015}} The undesirable results or outright failures of existing safety devices required the need for a full\-scale research and development of a new device. Throughout the 1970sโ€“1990s, [Indycar](/wiki/Indycar "Indycar") constructors, for instance, had attempted to address the issue of impact dissipation through car design. Pieces of the car (wheel assemblies, wings, bodywork, etc.) were designed to breakaway after impact, absorbing kinetic energy. [Crumple zones](/wiki/Crumple_zone "Crumple zone") were also created. While it typically yielded positive results, it also had drawbacks. The debris field created new hazards for cars approaching the crash scene, and if cars hit pieces of the debris, it could be propelled into the spectator areas. In two high\-profile [incidents](/wiki/List_of_fatal_Champ_Car_accidents%23Non-driver_fatalities "List of fatal Champ Car accidents#Non-driver fatalities") multiple spectators were fatally injured when sheared off wheel assemblies were punted into the grandstands. ### PEDS Barrier The precursor to the SAFER Barrier was developed in 1998\. The Polyethylene Energy Dissipating System (or PEDS Barrier) was developed by the [Indy Racing League](/wiki/IndyCar "IndyCar") and retired [GM](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") engineer John Pierce at [Wayne State University](/wiki/Wayne_State_University "Wayne State University"). The device consisted of [PE](/wiki/Polyethylene "Polyethylene") cylinders mounted upright along the concrete wall, covered with plates of the same material, overlapping each other in the direction of travel. The plates' mounting pattern resembled scales on a fish. The PEDS barrier was installed on a trial basis at the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway "Indianapolis Motor Speedway") in time for the [1998 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1998_Indianapolis_500 "1998 Indianapolis 500").{{cite news\|title\=Speedway's 'crash wall'proves sensible even without real test (Part 1\)\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6365851/indianapolis\_motor\_speedway\_peds\_barrier/\|first\=Robin\|last\=Miller\|author\-link\=Robin Miller (journalist)\|newspaper\=The Indianapolis Star\|page\=39\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=May 23, 1998\|access\-date\=August 25, 2016}}{{Open access}}{{cite news\|title\=Speedway's 'crash wall'proves sensible even without real test (Part 2\)\|url\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6365861/indianapolis\_motor\_speedway\_peds\_barrier/\|first\=Robin\|last\=Miller\|author\-link\=Robin Miller (journalist)\|newspaper\=The Indianapolis Star\|page\=40\|via\=\[\[Newspapers.com]]\|date\=May 23, 1998\|access\-date\=August 25, 2016}}{{Open access}} It was installed along the inside wall near the entrance to the pits. However, it was not impacted during the race. About two months later, the barrier received its first full\-scale test. During the 1998 [IROC at Indy](/wiki/IROC_at_Indy "IROC at Indy") race, [Arie Luyendyk](/wiki/Arie_Luyendyk "Arie Luyendyk") spun and impacted the barrier broadside with his [IROC](/wiki/International_Race_of_Champions "International Race of Champions") [stock car](/wiki/Stock_car "Stock car"). The violent impact ripped many of the PEDS Barrier components from the wall, threw them high into the air, and littered the track with huge amounts of heavy debris. Luyendyk's car bounced off the wall, across the track and back into oncoming traffic. The car narrowly missed being [T\-boned](/wiki/Side_collision%23Broadside_or_T-bone_collision "Side collision#Broadside or T-bone collision") by another car approaching the scene at high speed. Though the barrier was credited with saving Luyendyk from serious injury,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/images/news/show/36996\-ims\-peds\-barrier\-started\-safer\-barrier\-revolution\-10\-years\-ago/\|title\=Indianapolis Motor Speedway\|work\=indianapolismotorspeedway.com\|access\-date\=22 February 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/date/19980801/news015279\.html\|title\=PEDS Barrier Passes First Test in Luyendyk IROC Crash\|work\=theautochannel.com\|access\-date\=22 February 2015}} it was deemed mostly a failure due to the flaws that were exposed with the design. A slightly updated version (PEDS\-2\) was installed for a trial basis for the [1999 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1999_Indianapolis_500 "1999 Indianapolis 500"), but after driver [Hideshi Matsuda](/wiki/Hideshi_Matsuda "Hideshi Matsuda") impacted it, another major flaw (the tendency to "catch and pivot") was exposed. The barrier was removed soon after. ### SAFER Barrier [thumb\|SAFER barrier at [Talladega Superspeedway](/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway "Talladega Superspeedway")](/wiki/File:SaferBarrierTalladega.jpg "SaferBarrierTalladega.jpg") After the mixed results with the PEDS Barrier, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway contacted engineers at the [University of Nebraska\-Lincoln](/wiki/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln "University of Nebraska-Lincoln") starting in the fall of 1998, in order to spearhead development of a new barrier. The research effort was conducted by the [Midwest Roadside Safety Facility](/wiki/Midwest_Roadside_Safety_Facility "Midwest Roadside Safety Facility") and was sponsored and bankrolled by the [Indy Racing League](/wiki/IndyCar "IndyCar"). With the primary goal of reducing driver impact, the project also had the following objectives: * A device that would have a flush surface โ€“ to prevent "catch and pivot" or "wrapping" scenarios. * A device that would be able to be retro\-fitted to the existing concrete walls at the multitude of speedways across the country, which each had varying existing conditions. * Prevent the car from bouncing back to the racing surface and into oncoming traffic. * Be able to withstand both open wheel Indy cars and heavy NASCAR stock cars (since many tracks hosted both series) * A device that could easily be repaired after impact โ€“ preventing lengthy delays during an event. * Cost\-effectiveness The SAFER Barrier development was completed in the spring of 2002, and was first installed at the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway "Indianapolis Motor Speedway") in May 2002, in time for the [2002 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/2002_Indianapolis_500 "2002 Indianapolis 500"). It was first "tested" by [Robby McGehee](/wiki/Robby_McGehee "Robby McGehee") in a crash during the first day of practice. After successful usage at Indianapolis, the system began to be installed at several other tracks nationwide. By 2006, every oval facility that hosted an [IRL](/wiki/Indy_Racing_League "Indy Racing League") [IndyCar Series](/wiki/IndyCar_Series "IndyCar Series") or [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR "NASCAR") [Sprint Cup Series](/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series "Sprint Cup Series") event included the SAFER barrier. In 2006, [Iowa Speedway](/wiki/Iowa_Speedway "Iowa Speedway") became the first racetrack to install a purpose\-built, self\-standing SAFER barrier that extends around the entire outer circumference of the track. All previous installations had been the retrofit style to an existing concrete wall only in the turns. Most oval speedways more than a mile in length in the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") have since installed the system. Several tracks that had SAFER barriers initially installed in the turns in the early/mid\-2000s have extended their barriers to more than just the turns, some to the entire perimeter. Many have added additional barriers along the inside walls. An interesting challenge was presented with [Dover International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway "Dover International Speedway"). When officials came to install the barrier, they found the wall, which was made of steel and not concrete, would not support the system. Officials were able to install the system on the inside concrete wall successfully. After a re\-design and further testing, the system was installed a year and a half later. The barrier received its first road course usage when [Watkins Glen International](/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International "Watkins Glen International") adopted the SAFER barrier for key sections of the circuit, most notably in the bus stop [chicane](/wiki/Chicane "Chicane") and Turn 11 for 2010\. International road and street track adoption for the SAFER barrier has progressed gradually. Typically they are installed on high speed cornering sections, where space for runoff areas or gravel traps is limited and side impacts are of concern. Notable uses include: * [Circuit de la Sarthe](/wiki/Circuit_de_la_Sarthe "Circuit de la Sarthe"): Porsche Curves (2016\){{Cite web\|url\=http://motorsports.nbcsports.com/2016/05/20/safer\-barrier\-set\-for\-introduction\-at\-le\-mans/\|title\=SAFER barrier set for introduction at Le Mans\|last\=Smith\|first\=Luke\|date\=2016\-05\-20\|website\=MotorSportsTalk\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-02}} * [Autรณdromo Josรฉ Carlos Pace](/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Pace "Autรณdromo Josรฉ Carlos Pace"): Turn 14 (2010\){{Cite web\|url\=http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1\-news/246016/new\-soft\-wall\-installed\-at\-interlagos/\|title\=New 'soft wall' installed at Interlagos\|website\=GPUpdate.net\|language\=en\-GB\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-02}} * [Baku City Circuit](/wiki/Baku_City_Circuit "Baku City Circuit"): Turns 13, 19 (2016\){{Cite news\|url\=https://www.motorsportweek.com/news/id/15042\|title\=Formula 1: Minor tweaks at Baku ahead of Azerbaijan GP\|last\=Horton\|first\=Phillip\|work\=Motorsport Week\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-02\|language\=en}} * [Circuit Gilles Villeneuve](/wiki/Circuit_Gilles_Villeneuve "Circuit Gilles Villeneuve"): Turn 5 (2017\){{Cite news\|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/key\-upgrades\-montreal\-formula\-1\-track\-895791/\|title\=Key upgrades for Montreal Formula 1 track\|work\=Motorsport.com\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-02\|language\=en}} * [Road America](/wiki/Road_America "Road America"): Turn 11 (2019\) {{Cite news\|url\=https://www.apnews.com/3bbd23da588d495c9dbc5c2c97f6e198\|title\=IndyCar drivers weigh risk, reward at exacting Road America\|work\=APnews.com\|access\-date\=2019\-07\-29}} * [Circuit Zandvoort](/wiki/Circuit_Zandvoort "Circuit Zandvoort"): Turn 14 (2020\){{Cite web \|date\=2020\-02\-27 \|title\=Zandvoort banked turns completed ahead of F1 Dutch Grand Prix \|url\=https://www.crash.net/f1/news/936690/1/zandvoort\-banked\-turns\-completed\-ahead\-f1\-dutch\-grand\-prix \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-17 \|website\=Crash \|language\=en}}
[ "History\n-------", "Throughout the decades of organized professional automobile racing, track owners and sanctioning bodies were constantly developing and attempting to utilize various devices to protect drivers and spectators in the event of a crash. Tire barriers, water and sand barrels, Styrofoam blocks, gravel traps, guardrails, earth embankments, and other various low\\-cost devices were implemented, with a varying level of success and usefulness. In most cases, the devices were practical for road and street courses, but impractical, or particularly inappropriate for [oval tracks](/wiki/Oval_track_racing \"Oval track racing\").", "Oval tracks typically were constructed with reinforced concrete walls around the entire perimeter of the track (and along all or parts of the inside perimeters). The high speeds of oval track racing required strong walls to prevent cars from leaving the racing surface and protect spectators alike, primarily due to [centrifugal force](/wiki/Centrifugal_force \"Centrifugal force\"). Early years saw metal guardrails on the outside perimeters at some oval tracks, but their limitations, maintenance needs, and sometimes troublesome results saw them completely phased out by the late 1980s. The concrete walls generally showed favorable protection for spectators, and even against large [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") stock cars, routinely held up nearly unscathed during crashes. They also usually required minimal maintenance. However, the hard surface and unforgiving nature of the walls were prone to cause injury to the drivers in a crash.", "In the later years of the 20th century, sharply increasing speeds and several high\\-profile fatal accidents accelerated the need and public outcry for safety improvements at the track level.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.prnewswire.com/news\\-releases\\-test/pave\\-the\\-gravel\\-traps\\-\\-re\\-think\\-the\\-tire\\-barriers\\-cushion\\-the\\-oval\\-walls\\-says\\-ex\\-racer\\-fitch\\-72832602\\.html\\|title\\=All News Releases Distributed by PR Newswire\\|work\\=prnewswire.com\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2015}} The undesirable results or outright failures of existing safety devices required the need for a full\\-scale research and development of a new device.", "Throughout the 1970sโ€“1990s, [Indycar](/wiki/Indycar \"Indycar\") constructors, for instance, had attempted to address the issue of impact dissipation through car design. Pieces of the car (wheel assemblies, wings, bodywork, etc.) were designed to breakaway after impact, absorbing kinetic energy. [Crumple zones](/wiki/Crumple_zone \"Crumple zone\") were also created. While it typically yielded positive results, it also had drawbacks. The debris field created new hazards for cars approaching the crash scene, and if cars hit pieces of the debris, it could be propelled into the spectator areas. In two high\\-profile [incidents](/wiki/List_of_fatal_Champ_Car_accidents%23Non-driver_fatalities \"List of fatal Champ Car accidents#Non-driver fatalities\") multiple spectators were fatally injured when sheared off wheel assemblies were punted into the grandstands.", "### PEDS Barrier", "The precursor to the SAFER Barrier was developed in 1998\\. The Polyethylene Energy Dissipating System (or PEDS Barrier) was developed by the [Indy Racing League](/wiki/IndyCar \"IndyCar\") and retired [GM](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") engineer John Pierce at [Wayne State University](/wiki/Wayne_State_University \"Wayne State University\"). The device consisted of [PE](/wiki/Polyethylene \"Polyethylene\") cylinders mounted upright along the concrete wall, covered with plates of the same material, overlapping each other in the direction of travel. The plates' mounting pattern resembled scales on a fish.", "The PEDS barrier was installed on a trial basis at the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\") in time for the [1998 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1998_Indianapolis_500 \"1998 Indianapolis 500\").{{cite news\\|title\\=Speedway's 'crash wall'proves sensible even without real test (Part 1\\)\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6365851/indianapolis\\_motor\\_speedway\\_peds\\_barrier/\\|first\\=Robin\\|last\\=Miller\\|author\\-link\\=Robin Miller (journalist)\\|newspaper\\=The Indianapolis Star\\|page\\=39\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=May 23, 1998\\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2016}}{{Open access}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Speedway's 'crash wall'proves sensible even without real test (Part 2\\)\\|url\\=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6365861/indianapolis\\_motor\\_speedway\\_peds\\_barrier/\\|first\\=Robin\\|last\\=Miller\\|author\\-link\\=Robin Miller (journalist)\\|newspaper\\=The Indianapolis Star\\|page\\=40\\|via\\=\\[\\[Newspapers.com]]\\|date\\=May 23, 1998\\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2016}}{{Open access}} It was installed along the inside wall near the entrance to the pits. However, it was not impacted during the race. About two months later, the barrier received its first full\\-scale test. During the 1998 [IROC at Indy](/wiki/IROC_at_Indy \"IROC at Indy\") race, [Arie Luyendyk](/wiki/Arie_Luyendyk \"Arie Luyendyk\") spun and impacted the barrier broadside with his [IROC](/wiki/International_Race_of_Champions \"International Race of Champions\") [stock car](/wiki/Stock_car \"Stock car\"). The violent impact ripped many of the PEDS Barrier components from the wall, threw them high into the air, and littered the track with huge amounts of heavy debris. Luyendyk's car bounced off the wall, across the track and back into oncoming traffic. The car narrowly missed being [T\\-boned](/wiki/Side_collision%23Broadside_or_T-bone_collision \"Side collision#Broadside or T-bone collision\") by another car approaching the scene at high speed.", "Though the barrier was credited with saving Luyendyk from serious injury,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.indianapolismotorspeedway.com/images/news/show/36996\\-ims\\-peds\\-barrier\\-started\\-safer\\-barrier\\-revolution\\-10\\-years\\-ago/\\|title\\=Indianapolis Motor Speedway\\|work\\=indianapolismotorspeedway.com\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/date/19980801/news015279\\.html\\|title\\=PEDS Barrier Passes First Test in Luyendyk IROC Crash\\|work\\=theautochannel.com\\|access\\-date\\=22 February 2015}} it was deemed mostly a failure due to the flaws that were exposed with the design. A slightly updated version (PEDS\\-2\\) was installed for a trial basis for the [1999 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/1999_Indianapolis_500 \"1999 Indianapolis 500\"), but after driver [Hideshi Matsuda](/wiki/Hideshi_Matsuda \"Hideshi Matsuda\") impacted it, another major flaw (the tendency to \"catch and pivot\") was exposed. The barrier was removed soon after.", "### SAFER Barrier", "[thumb\\|SAFER barrier at [Talladega Superspeedway](/wiki/Talladega_Superspeedway \"Talladega Superspeedway\")](/wiki/File:SaferBarrierTalladega.jpg \"SaferBarrierTalladega.jpg\")\nAfter the mixed results with the PEDS Barrier, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway contacted engineers at the [University of Nebraska\\-Lincoln](/wiki/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln \"University of Nebraska-Lincoln\") starting in the fall of 1998, in order to spearhead development of a new barrier. The research effort was conducted by the [Midwest Roadside Safety Facility](/wiki/Midwest_Roadside_Safety_Facility \"Midwest Roadside Safety Facility\") and was sponsored and bankrolled by the [Indy Racing League](/wiki/IndyCar \"IndyCar\").", "With the primary goal of reducing driver impact, the project also had the following objectives:\n* A device that would have a flush surface โ€“ to prevent \"catch and pivot\" or \"wrapping\" scenarios.\n* A device that would be able to be retro\\-fitted to the existing concrete walls at the multitude of speedways across the country, which each had varying existing conditions.\n* Prevent the car from bouncing back to the racing surface and into oncoming traffic.\n* Be able to withstand both open wheel Indy cars and heavy NASCAR stock cars (since many tracks hosted both series)\n* A device that could easily be repaired after impact โ€“ preventing lengthy delays during an event.\n* Cost\\-effectiveness", "The SAFER Barrier development was completed in the spring of 2002, and was first installed at the [Indianapolis Motor Speedway](/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway \"Indianapolis Motor Speedway\") in May 2002, in time for the [2002 Indianapolis 500](/wiki/2002_Indianapolis_500 \"2002 Indianapolis 500\"). It was first \"tested\" by [Robby McGehee](/wiki/Robby_McGehee \"Robby McGehee\") in a crash during the first day of practice.", "After successful usage at Indianapolis, the system began to be installed at several other tracks nationwide. By 2006, every oval facility that hosted an [IRL](/wiki/Indy_Racing_League \"Indy Racing League\") [IndyCar Series](/wiki/IndyCar_Series \"IndyCar Series\") or [NASCAR](/wiki/NASCAR \"NASCAR\") [Sprint Cup Series](/wiki/Sprint_Cup_Series \"Sprint Cup Series\") event included the SAFER barrier. In 2006, [Iowa Speedway](/wiki/Iowa_Speedway \"Iowa Speedway\") became the first racetrack to install a purpose\\-built, self\\-standing SAFER barrier that extends around the entire outer circumference of the track. All previous installations had been the retrofit style to an existing concrete wall only in the turns. Most oval speedways more than a mile in length in the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") have since installed the system. Several tracks that had SAFER barriers initially installed in the turns in the early/mid\\-2000s have extended their barriers to more than just the turns, some to the entire perimeter. Many have added additional barriers along the inside walls.", "An interesting challenge was presented with [Dover International Speedway](/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway \"Dover International Speedway\"). When officials came to install the barrier, they found the wall, which was made of steel and not concrete, would not support the system. Officials were able to install the system on the inside concrete wall successfully. After a re\\-design and further testing, the system was installed a year and a half later.", "The barrier received its first road course usage when [Watkins Glen International](/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International \"Watkins Glen International\") adopted the SAFER barrier for key sections of the circuit, most notably in the bus stop [chicane](/wiki/Chicane \"Chicane\") and Turn 11 for 2010\\. International road and street track adoption for the SAFER barrier has progressed gradually. Typically they are installed on high speed cornering sections, where space for runoff areas or gravel traps is limited and side impacts are of concern. Notable uses include:\n* [Circuit de la Sarthe](/wiki/Circuit_de_la_Sarthe \"Circuit de la Sarthe\"): Porsche Curves (2016\\){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://motorsports.nbcsports.com/2016/05/20/safer\\-barrier\\-set\\-for\\-introduction\\-at\\-le\\-mans/\\|title\\=SAFER barrier set for introduction at Le Mans\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Luke\\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-20\\|website\\=MotorSportsTalk\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-02}}\n* [Autรณdromo Josรฉ Carlos Pace](/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Pace \"Autรณdromo Josรฉ Carlos Pace\"): Turn 14 (2010\\){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1\\-news/246016/new\\-soft\\-wall\\-installed\\-at\\-interlagos/\\|title\\=New 'soft wall' installed at Interlagos\\|website\\=GPUpdate.net\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-02}}\n* [Baku City Circuit](/wiki/Baku_City_Circuit \"Baku City Circuit\"): Turns 13, 19 (2016\\){{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.motorsportweek.com/news/id/15042\\|title\\=Formula 1: Minor tweaks at Baku ahead of Azerbaijan GP\\|last\\=Horton\\|first\\=Phillip\\|work\\=Motorsport Week\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-02\\|language\\=en}}\n* [Circuit Gilles Villeneuve](/wiki/Circuit_Gilles_Villeneuve \"Circuit Gilles Villeneuve\"): Turn 5 (2017\\){{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/key\\-upgrades\\-montreal\\-formula\\-1\\-track\\-895791/\\|title\\=Key upgrades for Montreal Formula 1 track\\|work\\=Motorsport.com\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-02\\|language\\=en}}\n* [Road America](/wiki/Road_America \"Road America\"): Turn 11 (2019\\) {{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.apnews.com/3bbd23da588d495c9dbc5c2c97f6e198\\|title\\=IndyCar drivers weigh risk, reward at exacting Road America\\|work\\=APnews.com\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-29}}\n* [Circuit Zandvoort](/wiki/Circuit_Zandvoort \"Circuit Zandvoort\"): Turn 14 (2020\\){{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-27 \\|title\\=Zandvoort banked turns completed ahead of F1 Dutch Grand Prix \\|url\\=https://www.crash.net/f1/news/936690/1/zandvoort\\-banked\\-turns\\-completed\\-ahead\\-f1\\-dutch\\-grand\\-prix \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-17 \\|website\\=Crash \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Current tactical systems{{anchor\|Countries with ABM capability\|reason\=Old section name}} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### People's Republic of China {{Unreliable sources section\|date\=March 2022}} #### Historical Project 640 Project 640 had been the PRC's indigenous effort to develop ABM capability.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/project640\.asp \|title\=Project 640: China's National Missile Defence in the '70s \|publisher\=SinoDefence.com \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213232047/http://www.sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/project640\.asp \|archive\-date\=13 December 2011}} The Academy of Anti\-Ballistic Missile \& Anti\-Satellite was established from 1969 for the purpose of developing Project 640\. The project was to involve at least three elements, including the necessary sensors and guidance/command system, the Fan Ji (FJ) missile interceptor, and the XianFeng missile\-intercepting cannon. The FJ\-1 had completed two successful flight tests during 1979, while the low\-altitude interceptor FJ\-2 completed some successful flight tests using scaled prototypes. A high altitude FJ\-3 interceptor was also proposed. Despite the development of missiles, the programme was slowed down due to financial and political reasons. It was finally closed down during 1980 under a new leadership of Deng Xiaoping as it was seemingly deemed unnecessary after the 1972 Anti\-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States and the closure of the US [Safeguard](/wiki/Safeguard_Program "Safeguard Program") ABM system. #### Operational Chinese system In March 2006, China tested an interceptor system comparable to the U.S. Patriot missiles.{{cite web \|url\=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode\=060000\&biid\=2006032829898 \|title\=donga.com\[English donga] \|publisher\=English.donga.com \|date\=28 March 2006 \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620031722/http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode\=060000\&biid\=2006032829898 \|archive\-date\=20 June 2012 \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.missilethreat.com/archives/id.537/detail.asp \|title\=Chinese Version of Patriot Interceptor Said Undergoing Tests \|publisher\=MissileThreat \|date\=29 March 2006 \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720065356/http://www.missilethreat.com/archives/id.537/detail.asp \|archive\-date\=20 July 2012 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw\_20100112\_1311\.php \|title\=Pentagon Received No Warning of Chinese Missile Defense Test \|publisher\=Globalsecuritynewswire.org \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213234815/http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw\_20100112\_1311\.php \|archive\-date\=13 December 2011 \|url\-status\=live }} China has acquired and is license\-producing the [S\-300PMU\-2/S\-300PMU\-1](/wiki/SA-10A_Grumble%23S-300PMU-1/2_%28SA-20%29 "SA-10A Grumble#S-300PMU-1/2 (SA-20)") series of terminal ABM\-capable SAMs. China\-produced [HQ\-9](/wiki/HQ-9 "HQ-9") SAM system{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/hongqi9\.asp \|title\=HongQi 9 (HQ\-9\) Surface\-to\-Air Missile System \|publisher\=SinoDefence.com \|date\=3 October 2009 \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904130239/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/hongqi9\.asp \|archive\-date\=4 September 2013 }} may possess terminal ABM capabilities. PRC Navy's operating modern air\-defense destroyers known as the [Type 052C Destroyer](/wiki/Type_052C "Type 052C") and [Type 051C Destroyer](/wiki/Type_051C_destroyer "Type 051C destroyer") are armed with naval HQ\-9 missiles. The HQ\-19, similar to the [THAAD](/wiki/THAAD "THAAD"), was first tested in 2003, and subsequently a few more times, including in November 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/11/did\-china\-just\-test\-a\-new\-satellite\-killer\|title\=Did China Just Test a New Satellite\-Killer?\|first\=David\|last\=Axe\|date\=11 November 2015\|website\=The Daily Beast\|access\-date\=21 July 2017}} The HQ\-29, a counterpart to the [MIM\-104F PAC\-3](/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot%23MIM-104F_%28PAC-3%29 "MIM-104 Patriot#MIM-104F (PAC-3)"), was first tested in 2011\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq\-29\.htm\|title\=HQ\-29 Anti\-Ballistic Missile Interceptor\|first\=John\|last\=Pike\|website\=www.globalsecurity.org\|access\-date\=21 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806195843/http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq\-29\.htm\|archive\-date\=6 August 2017\|url\-status\=live}} [Surface\-to\-air missiles](/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile "Surface-to-air missile") that supposedly have some terminal ABM capability (as opposed to midcourse capability): * [HQ\-29](/wiki/HQ-9%23Variants "HQ-9#Variants"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq\-19\.htm\|title\=HQ\-19 Anti\-Ballistic Missile Interceptor\|first\=John\|last\=Pike\|website\=www.globalsecurity.org\|access\-date\=21 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714092135/http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq\-19\.htm\|archive\-date\=14 July 2017\|url\-status\=live}} * [HQ\-19](/wiki/HQ-9%23Variants "HQ-9#Variants") * [HQ\-18](/wiki/S-300_%28missile%29%23Operators_and_other_versions "S-300 (missile)#Operators and other versions"){{cite web \|url\=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes\-Strategic\-Weapon\-Systems/HQ\-18\-S\-300V\-China.html \|title\=HQ\-18 (S\-300V) (China) โ€“ Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems \|publisher\=Articles.janes.com \|date\=16 December 2011 \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402185021/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes\-Strategic\-Weapon\-Systems/HQ\-18\-S\-300V\-China.html \|archive\-date\=2 April 2012 \|url\-status\=live }}{{speculation inline\|date\=March 2022}} * [HQ\-15](/wiki/HQ-15 "HQ-15"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.missilethreat.com/missiledefensesystems/id.29/system\_detail.asp \|title\=Hongqi\-15 (HQ\-15\) \|publisher\=MissileThreat \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505035238/http://www.missilethreat.com/missiledefensesystems/id.29/system\_detail.asp \|archive\-date\=5 May 2012 }} #### Development of midcourse ABM in China The technology and experience from the successful [anti\-satellite test](/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test "2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test") using a ground\-launched interceptor during January 2007 was immediately applied to current ABM efforts and development.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/fortress\-china4\.asp \|title\=4\. Anti\-Stealth and Countermeasures \|publisher\=SinoDefence.com \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518132501/http://sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/fortress\-china4\.asp \|archive\-date\=18 May 2012 }}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story\_channel.jsp?channel\=defense\&id\=news/CHINA040809\.xml\&headline\=China%20adds%20precision%20strike%20to%20capabilities \|title\=China Adds Precision Strike To Capabilities \|publisher\=Aviationweek.com \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 }}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} China carried out a [land\-based anti\-ballistic missile test](/wiki/2010_Chinese_anti-ballistic_missile_test "2010 Chinese anti-ballistic missile test") on 11 January 2010\. The test was exoatmospheric and done in midcourse{{cite news \| url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks\-files/china\-wikileaks/8299323/DEMARCHE\-FOLLOWING\-CHINAS\-JANUARY\-2010\-INTERCEPT\-FLIGHT\-TEST.html \| location\=London \| work\=The Daily Telegraph \| title\=Demarche Following China's January 2010 Intercept Flight\-Test \| date\=2 February 2011 \| access\-date\=4 April 2018 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203065924/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks\-files/china\-wikileaks/8299323/DEMARCHE\-FOLLOWING\-CHINAS\-JANUARY\-2010\-INTERCEPT\-FLIGHT\-TEST.html \| archive\-date\=3 February 2018 \| url\-status\=live }} phase and with a [kinetic kill vehicle](/wiki/Kinetic_kill_vehicle "Kinetic kill vehicle"). China is the second country after US that demonstrated intercepting ballistic missile with a kinetic kill vehicle, the interceptor missile was a [SC\-19](/wiki/DF-21%23KT_ABM/ASAT "DF-21#KT ABM/ASAT").{{cite web\|url\=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2010\-01\-12/0247580308\.html \|script\-title\=zh:ๆˆ‘ๅ›ฝ่ฏ•้ชŒ้™†ๅŸบๅๅฏผ ๆญคๅ‰ไป…็พŽๅ›ฝ่ฟ›่กŒ่ฟ‡็›ธๅ…ณ่ฏ•้ชŒ \|publisher\=SINA News \|date\=12 January 2010 \|access\-date\=11 January 2010\| language\=zh\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100114072145/http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2010\-01\-12/0247580308\.html\| archive\-date\= 14 January 2010 \| url\-status\= live}} The sources suggest the system is not operationally deployed as of 2010\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw\_20100114\_5918\.php \|title\=NTI \|publisher\=Global Security Newswire \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119032640/http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw\_20100114\_5918\.php \|archive\-date\=19 January 2010 \|url\-status\=live }} On 27 January 2013, China did another anti ballistic missile test. According to the Chinese Defence Ministry, the missile launch is defensive in character and is not aimed against any countries. Experts hailed China's technological breakthrough because it is difficult to intercept ballistic missiles that have reached the highest point and speed in the middle of their course. Only two countries, including the US, have successfully conducted such a test in the past decade.{{cite web\|url\=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013\_01\_28/China\-test\-fires\-defensive\-missile/\|title\=China test\-fires anti\-ballistic missile\|website\=english.ruvr.ru\|access\-date\=21 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201119/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013\_01\_28/China\-test\-fires\-defensive\-missile/\|archive\-date\=16 May 2013\|url\-status\=dead}} On 4 February 2021, China successfully conducted mid\-course intercept anti\-ballistic missile test. Military analysts indicates that the test and dozens done before reflects China's improvement in the area.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.janes.com/defence\-news/news\-detail/china\-conducts\-another\-mid\-course\-anti\-ballistic\-missile\-test \|title\=China conducts another mid\-course anti\-ballistic missile test \|website\=Janes \|date\=8 February 2021\|first\=Andrew \|last\=Tate}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.thedrive.com/the\-war\-zone/39093/china\-claims\-it\-has\-conducted\-a\-new\-midcourse\-intercept\-anti\-ballistic\-missile\-test \|title\=China Claims It Has Conducted A New Midcourse Intercept Anti\-Ballistic Missile Test \|website\=The Drive \|date\=4 February 2021 \|first\=Joseph \|last\=Trevithick \|access\-date\=13 May 2021 \|archive\-date\=13 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513164726/https://www.thedrive.com/the\-war\-zone/39093/china\-claims\-it\-has\-conducted\-a\-new\-midcourse\-intercept\-anti\-ballistic\-missile\-test \|url\-status\=dead }} Rumored midcourse missiles: * [DN\-3](/wiki/Dong_Neng-3 "Dong Neng-3") * [DN\-2](/wiki/Dong_Neng-2 "Dong Neng-2") * [DN\-1](/wiki/Dong_Ning-1 "Dong Ning-1") * [HQ\-26](/wiki/HQ-9%23Variants "HQ-9#Variants") ### France, Italy, and the United Kingdom [thumb\|right\|[Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy") [Type 45 destroyers](/wiki/Type_45_destroyer "Type 45 destroyer") (*pictured*), and [French Navy](/wiki/French_Navy "French Navy") and [Italian Navy](/wiki/Italian_Navy "Italian Navy") {{sclass2\|Horizon\|frigate\|5}} and [FREMM frigates](/wiki/FREMM_multipurpose_frigate "FREMM multipurpose frigate") operate [Aster 30 missiles](/wiki/Aster_missile "Aster missile")](/wiki/File:HMS_Daring-1.jpg "HMS Daring-1.jpg") {{Main\|Aster (missile family)}} The [Aster](/wiki/Aster_%28missile_family%29 "Aster (missile family)") is a family of missiles jointly developed by [France](/wiki/France "France") and [Italy](/wiki/Italy "Italy"). The Aster 30 variants are capable of ballistic missile defense. An export customer, the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") also operates the Aster 30 Block 0\. On 18 October 2010, France announced a successful tactical ABM test of the Aster 30 missile{{cite web\|url\=http://defense\-update.com/wp/20101126\_samp\_t.html \|title\=SAMP/T Successful on First European Missile Defense Intercept Test \|date\=26 November 2010 \|publisher\=Defense Update \|access\-date\=26 November 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129040354/http://defense\-update.com/wp/20101126\_samp\_t.html \|archive\-date\=29 November 2010}} and on 1 December 2011 a successful interception of a Black Sparrow ballistic target missile.{{cite web\|url\=http://ead\-minerve.fr/WordPress3/?p\=683 \|title\=Premier tir anti\-balistique \| Blog de la DE \|publisher\=Ead\-minerve.fr \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071256/http://ead\-minerve.fr/WordPress3/?p\=683 \|archive\-date\=26 April 2012 }}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.marianne2\.fr/blogsecretdefense/m/Une\-premiere\-en\-France\-un\-missile\-intercepte\-par\-un\-antimissile\-Aster\_a442\.html?com \|title\=Une premiรจre en France : un missile interceptรฉ par un antimissile Aster \|language\=fr \|publisher\=Marianne2\.fr \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120905155335/http://www.marianne2\.fr/blogsecretdefense/m/Une\-premiere\-en\-France\-un\-missile\-intercepte\-par\-un\-antimissile\-Aster\_a442\.html?com \|archive\-date\=5 September 2012}} The {{sclass2\|Horizon\|frigate\|1}}s in [French](/wiki/French_Navy "French Navy") and [Italian](/wiki/Italian_Navy "Italian Navy") service, the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy "Royal Navy")'s [Type 45 destroyers](/wiki/Type_45_destroyer "Type 45 destroyer"), and the French and Italian [FREMM\-class frigates](/wiki/FREMM_multipurpose_frigate "FREMM multipurpose frigate") are all armed with [PAAMS](/wiki/PAAMS "PAAMS") (or variants of it) integrating Aster 15 and Aster 30 missiles. France and Italy are developing a new variant, the Aster 30 Block II, which can destroy ballistic missiles up to a maximum range of {{cvt\|3000\|km}}. It will incorporate a [kill vehicle](/wiki/Kill_vehicle "Kill vehicle") warhead.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.defensenews.com/digital\-show\-dailies/eurosatory/2016/06/14/france\-italy\-to\-cooperate\-in\-development\-of\-aster\-missile/ \|title\=France, Italy To Cooperate in Development of Aster Missile \|last\=Tran \|first\=Pierre \|work\=DefenseNews \|date\=14 June 2016 \|access\-date\=18 June 2021 }} ### India {{anchor\|India}} {{Main\|Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme}} [thumb\|left\|Second phase of Anti\-ballistic Missile defense test with AD\-1 missile](/wiki/File:Bharat_BMD_Phase-II_%28cropped%29.jpg "Bharat BMD Phase-II (cropped).jpg") India has an active ABM development effort using indigenously developed and integrated radars, and indigenous missiles.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.defensenews.com/aero/story.php?id\=2524130\|title\=Interview: Vijay Kumar Saraswat Chief Controller of Research and Development, India's DRDO}}{{Dead link\|date\=July 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} In November 2006, India successfully conducted the [PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise)](/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme%23Prithvi_Air_Defence_Exercise "Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Prithvi Air Defence Exercise") in which an anti\-ballistic missile, called the [Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)](/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Program%23Prithvi_Air_Defence_%28PAD%29_/_Pradyumna_Ballistic_Missile_Interceptor "Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program#Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) / Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor"), an *exo\-atmospheric* (outside the atmosphere) interceptor system, intercepted a Prithvi\-II ballistic missile. The PAD missile has the secondary stage of the Prithvi missile and can reach altitude of {{convert\|80\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}}. During the test, the target missile was intercepted at a {{convert\|50\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}} altitude.[Prithvi Mission Milestone in Missile Defence](http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15-06/h1.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208161324/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15\-06/h1\.htm \|date\=8 December 2007 }}. On 6 December 2007, the [Advanced Air Defence (AAD)](/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Program%23Advanced_Air_Defence_%28AAD%29_/_Ashwin_Ballistic_Missile_Interceptor "Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program#Advanced Air Defence (AAD) / Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor") missile system was tested successfully.{{cite web\|url\=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid\=33815\|title\=India successfully conducts interceptor supersonic missile test\|publisher\=Pib.nic.in\|access\-date\=11 May 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200451/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid\=33815\|archive\-date\=15 October 2015\|url\-status\=live}} This missile is an endo\-atmospheric interceptor with an altitude of {{convert\|30\|km\|0\|abbr\=on}}. First reported in 2009, the [Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)](/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation "Defence Research and Development Organisation") is developing a new Prithvi interceptor missile code\-named PDV. The PDV is designed to take out the target missile at altitudes above {{convert\|150\|km\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/17/stories/2009101755791100\.htm \|title\=DRDO to launch series of missiles \|access\-date\=6 December 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108160559/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/17/stories/2009101755791100\.htm \|archive\-date\=8 November 2012 \|work\=\[\[The Hindu]] \|date\=2009\-10\-17 \|url\-status\=dead }} The first PDV was successfully test fired on 27 April 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid\=838755 \|title\=India Successfully Test\-Fires New Interceptor Missile \|publisher\=News.outlookindia.com \|access\-date\=2014\-04\-30 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428163936/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid\=838755 \|archive\-date\=28 April 2014 }} According to scientist V K Saraswat of the DRDO, the missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99\.8 percent.{{cite web \|author\=Rajat Pandit \|url\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India\_on\_way\_to\_joining\_exclusive\_BMD\_club/rssarticleshow/2570683\.cms \|title\=India on way to joining exclusive BMD club \|work\=The Times of India \|date\=26 November 2007 \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513163850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India\_on\_way\_to\_joining\_exclusive\_BMD\_club/rssarticleshow/2570683\.cms \|archive\-date\=13 May 2013 \|url\-status\=live }} On 15 May 2016, India successfully launched AAD renamed [Ashwin](/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme%23Advanced_Air_Defence_%28AAD%29_/_Ashwin_Ballistic_Missile_Interceptor "Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Advanced Air Defence (AAD) / Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor") from [Abdul Kalam Island](/wiki/Abdul_Kalam_Island "Abdul Kalam Island") off the coast of [Odisha](/wiki/Odisha "Odisha").{{cite web\|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/india\-successfully\-tests\-supersonic\-interceptor\-missile/\|title\=India Successfully Tests Supersonic Interceptor Missile\|last\=Franz\-Stefan\|first\=Gady\|access\-date\=21 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814205906/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/india\-successfully\-tests\-supersonic\-interceptor\-missile/\|archive\-date\=14 August 2017\|url\-status\=live}} As of 8 January 2020, the BMD programme has been completed and the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force "Indian Air Force") and the DRDO are awaiting government's final approval before the system is deployed to protect [New Delhi](/wiki/New_Delhi "New Delhi") and then Mumbai. After these two cities, it will be deployed in other major cities and regions. India has structured a five\-layer missile shield for [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi "Delhi") as of 9 June 2019:{{cite news\| url \= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india\-to\-acquire\-us\-air\-defence\-system\-for\-multi\-tier\-missile\-shield\-over\-delhi/articleshow/69717946\.cms\| title \= Rajat Pandit (9 June 2019\) India to buy US missile system to shield Delhi\| website \= \[\[The Times of India]]\| date \= 10 June 2019}} PAD and PDV are designed for mid\-course interception, while AAD is for terminal phase interception.{{Cite web \|last\=Gady \|first\=Franz\-Stefan \|date\=8 January 2020 \|title\=Report: India's Homemade Anti\-Ballistic Missile Shield Ready \|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/report\-indias\-homemade\-anti\-ballistic\-missile\-shield\-ready/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-04 \|website\=thediplomat.com \|language\=en\-US}} 1. Outermost BMD layer at endo\- and exo\-atmospheric altitudes (15โ€“25ย km, and 80โ€“100ย km) for 2,000ย km ranges 2. [Project Kusha](/wiki/Project_Kusha_%28air_defence_system%29 "Project Kusha (air defence system)") and [S\-400](/wiki/S-400_missile_system "S-400 missile system") layer at ranges of 150, 250, 350 \& 400ย km 3. [Akash\-NG](/wiki/Akash-NG "Akash-NG"), [Barak\-8](/wiki/Barak_8 "Barak 8") layer at ranges of 70, 80, \& 100ย km 4. [Akash](/wiki/Akash_%28missile%29 "Akash (missile)") layer at ranges of 25โ€“30ย km 5. Surface to air missiles and gun systems as the inner\-most ring of defense. Previously planned to acquire [NASAMS\-II](/wiki/NASAMS "NASAMS").{{Cite web \|last1\=Pandit \|first1\=Rajat \|date\=June 10, 2019 \|title\=NASAMS 2: India to buy US missile system to shield Delhi \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india\-to\-acquire\-us\-air\-defence\-system\-for\-multi\-tier\-missile\-shield\-over\-delhi/articleshow/69717946\.cms \|access\-date\=2020\-02\-11 \|website\=The Times of India \|language\=en}}{{Cite news\|last\=Lakshman\|first\=Sriram\|url\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us\-approves\-sale\-of\-integrated\-air\-defence\-weapon\-system\-to\-india/article30787461\.ece\|title\=U.S. State dept. nod for sale of air defence system to India\|date\=2020\-02\-11\|work\=The Hindu\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-11\|language\=en\-IN\|issn\=0971\-751X}} But [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force "Indian Air Force") deterred by high cost is now looking at domestic alternative (potentially land\-based [VL\-SRSAM](/wiki/VL-SRSAM "VL-SRSAM")).{{Cite web \|date\=2020\-02\-16 \|title\=India concerned over 'very high price' of American missile shield for Delhi \|url\=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india\-concerned\-over\-very\-high\-price\-of\-american\-missile\-shield\-for\-delhi\-11581863130642\.html \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-03 \|website\=mint \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=20 July 2022 \|title\=Not Keen On NASAMS\-II, IAF Wants Indian Missile Defence \|url\=https://www.livefistdefence.com/not\-keen\-on\-nasams\-ii\-iaf\-wants\-indian\-missile\-defence/ \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-03 \|website\=Livefist Defence \|language\=en\-US}} The current Phase\-1 of the Indian ABM system can intercept ballistic missiles of range up to 2,000ย km and the Phase\-2 will increase it up to 5,000ย km.{{Cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\=3 November 2022 \|title\=India's AD\-1 missile can intercept, destroy enemy ballistic missiles fired from 5000 km away \|url\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias\-ad\-1\-missile\-can\-intercept\-destroy\-enemy\-ballistic\-missiles\-fired\-from\-5000\-km\-away/articleshow/95279202\.cms \|access\-date\=2022\-11\-03 \|website\=The Times of India \|language\=en}} ### Israel #### Arrow 2 {{Main\|Arrow (Israeli missile)}} [thumb\|170px\|right\|An Arrow 2 anti\-ballistic missile interceptor](/wiki/File:Arrow2_96aug.jpg "Arrow2 96aug.jpg") The Arrow project was begun after the U.S. and Israel agreed to co\-fund it on 6 May 1986\.{{cite web \|url \= http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/crs\_israeli\-us\_relations.shtml \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20021104204721/http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/crs\_israeli\-us\_relations.shtml \|url\-status \= dead \|archive\-date \= 4 November 2002 \|title \= Israeli\-United States Relations \|publisher \= Policy almanac \|access\-date \= 11 May 2012 }} The Arrow ABM system was designed and constructed in Israel with financial support by the United States by a multibillion\-dollar development program called "Minhelet Homa" (Wall Administration) with the participation of companies like [Israel Military Industries](/wiki/Israel_Military_Industries "Israel Military Industries"), [Tadiran](/wiki/Tadiran_Telecom "Tadiran Telecom") and [Israel Aerospace Industries](/wiki/Israel_Aerospace_Industries "Israel Aerospace Industries"). During 1998 the Israeli military conducted a successful test of their Arrow missile. Designed to intercept incoming missiles travelling at up to 2\-mile/s (3ย km/s), the Arrow is expected to perform much better than the Patriot did in the Gulf War. On 29 July 2004 Israel and the United States carried out a joint experiment in the US, in which the Arrow was launched against a real Scud missile. The experiment was a success, as the Arrow destroyed the Scud with a direct hit. During December 2005 the system was deployed successfully in a test against a replicated [Shahab\-3](/wiki/Shahab-3 "Shahab-3") missile. This feat was repeated on 11 February 2007\.{{cite news \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/6352659\.stm \| publisher \= BBC \| work \= News \| title \= Israeli missile test 'successful' \| date \= 11 February 2007 \| access\-date \= 25 April 2010 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071216001604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\_east/6352659\.stm \| archive\-date \= 16 December 2007 \| url\-status \= live }} #### Arrow 3 {{main\|Arrow 3}} [thumb\|[Arrow 3](/wiki/Arrow_3 "Arrow 3") in testing.](/wiki/File:AST-15-001.jpg "AST-15-001.jpg") The Arrow 3 system is capable of exo\-atmosphere interception of ballistic missiles, including of [ICBMs](/wiki/ICBM "ICBM"). It also acts as an anti\-satellite weapon. Lieutenant General Patrick J. O'Reilly, Director of the US [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency "Missile Defense Agency"), said: "The design of Arrow 3 promises to be an extremely capable system, more advanced than what we have ever attempted in the U.S. with our programs." On 10 December 2015 Arrow 3 scored its first intercept in a complex test designed to validate how the system can detect, identify, track and then discriminate real from decoy targets delivered into space by an improved [Silver Sparrow](/wiki/Sparrow_%28target_missile%29 "Sparrow (target missile)") target missile.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air\-space/strike/2015/12/10/us\-israel\-arrow\-3\-intercepts\-target\-space/77087084/ \|work\=\[\[Defense News]] \|title\=US\-Israel Arrow\-3 intercepts target in space \|first\=Barbara \|last\=Opall\-Rome \|date\=2015\-12\-10 \|access\-date\=2015\-12\-10}} According to officials, the milestone test paves the way toward [low\-rate initial production](/wiki/Low_rate_initial_production "Low rate initial production") of the Arrow 3\. #### Davidโ€™s sling {{Main\|David's Sling}} [thumb\|Israel's [David's Sling](/wiki/David%27s_Sling "David's Sling"), designed to intercept tactical ballistic missiles](/wiki/File:Dec.%2C_2015_-_David%27s_Sling_Weapons_System_Stunner_Missile_successfully_completed_a_series_of_tests_%283%29.jpg "Dec., 2015 - David's Sling Weapons System Stunner Missile successfully completed a series of tests (3).jpg") David's Sling (Hebrew: ืงืœืข ื“ื•ื“), also sometimes called Magic Wand (Hebrew: ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ืงืกืžื™ื), is an Israel Defense Forces military system being jointly developed by the Israeli defense contractor Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and the American defense contractor [Raytheon](/wiki/Raytheon "Raytheon"), designed to intercept tactical ballistic missiles, as well as medium\- to long\-range rockets and slower\-flying cruise missiles, such as those possessed by [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah "Hezbollah"), fired at ranges from 40ย km to 300ย km. It is designed with the aim of intercepting the newest generation of tactical ballistic missiles, such as [Iskander](/wiki/9K720_Iskander "9K720 Iskander"). ### Japan [thumb\|upright\|right\|Japanese [guided missile destroyer](/wiki/Guided_missile_destroyer "Guided missile destroyer") {{ship\|JDS\|Kongล\|DDG\-173\|6}} firing a [Standard Missile 3](/wiki/Standard_Missile_3 "Standard Missile 3") anti\-ballistic missile.](/wiki/File:SM3_from_JDS_Kongo.jpg "SM3 from JDS Kongo.jpg") {{Main\|RIM\-161 Standard Missile 3}} Since 1998, when North Korea launched a [Taepodong\-1](/wiki/Taepodong-1 "Taepodong-1") missile over northern Japan, the Japanese have been jointly developing a new surface\-to\-air interceptor known as the Patriot Advanced Capability 3 (PAC\-3\) with the US. Tests have been successful, and there are 11 locations that are planned for the PAC\-3 to be installed. The approximate locations are near major air bases, like [Kadena Air Base](/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base "Kadena Air Base"), and ammunition storage centers of the Japanese military. The exact location are not known to the public.{{Cite web \|title\=U.S. and Allied Ballistic Missile Defenses in the Asia\-Pacific Region {{!}} Arms Control Association \|url\=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/us\-allied\-ballistic\-missile\-defenses\-asia\-pacific\-region\#Japan \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-26 \|website\=www.armscontrol.org}} A military spokesman{{cite news \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia\-pacific/7188698\.stm \| work \= BBC News \| title \= Japan plans Tokyo missile shield \| date \= 15 January 2008 \| access\-date \= 17 January 2008 \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20080118152525/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia\-pacific/7188698\.stm \| archive\-date \= 18 January 2008 \| url\-status \= live }} said that tests had been done on two sites, one of them a business park in central Tokyo, and Ichigaya โ€“ a site not far from the Imperial Palace. Along with the PAC\-3, Japan has installed a US\-developed ship\-based anti\-ballistic missile system, which was tested successfully on 18 December 2007\. Japan has 4 destroyers of this type capable of carrying [RIM\-161 Standard Missile 3](/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3 "RIM-161 Standard Missile 3") and equipped with the [Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System](/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System "Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System"). Japan is currently modifying another 4 destroyers so that they can take part of their defense force against ballistic missiles, bringing the total number to 8 ships. ### Soviet Union/Russian Federation [thumb\|[S\-300PMU\-2](/wiki/S-300_%28missile%29 "S-300 (missile)") vehicles. From left to right: 64N6E2 detection radar, 54K6E2 command post and 5P85 TEL.](/wiki/File:S-300PMU2_complex.jpg "S-300PMU2 complex.jpg") The Moscow ABM defense system was designed with the aim of being able to intercept the ICBM warheads aimed at Moscow and other important industrial regions, and is based on: * [A\-35 Aldan](/wiki/A-35_anti-ballistic_missile_system "A-35 anti-ballistic missile system") + [ABM\-1 Galosh / 5V61](/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh "ABM-1 Galosh"){{cite web \|author\=John Pike \|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/abm1\.htm \|title\=GlobalSystems: ''ABM\-1'' \|publisher\=Globalsecurity.org \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516040109/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/abm1\.htm \|archive\-date\=16 May 2012 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\#ABM\-1\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209161638/http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\#ABM\-1\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Russian Anti\-Ballistic Guided Missile Systems\|archivedate\=9 February 2008}} (decommissioned){{cite web\|author\=John Pike\|url\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/galosh.htm\|title\=Galosh \- Moscow System\|date\=20 April 2018\|publisher\=Globalsecurity.org\|access\-date\=8 October 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013325/https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/galosh.htm\|archive\-date\=9 October 2018\|url\-status\=live}} * [A\-35M](/wiki/A-35_anti-ballistic_missile_system%23A-35M "A-35 anti-ballistic missile system#A-35M") + [ABM\-1B](/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh "ABM-1 Galosh"){{cite web\|author\=Sean O'Connor\|url\=http://ausairpower.net/APA\-Rus\-ABM\-Systems.html\|title\=Russian/Soviet Anti\-Ballistic Missile Systems\|date\=27 January 2014\|pages\=1\|access\-date\=8 October 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121053912/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA\-Rus\-ABM\-Systems.html\|archive\-date\=21 November 2015\|url\-status\=live}} (decommissioned) * [A\-135 Amur](/wiki/A-135_anti-ballistic_missile_system "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system") + [ABM\-3 Gazelle / 53T6](/wiki/ABM-3_Gazelle "ABM-3 Gazelle"){{Cite web\|url\=http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\#ABM\-3\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209161638/http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Wonderland.org: ''ABM\-3''\|archivedate\=9 February 2008}} + [ABM\-4 Gorgon / 51T6](/wiki/ABM-4_Gorgon "ABM-4 Gorgon"){{cite web\|url\=http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\|title\=Russian Anti\-Ballistic Guided Missile Systems\|date\=20 December 2008\|access\-date\=21 July 2017\|url\-status\=bot: unknown\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220232305/http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\|archive\-date\=20 December 2008}} (decommissioned){{cite web\|author\=John Pike\|url\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/gorgon.htm\|title\=51T6 Gorgon\|date\=20 April 2018\|publisher\=Globalsecurity.org\|access\-date\=8 October 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013309/https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/gorgon.htm\|archive\-date\=9 October 2018\|url\-status\=live}} * [Aโ€“235 Nudol](/wiki/A%E2%80%93235_anti-ballistic_missile_system "Aโ€“235 anti-ballistic missile system") (In development) * [S\-300P](/wiki/S-300_%28missile%29 "S-300 (missile)") (SA\-10\) * [S\-300V/V4](/wiki/S-300V "S-300V") (SA\-12\) * [S\-300PMU\-1/2](/wiki/S-300_%28missile%29 "S-300 (missile)") (SA\-20\) * [S\-400](/wiki/S-400 "S-400") (SA\-21\) * [S\-300VM](/wiki/S-300VM_missile_system "S-300VM missile system") (SA\-23\) * [S\-500 Prometey](/wiki/S-500_missile "S-500 missile") (serial production began in 2021\) ### United States {{See also\|Safeguard Program\|Ground\-Based Interceptor\#Next generation interceptor (NGI)\|label2\=Next generation interceptor}} [thumb\|right\|200px\|[United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") [RIM\-161 Standard Missile 3](/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3 "RIM-161 Standard Missile 3") anti\-ballistic missile.](/wiki/File:Standard_Missile_III_SM-3_RIM-161_test_launch_04017005.jpg "Standard Missile III SM-3 RIM-161 test launch 04017005.jpg") In several tests, the U.S. military have demonstrated the feasibility of destroying long and short range ballistic missiles.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.army.mil/article/225470/leader\_gives\_space\_and\_missile\_defense\_update\_at\_smd\_symposium\| title \= Jason Cutshaw (August 8, 2019\) Leader gives space and missile defense update at SMD Symposium}} Combat effectiveness of newer systems against 1950s tactical ballistic missiles seems very high, as the [MIM\-104 Patriot](/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot "MIM-104 Patriot") (PAC\-1 and PAC\-2\) had a 100% success rate in Operation Iraqi Freedom.{{cite web \|author\=John Pike \|url\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/ops/oif\-patriot.htm \|title\=''Operation Iraqi Freedom โ€“ Patriot'' \|publisher\=GlobalSecurity.org \|access\-date\=11 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220031217/http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/ops/oif\-patriot.htm \|archive\-date\=20 February 2012 \|url\-status\=live }} The U.S. Navy [Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System](/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System "Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System") (Aegis BMD) uses [RIM\-161 Standard Missile 3](/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3 "RIM-161 Standard Missile 3"), which hit a target going faster than ICBM warheads.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7254540\.stm\|title\=BBC NEWS โ€“ World โ€“ Americas โ€“ US missile hits 'toxic satellite'\|website\=news.bbc.co.uk\|date\=21 February 2008\|access\-date\=21 July 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413122801/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7254540\.stm\|archive\-date\=13 April 2009\|url\-status\=live}} On 16 November 2020 an SM\-3 Block IIA interceptor successfully destroyed an ICBM in mid\-course, under [Link\-16](/wiki/Link-16 "Link-16") Command and Control, Battle Management, and Communications ([C2BMC](/wiki/C2BMC "C2BMC")).[MDA Newsroom (17 Nov 2020\) U.S. Successfully Conducts SM\-3 Block IIA Intercept Test Against an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Target](https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2417334/us-successfully-conducts-sm-3-block-iia-intercept-test-against-an-intercontinen/) SM\-3 Block IIA Intercept Test animation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=lUDQrLcY5oI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUDQrLcY5oI) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425000520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=lUDQrLcY5oI \|date\=25 April 2021 }} The U.S. Army [Terminal High Altitude Area Defense](/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense "Terminal High Altitude Area Defense") (THAAD) system began production in 2008\.{{cite web\|last1\=Panda\|first1\=Ankit\|title\=What Is THAAD, What Does It Do, and Why Is China Mad About It?\|url\=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/what\-is\-thaad\-what\-does\-it\-do\-and\-why\-is\-china\-mad\-about\-it/\|website\=The Diplomat\|access\-date\=3 April 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404130539/https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/what\-is\-thaad\-what\-does\-it\-do\-and\-why\-is\-china\-mad\-about\-it/\|archive\-date\=4 April 2017\|url\-status\=live}} Its stated range as a short to intermediate ballistic missile interceptor means that it is not designed to hit midcourse ICBMs, which can reach [terminal phase](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile%23Flight_phases "Intercontinental ballistic missile#Flight phases") speeds of [mach 8](/wiki/Mach_number "Mach number") or greater. The THAAD interceptor has a reported maximum speed of mach 8, and THAAD has repeatedly proven it can intercept descending exoatmospheric missiles in a ballistic trajectory.{{Cite web \|last\=McCarthy \|first\=Niall \|title\=Can The U.S. Intercept A North Korean Missile? \[Infographic] \|url\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2017/09/05/can\-the\-u\-s\-intercept\-a\-north\-korean\-missile\-infographic/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-17 \|website\=Forbes \|language\=en}} The U.S. Army [Ground\-Based Midcourse Defense](/wiki/Ground-Based_Midcourse_Defense "Ground-Based Midcourse Defense") (GMD) system was developed by the [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency "Missile Defense Agency"). It combines ground\-based [AN/FPS\-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar](/wiki/AN/FPS-132_Upgraded_Early_Warning_Radar "AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar") installations and mobile [AN/TPY\-2](/wiki/AN/TPY-2 "AN/TPY-2") X\-band radars with 44 exoatmospheric interceptors stationed in underground silos around California and Alaska, to protect against low\-count ICBM attacks from rogue states. Each [Ground\-Based Interceptor](/wiki/Ground-Based_Interceptor "Ground-Based Interceptor") (GBI) rocket carries an [Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle](/wiki/Exoatmospheric_Kill_Vehicle "Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle") (EKV) kinetic kill interceptor, with 97% probability of intercept when four interceptors are launched at the target. Since 2004, the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") plans to replace [Raytheon](/wiki/Raytheon "Raytheon")'s Patriot missile (SAM) engagement control station (ECS), along with seven other forms of ABM defense command systems, with [Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System](/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command%23Integrated_Air_and_Missile_Defense_Battle_Command_System "United States Army Futures Command#Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System") (IBCS) designed to shoot down short, medium, and intermediate range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase by intercepting with a hit\-to\-kill approach.{{cite web\|title\=Army Seeks To Field One\-Size\-Fits\-All Battle Command System\|url\=http://spacenews.com/army\-seeks\-field\-one\-size\-fits\-all\-battle\-command\-system/\|publisher\=Space News\|date\=29 June 2004}}{{cite web\|last1\= Kiley\|first1\= Gregory T.\|title\= Congress and the Administration Must Reassess Failing Missile Defense Programs\|url\= http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2017/05/17/failing\_missile\_defense\_programs\_111398\.html\|publisher\= RealClearDefense\|date\= 17 May 2017\|access\-date\= 22 June 2017\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170521151129/http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2017/05/17/failing\_missile\_defense\_programs\_111398\.html\|archive\-date\= 21 May 2017\|url\-status\= live}}{{cite web\| url \= https://www.army.mil/article/225475/mos\_14e\_linchpin\_of\_patriot\_missile\_system\| title \= Fort Sill Tribune staff (August 8, 2019\) MOS 14E: Linchpin of Patriot missile system}}{{cite web\| url \= https://www.defensenews.com/digital\-show\-dailies/ausa/2018/10/10/so\-patriot\-and\-thaad\-will\-talk\-what\-does\-that\-really\-mean/\| title \= Jen Judson (11 Oct 2018\) So Patriot and THAAD will talk. What does that really mean?\| date \= 10 October 2018}} Northrop Grumman was selected as the prime contractor in 2010; the Army spent $2\.7 billion on the program between 2009 and 2020\.{{cite web\| url \= https://www.defensenews.com/digital\-show\-dailies/smd/2020/08/20/armys\-future\-missile\-defense\-battle\-command\-system\-caps\-off\-major\-test\-with\-defeat\-of\-cruise\-ballistic\-missile\-threats/\| title \= Jen Judson (20 Aug 2020\) US Army's future missile defense command system nearly simultaneously defeats cruise, ballistic missile threats\| date \= 20 August 2020}} IBCS engagement stations will support identification and tracking of targets using sensor fusion from disparate data streams, and selection of appropriate kill vehicles from available launcher systems.[Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS)](http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/IBCS/Pages/default.aspx){{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006163751/http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/IBCS/Pages/default.aspx \|date\=6 October 2017 }} vendor summary{{cite web\| url \= https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/10/02/army\-continues\-push\-for\-integrated\-sensors\-and\-shooters\-with\-latest\-ibcs\-contract/\| title \= Daniel Cebul (12 October 2018\) Army continues push for integrated sensors and shooters with latest IBCS contract\| date \= 2 October 2018}}[Daniel Cebul โ€ƒ(9 October 2018\) Army looks to a future of integrated fire](https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/army-looks-to-a-future-of-integrated-fire/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000941/https://www.defensenews.com/digital\-show\-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/army\-looks\-to\-a\-future\-of\-integrated\-fire/ \|date\=26 November 2022 }} by integrating THAAD IBCS LRPFAndrew Eversden [(23 Dec 2021\) Army awards Northrop Grumman $1\.4 billion contract for IBCS](https://breakingdefense.com/2021/12/army-awards-northrop-grumman-1-4-billion-contract-for-ibcs/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224073613/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/12/army\-awards\-northrop\-grumman\-1\-4\-billion\-contract\-for\-ibcs/ \|date\=24 December 2021 }}{{cite web\| url \= https://www.defensenews.com/land/2017/02/06/army\-falls\-behind\-with\-new\-anti\-missile\-command\-system/\| title \= Jen Judson (February 6, 2017\) Army falls behind with new anti\-missile command system\| date \= 6 February 2017}} In February 2022 THAAD radar and TFCC (THAAD Fire Control \& Communication) demonstrated their interoperability with Patriot PAC\-3 MSE missile launchers, engaging targets using both THAAD and Patriot interceptors.Jen Judson [(10 Mar 2022\) Missile Defense Agency fires Patriot missile from THAAD system](https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/03/10/missile-defense-agency-fires-patriot-missile-from-thaad-system/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000939/https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/03/10/missile\-defense\-agency\-fires\-patriot\-missile\-from\-thaad\-system/ \|date\=26 November 2022 }} ### Republic of China Procurement of [MIM\-104 Patriot](/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot "MIM-104 Patriot") and indigenous [Tien\-Kung](/wiki/Sky_Bow "Sky Bow") anti\-ballistic missile systems. With the tense situations with China, Taiwan developed the [Sky Bow](/wiki/Sky_Bow "Sky Bow") (or **Tien\-Kung**), this surface\-to\-air missile can intercept and destroy enemy aircraft and ballistic missiles.{{cite web \|last\=Huang \|first\=Po\-Chang \|date\=9 May 2017 \|title\=Who to Protect? Taiwan's SAM Systems and the Distribution of Protection \|url\=https://sites.tufts.edu/gis/files/2017/06/Huang\_Po\-Chang\_DHP\_207\_Spring\_2017\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sites.tufts.edu/gis/files/2017/06/Huang\_Po\-Chang\_DHP\_207\_Spring\_2017\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2022\-10\-09 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=7 April 2022 \|website\=TUFTS University}} These system was created in partnership with [Raytheon Technologies](/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies "Raytheon Technologies"), using [Lockheed Martin](/wiki/Lockheed_Martin "Lockheed Martin") ADAR\-HP as inspiration to create the **Chang Bai S\-band** radar system.{{Cite web \|title\=Military Watch Magazine \|url\=https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/taiwan\-s\-most\-powerful\-assets\-for\-a\-cross\-strait\-air\-war\-from\-f\-16v\-fighters\-to\-hypersonic\-sky\-sword\-ii\-air\-to\-air\-missiles \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-07 \|website\=militarywatchmagazine.com}} The missiles have a range of 200ย km and was designed to take on fast moving vehicles with low radar cross\-section. The latest variant of this system is the **Sky Bow III (TK\-3\)**. ### South Korea Since North Korea started developing its nuclear weapon program, South Korea has been under imminent danger. South Korea started its BDM program by acquiring 8 batteries of the [MIM\-104 Patriot](/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot "MIM-104 Patriot") (**PAC\-2**) missiles from the United States. The **PAC\-2** was developed to destroy incoming aircraft and is now unreliable in defending a ballistic missile attack from North Korea, as they have developed further their nuclear program. As of 2018, South Korea decided to improve its defense system by upgrading to the **PAC\-3**, which has a hit\-to\-kill capability against incoming missiles.{{Cite journal \|last\=Park \|first\=Hwee Rhak \|date\=2018 \|title\=The Ballistic Missile Defense Construction Strategies of South Korea and Japan: Self\-reliance versus Cooperation with the US \|url\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26909945 \|journal\=Journal of International and Area Studies \|volume\=25 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=87โ€“106 \|jstor\=26909945 \|issn\=1226\-8550}} The main reason that the South Korean anti\-ballistic defense system is not very developed is because they have tried to developed their own, without help from other countries, since the beginning of the 1990s. The South Korean [Defense Acquisition Program Administration](/wiki/Defense_Acquisition_Program_Administration "Defense Acquisition Program Administration") **(DAPA)** has confirmed that it has test launched the [L\-SAM](/wiki/L-SAM "L-SAM") system in February 2022\. This particular missile has been in development since 2019 and is South Korea's next anti\-ballistic missile generation. It is expected to have a range of 150ย km and be able to intercept targets between 40ย km and 100ย km of altitude, and it can also be used as an aircraft interceptor. The [L\-SAM](/wiki/L-SAM "L-SAM") system is expected to be complete and ready to use in 2024\.{{Cite web \|title\=South Korea tests indigenous long\-range surface\-to\-air missile \|url\=https://www.janes.com/defence\-news/news\-detail/south\-korea\-tests\-indigenous\-long\-range\-surface\-to\-air\-missile \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-26 \|website\=Janes.com \|language\=en}}
[ "Current tactical systems{{anchor\\|Countries with ABM capability\\|reason\\=Old section name}}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------", "### People's Republic of China", "{{Unreliable sources section\\|date\\=March 2022}}", "#### Historical Project 640", "Project 640 had been the PRC's indigenous effort to develop ABM capability.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/project640\\.asp \\|title\\=Project 640: China's National Missile Defence in the '70s \\|publisher\\=SinoDefence.com \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213232047/http://www.sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/project640\\.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2011}} The Academy of Anti\\-Ballistic Missile \\& Anti\\-Satellite was established from 1969 for the purpose of developing Project 640\\. The project was to involve at least three elements, including the necessary sensors and guidance/command system, the Fan Ji (FJ) missile interceptor, and the XianFeng missile\\-intercepting cannon. The FJ\\-1 had completed two successful flight tests during 1979, while the low\\-altitude interceptor FJ\\-2 completed some successful flight tests using scaled prototypes. A high altitude FJ\\-3 interceptor was also proposed. Despite the development of missiles, the programme was slowed down due to financial and political reasons. It was finally closed down during 1980 under a new leadership of Deng Xiaoping as it was seemingly deemed unnecessary after the 1972 Anti\\-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States and the closure of the US [Safeguard](/wiki/Safeguard_Program \"Safeguard Program\") ABM system.", "#### Operational Chinese system", "In March 2006, China tested an interceptor system comparable to the U.S. Patriot missiles.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode\\=060000\\&biid\\=2006032829898 \\|title\\=donga.com\\[English donga] \\|publisher\\=English.donga.com \\|date\\=28 March 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620031722/http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode\\=060000\\&biid\\=2006032829898 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 June 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.missilethreat.com/archives/id.537/detail.asp \\|title\\=Chinese Version of Patriot Interceptor Said Undergoing Tests \\|publisher\\=MissileThreat \\|date\\=29 March 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720065356/http://www.missilethreat.com/archives/id.537/detail.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2012 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw\\_20100112\\_1311\\.php \\|title\\=Pentagon Received No Warning of Chinese Missile Defense Test \\|publisher\\=Globalsecuritynewswire.org \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213234815/http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw\\_20100112\\_1311\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "China has acquired and is license\\-producing the [S\\-300PMU\\-2/S\\-300PMU\\-1](/wiki/SA-10A_Grumble%23S-300PMU-1/2_%28SA-20%29 \"SA-10A Grumble#S-300PMU-1/2 (SA-20)\") series of terminal ABM\\-capable SAMs. China\\-produced [HQ\\-9](/wiki/HQ-9 \"HQ-9\") SAM system{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/hongqi9\\.asp \\|title\\=HongQi 9 (HQ\\-9\\) Surface\\-to\\-Air Missile System \\|publisher\\=SinoDefence.com \\|date\\=3 October 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904130239/http://www.sinodefence.com/army/surfacetoairmissile/hongqi9\\.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2013 }} may possess terminal ABM capabilities. PRC Navy's operating modern air\\-defense destroyers known as the [Type 052C Destroyer](/wiki/Type_052C \"Type 052C\") and [Type 051C Destroyer](/wiki/Type_051C_destroyer \"Type 051C destroyer\") are armed with naval HQ\\-9 missiles.", "The HQ\\-19, similar to the [THAAD](/wiki/THAAD \"THAAD\"), was first tested in 2003, and subsequently a few more times, including in November 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/11/11/did\\-china\\-just\\-test\\-a\\-new\\-satellite\\-killer\\|title\\=Did China Just Test a New Satellite\\-Killer?\\|first\\=David\\|last\\=Axe\\|date\\=11 November 2015\\|website\\=The Daily Beast\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017}} The HQ\\-29, a counterpart to the [MIM\\-104F PAC\\-3](/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot%23MIM-104F_%28PAC-3%29 \"MIM-104 Patriot#MIM-104F (PAC-3)\"), was first tested in 2011\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq\\-29\\.htm\\|title\\=HQ\\-29 Anti\\-Ballistic Missile Interceptor\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Pike\\|website\\=www.globalsecurity.org\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806195843/http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq\\-29\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "[Surface\\-to\\-air missiles](/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile \"Surface-to-air missile\") that supposedly have some terminal ABM capability (as opposed to midcourse capability):\n* [HQ\\-29](/wiki/HQ-9%23Variants \"HQ-9#Variants\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq\\-19\\.htm\\|title\\=HQ\\-19 Anti\\-Ballistic Missile Interceptor\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Pike\\|website\\=www.globalsecurity.org\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714092135/http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/china/hq\\-19\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* [HQ\\-19](/wiki/HQ-9%23Variants \"HQ-9#Variants\")\n* [HQ\\-18](/wiki/S-300_%28missile%29%23Operators_and_other_versions \"S-300 (missile)#Operators and other versions\"){{cite web \\|url\\=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes\\-Strategic\\-Weapon\\-Systems/HQ\\-18\\-S\\-300V\\-China.html \\|title\\=HQ\\-18 (S\\-300V) (China) โ€“ Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems \\|publisher\\=Articles.janes.com \\|date\\=16 December 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402185021/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes\\-Strategic\\-Weapon\\-Systems/HQ\\-18\\-S\\-300V\\-China.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2 April 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{speculation inline\\|date\\=March 2022}}\n* [HQ\\-15](/wiki/HQ-15 \"HQ-15\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.missilethreat.com/missiledefensesystems/id.29/system\\_detail.asp \\|title\\=Hongqi\\-15 (HQ\\-15\\) \\|publisher\\=MissileThreat \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505035238/http://www.missilethreat.com/missiledefensesystems/id.29/system\\_detail.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2012 }}", "#### Development of midcourse ABM in China", "The technology and experience from the successful [anti\\-satellite test](/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test \"2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test\") using a ground\\-launched interceptor during January 2007 was immediately applied to current ABM efforts and development.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/fortress\\-china4\\.asp \\|title\\=4\\. Anti\\-Stealth and Countermeasures \\|publisher\\=SinoDefence.com \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518132501/http://sinodefence.com/special/airdefence/fortress\\-china4\\.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2012 }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story\\_channel.jsp?channel\\=defense\\&id\\=news/CHINA040809\\.xml\\&headline\\=China%20adds%20precision%20strike%20to%20capabilities \\|title\\=China Adds Precision Strike To Capabilities \\|publisher\\=Aviationweek.com \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 }}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "China carried out a [land\\-based anti\\-ballistic missile test](/wiki/2010_Chinese_anti-ballistic_missile_test \"2010 Chinese anti-ballistic missile test\") on 11 January 2010\\. The test was exoatmospheric and done in midcourse{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks\\-files/china\\-wikileaks/8299323/DEMARCHE\\-FOLLOWING\\-CHINAS\\-JANUARY\\-2010\\-INTERCEPT\\-FLIGHT\\-TEST.html \\| location\\=London \\| work\\=The Daily Telegraph \\| title\\=Demarche Following China's January 2010 Intercept Flight\\-Test \\| date\\=2 February 2011 \\| access\\-date\\=4 April 2018 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203065924/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/wikileaks\\-files/china\\-wikileaks/8299323/DEMARCHE\\-FOLLOWING\\-CHINAS\\-JANUARY\\-2010\\-INTERCEPT\\-FLIGHT\\-TEST.html \\| archive\\-date\\=3 February 2018 \\| url\\-status\\=live }} phase and with a [kinetic kill vehicle](/wiki/Kinetic_kill_vehicle \"Kinetic kill vehicle\"). China is the second country after US that demonstrated intercepting ballistic missile with a kinetic kill vehicle, the interceptor missile was a [SC\\-19](/wiki/DF-21%23KT_ABM/ASAT \"DF-21#KT ABM/ASAT\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2010\\-01\\-12/0247580308\\.html \\|script\\-title\\=zh:ๆˆ‘ๅ›ฝ่ฏ•้ชŒ้™†ๅŸบๅๅฏผ ๆญคๅ‰ไป…็พŽๅ›ฝ่ฟ›่กŒ่ฟ‡็›ธๅ…ณ่ฏ•้ชŒ \\|publisher\\=SINA News \\|date\\=12 January 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=11 January 2010\\| language\\=zh\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100114072145/http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2010\\-01\\-12/0247580308\\.html\\| archive\\-date\\= 14 January 2010 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} The sources suggest the system is not operationally deployed as of 2010\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw\\_20100114\\_5918\\.php \\|title\\=NTI \\|publisher\\=Global Security Newswire \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119032640/http://www.globalsecuritynewswire.org/gsn/nw\\_20100114\\_5918\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=19 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "On 27 January 2013, China did another anti ballistic missile test. According to the Chinese Defence Ministry, the missile launch is defensive in character and is not aimed against any countries. Experts hailed China's technological breakthrough because it is difficult to intercept ballistic missiles that have reached the highest point and speed in the middle of their course. Only two countries, including the US, have successfully conducted such a test in the past decade.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013\\_01\\_28/China\\-test\\-fires\\-defensive\\-missile/\\|title\\=China test\\-fires anti\\-ballistic missile\\|website\\=english.ruvr.ru\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516201119/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013\\_01\\_28/China\\-test\\-fires\\-defensive\\-missile/\\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2013\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On 4 February 2021, China successfully conducted mid\\-course intercept anti\\-ballistic missile test. Military analysts indicates that the test and dozens done before reflects China's improvement in the area.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.janes.com/defence\\-news/news\\-detail/china\\-conducts\\-another\\-mid\\-course\\-anti\\-ballistic\\-missile\\-test \\|title\\=China conducts another mid\\-course anti\\-ballistic missile test \\|website\\=Janes \\|date\\=8 February 2021\\|first\\=Andrew \\|last\\=Tate}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.thedrive.com/the\\-war\\-zone/39093/china\\-claims\\-it\\-has\\-conducted\\-a\\-new\\-midcourse\\-intercept\\-anti\\-ballistic\\-missile\\-test \\|title\\=China Claims It Has Conducted A New Midcourse Intercept Anti\\-Ballistic Missile Test \\|website\\=The Drive \\|date\\=4 February 2021 \\|first\\=Joseph \\|last\\=Trevithick \\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513164726/https://www.thedrive.com/the\\-war\\-zone/39093/china\\-claims\\-it\\-has\\-conducted\\-a\\-new\\-midcourse\\-intercept\\-anti\\-ballistic\\-missile\\-test \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "Rumored midcourse missiles:\n* [DN\\-3](/wiki/Dong_Neng-3 \"Dong Neng-3\")\n* [DN\\-2](/wiki/Dong_Neng-2 \"Dong Neng-2\")\n* [DN\\-1](/wiki/Dong_Ning-1 \"Dong Ning-1\")\n* [HQ\\-26](/wiki/HQ-9%23Variants \"HQ-9#Variants\")", "### France, Italy, and the United Kingdom", "[thumb\\|right\\|[Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") [Type 45 destroyers](/wiki/Type_45_destroyer \"Type 45 destroyer\") (*pictured*), and [French Navy](/wiki/French_Navy \"French Navy\") and [Italian Navy](/wiki/Italian_Navy \"Italian Navy\") {{sclass2\\|Horizon\\|frigate\\|5}} and [FREMM frigates](/wiki/FREMM_multipurpose_frigate \"FREMM multipurpose frigate\") operate [Aster 30 missiles](/wiki/Aster_missile \"Aster missile\")](/wiki/File:HMS_Daring-1.jpg \"HMS Daring-1.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|Aster (missile family)}}\nThe [Aster](/wiki/Aster_%28missile_family%29 \"Aster (missile family)\") is a family of missiles jointly developed by [France](/wiki/France \"France\") and [Italy](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\"). The Aster 30 variants are capable of ballistic missile defense. An export customer, the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") also operates the Aster 30 Block 0\\.", "On 18 October 2010, France announced a successful tactical ABM test of the Aster 30 missile{{cite web\\|url\\=http://defense\\-update.com/wp/20101126\\_samp\\_t.html \\|title\\=SAMP/T Successful on First European Missile Defense Intercept Test \\|date\\=26 November 2010 \\|publisher\\=Defense Update \\|access\\-date\\=26 November 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129040354/http://defense\\-update.com/wp/20101126\\_samp\\_t.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 November 2010}} and on 1 December 2011 a successful interception of a Black Sparrow ballistic target missile.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ead\\-minerve.fr/WordPress3/?p\\=683 \\|title\\=Premier tir anti\\-balistique \\| Blog de la DE \\|publisher\\=Ead\\-minerve.fr \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071256/http://ead\\-minerve.fr/WordPress3/?p\\=683 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 April 2012 }}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.marianne2\\.fr/blogsecretdefense/m/Une\\-premiere\\-en\\-France\\-un\\-missile\\-intercepte\\-par\\-un\\-antimissile\\-Aster\\_a442\\.html?com \\|title\\=Une premiรจre en France : un missile interceptรฉ par un antimissile Aster \\|language\\=fr \\|publisher\\=Marianne2\\.fr \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120905155335/http://www.marianne2\\.fr/blogsecretdefense/m/Une\\-premiere\\-en\\-France\\-un\\-missile\\-intercepte\\-par\\-un\\-antimissile\\-Aster\\_a442\\.html?com \\|archive\\-date\\=5 September 2012}} The {{sclass2\\|Horizon\\|frigate\\|1}}s in [French](/wiki/French_Navy \"French Navy\") and [Italian](/wiki/Italian_Navy \"Italian Navy\") service, the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\")'s [Type 45 destroyers](/wiki/Type_45_destroyer \"Type 45 destroyer\"), and the French and Italian [FREMM\\-class frigates](/wiki/FREMM_multipurpose_frigate \"FREMM multipurpose frigate\") are all armed with [PAAMS](/wiki/PAAMS \"PAAMS\") (or variants of it) integrating Aster 15 and Aster 30 missiles. France and Italy are developing a new variant, the Aster 30 Block II, which can destroy ballistic missiles up to a maximum range of {{cvt\\|3000\\|km}}. It will incorporate a [kill vehicle](/wiki/Kill_vehicle \"Kill vehicle\") warhead.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.defensenews.com/digital\\-show\\-dailies/eurosatory/2016/06/14/france\\-italy\\-to\\-cooperate\\-in\\-development\\-of\\-aster\\-missile/ \\|title\\=France, Italy To Cooperate in Development of Aster Missile \\|last\\=Tran \\|first\\=Pierre \\|work\\=DefenseNews \\|date\\=14 June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=18 June 2021 }}", "### India", "{{anchor\\|India}}\n{{Main\\|Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Second phase of Anti\\-ballistic Missile defense test with AD\\-1 missile](/wiki/File:Bharat_BMD_Phase-II_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Bharat BMD Phase-II (cropped).jpg\")\nIndia has an active ABM development effort using indigenously developed and integrated radars, and indigenous missiles.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.defensenews.com/aero/story.php?id\\=2524130\\|title\\=Interview: Vijay Kumar Saraswat Chief Controller of Research and Development, India's DRDO}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=July 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} In November 2006, India successfully conducted the [PADE (Prithvi Air Defence Exercise)](/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme%23Prithvi_Air_Defence_Exercise \"Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Prithvi Air Defence Exercise\") in which an anti\\-ballistic missile, called the [Prithvi Air Defence (PAD)](/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Program%23Prithvi_Air_Defence_%28PAD%29_/_Pradyumna_Ballistic_Missile_Interceptor \"Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program#Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) / Pradyumna Ballistic Missile Interceptor\"), an *exo\\-atmospheric* (outside the atmosphere) interceptor system, intercepted a Prithvi\\-II ballistic missile. The PAD missile has the secondary stage of the Prithvi missile and can reach altitude of {{convert\\|80\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}. During the test, the target missile was intercepted at a {{convert\\|50\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} altitude.[Prithvi Mission Milestone in Missile Defence](http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15-06/h1.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208161324/http://mod.nic.in/samachar/dec15\\-06/h1\\.htm \\|date\\=8 December 2007 }}. On 6 December 2007, the [Advanced Air Defence (AAD)](/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Program%23Advanced_Air_Defence_%28AAD%29_/_Ashwin_Ballistic_Missile_Interceptor \"Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program#Advanced Air Defence (AAD) / Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor\") missile system was tested successfully.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid\\=33815\\|title\\=India successfully conducts interceptor supersonic missile test\\|publisher\\=Pib.nic.in\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200451/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid\\=33815\\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This missile is an endo\\-atmospheric interceptor with an altitude of {{convert\\|30\\|km\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}. First reported in 2009, the [Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)](/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation \"Defence Research and Development Organisation\") is developing a new Prithvi interceptor missile code\\-named PDV. The PDV is designed to take out the target missile at altitudes above {{convert\\|150\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/17/stories/2009101755791100\\.htm \\|title\\=DRDO to launch series of missiles \\|access\\-date\\=6 December 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108160559/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/17/stories/2009101755791100\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=8 November 2012 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Hindu]] \\|date\\=2009\\-10\\-17 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The first PDV was successfully test fired on 27 April 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid\\=838755 \\|title\\=India Successfully Test\\-Fires New Interceptor Missile \\|publisher\\=News.outlookindia.com \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-04\\-30 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428163936/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid\\=838755 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2014 }} According to scientist V K Saraswat of the DRDO, the missiles will work in tandem to ensure a hit probability of 99\\.8 percent.{{cite web \\|author\\=Rajat Pandit \\|url\\=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India\\_on\\_way\\_to\\_joining\\_exclusive\\_BMD\\_club/rssarticleshow/2570683\\.cms \\|title\\=India on way to joining exclusive BMD club \\|work\\=The Times of India \\|date\\=26 November 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513163850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India\\_on\\_way\\_to\\_joining\\_exclusive\\_BMD\\_club/rssarticleshow/2570683\\.cms \\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 15 May 2016, India successfully launched AAD renamed [Ashwin](/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme%23Advanced_Air_Defence_%28AAD%29_/_Ashwin_Ballistic_Missile_Interceptor \"Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme#Advanced Air Defence (AAD) / Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor\") from [Abdul Kalam Island](/wiki/Abdul_Kalam_Island \"Abdul Kalam Island\") off the coast of [Odisha](/wiki/Odisha \"Odisha\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/india\\-successfully\\-tests\\-supersonic\\-interceptor\\-missile/\\|title\\=India Successfully Tests Supersonic Interceptor Missile\\|last\\=Franz\\-Stefan\\|first\\=Gady\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814205906/https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/india\\-successfully\\-tests\\-supersonic\\-interceptor\\-missile/\\|archive\\-date\\=14 August 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nAs of 8 January 2020, the BMD programme has been completed and the [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force \"Indian Air Force\") and the DRDO are awaiting government's final approval before the system is deployed to protect [New Delhi](/wiki/New_Delhi \"New Delhi\") and then Mumbai. After these two cities, it will be deployed in other major cities and regions. India has structured a five\\-layer missile shield for [Delhi](/wiki/Delhi \"Delhi\") as of 9 June 2019:{{cite news\\| url \\= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india\\-to\\-acquire\\-us\\-air\\-defence\\-system\\-for\\-multi\\-tier\\-missile\\-shield\\-over\\-delhi/articleshow/69717946\\.cms\\| title \\= Rajat Pandit (9 June 2019\\) India to buy US missile system to shield Delhi\\| website \\= \\[\\[The Times of India]]\\| date \\= 10 June 2019}}", "PAD and PDV are designed for mid\\-course interception, while AAD is for terminal phase interception.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Gady \\|first\\=Franz\\-Stefan \\|date\\=8 January 2020 \\|title\\=Report: India's Homemade Anti\\-Ballistic Missile Shield Ready \\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/report\\-indias\\-homemade\\-anti\\-ballistic\\-missile\\-shield\\-ready/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-04 \\|website\\=thediplomat.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}}\n1. Outermost BMD layer at endo\\- and exo\\-atmospheric altitudes (15โ€“25ย km, and 80โ€“100ย km) for 2,000ย km ranges\n2. [Project Kusha](/wiki/Project_Kusha_%28air_defence_system%29 \"Project Kusha (air defence system)\") and [S\\-400](/wiki/S-400_missile_system \"S-400 missile system\") layer at ranges of 150, 250, 350 \\& 400ย km\n3. [Akash\\-NG](/wiki/Akash-NG \"Akash-NG\"), [Barak\\-8](/wiki/Barak_8 \"Barak 8\") layer at ranges of 70, 80, \\& 100ย km\n4. [Akash](/wiki/Akash_%28missile%29 \"Akash (missile)\") layer at ranges of 25โ€“30ย km\n5. Surface to air missiles and gun systems as the inner\\-most ring of defense. Previously planned to acquire [NASAMS\\-II](/wiki/NASAMS \"NASAMS\").{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Pandit \\|first1\\=Rajat \\|date\\=June 10, 2019 \\|title\\=NASAMS 2: India to buy US missile system to shield Delhi \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india\\-to\\-acquire\\-us\\-air\\-defence\\-system\\-for\\-multi\\-tier\\-missile\\-shield\\-over\\-delhi/articleshow/69717946\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-11 \\|website\\=The Times of India \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite news\\|last\\=Lakshman\\|first\\=Sriram\\|url\\=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us\\-approves\\-sale\\-of\\-integrated\\-air\\-defence\\-weapon\\-system\\-to\\-india/article30787461\\.ece\\|title\\=U.S. State dept. nod for sale of air defence system to India\\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-11\\|work\\=The Hindu\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-11\\|language\\=en\\-IN\\|issn\\=0971\\-751X}} But [Indian Air Force](/wiki/Indian_Air_Force \"Indian Air Force\") deterred by high cost is now looking at domestic alternative (potentially land\\-based [VL\\-SRSAM](/wiki/VL-SRSAM \"VL-SRSAM\")).{{Cite web \\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-16 \\|title\\=India concerned over 'very high price' of American missile shield for Delhi \\|url\\=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india\\-concerned\\-over\\-very\\-high\\-price\\-of\\-american\\-missile\\-shield\\-for\\-delhi\\-11581863130642\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-03 \\|website\\=mint \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=20 July 2022 \\|title\\=Not Keen On NASAMS\\-II, IAF Wants Indian Missile Defence \\|url\\=https://www.livefistdefence.com/not\\-keen\\-on\\-nasams\\-ii\\-iaf\\-wants\\-indian\\-missile\\-defence/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-03 \\|website\\=Livefist Defence \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "The current Phase\\-1 of the Indian ABM system can intercept ballistic missiles of range up to 2,000ย km and the Phase\\-2 will increase it up to 5,000ย km.{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\=3 November 2022 \\|title\\=India's AD\\-1 missile can intercept, destroy enemy ballistic missiles fired from 5000 km away \\|url\\=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias\\-ad\\-1\\-missile\\-can\\-intercept\\-destroy\\-enemy\\-ballistic\\-missiles\\-fired\\-from\\-5000\\-km\\-away/articleshow/95279202\\.cms \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-11\\-03 \\|website\\=The Times of India \\|language\\=en}}", "### Israel", "#### Arrow 2", "{{Main\\|Arrow (Israeli missile)}}\n[thumb\\|170px\\|right\\|An Arrow 2 anti\\-ballistic missile interceptor](/wiki/File:Arrow2_96aug.jpg \"Arrow2 96aug.jpg\")\nThe Arrow project was begun after the U.S. and Israel agreed to co\\-fund it on 6 May 1986\\.{{cite web \\|url \\= http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/crs\\_israeli\\-us\\_relations.shtml \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20021104204721/http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/crs\\_israeli\\-us\\_relations.shtml \\|url\\-status \\= dead \\|archive\\-date \\= 4 November 2002 \\|title \\= Israeli\\-United States Relations \\|publisher \\= Policy almanac \\|access\\-date \\= 11 May 2012 }}", "The Arrow ABM system was designed and constructed in Israel with financial support by the United States by a multibillion\\-dollar development program called \"Minhelet Homa\" (Wall Administration) with the participation of companies like [Israel Military Industries](/wiki/Israel_Military_Industries \"Israel Military Industries\"), [Tadiran](/wiki/Tadiran_Telecom \"Tadiran Telecom\") and [Israel Aerospace Industries](/wiki/Israel_Aerospace_Industries \"Israel Aerospace Industries\").", "During 1998 the Israeli military conducted a successful test of their Arrow missile. Designed to intercept incoming missiles travelling at up to 2\\-mile/s (3ย km/s), the Arrow is expected to perform much better than the Patriot did in the Gulf War. On 29 July 2004 Israel and the United States carried out a joint experiment in the US, in which the Arrow was launched against a real Scud missile. The experiment was a success, as the Arrow destroyed the Scud with a direct hit. During December 2005 the system was deployed successfully in a test against a replicated [Shahab\\-3](/wiki/Shahab-3 \"Shahab-3\") missile. This feat was repeated on 11 February 2007\\.{{cite news \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/6352659\\.stm \\| publisher \\= BBC \\| work \\= News \\| title \\= Israeli missile test 'successful' \\| date \\= 11 February 2007 \\| access\\-date \\= 25 April 2010 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071216001604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle\\_east/6352659\\.stm \\| archive\\-date \\= 16 December 2007 \\| url\\-status \\= live }}", "#### Arrow 3", "{{main\\|Arrow 3}}\n[thumb\\|[Arrow 3](/wiki/Arrow_3 \"Arrow 3\") in testing.](/wiki/File:AST-15-001.jpg \"AST-15-001.jpg\")\nThe Arrow 3 system is capable of exo\\-atmosphere interception of ballistic missiles, including of [ICBMs](/wiki/ICBM \"ICBM\"). It also acts as an anti\\-satellite weapon.", "Lieutenant General Patrick J. O'Reilly, Director of the US [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency \"Missile Defense Agency\"), said: \"The design of Arrow 3 promises to be an extremely capable system, more advanced than what we have ever attempted in the U.S. with our programs.\"", "On 10 December 2015 Arrow 3 scored its first intercept in a complex test designed to validate how the system can detect, identify, track and then discriminate real from decoy targets delivered into space by an improved [Silver Sparrow](/wiki/Sparrow_%28target_missile%29 \"Sparrow (target missile)\") target missile.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air\\-space/strike/2015/12/10/us\\-israel\\-arrow\\-3\\-intercepts\\-target\\-space/77087084/ \\|work\\=\\[\\[Defense News]] \\|title\\=US\\-Israel Arrow\\-3 intercepts target in space \\|first\\=Barbara \\|last\\=Opall\\-Rome \\|date\\=2015\\-12\\-10 \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-12\\-10}} According to officials, the milestone test paves the way toward [low\\-rate initial production](/wiki/Low_rate_initial_production \"Low rate initial production\") of the Arrow 3\\.", "#### Davidโ€™s sling", "{{Main\\|David's Sling}}\n[thumb\\|Israel's [David's Sling](/wiki/David%27s_Sling \"David's Sling\"), designed to intercept tactical ballistic missiles](/wiki/File:Dec.%2C_2015_-_David%27s_Sling_Weapons_System_Stunner_Missile_successfully_completed_a_series_of_tests_%283%29.jpg \"Dec., 2015 - David's Sling Weapons System Stunner Missile successfully completed a series of tests (3).jpg\")\nDavid's Sling (Hebrew: ืงืœืข ื“ื•ื“), also sometimes called Magic Wand (Hebrew: ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ ืงืกืžื™ื), is an Israel Defense Forces military system being jointly developed by the Israeli defense contractor Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and the American defense contractor [Raytheon](/wiki/Raytheon \"Raytheon\"), designed to intercept tactical ballistic missiles, as well as medium\\- to long\\-range rockets and slower\\-flying cruise missiles, such as those possessed by [Hezbollah](/wiki/Hezbollah \"Hezbollah\"), fired at ranges from 40ย km to 300ย km. It is designed with the aim of intercepting the newest generation of tactical ballistic missiles, such as [Iskander](/wiki/9K720_Iskander \"9K720 Iskander\").", "### Japan", "[thumb\\|upright\\|right\\|Japanese [guided missile destroyer](/wiki/Guided_missile_destroyer \"Guided missile destroyer\") {{ship\\|JDS\\|Kongล\\|DDG\\-173\\|6}} firing a [Standard Missile 3](/wiki/Standard_Missile_3 \"Standard Missile 3\") anti\\-ballistic missile.](/wiki/File:SM3_from_JDS_Kongo.jpg \"SM3 from JDS Kongo.jpg\")\n{{Main\\|RIM\\-161 Standard Missile 3}}\nSince 1998, when North Korea launched a [Taepodong\\-1](/wiki/Taepodong-1 \"Taepodong-1\") missile over northern Japan, the Japanese have been jointly developing a new surface\\-to\\-air interceptor known as the Patriot Advanced Capability 3 (PAC\\-3\\) with the US. Tests have been successful, and there are 11 locations that are planned for the PAC\\-3 to be installed. The approximate locations are near major air bases, like [Kadena Air Base](/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base \"Kadena Air Base\"), and ammunition storage centers of the Japanese military. The exact location are not known to the public.{{Cite web \\|title\\=U.S. and Allied Ballistic Missile Defenses in the Asia\\-Pacific Region {{!}} Arms Control Association \\|url\\=https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/us\\-allied\\-ballistic\\-missile\\-defenses\\-asia\\-pacific\\-region\\#Japan \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-26 \\|website\\=www.armscontrol.org}} A military spokesman{{cite news \\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia\\-pacific/7188698\\.stm \\| work \\= BBC News \\| title \\= Japan plans Tokyo missile shield \\| date \\= 15 January 2008 \\| access\\-date \\= 17 January 2008 \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080118152525/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia\\-pacific/7188698\\.stm \\| archive\\-date \\= 18 January 2008 \\| url\\-status \\= live }} said that tests had been done on two sites, one of them a business park in central Tokyo, and Ichigaya โ€“ a site not far from the Imperial Palace.\nAlong with the PAC\\-3, Japan has installed a US\\-developed ship\\-based anti\\-ballistic missile system, which was tested successfully on 18 December 2007\\. Japan has 4 destroyers of this type capable of carrying [RIM\\-161 Standard Missile 3](/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3 \"RIM-161 Standard Missile 3\") and equipped with the [Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System](/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System \"Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System\"). Japan is currently modifying another 4 destroyers so that they can take part of their defense force against ballistic missiles, bringing the total number to 8 ships.", "### Soviet Union/Russian Federation", "[thumb\\|[S\\-300PMU\\-2](/wiki/S-300_%28missile%29 \"S-300 (missile)\") vehicles. From left to right: 64N6E2 detection radar, 54K6E2 command post and 5P85 TEL.](/wiki/File:S-300PMU2_complex.jpg \"S-300PMU2 complex.jpg\")\nThe Moscow ABM defense system was designed with the aim of being able to intercept the ICBM warheads aimed at Moscow and other important industrial regions, and is based on:\n* [A\\-35 Aldan](/wiki/A-35_anti-ballistic_missile_system \"A-35 anti-ballistic missile system\")\n\t+ [ABM\\-1 Galosh / 5V61](/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh \"ABM-1 Galosh\"){{cite web \\|author\\=John Pike \\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/abm1\\.htm \\|title\\=GlobalSystems: ''ABM\\-1'' \\|publisher\\=Globalsecurity.org \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516040109/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/abm1\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=16 May 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\\#ABM\\-1\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209161638/http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\\#ABM\\-1\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Russian Anti\\-Ballistic Guided Missile Systems\\|archivedate\\=9 February 2008}} (decommissioned){{cite web\\|author\\=John Pike\\|url\\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/galosh.htm\\|title\\=Galosh \\- Moscow System\\|date\\=20 April 2018\\|publisher\\=Globalsecurity.org\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013325/https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/galosh.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* [A\\-35M](/wiki/A-35_anti-ballistic_missile_system%23A-35M \"A-35 anti-ballistic missile system#A-35M\")\n\t+ [ABM\\-1B](/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh \"ABM-1 Galosh\"){{cite web\\|author\\=Sean O'Connor\\|url\\=http://ausairpower.net/APA\\-Rus\\-ABM\\-Systems.html\\|title\\=Russian/Soviet Anti\\-Ballistic Missile Systems\\|date\\=27 January 2014\\|pages\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121053912/http://www.ausairpower.net/APA\\-Rus\\-ABM\\-Systems.html\\|archive\\-date\\=21 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}} (decommissioned)\n* [A\\-135 Amur](/wiki/A-135_anti-ballistic_missile_system \"A-135 anti-ballistic missile system\")\n\t+ [ABM\\-3 Gazelle / 53T6](/wiki/ABM-3_Gazelle \"ABM-3 Gazelle\"){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\\#ABM\\-3\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209161638/http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Wonderland.org: ''ABM\\-3''\\|archivedate\\=9 February 2008}}\n\t+ [ABM\\-4 Gorgon / 51T6](/wiki/ABM-4_Gorgon \"ABM-4 Gorgon\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\\|title\\=Russian Anti\\-Ballistic Guided Missile Systems\\|date\\=20 December 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017\\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220232305/http://www.wonderland.org.nz/rusabgm.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2008}} (decommissioned){{cite web\\|author\\=John Pike\\|url\\=https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/gorgon.htm\\|title\\=51T6 Gorgon\\|date\\=20 April 2018\\|publisher\\=Globalsecurity.org\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013309/https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/gorgon.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2018\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n* [Aโ€“235 Nudol](/wiki/A%E2%80%93235_anti-ballistic_missile_system \"Aโ€“235 anti-ballistic missile system\") (In development)\n* [S\\-300P](/wiki/S-300_%28missile%29 \"S-300 (missile)\") (SA\\-10\\)\n* [S\\-300V/V4](/wiki/S-300V \"S-300V\") (SA\\-12\\)\n* [S\\-300PMU\\-1/2](/wiki/S-300_%28missile%29 \"S-300 (missile)\") (SA\\-20\\)\n* [S\\-400](/wiki/S-400 \"S-400\") (SA\\-21\\)\n* [S\\-300VM](/wiki/S-300VM_missile_system \"S-300VM missile system\") (SA\\-23\\)\n* [S\\-500 Prometey](/wiki/S-500_missile \"S-500 missile\") (serial production began in 2021\\)", "### United States", "{{See also\\|Safeguard Program\\|Ground\\-Based Interceptor\\#Next generation interceptor (NGI)\\|label2\\=Next generation interceptor}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") [RIM\\-161 Standard Missile 3](/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3 \"RIM-161 Standard Missile 3\") anti\\-ballistic missile.](/wiki/File:Standard_Missile_III_SM-3_RIM-161_test_launch_04017005.jpg \"Standard Missile III SM-3 RIM-161 test launch 04017005.jpg\")\nIn several tests, the U.S. military have demonstrated the feasibility of destroying long and short range ballistic missiles.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.army.mil/article/225470/leader\\_gives\\_space\\_and\\_missile\\_defense\\_update\\_at\\_smd\\_symposium\\| title \\= Jason Cutshaw (August 8, 2019\\) Leader gives space and missile defense update at SMD Symposium}} Combat effectiveness of newer systems against 1950s tactical ballistic missiles seems very high, as the [MIM\\-104 Patriot](/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot \"MIM-104 Patriot\") (PAC\\-1 and PAC\\-2\\) had a 100% success rate in Operation Iraqi Freedom.{{cite web \\|author\\=John Pike \\|url\\=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/ops/oif\\-patriot.htm \\|title\\=''Operation Iraqi Freedom โ€“ Patriot'' \\|publisher\\=GlobalSecurity.org \\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220031217/http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/ops/oif\\-patriot.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=20 February 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "The U.S. Navy [Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System](/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System \"Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System\") (Aegis BMD) uses [RIM\\-161 Standard Missile 3](/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3 \"RIM-161 Standard Missile 3\"), which hit a target going faster than ICBM warheads.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7254540\\.stm\\|title\\=BBC NEWS โ€“ World โ€“ Americas โ€“ US missile hits 'toxic satellite'\\|website\\=news.bbc.co.uk\\|date\\=21 February 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413122801/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7254540\\.stm\\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2009\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 16 November 2020 an SM\\-3 Block IIA interceptor successfully destroyed an ICBM in mid\\-course, under [Link\\-16](/wiki/Link-16 \"Link-16\") Command and Control, Battle Management, and Communications ([C2BMC](/wiki/C2BMC \"C2BMC\")).[MDA Newsroom (17 Nov 2020\\) U.S. Successfully Conducts SM\\-3 Block IIA Intercept Test Against an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Target](https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2417334/us-successfully-conducts-sm-3-block-iia-intercept-test-against-an-intercontinen/) SM\\-3 Block IIA Intercept Test animation [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=lUDQrLcY5oI](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUDQrLcY5oI) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425000520/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=lUDQrLcY5oI \\|date\\=25 April 2021 }}", "The U.S. Army [Terminal High Altitude Area Defense](/wiki/Terminal_High_Altitude_Area_Defense \"Terminal High Altitude Area Defense\") (THAAD) system began production in 2008\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Panda\\|first1\\=Ankit\\|title\\=What Is THAAD, What Does It Do, and Why Is China Mad About It?\\|url\\=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/what\\-is\\-thaad\\-what\\-does\\-it\\-do\\-and\\-why\\-is\\-china\\-mad\\-about\\-it/\\|website\\=The Diplomat\\|access\\-date\\=3 April 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404130539/https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/what\\-is\\-thaad\\-what\\-does\\-it\\-do\\-and\\-why\\-is\\-china\\-mad\\-about\\-it/\\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Its stated range as a short to intermediate ballistic missile interceptor means that it is not designed to hit midcourse ICBMs, which can reach [terminal phase](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile%23Flight_phases \"Intercontinental ballistic missile#Flight phases\") speeds of [mach 8](/wiki/Mach_number \"Mach number\") or greater. The THAAD interceptor has a reported maximum speed of mach 8, and THAAD has repeatedly proven it can intercept descending exoatmospheric missiles in a ballistic trajectory.{{Cite web \\|last\\=McCarthy \\|first\\=Niall \\|title\\=Can The U.S. Intercept A North Korean Missile? \\[Infographic] \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2017/09/05/can\\-the\\-u\\-s\\-intercept\\-a\\-north\\-korean\\-missile\\-infographic/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-17 \\|website\\=Forbes \\|language\\=en}}", "The U.S. Army [Ground\\-Based Midcourse Defense](/wiki/Ground-Based_Midcourse_Defense \"Ground-Based Midcourse Defense\") (GMD) system was developed by the [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency \"Missile Defense Agency\"). It combines ground\\-based [AN/FPS\\-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar](/wiki/AN/FPS-132_Upgraded_Early_Warning_Radar \"AN/FPS-132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar\") installations and mobile [AN/TPY\\-2](/wiki/AN/TPY-2 \"AN/TPY-2\") X\\-band radars with 44 exoatmospheric interceptors stationed in underground silos around California and Alaska, to protect against low\\-count ICBM attacks from rogue states. Each [Ground\\-Based Interceptor](/wiki/Ground-Based_Interceptor \"Ground-Based Interceptor\") (GBI) rocket carries an [Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle](/wiki/Exoatmospheric_Kill_Vehicle \"Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle\") (EKV) kinetic kill interceptor, with 97% probability of intercept when four interceptors are launched at the target.", "Since 2004, the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") plans to replace [Raytheon](/wiki/Raytheon \"Raytheon\")'s Patriot missile (SAM) engagement control station (ECS), along with seven other forms of ABM defense command systems, with [Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System](/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command%23Integrated_Air_and_Missile_Defense_Battle_Command_System \"United States Army Futures Command#Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System\") (IBCS) designed to shoot down short, medium, and intermediate range ballistic missiles in their terminal phase by intercepting with a hit\\-to\\-kill approach.{{cite web\\|title\\=Army Seeks To Field One\\-Size\\-Fits\\-All Battle Command System\\|url\\=http://spacenews.com/army\\-seeks\\-field\\-one\\-size\\-fits\\-all\\-battle\\-command\\-system/\\|publisher\\=Space News\\|date\\=29 June 2004}}{{cite web\\|last1\\= Kiley\\|first1\\= Gregory T.\\|title\\= Congress and the Administration Must Reassess Failing Missile Defense Programs\\|url\\= http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2017/05/17/failing\\_missile\\_defense\\_programs\\_111398\\.html\\|publisher\\= RealClearDefense\\|date\\= 17 May 2017\\|access\\-date\\= 22 June 2017\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170521151129/http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2017/05/17/failing\\_missile\\_defense\\_programs\\_111398\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\= 21 May 2017\\|url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.army.mil/article/225475/mos\\_14e\\_linchpin\\_of\\_patriot\\_missile\\_system\\| title \\= Fort Sill Tribune staff (August 8, 2019\\) MOS 14E: Linchpin of Patriot missile system}}{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.defensenews.com/digital\\-show\\-dailies/ausa/2018/10/10/so\\-patriot\\-and\\-thaad\\-will\\-talk\\-what\\-does\\-that\\-really\\-mean/\\| title \\= Jen Judson (11 Oct 2018\\) So Patriot and THAAD will talk. What does that really mean?\\| date \\= 10 October 2018}} \nNorthrop Grumman was selected as the prime contractor in 2010; the Army spent $2\\.7 billion on the program between 2009 and 2020\\.{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.defensenews.com/digital\\-show\\-dailies/smd/2020/08/20/armys\\-future\\-missile\\-defense\\-battle\\-command\\-system\\-caps\\-off\\-major\\-test\\-with\\-defeat\\-of\\-cruise\\-ballistic\\-missile\\-threats/\\| title \\= Jen Judson (20 Aug 2020\\) US Army's future missile defense command system nearly simultaneously defeats cruise, ballistic missile threats\\| date \\= 20 August 2020}} IBCS engagement stations will support identification and tracking of targets using sensor fusion from disparate data streams, and selection of appropriate kill vehicles from available launcher systems.[Integrated Air and Missile Defense Battle Command System (IBCS)](http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/IBCS/Pages/default.aspx){{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006163751/http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/IBCS/Pages/default.aspx \\|date\\=6 October 2017 }} vendor summary{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/10/02/army\\-continues\\-push\\-for\\-integrated\\-sensors\\-and\\-shooters\\-with\\-latest\\-ibcs\\-contract/\\| title \\= Daniel Cebul (12 October 2018\\) Army continues push for integrated sensors and shooters with latest IBCS contract\\| date \\= 2 October 2018}}[Daniel Cebul โ€ƒ(9 October 2018\\) Army looks to a future of integrated fire](https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/army-looks-to-a-future-of-integrated-fire/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000941/https://www.defensenews.com/digital\\-show\\-dailies/ausa/2018/10/08/army\\-looks\\-to\\-a\\-future\\-of\\-integrated\\-fire/ \\|date\\=26 November 2022 }} by integrating THAAD IBCS LRPFAndrew Eversden [(23 Dec 2021\\) Army awards Northrop Grumman $1\\.4 billion contract for IBCS](https://breakingdefense.com/2021/12/army-awards-northrop-grumman-1-4-billion-contract-for-ibcs/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224073613/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/12/army\\-awards\\-northrop\\-grumman\\-1\\-4\\-billion\\-contract\\-for\\-ibcs/ \\|date\\=24 December 2021 }}{{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.defensenews.com/land/2017/02/06/army\\-falls\\-behind\\-with\\-new\\-anti\\-missile\\-command\\-system/\\| title \\= Jen Judson (February 6, 2017\\) Army falls behind with new anti\\-missile command system\\| date \\= 6 February 2017}} \nIn February 2022 THAAD radar and TFCC (THAAD Fire Control \\& Communication) demonstrated their interoperability with Patriot PAC\\-3 MSE missile launchers, engaging targets using both THAAD and Patriot interceptors.Jen Judson [(10 Mar 2022\\) Missile Defense Agency fires Patriot missile from THAAD system](https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/03/10/missile-defense-agency-fires-patriot-missile-from-thaad-system/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000939/https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/03/10/missile\\-defense\\-agency\\-fires\\-patriot\\-missile\\-from\\-thaad\\-system/ \\|date\\=26 November 2022 }}", "### Republic of China", "Procurement of [MIM\\-104 Patriot](/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot \"MIM-104 Patriot\") and indigenous [Tien\\-Kung](/wiki/Sky_Bow \"Sky Bow\") anti\\-ballistic missile systems. With the tense situations with China, Taiwan developed the [Sky Bow](/wiki/Sky_Bow \"Sky Bow\") (or **Tien\\-Kung**), this surface\\-to\\-air missile can intercept and destroy enemy aircraft and ballistic missiles.{{cite web \\|last\\=Huang \\|first\\=Po\\-Chang \\|date\\=9 May 2017 \\|title\\=Who to Protect? Taiwan's SAM Systems and the Distribution of Protection \\|url\\=https://sites.tufts.edu/gis/files/2017/06/Huang\\_Po\\-Chang\\_DHP\\_207\\_Spring\\_2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://sites.tufts.edu/gis/files/2017/06/Huang\\_Po\\-Chang\\_DHP\\_207\\_Spring\\_2017\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=7 April 2022 \\|website\\=TUFTS University}} These system was created in partnership with [Raytheon Technologies](/wiki/Raytheon_Technologies \"Raytheon Technologies\"), using [Lockheed Martin](/wiki/Lockheed_Martin \"Lockheed Martin\") ADAR\\-HP as inspiration to create the **Chang Bai S\\-band** radar system.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Military Watch Magazine \\|url\\=https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/taiwan\\-s\\-most\\-powerful\\-assets\\-for\\-a\\-cross\\-strait\\-air\\-war\\-from\\-f\\-16v\\-fighters\\-to\\-hypersonic\\-sky\\-sword\\-ii\\-air\\-to\\-air\\-missiles \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-07 \\|website\\=militarywatchmagazine.com}} The missiles have a range of 200ย km and was designed to take on fast moving vehicles with low radar cross\\-section. The latest variant of this system is the **Sky Bow III (TK\\-3\\)**.", "### South Korea", "Since North Korea started developing its nuclear weapon program, South Korea has been under imminent danger. South Korea started its BDM program by acquiring 8 batteries of the [MIM\\-104 Patriot](/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot \"MIM-104 Patriot\") (**PAC\\-2**) missiles from the United States. The **PAC\\-2** was developed to destroy incoming aircraft and is now unreliable in defending a ballistic missile attack from North Korea, as they have developed further their nuclear program. As of 2018, South Korea decided to improve its defense system by upgrading to the **PAC\\-3**, which has a hit\\-to\\-kill capability against incoming missiles.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Park \\|first\\=Hwee Rhak \\|date\\=2018 \\|title\\=The Ballistic Missile Defense Construction Strategies of South Korea and Japan: Self\\-reliance versus Cooperation with the US \\|url\\=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26909945 \\|journal\\=Journal of International and Area Studies \\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=87โ€“106 \\|jstor\\=26909945 \\|issn\\=1226\\-8550}} The main reason that the South Korean anti\\-ballistic defense system is not very developed is because they have tried to developed their own, without help from other countries, since the beginning of the 1990s. The South Korean [Defense Acquisition Program Administration](/wiki/Defense_Acquisition_Program_Administration \"Defense Acquisition Program Administration\") **(DAPA)** has confirmed that it has test launched the [L\\-SAM](/wiki/L-SAM \"L-SAM\") system in February 2022\\. This particular missile has been in development since 2019 and is South Korea's next anti\\-ballistic missile generation. It is expected to have a range of 150ย km and be able to intercept targets between 40ย km and 100ย km of altitude, and it can also be used as an aircraft interceptor. The [L\\-SAM](/wiki/L-SAM \"L-SAM\") system is expected to be complete and ready to use in 2024\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=South Korea tests indigenous long\\-range surface\\-to\\-air missile \\|url\\=https://www.janes.com/defence\\-news/news\\-detail/south\\-korea\\-tests\\-indigenous\\-long\\-range\\-surface\\-to\\-air\\-missile \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-26 \\|website\\=Janes.com \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
History ------- ### 1940s and 1950s [thumb\|right\|1946 [Project Wizard](/wiki/Project_Wizard "Project Wizard") missile](/wiki/File:Wizard_missile_concept.jpg "Wizard missile concept.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Launch of a [US Army](/wiki/US_Army "US Army") [Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus "Nike Zeus") missile, the first ABM system to enter widespread testing.](/wiki/File:NIKE_Zeus.jpg "NIKE Zeus.jpg") The idea of destroying rockets before they can hit their target dates from the first use of modern missiles in warfare, the German [V\-1](/wiki/V-1_%28flying_bomb%29 "V-1 (flying bomb)") and [V\-2](/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket") program of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). British fighters destroyed some V\-1 "buzz bombs" in flight, although concentrated barrages of heavy anti\-aircraft artillery had greater success. Under the lend\-lease program, 200 US [90 mm AA](/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3 "90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3") guns with [SCR\-584 radars](/wiki/SCR-584_radar "SCR-584 radar") and [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric "Western Electric")/[Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs "Bell Labs") computers were sent to the UK. These demonstrated a 95% success rate against V\-1s that flew into their range.Gregory Canavan, ["Missile Defense for the 21st Century"](http://missilethreat.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/20030000-Heritage-canavan.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713192027/http://missilethreat.wpengine.netdna\-cdn.com/wp\-content/uploads/2012/11/20030000\-Heritage\-canavan.pdf \|date\=13 July 2015 }}, Heritage Foundation, 2003, p.3 The V\-2, the first true ballistic missile, has no known record of being destroyed in the air. SCR\-584's could be used to plot the trajectories of the missiles and provide some warning, but were more useful in backtracking their ballistic trajectory and determining the rough launch locations. The Allies launched [Operation Crossbow](/wiki/Operation_Crossbow "Operation Crossbow") to find and destroy V\-2s before launch, but these operations were largely ineffective. In one instance a Spitfire happened upon a V\-2 rising through the trees, and fired on it with no effect. This led to allied efforts to capture launching sites in Belgium and the Netherlands. A wartime study by Bell Labs into the task of shooting down ballistic missiles in flight concluded it was not possible. In order to intercept a missile, one needs to be able to steer the attack onto the missile before it hits. A V\-2's speed would require guns of effectively instantaneous reaction time,{{dubious\|date\=September 2019}} or some sort of weapon with ranges on the order of dozens of miles, neither of which appeared possible. This was, however, just before the emergence of high\-speed computing systems. By the mid\-1950s, things had changed considerably, and many forces worldwide were considering ABM systems.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=aUk5DAAAQBAJ\&q\=By\+the\+mid\-1950s,\+things\+had\+changed\+considerably,\+and\+many\+forces\+worldwide\+were\+considering\+ABM\+systems.\&pg\=PT28\|title\=Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times\|last\=Ramsey\|first\=Syed\|date\=2016\-05\-12\|publisher\=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd\|isbn\=9789386019837\|language\=en}} The American armed forces began experimenting with anti\-missile missiles soon after World War II, as the extent of German research into rocketry became clear. [Project Wizard](/wiki/Project_Wizard "Project Wizard") began in 1946, with the aim of creating a missile capable of intercepting the V\-2\. But defences against Soviet long\-range bombers took priority until 1957, when the Soviet Union demonstrated its advances in ICBM technology with the launch of [Sputnik](/wiki/Sputnik_program "Sputnik program"), the Earth's first artificial satellite. The [US Army](/wiki/US_Army "US Army") accelerated development of their [LIM\-49 Nike Zeus](/wiki/LIM-49_Nike_Zeus "LIM-49 Nike Zeus") system in response. Zeus was criticized throughout its development program, especially from those within the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force "US Air Force") and nuclear weapons establishments who suggested it would be much simpler to build more nuclear warheads and guarantee [mutually assured destruction](/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction "Mutually assured destruction"). Zeus was eventually cancelled in 1963\. In 1958, the U.S. sought to explore whether airbursting nuclear weapons might be used to ward off ICBMs. It conducted several test explosions of low\-yield [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon") โ€“ 1\.7kt boosted fission [W25 warheads](/wiki/W25_%28nuclear_warhead%29 "W25 (nuclear warhead)") โ€“ launched from ships to very high altitudes over the southern Atlantic Ocean.Nuclear Weapon Archive.org. [Argus](http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911023819/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html \|date\=11 September 2006 }}. Such an explosion releases a burst of [X\-rays](/wiki/X-ray "X-ray") in the Earth's atmosphere, causing secondary showers of charged particles over an area hundreds of miles across. These can become trapped in the Earth' magnetic field, creating an artificial radiation belt. It was believed that this might be strong enough to damage warheads traveling through the layer. This proved not to be the case, but [Argus](/wiki/Operation_Argus "Operation Argus") returned key data about a related effect, the [nuclear electromagnetic pulse](/wiki/Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse "Nuclear electromagnetic pulse") (NEMP). ### Canada Other countries were also involved in early ABM research. A more advanced project was at [CARDE](/wiki/DRE_Valcartier "DRE Valcartier") in Canada, which researched the main problems of ABM systems. A key problem with any radar system is that the signal is in the form of a cone, which spreads with distance from the transmitter. For long\-distance interceptions like ABM systems, the inherent inaccuracy of the radar makes an interception difficult. CARDE considered using a [terminal guidance](/wiki/Terminal_guidance "Terminal guidance") system to address the accuracy concerns, and developed several advanced [infrared](/wiki/Infrared "Infrared") detectors for this role. They also studied a number of missile airframe designs, a new and much more powerful solid rocket fuel, and numerous systems for testing it all. After a series of drastic budget reductions during the late 1950s the research ended. One offshoot of the project was [Gerald Bull](/wiki/Gerald_Bull "Gerald Bull")'s system for inexpensive high\-speed testing, consisting of missile airframes shot from a [sabot](/wiki/Sabot_%28firearms%29 "Sabot (firearms)") round, which would later be the basis of [Project HARP](/wiki/Project_HARP "Project HARP"). Another was the [CRV7](/wiki/CRV7 "CRV7") and [Black Brant](/wiki/Black_Brant_%28rocket%29 "Black Brant (rocket)") rockets, which used the new solid rocket fuel. ### Soviet Union [thumb\|V\-1000](/wiki/File:V-1000_ABM_prototype.svg "V-1000 ABM prototype.svg") The Soviet military had requested funding for ABM research as early as 1953, but were only given the go\-ahead to begin deployment of such a system on 17 August 1956\. Their test system, known simply as System A, was based on the V\-1000 missile, which was similar to the early US efforts. The first successful test interception was carried out on 24 November 1960, and the first with a live warhead on 4 March 1961\. In this test, a dummy warhead was released by a [R\-12](/wiki/R-12_%28missile%29 "R-12 (missile)") [ballistic missile](/wiki/Ballistic_missile "Ballistic missile") launched from the [Kapustin Yar](/wiki/Kapustin_Yar "Kapustin Yar"),{{cite journal \|last1\=Gobarev \|first1\=Victor \|year\=2001 \|title\=The early development of Russia's ballistic missile defense system \|journal\=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies \|volume\=14 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=29โ€“48\|doi\=10\.1080/13518040108430478\|s2cid\=144681318 }} Viewed 26 May 2012\. and intercepted by a V\-1000 launched from [Sary\-Shagan](/wiki/Sary-Shagan "Sary-Shagan"). The dummy warhead was destroyed by the impact of 16,000 [tungsten\-carbide](/wiki/Tungsten-carbide "Tungsten-carbide") spherical impactors 140 seconds after launch, at an altitude of {{convert\|25\|km\|ft\|abbr\=on}}.{{Cite journal\| first \= A\| last \= Karpenko\| year \= 1999\| title \= ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE\| journal \= Nevsky Bastion\| volume \= 4\| pages \= 2โ€“47\| url \= https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/990600\-bmd\-rus.htm\| access\-date \= 18 October 2015\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165344/http://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/990600\-bmd\-rus.htm\| archive\-date \= 3 March 2016\| url\-status \= live}} The V\-1000 missile system was nonetheless considered not reliable enough and abandoned in favour of nuclear\-armed ABMs. A much larger missile, the [Fakel 5V61](/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh "ABM-1 Galosh") (known in the west as Galosh), was developed to carry the larger warhead and carry it much further from the launch site. Further development continued, and the [A\-35 anti\-ballistic missile system](/wiki/A-35_anti-ballistic_missile_system "A-35 anti-ballistic missile system"), designed to protect Moscow, became operational in 1971\. A\-35 was designed for exoatmospheric interceptions, and would have been highly susceptible to a well\-arranged attack using multiple warheads and radar black\-out techniques. A\-35 was upgraded during the 1980s to a two\-layer system, the [A\-135](/wiki/A-135_anti-ballistic_missile_system "A-135 anti-ballistic missile system"). The Gorgon (SH\-11/ABM\-4\) long\-range missile was designed to handle intercepts outside the atmosphere, and the [Gazelle (SH\-08/ABM\-3\)](/wiki/53T6 "53T6") short\-range missile endoatmospheric intercepts that eluded Gorgon. The A\-135 system is considered to be technologically equivalent to the United States Safeguard system of 1975\.GlobalSecurity.org. [\-135 anti\-ballistic missile system](http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/abm3.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015034259/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/abm3\.htm \|date\=15 October 2007 }}. ### American Nike\-X and Sentinel [Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus "Nike Zeus") failed to be a credible defence in an era of rapidly increasing ICBM counts due to its ability to attack only one target at a time. Additionally, significant concerns about its ability to successfully intercept warheads in the presence of high\-altitude nuclear explosions, including its own, lead to the conclusion that the system would simply be too costly for the very low amount of protection it could provide. By the time it was cancelled in 1963, potential upgrades had been explored for some time. Among these were radars capable of scanning much greater volumes of space and able to track many warheads and launch several missiles at once. These, however, did not address the problems identified with radar blackouts caused by high\-altitude explosions. To address this need, a new missile with extreme performance was designed to attack incoming warheads at much lower altitudes, as low as 20ย km. The new project encompassing all of these upgrades was launched as [Nike\-X](/wiki/Nike-X "Nike-X"). The main missile was [LIM\-49 Spartan](/wiki/LIM-49_Spartan "LIM-49 Spartan")โ€”a Nike Zeus upgraded for longer range and a much larger 5 megaton warhead intended to destroy enemy's warheads with a burst of x\-rays outside the atmosphere. A second shorter\-range missile called [Sprint](/wiki/Sprint_%28missile%29 "Sprint (missile)") with very high acceleration was added to handle warheads that evaded longer\-ranged Spartan. Sprint was a very fast missile (some sources{{who\|date\=March 2015}} claimed it accelerated to 8,000ย mph (13ย 000ย km/h) within 4 seconds of flightโ€”an average acceleration of *90 [g](/wiki/G-force "G-force")*) and had a smaller W66 [enhanced radiation](/wiki/Neutron_bomb "Neutron bomb") warhead in the 1โ€“3 kiloton range for in\-atmosphere interceptions. The experimental success of Nike X persuaded the [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") administration to propose a thin ABM defense, that could provide almost complete coverage of the United States. In a September 1967 speech, Defense Secretary [Robert McNamara](/wiki/Robert_McNamara "Robert McNamara") referred to it as "[Sentinel](/wiki/Sentinel_program "Sentinel program")". McNamara, a private ABM opponent because of cost and feasibility (see [cost\-exchange ratio](/wiki/Cost-exchange_ratio "Cost-exchange ratio")), claimed that Sentinel would be directed not against the Soviet Union's missiles (since the [USSR](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") had more than enough missiles to overwhelm any American defense), but rather against the potential nuclear threat of the People's Republic of China. In the meantime, a public debate over the merit of ABMs began. Difficulties that had already made an ABM system questionable for defending against an all\-out attack. One problem was the [Fractional Orbital Bombardment System](/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System "Fractional Orbital Bombardment System") (FOBS) that would give little warning to the defense. Another problem was high altitude EMP (whether from offensive or defensive nuclear warheads) which could degrade defensive radar systems. When this proved infeasible for economic reasons, a much smaller deployment using the same systems was proposed, namely Safeguard (described later). ### Defense against MIRVs [thumb\|right\|Testing of the [LGM\-118A Peacekeeper](/wiki/LGM-118A_Peacekeeper "LGM-118A Peacekeeper") re\-entry vehicles, all eight shot from only one missile. Each line is the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty\-five [Hiroshima\-style](/wiki/Little_Boy "Little Boy") weapons.](/wiki/File:Peacekeeper-missile-testing.jpg "Peacekeeper-missile-testing.jpg") ABM systems were developed initially to counter single warheads launched from large [intercontinental ballistic missiles](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile "Intercontinental ballistic missile") (ICBMs). The economics seemed simple enough; since rocket costs increase rapidly with size, the price of the ICBM launching a large warhead should always be greater than the much smaller interceptor missile needed to destroy it. In an arms race the defense would always win.{{rp\|p\=18}} In addition to the blast effect, the detonation of nuclear devices against attacking intercontinental ballistic missiles produces a neutron kill effect from the strong radiation emitted, and this neutralizes the warhead, or warheads, of the attacking missile.{{cite book \|title\=A Dictionary of Aviation \|first\=David W. \|last\=Wragg \|isbn\=9780850451634 \|edition\=first \|publisher\=Osprey \|date\=1973 \|page\=200 }} Most A.B.M. devices depend on neutron kill for their effectiveness. In practice, the price of the interceptor missile was considerable, due to its sophistication. The system had to be guided all the way to an interception, which demanded guidance and control systems that worked within and outside the atmosphere. Due to their relatively short ranges, an ABM missile would be needed to counter an ICBM wherever it might be aimed. That implies that dozens of interceptors are needed for every ICBM since warhead's targets couldn't be known in advance. This led to intense debates about the "[cost\-exchange ratio](/wiki/Cost-exchange_ratio "Cost-exchange ratio")" between interceptors and warheads. Conditions changed dramatically in 1970 with the introduction of [multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle](/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehicle "Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle") (MIRV) warheads. Suddenly, each launcher was throwing not one warhead, but several. These would spread out in space, ensuring that a single interceptor would be needed for each warhead. This simply added to the need to have several interceptors for each warhead in order to provide geographical coverage. Now it was clear that an ABM system would always be many times more expensive than the ICBMs they defended against. ### Anti\-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972 {{main\|Anti\-Ballistic Missile Treaty}} Technical, economic and political problems described resulted in the [ABM treaty](/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty "Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty") of 1972, which restricted the deployment of strategic (not tactical) anti\-ballistic missiles. By the ABM treaty and a 1974 revision, each country was allowed to deploy a mere 100 ABMs to protect a single, small area. The Soviets retained their Moscow defences. The U.S. designated their ICBM sites near Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, where Safeguard was already under advanced development. The radar systems and anti\-ballistic missiles were approximately 90 miles north/northwest of Grand Forks AFB, near Concrete, North Dakota. The missiles were deactivated in 1975\. The main radar site (PARCS) is still used as an early warning ICBM radar, facing relative north. It is located at Cavalier Air Force Station, North Dakota. ### Brief use of Safeguard in 1975/1976 The U.S. [Safeguard](/wiki/Safeguard_Program "Safeguard Program") system, which utilized the nuclear\-tipped [LIM\-49A Spartan](/wiki/LIM-49A_Spartan "LIM-49A Spartan") and [Sprint](/wiki/Sprint_%28missile%29 "Sprint (missile)") missiles, in the short operational period of 1975/1976, was the second counter\-ICBMs system in the world. Safeguard protected only the main fields of US ICBMs from attack, theoretically ensuring that an attack could be responded to with a US launch, enforcing the [mutually assured destruction](/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction "Mutually assured destruction") principle. ### SDI experiments in the 1980s {{main\|Strategic Defense Initiative}} The [Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan "Ronald Reagan")\-era [Strategic Defense Initiative](/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative "Strategic Defense Initiative") (often referred to as "Star Wars"), along with research into various energy\-beam weaponry, brought new interest in the area of ABM technologies. SDI was an extremely ambitious program to provide a total shield against a massive Soviet ICBM attack. The initial concept envisioned large sophisticated orbiting laser battle stations, space\-based relay mirrors, and nuclear\-pumped X\-ray laser satellites. Later research indicated that some planned technologies such as X\-ray [lasers](/wiki/Laser "Laser") were not feasible with then\-current technology. As research continued, SDI evolved through various concepts as designers struggled with the difficulty of such a large complex defense system. SDI remained a research program and was never deployed. Several post\-SDI technologies are used by the present [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency "Missile Defense Agency") (MDA). Lasers originally developed for the SDI plan are in use for astronomical observations. Used to ionize gas in the upper atmosphere, they provide telescope operators with a target to calibrate their instruments.{{cite journal\|title\=Military Magic Boosts Astronomy : Declassified technology enhances celestial knowledge\|journal\=Astronomy\|date\=January 2001\|volume\=29\|issue\=1\|page\=48\|url\=https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid\=6\&sid\=d2b37e4a\-4a62\-4a05\-8cc7\-7521f023995e%40sessionmgr101\&bdata\=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d\#AN\=edsgcl.75029301\&db\=edsgbc\|access\-date\=26 January 2018}}{{Dead link\|date\=August 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} ### Tactical ABMs deployed in 1990s The Israeli [Arrow missile](/wiki/Arrow_%28Israeli_missile%29 "Arrow (Israeli missile)") system was tested initially during 1990, before the [first Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War "Gulf War"). The Arrow was supported by the United States throughout the 1990s. The [Patriot](/wiki/Patriot_missile "Patriot missile") was the first deployed tactical ABM system, although it was not designed from the outset for that task and consequently had limitations. It was used during the 1991 Gulf War to attempt to intercept Iraqi [Scud](/wiki/Scud "Scud") missiles. Post\-war analyses show that the Patriot was much less effective than initially thought because of its radar and control system's inability to discriminate warheads from other objects when the Scud missiles broke up during reentry. Testing ABM technology continued during the 1990s with mixed success. After the Gulf War, improvements were made to several U.S. air defense systems. A new Patriot, [PAC\-3](/wiki/PAC-3 "PAC-3"), was developed and testedโ€”a complete redesign of the PAC\-2 deployed during the war, including a totally new missile. The improved guidance, radar and missile performance improves the probability of kill over the earlier PAC\-2\. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, Patriot batteries engaged 100% of enemy [TBMs](/wiki/Tactical_ballistic_missile "Tactical ballistic missile") within their engagement territory. Of these engagements, 8 of them were verified as kills by multiple independent sensors; the remaining was listed as a probable kill due to lack of independent verification. Patriot was involved in three [friendly fire](/wiki/Friendly_fire "Friendly fire") incidents: two incidents of Patriot shootings at coalition aircraft and one of U.S. aircraft shooting at a Patriot battery.{{cite web \|publisher\=Defense Science Board Task Force \|url\=http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2005\-01\-Patriot\_Report\_Summary.pdf \|title\=Patriot system performance โ€“ report summary \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226111836/http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2005\-01\-Patriot\_Report\_Summary.pdf \|archive\-date\=26 February 2006 \|date\=January 2005}} A new version of the Hawk missile was tested during the early to mid\-1990s and by the end of 1998 the majority of US Marine Corps Hawk systems were modified to support basic theater anti\-ballistic missile capabilities.{{cite web \|publisher\=FAS \|url\=https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/hawk.htm \|title\=Hawk \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200451/http://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/hawk.htm \|archive\-date\=15 October 2015}} The [MIM\-23 Hawk](/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk "MIM-23 Hawk") missile is not operational in U.S. service since 2002, but is used by many other countries. [thumb\|right\|Developed in the late 1990s, the Lightweight Exo\-Atmospheric Projectile attaches to a modified [SM\-2 Block IV missile](/wiki/RIM-156_Standard "RIM-156 Standard") used by the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy")](/wiki/File:Navy_Theater_Ballistic_Missile_Defense.JPG "Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense.JPG") Soon after the Gulf War, the [Aegis Combat System](/wiki/Aegis_Combat_System "Aegis Combat System") was expanded to include ABM capabilities. The [Standard missile](/wiki/RIM-156_Standard "RIM-156 Standard") system was also enhanced and tested for ballistic missile interception. During the late 1990s, SM\-2 block IVA missiles were tested in a theater ballistic missile defense function.{{cite web \|url\=https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/sm2\.htm \|title\=Navy Area Defense (NAD) \|publisher\=FAS \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812145613/https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/sm2\.htm\|archive\-date\=12 August 2007}} [Standard Missile 3 (SM\-3\)](/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_missile_3 "RIM-161 Standard missile 3") systems have also been tested for an ABM role. In 2008, an SM\-3 missile launched from the {{sclass\|Ticonderoga\|cruiser\|1}} {{USS\|Lake Erie\|CG\-70\|6}}, successfully intercepted [a non\-functioning satellite](/wiki/USA-193 "USA-193").{{cite press release\|title\=DoD Succeeds in Intercepting Non\-Functioning Satellite\|url\=http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid\=11704\|date\=20 February 2008\|number\=No. 0139\-08\|publisher\=U.S. Department of Defense\|access\-date\=20 February 2008\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080226105236/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid\=11704\| archive\-date\= 26 February 2008 \| url\-status\= live}}{{cite press release\|title\= Navy Succeeds in Intercepting Non\-Functioning Satellite\|url\=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story\_id\=35114\|publisher\=U.S. Navy\|date\=20 February 2008\|number\=NNS080220\-19\|access\-date\=20 February 2008\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080225234718/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story\_id\=35114\| archive\-date\= 25 February 2008 \| url\-status\= live}} ### Brilliant Pebbles concept Approved for acquisition by the Pentagon during 1991 but never realized, [Brilliant Pebbles](/wiki/Brilliant_Pebbles "Brilliant Pebbles") was a proposed space\-based anti\-ballistic system that was meant to avoid some of the problems of the earlier SDI concepts. Rather than use sophisticated large laser battle stations and nuclear\-pumped X\-ray laser satellites, Brilliant Pebbles consisted of a thousand very small, intelligent orbiting satellites with kinetic warheads. The system relied on improvements of computer technology, avoided problems with overly centralized command and control and risky, expensive development of large, complicated space defense satellites. It promised to be much less expensive to develop and have less technical development risk. The name Brilliant Pebbles comes from the small size of the satellite interceptors and great computational power enabling more autonomous targeting. Rather than rely exclusively on ground\-based control, the many small interceptors would cooperatively communicate among themselves and target a large swarm of ICBM warheads in space or in the late boost phase. Development was discontinued later in favor of a limited ground\-based defense. ### Transformation of SDI into MDA, development of NMD/GMD While the Reagan era Strategic Defense Initiative was intended to shield against a massive Soviet attack, during the early 1990s, President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush") called for a more limited version using rocket\-launched interceptors based on the ground at a single site. Such system was developed since 1992, was expected to become operational in 2010{{cite web\|title\=Ground\-based Midcourse Defense (GMD)\|url\=http://www.mda.mil/system/gmd.html\|publisher\=MDA\|access\-date\=8 February 2011\|quote\="A total of 30 interceptors are planned for deployment by the end of 2010\. "\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206200507/http://www.mda.mil/system/gmd.html\|archive\-date\=6 December 2010}} and capable of intercepting small number of incoming ICBMs. First called the National Missile Defense (NMD), since 2002 it was renamed [Ground\-Based Midcourse Defense](/wiki/Ground-Based_Midcourse_Defense "Ground-Based Midcourse Defense") (GMD). It was planned to protect all 50 states from a rogue missile attack. The Alaska site provides more protection against North Korean missiles or accidental launches from Russia or China, but is likely less effective against missiles launched from the Middle East. The Alaska interceptors may be augmented later by the naval Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System or by ground\-based missiles in other locations. During 1998, Defense Secretary [William Cohen](/wiki/William_Cohen "William Cohen") proposed spending an additional $6\.6 billion on intercontinental ballistic missile defense programs to build a system to protect against attacks from North Korea or accidental launches from Russia or China.PBS. [The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer](/wiki/The_NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer"). [A Viable Defense?](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/jan-june99/nmd_1-28a.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127132413/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/jan\-june99/nmd\_1\-28a.html \|date\=27 January 2011 }}. 28 January 1999\. In terms of organization, during 1993 SDI was reorganized as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. In 2002, it was renamed to [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency "Missile Defense Agency") (MDA). ### 21st century On 13 June 2002, the United States withdrew from the Anti\-Ballistic Missile Treaty and recommenced developing missile defense systems that would have formerly been prohibited by the bilateral treaty. The action was stated as needed to defend against the possibility of a missile attack conducted by a [rogue state](/wiki/Rogue_state "Rogue state"). The next day, the Russian Federation dropped the [START II](/wiki/START_II "START II") agreement, intended to completely ban [MIRVs](/wiki/MIRV "MIRV"). [The Lisbon Summit of 2010](/wiki/2010_Lisbon_summit "2010 Lisbon summit") saw the adoption of a [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") program that was formed in response to the threat of a rapid increase of [ballistic missiles](/wiki/Ballistic_missile "Ballistic missile") from potentially unfriendly regimes, though no specific region, state, or country was formally mentioned. This adoption came from the recognition of territorial missile defense as a core alliance objective. At this time, Iran was seen as the likely aggressor that eventually led to the adoption of this ABM system, as Iran has the largest missile arsenal of the Middle East, as well as a space program. From this summit, [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO")'s ABM system was potentially seen as a threat by Russia, who felt that their ability to retaliate any perceived nuclear threats would be degraded. To combat this, Russia proposed that any ABM system enacted by NATO must be universal to operate, cover the entirety of the European continent, and not upset any nuclear parity. The United States actively sought NATO involvement in the creation of an ABM system, and saw an Iranian threat as a sufficient reason to warrant its creation. The United States also had plans to create missile defense facilities, but [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") officials feared that it would have provided protection to Europe, it would have detracted from the responsibility of [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO") for collective defense. The officials also argued the potential prospect of U.S\-commanded operation system that would work in conjunction with the [Article 5](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty "North Atlantic Treaty") defense of [NATO](/wiki/NATO "NATO").{{Cite web \|last1\=Hildreth \|first1\=Steven A. \|last2\=Ek \|first2\=Carl \|date\=2010\-12\-28 \|title\=Missile Defense and NATO's Lisbon Summit \|url\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491310/ \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-11 \|website\=UNT Digital Library \|language\=English}} On 15 December 2016, the US Army [SMDC](/wiki/SMDC "SMDC") had a successful test of a U.S. Army Zombie Pathfinder rocket, to be used as a target for exercising various anti\-ballistic missile scenarios. The rocket was launched as part of NASA's [sounding rocket](/wiki/Sounding_rocket "Sounding rocket") program, at White Sands Missile Range.[U.S. Army announces successful test of U.S. Army Zombie Pathfinder rocket](https://www.army.mil/article/179788/us_army_announces_successful_test_of_us_army_zombie_pathfinder_rocket) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113728/https://www.army.mil/article/179788/us\_army\_announces\_successful\_test\_of\_us\_army\_zombie\_pathfinder\_rocket \|date\=9 January 2017 }} accessdate\=2017\-01\-08 In November 2020, the US successfully destroyed a dummy ICBM. The ICBM was launched from [Kwajalein Atoll](/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll "Kwajalein Atoll") [Richard F. Pittenger and Robert B. Gagosian (Dec 2003\) Global Warming Could Have a Chilling Effect on the Military](http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/weather/climatechange/ADA422382.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004712/https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/weather/climatechange/ADA422382\.pdf \|date\=6 May 2021 }} "Military planners should begin to consider potential abrupt climate change scenarios and their impacts on national defense." [David Vergun (22 April 2021\) Defense Secretary Calls Climate Change an Existential Threat](https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2582051/defense-secretary-calls-climate-change-an-existential-threat/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427140653/https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2582051/defense\-secretary\-calls\-climate\-change\-an\-existential\-threat/ \|date\=27 April 2021 }} [Chris Dโ€™Angelo and Alexander C. Kaufman (01/18/2019\) Pentagon Confirms Climate Change Is A National Security Threat, Contradicting Trump](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/defense-department-climate-change-national-security-threat_n_5c420386e4b027c3bbc1713f) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427135218/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/defense\-department\-climate\-change\-national\-security\-threat\_n\_5c420386e4b027c3bbc1713f \|date\=27 April 2021 }} 79 Military installations; " 'Air Force's $1 billion radar installation on a Marshall Islands atoll 'is projected to be underwater within two decades'." [Scott Waldman, E\&E News (1 March 2018\) Key Missile Defense Installation Will be Uninhabitable in Less Than 20 Years](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/key-missile-defense-installation-will-be-uninhabitable-in-less-than-20-years/) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427134105/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/key\-missile\-defense\-installation\-will\-be\-uninhabitable\-in\-less\-than\-20\-years/ \|date\=27 April 2021 }}:Rising seas will ruin Kwajalein Atoll site where 1,300 work and live* + - {{cite web\| url \= https://www.army.mil/article/243648/armys\_reagan\_test\_site\_supports\_missile\_test\| title \= Jason Cutshaw (24 February 2021\) Army's Reagan Test Site supports missile test}} in the general direction of Hawaii, triggering a satellite warning to a Colorado Air Force base, which then contacted the {{USS\|John Finn}}. The ship launched a [SM\-3 Block IIA](/wiki/SM-3 "SM-3") missile to destroy the US dummy, still outside the atmosphere.{{cite web \|last1\=Bowman \|first1\=Bradley \|title\=Successful SM\-3 weapons test offers missile defense opportunity \|url\=https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/11/21/successful\-sm\-3\-weapons\-test\-offers\-missile\-defense\-opportunity/ \|website\=defensenews.com \|date\=23 November 2020 \|access\-date\=25 November 2020}}
[ "History\n-------", "### 1940s and 1950s", "[thumb\\|right\\|1946 [Project Wizard](/wiki/Project_Wizard \"Project Wizard\") missile](/wiki/File:Wizard_missile_concept.jpg \"Wizard missile concept.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Launch of a [US Army](/wiki/US_Army \"US Army\") [Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus \"Nike Zeus\") missile, the first ABM system to enter widespread testing.](/wiki/File:NIKE_Zeus.jpg \"NIKE Zeus.jpg\")", "The idea of destroying rockets before they can hit their target dates from the first use of modern missiles in warfare, the German [V\\-1](/wiki/V-1_%28flying_bomb%29 \"V-1 (flying bomb)\") and [V\\-2](/wiki/V-2_rocket \"V-2 rocket\") program of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").", "British fighters destroyed some V\\-1 \"buzz bombs\" in flight, although concentrated barrages of heavy anti\\-aircraft artillery had greater success. Under the lend\\-lease program, 200 US [90 mm AA](/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3 \"90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3\") guns with [SCR\\-584 radars](/wiki/SCR-584_radar \"SCR-584 radar\") and [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric \"Western Electric\")/[Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs \"Bell Labs\") computers were sent to the UK. These demonstrated a 95% success rate against V\\-1s that flew into their range.Gregory Canavan, [\"Missile Defense for the 21st Century\"](http://missilethreat.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/20030000-Heritage-canavan.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713192027/http://missilethreat.wpengine.netdna\\-cdn.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2012/11/20030000\\-Heritage\\-canavan.pdf \\|date\\=13 July 2015 }}, Heritage Foundation, 2003, p.3", "The V\\-2, the first true ballistic missile, has no known record of being destroyed in the air. SCR\\-584's could be used to plot the trajectories of the missiles and provide some warning, but were more useful in backtracking their ballistic trajectory and determining the rough launch locations. The Allies launched [Operation Crossbow](/wiki/Operation_Crossbow \"Operation Crossbow\") to find and destroy V\\-2s before launch, but these operations were largely ineffective. In one instance a Spitfire happened upon a V\\-2 rising through the trees, and fired on it with no effect. This led to allied efforts to capture launching sites in Belgium and the Netherlands.", "A wartime study by Bell Labs into the task of shooting down ballistic missiles in flight concluded it was not possible. In order to intercept a missile, one needs to be able to steer the attack onto the missile before it hits. A V\\-2's speed would require guns of effectively instantaneous reaction time,{{dubious\\|date\\=September 2019}} or some sort of weapon with ranges on the order of dozens of miles, neither of which appeared possible. This was, however, just before the emergence of high\\-speed computing systems. By the mid\\-1950s, things had changed considerably, and many forces worldwide were considering ABM systems.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=aUk5DAAAQBAJ\\&q\\=By\\+the\\+mid\\-1950s,\\+things\\+had\\+changed\\+considerably,\\+and\\+many\\+forces\\+worldwide\\+were\\+considering\\+ABM\\+systems.\\&pg\\=PT28\\|title\\=Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times\\|last\\=Ramsey\\|first\\=Syed\\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-12\\|publisher\\=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd\\|isbn\\=9789386019837\\|language\\=en}}", "The American armed forces began experimenting with anti\\-missile missiles soon after World War II, as the extent of German research into rocketry became clear. [Project Wizard](/wiki/Project_Wizard \"Project Wizard\") began in 1946, with the aim of creating a missile capable of intercepting the V\\-2\\.", "But defences against Soviet long\\-range bombers took priority until 1957, when the Soviet Union demonstrated its advances in ICBM technology with the launch of [Sputnik](/wiki/Sputnik_program \"Sputnik program\"), the Earth's first artificial satellite. The [US Army](/wiki/US_Army \"US Army\") accelerated development of their [LIM\\-49 Nike Zeus](/wiki/LIM-49_Nike_Zeus \"LIM-49 Nike Zeus\") system in response. Zeus was criticized throughout its development program, especially from those within the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force \"US Air Force\") and nuclear weapons establishments who suggested it would be much simpler to build more nuclear warheads and guarantee [mutually assured destruction](/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction \"Mutually assured destruction\"). Zeus was eventually cancelled in 1963\\.", "In 1958, the U.S. sought to explore whether airbursting nuclear weapons might be used to ward off ICBMs. It conducted several test explosions of low\\-yield [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon \"Nuclear weapon\") โ€“ 1\\.7kt boosted fission [W25 warheads](/wiki/W25_%28nuclear_warhead%29 \"W25 (nuclear warhead)\") โ€“ launched from ships to very high altitudes over the southern Atlantic Ocean.Nuclear Weapon Archive.org. [Argus](http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911023819/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html \\|date\\=11 September 2006 }}. Such an explosion releases a burst of [X\\-rays](/wiki/X-ray \"X-ray\") in the Earth's atmosphere, causing secondary showers of charged particles over an area hundreds of miles across. These can become trapped in the Earth' magnetic field, creating an artificial radiation belt. It was believed that this might be strong enough to damage warheads traveling through the layer. This proved not to be the case, but [Argus](/wiki/Operation_Argus \"Operation Argus\") returned key data about a related effect, the [nuclear electromagnetic pulse](/wiki/Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse \"Nuclear electromagnetic pulse\") (NEMP).", "### Canada", "Other countries were also involved in early ABM research. A more advanced project was at [CARDE](/wiki/DRE_Valcartier \"DRE Valcartier\") in Canada, which researched the main problems of ABM systems. A key problem with any radar system is that the signal is in the form of a cone, which spreads with distance from the transmitter. For long\\-distance interceptions like ABM systems, the inherent inaccuracy of the radar makes an interception difficult. CARDE considered using a [terminal guidance](/wiki/Terminal_guidance \"Terminal guidance\") system to address the accuracy concerns, and developed several advanced [infrared](/wiki/Infrared \"Infrared\") detectors for this role. They also studied a number of missile airframe designs, a new and much more powerful solid rocket fuel, and numerous systems for testing it all. After a series of drastic budget reductions during the late 1950s the research ended. One offshoot of the project was [Gerald Bull](/wiki/Gerald_Bull \"Gerald Bull\")'s system for inexpensive high\\-speed testing, consisting of missile airframes shot from a [sabot](/wiki/Sabot_%28firearms%29 \"Sabot (firearms)\") round, which would later be the basis of [Project HARP](/wiki/Project_HARP \"Project HARP\"). Another was the [CRV7](/wiki/CRV7 \"CRV7\") and [Black Brant](/wiki/Black_Brant_%28rocket%29 \"Black Brant (rocket)\") rockets, which used the new solid rocket fuel.", "### Soviet Union", "[thumb\\|V\\-1000](/wiki/File:V-1000_ABM_prototype.svg \"V-1000 ABM prototype.svg\")\nThe Soviet military had requested funding for ABM research as early as 1953, but were only given the go\\-ahead to begin deployment of such a system on 17 August 1956\\. Their test system, known simply as System A, was based on the V\\-1000 missile, which was similar to the early US efforts. The first successful test interception was carried out on 24 November 1960, and the first with a live warhead on 4 March 1961\\. In this test, a dummy warhead was released by a [R\\-12](/wiki/R-12_%28missile%29 \"R-12 (missile)\") [ballistic missile](/wiki/Ballistic_missile \"Ballistic missile\") launched from the [Kapustin Yar](/wiki/Kapustin_Yar \"Kapustin Yar\"),{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Gobarev \\|first1\\=Victor \\|year\\=2001 \\|title\\=The early development of Russia's ballistic missile defense system \\|journal\\=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=29โ€“48\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/13518040108430478\\|s2cid\\=144681318 }} Viewed 26 May 2012\\. and intercepted by a V\\-1000 launched from [Sary\\-Shagan](/wiki/Sary-Shagan \"Sary-Shagan\"). The dummy warhead was destroyed by the impact of 16,000 [tungsten\\-carbide](/wiki/Tungsten-carbide \"Tungsten-carbide\") spherical impactors 140 seconds after launch, at an altitude of {{convert\\|25\\|km\\|ft\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{Cite journal\\| first \\= A\\| last \\= Karpenko\\| year \\= 1999\\| title \\= ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE\\| journal \\= Nevsky Bastion\\| volume \\= 4\\| pages \\= 2โ€“47\\| url \\= https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/990600\\-bmd\\-rus.htm\\| access\\-date \\= 18 October 2015\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165344/http://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/soviet/990600\\-bmd\\-rus.htm\\| archive\\-date \\= 3 March 2016\\| url\\-status \\= live}}", "The V\\-1000 missile system was nonetheless considered not reliable enough and abandoned in favour of nuclear\\-armed ABMs. A much larger missile, the [Fakel 5V61](/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh \"ABM-1 Galosh\") (known in the west as Galosh), was developed to carry the larger warhead and carry it much further from the launch site. Further development continued, and the [A\\-35 anti\\-ballistic missile system](/wiki/A-35_anti-ballistic_missile_system \"A-35 anti-ballistic missile system\"), designed to protect Moscow, became operational in 1971\\. A\\-35 was designed for exoatmospheric interceptions, and would have been highly susceptible to a well\\-arranged attack using multiple warheads and radar black\\-out techniques.", "A\\-35 was upgraded during the 1980s to a two\\-layer system, the [A\\-135](/wiki/A-135_anti-ballistic_missile_system \"A-135 anti-ballistic missile system\"). The Gorgon (SH\\-11/ABM\\-4\\) long\\-range missile was designed to handle intercepts outside the atmosphere, and the [Gazelle (SH\\-08/ABM\\-3\\)](/wiki/53T6 \"53T6\") short\\-range missile endoatmospheric intercepts that eluded Gorgon. The A\\-135 system is considered to be technologically equivalent to the United States Safeguard system of 1975\\.GlobalSecurity.org. [\\-135 anti\\-ballistic missile system](http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/abm3.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015034259/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/abm3\\.htm \\|date\\=15 October 2007 }}.", "### American Nike\\-X and Sentinel", "[Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus \"Nike Zeus\") failed to be a credible defence in an era of rapidly increasing ICBM counts due to its ability to attack only one target at a time. Additionally, significant concerns about its ability to successfully intercept warheads in the presence of high\\-altitude nuclear explosions, including its own, lead to the conclusion that the system would simply be too costly for the very low amount of protection it could provide.", "By the time it was cancelled in 1963, potential upgrades had been explored for some time. Among these were radars capable of scanning much greater volumes of space and able to track many warheads and launch several missiles at once. These, however, did not address the problems identified with radar blackouts caused by high\\-altitude explosions. To address this need, a new missile with extreme performance was designed to attack incoming warheads at much lower altitudes, as low as 20ย km. The new project encompassing all of these upgrades was launched as [Nike\\-X](/wiki/Nike-X \"Nike-X\").", "The main missile was [LIM\\-49 Spartan](/wiki/LIM-49_Spartan \"LIM-49 Spartan\")โ€”a Nike Zeus upgraded for longer range and a much larger 5 megaton warhead intended to destroy enemy's warheads with a burst of x\\-rays outside the atmosphere. A second shorter\\-range missile called [Sprint](/wiki/Sprint_%28missile%29 \"Sprint (missile)\") with very high acceleration was added to handle warheads that evaded longer\\-ranged Spartan. Sprint was a very fast missile (some sources{{who\\|date\\=March 2015}} claimed it accelerated to 8,000ย mph (13ย 000ย km/h) within 4 seconds of flightโ€”an average acceleration of *90 [g](/wiki/G-force \"G-force\")*) and had a smaller W66 [enhanced radiation](/wiki/Neutron_bomb \"Neutron bomb\") warhead in the 1โ€“3 kiloton range for in\\-atmosphere interceptions.", "The experimental success of Nike X persuaded the [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") administration to propose a thin ABM defense, that could provide almost complete coverage of the United States. In a September 1967 speech, Defense Secretary [Robert McNamara](/wiki/Robert_McNamara \"Robert McNamara\") referred to it as \"[Sentinel](/wiki/Sentinel_program \"Sentinel program\")\". McNamara, a private ABM opponent because of cost and feasibility (see [cost\\-exchange ratio](/wiki/Cost-exchange_ratio \"Cost-exchange ratio\")), claimed that Sentinel would be directed not against the Soviet Union's missiles (since the [USSR](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") had more than enough missiles to overwhelm any American defense), but rather against the potential nuclear threat of the People's Republic of China.", "In the meantime, a public debate over the merit of ABMs began. Difficulties that had already made an ABM system questionable for defending against an all\\-out attack. One problem was the [Fractional Orbital Bombardment System](/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System \"Fractional Orbital Bombardment System\") (FOBS) that would give little warning to the defense. Another problem was high altitude EMP (whether from offensive or defensive nuclear warheads) which could degrade defensive radar systems.", "When this proved infeasible for economic reasons, a much smaller deployment using the same systems was proposed, namely Safeguard (described later).", "### Defense against MIRVs", "[thumb\\|right\\|Testing of the [LGM\\-118A Peacekeeper](/wiki/LGM-118A_Peacekeeper \"LGM-118A Peacekeeper\") re\\-entry vehicles, all eight shot from only one missile. Each line is the path of a warhead which, were it live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty\\-five [Hiroshima\\-style](/wiki/Little_Boy \"Little Boy\") weapons.](/wiki/File:Peacekeeper-missile-testing.jpg \"Peacekeeper-missile-testing.jpg\")", "ABM systems were developed initially to counter single warheads launched from large [intercontinental ballistic missiles](/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile \"Intercontinental ballistic missile\") (ICBMs). The economics seemed simple enough; since rocket costs increase rapidly with size, the price of the ICBM launching a large warhead should always be greater than the much smaller interceptor missile needed to destroy it. In an arms race the defense would always win.{{rp\\|p\\=18}}", "In addition to the blast effect, the detonation of nuclear devices against attacking intercontinental ballistic missiles produces a neutron kill effect from the strong radiation emitted, and this neutralizes the warhead, or warheads, of the attacking missile.{{cite book \\|title\\=A Dictionary of Aviation \\|first\\=David W. \\|last\\=Wragg \\|isbn\\=9780850451634 \\|edition\\=first \\|publisher\\=Osprey \\|date\\=1973 \\|page\\=200 }} Most A.B.M. devices depend on neutron kill for their effectiveness.", "In practice, the price of the interceptor missile was considerable, due to its sophistication. The system had to be guided all the way to an interception, which demanded guidance and control systems that worked within and outside the atmosphere. Due to their relatively short ranges, an ABM missile would be needed to counter an ICBM wherever it might be aimed. That implies that dozens of interceptors are needed for every ICBM since warhead's targets couldn't be known in advance. This led to intense debates about the \"[cost\\-exchange ratio](/wiki/Cost-exchange_ratio \"Cost-exchange ratio\")\" between interceptors and warheads.", "Conditions changed dramatically in 1970 with the introduction of [multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle](/wiki/Multiple_independently_targetable_reentry_vehicle \"Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle\") (MIRV) warheads. Suddenly, each launcher was throwing not one warhead, but several. These would spread out in space, ensuring that a single interceptor would be needed for each warhead. This simply added to the need to have several interceptors for each warhead in order to provide geographical coverage. Now it was clear that an ABM system would always be many times more expensive than the ICBMs they defended against.\n### Anti\\-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972", "{{main\\|Anti\\-Ballistic Missile Treaty}}\nTechnical, economic and political problems described resulted in the [ABM treaty](/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty \"Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty\") of 1972, which restricted the deployment of strategic (not tactical) anti\\-ballistic missiles.", "By the ABM treaty and a 1974 revision, each country was allowed to deploy a mere 100 ABMs to protect a single, small area. The Soviets retained their Moscow defences. The U.S. designated their ICBM sites near Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, where Safeguard was already under advanced development. The radar systems and anti\\-ballistic missiles were approximately 90 miles north/northwest of Grand Forks AFB, near Concrete, North Dakota. The missiles were deactivated in 1975\\. The main radar site (PARCS) is still used as an early warning ICBM radar, facing relative north. It is located at Cavalier Air Force Station, North Dakota.", "### Brief use of Safeguard in 1975/1976", "The U.S. [Safeguard](/wiki/Safeguard_Program \"Safeguard Program\") system, which utilized the nuclear\\-tipped [LIM\\-49A Spartan](/wiki/LIM-49A_Spartan \"LIM-49A Spartan\") and [Sprint](/wiki/Sprint_%28missile%29 \"Sprint (missile)\") missiles, in the short operational period of 1975/1976, was the second counter\\-ICBMs system in the world. Safeguard protected only the main fields of US ICBMs from attack, theoretically ensuring that an attack could be responded to with a US launch, enforcing the [mutually assured destruction](/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction \"Mutually assured destruction\") principle.", "### SDI experiments in the 1980s", "{{main\\|Strategic Defense Initiative}}\nThe [Reagan](/wiki/Ronald_Reagan \"Ronald Reagan\")\\-era [Strategic Defense Initiative](/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative \"Strategic Defense Initiative\") (often referred to as \"Star Wars\"), along with research into various energy\\-beam weaponry, brought new interest in the area of ABM technologies.", "SDI was an extremely ambitious program to provide a total shield against a massive Soviet ICBM attack. The initial concept envisioned large sophisticated orbiting laser battle stations, space\\-based relay mirrors, and nuclear\\-pumped X\\-ray laser satellites. Later research indicated that some planned technologies such as X\\-ray [lasers](/wiki/Laser \"Laser\") were not feasible with then\\-current technology. As research continued, SDI evolved through various concepts as designers struggled with the difficulty of such a large complex defense system. SDI remained a research program and was never deployed. Several post\\-SDI technologies are used by the present [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency \"Missile Defense Agency\") (MDA).", "Lasers originally developed for the SDI plan are in use for astronomical observations. Used to ionize gas in the upper atmosphere, they provide telescope operators with a target to calibrate their instruments.{{cite journal\\|title\\=Military Magic Boosts Astronomy : Declassified technology enhances celestial knowledge\\|journal\\=Astronomy\\|date\\=January 2001\\|volume\\=29\\|issue\\=1\\|page\\=48\\|url\\=https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid\\=6\\&sid\\=d2b37e4a\\-4a62\\-4a05\\-8cc7\\-7521f023995e%40sessionmgr101\\&bdata\\=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d\\#AN\\=edsgcl.75029301\\&db\\=edsgbc\\|access\\-date\\=26 January 2018}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "### Tactical ABMs deployed in 1990s", "The Israeli [Arrow missile](/wiki/Arrow_%28Israeli_missile%29 \"Arrow (Israeli missile)\") system was tested initially during 1990, before the [first Gulf War](/wiki/Gulf_War \"Gulf War\"). The Arrow was supported by the United States throughout the 1990s.", "The [Patriot](/wiki/Patriot_missile \"Patriot missile\") was the first deployed tactical ABM system, although it was not designed from the outset for that task and consequently had limitations. It was used during the 1991 Gulf War to attempt to intercept Iraqi [Scud](/wiki/Scud \"Scud\") missiles. Post\\-war analyses show that the Patriot was much less effective than initially thought because of its radar and control system's inability to discriminate warheads from other objects when the Scud missiles broke up during reentry.", "Testing ABM technology continued during the 1990s with mixed success. After the Gulf War, improvements were made to several U.S. air defense systems. A new Patriot, [PAC\\-3](/wiki/PAC-3 \"PAC-3\"), was developed and testedโ€”a complete redesign of the PAC\\-2 deployed during the war, including a totally new missile. The improved guidance, radar and missile performance improves the probability of kill over the earlier PAC\\-2\\. During Operation Iraqi Freedom, Patriot batteries engaged 100% of enemy [TBMs](/wiki/Tactical_ballistic_missile \"Tactical ballistic missile\") within their engagement territory. Of these engagements, 8 of them were verified as kills by multiple independent sensors; the remaining was listed as a probable kill due to lack of independent verification. Patriot was involved in three [friendly fire](/wiki/Friendly_fire \"Friendly fire\") incidents: two incidents of Patriot shootings at coalition aircraft and one of U.S. aircraft shooting at a Patriot battery.{{cite web \\|publisher\\=Defense Science Board Task Force \\|url\\=http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2005\\-01\\-Patriot\\_Report\\_Summary.pdf \\|title\\=Patriot system performance โ€“ report summary \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226111836/http://www.acq.osd.mil/dsb/reports/2005\\-01\\-Patriot\\_Report\\_Summary.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=26 February 2006 \\|date\\=January 2005}}", "A new version of the Hawk missile was tested during the early to mid\\-1990s and by the end of 1998 the majority of US Marine Corps Hawk systems were modified to support basic theater anti\\-ballistic missile capabilities.{{cite web \\|publisher\\=FAS \\|url\\=https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/hawk.htm \\|title\\=Hawk \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015200451/http://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/hawk.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2015}} The [MIM\\-23 Hawk](/wiki/MIM-23_Hawk \"MIM-23 Hawk\") missile is not operational in U.S. service since 2002, but is used by many other countries.", "[thumb\\|right\\|Developed in the late 1990s, the Lightweight Exo\\-Atmospheric Projectile attaches to a modified [SM\\-2 Block IV missile](/wiki/RIM-156_Standard \"RIM-156 Standard\") used by the [U.S. Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\")](/wiki/File:Navy_Theater_Ballistic_Missile_Defense.JPG \"Navy Theater Ballistic Missile Defense.JPG\")\nSoon after the Gulf War, the [Aegis Combat System](/wiki/Aegis_Combat_System \"Aegis Combat System\") was expanded to include ABM capabilities. The [Standard missile](/wiki/RIM-156_Standard \"RIM-156 Standard\") system was also enhanced and tested for ballistic missile interception. During the late 1990s, SM\\-2 block IVA missiles were tested in a theater ballistic missile defense function.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/sm2\\.htm \\|title\\=Navy Area Defense (NAD) \\|publisher\\=FAS \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812145613/https://fas.org/spp/starwars/program/sm2\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2007}} [Standard Missile 3 (SM\\-3\\)](/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_missile_3 \"RIM-161 Standard missile 3\") systems have also been tested for an ABM role. In 2008, an SM\\-3 missile launched from the {{sclass\\|Ticonderoga\\|cruiser\\|1}} {{USS\\|Lake Erie\\|CG\\-70\\|6}}, successfully intercepted [a non\\-functioning satellite](/wiki/USA-193 \"USA-193\").{{cite press release\\|title\\=DoD Succeeds in Intercepting Non\\-Functioning Satellite\\|url\\=http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid\\=11704\\|date\\=20 February 2008\\|number\\=No. 0139\\-08\\|publisher\\=U.S. Department of Defense\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2008\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080226105236/http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/release.aspx?releaseid\\=11704\\| archive\\-date\\= 26 February 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}{{cite press release\\|title\\= Navy Succeeds in Intercepting Non\\-Functioning Satellite\\|url\\=http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story\\_id\\=35114\\|publisher\\=U.S. Navy\\|date\\=20 February 2008\\|number\\=NNS080220\\-19\\|access\\-date\\=20 February 2008\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080225234718/http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story\\_id\\=35114\\| archive\\-date\\= 25 February 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}", "### Brilliant Pebbles concept", "Approved for acquisition by the Pentagon during 1991 but never realized, [Brilliant Pebbles](/wiki/Brilliant_Pebbles \"Brilliant Pebbles\") was a proposed space\\-based anti\\-ballistic system that was meant to avoid some of the problems of the earlier SDI concepts. Rather than use sophisticated large laser battle stations and nuclear\\-pumped X\\-ray laser satellites, Brilliant Pebbles consisted of a thousand very small, intelligent orbiting satellites with kinetic warheads. The system relied on improvements of computer technology, avoided problems with overly centralized command and control and risky, expensive development of large, complicated space defense satellites.\nIt promised to be much less expensive to develop and have less technical development risk.", "The name Brilliant Pebbles comes from the small size of the satellite interceptors and great computational power enabling more autonomous targeting. Rather than rely exclusively on ground\\-based control, the many small interceptors would cooperatively communicate among themselves and target a large swarm of ICBM warheads in space or in the late boost phase. Development was discontinued later in favor of a limited ground\\-based defense.", "### Transformation of SDI into MDA, development of NMD/GMD", "While the Reagan era Strategic Defense Initiative was intended to shield against a massive Soviet attack, during the early 1990s, President [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\") called for a more limited version using rocket\\-launched interceptors based on the ground at a single site. Such system was developed since 1992, was expected to become operational in 2010{{cite web\\|title\\=Ground\\-based Midcourse Defense (GMD)\\|url\\=http://www.mda.mil/system/gmd.html\\|publisher\\=MDA\\|access\\-date\\=8 February 2011\\|quote\\=\"A total of 30 interceptors are planned for deployment by the end of 2010\\. \"\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206200507/http://www.mda.mil/system/gmd.html\\|archive\\-date\\=6 December 2010}} and capable of intercepting small number of incoming ICBMs. First called the National Missile Defense (NMD), since 2002 it was renamed [Ground\\-Based Midcourse Defense](/wiki/Ground-Based_Midcourse_Defense \"Ground-Based Midcourse Defense\") (GMD). It was planned to protect all 50 states from a rogue missile attack. The Alaska site provides more protection against North Korean missiles or accidental launches from Russia or China, but is likely less effective against missiles launched from the Middle East. The Alaska interceptors may be augmented later by the naval Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System or by ground\\-based missiles in other locations.", "During 1998, Defense Secretary [William Cohen](/wiki/William_Cohen \"William Cohen\") proposed spending an additional $6\\.6 billion on intercontinental ballistic missile defense programs to build a system to protect against attacks from North Korea or accidental launches from Russia or China.PBS. [The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer](/wiki/The_NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer \"The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer\"). [A Viable Defense?](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/jan-june99/nmd_1-28a.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127132413/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/military/jan\\-june99/nmd\\_1\\-28a.html \\|date\\=27 January 2011 }}. 28 January 1999\\.", "In terms of organization, during 1993 SDI was reorganized as the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. In 2002, it was renamed to [Missile Defense Agency](/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency \"Missile Defense Agency\") (MDA).", "### 21st century", "On 13 June 2002, the United States withdrew from the Anti\\-Ballistic Missile Treaty and recommenced developing missile defense systems that would have formerly been prohibited by the bilateral treaty. The action was stated as needed to defend against the possibility of a missile attack conducted by a [rogue state](/wiki/Rogue_state \"Rogue state\"). The next day, the Russian Federation dropped the [START II](/wiki/START_II \"START II\") agreement, intended to completely ban [MIRVs](/wiki/MIRV \"MIRV\").", "[The Lisbon Summit of 2010](/wiki/2010_Lisbon_summit \"2010 Lisbon summit\") saw the adoption of a [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\") program that was formed in response to the threat of a rapid increase of [ballistic missiles](/wiki/Ballistic_missile \"Ballistic missile\") from potentially unfriendly regimes, though no specific region, state, or country was formally mentioned. This adoption came from the recognition of territorial missile defense as a core alliance objective. At this time, Iran was seen as the likely aggressor that eventually led to the adoption of this ABM system, as Iran has the largest missile arsenal of the Middle East, as well as a space program. From this summit, [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\")'s ABM system was potentially seen as a threat by Russia, who felt that their ability to retaliate any perceived nuclear threats would be degraded. To combat this, Russia proposed that any ABM system enacted by NATO must be universal to operate, cover the entirety of the European continent, and not upset any nuclear parity. The United States actively sought NATO involvement in the creation of an ABM system, and saw an Iranian threat as a sufficient reason to warrant its creation. The United States also had plans to create missile defense facilities, but [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\") officials feared that it would have provided protection to Europe, it would have detracted from the responsibility of [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\") for collective defense. The officials also argued the potential prospect of U.S\\-commanded operation system that would work in conjunction with the [Article 5](/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty \"North Atlantic Treaty\") defense of [NATO](/wiki/NATO \"NATO\").{{Cite web \\|last1\\=Hildreth \\|first1\\=Steven A. \\|last2\\=Ek \\|first2\\=Carl \\|date\\=2010\\-12\\-28 \\|title\\=Missile Defense and NATO's Lisbon Summit \\|url\\=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc491310/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-11 \\|website\\=UNT Digital Library \\|language\\=English}}", "On 15 December 2016, the US Army [SMDC](/wiki/SMDC \"SMDC\") had a successful test of a U.S. Army Zombie Pathfinder rocket, to be used as a target for exercising various anti\\-ballistic missile scenarios. The rocket was launched as part of NASA's [sounding rocket](/wiki/Sounding_rocket \"Sounding rocket\") program, at White Sands Missile Range.[U.S. Army announces successful test of U.S. Army Zombie Pathfinder rocket](https://www.army.mil/article/179788/us_army_announces_successful_test_of_us_army_zombie_pathfinder_rocket) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113728/https://www.army.mil/article/179788/us\\_army\\_announces\\_successful\\_test\\_of\\_us\\_army\\_zombie\\_pathfinder\\_rocket \\|date\\=9 January 2017 }} accessdate\\=2017\\-01\\-08", "In November 2020, the US successfully destroyed a dummy ICBM. The ICBM was launched from [Kwajalein Atoll](/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll \"Kwajalein Atoll\") [Richard F. Pittenger and Robert B. Gagosian (Dec 2003\\) Global Warming Could Have a Chilling Effect on the Military](http://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/weather/climatechange/ADA422382.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506004712/https://documents.theblackvault.com/documents/weather/climatechange/ADA422382\\.pdf \\|date\\=6 May 2021 }} \"Military planners should begin to consider potential abrupt\nclimate change scenarios and their impacts on national defense.\"\n[David Vergun (22 April 2021\\) Defense Secretary Calls Climate Change an Existential Threat](https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2582051/defense-secretary-calls-climate-change-an-existential-threat/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427140653/https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2582051/defense\\-secretary\\-calls\\-climate\\-change\\-an\\-existential\\-threat/ \\|date\\=27 April 2021 }}\n[Chris Dโ€™Angelo and Alexander C. Kaufman (01/18/2019\\) Pentagon Confirms Climate Change Is A National Security Threat, Contradicting Trump](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/defense-department-climate-change-national-security-threat_n_5c420386e4b027c3bbc1713f) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427135218/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/defense\\-department\\-climate\\-change\\-national\\-security\\-threat\\_n\\_5c420386e4b027c3bbc1713f \\|date\\=27 April 2021 }} 79 Military installations; \" 'Air Force's $1 billion radar installation on a Marshall Islands atoll 'is projected to be underwater within two decades'.\"\n [Scott Waldman, E\\&E News (1 March 2018\\) Key Missile Defense Installation Will be Uninhabitable in Less Than 20 Years](https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/key-missile-defense-installation-will-be-uninhabitable-in-less-than-20-years/) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427134105/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/key\\-missile\\-defense\\-installation\\-will\\-be\\-uninhabitable\\-in\\-less\\-than\\-20\\-years/ \\|date\\=27 April 2021 }}:Rising seas will ruin Kwajalein Atoll site where 1,300 work and live* + - {{cite web\\| url \\= https://www.army.mil/article/243648/armys\\_reagan\\_test\\_site\\_supports\\_missile\\_test\\| title \\= Jason Cutshaw (24 February 2021\\) Army's Reagan Test Site supports missile test}} in the general direction of Hawaii, triggering a satellite warning to a Colorado Air Force base, which then contacted the {{USS\\|John Finn}}. The ship launched a [SM\\-3 Block IIA](/wiki/SM-3 \"SM-3\") missile to destroy the US dummy, still outside the atmosphere.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Bowman \\|first1\\=Bradley \\|title\\=Successful SM\\-3 weapons test offers missile defense opportunity \\|url\\=https://www.defensenews.com/opinion/commentary/2020/11/21/successful\\-sm\\-3\\-weapons\\-test\\-offers\\-missile\\-defense\\-opportunity/ \\|website\\=defensenews.com \\|date\\=23 November 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=25 November 2020}}", "" ]
### 1940s and 1950s [thumb\|right\|1946 [Project Wizard](/wiki/Project_Wizard "Project Wizard") missile](/wiki/File:Wizard_missile_concept.jpg "Wizard missile concept.jpg") [thumb\|right\|Launch of a [US Army](/wiki/US_Army "US Army") [Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus "Nike Zeus") missile, the first ABM system to enter widespread testing.](/wiki/File:NIKE_Zeus.jpg "NIKE Zeus.jpg") The idea of destroying rockets before they can hit their target dates from the first use of modern missiles in warfare, the German [V\-1](/wiki/V-1_%28flying_bomb%29 "V-1 (flying bomb)") and [V\-2](/wiki/V-2_rocket "V-2 rocket") program of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"). British fighters destroyed some V\-1 "buzz bombs" in flight, although concentrated barrages of heavy anti\-aircraft artillery had greater success. Under the lend\-lease program, 200 US [90 mm AA](/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3 "90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3") guns with [SCR\-584 radars](/wiki/SCR-584_radar "SCR-584 radar") and [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric "Western Electric")/[Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs "Bell Labs") computers were sent to the UK. These demonstrated a 95% success rate against V\-1s that flew into their range.Gregory Canavan, ["Missile Defense for the 21st Century"](http://missilethreat.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/20030000-Heritage-canavan.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713192027/http://missilethreat.wpengine.netdna\-cdn.com/wp\-content/uploads/2012/11/20030000\-Heritage\-canavan.pdf \|date\=13 July 2015 }}, Heritage Foundation, 2003, p.3 The V\-2, the first true ballistic missile, has no known record of being destroyed in the air. SCR\-584's could be used to plot the trajectories of the missiles and provide some warning, but were more useful in backtracking their ballistic trajectory and determining the rough launch locations. The Allies launched [Operation Crossbow](/wiki/Operation_Crossbow "Operation Crossbow") to find and destroy V\-2s before launch, but these operations were largely ineffective. In one instance a Spitfire happened upon a V\-2 rising through the trees, and fired on it with no effect. This led to allied efforts to capture launching sites in Belgium and the Netherlands. A wartime study by Bell Labs into the task of shooting down ballistic missiles in flight concluded it was not possible. In order to intercept a missile, one needs to be able to steer the attack onto the missile before it hits. A V\-2's speed would require guns of effectively instantaneous reaction time,{{dubious\|date\=September 2019}} or some sort of weapon with ranges on the order of dozens of miles, neither of which appeared possible. This was, however, just before the emergence of high\-speed computing systems. By the mid\-1950s, things had changed considerably, and many forces worldwide were considering ABM systems.{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=aUk5DAAAQBAJ\&q\=By\+the\+mid\-1950s,\+things\+had\+changed\+considerably,\+and\+many\+forces\+worldwide\+were\+considering\+ABM\+systems.\&pg\=PT28\|title\=Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times\|last\=Ramsey\|first\=Syed\|date\=2016\-05\-12\|publisher\=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd\|isbn\=9789386019837\|language\=en}} The American armed forces began experimenting with anti\-missile missiles soon after World War II, as the extent of German research into rocketry became clear. [Project Wizard](/wiki/Project_Wizard "Project Wizard") began in 1946, with the aim of creating a missile capable of intercepting the V\-2\. But defences against Soviet long\-range bombers took priority until 1957, when the Soviet Union demonstrated its advances in ICBM technology with the launch of [Sputnik](/wiki/Sputnik_program "Sputnik program"), the Earth's first artificial satellite. The [US Army](/wiki/US_Army "US Army") accelerated development of their [LIM\-49 Nike Zeus](/wiki/LIM-49_Nike_Zeus "LIM-49 Nike Zeus") system in response. Zeus was criticized throughout its development program, especially from those within the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force "US Air Force") and nuclear weapons establishments who suggested it would be much simpler to build more nuclear warheads and guarantee [mutually assured destruction](/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction "Mutually assured destruction"). Zeus was eventually cancelled in 1963\. In 1958, the U.S. sought to explore whether airbursting nuclear weapons might be used to ward off ICBMs. It conducted several test explosions of low\-yield [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon") โ€“ 1\.7kt boosted fission [W25 warheads](/wiki/W25_%28nuclear_warhead%29 "W25 (nuclear warhead)") โ€“ launched from ships to very high altitudes over the southern Atlantic Ocean.Nuclear Weapon Archive.org. [Argus](http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911023819/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html \|date\=11 September 2006 }}. Such an explosion releases a burst of [X\-rays](/wiki/X-ray "X-ray") in the Earth's atmosphere, causing secondary showers of charged particles over an area hundreds of miles across. These can become trapped in the Earth' magnetic field, creating an artificial radiation belt. It was believed that this might be strong enough to damage warheads traveling through the layer. This proved not to be the case, but [Argus](/wiki/Operation_Argus "Operation Argus") returned key data about a related effect, the [nuclear electromagnetic pulse](/wiki/Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse "Nuclear electromagnetic pulse") (NEMP).
[ "### 1940s and 1950s", "[thumb\\|right\\|1946 [Project Wizard](/wiki/Project_Wizard \"Project Wizard\") missile](/wiki/File:Wizard_missile_concept.jpg \"Wizard missile concept.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Launch of a [US Army](/wiki/US_Army \"US Army\") [Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus \"Nike Zeus\") missile, the first ABM system to enter widespread testing.](/wiki/File:NIKE_Zeus.jpg \"NIKE Zeus.jpg\")", "The idea of destroying rockets before they can hit their target dates from the first use of modern missiles in warfare, the German [V\\-1](/wiki/V-1_%28flying_bomb%29 \"V-1 (flying bomb)\") and [V\\-2](/wiki/V-2_rocket \"V-2 rocket\") program of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").", "British fighters destroyed some V\\-1 \"buzz bombs\" in flight, although concentrated barrages of heavy anti\\-aircraft artillery had greater success. Under the lend\\-lease program, 200 US [90 mm AA](/wiki/90_mm_Gun_M1/M2/M3 \"90 mm Gun M1/M2/M3\") guns with [SCR\\-584 radars](/wiki/SCR-584_radar \"SCR-584 radar\") and [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric \"Western Electric\")/[Bell Labs](/wiki/Bell_Labs \"Bell Labs\") computers were sent to the UK. These demonstrated a 95% success rate against V\\-1s that flew into their range.Gregory Canavan, [\"Missile Defense for the 21st Century\"](http://missilethreat.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/20030000-Heritage-canavan.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713192027/http://missilethreat.wpengine.netdna\\-cdn.com/wp\\-content/uploads/2012/11/20030000\\-Heritage\\-canavan.pdf \\|date\\=13 July 2015 }}, Heritage Foundation, 2003, p.3", "The V\\-2, the first true ballistic missile, has no known record of being destroyed in the air. SCR\\-584's could be used to plot the trajectories of the missiles and provide some warning, but were more useful in backtracking their ballistic trajectory and determining the rough launch locations. The Allies launched [Operation Crossbow](/wiki/Operation_Crossbow \"Operation Crossbow\") to find and destroy V\\-2s before launch, but these operations were largely ineffective. In one instance a Spitfire happened upon a V\\-2 rising through the trees, and fired on it with no effect. This led to allied efforts to capture launching sites in Belgium and the Netherlands.", "A wartime study by Bell Labs into the task of shooting down ballistic missiles in flight concluded it was not possible. In order to intercept a missile, one needs to be able to steer the attack onto the missile before it hits. A V\\-2's speed would require guns of effectively instantaneous reaction time,{{dubious\\|date\\=September 2019}} or some sort of weapon with ranges on the order of dozens of miles, neither of which appeared possible. This was, however, just before the emergence of high\\-speed computing systems. By the mid\\-1950s, things had changed considerably, and many forces worldwide were considering ABM systems.{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=aUk5DAAAQBAJ\\&q\\=By\\+the\\+mid\\-1950s,\\+things\\+had\\+changed\\+considerably,\\+and\\+many\\+forces\\+worldwide\\+were\\+considering\\+ABM\\+systems.\\&pg\\=PT28\\|title\\=Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times\\|last\\=Ramsey\\|first\\=Syed\\|date\\=2016\\-05\\-12\\|publisher\\=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd\\|isbn\\=9789386019837\\|language\\=en}}", "The American armed forces began experimenting with anti\\-missile missiles soon after World War II, as the extent of German research into rocketry became clear. [Project Wizard](/wiki/Project_Wizard \"Project Wizard\") began in 1946, with the aim of creating a missile capable of intercepting the V\\-2\\.", "But defences against Soviet long\\-range bombers took priority until 1957, when the Soviet Union demonstrated its advances in ICBM technology with the launch of [Sputnik](/wiki/Sputnik_program \"Sputnik program\"), the Earth's first artificial satellite. The [US Army](/wiki/US_Army \"US Army\") accelerated development of their [LIM\\-49 Nike Zeus](/wiki/LIM-49_Nike_Zeus \"LIM-49 Nike Zeus\") system in response. Zeus was criticized throughout its development program, especially from those within the [US Air Force](/wiki/US_Air_Force \"US Air Force\") and nuclear weapons establishments who suggested it would be much simpler to build more nuclear warheads and guarantee [mutually assured destruction](/wiki/Mutually_assured_destruction \"Mutually assured destruction\"). Zeus was eventually cancelled in 1963\\.", "In 1958, the U.S. sought to explore whether airbursting nuclear weapons might be used to ward off ICBMs. It conducted several test explosions of low\\-yield [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapon \"Nuclear weapon\") โ€“ 1\\.7kt boosted fission [W25 warheads](/wiki/W25_%28nuclear_warhead%29 \"W25 (nuclear warhead)\") โ€“ launched from ships to very high altitudes over the southern Atlantic Ocean.Nuclear Weapon Archive.org. [Argus](http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911023819/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Argus.html \\|date\\=11 September 2006 }}. Such an explosion releases a burst of [X\\-rays](/wiki/X-ray \"X-ray\") in the Earth's atmosphere, causing secondary showers of charged particles over an area hundreds of miles across. These can become trapped in the Earth' magnetic field, creating an artificial radiation belt. It was believed that this might be strong enough to damage warheads traveling through the layer. This proved not to be the case, but [Argus](/wiki/Operation_Argus \"Operation Argus\") returned key data about a related effect, the [nuclear electromagnetic pulse](/wiki/Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse \"Nuclear electromagnetic pulse\") (NEMP).", "" ]
### American Nike\-X and Sentinel [Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus "Nike Zeus") failed to be a credible defence in an era of rapidly increasing ICBM counts due to its ability to attack only one target at a time. Additionally, significant concerns about its ability to successfully intercept warheads in the presence of high\-altitude nuclear explosions, including its own, lead to the conclusion that the system would simply be too costly for the very low amount of protection it could provide. By the time it was cancelled in 1963, potential upgrades had been explored for some time. Among these were radars capable of scanning much greater volumes of space and able to track many warheads and launch several missiles at once. These, however, did not address the problems identified with radar blackouts caused by high\-altitude explosions. To address this need, a new missile with extreme performance was designed to attack incoming warheads at much lower altitudes, as low as 20ย km. The new project encompassing all of these upgrades was launched as [Nike\-X](/wiki/Nike-X "Nike-X"). The main missile was [LIM\-49 Spartan](/wiki/LIM-49_Spartan "LIM-49 Spartan")โ€”a Nike Zeus upgraded for longer range and a much larger 5 megaton warhead intended to destroy enemy's warheads with a burst of x\-rays outside the atmosphere. A second shorter\-range missile called [Sprint](/wiki/Sprint_%28missile%29 "Sprint (missile)") with very high acceleration was added to handle warheads that evaded longer\-ranged Spartan. Sprint was a very fast missile (some sources{{who\|date\=March 2015}} claimed it accelerated to 8,000ย mph (13ย 000ย km/h) within 4 seconds of flightโ€”an average acceleration of *90 [g](/wiki/G-force "G-force")*) and had a smaller W66 [enhanced radiation](/wiki/Neutron_bomb "Neutron bomb") warhead in the 1โ€“3 kiloton range for in\-atmosphere interceptions. The experimental success of Nike X persuaded the [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") administration to propose a thin ABM defense, that could provide almost complete coverage of the United States. In a September 1967 speech, Defense Secretary [Robert McNamara](/wiki/Robert_McNamara "Robert McNamara") referred to it as "[Sentinel](/wiki/Sentinel_program "Sentinel program")". McNamara, a private ABM opponent because of cost and feasibility (see [cost\-exchange ratio](/wiki/Cost-exchange_ratio "Cost-exchange ratio")), claimed that Sentinel would be directed not against the Soviet Union's missiles (since the [USSR](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") had more than enough missiles to overwhelm any American defense), but rather against the potential nuclear threat of the People's Republic of China. In the meantime, a public debate over the merit of ABMs began. Difficulties that had already made an ABM system questionable for defending against an all\-out attack. One problem was the [Fractional Orbital Bombardment System](/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System "Fractional Orbital Bombardment System") (FOBS) that would give little warning to the defense. Another problem was high altitude EMP (whether from offensive or defensive nuclear warheads) which could degrade defensive radar systems. When this proved infeasible for economic reasons, a much smaller deployment using the same systems was proposed, namely Safeguard (described later).
[ "### American Nike\\-X and Sentinel", "[Nike Zeus](/wiki/Nike_Zeus \"Nike Zeus\") failed to be a credible defence in an era of rapidly increasing ICBM counts due to its ability to attack only one target at a time. Additionally, significant concerns about its ability to successfully intercept warheads in the presence of high\\-altitude nuclear explosions, including its own, lead to the conclusion that the system would simply be too costly for the very low amount of protection it could provide.", "By the time it was cancelled in 1963, potential upgrades had been explored for some time. Among these were radars capable of scanning much greater volumes of space and able to track many warheads and launch several missiles at once. These, however, did not address the problems identified with radar blackouts caused by high\\-altitude explosions. To address this need, a new missile with extreme performance was designed to attack incoming warheads at much lower altitudes, as low as 20ย km. The new project encompassing all of these upgrades was launched as [Nike\\-X](/wiki/Nike-X \"Nike-X\").", "The main missile was [LIM\\-49 Spartan](/wiki/LIM-49_Spartan \"LIM-49 Spartan\")โ€”a Nike Zeus upgraded for longer range and a much larger 5 megaton warhead intended to destroy enemy's warheads with a burst of x\\-rays outside the atmosphere. A second shorter\\-range missile called [Sprint](/wiki/Sprint_%28missile%29 \"Sprint (missile)\") with very high acceleration was added to handle warheads that evaded longer\\-ranged Spartan. Sprint was a very fast missile (some sources{{who\\|date\\=March 2015}} claimed it accelerated to 8,000ย mph (13ย 000ย km/h) within 4 seconds of flightโ€”an average acceleration of *90 [g](/wiki/G-force \"G-force\")*) and had a smaller W66 [enhanced radiation](/wiki/Neutron_bomb \"Neutron bomb\") warhead in the 1โ€“3 kiloton range for in\\-atmosphere interceptions.", "The experimental success of Nike X persuaded the [Lyndon B. Johnson](/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson \"Lyndon B. Johnson\") administration to propose a thin ABM defense, that could provide almost complete coverage of the United States. In a September 1967 speech, Defense Secretary [Robert McNamara](/wiki/Robert_McNamara \"Robert McNamara\") referred to it as \"[Sentinel](/wiki/Sentinel_program \"Sentinel program\")\". McNamara, a private ABM opponent because of cost and feasibility (see [cost\\-exchange ratio](/wiki/Cost-exchange_ratio \"Cost-exchange ratio\")), claimed that Sentinel would be directed not against the Soviet Union's missiles (since the [USSR](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") had more than enough missiles to overwhelm any American defense), but rather against the potential nuclear threat of the People's Republic of China.", "In the meantime, a public debate over the merit of ABMs began. Difficulties that had already made an ABM system questionable for defending against an all\\-out attack. One problem was the [Fractional Orbital Bombardment System](/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System \"Fractional Orbital Bombardment System\") (FOBS) that would give little warning to the defense. Another problem was high altitude EMP (whether from offensive or defensive nuclear warheads) which could degrade defensive radar systems.", "When this proved infeasible for economic reasons, a much smaller deployment using the same systems was proposed, namely Safeguard (described later).", "" ]
Desiro Classic -------------- ### Austria [Austrian Federal Railways](/wiki/Austrian_Federal_Railways "Austrian Federal Railways") (ร–BB) is using 60 diesel\-powered Desiro trains designated as ร–BB 5022\. These are based on the Class 642 used by Deutsche Bahn, but have some additional safety equipment.{{Clarify\|reason\=...such as?\|date\=February 2017}} ### Bulgaria [thumb\|right\|A [Bulgarian State Railways](/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Railways "Bulgarian State Railways")\-operated Desiro train on the [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia")\-[Lakatnik](/wiki/Lakatnik "Lakatnik") line near [Thompson](/wiki/Thompson%2C_Bulgaria "Thompson, Bulgaria").](/wiki/File:Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg "Desiro on the Sofia-Lakatnik line, 14 February 2012.jpg") In 2005 and 2006, the [Bulgarian State Railways](/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Railways "Bulgarian State Railways") began operating Desiro trains as part of a โ‚ฌ67 million deal with Siemens AG for a total of 25 [Diesel multiple units](/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit "Diesel multiple unit").{{cite web \| url\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\-view/view/bulgarian\-modernisation\-programme\-aims\-to\-win\-back\-lost\-traffic.html \| title\=Bulgarian modernisation programme aims to win back lost traffic\| date\=1 March 2005 \| publisher\=\[\[Railway Gazette International]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316155059/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single\-view/view/bulgarian\-modernisation\-programme\-aims\-to\-win\-back\-lost\-traffic.html \|archive\-date\=16 March 2016 \|url\-status\=dead}} As of 22 March 2006, 16 trains had been delivered, with many of them operating on the [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia")\-[Kyustendil](/wiki/Kyustendil "Kyustendil")\-[Sofia](/wiki/Sofia "Sofia") line. Another โ‚ฌ117 million deal for 25 EMUs has also been signed with Siemens AG. The EMUs were fitted out in [Varna](/wiki/Varna%2C_Bulgaria "Varna, Bulgaria"), where BDZ and Siemens AG are intending to establish a joint venture company. The EMUs are designated classes 30 and 31 and are servicing traffic in the Sofia and [Plovdiv](/wiki/Plovdiv "Plovdiv") areas. ### Czech Republic Private railway company Arriva vlaky operates with two Desiro trains borrowed from Deutsche Bahn (DB).{{Cite web \|url\=https://www.arriva.cz/cs/o\-spolecnosti/novinky/siemens\-desiro\-na\-lince\-s49\-11058 \|title\=Siemens Desiro on the S49 line \|website\=Arriva \|access\-date\=20 December 2018 \|archive\-date\=20 December 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230708/https://www.arriva.cz/cs/o\-spolecnosti/novinky/siemens\-desiro\-na\-lince\-s49\-11058 \|url\-status\=dead \|language\=Polish}} ### Denmark In Denmark, [DSB](/wiki/DSB_%28railway_company%29 "DSB (railway company)") has rented 12 Desiro trains since 2002\. The trains were originally used between [Odense](/wiki/Odense "Odense") and [Svendborg](/wiki/Svendborg "Svendborg") and between [Odense](/wiki/Odense "Odense") and [Fredericia](/wiki/Fredericia "Fredericia"), although they were later moved to service on the [Little South Line](/wiki/Little_South_Line "Little South Line"). On 2 July 2009 DSB signed a contract for eight trains from Siemens for [Grenaabanen](/wiki/Grenaabanen "Grenaabanen"), with an option for 92 more.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\-view/view/dsb\-agrees\-desiro\-dmu\-framework\-contract.html \| title\=DSB agrees Desiro DMU framework contract\| date\=3 July 2009 \| publisher\=\[\[Railway Gazette International]] \|url\-access\=registration}} The trains entered service on 12 December 2010, also servicing [Odderbanen](/wiki/Odderbanen "Odderbanen") from December 2012\.{{cite web\|last\=ร˜stergaard\|first\=Nicolai\|title\=Despite brand new trains: Aarhus commuters get longer travel time\|url\=https://ing.dk/artikel/trods\-spritnye\-tog\-aarhus\-pendlere\-far\-laengere\-rejsetid\-134772\|publisher\=\[\[Ingeniรธren]]\|access\-date\=7 December 2012\|date\=7 December 2012\|language\=Danish \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018033307/http://ing.dk/artikel/trods\-spritnye\-tog\-aarhus\-pendlere\-far\-laengere\-rejsetid\-134772 \|archive\-date\=18 October 2015 \|url\-status\=live}} Grenaabanen and Odderbanen shut in 2016 for their re\-purposing for a light rail network in [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus "Aarhus") and its satellite towns. The trainsets were moved to [Svendborgbanen](/wiki/Svendborgbanen "Svendborgbanen"), whose rolling stock was in turn moved to Lille Syd. [Nordjyske Jernbaner](/wiki/Nordjyske_Jernbaner "Nordjyske Jernbaner") used Desiro trains since 2004 on all its operations. Today the company owns eight Desiro trains. ### Germany {{Unreferenced section\|date\=June 2022}} [thumb\|right\|DB Class 642 in Germany](/wiki/File:Liesel_28-11-10_642_055-8_im_Bahnhof_Scharfenstein.JPG "Liesel 28-11-10 642 055-8 im Bahnhof Scharfenstein.JPG") Germany's [Deutsche Bahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn "Deutsche Bahn") introduced two\-car Desiro DMUs for local services in 2000\. With a top speed of {{convert\|120\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}, these Class 642 units are mainly used on branch lines and regional lines. Besides the 234 units purchased by DB in 2007, various private German rail companies are also using Desiro DMUs. The Class 642 is equipped with two MTU diesel engines with an output of {{convert\|275\|or\|315\|kW\|abbr\=on}} each and hydro\-mechanical transmission with [retarders](/wiki/Retarder_%28mechanical_engineering%29 "Retarder (mechanical engineering)"). It typically contains 100 seats. When linked together with [Scharfenberg couplers](/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler "Scharfenberg coupler"), up to three trainsets can be operated together. The Desiros are quite popular with most passengers, thanks to their good acceleration. Because they have often replaced push/pull trains, their shorter journey times, such as on the [Mรผglitz Valley Railway](/wiki/M%C3%BCglitz_Valley_Railway "Mรผglitz Valley Railway"), have encouraged greater passenger numbers. Originally DB intended to operate together modern DMUs purchased from different manufacturers, but due to software incompatibilities this proved to be impossible. Therefore, the Class 642 can only be mechanically coupled with other DMUs like the [Class 643](/wiki/Talent_%28train%29 "Talent (train)"). ### Greece [thumb\|OSE Desiro EMU](/wiki/File:OSE_Baureihe_460.jpg "OSE Baureihe 460.jpg") In [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") eight diesel DMU\-2 Desiro trains (OSE class 660\) were temporarily in service with the [Hellenic Railways Organisation](/wiki/Hellenic_Railways_Organisation "Hellenic Railways Organisation") (OSE) during 2004โ€“2006, and again in 2007 on the [Athens](/wiki/Athens "Athens")โ€“[Chalkida](/wiki/Chalkida "Chalkida") line and on the Athens suburban railway lines ([Proastiakos](/wiki/Proastiakos "Proastiakos")). Afterwards they were returned to their owner (Hellenic Shipyards S.A.) in December 2007\. In the late 2008 Hellenic Shipyards/MAN\-FERROSTAAL leased the eight units to Hungary with a contract for 20 years.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\-view/view/world\-rolling\-stock\-market\-february\-2009\.html \| title\=World rolling stock market February 2009\| date\=14 February 2009 \| publisher\=\[\[Railway Gazette International]] \|url\-access\=registration}} OSE owns and TrainOSE operates twenty electric Desiro EMU\-5 (OSE class 460\) equipped for the [25\-kV](/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification "25 kV AC railway electrification") [overhead catenary](/wiki/Overhead_line "Overhead line") system. They operate on the [Piraeus](/wiki/Piraeus_station "Piraeus station")\-[Athens Airport](/wiki/Athens_Airport_station "Athens Airport station"), Piraeus\-[Kiato](/wiki/Kiato_railway_station "Kiato railway station"), [Ano Liosia](/wiki/Ano_Liosia_railway_station "Ano Liosia railway station")\-Athens Airport and [Athens](/wiki/Athens_railway_station "Athens railway station")\-[Chalcis](/wiki/Chalcis_railway_station "Chalcis railway station") suburban lines and as a stopping service on the mainline between [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki") and [Larissa](/wiki/Larissa "Larissa"), which is also advertised as a suburban service. OSE is in litigation with the joint venture of Siemens \& Hellenic Shipyards for the supply of those 20 Desiro. ### Hungary {{Unreferenced section\|date\=February 2017}} At present 31 diesel Desiros are in service with [MรV](/wiki/M%C3%81V "MรV") (including the eight units from Greece), mainly as suburban trains on the regional line between Debrecen \- Nagykereki and Budapest \- Lajosmizse and as an express train between Budapest and Baja. Also used as local trains between Fรผzesabony and Debrecen and InterRegio train between Gyล‘r and Balatonszentgyรถrgy via Tapolca. During the summer months (when fewer units are used on the Budapest suburban routes) Desiros appear on some local train diagram on the north shore of the Lake Balaton. Desiros are used as "Helikon InterRegio" trains between Gyล‘r, Kaposvรกr, and Pรฉcs. Desiros are also in service as InterRegio trains between Szombathely and Pรฉcs. ### Malaysia [thumb\|right\|[KLIA Ekspres](/wiki/KLIA_Ekspres "KLIA Ekspres")\-operated Desiro ET 425 M electric multiple unit train](/wiki/File:KLIAekspres_SalakSelatan.jpg "KLIAekspres SalakSelatan.jpg") The {{convert\|57\|km\|abbr\=on}} [KLIA Ekspres](/wiki/KLIA_Ekspres "KLIA Ekspres"), an airport rail link service between [Kuala Lumpur Sentral station](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Sentral_station "Kuala Lumpur Sentral station") and [Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport "Kuala Lumpur International Airport") to the south, uses the Desiro ET 425 M four\-car electric multiple units (EMUs) (which are technically similar to [DBAG Class 425](/wiki/DBAG_Class_425 "DBAG Class 425") sets in Germany).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.siemens.at/transportation/download/malaysia1\.pdf \|title\=Express Rail Link Kuala Lumpur \|website\=Siemens \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031045958/http://www.siemens.at/transportation/download/malaysia1\.pdf \|archive\-date\=31 October 2007 \|url\-status\=dead}} Twelve trainsets are currently{{when\|date\=May 2022}} in operation: eight trains are used for the non\-stop KLIA Ekspres service between KL Sentral and the airport, while another four trains call at three intermediate stations in between, including one serving [Putrajaya](/wiki/Putrajaya "Putrajaya"). These EMUs have a maximum commercial speed of {{convert\|160\|km/h\|abbr\=on\|\-1}} making them the fastest trains currently operating in Malaysia. ### Romania {{unreferenced section\|date\=May 2022}} [thumb\|right\|A Desiro train in Romania at [Otopeni Airport](/wiki/Otopeni_Airport "Otopeni Airport") station](/wiki/File:16.09.21_Aeroport_Henri_Coand%C4%83_962093_%2851491032219%29.jpg "16.09.21 Aeroport Henri Coandฤƒ 962093 (51491032219).jpg") [Cฤƒile Ferate Romรขne](/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne "Cฤƒile Ferate Romรขne") (CFR), Romania's national railway operator, is one of the largest users of the Siemens Desiro trainsets (as the light train variant). Introduced since 2003, CFR operates 120 diesel Desiro trainsets, and uses them for both its "Inter Regio", and "Regio" services, but mainly on its "Regio" trains. The trains, designated as [CFR Class 96](/wiki/Rolling_stock_of_the_Romanian_Railways%23Diesel_Multiple_Unit "Rolling stock of the Romanian Railways#Diesel Multiple Unit"), are nicknamed "{{lang\|ro\|Sฤƒgeata Albastrฤƒ}}" ('The Blue Arrow'). There was some criticism of the use of Desiros for CFR's long\-distance services because they were considered to be uncomfortable. CFR had refitted them, and is now using Desiros mainly on its medium\- and short\-distance routes. For example, it is planning{{update inline\|date\=May 2022}} to use them as part of a proposed commuter link in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest "Bucharest") and [Ilfov County](/wiki/Ilfov_County "Ilfov County"). ### Slovenia {{unreferenced section\|date\=June 2022}} [thumb\|Sลฝ Series 312 at [Ljubljana](/wiki/Ljubljana "Ljubljana") station](/wiki/File:S%C5%BD_312_317.jpg "Sลฝ 312 317.jpg") [Slovenian Railways](/wiki/Slovenian_Railways "Slovenian Railways") operates 30 electric Desiro units that are designated as Desiro EMG 312 SR 31E. They are used as commuter stopping trains on electrified lines, i.e., from Ljubljana to [Koper](/wiki/Koper "Koper"), [Jesenice](/wiki/Jesenice%2C_Jesenice "Jesenice, Jesenice") (via [Kranj](/wiki/Kranj "Kranj")), [Maribor](/wiki/Maribor "Maribor") and [Dobova](/wiki/Dobova "Dobova") (via [Zidani Most](/wiki/Zidani_Most "Zidani Most")). ### United States {{unreferenced section\|date\=June 2022}} [thumb\|right\|SPRINTER at Oceanside](/wiki/File:Sprinter_at_Oceanside_-_panoramio.jpg "Sprinter at Oceanside - panoramio.jpg") The [Sprinter](/wiki/Sprinter_%28rail_service%29 "Sprinter (rail service)") hybrid rail system employs VT642 Desiro diesel units. It serves Northern [San Diego County, California](/wiki/San_Diego_County%2C_California "San Diego County, California"), [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") between [Oceanside](/wiki/Oceanside%2C_California "Oceanside, California") and [Escondido](/wiki/Escondido%2C_California "Escondido, California") along a {{convert\|35\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} railway line. Twelve married pairs were delivered in August 2006 to the operator [North County Transit District](/wiki/North_County_Transit_District "North County Transit District") (NCTD). Service began on March 9, 2008, serving fifteen stations along the 22 mile right of way. Mountain Rail, one of two competing coalitions bidding on a large portion of [FasTracks](/wiki/FasTracks "FasTracks") in [Denver](/wiki/Denver "Denver"), appeared to be proposing a Siemens Desiro ML derived vehicle that is [Federal Railroad Administration](/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration "Federal Railroad Administration") compliant. Both [EMU](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit "Electric multiple unit") and [DMU](/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit "Diesel multiple unit") units would have been used for the [Northwest Corridor](/wiki/FasTracks%23Northwest_Rail_Corridor_%28commuter_rail%29 "FasTracks#Northwest Rail Corridor (commuter rail)"), [North Metro Corridor](/wiki/FasTracks%23North_Metro_Corridor_%28commuter_rail%29 "FasTracks#North Metro Corridor (commuter rail)") and [Gold Line](/wiki/Gold_Line_%28RTD%29 "Gold Line (RTD)"). Electric traction was eventually chosen for the project.
[ "Desiro Classic\n--------------", "### Austria", "[Austrian Federal Railways](/wiki/Austrian_Federal_Railways \"Austrian Federal Railways\") (ร–BB) is using 60 diesel\\-powered Desiro trains designated as ร–BB 5022\\. These are based on the Class 642 used by Deutsche Bahn, but have some additional safety equipment.{{Clarify\\|reason\\=...such as?\\|date\\=February 2017}}", "### Bulgaria", "[thumb\\|right\\|A [Bulgarian State Railways](/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Railways \"Bulgarian State Railways\")\\-operated Desiro train on the [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia \"Sofia\")\\-[Lakatnik](/wiki/Lakatnik \"Lakatnik\") line near [Thompson](/wiki/Thompson%2C_Bulgaria \"Thompson, Bulgaria\").](/wiki/File:Desiro_on_the_Sofia-Lakatnik_line%2C_14_February_2012.jpg \"Desiro on the Sofia-Lakatnik line, 14 February 2012.jpg\")\nIn 2005 and 2006, the [Bulgarian State Railways](/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Railways \"Bulgarian State Railways\") began operating Desiro trains as part of a โ‚ฌ67 million deal with Siemens AG for a total of 25 [Diesel multiple units](/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit \"Diesel multiple unit\").{{cite web \\| url\\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\\-view/view/bulgarian\\-modernisation\\-programme\\-aims\\-to\\-win\\-back\\-lost\\-traffic.html \\| title\\=Bulgarian modernisation programme aims to win back lost traffic\\| date\\=1 March 2005 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Railway Gazette International]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316155059/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single\\-view/view/bulgarian\\-modernisation\\-programme\\-aims\\-to\\-win\\-back\\-lost\\-traffic.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 March 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} As of 22 March 2006, 16 trains had been delivered, with many of them operating on the [Sofia](/wiki/Sofia \"Sofia\")\\-[Kyustendil](/wiki/Kyustendil \"Kyustendil\")\\-[Sofia](/wiki/Sofia \"Sofia\") line. Another โ‚ฌ117 million deal for 25 EMUs has also been signed with Siemens AG. The EMUs were fitted out in [Varna](/wiki/Varna%2C_Bulgaria \"Varna, Bulgaria\"), where BDZ and Siemens AG are intending to establish a joint venture company. The EMUs are designated classes 30 and 31 and are servicing traffic in the Sofia and [Plovdiv](/wiki/Plovdiv \"Plovdiv\") areas.", "### Czech Republic", "Private railway company Arriva vlaky operates with two Desiro trains borrowed from Deutsche Bahn (DB).{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://www.arriva.cz/cs/o\\-spolecnosti/novinky/siemens\\-desiro\\-na\\-lince\\-s49\\-11058 \\|title\\=Siemens Desiro on the S49 line \\|website\\=Arriva \\|access\\-date\\=20 December 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230708/https://www.arriva.cz/cs/o\\-spolecnosti/novinky/siemens\\-desiro\\-na\\-lince\\-s49\\-11058 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|language\\=Polish}}", "### Denmark", "In Denmark, [DSB](/wiki/DSB_%28railway_company%29 \"DSB (railway company)\") has rented 12 Desiro trains since 2002\\. The trains were originally used between [Odense](/wiki/Odense \"Odense\") and [Svendborg](/wiki/Svendborg \"Svendborg\") and between [Odense](/wiki/Odense \"Odense\") and [Fredericia](/wiki/Fredericia \"Fredericia\"), although they were later moved to service on the [Little South Line](/wiki/Little_South_Line \"Little South Line\").\nOn 2 July 2009 DSB signed a contract for eight trains from Siemens for [Grenaabanen](/wiki/Grenaabanen \"Grenaabanen\"), with an option for 92 more.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\\-view/view/dsb\\-agrees\\-desiro\\-dmu\\-framework\\-contract.html \\| title\\=DSB agrees Desiro DMU framework contract\\| date\\=3 July 2009 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Railway Gazette International]] \\|url\\-access\\=registration}} The trains entered service on 12 December 2010, also servicing [Odderbanen](/wiki/Odderbanen \"Odderbanen\") from December 2012\\.{{cite web\\|last\\=ร˜stergaard\\|first\\=Nicolai\\|title\\=Despite brand new trains: Aarhus commuters get longer travel time\\|url\\=https://ing.dk/artikel/trods\\-spritnye\\-tog\\-aarhus\\-pendlere\\-far\\-laengere\\-rejsetid\\-134772\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Ingeniรธren]]\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2012\\|date\\=7 December 2012\\|language\\=Danish \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018033307/http://ing.dk/artikel/trods\\-spritnye\\-tog\\-aarhus\\-pendlere\\-far\\-laengere\\-rejsetid\\-134772 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 October 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} Grenaabanen and Odderbanen shut in 2016 for their re\\-purposing for a light rail network in [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus \"Aarhus\") and its satellite towns. The trainsets were moved to [Svendborgbanen](/wiki/Svendborgbanen \"Svendborgbanen\"), whose rolling stock was in turn moved to Lille Syd.", "[Nordjyske Jernbaner](/wiki/Nordjyske_Jernbaner \"Nordjyske Jernbaner\") used Desiro trains since 2004 on all its operations. Today the company owns eight Desiro trains.", "### Germany", "{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=June 2022}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|DB Class 642 in Germany](/wiki/File:Liesel_28-11-10_642_055-8_im_Bahnhof_Scharfenstein.JPG \"Liesel 28-11-10 642 055-8 im Bahnhof Scharfenstein.JPG\") Germany's [Deutsche Bahn](/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn \"Deutsche Bahn\") introduced two\\-car Desiro DMUs for local services in 2000\\. With a top speed of {{convert\\|120\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}, these Class 642 units are mainly used on branch lines and regional lines. Besides the 234 units purchased by DB in 2007, various private German rail companies are also using Desiro DMUs.", "The Class 642 is equipped with two MTU diesel engines with an output of {{convert\\|275\\|or\\|315\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on}} each and hydro\\-mechanical transmission with [retarders](/wiki/Retarder_%28mechanical_engineering%29 \"Retarder (mechanical engineering)\"). It typically contains 100 seats. When linked together with [Scharfenberg couplers](/wiki/Scharfenberg_coupler \"Scharfenberg coupler\"), up to three trainsets can be operated together. The Desiros are quite popular with most passengers, thanks to their good acceleration. Because they have often replaced push/pull trains, their shorter journey times, such as on the [Mรผglitz Valley Railway](/wiki/M%C3%BCglitz_Valley_Railway \"Mรผglitz Valley Railway\"), have encouraged greater passenger numbers.", "Originally DB intended to operate together modern DMUs purchased from different manufacturers, but due to software incompatibilities this proved to be impossible. Therefore, the Class 642 can only be mechanically coupled with other DMUs like the [Class 643](/wiki/Talent_%28train%29 \"Talent (train)\").", "### Greece", "[thumb\\|OSE Desiro EMU](/wiki/File:OSE_Baureihe_460.jpg \"OSE Baureihe 460.jpg\")\nIn [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") eight diesel DMU\\-2 Desiro trains (OSE class 660\\) were temporarily in service with the [Hellenic Railways Organisation](/wiki/Hellenic_Railways_Organisation \"Hellenic Railways Organisation\") (OSE) during 2004โ€“2006, and again in 2007 on the [Athens](/wiki/Athens \"Athens\")โ€“[Chalkida](/wiki/Chalkida \"Chalkida\") line and on the Athens suburban railway lines ([Proastiakos](/wiki/Proastiakos \"Proastiakos\")). Afterwards they were returned to their owner (Hellenic Shipyards S.A.) in December 2007\\. In the late 2008 Hellenic Shipyards/MAN\\-FERROSTAAL leased the eight units to Hungary with a contract for 20 years.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single\\-view/view/world\\-rolling\\-stock\\-market\\-february\\-2009\\.html \\| title\\=World rolling stock market February 2009\\| date\\=14 February 2009 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Railway Gazette International]] \\|url\\-access\\=registration}}", "OSE owns and TrainOSE operates twenty electric Desiro EMU\\-5 (OSE class 460\\) equipped for the [25\\-kV](/wiki/25_kV_AC_railway_electrification \"25 kV AC railway electrification\") [overhead catenary](/wiki/Overhead_line \"Overhead line\") system. They operate on the [Piraeus](/wiki/Piraeus_station \"Piraeus station\")\\-[Athens Airport](/wiki/Athens_Airport_station \"Athens Airport station\"), Piraeus\\-[Kiato](/wiki/Kiato_railway_station \"Kiato railway station\"), [Ano Liosia](/wiki/Ano_Liosia_railway_station \"Ano Liosia railway station\")\\-Athens Airport and [Athens](/wiki/Athens_railway_station \"Athens railway station\")\\-[Chalcis](/wiki/Chalcis_railway_station \"Chalcis railway station\") suburban lines and as a stopping service on the mainline between [Thessaloniki](/wiki/Thessaloniki \"Thessaloniki\") and [Larissa](/wiki/Larissa \"Larissa\"), which is also advertised as a suburban service. OSE is in litigation with the joint venture of Siemens \\& Hellenic Shipyards for the supply of those 20 Desiro.", "### Hungary", "{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=February 2017}}", "At present 31 diesel Desiros are in service with [MรV](/wiki/M%C3%81V \"MรV\") (including the eight units from Greece), mainly as suburban trains on the regional line between Debrecen \\- Nagykereki and Budapest \\- Lajosmizse and as an express train between Budapest and Baja. Also used as local trains between Fรผzesabony and Debrecen and InterRegio train between Gyล‘r and Balatonszentgyรถrgy via Tapolca. During the summer months (when fewer units are used on the Budapest suburban routes) Desiros appear on some local train diagram on the north shore of the Lake Balaton. Desiros are used as \"Helikon InterRegio\" trains between Gyล‘r, Kaposvรกr, and Pรฉcs. Desiros are also in service as InterRegio trains between Szombathely and Pรฉcs.", "### Malaysia", "[thumb\\|right\\|[KLIA Ekspres](/wiki/KLIA_Ekspres \"KLIA Ekspres\")\\-operated Desiro ET 425 M electric multiple unit train](/wiki/File:KLIAekspres_SalakSelatan.jpg \"KLIAekspres SalakSelatan.jpg\")\nThe {{convert\\|57\\|km\\|abbr\\=on}} [KLIA Ekspres](/wiki/KLIA_Ekspres \"KLIA Ekspres\"), an airport rail link service between [Kuala Lumpur Sentral station](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Sentral_station \"Kuala Lumpur Sentral station\") and [Kuala Lumpur International Airport](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_International_Airport \"Kuala Lumpur International Airport\") to the south, uses the Desiro ET 425 M four\\-car electric multiple units (EMUs) (which are technically similar to [DBAG Class 425](/wiki/DBAG_Class_425 \"DBAG Class 425\") sets in Germany).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.siemens.at/transportation/download/malaysia1\\.pdf \\|title\\=Express Rail Link Kuala Lumpur \\|website\\=Siemens \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031045958/http://www.siemens.at/transportation/download/malaysia1\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Twelve trainsets are currently{{when\\|date\\=May 2022}} in operation: eight trains are used for the non\\-stop KLIA Ekspres service between KL Sentral and the airport, while another four trains call at three intermediate stations in between, including one serving [Putrajaya](/wiki/Putrajaya \"Putrajaya\"). These EMUs have a maximum commercial speed of {{convert\\|160\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on\\|\\-1}} making them the fastest trains currently operating in Malaysia.", "### Romania", "{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=May 2022}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|A Desiro train in Romania at [Otopeni Airport](/wiki/Otopeni_Airport \"Otopeni Airport\") station](/wiki/File:16.09.21_Aeroport_Henri_Coand%C4%83_962093_%2851491032219%29.jpg \"16.09.21 Aeroport Henri Coandฤƒ 962093 (51491032219).jpg\")\n[Cฤƒile Ferate Romรขne](/wiki/C%C4%83ile_Ferate_Rom%C3%A2ne \"Cฤƒile Ferate Romรขne\") (CFR), Romania's national railway operator, is one of the largest users of the Siemens Desiro trainsets (as the light train variant). Introduced since 2003, CFR operates 120 diesel Desiro trainsets, and uses them for both its \"Inter Regio\", and \"Regio\" services, but mainly on its \"Regio\" trains. The trains, designated as [CFR Class 96](/wiki/Rolling_stock_of_the_Romanian_Railways%23Diesel_Multiple_Unit \"Rolling stock of the Romanian Railways#Diesel Multiple Unit\"), are nicknamed \"{{lang\\|ro\\|Sฤƒgeata Albastrฤƒ}}\" ('The Blue Arrow'). There was some criticism of the use of Desiros for CFR's long\\-distance services because they were considered to be uncomfortable. CFR had refitted them, and is now using Desiros mainly on its medium\\- and short\\-distance routes. For example, it is planning{{update inline\\|date\\=May 2022}} to use them as part of a proposed commuter link in [Bucharest](/wiki/Bucharest \"Bucharest\") and [Ilfov County](/wiki/Ilfov_County \"Ilfov County\").", "### Slovenia", "{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=June 2022}}\n[thumb\\|Sลฝ Series 312 at [Ljubljana](/wiki/Ljubljana \"Ljubljana\") station](/wiki/File:S%C5%BD_312_317.jpg \"Sลฝ 312 317.jpg\")\n[Slovenian Railways](/wiki/Slovenian_Railways \"Slovenian Railways\") operates 30 electric Desiro units that are designated as Desiro EMG 312 SR 31E. They are used as commuter stopping trains on electrified lines, i.e., from Ljubljana to [Koper](/wiki/Koper \"Koper\"), [Jesenice](/wiki/Jesenice%2C_Jesenice \"Jesenice, Jesenice\") (via [Kranj](/wiki/Kranj \"Kranj\")), [Maribor](/wiki/Maribor \"Maribor\") and [Dobova](/wiki/Dobova \"Dobova\") (via [Zidani Most](/wiki/Zidani_Most \"Zidani Most\")).", "### United States", "{{unreferenced section\\|date\\=June 2022}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|SPRINTER at Oceanside](/wiki/File:Sprinter_at_Oceanside_-_panoramio.jpg \"Sprinter at Oceanside - panoramio.jpg\")\nThe [Sprinter](/wiki/Sprinter_%28rail_service%29 \"Sprinter (rail service)\") hybrid rail system employs VT642 Desiro diesel units. It serves Northern [San Diego County, California](/wiki/San_Diego_County%2C_California \"San Diego County, California\"), [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") between [Oceanside](/wiki/Oceanside%2C_California \"Oceanside, California\") and [Escondido](/wiki/Escondido%2C_California \"Escondido, California\") along a {{convert\\|35\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} railway line. Twelve married pairs were delivered in August 2006 to the operator [North County Transit District](/wiki/North_County_Transit_District \"North County Transit District\") (NCTD). Service began on March 9, 2008, serving fifteen stations along the 22 mile right of way.", "Mountain Rail, one of two competing coalitions bidding on a large portion of [FasTracks](/wiki/FasTracks \"FasTracks\") in [Denver](/wiki/Denver \"Denver\"), appeared to be proposing a Siemens Desiro ML derived vehicle that is [Federal Railroad Administration](/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Administration \"Federal Railroad Administration\") compliant. Both [EMU](/wiki/Electric_multiple_unit \"Electric multiple unit\") and [DMU](/wiki/Diesel_multiple_unit \"Diesel multiple unit\") units would have been used for the [Northwest Corridor](/wiki/FasTracks%23Northwest_Rail_Corridor_%28commuter_rail%29 \"FasTracks#Northwest Rail Corridor (commuter rail)\"), [North Metro Corridor](/wiki/FasTracks%23North_Metro_Corridor_%28commuter_rail%29 \"FasTracks#North Metro Corridor (commuter rail)\") and [Gold Line](/wiki/Gold_Line_%28RTD%29 \"Gold Line (RTD)\"). Electric traction was eventually chosen for the project.", "" ]
Process ------- The making of *krotekake* is an opportunity for small gatherings of neighbors in this largely rural fjord coastline. There are typically three or four participants in this activity. The preparation and assembly can take much of the day and provides plenty of time to share stories and catch up on neighborhood information while producing a bounty of staple foodstuff. The first step in the process is to mix a simple [whole\-wheat](/wiki/Whole_grain "Whole grain") yeast [dough](/wiki/Dough "Dough") and let it rise. A handful of dough approximately {{convert\|1\.5\|in\|cm}} in diameter is pulled from the whole. This is formed by turning the edges of the dough\-ball down and tucking them into the middle of the bottom of the ball. If the ball feels sticky, the maker adds a dusting of flour. A ball is formed which has been pulled smooth on top and has a dimple on the bottom. The ball is then placed on the floured surfaceย โ€“ dimple down. The biscuit maker should have one or two of these finished balls ready so that they have a minute or two to rest before they are rolled. The roller is responsible for shaping the round. A dough is rolled with a smooth round rolling pin until it is three or {{convert\|4\|in\|mm\|spell\=in}} in diameter and about {{convert\|1/2\|in\|mm}} thick. It is then flipped over and rolled again until it is larger and thinner and shaped like a disk. If it appears to be getting sticky it should be flipped onto a new dusting of flour. The round is flipped and rolled and dusted until it is about 1/8ย inch thick and {{convert\|12\|in\|mm\|spell\=in}} in diameter. If the round ends up sticking it needs to be scraped off the table or pin and placed back with the mass of dough. Next the round is rolled with a special [rolling pin](/wiki/Rolling_pin "Rolling pin"). The pin has deep grooves about 1/8ย inch wide and 1/8ย inch apart. It is also cut laterally at 1/8ย inch intervals. The rolling pin presses creases into the round but because of the lateral grooves it does not cut the round into ribbons of dough. This rolling pin is firmly rolled across the round and then again at right angles to the original direction leaving a cross\-hatch pattern which seals the top and bottom surfaces of the round to each other. The round may also be slightly sealed to the tabletop. A [lefse stick](/wiki/Scraper_%28kitchen%29 "Scraper (kitchen)") is a thin, flat, wooden stick with straight sides about {{convert\|2\|ft\|m}} long and 1ยฝย inches wide which has been sanded smooth. This stick is used to slide under the *krotekake* to release it from the floured surface. It is also used to scrape the table or pin clean of dough. The same person who rolls the dough thin usually cuts the round with the Hardanger rolling pin. Since the making of *krotekake* is a social event as well as a cooking technique, the role of using this special rolling pin is sometimes delegated to a guest or child who is just learning the tradition. The cook takes the scored round from the table and places it on a hot (\~400ย ยฐF) flat grill. Thee cook is responsible for grill temperature which be determined by the amount of time a drop of water takes to boil off. The grill is not oiled but relies on an excess of flour to prevent any sticking. The burnt flour must be periodically brushed off. In a traditional oven, the round must be tossed onto the grill since there is no room to place it carefully. Each of these steps takes approximately the same amount of time. This means the team can get into a rhythm where their work and conversation are in sync. A fourth member if available usually stacks the drying product, and divides it into shares for the participants. Team members can frequently exchange roles depending on their preferences. In Hardanger, many dwellings have a [special arched oven](/wiki/Masonry_oven "Masonry oven") in a separate building in which the *Krotekake* is cooked. The separate building is a guard against a house fire. The arched oven reflects the heat of the fire and so the Krotekake cooks on both sides at the same time. There is no need to flip it.
[ "Process\n-------", "The making of *krotekake* is an opportunity for small gatherings of neighbors in this largely rural fjord coastline. There are typically three or four participants in this activity. The preparation and assembly can take much of the day and provides plenty of time to share stories and catch up on neighborhood information while producing a bounty of staple foodstuff.", "The first step in the process is to mix a simple [whole\\-wheat](/wiki/Whole_grain \"Whole grain\") yeast [dough](/wiki/Dough \"Dough\") and let it rise. \nA handful of dough approximately {{convert\\|1\\.5\\|in\\|cm}} in diameter is pulled from the whole. This is formed by turning the edges of the dough\\-ball down and tucking them into the middle of the bottom of the ball. If the ball feels sticky, the maker adds a dusting of flour. A ball is formed which has been pulled smooth on top and has a dimple on the bottom. The ball is then placed on the floured surfaceย โ€“ dimple down. The biscuit maker should have one or two of these finished balls ready so that they have a minute or two to rest before they are rolled.", "The roller is responsible for shaping the round. A dough is rolled with a smooth round rolling pin until it is three or {{convert\\|4\\|in\\|mm\\|spell\\=in}} in diameter and about {{convert\\|1/2\\|in\\|mm}} thick. It is then flipped over and rolled again until it is larger and thinner and shaped like a disk. If it appears to be getting sticky it should be flipped onto a new dusting of flour. The round is flipped and rolled and dusted until it is about 1/8ย inch thick and {{convert\\|12\\|in\\|mm\\|spell\\=in}} in diameter. If the round ends up sticking it needs to be scraped off the table or pin and placed back with the mass of dough.", "Next the round is rolled with a special [rolling pin](/wiki/Rolling_pin \"Rolling pin\"). The pin has deep grooves about 1/8ย inch wide and 1/8ย inch apart. It is also cut laterally at 1/8ย inch intervals. The rolling pin presses creases into the round but because of the lateral grooves it does not cut the round into ribbons of dough. This rolling pin is firmly rolled across the round and then again at right angles to the original direction leaving a cross\\-hatch pattern which seals the top and bottom surfaces of the round to each other. The round may also be slightly sealed to the tabletop. A [lefse stick](/wiki/Scraper_%28kitchen%29 \"Scraper (kitchen)\") is a thin, flat, wooden stick with straight sides about {{convert\\|2\\|ft\\|m}} long and 1ยฝย inches wide which has been sanded smooth. This stick is used to slide under the *krotekake* to release it from the floured surface. It is also used to scrape the table or pin clean of dough.", "The same person who rolls the dough thin usually cuts the round with the Hardanger rolling pin. Since the making of *krotekake* is a social event as well as a cooking technique, the role of using this special rolling pin is sometimes delegated to a guest or child who is just learning the tradition.", "The cook takes the scored round from the table and places it on a hot (\\~400ย ยฐF) flat grill. Thee cook is responsible for grill temperature which be determined by the amount of time a drop of water takes to boil off. The grill is not oiled but relies on an excess of flour to prevent any sticking. The burnt flour must be periodically brushed off. In a traditional oven, the round must be tossed onto the grill since there is no room to place it carefully.", "Each of these steps takes approximately the same amount of time. This means the team can get into a rhythm where their work and conversation are in sync. A fourth member if available usually stacks the drying product, and divides it into shares for the participants. Team members can frequently exchange roles depending on their preferences.", "In Hardanger, many dwellings have a [special arched oven](/wiki/Masonry_oven \"Masonry oven\") in a separate building in which the *Krotekake* is cooked. The separate building is a guard against a house fire. The arched oven reflects the heat of the fire and so the Krotekake cooks on both sides at the same time. There is no need to flip it.", "" ]
History ------- ### Origins Research into the next generation of commercial jet engines, [high\-bypass ratio](/wiki/Bypass_ratio "Bypass ratio") turbofans in the "10\-ton" (20,000ย lbf; 89ย kN) thrust class, began in the late 1960s. Snecma (now Safran), who had mostly built military engines previously, was the first company to seek entrance into the market by searching for a partner with commercial experience to design and build an engine in this class. They considered [Pratt \& Whitney](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney "Pratt & Whitney"), [Rolls\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc "Rolls-Royce plc"), and [GE Aviation](/wiki/GE_Aviation "GE Aviation") as potential partners, and after two company executives, [Gerhard Neumann](/wiki/Gerhard_Neumann "Gerhard Neumann") from GE and Renรฉ Ravaud from Snecma, introduced themselves at the 1971 [Paris Air Show](/wiki/Paris_Air_Show "Paris Air Show") a decision was made. The two companies saw mutual benefit in the collaboration and met several more times, fleshing out the basics of the joint project.Norris, Guy (1999\). CFM56: Engine of Change. *Flight International*. 19โ€“25 May 1999\. Online at [CFM56: Engine of Change](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%201385.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031529/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20\-%201385\.html \|date\=5 March 2016}}. At the time, Pratt \& Whitney dominated the commercial market. GE needed an engine in this market class, and Snecma had previous experience of working with them, collaborating on the production of the [CF6\-50](/wiki/General_Electric_CF6%23CF6-50 "General Electric CF6#CF6-50") turbofan for the [Airbus A300](/wiki/Airbus_A300 "Airbus A300").{{Cite report \|chapter\-url\=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10\.2514/6\.1989\-2038 \|chapter\=The CFM56 venture \|last1\=Bilien \|first1\=Jean \|last2\=Matta \|first2\=Ram \|title\=Aircraft Design and Operations Meeting \|date\=1989\-07\-31 \|publisher\=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics \|doi\=10\.2514/6\.1989\-2038 \|location\=Seattle, WA \|volume\=AIAA\-89\-2038 \|language\=en}} Pratt \& Whitney was considering upgrading their [JT8D](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D "Pratt & Whitney JT8D") to compete in the same class as the CFM56 as a sole venture, while Rolls\-Royce dealt with financial issues that precluded them from starting new projects; this situation caused GE to gain the title of best partner for the program. A major reason for GE's interest in the collaboration, rather than building a 10\-ton engine on their own, was that the Snecma project was the only source of development funds for an engine in this class at this particular time. GE was initially considering only contributing technology from its CF6 engine rather than its much more advanced [F101](/wiki/General_Electric_F101 "General Electric F101") engine, developed for the [B\-1 Lancer](/wiki/B-1_Lancer "B-1 Lancer") supersonic bomber. The company was faced with a dilemma when the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") (USAF) announced its [Advanced Medium STOL Transport](/wiki/Advanced_Medium_STOL_Transport "Advanced Medium STOL Transport") (AMST) project in 1972 which included funding for the development of a 10\-ton engine โ€“ either to build a "limited" technology 10\-ton engine with Snecma, or a similar engine with "advanced" technology on their own. Concerned that the company would be left with only the "limited" engine in its portfolio if it did not win the Air Force contract (for which it was competing with Pratt \& Whitney and a [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") division with its "advanced" engine), GE decided to apply for an export license for the F101 core technology.Samuelson, Robert (1972\). "Commerce, Security and the "Ten Ton Engine"". *The Washington Post*. 8 October 1972, p. H7\. ### Export issues GE applied for the export license in 1972 as their primary contribution to the 10\-ton engine project. The [United States Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State")'s Office of Munitions Control recommended the rejection of the application on national security grounds; specifically because the core technology was an aspect of a strategic national defense system (B\-1 bomber), it was built with [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") funding, and that exporting the technology to France would limit the number of American workers on the project.Farnsworth, Clyde (1973\). "GE, French To Make Jet Engine". *St. Petersburg Times*, 23 June 1973, p. 11\-A. The official decision was made in a National Security Decision Memorandum signed by the National Security Advisor [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") on 19 September 1972\.GE\-SNECMA Jet Engine Joint Venture (1972\). National Security Decision Memorandum 189. 19 September 1972\. [NSDM 189 (pdf)](http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm_189.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116021411/http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm\_189\.pdf \|date\=16 November 2013}}. Retrieved 9 November 2009\. While national security concerns were cited as the grounds for rejection, politics played an important role as well. The project, and the export issue associated with it, was considered so important that French President [Georges Pompidou](/wiki/Georges_Pompidou "Georges Pompidou") appealed directly to U.S. President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") in 1971 to approve the deal, and Henry Kissinger brought the issue up with President Pompidou in a 1972 meeting. GE reportedly argued at the highest levels that having half of the market was better than having none of it, which they believed would happen if Snecma pursued the engine on their own without GE's contribution. Nixon administration officials feared that this project could be the beginning of the end of American aerospace leadership."A Rebuff to Pompidou on Engine" (1972\). *The New York Times*. 30 September 1972, p. 39\. There was also speculation that the rejection may have been, in part, retaliation for French involvement in convincing the Swiss not to purchase American\-made [LTV A\-7 Corsair II](/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II "LTV A-7 Corsair II") aircraft that had been competing against a French design, the [Dassault Milan](/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III%23Derivatives "Dassault Mirage III#Derivatives"). In the end, the Swiss did not purchase either aircraft, opting for the [Northrop F\-5E](/wiki/Northrop_F-5 "Northrop F-5") Tiger II instead."[Tooling up for Tiger](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1978/1978%20-%200008.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060555/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1978/1978%20\-%200008\.html \|date\=27 December 2016}}". *Flight International*. 7 January 1978, p. 8\. Retrieved 9 June 2010\. #### 1973 Nixonโ€“Pompidou meeting [thumb\|alt\=Two men in suits stand to the right, with uniformed military officers nearby. Both men are waving and smiling.\|right\|U.S. [President Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") (left) and French President [Georges Pompidou](/wiki/Georges_Pompidou "Georges Pompidou") (right) prior to the 1973 U.S.โ€“French summit in Reykjavรญk, Iceland](/wiki/File:Nixon-Pompidou.JPG "Nixon-Pompidou.JPG") Despite the export license being rejected, both the French and GE continued to push the Nixon Administration for permission to export the F101 technology. Efforts continued throughout the months following the rejection, culminating in the engine becoming an agenda topic during the 1973 meeting of Presidents Nixon and Pompidou in [Reykjavรญk](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk "Reykjavรญk"). Discussions at this meeting resulted in an agreement that allowed the development of the CFM56 to proceed. Contemporary reports state that the agreement was based on assurances that the core of the engine, the part that GE was developing from the military F101, would be built in the U.S. and then transported to France in order to protect the sensitive technologies.Farnsworth, Clyde (1973\). "U.S. Ban Lifted on G. E. Plan". *The New York Times*. 23 June 1973, p. 37\. The joint venture also agreed to pay the U.S. an $80ย million royalty fee (calculated at $20,000 per engine predicted to be built) as repayment for the development money provided by the government for the F101 engine core. Documents declassified in 2007 revealed that a key aspect of the CFM56 export agreement was that the French government agreed not to seek tariffs against American aircraft being imported into Europe.GE\-SNECMA. CFM\-56 Jet Engine Joint Development (1973\). National Security Decision Memorandum 220. 4 June 1973\. [NSDM 220 (pdf)](http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm_220.pdf) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116022202/http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm\_220\.pdf \|date\=16 November 2013}}. Retrieved 9 November 2009\. ### CFM International With the export issue settled, GE and Snecma finalized the agreement that formed [CFM International](/wiki/CFM_International "CFM International") (CFMI), a 50โ€“50 joint company that would be responsible for producing and marketing the 10\-ton engine, the CFM56\. The venture was officially founded in 1974\.[CFM Timeline](https://web.archive.org/web/20100323063956/http://www.cfm56.com/company/timeline). CFM International. Retrieved 10 November 2009\. The "CF" in the engine name stands for GE's designation for commercial turbofan engines, while the "M56" is the name of Snecma's original engine proposal.{{Cite web \|last\=Kennedy \|first\=Rick \|date\=30 May 2019 \|title\='Bowled over with a feather': When Safran Aircraft Engines went courting for GE \|url\=https://blog.geaviation.com/product/how\-safran\-wooed\-ge\-launching\-cfm\-international/ \|access\-date\=25 July 2022 \|website\=\[\[GE Aviation]]}} The two primary roles for CFMI were to manage the program between GE and Snecma, and to market, sell and service the engine at a single point of contact for the customer. CFMI was made responsible for the day\-to\-day decision making for the project, while major decisions (developing a new variant, for example) required the go\-ahead from GE and Snecma management. The CFMI board of directors is currently split evenly between Snecma and GE (five members each). There are two vice presidents, one from each company, who support the President of CFMI. The president tends to be drawn from Snecma and sits at CFMI's headquarters near GE in Cincinnati, Ohio. The work split between the two companies gave GE responsibility for the high\-pressure [compressor](/wiki/Axial_compressor "Axial compressor") (HPC), the [combustor](/wiki/Combustor "Combustor"), and the high\-pressure [turbine](/wiki/Turbine "Turbine") (HPT); Snecma was responsible for the fan, the low\-pressure compressor (LPC), and the low\-pressure turbine (LPT)."[Work Split](https://web.archive.org/web/20100519130743/http://www.cfm56.com/company/work-split)". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\. Snecma was also responsible for the initial airframe integration engineering, mostly involving the [nacelle](/wiki/Nacelle "Nacelle") design, and was initially responsible for the [gearbox](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 "Transmission (mechanics)"), but shifted that work to GE when it became apparent that it would be more efficient for GE to assemble that component along with their other parts.Yaffee, Michael (1975\). "Developers Face 1975 CFM56 Decision". *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 24 February 1975, p. 41\.
[ "History\n-------", "### Origins", "Research into the next generation of commercial jet engines, [high\\-bypass ratio](/wiki/Bypass_ratio \"Bypass ratio\") turbofans in the \"10\\-ton\" (20,000ย lbf; 89ย kN) thrust class, began in the late 1960s. Snecma (now Safran), who had mostly built military engines previously, was the first company to seek entrance into the market by searching for a partner with commercial experience to design and build an engine in this class. They considered [Pratt \\& Whitney](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney \"Pratt & Whitney\"), [Rolls\\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc \"Rolls-Royce plc\"), and [GE Aviation](/wiki/GE_Aviation \"GE Aviation\") as potential partners, and after two company executives, [Gerhard Neumann](/wiki/Gerhard_Neumann \"Gerhard Neumann\") from GE and Renรฉ Ravaud from Snecma, introduced themselves at the 1971 [Paris Air Show](/wiki/Paris_Air_Show \"Paris Air Show\") a decision was made. The two companies saw mutual benefit in the collaboration and met several more times, fleshing out the basics of the joint project.Norris, Guy (1999\\). CFM56: Engine of Change. *Flight International*. 19โ€“25 May 1999\\. Online at [CFM56: Engine of Change](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20-%201385.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031529/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1999/1999%20\\-%201385\\.html \\|date\\=5 March 2016}}.", "At the time, Pratt \\& Whitney dominated the commercial market. GE needed an engine in this market class, and Snecma had previous experience of working with them, collaborating on the production of the [CF6\\-50](/wiki/General_Electric_CF6%23CF6-50 \"General Electric CF6#CF6-50\") turbofan for the [Airbus A300](/wiki/Airbus_A300 \"Airbus A300\").{{Cite report \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10\\.2514/6\\.1989\\-2038 \\|chapter\\=The CFM56 venture \\|last1\\=Bilien \\|first1\\=Jean \\|last2\\=Matta \\|first2\\=Ram \\|title\\=Aircraft Design and Operations Meeting \\|date\\=1989\\-07\\-31 \\|publisher\\=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics \\|doi\\=10\\.2514/6\\.1989\\-2038 \\|location\\=Seattle, WA \\|volume\\=AIAA\\-89\\-2038 \\|language\\=en}} Pratt \\& Whitney was considering upgrading their [JT8D](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D \"Pratt & Whitney JT8D\") to compete in the same class as the CFM56 as a sole venture, while Rolls\\-Royce dealt with financial issues that precluded them from starting new projects; this situation caused GE to gain the title of best partner for the program.", "A major reason for GE's interest in the collaboration, rather than building a 10\\-ton engine on their own, was that the Snecma project was the only source of development funds for an engine in this class at this particular time. GE was initially considering only contributing technology from its CF6 engine rather than its much more advanced [F101](/wiki/General_Electric_F101 \"General Electric F101\") engine, developed for the [B\\-1 Lancer](/wiki/B-1_Lancer \"B-1 Lancer\") supersonic bomber. The company was faced with a dilemma when the [United States Air Force](/wiki/United_States_Air_Force \"United States Air Force\") (USAF) announced its [Advanced Medium STOL Transport](/wiki/Advanced_Medium_STOL_Transport \"Advanced Medium STOL Transport\") (AMST) project in 1972 which included funding for the development of a 10\\-ton engine โ€“ either to build a \"limited\" technology 10\\-ton engine with Snecma, or a similar engine with \"advanced\" technology on their own. Concerned that the company would be left with only the \"limited\" engine in its portfolio if it did not win the Air Force contract (for which it was competing with Pratt \\& Whitney and a [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\") division with its \"advanced\" engine), GE decided to apply for an export license for the F101 core technology.Samuelson, Robert (1972\\). \"Commerce, Security and the \"Ten Ton Engine\"\". *The Washington Post*. 8 October 1972, p. H7\\.", "### Export issues", "GE applied for the export license in 1972 as their primary contribution to the 10\\-ton engine project. The [United States Department of State](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\")'s Office of Munitions Control recommended the rejection of the application on national security grounds; specifically because the core technology was an aspect of a strategic national defense system (B\\-1 bomber), it was built with [Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\") funding, and that exporting the technology to France would limit the number of American workers on the project.Farnsworth, Clyde (1973\\). \"GE, French To Make Jet Engine\". *St. Petersburg Times*, 23 June 1973, p. 11\\-A. The official decision was made in a National Security Decision Memorandum signed by the National Security Advisor [Henry Kissinger](/wiki/Henry_Kissinger \"Henry Kissinger\") on 19 September 1972\\.GE\\-SNECMA Jet Engine Joint Venture (1972\\). National Security Decision Memorandum 189. 19 September 1972\\. [NSDM 189 (pdf)](http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm_189.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116021411/http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm\\_189\\.pdf \\|date\\=16 November 2013}}. Retrieved 9 November 2009\\.", "While national security concerns were cited as the grounds for rejection, politics played an important role as well. The project, and the export issue associated with it, was considered so important that French President [Georges Pompidou](/wiki/Georges_Pompidou \"Georges Pompidou\") appealed directly to U.S. President [Richard Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") in 1971 to approve the deal, and Henry Kissinger brought the issue up with President Pompidou in a 1972 meeting. GE reportedly argued at the highest levels that having half of the market was better than having none of it, which they believed would happen if Snecma pursued the engine on their own without GE's contribution. Nixon administration officials feared that this project could be the beginning of the end of American aerospace leadership.\"A Rebuff to Pompidou on Engine\" (1972\\). *The New York Times*. 30 September 1972, p. 39\\.", "There was also speculation that the rejection may have been, in part, retaliation for French involvement in convincing the Swiss not to purchase American\\-made [LTV A\\-7 Corsair II](/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II \"LTV A-7 Corsair II\") aircraft that had been competing against a French design, the [Dassault Milan](/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III%23Derivatives \"Dassault Mirage III#Derivatives\"). In the end, the Swiss did not purchase either aircraft, opting for the [Northrop F\\-5E](/wiki/Northrop_F-5 \"Northrop F-5\") Tiger II instead.\"[Tooling up for Tiger](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1978/1978%20-%200008.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060555/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1978/1978%20\\-%200008\\.html \\|date\\=27 December 2016}}\". *Flight International*. 7 January 1978, p. 8\\. Retrieved 9 June 2010\\.", "#### 1973 Nixonโ€“Pompidou meeting", "[thumb\\|alt\\=Two men in suits stand to the right, with uniformed military officers nearby. Both men are waving and smiling.\\|right\\|U.S. [President Nixon](/wiki/Richard_Nixon \"Richard Nixon\") (left) and French President [Georges Pompidou](/wiki/Georges_Pompidou \"Georges Pompidou\") (right) prior to the 1973 U.S.โ€“French summit in Reykjavรญk, Iceland](/wiki/File:Nixon-Pompidou.JPG \"Nixon-Pompidou.JPG\")", "Despite the export license being rejected, both the French and GE continued to push the Nixon Administration for permission to export the F101 technology. Efforts continued throughout the months following the rejection, culminating in the engine becoming an agenda topic during the 1973 meeting of Presidents Nixon and Pompidou in [Reykjavรญk](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk \"Reykjavรญk\"). Discussions at this meeting resulted in an agreement that allowed the development of the CFM56 to proceed. Contemporary reports state that the agreement was based on assurances that the core of the engine, the part that GE was developing from the military F101, would be built in the U.S. and then transported to France in order to protect the sensitive technologies.Farnsworth, Clyde (1973\\). \"U.S. Ban Lifted on G. E. Plan\". *The New York Times*. 23 June 1973, p. 37\\. The joint venture also agreed to pay the U.S. an $80ย million royalty fee (calculated at $20,000 per engine predicted to be built) as repayment for the development money provided by the government for the F101 engine core. Documents declassified in 2007 revealed that a key aspect of the CFM56 export agreement was that the French government agreed not to seek tariffs against American aircraft being imported into Europe.GE\\-SNECMA. CFM\\-56 Jet Engine Joint Development (1973\\). National Security Decision Memorandum 220. 4 June 1973\\. [NSDM 220 (pdf)](http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm_220.pdf) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116022202/http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm\\_220\\.pdf \\|date\\=16 November 2013}}. Retrieved 9 November 2009\\.", "### CFM International", "With the export issue settled, GE and Snecma finalized the agreement that formed [CFM International](/wiki/CFM_International \"CFM International\") (CFMI), a 50โ€“50 joint company that would be responsible for producing and marketing the 10\\-ton engine, the CFM56\\. The venture was officially founded in 1974\\.[CFM Timeline](https://web.archive.org/web/20100323063956/http://www.cfm56.com/company/timeline). CFM International. Retrieved 10 November 2009\\. The \"CF\" in the engine name stands for GE's designation for commercial turbofan engines, while the \"M56\" is the name of Snecma's original engine proposal.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kennedy \\|first\\=Rick \\|date\\=30 May 2019 \\|title\\='Bowled over with a feather': When Safran Aircraft Engines went courting for GE \\|url\\=https://blog.geaviation.com/product/how\\-safran\\-wooed\\-ge\\-launching\\-cfm\\-international/ \\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2022 \\|website\\=\\[\\[GE Aviation]]}} The two primary roles for CFMI were to manage the program between GE and Snecma, and to market, sell and service the engine at a single point of contact for the customer. CFMI was made responsible for the day\\-to\\-day decision making for the project, while major decisions (developing a new variant, for example) required the go\\-ahead from GE and Snecma management.", "The CFMI board of directors is currently split evenly between Snecma and GE (five members each). There are two vice presidents, one from each company, who support the President of CFMI. The president tends to be drawn from Snecma and sits at CFMI's headquarters near GE in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "The work split between the two companies gave GE responsibility for the high\\-pressure [compressor](/wiki/Axial_compressor \"Axial compressor\") (HPC), the [combustor](/wiki/Combustor \"Combustor\"), and the high\\-pressure [turbine](/wiki/Turbine \"Turbine\") (HPT); Snecma was responsible for the fan, the low\\-pressure compressor (LPC), and the low\\-pressure turbine (LPT).\"[Work Split](https://web.archive.org/web/20100519130743/http://www.cfm56.com/company/work-split)\". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\\. Snecma was also responsible for the initial airframe integration engineering, mostly involving the [nacelle](/wiki/Nacelle \"Nacelle\") design, and was initially responsible for the [gearbox](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 \"Transmission (mechanics)\"), but shifted that work to GE when it became apparent that it would be more efficient for GE to assemble that component along with their other parts.Yaffee, Michael (1975\\). \"Developers Face 1975 CFM56 Decision\". *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 24 February 1975, p. 41\\.", "" ]
Development ----------- ### Overview Development work on the CFM56 began before CFMI was formally created. While work proceeded smoothly, the international arrangement led to unique working conditions. For example, both companies had assembly lines, some engines were assembled and tested in the U.S. and others in France. Engines assembled in France were subject to the initially strict export agreement, which meant that GE's core was built in the U.S., then shipped to the Snecma plant in France where it was placed in a locked room into which even the President of Snecma was not allowed. The Snecma components (the fore and aft sections of the engine) were brought into the room, GE employees mounted them to the core, and then the assembled engine was taken out to be finished.Lewis, Flora (1975\). "G.E.\-SNECMA Deal: U.S.\-French Dispute Is Obscured". *The New York Times*. 5 March 1975, p. 53\. The first completed CFM56 engine first ran at GE in June 1974 with the second running in October 1974\. The second engine was then shipped to France and first ran there on 13 December 1974\. These first engines were considered "production hardware" as opposed to test examples and were designated as the CFM56\-2, the first variant of the CFM56\. The engine flew for the first time in February 1977 when it replaced one of the four [Pratt \& Whitney JT8D](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D "Pratt & Whitney JT8D") engines on the [McDonnell Douglas YC\-15](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_YC-15 "McDonnell Douglas YC-15"), an entrant in the Air Force's [Advanced Medium STOL Transport](/wiki/Advanced_Medium_STOL_Transport "Advanced Medium STOL Transport") (AMST) competition."YC\-15 Enters New Flight Test Series". *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 21 February 1977, p. 27\. Soon after, the second CFM56 was mounted on a [Sud Aviation Caravelle](/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle "Sud Aviation Caravelle") at the Snecma flight test center in France. This engine had a slightly different configuration with a long bypass duct and [mixed exhaust](/wiki/Bypass_duct "Bypass duct") flow,*Mixed Exhaust Flow* refers to turbofan engines (both low and high bypass) that exhaust both the hot core flow and the cool bypass flow through a single exit nozzle. The core and bypass flows are "mixed". rather than a short bypass duct with [unmixed exhaust](/wiki/Bypass_duct "Bypass duct") flow.*Unmixed Exhaust Flow* refers to turbofan engines (usually, but not exclusively high\-bypass) that exhaust cool bypass air separately from their hot core flow. This arrangement is visually distinctive as the outer, wider, bypass section usually ends mid\-way along the nacelle and the core protrudes to the rear. With two separate exhaust points, the flow is "unmixed". It was the first to include a "Thrust Management System".Shivaram, Malur (1988\). *A Survey of the Flight Testing, and Evaluation of CFM56 Series Turbofan*. 4th AIAA Flight Test Conference, San Diego, CA. 18โ€“20 May 1988\. Technical Papers AIAA\-1988\-2078\. ### First customers After testing the engine for several years, both in the air and on the ground, CFMI searched for customers outside of a possible AMST contract. The main targets were re\-engine contracts for the [Douglas DC\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 "Douglas DC-8") and the [Boeing 707](/wiki/Boeing_707 "Boeing 707") airliners, including the related military tanker, the [KC\-135 Stratotanker](/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker "KC-135 Stratotanker"). There was little initial interest in the engine, but Boeing realized that the CFM56 might be a solution to upcoming noise regulations. After announcing that a 707 would be configured with the CFM56 engine for flight tests in 1977, Boeing officially offered the 707\-320 with the CFM56 engine as an option in 1978\. The new variant was listed as the 707\-700\.O'Lone, Richard (1978\). Boeing to Offer 707\-320 Re\-engined with CFM56s. *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 14 August 1978, p. 40\. Due to limited interest from the airlines in a re\-engined 707, Boeing ended the 707\-700 program in 1980 without selling any aircraft."Plan to Reengine 707 With CFM56 Suspended". *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 28 April 1980\. p. 35\. Despite the lack of sales, having the commercial 707 available with the CFM56 helped the engine's competitiveness for the KC\-135 re\-engine contract. #### KC\-135R [alt\=The front of several gray aircraft are centered in the image.\|thumb\|A nose\-on view of several re\-engined [KC\-135R](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker "Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker") aircraft taxiing prior to takeoff. The new engines are CFM56\-2 high\-bypass turbofans.](/wiki/File:KC-135R-Taxi.JPG "KC-135R-Taxi.JPG") Winning the contract to re\-engine the KC\-135 tanker fleet for the USAF would be a huge boon to the CFM56 project (with more than 600 aircraft available to re\-engine), and CFMI aggressively pursued that goal as soon as the Request For Proposals (RFP) was announced in 1977\. Like other aspects of the program, international politics played their part in this contract. In efforts to boost the CFM56's chances versus its competitors, the [Pratt \& Whitney TF33](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D "Pratt & Whitney JT3D") and an updated [Pratt \& Whitney JT8D](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D "Pratt & Whitney JT8D"), the French government announced in 1978 that they would upgrade their 11 KC\-135s with the CFM56, providing one of the first orders for the engine."GE, French Firm Get Jet Engines Contract". *The Wall Street Journal*. 8 November 1978, p. 14\. The USAF announced the CFM56 as the winner of the re\-engine contract in January 1980\. Officials indicated that they were excited at the prospect of replacing the [Pratt \& Whitney J57](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57 "Pratt & Whitney J57") engines currently flying on the KC\-135A aircraft, calling them "...the noisiest, dirtiest, \[and] most fuel inefficient powerplant still flying" at the time."CFM56 Selected for KC\-135 Re\-engining". *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 28 January 1980, p. 18 The re\-engined aircraft was designated the KC\-135R. The CFM56 brought many benefits to the KC\-135, decreasing [takeoff](/wiki/Takeoff "Takeoff") distance by as much as 3,500ย ft (1,100ย m), decreasing overall fuel usage by 25%, greatly reducing noise (24ย dB lower) and lowering total life cycle cost. With those benefits in mind, the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") selected the CFM56\-2 to power their variant of the Boeingย 707, the [E\-6 Mercury](/wiki/E-6_Mercury "E-6 Mercury"), in 1982\.Kazin, S (1983\). *KC\-135/CFM56 Re\-engine, The Best Solution*. 19th AIAA/SAE/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference, 27โ€“29 June 1983\. Seattle, Washington. AIAA\-1983\-1374\. In 1984 the [Royal Saudi Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force "Royal Saudi Air Force") selected the CFM56\-2 to power their [E\-3 Sentry](/wiki/E-3_Sentry "E-3 Sentry") aircraft (also related to the 707 [airframe](/wiki/Airframe "Airframe")). The CFM56\-2\-powered E\-3 also became the standard configuration for aircraft purchased by the British and French. #### DC\-8 [alt\=The CFM\-56 installed on the DC\-8\.\|thumb\|The CFM\-56 installed on the DC\-8](/wiki/File:Two_of_four_CFM_56_engines_of_a_DC-8_72.jpg "Two of four CFM 56 engines of a DC-8 72.jpg") By the end of the 1970s, airlines were considering upgrading their aging [Douglas DC\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 "Douglas DC-8") aircraft as an alternative to buying new quieter and more efficient aircraft. Following the French KC\-135 order in 1978, the April 1979 decision by [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines "United Airlines") to upgrade 30 of their DC\-8\-61 aircraft with the CFM56\-2 was important for securing the development of the CFM56;"United Picks CFM56 for DC\-8\-60s". *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 9 April 1979, p. 19\. GE and Snecma were two weeks away from freezing development had that order not materialized. This decision marked the first commercial purchase (rather than government/military) of the engine, and [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") and [Flying Tiger Line](/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line "Flying Tiger Line") soon followed suit, giving the CFM56 a firm footing in both the military and commercial market. #### Boeing 737 [thumb\|Engine inlet of a CFM56\-3 engine on a Boeingย 737\-400 series showing the non\-circular design\|alt\=A zoomed\-in view of the front of an engine nacelle. The fan blades of the engine are in the middle of the image. They are surrounded by the engine nacelle, which is seemingly circular on the top half, and flattened on the bottom half.](/wiki/File:Boeing_737-400_Engine.JPG "Boeing 737-400 Engine.JPG") In the early 1980s Boeing selected the CFM56\-3 to exclusively power the [Boeing 737\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic "Boeing 737 Classic") variant. The 737 wings were closer to the ground than previous applications for the CFM56, necessitating several modifications to the engine. The fan diameter was reduced, which reduced the bypass ratio, and the engine accessory gearbox was moved from the bottom of the engine (the 6ย o'clock position) to the 9ย o'clock position, giving the engine nacelle its distinctive flat\-bottomed shape. The overall thrust was also reduced, from {{convert\|24000\|to\|20000\|lbf\|kN\|abbr\=on}}, mostly due to the reduction in bypass ratio.Epstein, N (1981\). "CFM56\-3 High By\-Pass Technology for Single Aisle Twins". 1981 AIAA/SAE/ASCE/ATRIF/TRB International Air Transportation Conference, 26โ€“28 May 1981, Atlantic City, New Jersey. AIAA\-1981\-0808\. Since the small initial launch order for twenty 737\-300s split between two airlines, over 5,000 Boeing 737 aircraft had been delivered with CFM56 turbofans by April 2010\.[Boeing 737 Deliveries](http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=737&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=737&ViewReportF=View+Report) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403104552/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel\=737\&optReportType\=AllModels\&cboAllModel\=737\&ViewReportF\=View\+Report \|date\=3 April 2020}}. The Boeing Company. Retrieved 19 May 2010\. ### Continued development [thumb\|The CFM56 Being tested on GE's 747 in 2002](/wiki/File:Ge-747-N747GE-020404-01.jpg "Ge-747-N747GE-020404-01.jpg") #### Tech56 and Tech Insertion In 1998, CFMI launched the "Tech56" development and demonstration program to create an engine for the new single\-aisle aircraft that were expected to be built by Airbus and Boeing. The program focused on developing a large number of new technologies for the theoretical future engine, not necessarily creating an all\-new design."[Preparing for the future of aircraft engines โ€“ TECH56](http://www.sae.org/aeromag/features/aircraftengines/01.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929195424/http://www.sae.org/aeromag/features/aircraftengines/01\.htm \|date\=29 September 2012}}". Aerospace Engineering and Manufacturing Online. Retrieved 23 March 2010\.Morris, John (2000\). "["Son of CFM56" โ€“ TECH56](https://web.archive.org/web/20010703030446/http://www.aviationweek.com/shownews/00farn1/hardwr05.htm)". Aviation Week's Show News Online. 24 July 2000\. Retrieved 23 March 2010\. When it became clear that Boeing and Airbus were not going to build all\-new aircraft to replace the 737 and A320, CFMI decided to apply some of those Tech56 technologies to the CFM56 in the form of the "Tech Insertion" program which focused on three areas: [fuel efficiency](/wiki/Fuel_efficiency "Fuel efficiency"), maintenance costs and emissions. Launched in 2004, the package included redesigned high\-pressure compressor blades, an improved combustor, and improved high\- and low\-pressure turbine components"[CFM Certifies Tech Insertion Compressor Upgrade; Brings Lower Fuel Burn, Longer On\-Wing Life to Mature Fleet](https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141019/http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfm+certifies+tech+insertion+compressor+upgrade+brings+lower+fuel+burn+longer+on-wing+life+to+mature+fleet/448?page_index=5)". CFM International Press Release. 14 July 2008\. Retrieved 23 March 2010\. which resulted in better fuel efficiency and lower [nitrogen oxides](/wiki/NOx "NOx") (NOx) emissions. The new components also reduced engine wear, lowering maintenance costs by about 5%. The engines entered service in 2007, and all new CFM56\-5B and CFM56\-7B engines are being built with the Tech Insertion components. CFMI also offers the components as an upgrade kit for existing engines.Angrand, A. (2007\). "[Tech Insertion: Eternal youth for the CFM56 (pdf)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200217171656/http://www.safran-na.com/IMG/pdf/SAFRAN2UKp26-27.pdf)". *SAFRAN magazine*. November 2007\. Retrieved 23 March 2010\. pp. 26โ€“7\. #### CFM56\-7B "Evolution" In 2009, CFMI announced the latest upgrade to the CFM56 engine, the "CFM56\-7B Evolution" or CFM56\-7BE. This upgrade, announced with improvements to Boeing's 737 Next Generation, further enhances the high\- and low\-pressure turbines with better aerodynamics, as well as improving engine cooling, and aims to reduce overall part count.["CFM Launches CFM56\-7B Evolution Engine Program to Power Enhanced Boeing Next\-Generation 737"](http://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/cfm56/cfm56-7/cfm56-7_20090428.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211151328/http://geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/cfm56/cfm56\-7/cfm56\-7\_20090428\.html \|date\=11 December 2010}}. GE Aviation Press Release. 28 April 2009\. Retrieved 19 May 2010\. CFMI expected the changes to result in a 4% reduction in maintenance costs and a 1% improvement in fuel consumption (2% improvement including the airframe changes for the new 737\); flight and ground tests completed in May 2010 revealed that the fuel burn improvement was better than expected at 1\.6%.Norris, Guy (2010\). [Airbus Weighs Modified CFM56\-5 Upgrade Options](http://aviationweek.com/awin/airbus-weighs-modified-cfm56-5-upgrade-options) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014120737/http://aviationweek.com/awin/airbus\-weighs\-modified\-cfm56\-5\-upgrade\-options \|date\=14 October 2017}}. *Aviation Week*. 12 May 2010\. Retrieved 19 May 2010\. Following 450 hours of testing, the CFM56\-7BE engine was certified by FAA and EASA on 30 July 2010Ostrower, Jon. ["CFM56\-7BE achieves FAA and EASA certification"](https://archive.today/20100809225816/http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2010/08/02/345667/cfm56-7be-achieves-faa-and-easa-certification.html). Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal.com. 2 August 2010\. Retrieved 2 August 2010\. and delivered from mid\-2011\. The CFM56\-5B/3 PIP (Performance Improvement Package) engine includes these new technologies and hardware changes to lower fuel burn and lower maintenance cost. Airbus A320s were to use this engine version starting in late 2011\.{{Cite web \|title\=CFM brings elements of Evolution upgrade to A320 powerplant \|url\=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm\-brings\-elements\-of\-evolution\-upgrade\-to\-a320\-powerplant\-355775/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222224537/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm\-brings\-elements\-of\-evolution\-upgrade\-to\-a320\-powerplant\-355775/ \|archive\-date\=22 December 2016 \|access\-date\=26 April 2017 \|publisher\=flightglobal.com}} #### LEAP {{Main\|CFM International LEAP}} The [LEAP](/wiki/CFM_International_LEAP "CFM International LEAP") is a new engine design based on and designed to replace the CFM56 series, with 16% efficiency savings by using more composite materials and achieving higher bypass ratios of over 10:1\. LEAP entered service in 2016\.{{Cite web \|date\=21 July 2016 \|title\=First LEAP 1A\-Powered A320Neo Aircraft Delivered to Pegasus Airlines \|url\=https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press\-articles/cfm\-news\-release\-first\-leap\-1a\-powered\-a320neo\-aircraft\-delivered\-pegasus\-airlines/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192203/https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press\-articles/cfm\-news\-release\-first\-leap\-1a\-powered\-a320neo\-aircraft\-delivered\-pegasus\-airlines/ \|archive\-date\=10 December 2019 \|access\-date\=22 December 2016 \|publisher\=CFM International}}
[ "Development\n-----------", "### Overview", "Development work on the CFM56 began before CFMI was formally created. While work proceeded smoothly, the international arrangement led to unique working conditions. For example, both companies had assembly lines, some engines were assembled and tested in the U.S. and others in France. Engines assembled in France were subject to the initially strict export agreement, which meant that GE's core was built in the U.S., then shipped to the Snecma plant in France where it was placed in a locked room into which even the President of Snecma was not allowed. The Snecma components (the fore and aft sections of the engine) were brought into the room, GE employees mounted them to the core, and then the assembled engine was taken out to be finished.Lewis, Flora (1975\\). \"G.E.\\-SNECMA Deal: U.S.\\-French Dispute Is Obscured\". *The New York Times*. 5 March 1975, p. 53\\.", "The first completed CFM56 engine first ran at GE in June 1974 with the second running in October 1974\\. The second engine was then shipped to France and first ran there on 13 December 1974\\. These first engines were considered \"production hardware\" as opposed to test examples and were designated as the CFM56\\-2, the first variant of the CFM56\\.", "The engine flew for the first time in February 1977 when it replaced one of the four [Pratt \\& Whitney JT8D](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D \"Pratt & Whitney JT8D\") engines on the [McDonnell Douglas YC\\-15](/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_YC-15 \"McDonnell Douglas YC-15\"), an entrant in the Air Force's [Advanced Medium STOL Transport](/wiki/Advanced_Medium_STOL_Transport \"Advanced Medium STOL Transport\") (AMST) competition.\"YC\\-15 Enters New Flight Test Series\". *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 21 February 1977, p. 27\\. Soon after, the second CFM56 was mounted on a [Sud Aviation Caravelle](/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle \"Sud Aviation Caravelle\") at the Snecma flight test center in France. This engine had a slightly different configuration with a long bypass duct and [mixed exhaust](/wiki/Bypass_duct \"Bypass duct\") flow,*Mixed Exhaust Flow* refers to turbofan engines (both low and high bypass) that exhaust both the hot core flow and the cool bypass flow through a single exit nozzle. The core and bypass flows are \"mixed\". rather than a short bypass duct with [unmixed exhaust](/wiki/Bypass_duct \"Bypass duct\") flow.*Unmixed Exhaust Flow* refers to turbofan engines (usually, but not exclusively high\\-bypass) that exhaust cool bypass air separately from their hot core flow. This arrangement is visually distinctive as the outer, wider, bypass section usually ends mid\\-way along the nacelle and the core protrudes to the rear. With two separate exhaust points, the flow is \"unmixed\". It was the first to include a \"Thrust Management System\".Shivaram, Malur (1988\\). *A Survey of the Flight Testing, and Evaluation of CFM56 Series Turbofan*. 4th AIAA Flight Test Conference, San Diego, CA. 18โ€“20 May 1988\\. Technical Papers AIAA\\-1988\\-2078\\.", "### First customers", "After testing the engine for several years, both in the air and on the ground, CFMI searched for customers outside of a possible AMST contract. The main targets were re\\-engine contracts for the [Douglas DC\\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 \"Douglas DC-8\") and the [Boeing 707](/wiki/Boeing_707 \"Boeing 707\") airliners, including the related military tanker, the [KC\\-135 Stratotanker](/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker \"KC-135 Stratotanker\"). There was little initial interest in the engine, but Boeing realized that the CFM56 might be a solution to upcoming noise regulations. After announcing that a 707 would be configured with the CFM56 engine for flight tests in 1977, Boeing officially offered the 707\\-320 with the CFM56 engine as an option in 1978\\. The new variant was listed as the 707\\-700\\.O'Lone, Richard (1978\\). Boeing to Offer 707\\-320 Re\\-engined with CFM56s. *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 14 August 1978, p. 40\\. Due to limited interest from the airlines in a re\\-engined 707, Boeing ended the 707\\-700 program in 1980 without selling any aircraft.\"Plan to Reengine 707 With CFM56 Suspended\". *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 28 April 1980\\. p. 35\\. Despite the lack of sales, having the commercial 707 available with the CFM56 helped the engine's competitiveness for the KC\\-135 re\\-engine contract.", "#### KC\\-135R", "[alt\\=The front of several gray aircraft are centered in the image.\\|thumb\\|A nose\\-on view of several re\\-engined [KC\\-135R](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker \"Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker\") aircraft taxiing prior to takeoff. The new engines are CFM56\\-2 high\\-bypass turbofans.](/wiki/File:KC-135R-Taxi.JPG \"KC-135R-Taxi.JPG\")", "Winning the contract to re\\-engine the KC\\-135 tanker fleet for the USAF would be a huge boon to the CFM56 project (with more than 600 aircraft available to re\\-engine), and CFMI aggressively pursued that goal as soon as the Request For Proposals (RFP) was announced in 1977\\. Like other aspects of the program, international politics played their part in this contract. In efforts to boost the CFM56's chances versus its competitors, the [Pratt \\& Whitney TF33](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D \"Pratt & Whitney JT3D\") and an updated [Pratt \\& Whitney JT8D](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D \"Pratt & Whitney JT8D\"), the French government announced in 1978 that they would upgrade their 11 KC\\-135s with the CFM56, providing one of the first orders for the engine.\"GE, French Firm Get Jet Engines Contract\". *The Wall Street Journal*. 8 November 1978, p. 14\\.", "The USAF announced the CFM56 as the winner of the re\\-engine contract in January 1980\\. Officials indicated that they were excited at the prospect of replacing the [Pratt \\& Whitney J57](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57 \"Pratt & Whitney J57\") engines currently flying on the KC\\-135A aircraft, calling them \"...the noisiest, dirtiest, \\[and] most fuel inefficient powerplant still flying\" at the time.\"CFM56 Selected for KC\\-135 Re\\-engining\". *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 28 January 1980, p. 18 The re\\-engined aircraft was designated the KC\\-135R. The CFM56 brought many benefits to the KC\\-135, decreasing [takeoff](/wiki/Takeoff \"Takeoff\") distance by as much as 3,500ย ft (1,100ย m), decreasing overall fuel usage by 25%, greatly reducing noise (24ย dB lower) and lowering total life cycle cost. With those benefits in mind, the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") selected the CFM56\\-2 to power their variant of the Boeingย 707, the [E\\-6 Mercury](/wiki/E-6_Mercury \"E-6 Mercury\"), in 1982\\.Kazin, S (1983\\). *KC\\-135/CFM56 Re\\-engine, The Best Solution*. 19th AIAA/SAE/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference, 27โ€“29 June 1983\\. Seattle, Washington. AIAA\\-1983\\-1374\\. In 1984 the [Royal Saudi Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force \"Royal Saudi Air Force\") selected the CFM56\\-2 to power their [E\\-3 Sentry](/wiki/E-3_Sentry \"E-3 Sentry\") aircraft (also related to the 707 [airframe](/wiki/Airframe \"Airframe\")). The CFM56\\-2\\-powered E\\-3 also became the standard configuration for aircraft purchased by the British and French.", "#### DC\\-8", "[alt\\=The CFM\\-56 installed on the DC\\-8\\.\\|thumb\\|The CFM\\-56 installed on the DC\\-8](/wiki/File:Two_of_four_CFM_56_engines_of_a_DC-8_72.jpg \"Two of four CFM 56 engines of a DC-8 72.jpg\")\nBy the end of the 1970s, airlines were considering upgrading their aging [Douglas DC\\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 \"Douglas DC-8\") aircraft as an alternative to buying new quieter and more efficient aircraft. Following the French KC\\-135 order in 1978, the April 1979 decision by [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines \"United Airlines\") to upgrade 30 of their DC\\-8\\-61 aircraft with the CFM56\\-2 was important for securing the development of the CFM56;\"United Picks CFM56 for DC\\-8\\-60s\". *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 9 April 1979, p. 19\\. GE and Snecma were two weeks away from freezing development had that order not materialized. This decision marked the first commercial purchase (rather than government/military) of the engine, and [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") and [Flying Tiger Line](/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line \"Flying Tiger Line\") soon followed suit, giving the CFM56 a firm footing in both the military and commercial market.", "#### Boeing 737", "[thumb\\|Engine inlet of a CFM56\\-3 engine on a Boeingย 737\\-400 series showing the non\\-circular design\\|alt\\=A zoomed\\-in view of the front of an engine nacelle. The fan blades of the engine are in the middle of the image. They are surrounded by the engine nacelle, which is seemingly circular on the top half, and flattened on the bottom half.](/wiki/File:Boeing_737-400_Engine.JPG \"Boeing 737-400 Engine.JPG\")", "In the early 1980s Boeing selected the CFM56\\-3 to exclusively power the [Boeing 737\\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic \"Boeing 737 Classic\") variant. The 737 wings were closer to the ground than previous applications for the CFM56, necessitating several modifications to the engine. The fan diameter was reduced, which reduced the bypass ratio, and the engine accessory gearbox was moved from the bottom of the engine (the 6ย o'clock position) to the 9ย o'clock position, giving the engine nacelle its distinctive flat\\-bottomed shape. The overall thrust was also reduced, from {{convert\\|24000\\|to\\|20000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|abbr\\=on}}, mostly due to the reduction in bypass ratio.Epstein, N (1981\\). \"CFM56\\-3 High By\\-Pass Technology for Single Aisle Twins\". 1981 AIAA/SAE/ASCE/ATRIF/TRB International Air Transportation Conference, 26โ€“28 May 1981, Atlantic City, New Jersey. AIAA\\-1981\\-0808\\.", "Since the small initial launch order for twenty 737\\-300s split between two airlines, over 5,000 Boeing 737 aircraft had been delivered with CFM56 turbofans by April 2010\\.[Boeing 737 Deliveries](http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=737&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=737&ViewReportF=View+Report) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403104552/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel\\=737\\&optReportType\\=AllModels\\&cboAllModel\\=737\\&ViewReportF\\=View\\+Report \\|date\\=3 April 2020}}. The Boeing Company. Retrieved 19 May 2010\\.", "### Continued development", "[thumb\\|The CFM56 Being tested on GE's 747 in 2002](/wiki/File:Ge-747-N747GE-020404-01.jpg \"Ge-747-N747GE-020404-01.jpg\")", "#### Tech56 and Tech Insertion", "In 1998, CFMI launched the \"Tech56\" development and demonstration program to create an engine for the new single\\-aisle aircraft that were expected to be built by Airbus and Boeing. The program focused on developing a large number of new technologies for the theoretical future engine, not necessarily creating an all\\-new design.\"[Preparing for the future of aircraft engines โ€“ TECH56](http://www.sae.org/aeromag/features/aircraftengines/01.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929195424/http://www.sae.org/aeromag/features/aircraftengines/01\\.htm \\|date\\=29 September 2012}}\". Aerospace Engineering and Manufacturing Online. Retrieved 23 March 2010\\.Morris, John (2000\\). \"[\"Son of CFM56\" โ€“ TECH56](https://web.archive.org/web/20010703030446/http://www.aviationweek.com/shownews/00farn1/hardwr05.htm)\". Aviation Week's Show News Online. 24 July 2000\\. Retrieved 23 March 2010\\. When it became clear that Boeing and Airbus were not going to build all\\-new aircraft to replace the 737 and A320, CFMI decided to apply some of those Tech56 technologies to the CFM56 in the form of the \"Tech Insertion\" program which focused on three areas: [fuel efficiency](/wiki/Fuel_efficiency \"Fuel efficiency\"), maintenance costs and emissions. Launched in 2004, the package included redesigned high\\-pressure compressor blades, an improved combustor, and improved high\\- and low\\-pressure turbine components\"[CFM Certifies Tech Insertion Compressor Upgrade; Brings Lower Fuel Burn, Longer On\\-Wing Life to Mature Fleet](https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141019/http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfm+certifies+tech+insertion+compressor+upgrade+brings+lower+fuel+burn+longer+on-wing+life+to+mature+fleet/448?page_index=5)\". CFM International Press Release. 14 July 2008\\. Retrieved 23 March 2010\\. which resulted in better fuel efficiency and lower [nitrogen oxides](/wiki/NOx \"NOx\") (NOx) emissions. The new components also reduced engine wear, lowering maintenance costs by about 5%. The engines entered service in 2007, and all new CFM56\\-5B and CFM56\\-7B engines are being built with the Tech Insertion components. CFMI also offers the components as an upgrade kit for existing engines.Angrand, A. (2007\\). \"[Tech Insertion: Eternal youth for the CFM56 (pdf)](https://web.archive.org/web/20200217171656/http://www.safran-na.com/IMG/pdf/SAFRAN2UKp26-27.pdf)\". *SAFRAN magazine*. November 2007\\. Retrieved 23 March 2010\\. pp. 26โ€“7\\.", "#### CFM56\\-7B \"Evolution\"", "In 2009, CFMI announced the latest upgrade to the CFM56 engine, the \"CFM56\\-7B Evolution\" or CFM56\\-7BE. This upgrade, announced with improvements to Boeing's 737 Next Generation, further enhances the high\\- and low\\-pressure turbines with better aerodynamics, as well as improving engine cooling, and aims to reduce overall part count.[\"CFM Launches CFM56\\-7B Evolution Engine Program to Power Enhanced Boeing Next\\-Generation 737\"](http://www.geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/cfm56/cfm56-7/cfm56-7_20090428.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211151328/http://geae.com/aboutgeae/presscenter/cfm56/cfm56\\-7/cfm56\\-7\\_20090428\\.html \\|date\\=11 December 2010}}. GE Aviation Press Release. 28 April 2009\\. Retrieved 19 May 2010\\. CFMI expected the changes to result in a 4% reduction in maintenance costs and a 1% improvement in fuel consumption (2% improvement including the airframe changes for the new 737\\); flight and ground tests completed in May 2010 revealed that the fuel burn improvement was better than expected at 1\\.6%.Norris, Guy (2010\\). [Airbus Weighs Modified CFM56\\-5 Upgrade Options](http://aviationweek.com/awin/airbus-weighs-modified-cfm56-5-upgrade-options) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014120737/http://aviationweek.com/awin/airbus\\-weighs\\-modified\\-cfm56\\-5\\-upgrade\\-options \\|date\\=14 October 2017}}. *Aviation Week*. 12 May 2010\\. Retrieved 19 May 2010\\. Following 450 hours of testing, the CFM56\\-7BE engine was certified by FAA and EASA on 30 July 2010Ostrower, Jon. [\"CFM56\\-7BE achieves FAA and EASA certification\"](https://archive.today/20100809225816/http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2010/08/02/345667/cfm56-7be-achieves-faa-and-easa-certification.html). Air Transport Intelligence news via Flightglobal.com. 2 August 2010\\. Retrieved 2 August 2010\\. and delivered from mid\\-2011\\.", "The CFM56\\-5B/3 PIP (Performance Improvement Package) engine includes these new technologies and hardware changes to lower fuel burn and lower maintenance cost. Airbus A320s were to use this engine version starting in late 2011\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=CFM brings elements of Evolution upgrade to A320 powerplant \\|url\\=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm\\-brings\\-elements\\-of\\-evolution\\-upgrade\\-to\\-a320\\-powerplant\\-355775/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222224537/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfm\\-brings\\-elements\\-of\\-evolution\\-upgrade\\-to\\-a320\\-powerplant\\-355775/ \\|archive\\-date\\=22 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=26 April 2017 \\|publisher\\=flightglobal.com}}", "#### LEAP", "{{Main\\|CFM International LEAP}}\nThe [LEAP](/wiki/CFM_International_LEAP \"CFM International LEAP\") is a new engine design based on and designed to replace the CFM56 series, with 16% efficiency savings by using more composite materials and achieving higher bypass ratios of over 10:1\\. LEAP entered service in 2016\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=21 July 2016 \\|title\\=First LEAP 1A\\-Powered A320Neo Aircraft Delivered to Pegasus Airlines \\|url\\=https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press\\-articles/cfm\\-news\\-release\\-first\\-leap\\-1a\\-powered\\-a320neo\\-aircraft\\-delivered\\-pegasus\\-airlines/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192203/https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press\\-articles/cfm\\-news\\-release\\-first\\-leap\\-1a\\-powered\\-a320neo\\-aircraft\\-delivered\\-pegasus\\-airlines/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=22 December 2016 \\|publisher\\=CFM International}}", "" ]
### First customers After testing the engine for several years, both in the air and on the ground, CFMI searched for customers outside of a possible AMST contract. The main targets were re\-engine contracts for the [Douglas DC\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 "Douglas DC-8") and the [Boeing 707](/wiki/Boeing_707 "Boeing 707") airliners, including the related military tanker, the [KC\-135 Stratotanker](/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker "KC-135 Stratotanker"). There was little initial interest in the engine, but Boeing realized that the CFM56 might be a solution to upcoming noise regulations. After announcing that a 707 would be configured with the CFM56 engine for flight tests in 1977, Boeing officially offered the 707\-320 with the CFM56 engine as an option in 1978\. The new variant was listed as the 707\-700\.O'Lone, Richard (1978\). Boeing to Offer 707\-320 Re\-engined with CFM56s. *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 14 August 1978, p. 40\. Due to limited interest from the airlines in a re\-engined 707, Boeing ended the 707\-700 program in 1980 without selling any aircraft."Plan to Reengine 707 With CFM56 Suspended". *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 28 April 1980\. p. 35\. Despite the lack of sales, having the commercial 707 available with the CFM56 helped the engine's competitiveness for the KC\-135 re\-engine contract. #### KC\-135R [alt\=The front of several gray aircraft are centered in the image.\|thumb\|A nose\-on view of several re\-engined [KC\-135R](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker "Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker") aircraft taxiing prior to takeoff. The new engines are CFM56\-2 high\-bypass turbofans.](/wiki/File:KC-135R-Taxi.JPG "KC-135R-Taxi.JPG") Winning the contract to re\-engine the KC\-135 tanker fleet for the USAF would be a huge boon to the CFM56 project (with more than 600 aircraft available to re\-engine), and CFMI aggressively pursued that goal as soon as the Request For Proposals (RFP) was announced in 1977\. Like other aspects of the program, international politics played their part in this contract. In efforts to boost the CFM56's chances versus its competitors, the [Pratt \& Whitney TF33](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D "Pratt & Whitney JT3D") and an updated [Pratt \& Whitney JT8D](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D "Pratt & Whitney JT8D"), the French government announced in 1978 that they would upgrade their 11 KC\-135s with the CFM56, providing one of the first orders for the engine."GE, French Firm Get Jet Engines Contract". *The Wall Street Journal*. 8 November 1978, p. 14\. The USAF announced the CFM56 as the winner of the re\-engine contract in January 1980\. Officials indicated that they were excited at the prospect of replacing the [Pratt \& Whitney J57](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57 "Pratt & Whitney J57") engines currently flying on the KC\-135A aircraft, calling them "...the noisiest, dirtiest, \[and] most fuel inefficient powerplant still flying" at the time."CFM56 Selected for KC\-135 Re\-engining". *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 28 January 1980, p. 18 The re\-engined aircraft was designated the KC\-135R. The CFM56 brought many benefits to the KC\-135, decreasing [takeoff](/wiki/Takeoff "Takeoff") distance by as much as 3,500ย ft (1,100ย m), decreasing overall fuel usage by 25%, greatly reducing noise (24ย dB lower) and lowering total life cycle cost. With those benefits in mind, the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") selected the CFM56\-2 to power their variant of the Boeingย 707, the [E\-6 Mercury](/wiki/E-6_Mercury "E-6 Mercury"), in 1982\.Kazin, S (1983\). *KC\-135/CFM56 Re\-engine, The Best Solution*. 19th AIAA/SAE/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference, 27โ€“29 June 1983\. Seattle, Washington. AIAA\-1983\-1374\. In 1984 the [Royal Saudi Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force "Royal Saudi Air Force") selected the CFM56\-2 to power their [E\-3 Sentry](/wiki/E-3_Sentry "E-3 Sentry") aircraft (also related to the 707 [airframe](/wiki/Airframe "Airframe")). The CFM56\-2\-powered E\-3 also became the standard configuration for aircraft purchased by the British and French. #### DC\-8 [alt\=The CFM\-56 installed on the DC\-8\.\|thumb\|The CFM\-56 installed on the DC\-8](/wiki/File:Two_of_four_CFM_56_engines_of_a_DC-8_72.jpg "Two of four CFM 56 engines of a DC-8 72.jpg") By the end of the 1970s, airlines were considering upgrading their aging [Douglas DC\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 "Douglas DC-8") aircraft as an alternative to buying new quieter and more efficient aircraft. Following the French KC\-135 order in 1978, the April 1979 decision by [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines "United Airlines") to upgrade 30 of their DC\-8\-61 aircraft with the CFM56\-2 was important for securing the development of the CFM56;"United Picks CFM56 for DC\-8\-60s". *Aviation Week \& Space Technology*. 9 April 1979, p. 19\. GE and Snecma were two weeks away from freezing development had that order not materialized. This decision marked the first commercial purchase (rather than government/military) of the engine, and [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") and [Flying Tiger Line](/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line "Flying Tiger Line") soon followed suit, giving the CFM56 a firm footing in both the military and commercial market. #### Boeing 737 [thumb\|Engine inlet of a CFM56\-3 engine on a Boeingย 737\-400 series showing the non\-circular design\|alt\=A zoomed\-in view of the front of an engine nacelle. The fan blades of the engine are in the middle of the image. They are surrounded by the engine nacelle, which is seemingly circular on the top half, and flattened on the bottom half.](/wiki/File:Boeing_737-400_Engine.JPG "Boeing 737-400 Engine.JPG") In the early 1980s Boeing selected the CFM56\-3 to exclusively power the [Boeing 737\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic "Boeing 737 Classic") variant. The 737 wings were closer to the ground than previous applications for the CFM56, necessitating several modifications to the engine. The fan diameter was reduced, which reduced the bypass ratio, and the engine accessory gearbox was moved from the bottom of the engine (the 6ย o'clock position) to the 9ย o'clock position, giving the engine nacelle its distinctive flat\-bottomed shape. The overall thrust was also reduced, from {{convert\|24000\|to\|20000\|lbf\|kN\|abbr\=on}}, mostly due to the reduction in bypass ratio.Epstein, N (1981\). "CFM56\-3 High By\-Pass Technology for Single Aisle Twins". 1981 AIAA/SAE/ASCE/ATRIF/TRB International Air Transportation Conference, 26โ€“28 May 1981, Atlantic City, New Jersey. AIAA\-1981\-0808\. Since the small initial launch order for twenty 737\-300s split between two airlines, over 5,000 Boeing 737 aircraft had been delivered with CFM56 turbofans by April 2010\.[Boeing 737 Deliveries](http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=737&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=737&ViewReportF=View+Report) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403104552/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel\=737\&optReportType\=AllModels\&cboAllModel\=737\&ViewReportF\=View\+Report \|date\=3 April 2020}}. The Boeing Company. Retrieved 19 May 2010\.
[ "### First customers", "After testing the engine for several years, both in the air and on the ground, CFMI searched for customers outside of a possible AMST contract. The main targets were re\\-engine contracts for the [Douglas DC\\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 \"Douglas DC-8\") and the [Boeing 707](/wiki/Boeing_707 \"Boeing 707\") airliners, including the related military tanker, the [KC\\-135 Stratotanker](/wiki/KC-135_Stratotanker \"KC-135 Stratotanker\"). There was little initial interest in the engine, but Boeing realized that the CFM56 might be a solution to upcoming noise regulations. After announcing that a 707 would be configured with the CFM56 engine for flight tests in 1977, Boeing officially offered the 707\\-320 with the CFM56 engine as an option in 1978\\. The new variant was listed as the 707\\-700\\.O'Lone, Richard (1978\\). Boeing to Offer 707\\-320 Re\\-engined with CFM56s. *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 14 August 1978, p. 40\\. Due to limited interest from the airlines in a re\\-engined 707, Boeing ended the 707\\-700 program in 1980 without selling any aircraft.\"Plan to Reengine 707 With CFM56 Suspended\". *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 28 April 1980\\. p. 35\\. Despite the lack of sales, having the commercial 707 available with the CFM56 helped the engine's competitiveness for the KC\\-135 re\\-engine contract.", "#### KC\\-135R", "[alt\\=The front of several gray aircraft are centered in the image.\\|thumb\\|A nose\\-on view of several re\\-engined [KC\\-135R](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker \"Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker\") aircraft taxiing prior to takeoff. The new engines are CFM56\\-2 high\\-bypass turbofans.](/wiki/File:KC-135R-Taxi.JPG \"KC-135R-Taxi.JPG\")", "Winning the contract to re\\-engine the KC\\-135 tanker fleet for the USAF would be a huge boon to the CFM56 project (with more than 600 aircraft available to re\\-engine), and CFMI aggressively pursued that goal as soon as the Request For Proposals (RFP) was announced in 1977\\. Like other aspects of the program, international politics played their part in this contract. In efforts to boost the CFM56's chances versus its competitors, the [Pratt \\& Whitney TF33](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT3D \"Pratt & Whitney JT3D\") and an updated [Pratt \\& Whitney JT8D](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D \"Pratt & Whitney JT8D\"), the French government announced in 1978 that they would upgrade their 11 KC\\-135s with the CFM56, providing one of the first orders for the engine.\"GE, French Firm Get Jet Engines Contract\". *The Wall Street Journal*. 8 November 1978, p. 14\\.", "The USAF announced the CFM56 as the winner of the re\\-engine contract in January 1980\\. Officials indicated that they were excited at the prospect of replacing the [Pratt \\& Whitney J57](/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J57 \"Pratt & Whitney J57\") engines currently flying on the KC\\-135A aircraft, calling them \"...the noisiest, dirtiest, \\[and] most fuel inefficient powerplant still flying\" at the time.\"CFM56 Selected for KC\\-135 Re\\-engining\". *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 28 January 1980, p. 18 The re\\-engined aircraft was designated the KC\\-135R. The CFM56 brought many benefits to the KC\\-135, decreasing [takeoff](/wiki/Takeoff \"Takeoff\") distance by as much as 3,500ย ft (1,100ย m), decreasing overall fuel usage by 25%, greatly reducing noise (24ย dB lower) and lowering total life cycle cost. With those benefits in mind, the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") selected the CFM56\\-2 to power their variant of the Boeingย 707, the [E\\-6 Mercury](/wiki/E-6_Mercury \"E-6 Mercury\"), in 1982\\.Kazin, S (1983\\). *KC\\-135/CFM56 Re\\-engine, The Best Solution*. 19th AIAA/SAE/ASME Joint Propulsion Conference, 27โ€“29 June 1983\\. Seattle, Washington. AIAA\\-1983\\-1374\\. In 1984 the [Royal Saudi Air Force](/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force \"Royal Saudi Air Force\") selected the CFM56\\-2 to power their [E\\-3 Sentry](/wiki/E-3_Sentry \"E-3 Sentry\") aircraft (also related to the 707 [airframe](/wiki/Airframe \"Airframe\")). The CFM56\\-2\\-powered E\\-3 also became the standard configuration for aircraft purchased by the British and French.", "#### DC\\-8", "[alt\\=The CFM\\-56 installed on the DC\\-8\\.\\|thumb\\|The CFM\\-56 installed on the DC\\-8](/wiki/File:Two_of_four_CFM_56_engines_of_a_DC-8_72.jpg \"Two of four CFM 56 engines of a DC-8 72.jpg\")\nBy the end of the 1970s, airlines were considering upgrading their aging [Douglas DC\\-8](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8 \"Douglas DC-8\") aircraft as an alternative to buying new quieter and more efficient aircraft. Following the French KC\\-135 order in 1978, the April 1979 decision by [United Airlines](/wiki/United_Airlines \"United Airlines\") to upgrade 30 of their DC\\-8\\-61 aircraft with the CFM56\\-2 was important for securing the development of the CFM56;\"United Picks CFM56 for DC\\-8\\-60s\". *Aviation Week \\& Space Technology*. 9 April 1979, p. 19\\. GE and Snecma were two weeks away from freezing development had that order not materialized. This decision marked the first commercial purchase (rather than government/military) of the engine, and [Delta Air Lines](/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") and [Flying Tiger Line](/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line \"Flying Tiger Line\") soon followed suit, giving the CFM56 a firm footing in both the military and commercial market.", "#### Boeing 737", "[thumb\\|Engine inlet of a CFM56\\-3 engine on a Boeingย 737\\-400 series showing the non\\-circular design\\|alt\\=A zoomed\\-in view of the front of an engine nacelle. The fan blades of the engine are in the middle of the image. They are surrounded by the engine nacelle, which is seemingly circular on the top half, and flattened on the bottom half.](/wiki/File:Boeing_737-400_Engine.JPG \"Boeing 737-400 Engine.JPG\")", "In the early 1980s Boeing selected the CFM56\\-3 to exclusively power the [Boeing 737\\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic \"Boeing 737 Classic\") variant. The 737 wings were closer to the ground than previous applications for the CFM56, necessitating several modifications to the engine. The fan diameter was reduced, which reduced the bypass ratio, and the engine accessory gearbox was moved from the bottom of the engine (the 6ย o'clock position) to the 9ย o'clock position, giving the engine nacelle its distinctive flat\\-bottomed shape. The overall thrust was also reduced, from {{convert\\|24000\\|to\\|20000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|abbr\\=on}}, mostly due to the reduction in bypass ratio.Epstein, N (1981\\). \"CFM56\\-3 High By\\-Pass Technology for Single Aisle Twins\". 1981 AIAA/SAE/ASCE/ATRIF/TRB International Air Transportation Conference, 26โ€“28 May 1981, Atlantic City, New Jersey. AIAA\\-1981\\-0808\\.", "Since the small initial launch order for twenty 737\\-300s split between two airlines, over 5,000 Boeing 737 aircraft had been delivered with CFM56 turbofans by April 2010\\.[Boeing 737 Deliveries](http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel=737&optReportType=AllModels&cboAllModel=737&ViewReportF=View+Report) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403104552/http://active.boeing.com/commercial/orders/displaystandardreport.cfm?cboCurrentModel\\=737\\&optReportType\\=AllModels\\&cboAllModel\\=737\\&ViewReportF\\=View\\+Report \\|date\\=3 April 2020}}. The Boeing Company. Retrieved 19 May 2010\\.", "" ]
Design ------ ### Summary The CFM56 is a high\-bypass turbofan engine (most of the air accelerated by the fan bypasses the core of the engine and is exhausted out of the fan case) with several variants having [bypass ratios](/wiki/Bypass_ratio "Bypass ratio") ranging from 5:1 to 6:1, generating 18,500 to 34,000ย lbf (80ย kN to 150ย kN) of thrust. The variants share a common design, and differ only in details. The CFM56 is a two\-shaft (or two\-spool) engine, meaning that there are two rotating shafts, one high\-pressure and one low\-pressure. Each is powered by its own turbine section (the high\-pressure and low\-pressure turbines, respectively). The fan and the booster (low\-pressure compressor) evolved over the different iterations of the engine, as did the compressor, combustor and turbine sections. ### Combustor [thumb\|Swirl fuel nozzles of a CFM56 annular combustor](/wiki/File:CFM56_Combustion_Chamber_Dome_Detail.JPG "CFM56 Combustion Chamber Dome Detail.JPG") Most variants of the CFM56 feature a [single\-annular combustor](/wiki/Annular_combustor "Annular combustor"). An annular combustor is a continuous ring where fuel is injected into the airflow and ignited, raising the pressure and temperature of the flow. This contrasts with a [can combustor](/wiki/Combustor%23Can_type "Combustor#Can type"), where each combustion chamber is separate, and a [cannular](/wiki/Cannular "Cannular") combustor which is a hybrid of the two. Fuel injection is regulated by a [hydromechanical](/wiki/Hydromechanics "Hydromechanics") unit (HMU) built by [Honeywell](/wiki/Honeywell "Honeywell"). It regulates the amount of fuel delivered to the engine by means of an [electrohydraulic servo valve](/wiki/Electrohydraulic_servo_valve "Electrohydraulic servo valve") that, in turn, drives a fuel metering valve, that provides information to the full authority digital engine controller ([FADEC](/wiki/FADEC "FADEC")).Croft, John. "Fueling fears", *Aviation Week and Space Technology*, 18 February 2013, p. 33\. In 1989, CFMI began work on a new, double\-annular combustor. Instead of having just one combustion zone, the double\-annular combustor has a second combustion zone that is used at high thrust levels. This design lowers the emissions of both nitrogen oxides (NO*x*) and [carbon dioxide](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide") (CO2). The first CFM56 engine with the double\-annular combustor entered service in 1995, and the combustor is used on CFM56\-5B and CFM56\-7B variants with the suffix "/2" on their nameplates."[CFM'S Advanced Double Annular Combustor Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140822/http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfms+advanced+double+annular+combustor+technology/198?page_index=23)". CFM International Press Release. 9 July 1998\. Retrieved 16 November 2009\. GE started developing and testing a new type of combustor called the [Twin Annular Premixing Swirler](/wiki/Twin_Annular_Premixing_Swirler "Twin Annular Premixing Swirler") combustor, or "TAPS", during the Techย 56 program. This design is similar to the double\-annular combustor in that it has two combustion zones; this combustor "swirls" the flow, creating an ideal fuelโ€“air mixture. This difference allows the combustor to generate much less NO*x* than other combustors. Tests on a CFM56\-7B engine demonstrated an improvement of 46% over single\-annular combustors and 22% over double\-annular combustors.Mongia, Hukam (2003\). *TAPS โ€“A 4th Generation Propulsion Combustor Technology for Low Emissions*. AIAA/ICAS International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition: The Next 100 Years, 14โ€“17 July 2003, Dayton, Ohio. AIAA 2003โ€“2657\. The analytical tools developed for TAPS have also been used to improve other combustors, notably the single\-annular combustors in some CFM56\-5B and \-7B engines."[CFM56\-5B/\-7B Tech Insertion Package On Schedule For 2007 EIS](https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141115/http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfm56-5b/-7b+tech+insertion+package+on+schedule+for+2007+eis/135?sort=2&advanced=1&channel_id=&searchkey=taps&datefrom=1%2F1%2F2006&dateto=mm%2Fdd%2Fyyyy&sortcheck=2)". CFM International Press Release. 13 June 2005\. Retrieved 16 November 2009\. ### Compressor [thumb\|alt\=An engine public show at national museum, with the front aft facing left. Sections of the casing are trimmed out and replaced with clear plastic revealing booster vane, compressor and turbine blades, from left to right.\|right\|CFM56\-3 showing 3 stages of LP compressor at left (section of bypass duct removed) and 9 stages of HP compressor](/wiki/File:Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg "Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg") The high\-pressure [compressor](/wiki/Compressor "Compressor") (HPC), that was at the center of the original export controversy, features nine stages in all variants of the CFM56\. The compressor stages have been developed from [GE](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric")'s "GE1/9 [core](/wiki/Turbojet "Turbojet")" (namely a single\-turbine, nine\-compressor stage design) which was designed in a compact core rotor. The small span of the compressor radius meant that the entire engine could be lighter and smaller, as the [accessory units](/wiki/Accessory_unit "Accessory unit") in the system ([bearings](/wiki/Bearing_%28mechanical%29 "Bearing (mechanical)"), [oiling systems](/wiki/Lubrication "Lubrication")) could be merged to the main fueling system running on aviation fuel. As design evolved *HPC* design improved through better airfoil design. As part of the Tech\-56 improvement program CFMI has tested the new CFM\-56 model with six\-stage high\-pressure compressor stages (discs that make up the compressor system) that was designed to deliver same pressure ratios (pressure gain 30\) similar to the old nine\-stages compressor design. The new one was not fully replacing the old one, but it offered an upgrade in HPC, thanks to improved [blade](/wiki/Fan_blade "Fan blade") dynamics, as a part of their "Tech Insertion" management plan from 2007\.Norris, Guy ["CFMI details insertion plan for Tech 56"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121102231320/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfmi-details-insertion-plan-for-tech-56-185357/). *Flight International*, 4 August 2004\.*Flight International*. 3 August 2004\. Retrieved 17 November 2009\. ### Exhaust CFMI tested both a mixed and unmixed exhaust design at the beginning of development; most variants of the engine have an unmixed exhaust nozzle. Only the high\-power CFM56\-5C, designed for the Airbus A340, has a mixed\-flow exhaust nozzle. GE and Snecma also tested the effectiveness of [chevrons](/wiki/Turbofan%23Noise "Turbofan#Noise") on reducing jet noise.*Chevron* is the name for sawtooth cutouts that are sometimes applied to the exhaust nozzles of jet engines to reduce the jet noise. An example can be seen here <https://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/bridges_chevron_events.html> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905083134/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/bridges\_chevron\_events.html\|date\=5 September 2018}}. (The pictured engine is not a CFM56\.)Brausch, John F. et al (2002\). [US Patent number: 6360528, "Chevron exhaust nozzle for a gas turbine engine"](http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=UAAJAAAAEBAJ) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://archive.today/20130124163339/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id\=UAAJAAAAEBAJ \|date\=24 January 2013}}. Retrieved 22 March 2010\. After examining configurations in the [wind tunnel](/wiki/Wind_tunnel "Wind tunnel"), CFMI chose to flight\-test chevrons built into the core exhaust nozzle. The chevrons reduced jet noise by 1\.3 perceived loudness [decibels](/wiki/Decibel "Decibel") during takeoff conditions, and are now offered as an option with the CFM56 for the [Airbus A321](/wiki/Airbus_A321 "Airbus A321").Loheac, Pierre, Julliard, Jacques, Dravet, Alain (May 2004\). "[CFM56 Jet Noise Reduction with the Chevron Nozzle](http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2004-3044)". 10th AIAA ([American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics "American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics"))/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (Manchester, Great Britain). AIAA 2004โ€“3044, {{doi\|10\.2514/6\.2004\-3044}} {{subscription required}} ### Fan and booster [thumb\|upright\|alt\=The front fan of a jet engine facing the left of the image, surrounded by its metal casing. The conical inlet in seen right in front of the metal fan blades. The fan casing is seen in three distinct (but attached) sections from left to right, first a silver\-colored section, then a golden\-colored section, then another silver\-colored section.\|Fan and fan case of a CFM56\-5](/wiki/File:CFM56_dsc04641.jpg "CFM56 dsc04641.jpg") The CFM56 features a single\-stage fan, and most variants have a three\-stage booster on the low\-pressure shaft,The *Low\-Pressure Shaft*, in a two\-shaft engine, is the shaft that is turned by the low\-pressure [turbine](/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines%23Turbines "Components of jet engines#Turbines") (LPT). Generally the fan section(s) and the booster section(s) (also known as the "low\-pressure compressor") are located on the low\-pressure shaft. with four stages in the \-5B and \-5C variants."[CFM56\-5B Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100307035338/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5b)". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\. The booster is also commonly called the "low\-pressure compressor" (LPC) as it is part of the low\-pressure spool and continues the air compression done by the inner part of the fan before it reaches the high\-pressure compressor. The original CFM56\-2 variant featured 44 tip\-shrouded fan blades,"[CFM56\-2 Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091327/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-2/cfm56-2-technology)". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\.*Shrouds* are plates that are a part of a fan (or compressor, or turbine) blade. Generally, the shroud of one blade rests on the shroud of the adjacent blade, forming a continuous ring. Shrouds in the middle of blades are often used to dampen [vibrations](/wiki/Vibration "Vibration"). Shrouds at the tips of fan blades are often used to minimize air leakage around the tips. A midspan shroud is visible on the fan blades here [https://web.archive.org/web/20110125193219/http://enginehistory.org/GasTurbines/Blades/PaoloPisani/Comparisons/comp\_4\.JPG](https://web.archive.org/web/20110125193219/http://enginehistory.org/GasTurbines/Blades/PaoloPisani/Comparisons/comp_4.JPG). (Note that these fan blades are not from a CFM56\.) (Gunston, Bill (2004\). *Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary*. Cambridge University Press. 2004\. p.558\-9\.) although the number of fan blades was reduced in later variants as wide\-chord blade technology developed, down to 22 blades in the CFM56\-7 variant.{{Cite press release \|title\=An In\-Depth Look at the New Industry Leader \|date\=7 December 1996 \|publisher\=CFM International \|url\=https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press\-articles/cfm56\-7\-an\-in\-depth\-look\-at\-the\-new\-industry\-leader/ \|access\-date\=6 March 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192319/https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press\-articles/cfm56\-7\-an\-in\-depth\-look\-at\-the\-new\-industry\-leader/ \|archive\-date\=10 December 2019}} The CFM56 fan features [dovetailed](/wiki/Dovetail_joint "Dovetail joint") fan blades which allows them to be replaced without removing the entire engine, and GE/Snecma claim that the CFM56 was the first engine to have that capability. This attachment method is useful for circumstances where only a few fan blades need to be repaired or replaced, such as following [bird strikes](/wiki/Bird_strike "Bird strike").Velupillai, David (1981\). [CFM56 Comes of Age](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%201100.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022631/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20\-%201100\.html \|date\=5 March 2016}}. *Flight International*. 18 April 1981\. Retrieved 1 June 2010\. The fan diameter varies with the different models of the CFM56, and that change has a direct impact on the engine performance. For example, the low\-pressure shaft rotates at the same speed for both the CFM56\-2 and the CFM56\-3 models; the fan diameter is smaller on the \-3, which lowers the tip speed of the fan blades. The lower speed allows the fan blades to operate more efficiently (5\.5% more in this case), which increases the overall [fuel efficiency](/wiki/Fuel_efficiency "Fuel efficiency") of the engine (improving [specific fuel consumption](/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption "Thrust specific fuel consumption") nearly 3%). ### Thrust reverser [thumb\|Pivoting\-door thrust reversers are installed on the CFM56\-5\. Noise\-reducing [chevrons](/wiki/Chevron_%28aerospace%29 "Chevron (aerospace)") can also be seen at the engine's rear. \|alt\=A turbofan engine is shown on an aircraft decelerating on a runway. Small doors on the rear half engine are open.](/wiki/File:F-GTAR_Air_France_%283698209485%29.jpg "F-GTAR Air France (3698209485).jpg") The CFM56 is designed to support several [thrust reverser](/wiki/Thrust_reversal "Thrust reversal") systems which help slow and stop the aircraft after landing. The variants built for the Boeingย 737, the CFM56\-3 and the CFM56\-7, use a cascade type of thrust reverser. This type of thrust reverse consists of sleeves that slide back to expose mesh\-like cascades and blocker doors that block the bypass air flow. The blocked bypass air is forced through the cascades, reducing the thrust of the engine and slowing the aircraft down.NTSB No: DCA\-06\-MA\-009\. [Section D.1\.3 Thrust Reverser Description (pdf)](https://web.archive.org/web/20061008164354/http://www.ntsb.gov/Events/2006/ChicagoIL%20SW/Exhibits/347284.pdf). National Transportation Safety Board. 10 April 2006\. Retrieved 28 May 2010\. The CFM56 also supports pivoting\-door type thrust reversers. This type is used on the CFM56\-5 engines that power many Airbus aircraft such as the Airbus A320\. They work by actuating a door that pivots down into the bypass duct, both blocking the bypass air and deflecting the flow outward, creating the reverse thrust.{{Cite book \|last\=Linke\-Diesinger \|first\=Andreas \|title\=Systems of Commercial Turbofan Engines: An Introduction to Systems Functions \|publisher\=Springer Berlin Heidelberg \|year\=2008 \|pages\=167โ€“178 \|isbn\=978\-3\-540\-73618\-9 \|chapter\=Thrust Reverser Systems \|doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-540\-73619\-6\_8}} ### Turbine [thumb\|Cooling air tubes (for turbine blade tip to shroud clearance control) circle the iridescent turbine casing on a CFM56\-7B26](/wiki/File:CFM_International_CFM56-7B26_fitted_to_Qantas_%28VH-VZY%29_Boeing_737-838_%28WL%29_at_the_Canberra_Airport_open_day_%285%29.jpg "CFM International CFM56-7B26 fitted to Qantas (VH-VZY) Boeing 737-838 (WL) at the Canberra Airport open day (5).jpg") All variants of the CFM56 feature a single\-stage high\-pressure turbine (HPT). In some variants, the HPT [blades](/wiki/Turbine_blade "Turbine blade") are "grown" from a [single crystal](/wiki/Single_crystal "Single crystal") superalloy, giving them high strength and [creep](/wiki/Creep_%28deformation%29 "Creep (deformation)") resistance. The low\-pressure turbine (LPT) features four stages in most variants of the engine, but the CFM56\-5C has a five\-stage LPT. This change was implemented to drive the larger fan on this variant."[CFM56 rises to challenge](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%201456.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135331/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20\-%201456\.html \|date\=13 September 2017}}". *Flight International*. 11 June 1991\. Retrieved 17 November 2009\. Improvements to the turbine section were examined during the Tech56 program, and one development was an [aerodynamically](/wiki/Aerodynamics "Aerodynamics") optimized low\-pressure turbine blade design, which would have used 20% fewer blades for the whole low\-pressure turbine, saving weight. Some of those Tech56 improvements made their way into the Tech Insertion package, where the turbine section was updated. The turbine section was updated again in the "Evolution" upgrade. The high\-pressure turbine stages in the CFM56 are internally cooled by air from the high\-pressure compressor. The air passes through internal channels in each blade and ejects at the leading and trailing edges.
[ "Design\n------", "### Summary", "The CFM56 is a high\\-bypass turbofan engine (most of the air accelerated by the fan bypasses the core of the engine and is exhausted out of the fan case) with several variants having [bypass ratios](/wiki/Bypass_ratio \"Bypass ratio\") ranging from 5:1 to 6:1, generating 18,500 to 34,000ย lbf (80ย kN to 150ย kN) of thrust. The variants share a common design, and differ only in details. The CFM56 is a two\\-shaft (or two\\-spool) engine, meaning that there are two rotating shafts, one high\\-pressure and one low\\-pressure. Each is powered by its own turbine section (the high\\-pressure and low\\-pressure turbines, respectively). The fan and the booster (low\\-pressure compressor) evolved over the different iterations of the engine, as did the compressor, combustor and turbine sections.", "### Combustor", "[thumb\\|Swirl fuel nozzles of a CFM56 annular combustor](/wiki/File:CFM56_Combustion_Chamber_Dome_Detail.JPG \"CFM56 Combustion Chamber Dome Detail.JPG\")", "Most variants of the CFM56 feature a [single\\-annular combustor](/wiki/Annular_combustor \"Annular combustor\"). An annular combustor is a continuous ring where fuel is injected into the airflow and ignited, raising the pressure and temperature of the flow. This contrasts with a [can combustor](/wiki/Combustor%23Can_type \"Combustor#Can type\"), where each combustion chamber is separate, and a [cannular](/wiki/Cannular \"Cannular\") combustor which is a hybrid of the two. Fuel injection is regulated by a [hydromechanical](/wiki/Hydromechanics \"Hydromechanics\") unit (HMU) built by [Honeywell](/wiki/Honeywell \"Honeywell\"). It regulates the amount of fuel delivered to the engine by means of an [electrohydraulic servo valve](/wiki/Electrohydraulic_servo_valve \"Electrohydraulic servo valve\") that, in turn, drives a fuel metering valve, that provides information to the full authority digital engine controller ([FADEC](/wiki/FADEC \"FADEC\")).Croft, John. \"Fueling fears\", *Aviation Week and Space Technology*, 18 February 2013, p. 33\\.", "In 1989, CFMI began work on a new, double\\-annular combustor. Instead of having just one combustion zone, the double\\-annular combustor has a second combustion zone that is used at high thrust levels. This design lowers the emissions of both nitrogen oxides (NO*x*) and [carbon dioxide](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\") (CO2). The first CFM56 engine with the double\\-annular combustor entered service in 1995, and the combustor is used on CFM56\\-5B and CFM56\\-7B variants with the suffix \"/2\" on their nameplates.\"[CFM'S Advanced Double Annular Combustor Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20110722140822/http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfms+advanced+double+annular+combustor+technology/198?page_index=23)\". CFM International Press Release. 9 July 1998\\. Retrieved 16 November 2009\\.", "GE started developing and testing a new type of combustor called the [Twin Annular Premixing Swirler](/wiki/Twin_Annular_Premixing_Swirler \"Twin Annular Premixing Swirler\") combustor, or \"TAPS\", during the Techย 56 program. This design is similar to the double\\-annular combustor in that it has two combustion zones; this combustor \"swirls\" the flow, creating an ideal fuelโ€“air mixture. This difference allows the combustor to generate much less NO*x* than other combustors. Tests on a CFM56\\-7B engine demonstrated an improvement of 46% over single\\-annular combustors and 22% over double\\-annular combustors.Mongia, Hukam (2003\\). *TAPS โ€“A 4th Generation Propulsion Combustor Technology for Low Emissions*. AIAA/ICAS International Air and Space Symposium and Exposition: The Next 100 Years, 14โ€“17 July 2003, Dayton, Ohio. AIAA 2003โ€“2657\\. The analytical tools developed for TAPS have also been used to improve other combustors, notably the single\\-annular combustors in some CFM56\\-5B and \\-7B engines.\"[CFM56\\-5B/\\-7B Tech Insertion Package On Schedule For 2007 EIS](https://web.archive.org/web/20110722141115/http://www.cfm56.com/press/news/cfm56-5b/-7b+tech+insertion+package+on+schedule+for+2007+eis/135?sort=2&advanced=1&channel_id=&searchkey=taps&datefrom=1%2F1%2F2006&dateto=mm%2Fdd%2Fyyyy&sortcheck=2)\". CFM International Press Release. 13 June 2005\\. Retrieved 16 November 2009\\.", "### Compressor", "[thumb\\|alt\\=An engine public show at national museum, with the front aft facing left. Sections of the casing are trimmed out and replaced with clear plastic revealing booster vane, compressor and turbine blades, from left to right.\\|right\\|CFM56\\-3 showing 3 stages of LP compressor at left (section of bypass duct removed) and 9 stages of HP compressor](/wiki/File:Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg \"Cfm56-3-turbofan.jpeg\")", "The high\\-pressure [compressor](/wiki/Compressor \"Compressor\") (HPC), that was at the center of the original export controversy, features nine stages in all variants of the CFM56\\. The compressor stages have been developed from [GE](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\")'s \"GE1/9 [core](/wiki/Turbojet \"Turbojet\")\" (namely a single\\-turbine, nine\\-compressor stage design) which was designed in a compact core rotor. The small span of the compressor radius meant that the entire engine could be lighter and smaller, as the [accessory units](/wiki/Accessory_unit \"Accessory unit\") in the system ([bearings](/wiki/Bearing_%28mechanical%29 \"Bearing (mechanical)\"), [oiling systems](/wiki/Lubrication \"Lubrication\")) could be merged to the main fueling system running on aviation fuel. As design evolved *HPC* design improved through better airfoil design. As part of the Tech\\-56 improvement program CFMI has tested the new CFM\\-56 model with six\\-stage high\\-pressure compressor stages (discs that make up the compressor system) that was designed to deliver same pressure ratios (pressure gain 30\\) similar to the old nine\\-stages compressor design. The new one was not fully replacing the old one, but it offered an upgrade in HPC, thanks to improved [blade](/wiki/Fan_blade \"Fan blade\") dynamics, as a part of their \"Tech Insertion\" management plan from 2007\\.Norris, Guy [\"CFMI details insertion plan for Tech 56\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121102231320/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/cfmi-details-insertion-plan-for-tech-56-185357/). *Flight International*, 4 August 2004\\.*Flight International*. 3 August 2004\\. Retrieved 17 November 2009\\.", "### Exhaust", "CFMI tested both a mixed and unmixed exhaust design at the beginning of development; most variants of the engine have an unmixed exhaust nozzle. Only the high\\-power CFM56\\-5C, designed for the Airbus A340, has a mixed\\-flow exhaust nozzle.", "GE and Snecma also tested the effectiveness of [chevrons](/wiki/Turbofan%23Noise \"Turbofan#Noise\") on reducing jet noise.*Chevron* is the name for sawtooth cutouts that are sometimes applied to the exhaust nozzles of jet engines to reduce the jet noise. An example can be seen here <https://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/bridges_chevron_events.html> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905083134/https://www.nasa.gov/topics/aeronautics/features/bridges\\_chevron\\_events.html\\|date\\=5 September 2018}}. (The pictured engine is not a CFM56\\.)Brausch, John F. et al (2002\\). [US Patent number: 6360528, \"Chevron exhaust nozzle for a gas turbine engine\"](http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=UAAJAAAAEBAJ) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://archive.today/20130124163339/http://www.google.com/patents/about?id\\=UAAJAAAAEBAJ \\|date\\=24 January 2013}}. Retrieved 22 March 2010\\. After examining configurations in the [wind tunnel](/wiki/Wind_tunnel \"Wind tunnel\"), CFMI chose to flight\\-test chevrons built into the core exhaust nozzle. The chevrons reduced jet noise by 1\\.3 perceived loudness [decibels](/wiki/Decibel \"Decibel\") during takeoff conditions, and are now offered as an option with the CFM56 for the [Airbus A321](/wiki/Airbus_A321 \"Airbus A321\").Loheac, Pierre, Julliard, Jacques, Dravet, Alain (May 2004\\). \"[CFM56 Jet Noise Reduction with the Chevron Nozzle](http://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/6.2004-3044)\". 10th AIAA ([American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics](/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics \"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics\"))/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (Manchester, Great Britain). AIAA 2004โ€“3044, {{doi\\|10\\.2514/6\\.2004\\-3044}} {{subscription required}}", "### Fan and booster", "[thumb\\|upright\\|alt\\=The front fan of a jet engine facing the left of the image, surrounded by its metal casing. The conical inlet in seen right in front of the metal fan blades. The fan casing is seen in three distinct (but attached) sections from left to right, first a silver\\-colored section, then a golden\\-colored section, then another silver\\-colored section.\\|Fan and fan case of a CFM56\\-5](/wiki/File:CFM56_dsc04641.jpg \"CFM56 dsc04641.jpg\")", "The CFM56 features a single\\-stage fan, and most variants have a three\\-stage booster on the low\\-pressure shaft,The *Low\\-Pressure Shaft*, in a two\\-shaft engine, is the shaft that is turned by the low\\-pressure [turbine](/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines%23Turbines \"Components of jet engines#Turbines\") (LPT). Generally the fan section(s) and the booster section(s) (also known as the \"low\\-pressure compressor\") are located on the low\\-pressure shaft. with four stages in the \\-5B and \\-5C variants.\"[CFM56\\-5B Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100307035338/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5b)\". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\\. The booster is also commonly called the \"low\\-pressure compressor\" (LPC) as it is part of the low\\-pressure spool and continues the air compression done by the inner part of the fan before it reaches the high\\-pressure compressor. The original CFM56\\-2 variant featured 44 tip\\-shrouded fan blades,\"[CFM56\\-2 Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091327/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-2/cfm56-2-technology)\". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\\.*Shrouds* are plates that are a part of a fan (or compressor, or turbine) blade. Generally, the shroud of one blade rests on the shroud of the adjacent blade, forming a continuous ring. Shrouds in the middle of blades are often used to dampen [vibrations](/wiki/Vibration \"Vibration\"). Shrouds at the tips of fan blades are often used to minimize air leakage around the tips. A midspan shroud is visible on the fan blades here [https://web.archive.org/web/20110125193219/http://enginehistory.org/GasTurbines/Blades/PaoloPisani/Comparisons/comp\\_4\\.JPG](https://web.archive.org/web/20110125193219/http://enginehistory.org/GasTurbines/Blades/PaoloPisani/Comparisons/comp_4.JPG). (Note that these fan blades are not from a CFM56\\.) (Gunston, Bill (2004\\). *Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary*. Cambridge University Press. 2004\\. p.558\\-9\\.) although the number of fan blades was reduced in later variants as wide\\-chord blade technology developed, down to 22 blades in the CFM56\\-7 variant.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=An In\\-Depth Look at the New Industry Leader \\|date\\=7 December 1996 \\|publisher\\=CFM International \\|url\\=https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press\\-articles/cfm56\\-7\\-an\\-in\\-depth\\-look\\-at\\-the\\-new\\-industry\\-leader/ \\|access\\-date\\=6 March 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210192319/https://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press\\-articles/cfm56\\-7\\-an\\-in\\-depth\\-look\\-at\\-the\\-new\\-industry\\-leader/ \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2019}}", "The CFM56 fan features [dovetailed](/wiki/Dovetail_joint \"Dovetail joint\") fan blades which allows them to be replaced without removing the entire engine, and GE/Snecma claim that the CFM56 was the first engine to have that capability. This attachment method is useful for circumstances where only a few fan blades need to be repaired or replaced, such as following [bird strikes](/wiki/Bird_strike \"Bird strike\").Velupillai, David (1981\\). [CFM56 Comes of Age](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%201100.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022631/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20\\-%201100\\.html \\|date\\=5 March 2016}}. *Flight International*. 18 April 1981\\. Retrieved 1 June 2010\\.", "The fan diameter varies with the different models of the CFM56, and that change has a direct impact on the engine performance. For example, the low\\-pressure shaft rotates at the same speed for both the CFM56\\-2 and the CFM56\\-3 models; the fan diameter is smaller on the \\-3, which lowers the tip speed of the fan blades. The lower speed allows the fan blades to operate more efficiently (5\\.5% more in this case), which increases the overall [fuel efficiency](/wiki/Fuel_efficiency \"Fuel efficiency\") of the engine (improving [specific fuel consumption](/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption \"Thrust specific fuel consumption\") nearly 3%).", "### Thrust reverser", "[thumb\\|Pivoting\\-door thrust reversers are installed on the CFM56\\-5\\. Noise\\-reducing [chevrons](/wiki/Chevron_%28aerospace%29 \"Chevron (aerospace)\") can also be seen at the engine's rear. \\|alt\\=A turbofan engine is shown on an aircraft decelerating on a runway. Small doors on the rear half engine are open.](/wiki/File:F-GTAR_Air_France_%283698209485%29.jpg \"F-GTAR Air France (3698209485).jpg\")", "The CFM56 is designed to support several [thrust reverser](/wiki/Thrust_reversal \"Thrust reversal\") systems which help slow and stop the aircraft after landing. The variants built for the Boeingย 737, the CFM56\\-3 and the CFM56\\-7, use a cascade type of thrust reverser. This type of thrust reverse consists of sleeves that slide back to expose mesh\\-like cascades and blocker doors that block the bypass air flow. The blocked bypass air is forced through the cascades, reducing the thrust of the engine and slowing the aircraft down.NTSB No: DCA\\-06\\-MA\\-009\\. [Section D.1\\.3 Thrust Reverser Description (pdf)](https://web.archive.org/web/20061008164354/http://www.ntsb.gov/Events/2006/ChicagoIL%20SW/Exhibits/347284.pdf). National Transportation Safety Board. 10 April 2006\\. Retrieved 28 May 2010\\.", "The CFM56 also supports pivoting\\-door type thrust reversers. This type is used on the CFM56\\-5 engines that power many Airbus aircraft such as the Airbus A320\\. They work by actuating a door that pivots down into the bypass duct, both blocking the bypass air and deflecting the flow outward, creating the reverse thrust.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Linke\\-Diesinger \\|first\\=Andreas \\|title\\=Systems of Commercial Turbofan Engines: An Introduction to Systems Functions \\|publisher\\=Springer Berlin Heidelberg \\|year\\=2008 \\|pages\\=167โ€“178 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-540\\-73618\\-9 \\|chapter\\=Thrust Reverser Systems \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-540\\-73619\\-6\\_8}}", "### Turbine", "[thumb\\|Cooling air tubes (for turbine blade tip to shroud clearance control) circle the iridescent turbine casing on a CFM56\\-7B26](/wiki/File:CFM_International_CFM56-7B26_fitted_to_Qantas_%28VH-VZY%29_Boeing_737-838_%28WL%29_at_the_Canberra_Airport_open_day_%285%29.jpg \"CFM International CFM56-7B26 fitted to Qantas (VH-VZY) Boeing 737-838 (WL) at the Canberra Airport open day (5).jpg\")", "All variants of the CFM56 feature a single\\-stage high\\-pressure turbine (HPT). In some variants, the HPT [blades](/wiki/Turbine_blade \"Turbine blade\") are \"grown\" from a [single crystal](/wiki/Single_crystal \"Single crystal\") superalloy, giving them high strength and [creep](/wiki/Creep_%28deformation%29 \"Creep (deformation)\") resistance. The low\\-pressure turbine (LPT) features four stages in most variants of the engine, but the CFM56\\-5C has a five\\-stage LPT. This change was implemented to drive the larger fan on this variant.\"[CFM56 rises to challenge](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%201456.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913135331/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20\\-%201456\\.html \\|date\\=13 September 2017}}\". *Flight International*. 11 June 1991\\. Retrieved 17 November 2009\\. Improvements to the turbine section were examined during the Tech56 program, and one development was an [aerodynamically](/wiki/Aerodynamics \"Aerodynamics\") optimized low\\-pressure turbine blade design, which would have used 20% fewer blades for the whole low\\-pressure turbine, saving weight. Some of those Tech56 improvements made their way into the Tech Insertion package, where the turbine section was updated. The turbine section was updated again in the \"Evolution\" upgrade.", "The high\\-pressure turbine stages in the CFM56 are internally cooled by air from the high\\-pressure compressor. The air passes through internal channels in each blade and ejects at the leading and trailing edges.", "" ]
Variants -------- ### CFM56\-2 series [thumb\|An original CFM56\-2 at the [Safran](/wiki/Safran "Safran") museum](/wiki/File:CFM56-2_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran_%28cropped%29.jpg "CFM56-2 - Musรฉe Safran (cropped).jpg") The CFM56\-2 series is the original variant of the CFM56\. It is most widely used in military applications where it is known as the F108; specifically in the [KC\-135](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker "Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker"), the [E\-6 Mercury](/wiki/E-6_Mercury "E-6 Mercury") and some [E\-3 Sentry](/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry "Boeing E-3 Sentry") aircraft. The CFM56\-2 comprises a single\-stage fan with 44 blades, with a three\-stage LP compressor driven by a four\-stage LP turbine, and a nine\-stage HP compressor driven by a single\-stage HP turbine. The combustor is annular. | Model [Thrust](/wiki/Thrust "Thrust") | [BPR](/wiki/Bypass_ratio "Bypass ratio") | [OPR](/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio "Overall pressure ratio") | Dry weight*Dry Weight* is the weight of an engine without any fluids in it, such as fuel, oil, hydraulic fluid, etc. Very similar to the [dry weight of an automobile](/wiki/Dry_weight_%28automobile%29 "Dry weight (automobile)") | Applications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CFM56\-2A2 (A3\) | {{convert\|24000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.9 | 31\.8 | {{convert\|4820\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[E\-3 Sentry](/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry "Boeing E-3 Sentry"), [E\-6 Mercury](/wiki/E-6_Mercury "E-6 Mercury") | CFM56\-2B1 | {{convert\|22000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 30\.5 | {{convert\|4671\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[KC\-135R Stratotanker](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker "Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker"), [RC\-135](/wiki/Boeing_RC-135 "Boeing RC-135") | CFM56\-2C1 | {{convert\|22000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 31\.3 | {{convert\|4635\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Douglas DC\-8\-70](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8%23Super_seventies "Douglas DC-8#Super seventies") ### CFM56\-3 series [thumb\|A CFM56\-3 series engine mounted on a [Boeing 737\-500](/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic "Boeing 737 Classic") airliner showing flattening of the nacelle at the bottom of the inlet lip. \|alt\= A close\-up view of a CFM56\-3 series engine mounted on a Boeing 737\-500 showing flattening of the nacelle at the bottom of the inlet lip](/wiki/File:AirBaltic_Boeing_737-500_turbine.jpg "AirBaltic Boeing 737-500 turbine.jpg") The first derivative of the CFM56 series, the CFM56\-3 was designed for [Boeing 737 Classic](/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic "Boeing 737 Classic") series (737\-300/\-400/\-500\), with static thrust ratings from {{convert\|18500\|to\|23500\|lbf\|kN\|abbr\=on\|sigfig\=3}}. A "cropped fan" derivative of the \-2, the \-3 engine has a smaller fan diameter at 60ย in (1\.5ย m) but retains the original basic engine layout. The new fan was primarily derived from GE's [CF6\-80](/wiki/CF6%23CF6-80 "CF6#CF6-80") turbofan rather than the CFM56\-2, and the booster was redesigned to match the new fan. A significant challenge for this series was achieving ground clearance for the wing\-mounted engine. This was overcome by reducing the intake fan diameter and relocating the gearbox and other accessories from beneath the engine to the sides. The resulting flattened nacelle bottom and intake lip yielded the distinctive appearance of the Boeingย 737 with CFM56 engines.["CFM56\-3 Technology"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080920144013/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-3). CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\. | Model | Thrust | {{abbr\|BPR\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\|OPR\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CFM56\-3B1 | {{convert\|20000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 27\.5 | {{convert\|4276\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Boeing 737\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737-300 "Boeing 737-300"), [Boeing 737\-500](/wiki/Boeing_737-500 "Boeing 737-500") | CFM56\-3B2 | {{convert\|22000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.9 | 28\.8 | {{convert\|4301\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Boeing 737\-300, [Boeing 737\-400](/wiki/Boeing_737-400 "Boeing 737-400") | CFM56\-3C1 | {{convert\|23500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 30\.6 | {{convert\|4301\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Boeing 737\-300, Boeing 737\-400, Boeing 737\-500 ### CFM56\-4 series The CFM56\-4 series was a proposed improved version of the CFM56\-2 designed for the [Airbus A320](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family "Airbus A320 family") family of aircraft. Competing with the [RJ500](/wiki/Rolls-Royce/JAEC_RJ500 "Rolls-Royce/JAEC RJ500") engine being developed by Rolls\-Royce, the \-4 series was designed to produce 25,000ย lbf (110ย kN) and was to feature a new 68ย in (1\.73ย m) fan, a new low\-pressure compressor and a full authority digital engine controller ([FADEC](/wiki/FADEC "FADEC")). Soon after the upgrade project was launched in 1984, International Aero Engines offered their new [V2500](/wiki/IAE_V2500 "IAE V2500") engine for the A320\. CFMI realized that the CFM56\-4 did not compare favorably with the new engine and scrapped the project to begin working on the CFM56\-5 series. ### CFM56\-5 series [thumb\|CFM56\-5B on an [Airbus A319](/wiki/Airbus_A319 "Airbus A319")](/wiki/File:CFM56_engine_of_a_Hamburg_Airways_Airbus_A319.jpg "CFM56 engine of a Hamburg Airways Airbus A319.jpg") The CFM56\-5 series is designed for the [Airbus](/wiki/Airbus "Airbus") aircraft and has a very wide thrust rating of between {{convert\|22000\|and\|34000\|lbf\|kN\|abbr\=on\|sigfig\=3}}. It has three distinct sub\-variants; the CFM56\-5A, CFM56\-5B and CFM56\-5C, and differs from its Boeing 737 Classic\-fitted cousins by featuring a FADEC and incorporating further aerodynamic design improvements. #### CFM56\-5A series The CFM56\-5A series is the initial CFM56\-5 series, designed to power the short\-to\-medium range [Airbus A320 family](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family "Airbus A320 family"). Derived from the CFM56\-2 and CFM56\-3 families, the \-5A series produces thrusts between 22,000 and 26,500ย lbf (98ย kN and 118ย kN). Aerodynamic improvements such as an updated fan, low\-pressure compressor, high\-pressure compressor and combustor make this variant 10โ€“11% more fuel efficient than its predecessors."[CFM56\-5A History](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091448/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5a/cfm56-5a-history)". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\."[CFM56\-5A Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091453/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5a/cfm56-5a-technology)". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\. | Model Thrust | {{abbr\|BPR\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\|OPR\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CFM56\-5A1 | {{convert\|25000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 31\.3 | {{convert\|4995\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A320](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family "Airbus A320 family") | CFM56\-5A3 | {{convert\|26500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 31\.3 | {{convert\|4995\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A320 | CFM56\-5A4 | {{convert\|22000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.2 | 31\.3 | {{convert\|4995\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A319 | CFM56\-5A5 | {{convert\|23500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.2 | 31\.3 | {{convert\|4995\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A319 #### CFM56\-5B series [thumb\|Front view of an A319\-112 CFM56\-5B6 with its fan removed. The relative sizes of the air passages to the core and bypass duct for a BPR of 6:1 are apparent.](/wiki/File:Airbus_A319-112%2C_Mexicana_JP6862754.jpg "Airbus A319-112, Mexicana JP6862754.jpg") An improvement of the CFM56\-5A series, it was originally designed to power the A321\. With a thrust range between 22,000 and 33,000ย lbf (98ย kN and 147ย kN) it can power every model in the A320 family (A318/A319/A320/A321\) and has superseded the CFM56\-5A series. Among the changes from the CFM56\-5A is the option of a double\-annular combustor that reduces emissions (particularly NO*x*), a new fan in a longer fan case, and a new low\-pressure compressor with a fourth stage (up from three in earlier variants). It is the most numerous engine supplied to Airbus."[CFM56\-5B History](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091458/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5b/cfm56-5b-history)". CFM International. Retrieved 20 November 2009\. | Model | Thrust | {{abbr\|BPR\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\|OPR\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CFM56\-5B1 | {{convert\|30000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.5 | 35\.4 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A321](/wiki/Airbus_A321 "Airbus A321") | CFM56\-5B2 | {{convert\|31000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.5 | 35\.4 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A321 | CFM56\-5B3 | {{convert\|33000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.4 | 35\.5 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A321 | CFM56\-5B4 | {{convert\|27000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.7 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A320 | CFM56\-5B5 | {{convert\|22000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A319](/wiki/Airbus_A319 "Airbus A319") | CFM56\-5B6 | {{convert\|23500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.9 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A319, A320 | CFM56\-5B7 | {{convert\|27000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.7 | 35\.5 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A319, A319CJ | CFM56\-5B8 | {{convert\|21600\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A318](/wiki/Airbus_A318 "Airbus A318"), A318CJ | CFM56\-5B9 | {{convert\|23300\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.9 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A318, A318CJ | #### CFM56\-5C series [thumb\|Two of four CFM56\-5C installed on a [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines "Swiss International Air Lines") [Airbus A340\-300](/wiki/Airbus_A340-300 "Airbus A340-300")](/wiki/File:2010-10-01_17-47-08_South_Africa_-_Bonaero_Park_HB-JMO.jpg "2010-10-01 17-47-08 South Africa - Bonaero Park HB-JMO.jpg") With a thrust rating of between 31,200 and 34,000ย lbf (139ย kN and 151ย kN), the CFM56\-5C series is the most powerful of the CFM56 family. It powers Airbus' long\-range [A340\-200 and \-300](/wiki/Airbus_A340 "Airbus A340") airliners, and entered service in 1993\. The major changes are a larger fan, a fifth low\-pressure turbine stage, and the same four\-stage low\-pressure compressor found in the \-5B variant."[CFM56\-5C Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091524/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5c/cfm56-5c-technology)". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2012\. Unlike every other variant of the CFM56, the \-5C features a [mixed\-exhaust nozzle](/wiki/Exhaust_mixer "Exhaust mixer"), which offers slightly higher [efficiency](/wiki/Efficiency "Efficiency"). | Model | Thrust | {{abbr\|BPR\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\|OPR\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CFM56\-5C2 | {{convert\|31200\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.6 | 37\.4 | {{convert\|8796\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A340](/wiki/Airbus_A340 "Airbus A340")\-211/\-311 | CFM56\-5C3 | {{convert\|32500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.5 | 37\.4 | {{convert\|8796\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | Airbus A340\-212/\-312 | CFM56\-5C4 | {{convert\|34000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.4 | 38\.3 | {{convert\|8796\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | Airbus A340\-213/\-313 ### CFM56\-7 series [thumb\|CFM56\-7 of a [Boeing 737\-800](/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation "Boeing 737 Next Generation")](/wiki/File:CFM_56_Lauda_737.jpg "CFM 56 Lauda 737.jpg") The CFM56\-7 first ran on 21 April 1995\.{{Cite press release \|title\=First CFM56\-7 Engine to Test Runs on Schedule \|date\=22 May 1995 \|publisher\=CFM International \|url\=http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press/first\-cfm56\-7\-engine\-to\-test\-runs\-on\-schedule/12 \|access\-date\=30 April 2016 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601214007/http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press/first\-cfm56\-7\-engine\-to\-test\-runs\-on\-schedule/12 \|archive\-date\=1 June 2016}} Rated with a takeoff thrust range of {{convert\|19500\|\-\|27,300\|lbf\|kN\|abbr\=on}}, it powers the \-600/\-700/\-800/\-900 [Boeing 737 Next Generation](/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation "Boeing 737 Next Generation"); compared to the CFM56\-3, it has greater durability, 8% fuel burn improvement and a 15% reduction in maintenance costs.{{Cite news \|date\=March 2011 \|title\=CFM56\-7B \|publisher\=Safran/Snecma \|url\=http://www.safran\-aircraft\-engines.com/file/download/fiche\_cfm56\-7b\_ang.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=10 December 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220201436/http://www.safran\-aircraft\-engines.com/file/download/fiche\_cfm56\-7b\_ang.pdf \|archive\-date\=20 December 2016}} Improvements are due to its 61\-inch titanium [wide chord](/wiki/Wide_chord "Wide chord") fan, 3D aerodynamics designed new core and low\-pressure turbine with [single crystal](/wiki/Single_crystal "Single crystal") high\-pressure turbine and [Full Authority Digital Engine Control](/wiki/Full_Authority_Digital_Engine_Control "Full Authority Digital Engine Control") (FADEC). Fan blades are reduced from 36 (CFM56\-5\) to 24 and it incorporates features from the CFM56\-5B such as a double\-annular combustor as an option. Less than two years after entry into service, the Next\-Generation 737 received 180 minutes [Extended range twin engine Operations](/wiki/ETOPS "ETOPS") (ETOPS) certification from the US [Federal Aviation Administration](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") (FAA). It also powers the Boeing 737 military versions : [Airborne Early Warning \& Control](/wiki/Boeing_737_AEW%26C "Boeing 737 AEW&C"), [C\-40 Clipper](/wiki/C-40_Clipper "C-40 Clipper") transport and [P\-8 Poseidon](/wiki/P-8_Poseidon "P-8 Poseidon") Maritime Aircraft. After the [Southwest Airlines Flight 1380](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1380 "Southwest Airlines Flight 1380") accident, the FAA required Boeing to redesign the nacelle and inlet of the 7B variant in compliance with applicable [Part 25 regulations](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations%23Part_25 "Federal Aviation Regulations#Part 25").{{cite web\|publisher\=Aviation Week\|date\=2023\-08\-01\|title\=Boeing Details CFM56\-7 Nacelle Inlet And Cowl Redesign Effort\|url\=https://aviationweek.com/air\-transport/safety\-ops\-regulation/boeing\-details\-cfm56\-7\-nacelle\-inlet\-cowl\-redesign\-effort}} The proposed rule is to receive comments until January 26, 2024\. The rule will require airlines to make the relevant modifications by July 31, 2028\.{{cite web \|author1\=David Shepardson \|title\=FAA proposes requiring Boeing 737 part replacements after 2018 Southwest fan blade death \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace\-defense/faa\-proposes\-boeing\-737\-inspections\-after\-2018\-southwest\-fan\-blade\-death\-2023\-12\-12/ \|website\=reuters.com \|publisher\=\[\[Reuters]] \|access\-date\=9 May 2024 \|language\=English \|date\=13 December 2023 }} | \+CFM56\-7B specifications | Model | Thrust | {{abbr\|BPR\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\|OPR\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CFM56\-7B18 | {{convert\|19500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.5 | 32\.7 | {{convert\|5216\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Boeing 737\-600](/wiki/Boeing_737-600 "Boeing 737-600") | CFM56\-7B20 | {{convert\|20600\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.4 | 32\.7 | {{convert\|5216\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Boeing 737\-600, [Boeing 737\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737-700 "Boeing 737-700") | CFM56\-7B22 | {{convert\|22700\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.3 | 32\.7 | {{convert\|5216\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Boeing 737\-600, Boeing 737\-700 | CFM56\-7B24 | {{convert\|24200\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.3 | 32\.7 | {{convert\|5216\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Boeing 737\-700, [Boeing 737\-800](/wiki/Boeing_737-800 "Boeing 737-800"), [Boeing 737\-900](/wiki/Boeing_737-900 "Boeing 737-900") | CFM56\-7B26 | {{convert\|26300\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.1 | 32\.7 | {{convert\|5216\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Boeing 737\-700, Boeing 737\-800, Boeing 737\-900, [BBJ](/wiki/Boeing_Business_Jet "Boeing Business Jet") | CFM56\-7B27 | {{convert\|27300\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.1 | 32\.7 | {{convert\|5216\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Boeing 737\-800, Boeing 737\-900, BBJ/BBJ2, AEW\&C, MMA
[ "Variants\n--------", "### CFM56\\-2 series", "[thumb\\|An original CFM56\\-2 at the [Safran](/wiki/Safran \"Safran\") museum](/wiki/File:CFM56-2_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Safran_%28cropped%29.jpg \"CFM56-2 - Musรฉe Safran (cropped).jpg\")", "The CFM56\\-2 series is the original variant of the CFM56\\. It is most widely used in military applications where it is known as the F108; specifically in the [KC\\-135](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker \"Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker\"), the [E\\-6 Mercury](/wiki/E-6_Mercury \"E-6 Mercury\") and some [E\\-3 Sentry](/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry \"Boeing E-3 Sentry\") aircraft. The CFM56\\-2 comprises a single\\-stage fan with 44 blades, with a three\\-stage LP compressor driven by a four\\-stage LP turbine, and a nine\\-stage HP compressor driven by a single\\-stage HP turbine. The combustor is annular.", "", "| Model [Thrust](/wiki/Thrust \"Thrust\") | [BPR](/wiki/Bypass_ratio \"Bypass ratio\") | [OPR](/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio \"Overall pressure ratio\") | Dry weight*Dry Weight* is the weight of an engine without any fluids in it, such as fuel, oil, hydraulic fluid, etc. Very similar to the [dry weight of an automobile](/wiki/Dry_weight_%28automobile%29 \"Dry weight (automobile)\") | Applications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CFM56\\-2A2 (A3\\) | {{convert\\|24000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.9 | 31\\.8 | {{convert\\|4820\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[E\\-3 Sentry](/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry \"Boeing E-3 Sentry\"), [E\\-6 Mercury](/wiki/E-6_Mercury \"E-6 Mercury\")", "| CFM56\\-2B1 | {{convert\\|22000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 30\\.5 | {{convert\\|4671\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[KC\\-135R Stratotanker](/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker \"Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker\"), [RC\\-135](/wiki/Boeing_RC-135 \"Boeing RC-135\")", "| CFM56\\-2C1 | {{convert\\|22000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 31\\.3 | {{convert\\|4635\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Douglas DC\\-8\\-70](/wiki/Douglas_DC-8%23Super_seventies \"Douglas DC-8#Super seventies\")", "", "### CFM56\\-3 series", "[thumb\\|A CFM56\\-3 series engine mounted on a [Boeing 737\\-500](/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic \"Boeing 737 Classic\") airliner showing flattening of the nacelle at the bottom of the inlet lip. \\|alt\\= A close\\-up view of a CFM56\\-3 series engine mounted on a Boeing 737\\-500 showing flattening of the nacelle at the bottom of the inlet lip](/wiki/File:AirBaltic_Boeing_737-500_turbine.jpg \"AirBaltic Boeing 737-500 turbine.jpg\")", "The first derivative of the CFM56 series, the CFM56\\-3 was designed for [Boeing 737 Classic](/wiki/Boeing_737_Classic \"Boeing 737 Classic\") series (737\\-300/\\-400/\\-500\\), with static thrust ratings from {{convert\\|18500\\|to\\|23500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|abbr\\=on\\|sigfig\\=3}}. A \"cropped fan\" derivative of the \\-2, the \\-3 engine has a smaller fan diameter at 60ย in (1\\.5ย m) but retains the original basic engine layout. The new fan was primarily derived from GE's [CF6\\-80](/wiki/CF6%23CF6-80 \"CF6#CF6-80\") turbofan rather than the CFM56\\-2, and the booster was redesigned to match the new fan.", "A significant challenge for this series was achieving ground clearance for the wing\\-mounted engine. This was overcome by reducing the intake fan diameter and relocating the gearbox and other accessories from beneath the engine to the sides. The resulting flattened nacelle bottom and intake lip yielded the distinctive appearance of the Boeingย 737 with CFM56 engines.[\"CFM56\\-3 Technology\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080920144013/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-3). CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\\.", "", "| Model | Thrust | {{abbr\\|BPR\\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\\|OPR\\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CFM56\\-3B1 | {{convert\\|20000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 27\\.5 | {{convert\\|4276\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Boeing 737\\-300](/wiki/Boeing_737-300 \"Boeing 737-300\"), [Boeing 737\\-500](/wiki/Boeing_737-500 \"Boeing 737-500\")", "| CFM56\\-3B2 | {{convert\\|22000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.9 | 28\\.8 | {{convert\\|4301\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Boeing 737\\-300, [Boeing 737\\-400](/wiki/Boeing_737-400 \"Boeing 737-400\")", "| CFM56\\-3C1 | {{convert\\|23500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 30\\.6 | {{convert\\|4301\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Boeing 737\\-300, Boeing 737\\-400, Boeing 737\\-500", "", "### CFM56\\-4 series", "The CFM56\\-4 series was a proposed improved version of the CFM56\\-2 designed for the [Airbus A320](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family \"Airbus A320 family\") family of aircraft. Competing with the [RJ500](/wiki/Rolls-Royce/JAEC_RJ500 \"Rolls-Royce/JAEC RJ500\") engine being developed by Rolls\\-Royce, the \\-4 series was designed to produce 25,000ย lbf (110ย kN) and was to feature a new 68ย in (1\\.73ย m) fan, a new low\\-pressure compressor and a full authority digital engine controller ([FADEC](/wiki/FADEC \"FADEC\")). Soon after the upgrade project was launched in 1984, International Aero Engines offered their new [V2500](/wiki/IAE_V2500 \"IAE V2500\") engine for the A320\\. CFMI realized that the CFM56\\-4 did not compare favorably with the new engine and scrapped the project to begin working on the CFM56\\-5 series.", "### CFM56\\-5 series", "[thumb\\|CFM56\\-5B on an [Airbus A319](/wiki/Airbus_A319 \"Airbus A319\")](/wiki/File:CFM56_engine_of_a_Hamburg_Airways_Airbus_A319.jpg \"CFM56 engine of a Hamburg Airways Airbus A319.jpg\")", "The CFM56\\-5 series is designed for the [Airbus](/wiki/Airbus \"Airbus\") aircraft and has a very wide thrust rating of between {{convert\\|22000\\|and\\|34000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|abbr\\=on\\|sigfig\\=3}}. It has three distinct sub\\-variants; the CFM56\\-5A, CFM56\\-5B and CFM56\\-5C, and differs from its Boeing 737 Classic\\-fitted cousins by featuring a FADEC and incorporating further aerodynamic design improvements.", "#### CFM56\\-5A series", "The CFM56\\-5A series is the initial CFM56\\-5 series, designed to power the short\\-to\\-medium range [Airbus A320 family](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family \"Airbus A320 family\"). Derived from the CFM56\\-2 and CFM56\\-3 families, the \\-5A series produces thrusts between 22,000 and 26,500ย lbf (98ย kN and 118ย kN). Aerodynamic improvements such as an updated fan, low\\-pressure compressor, high\\-pressure compressor and combustor make this variant 10โ€“11% more fuel efficient than its predecessors.\"[CFM56\\-5A History](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091448/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5a/cfm56-5a-history)\". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\\.\"[CFM56\\-5A Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091453/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5a/cfm56-5a-technology)\". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\\.", "", "| Model Thrust | {{abbr\\|BPR\\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\\|OPR\\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CFM56\\-5A1 | {{convert\\|25000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 31\\.3 | {{convert\\|4995\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A320](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family \"Airbus A320 family\")", "| CFM56\\-5A3 | {{convert\\|26500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 31\\.3 | {{convert\\|4995\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A320", "| CFM56\\-5A4 | {{convert\\|22000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.2 | 31\\.3 | {{convert\\|4995\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A319", "| CFM56\\-5A5 | {{convert\\|23500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.2 | 31\\.3 | {{convert\\|4995\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A319", "", "#### CFM56\\-5B series", "[thumb\\|Front view of an A319\\-112 CFM56\\-5B6 with its fan removed. The relative sizes of the air passages to the core and bypass duct for a BPR of 6:1 are apparent.](/wiki/File:Airbus_A319-112%2C_Mexicana_JP6862754.jpg \"Airbus A319-112, Mexicana JP6862754.jpg\")", "An improvement of the CFM56\\-5A series, it was originally designed to power the A321\\. With a thrust range between 22,000 and 33,000ย lbf (98ย kN and 147ย kN) it can power every model in the A320 family (A318/A319/A320/A321\\) and has superseded the CFM56\\-5A series. Among the changes from the CFM56\\-5A is the option of a double\\-annular combustor that reduces emissions (particularly NO*x*), a new fan in a longer fan case, and a new low\\-pressure compressor with a fourth stage (up from three in earlier variants). It is the most numerous engine supplied to Airbus.\"[CFM56\\-5B History](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091458/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5b/cfm56-5b-history)\". CFM International. Retrieved 20 November 2009\\.", "", "| Model | Thrust | {{abbr\\|BPR\\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\\|OPR\\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CFM56\\-5B1 | {{convert\\|30000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.5 | 35\\.4 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A321](/wiki/Airbus_A321 \"Airbus A321\")", "| CFM56\\-5B2 | {{convert\\|31000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.5 | 35\\.4 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A321", "| CFM56\\-5B3 | {{convert\\|33000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.4 | 35\\.5 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A321", "| CFM56\\-5B4 | {{convert\\|27000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.7 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A320", "| CFM56\\-5B5 | {{convert\\|22000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A319](/wiki/Airbus_A319 \"Airbus A319\")", "| CFM56\\-5B6 | {{convert\\|23500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.9 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A319, A320", "| CFM56\\-5B7 | {{convert\\|27000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.7 | 35\\.5 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A319, A319CJ", "| CFM56\\-5B8 | {{convert\\|21600\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A318](/wiki/Airbus_A318 \"Airbus A318\"), A318CJ", "| CFM56\\-5B9 | {{convert\\|23300\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.9 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A318, A318CJ", "|", "#### CFM56\\-5C series", "[thumb\\|Two of four CFM56\\-5C installed on a [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines \"Swiss International Air Lines\") [Airbus A340\\-300](/wiki/Airbus_A340-300 \"Airbus A340-300\")](/wiki/File:2010-10-01_17-47-08_South_Africa_-_Bonaero_Park_HB-JMO.jpg \"2010-10-01 17-47-08 South Africa - Bonaero Park HB-JMO.jpg\")", "With a thrust rating of between 31,200 and 34,000ย lbf (139ย kN and 151ย kN), the CFM56\\-5C series is the most powerful of the CFM56 family. It powers Airbus' long\\-range [A340\\-200 and \\-300](/wiki/Airbus_A340 \"Airbus A340\") airliners, and entered service in 1993\\. The major changes are a larger fan, a fifth low\\-pressure turbine stage, and the same four\\-stage low\\-pressure compressor found in the \\-5B variant.\"[CFM56\\-5C Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091524/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5c/cfm56-5c-technology)\". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2012\\.", "Unlike every other variant of the CFM56, the \\-5C features a [mixed\\-exhaust nozzle](/wiki/Exhaust_mixer \"Exhaust mixer\"), which offers slightly higher [efficiency](/wiki/Efficiency \"Efficiency\").", "", "| Model | Thrust | {{abbr\\|BPR\\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\\|OPR\\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CFM56\\-5C2 | {{convert\\|31200\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.6 | 37\\.4 | {{convert\\|8796\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A340](/wiki/Airbus_A340 \"Airbus A340\")\\-211/\\-311", "| CFM56\\-5C3 | {{convert\\|32500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.5 | 37\\.4 | {{convert\\|8796\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | Airbus A340\\-212/\\-312", "| CFM56\\-5C4 | {{convert\\|34000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.4 | 38\\.3 | {{convert\\|8796\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | Airbus A340\\-213/\\-313", "", "### CFM56\\-7 series", "[thumb\\|CFM56\\-7 of a [Boeing 737\\-800](/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation \"Boeing 737 Next Generation\")](/wiki/File:CFM_56_Lauda_737.jpg \"CFM 56 Lauda 737.jpg\")", "The CFM56\\-7 first ran on 21 April 1995\\.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=First CFM56\\-7 Engine to Test Runs on Schedule \\|date\\=22 May 1995 \\|publisher\\=CFM International \\|url\\=http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press/first\\-cfm56\\-7\\-engine\\-to\\-test\\-runs\\-on\\-schedule/12 \\|access\\-date\\=30 April 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601214007/http://www.cfmaeroengines.com/press/first\\-cfm56\\-7\\-engine\\-to\\-test\\-runs\\-on\\-schedule/12 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 June 2016}} Rated with a takeoff thrust range of {{convert\\|19500\\|\\-\\|27,300\\|lbf\\|kN\\|abbr\\=on}}, it powers the \\-600/\\-700/\\-800/\\-900 [Boeing 737 Next Generation](/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation \"Boeing 737 Next Generation\"); compared to the CFM56\\-3, it has greater durability, 8% fuel burn improvement and a 15% reduction in maintenance costs.{{Cite news \\|date\\=March 2011 \\|title\\=CFM56\\-7B \\|publisher\\=Safran/Snecma \\|url\\=http://www.safran\\-aircraft\\-engines.com/file/download/fiche\\_cfm56\\-7b\\_ang.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220201436/http://www.safran\\-aircraft\\-engines.com/file/download/fiche\\_cfm56\\-7b\\_ang.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2016}}", "Improvements are due to its 61\\-inch titanium [wide chord](/wiki/Wide_chord \"Wide chord\") fan, 3D aerodynamics designed new core and low\\-pressure turbine with [single crystal](/wiki/Single_crystal \"Single crystal\") high\\-pressure turbine and [Full Authority Digital Engine Control](/wiki/Full_Authority_Digital_Engine_Control \"Full Authority Digital Engine Control\") (FADEC). Fan blades are reduced from 36 (CFM56\\-5\\) to 24 and it incorporates features from the CFM56\\-5B such as a double\\-annular combustor as an option.", "Less than two years after entry into service, the Next\\-Generation 737 received 180 minutes [Extended range twin engine Operations](/wiki/ETOPS \"ETOPS\") (ETOPS) certification from the US [Federal Aviation Administration](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration \"Federal Aviation Administration\") (FAA). It also powers the Boeing 737 military versions : [Airborne Early Warning \\& Control](/wiki/Boeing_737_AEW%26C \"Boeing 737 AEW&C\"), [C\\-40 Clipper](/wiki/C-40_Clipper \"C-40 Clipper\") transport and [P\\-8 Poseidon](/wiki/P-8_Poseidon \"P-8 Poseidon\") Maritime Aircraft.", "After the [Southwest Airlines Flight 1380](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1380 \"Southwest Airlines Flight 1380\") accident, the FAA required Boeing to redesign the nacelle and inlet of the 7B variant in compliance with applicable [Part 25 regulations](/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations%23Part_25 \"Federal Aviation Regulations#Part 25\").{{cite web\\|publisher\\=Aviation Week\\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-01\\|title\\=Boeing Details CFM56\\-7 Nacelle Inlet And Cowl Redesign Effort\\|url\\=https://aviationweek.com/air\\-transport/safety\\-ops\\-regulation/boeing\\-details\\-cfm56\\-7\\-nacelle\\-inlet\\-cowl\\-redesign\\-effort}} The proposed rule is to receive comments until January 26, 2024\\. The rule will require airlines to make the relevant modifications by July 31, 2028\\.{{cite web \\|author1\\=David Shepardson \\|title\\=FAA proposes requiring Boeing 737 part replacements after 2018 Southwest fan blade death \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace\\-defense/faa\\-proposes\\-boeing\\-737\\-inspections\\-after\\-2018\\-southwest\\-fan\\-blade\\-death\\-2023\\-12\\-12/ \\|website\\=reuters.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reuters]] \\|access\\-date\\=9 May 2024 \\|language\\=English \\|date\\=13 December 2023 }}", "", "| \\+CFM56\\-7B specifications | Model | Thrust | {{abbr\\|BPR\\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\\|OPR\\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CFM56\\-7B18 | {{convert\\|19500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.5 | 32\\.7 | {{convert\\|5216\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Boeing 737\\-600](/wiki/Boeing_737-600 \"Boeing 737-600\")", "| CFM56\\-7B20 | {{convert\\|20600\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.4 | 32\\.7 | {{convert\\|5216\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Boeing 737\\-600, [Boeing 737\\-700](/wiki/Boeing_737-700 \"Boeing 737-700\")", "| CFM56\\-7B22 | {{convert\\|22700\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.3 | 32\\.7 | {{convert\\|5216\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Boeing 737\\-600, Boeing 737\\-700", "| CFM56\\-7B24 | {{convert\\|24200\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.3 | 32\\.7 | {{convert\\|5216\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Boeing 737\\-700, [Boeing 737\\-800](/wiki/Boeing_737-800 \"Boeing 737-800\"), [Boeing 737\\-900](/wiki/Boeing_737-900 \"Boeing 737-900\")", "| CFM56\\-7B26 | {{convert\\|26300\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.1 | 32\\.7 | {{convert\\|5216\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Boeing 737\\-700, Boeing 737\\-800, Boeing 737\\-900, [BBJ](/wiki/Boeing_Business_Jet \"Boeing Business Jet\")", "| CFM56\\-7B27 | {{convert\\|27300\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.1 | 32\\.7 | {{convert\\|5216\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Boeing 737\\-800, Boeing 737\\-900, BBJ/BBJ2, AEW\\&C, MMA", "" ]
### CFM56\-5 series [thumb\|CFM56\-5B on an [Airbus A319](/wiki/Airbus_A319 "Airbus A319")](/wiki/File:CFM56_engine_of_a_Hamburg_Airways_Airbus_A319.jpg "CFM56 engine of a Hamburg Airways Airbus A319.jpg") The CFM56\-5 series is designed for the [Airbus](/wiki/Airbus "Airbus") aircraft and has a very wide thrust rating of between {{convert\|22000\|and\|34000\|lbf\|kN\|abbr\=on\|sigfig\=3}}. It has three distinct sub\-variants; the CFM56\-5A, CFM56\-5B and CFM56\-5C, and differs from its Boeing 737 Classic\-fitted cousins by featuring a FADEC and incorporating further aerodynamic design improvements. #### CFM56\-5A series The CFM56\-5A series is the initial CFM56\-5 series, designed to power the short\-to\-medium range [Airbus A320 family](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family "Airbus A320 family"). Derived from the CFM56\-2 and CFM56\-3 families, the \-5A series produces thrusts between 22,000 and 26,500ย lbf (98ย kN and 118ย kN). Aerodynamic improvements such as an updated fan, low\-pressure compressor, high\-pressure compressor and combustor make this variant 10โ€“11% more fuel efficient than its predecessors."[CFM56\-5A History](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091448/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5a/cfm56-5a-history)". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\."[CFM56\-5A Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091453/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5a/cfm56-5a-technology)". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\. | Model Thrust | {{abbr\|BPR\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\|OPR\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CFM56\-5A1 | {{convert\|25000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 31\.3 | {{convert\|4995\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A320](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family "Airbus A320 family") | CFM56\-5A3 | {{convert\|26500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 31\.3 | {{convert\|4995\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A320 | CFM56\-5A4 | {{convert\|22000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.2 | 31\.3 | {{convert\|4995\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A319 | CFM56\-5A5 | {{convert\|23500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.2 | 31\.3 | {{convert\|4995\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A319 #### CFM56\-5B series [thumb\|Front view of an A319\-112 CFM56\-5B6 with its fan removed. The relative sizes of the air passages to the core and bypass duct for a BPR of 6:1 are apparent.](/wiki/File:Airbus_A319-112%2C_Mexicana_JP6862754.jpg "Airbus A319-112, Mexicana JP6862754.jpg") An improvement of the CFM56\-5A series, it was originally designed to power the A321\. With a thrust range between 22,000 and 33,000ย lbf (98ย kN and 147ย kN) it can power every model in the A320 family (A318/A319/A320/A321\) and has superseded the CFM56\-5A series. Among the changes from the CFM56\-5A is the option of a double\-annular combustor that reduces emissions (particularly NO*x*), a new fan in a longer fan case, and a new low\-pressure compressor with a fourth stage (up from three in earlier variants). It is the most numerous engine supplied to Airbus."[CFM56\-5B History](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091458/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5b/cfm56-5b-history)". CFM International. Retrieved 20 November 2009\. | Model | Thrust | {{abbr\|BPR\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\|OPR\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CFM56\-5B1 | {{convert\|30000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.5 | 35\.4 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A321](/wiki/Airbus_A321 "Airbus A321") | CFM56\-5B2 | {{convert\|31000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.5 | 35\.4 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A321 | CFM56\-5B3 | {{convert\|33000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.4 | 35\.5 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A321 | CFM56\-5B4 | {{convert\|27000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.7 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A320 | CFM56\-5B5 | {{convert\|22000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A319](/wiki/Airbus_A319 "Airbus A319") | CFM56\-5B6 | {{convert\|23500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.9 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A319, A320 | CFM56\-5B7 | {{convert\|27000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.7 | 35\.5 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A319, A319CJ | CFM56\-5B8 | {{convert\|21600\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.0 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A318](/wiki/Airbus_A318 "Airbus A318"), A318CJ | CFM56\-5B9 | {{convert\|23300\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=2\|abbr\=on}} | 5\.9 | 32\.6 | {{convert\|5250\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |Airbus A318, A318CJ | #### CFM56\-5C series [thumb\|Two of four CFM56\-5C installed on a [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines "Swiss International Air Lines") [Airbus A340\-300](/wiki/Airbus_A340-300 "Airbus A340-300")](/wiki/File:2010-10-01_17-47-08_South_Africa_-_Bonaero_Park_HB-JMO.jpg "2010-10-01 17-47-08 South Africa - Bonaero Park HB-JMO.jpg") With a thrust rating of between 31,200 and 34,000ย lbf (139ย kN and 151ย kN), the CFM56\-5C series is the most powerful of the CFM56 family. It powers Airbus' long\-range [A340\-200 and \-300](/wiki/Airbus_A340 "Airbus A340") airliners, and entered service in 1993\. The major changes are a larger fan, a fifth low\-pressure turbine stage, and the same four\-stage low\-pressure compressor found in the \-5B variant."[CFM56\-5C Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091524/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5c/cfm56-5c-technology)". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2012\. Unlike every other variant of the CFM56, the \-5C features a [mixed\-exhaust nozzle](/wiki/Exhaust_mixer "Exhaust mixer"), which offers slightly higher [efficiency](/wiki/Efficiency "Efficiency"). | Model | Thrust | {{abbr\|BPR\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\|OPR\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | CFM56\-5C2 | {{convert\|31200\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.6 | 37\.4 | {{convert\|8796\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} |[Airbus A340](/wiki/Airbus_A340 "Airbus A340")\-211/\-311 | CFM56\-5C3 | {{convert\|32500\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.5 | 37\.4 | {{convert\|8796\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | Airbus A340\-212/\-312 | CFM56\-5C4 | {{convert\|34000\|lbf\|kN\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | 6\.4 | 38\.3 | {{convert\|8796\|lb\|kg\|sigfig\=3\|abbr\=on}} | Airbus A340\-213/\-313
[ "### CFM56\\-5 series", "[thumb\\|CFM56\\-5B on an [Airbus A319](/wiki/Airbus_A319 \"Airbus A319\")](/wiki/File:CFM56_engine_of_a_Hamburg_Airways_Airbus_A319.jpg \"CFM56 engine of a Hamburg Airways Airbus A319.jpg\")", "The CFM56\\-5 series is designed for the [Airbus](/wiki/Airbus \"Airbus\") aircraft and has a very wide thrust rating of between {{convert\\|22000\\|and\\|34000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|abbr\\=on\\|sigfig\\=3}}. It has three distinct sub\\-variants; the CFM56\\-5A, CFM56\\-5B and CFM56\\-5C, and differs from its Boeing 737 Classic\\-fitted cousins by featuring a FADEC and incorporating further aerodynamic design improvements.", "#### CFM56\\-5A series", "The CFM56\\-5A series is the initial CFM56\\-5 series, designed to power the short\\-to\\-medium range [Airbus A320 family](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family \"Airbus A320 family\"). Derived from the CFM56\\-2 and CFM56\\-3 families, the \\-5A series produces thrusts between 22,000 and 26,500ย lbf (98ย kN and 118ย kN). Aerodynamic improvements such as an updated fan, low\\-pressure compressor, high\\-pressure compressor and combustor make this variant 10โ€“11% more fuel efficient than its predecessors.\"[CFM56\\-5A History](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091448/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5a/cfm56-5a-history)\". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\\.\"[CFM56\\-5A Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091453/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5a/cfm56-5a-technology)\". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2010\\.", "", "| Model Thrust | {{abbr\\|BPR\\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\\|OPR\\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CFM56\\-5A1 | {{convert\\|25000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 31\\.3 | {{convert\\|4995\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A320](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family \"Airbus A320 family\")", "| CFM56\\-5A3 | {{convert\\|26500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 31\\.3 | {{convert\\|4995\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A320", "| CFM56\\-5A4 | {{convert\\|22000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.2 | 31\\.3 | {{convert\\|4995\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A319", "| CFM56\\-5A5 | {{convert\\|23500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.2 | 31\\.3 | {{convert\\|4995\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A319", "", "#### CFM56\\-5B series", "[thumb\\|Front view of an A319\\-112 CFM56\\-5B6 with its fan removed. The relative sizes of the air passages to the core and bypass duct for a BPR of 6:1 are apparent.](/wiki/File:Airbus_A319-112%2C_Mexicana_JP6862754.jpg \"Airbus A319-112, Mexicana JP6862754.jpg\")", "An improvement of the CFM56\\-5A series, it was originally designed to power the A321\\. With a thrust range between 22,000 and 33,000ย lbf (98ย kN and 147ย kN) it can power every model in the A320 family (A318/A319/A320/A321\\) and has superseded the CFM56\\-5A series. Among the changes from the CFM56\\-5A is the option of a double\\-annular combustor that reduces emissions (particularly NO*x*), a new fan in a longer fan case, and a new low\\-pressure compressor with a fourth stage (up from three in earlier variants). It is the most numerous engine supplied to Airbus.\"[CFM56\\-5B History](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091458/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5b/cfm56-5b-history)\". CFM International. Retrieved 20 November 2009\\.", "", "| Model | Thrust | {{abbr\\|BPR\\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\\|OPR\\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CFM56\\-5B1 | {{convert\\|30000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.5 | 35\\.4 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A321](/wiki/Airbus_A321 \"Airbus A321\")", "| CFM56\\-5B2 | {{convert\\|31000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.5 | 35\\.4 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A321", "| CFM56\\-5B3 | {{convert\\|33000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.4 | 35\\.5 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A321", "| CFM56\\-5B4 | {{convert\\|27000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.7 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A320", "| CFM56\\-5B5 | {{convert\\|22000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A319](/wiki/Airbus_A319 \"Airbus A319\")", "| CFM56\\-5B6 | {{convert\\|23500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.9 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A319, A320", "| CFM56\\-5B7 | {{convert\\|27000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.7 | 35\\.5 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A319, A319CJ", "| CFM56\\-5B8 | {{convert\\|21600\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.0 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A318](/wiki/Airbus_A318 \"Airbus A318\"), A318CJ", "| CFM56\\-5B9 | {{convert\\|23300\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=2\\|abbr\\=on}} | 5\\.9 | 32\\.6 | {{convert\\|5250\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |Airbus A318, A318CJ", "|", "#### CFM56\\-5C series", "[thumb\\|Two of four CFM56\\-5C installed on a [Swiss](/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines \"Swiss International Air Lines\") [Airbus A340\\-300](/wiki/Airbus_A340-300 \"Airbus A340-300\")](/wiki/File:2010-10-01_17-47-08_South_Africa_-_Bonaero_Park_HB-JMO.jpg \"2010-10-01 17-47-08 South Africa - Bonaero Park HB-JMO.jpg\")", "With a thrust rating of between 31,200 and 34,000ย lbf (139ย kN and 151ย kN), the CFM56\\-5C series is the most powerful of the CFM56 family. It powers Airbus' long\\-range [A340\\-200 and \\-300](/wiki/Airbus_A340 \"Airbus A340\") airliners, and entered service in 1993\\. The major changes are a larger fan, a fifth low\\-pressure turbine stage, and the same four\\-stage low\\-pressure compressor found in the \\-5B variant.\"[CFM56\\-5C Technology](https://web.archive.org/web/20100530091524/http://www.cfm56.com/products/cfm56-5c/cfm56-5c-technology)\". CFM International. Retrieved 12 May 2012\\.", "Unlike every other variant of the CFM56, the \\-5C features a [mixed\\-exhaust nozzle](/wiki/Exhaust_mixer \"Exhaust mixer\"), which offers slightly higher [efficiency](/wiki/Efficiency \"Efficiency\").", "", "| Model | Thrust | {{abbr\\|BPR\\|Bypass ratio}} | {{abbr\\|OPR\\|Overall pressure ratio}} | Dry weight | Applications |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| CFM56\\-5C2 | {{convert\\|31200\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.6 | 37\\.4 | {{convert\\|8796\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} |[Airbus A340](/wiki/Airbus_A340 \"Airbus A340\")\\-211/\\-311", "| CFM56\\-5C3 | {{convert\\|32500\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.5 | 37\\.4 | {{convert\\|8796\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | Airbus A340\\-212/\\-312", "| CFM56\\-5C4 | {{convert\\|34000\\|lbf\\|kN\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | 6\\.4 | 38\\.3 | {{convert\\|8796\\|lb\\|kg\\|sigfig\\=3\\|abbr\\=on}} | Airbus A340\\-213/\\-313", "" ]
Reliability ----------- The CFM56 has an in\-flight shutdown rate of 1 incident per 333,333 hours.{{Cite press release \|title\=CFM56 Engines: The Standard To Which Others Are Judged \|date\=2 September 1996 \|publisher\=CFM International \|url\=http://www.geaviation.com/press/cfm56/cfm56\-x/cfm56\-x\_19960902b.html \|access\-date\=21 July 2016 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116084929/http://www.geaviation.com/press/cfm56/cfm56\-x/cfm56\-x\_19960902b.html \|archive\-date\=16 January 2017}} Record time on wing before the first shop visit was 30,000 hours in 1996, to 40,729 hours in 2003{{Cite web \|date\=13 December 2005 \|title\=Flight Operations Support \|url\=http://www.smartcockpit.com/docs/CFM\_Flight\_Ops\_Support\_B737\.pdf \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004129/http://www.smartcockpit.com/docs/CFM\_Flight\_Ops\_Support\_B737\.pdf \|archive\-date\=17 May 2018 \|access\-date\=21 July 2016 \|publisher\=CFM International}} and 50,000 hours in 2016\. There have been several engine failures in the early service of the CFM56 family which were serious enough to either ground the fleet or require aspects of the engine to be redesigned. The engines have also suffered, periodically, from thrust instability events tentatively traced to Honeywell's hydromechanical unit. ### Rain and hail ingestion There are several recorded incidents of CFM56 engines [flaming out](/wiki/Flameout "Flameout") in heavy rain and/or hail conditions, beginning early in the CFM56's career. In 1987, a double flameout occurred in hail conditions (the pilots managed to relight the engines), followed by the [TACA Flight 110](/wiki/TACA_Flight_110 "TACA Flight 110") incident in 1988\. Both CFM56 engines on the TACA 737 flamed out while passing through hail and heavy rain, and the crew was forced to land without engines on a grassy [levee](/wiki/Levee "Levee") near New Orleans, Louisiana. CFMI modified the engines by adding a sensor to force the [combustor](/wiki/Combustor "Combustor") to continuously ignite under these conditions. In 2002, [Garuda Indonesia Flight 421](/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_421 "Garuda Indonesia Flight 421") had to [ditch](/wiki/Water_landing%23In_distress "Water landing#In distress") in a river because of hail\-induced engine flameouts, killing a flight attendant and injuring dozens of passengers. Prior to this accident, there were several other incidents of single or dual flameouts due to these weather conditions. After three incidents through 1998, CFMI made modifications to the engine to improve the way in which the engine handled hail ingestion. The major changes included a modification to the fan/booster splitter (making it more difficult for hail to be ingested by the core of the engine) and the use of an elliptical, rather than conical, spinner at the intake. These changes did not prevent the 2002 accident, and the investigation board found that the pilots did not follow the proper procedures for attempting to restart the engine, which contributed to the final result. Recommendations were made to better educate pilots on how to handle these conditions, as well as to revisit [FAA](/wiki/FAA "FAA") rain and hail testing procedures. No further engine modifications were recommended."[Safety Recommendation A\-05\-19 and 20 (pdf)](https://web.archive.org/web/20090902023423/http://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/letters/2005/A05_19_20.pdf)". \[NTSB Recommendations]. National Transportation Safety Board, 31 August 2005\. Retrieved 4 December 2009\. ### Fan blade failure One issue that led to accidents with the CFM56\-3C engine was the failure of fan blades. This mode of failure led to the [Kegworth air disaster](/wiki/Kegworth_air_disaster "Kegworth air disaster") in 1989, which killed 47 people and injured 74 more. After the fan blade failed, the pilots mistakenly shut down the wrong engine, resulting in the damaged engine failing completely when powered up for the final approach. Following the Kegworth accident, CFM56 engines fitted to a [Dan\-Air](/wiki/Dan-Air "Dan-Air") 737\-400 and a [British Midland](/wiki/BMI_%28airline%29 "BMI (airline)") 737\-400 suffered fan blade failures under similar conditions; neither incident resulted in a crash or injuries."[Report on the accident to Boeingย 737\-400, G\-OBME, near Kegworth, Leicestershire on 8 January 1989](http://www.aaib.gov.uk/publications/formal_reports/4_1990_g_obme.cfm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601192813/http://www.aaib.gov.uk/publications/formal\_reports/4\_1990\_g\_obme.cfm \|date\=1 June 2012}}" (1990\). Report No: 4/1990\. Air Investigations Branch. 25 August 1990\. Retrieved 22 March 2010\. After the second incident, the 737\-400 fleet was grounded. At the time it was not mandatory to flight test new variants of existing engines, and certification testing failed to reveal vibration modes that the fan experienced during the regularly performed power climbs at high altitude. Analysis revealed that the fan was being subjected to [high\-cycle fatigue](/wiki/High-cycle_fatigue "High-cycle fatigue") stresses worse than expected and also more severe than tested for certification; these higher stresses caused the blade to fracture. Less than a month after grounding, the fleet was allowed to resume operations once the fan blades and fan disc were replaced and the electronic engine controls were modified to reduce maximum engine thrust to 22,000ย lbf (98ย kN) from 23,500ย lbf (105ย kN)."[Derating Clears CFM56\-3Cs to Fly](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%202046.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222232501/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20\-%202046\.html \|date\=22 December 2015}}" (1989\). *Flight International*. 1 July 1989\. Retrieved 11 December 2009\. The redesigned fan blades were installed on all CFM56\-3C1 and CFM56\-3B2 engines, including over 1,800 engines that had already been delivered to customers. In August 2016 [Southwest Airlines Flight 3472](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_3472 "Southwest Airlines Flight 3472") suffered a fan blade failure, but landed later without further incident. While the aircraft sustained substantial damage, there were no injuries.{{Cite web \|title\=NTSB Identification: DCA16FA217 \|url\=https://www.ntsb.gov/\_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief.aspx?ev\_id\=20160827X31134\&key\=1 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406103808/https://www.ntsb.gov/\_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief.aspx?ev\_id\=20160827X31134\&key\=1 \|archive\-date\=6 April 2017 \|access\-date\=5 April 2017 \|website\=ntsb.gov}} On 17 April 2018, [Southwest Airlines Flight 1380](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1380 "Southwest Airlines Flight 1380") suffered from what appears to be a fan blade failure, debris from which punctured a window. The Boeing 737\-700 landed safely, but one passenger was killed and several were injured.{{Cite web \|date\=17 April 2018 \|title\=One dead after Southwest Airlines jet engine 'explosion' \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-us\-canada\-43803340 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417183333/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\-us\-canada\-43803340 \|archive\-date\=17 April 2018 \|access\-date\=18 April 2018 \|website\=BBC News}}{{Cite web \|date\=18 April 2018 \|title\=Jet with engine, window damage makes emergency landing \|url\=https://www.apnews.com/4a11ff57b55f47bc9a26565bea71b9f8/1\-dead\-after\-jetliner\-apparently\-blows\-an\-engine\-in\-flight \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053249/https://www.apnews.com/4a11ff57b55f47bc9a26565bea71b9f8/1\-dead\-after\-jetliner\-apparently\-blows\-an\-engine\-in\-flight \|archive\-date\=19 April 2018 \|access\-date\=18 April 2018 \|website\=AP News}} ### Fuel flow problems Airlines have reported 32 events involving sudden instability of thrust, at various points during flight, including high thrust settings during climb to altitude. The problem has been long\-standing. In 1998, two 737 pilots reported that their engine throttles suddenly increased to full thrust during flight. A very recent investigation has led to the tentative conclusion that the problem originates in the Hydromechanical unit, and may involve an unacceptable level of fuel contamination (with water, or particulate matter, including biodegradable material that create solids in the fuel), or overuse of biocides to reduce bacterial growth. Boeing told *[Aviation Week and Space Technology](/wiki/Aviation_Week_and_Space_Technology "Aviation Week and Space Technology")* that CFM International had revised its [FADEC](/wiki/FADEC "FADEC") software. The new software "...'reduces the duration and degree of thrust\-instability events' by cycling the fuel monitoring valve (FMV) and the EHSV (electrohydraulic servo valve) to clean the EHSV spool." This software fix is not intended to be a definitive solution to the problem; CFM claimed that no further reports have reached it after this change was made.Croft, John. "Fueling fears", Aviation Week and Space Technology, 18 February 2013, p. 33\. ### Parts of unknown origin According to [Bloomberg](/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News"), European aviation regulators have determined that London\-based AOG Technics, majority owned by Jose Zamora Yrala, whose nationality is listed as British on some forms and Venezuelan on others, supplied parts of unknown origin and false documents for repairs on some CFM56s.{{Cite news \|last1\=Julie Johnsson \|last2\=Ryan Beene \|last3\=Siddharth Vikram Philip \|date\=31 August 2023 \|title\=Fake Spare Parts Were Supplied to Fix Top\-Selling Jet Engine \|work\=Bloomberg News \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023\-08\-31/fake\-spare\-parts\-were\-supplied\-to\-fix\-top\-selling\-jet\-engines\#xj4y7vzkg \|url\-access\=registration}}{{Cite web \|title\=Bogus Supplier of Jet\-Engine Parts May Have Faked Employees Too \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023\-09\-08/linkedin\-profiles\-expose\-bogus\-claims\-at\-fake\-parts\-supplier\-to\-jet\-engines \|access\-date\=8 September 2023 \|website\=Bloomberg News}}
[ "Reliability\n-----------", "The CFM56 has an in\\-flight shutdown rate of 1 incident per 333,333 hours.{{Cite press release \\|title\\=CFM56 Engines: The Standard To Which Others Are Judged \\|date\\=2 September 1996 \\|publisher\\=CFM International \\|url\\=http://www.geaviation.com/press/cfm56/cfm56\\-x/cfm56\\-x\\_19960902b.html \\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116084929/http://www.geaviation.com/press/cfm56/cfm56\\-x/cfm56\\-x\\_19960902b.html \\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2017}} Record time on wing before the first shop visit was 30,000 hours in 1996, to 40,729 hours in 2003{{Cite web \\|date\\=13 December 2005 \\|title\\=Flight Operations Support \\|url\\=http://www.smartcockpit.com/docs/CFM\\_Flight\\_Ops\\_Support\\_B737\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517004129/http://www.smartcockpit.com/docs/CFM\\_Flight\\_Ops\\_Support\\_B737\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=17 May 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=21 July 2016 \\|publisher\\=CFM International}} and 50,000 hours in 2016\\.", "There have been several engine failures in the early service of the CFM56 family which were serious enough to either ground the fleet or require aspects of the engine to be redesigned. The engines have also suffered, periodically, from thrust instability events tentatively traced to Honeywell's hydromechanical unit.", "### Rain and hail ingestion", "There are several recorded incidents of CFM56 engines [flaming out](/wiki/Flameout \"Flameout\") in heavy rain and/or hail conditions, beginning early in the CFM56's career. In 1987, a double flameout occurred in hail conditions (the pilots managed to relight the engines), followed by the [TACA Flight 110](/wiki/TACA_Flight_110 \"TACA Flight 110\") incident in 1988\\. Both CFM56 engines on the TACA 737 flamed out while passing through hail and heavy rain, and the crew was forced to land without engines on a grassy [levee](/wiki/Levee \"Levee\") near New Orleans, Louisiana. CFMI modified the engines by adding a sensor to force the [combustor](/wiki/Combustor \"Combustor\") to continuously ignite under these conditions.", "In 2002, [Garuda Indonesia Flight 421](/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_421 \"Garuda Indonesia Flight 421\") had to [ditch](/wiki/Water_landing%23In_distress \"Water landing#In distress\") in a river because of hail\\-induced engine flameouts, killing a flight attendant and injuring dozens of passengers. Prior to this accident, there were several other incidents of single or dual flameouts due to these weather conditions. After three incidents through 1998, CFMI made modifications to the engine to improve the way in which the engine handled hail ingestion. The major changes included a modification to the fan/booster splitter (making it more difficult for hail to be ingested by the core of the engine) and the use of an elliptical, rather than conical, spinner at the intake. These changes did not prevent the 2002 accident, and the investigation board found that the pilots did not follow the proper procedures for attempting to restart the engine, which contributed to the final result. Recommendations were made to better educate pilots on how to handle these conditions, as well as to revisit [FAA](/wiki/FAA \"FAA\") rain and hail testing procedures. No further engine modifications were recommended.\"[Safety Recommendation A\\-05\\-19 and 20 (pdf)](https://web.archive.org/web/20090902023423/http://www.ntsb.gov/Recs/letters/2005/A05_19_20.pdf)\". \\[NTSB Recommendations]. National Transportation Safety Board, 31 August 2005\\. Retrieved 4 December 2009\\.", "### Fan blade failure", "One issue that led to accidents with the CFM56\\-3C engine was the failure of fan blades. This mode of failure led to the [Kegworth air disaster](/wiki/Kegworth_air_disaster \"Kegworth air disaster\") in 1989, which killed 47 people and injured 74 more. After the fan blade failed, the pilots mistakenly shut down the wrong engine, resulting in the damaged engine failing completely when powered up for the final approach. Following the Kegworth accident, CFM56 engines fitted to a [Dan\\-Air](/wiki/Dan-Air \"Dan-Air\") 737\\-400 and a [British Midland](/wiki/BMI_%28airline%29 \"BMI (airline)\") 737\\-400 suffered fan blade failures under similar conditions; neither incident resulted in a crash or injuries.\"[Report on the accident to Boeingย 737\\-400, G\\-OBME, near Kegworth, Leicestershire on 8 January 1989](http://www.aaib.gov.uk/publications/formal_reports/4_1990_g_obme.cfm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601192813/http://www.aaib.gov.uk/publications/formal\\_reports/4\\_1990\\_g\\_obme.cfm \\|date\\=1 June 2012}}\" (1990\\). Report No: 4/1990\\. Air Investigations Branch. 25 August 1990\\. Retrieved 22 March 2010\\. After the second incident, the 737\\-400 fleet was grounded.", "At the time it was not mandatory to flight test new variants of existing engines, and certification testing failed to reveal vibration modes that the fan experienced during the regularly performed power climbs at high altitude. Analysis revealed that the fan was being subjected to [high\\-cycle fatigue](/wiki/High-cycle_fatigue \"High-cycle fatigue\") stresses worse than expected and also more severe than tested for certification; these higher stresses caused the blade to fracture. Less than a month after grounding, the fleet was allowed to resume operations once the fan blades and fan disc were replaced and the electronic engine controls were modified to reduce maximum engine thrust to 22,000ย lbf (98ย kN) from 23,500ย lbf (105ย kN).\"[Derating Clears CFM56\\-3Cs to Fly](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%202046.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222232501/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20\\-%202046\\.html \\|date\\=22 December 2015}}\" (1989\\). *Flight International*. 1 July 1989\\. Retrieved 11 December 2009\\. The redesigned fan blades were installed on all CFM56\\-3C1 and CFM56\\-3B2 engines, including over 1,800 engines that had already been delivered to customers.", "In August 2016 [Southwest Airlines Flight 3472](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_3472 \"Southwest Airlines Flight 3472\") suffered a fan blade failure, but landed later without further incident. While the aircraft sustained substantial damage, there were no injuries.{{Cite web \\|title\\=NTSB Identification: DCA16FA217 \\|url\\=https://www.ntsb.gov/\\_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief.aspx?ev\\_id\\=20160827X31134\\&key\\=1 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406103808/https://www.ntsb.gov/\\_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief.aspx?ev\\_id\\=20160827X31134\\&key\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=5 April 2017 \\|website\\=ntsb.gov}}", "On 17 April 2018, [Southwest Airlines Flight 1380](/wiki/Southwest_Airlines_Flight_1380 \"Southwest Airlines Flight 1380\") suffered from what appears to be a fan blade failure, debris from which punctured a window. The Boeing 737\\-700 landed safely, but one passenger was killed and several were injured.{{Cite web \\|date\\=17 April 2018 \\|title\\=One dead after Southwest Airlines jet engine 'explosion' \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-43803340 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417183333/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world\\-us\\-canada\\-43803340 \\|archive\\-date\\=17 April 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2018 \\|website\\=BBC News}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=18 April 2018 \\|title\\=Jet with engine, window damage makes emergency landing \\|url\\=https://www.apnews.com/4a11ff57b55f47bc9a26565bea71b9f8/1\\-dead\\-after\\-jetliner\\-apparently\\-blows\\-an\\-engine\\-in\\-flight \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419053249/https://www.apnews.com/4a11ff57b55f47bc9a26565bea71b9f8/1\\-dead\\-after\\-jetliner\\-apparently\\-blows\\-an\\-engine\\-in\\-flight \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=18 April 2018 \\|website\\=AP News}}", "### Fuel flow problems", "Airlines have reported 32 events involving sudden instability of thrust, at various points during flight, including high thrust settings during climb to altitude. The problem has been long\\-standing. In 1998, two 737 pilots reported that their engine throttles suddenly increased to full thrust during flight. A very recent investigation has led to the tentative conclusion that the problem originates in the Hydromechanical unit, and may involve an unacceptable level of fuel contamination (with water, or particulate matter, including biodegradable material that create solids in the fuel), or overuse of biocides to reduce bacterial growth. Boeing told *[Aviation Week and Space Technology](/wiki/Aviation_Week_and_Space_Technology \"Aviation Week and Space Technology\")* that CFM International had revised its [FADEC](/wiki/FADEC \"FADEC\") software. The new software \"...'reduces the duration and degree of thrust\\-instability events' by cycling the fuel monitoring valve (FMV) and the EHSV (electrohydraulic servo valve) to clean the EHSV spool.\" This software fix is not intended to be a definitive solution to the problem; CFM claimed that no further reports have reached it after this change was made.Croft, John. \"Fueling fears\", Aviation Week and Space Technology, 18 February 2013, p. 33\\.", "### Parts of unknown origin", "According to [Bloomberg](/wiki/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\"), European aviation regulators have determined that London\\-based AOG Technics, majority owned by Jose Zamora Yrala, whose nationality is listed as British on some forms and Venezuelan on others, supplied parts of unknown origin and false documents for repairs on some CFM56s.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Julie Johnsson \\|last2\\=Ryan Beene \\|last3\\=Siddharth Vikram Philip \\|date\\=31 August 2023 \\|title\\=Fake Spare Parts Were Supplied to Fix Top\\-Selling Jet Engine \\|work\\=Bloomberg News \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023\\-08\\-31/fake\\-spare\\-parts\\-were\\-supplied\\-to\\-fix\\-top\\-selling\\-jet\\-engines\\#xj4y7vzkg \\|url\\-access\\=registration}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Bogus Supplier of Jet\\-Engine Parts May Have Faked Employees Too \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023\\-09\\-08/linkedin\\-profiles\\-expose\\-bogus\\-claims\\-at\\-fake\\-parts\\-supplier\\-to\\-jet\\-engines \\|access\\-date\\=8 September 2023 \\|website\\=Bloomberg News}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Oleksandr Dovzhenko was born in the hamlet of Viunyshche located in the [Sosnitsky Uyezd](/wiki/Sosnitsky_Uyezd "Sosnitsky Uyezd") of the [Chernihiv Governorate](/wiki/Chernihiv_Governorate "Chernihiv Governorate") of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") (now part of [Sosnytsia](/wiki/Sosnytsia "Sosnytsia") in [Chernihiv Oblast](/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast "Chernihiv Oblast"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine")), to Petro Semenovych Dovzhenko and Odarka Yermolayivna Dovzhenko. His paternal ancestors were [Chumaks](/wiki/Chumaks "Chumaks") who settled in Sosnytsia in the eighteenth century, coming from the neighbouring province of [Poltava](/wiki/Poltava "Poltava"). Oleksandr was the seventh of fourteen children born to the couple, but due to the deaths of his siblings he was the oldest child by the time he turned eleven. Ultimately, only Oleksandr and his sister Polina, who later becomes a doctor, survived to adulthood. [thumb\|left\|Alexander Dovzhenko in 1921](/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80.jpg "ะ”ะพะฒะถะตะฝะบะพ ะžะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€.jpg") Although his parents were uneducated, Dovzhenko's semi\-literate grandfather encouraged him to study, leading him to become a teacher at the age of 19\. He avoided military service during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") because of a heart condition, but during the [Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War "Russian Civil War") he may have served for some time in the army of the [Ukrainian People's Republic](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic "Ukrainian People's Republic").[Who is Hidden behind the Figure of a Genius? The Context of Dovzhenkoโ€™s Work](https://commons.com.ua/en/kontekst-tvorchosti-dovzhenka/) In 1919 in [Zhytomyr](/wiki/Zhytomyr "Zhytomyr") he was taken prisoner and sent to the prison on suspicion of intelligence for the UPR army. At the end of 1919, he was released at the request of [Vasyl Ellan\-Blakytny](/wiki/Vasyl_Ellan-Blakytny "Vasyl Ellan-Blakytny"). After his release, for some time he taught history and geography at the officers' school of the Red Army. In 1920 Dovzhenko joined the [Borotbist](/wiki/Borotbist "Borotbist") party. He served as an assistant to the Ambassador in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") as well as [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"). Upon his return to [USSR](/wiki/USSR "USSR") in 1923, he began illustrating books and drawing cartoons in [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv "Kharkiv"). At that time, Dovzhenko was also a member of [VAPLITE](/wiki/VAPLITE "VAPLITE"). Dovzhenko turned to film in 1926 when he landed in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa "Odessa"). His ambitious drive led to the production of his second\-ever [screenplay](/wiki/Screenplay "Screenplay"), *Vasya the Reformer* (which he also co\-directed). He gained greater success with *[Zvenigora](/wiki/Zvenigora "Zvenigora")* in 1928, the story of a young adventurer who becomes a bandit and counter\-revolutionary and comes to a bad end, while his virtuous brother spends the film fighting for the revolution, which established him as a major filmmaker of his era.{{cite book \|last1\=Leyda \|first1\=Jay \|title\=Kino, A History of the Russian and Soviet Film \|date\=1973 \|publisher\=George Allen \& Unwin \|location\=London \|isbn\=0\-04\-791027\-5 \|page\=242}} ### Ukraine Trilogy {{expand\-section\|date\=October 2023}} [thumb\|thumbtime\=3\|*[Earth](/wiki/Earth_%281930_film%29 "Earth (1930 film)")* (1930\), the final film in Dovzhenko's Ukraine Trilogy](/wiki/File:1930_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.webm "1930 ะ—ะตะผะปั.webm") His following "Ukraine Trilogy" (*[Zvenigora](/wiki/Zvenigora "Zvenigora")*, *[Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_%281929_film%29 "Arsenal (1929 film)")*, and *[Earth](/wiki/Earth_%281930_film%29 "Earth (1930 film)")*), are his most well\-known works in the West. *Arsenal* was badly received by the communist authorities in Ukraine, who began harassing Dovzhenko \- but, fortunately for him, [Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin") watched it and liked it.{{cite book \|last1\=Miller \|first1\=Jamie \|title\=Soviet Cinema: Politics and Persuasion under Stalin \|date\=2010 \|publisher\=I.B.Tauris \|location\=London \|isbn\=978\-1\-84885\-009\-5 \|page\=64}} #### *Earth* Dovzhenko's *[Earth](/wiki/Earth_%281930_film%29 "Earth (1930 film)")* has been praised as one of the greatest silent movies ever made. The British film director [Karel Reisz](/wiki/Karel_Reisz "Karel Reisz") was asked in 2002 by the British Film Institute to rank the greatest films ever made, and he put *Earth* second. The film portrayed collectivization in a positive light. Its plot revolved around a landowner's attempt to ruin a successful collective farm as it took delivery of its first tractor, though it opened with a long close\-up of an elderly, dying man taking intense pleasure in the taste of an apple \- a scene with no obvious political message, but with some aspect of autobiography. The film was panned by the Soviet authorities. The poet, [Demyan Bedny](/wiki/Demyan_Bedny "Demyan Bedny"), attacked its "defeatism" over three columns of the newspaper *[Izvestia](/wiki/Izvestia "Izvestia")*, and Dovzhenko was forced to re\-edit it.{{cite book \|last1\=McSmith \|first1\=Andy \|title\=Fear and the Muse Kept watch, The Russian Masters \- from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein \- Under Stalin \|date\=2015 \|publisher\=The New Press \|location\=New York \|isbn\=978\-1\-59558\-056\-6 \|page\=158}} ### Appeal to Stalin [thumb\|upright\|Poster for *[Aerograd](/wiki/Aerograd "Aerograd")* (1935\)](/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%C2%BB.jpg "ะŸะปะฐะบะฐั‚ ะบ ั„ะธะปัŒะผัƒ ยซะัั€ะพะณั€ะฐะดยป.jpg") Dovzhenko's next film, *Ivan*, portrayed a [Dneprostroi](/wiki/Dnieper_Hydroelectric_Station "Dnieper Hydroelectric Station") construction worker and his reactions to industrialization, which was then summarily denounced for promoting fascism and [pantheism](/wiki/Pantheism "Pantheism"). Fearing arrest, Dovzhenko personally appealed to Stalin. One day later, he was invited to the Kremlin, where he read the script of his next project, *[Aerograd](/wiki/Aerograd "Aerograd")*, about the defence of a newly constructed city from Japanese infiltrators, to an audience of four of the most powerful men in the country \- [Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin"), [Molotov](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov "Vyacheslav Molotov"), [Kirov](/wiki/Sergei_Kirov "Sergei Kirov") and [Voroshilov](/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov "Kliment Voroshilov"). Stalin approved the project but 'suggested' that Dovzhenko's next project, after *Aerograd*, should be dramatized biography of the born in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") communist guerrilla fighter, [Mykola Shchors](/wiki/Nikolay_Shchors "Nikolay Shchors"). In January 1935, the Soviet film industry celebrated its fifteenth anniversary with a major festival, during which the country's most renowned director [Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein](/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein "Sergei Eisenstein"), who was in trouble with the authorities, and had not been allowed to complete a film for several years, gave a rambling speech that jumped from one esoteric topic to another. Dovzhenko joined in the criticism, raising a laugh pleading: "Sergei Mikhailovich, if you do not produce a film at least within a year, then please do not produce one at all... All this talk about Polynesian females, I will gladly exchange all your unfinished scenarios for one of your films." At the end of the conference, Stalin presented Dovzhenko with the Order of Lenin.{{cite book \|last1\=McSmith \|first1\=Andy \|title\=Fear and the Muse \|page\=162}} Later, Dovzhenko was summoned to the Kremlin again, and told by Stalin that he was a "free man", who was not under "any obligation" to make the film about Shchors. He took the hint, and paused work on *Aerograd* to follow Stalin's 'suggestion', and sent the dictator a draft of the screenplay for Schors. He was then summoned in front of the boss of the Soviet film industry [Boris Shumyatsky](/wiki/Boris_Shumyatsky "Boris Shumyatsky") to be told that the script contained serious political errors.{{cite book \|last1\=McSmith \|first1\=Andy \|title\=Fear and the Muse \|pages\=158โ€“59}} His request for another meeting with Stalin was ignored, so he wrote to the dictator on 26 November 1936, pleading: "This is my life, and if I am doing it wrong, then it is due to a shortage of talent or development, not malice. I bear your refusal to see me as a great sorrow."{{cite book \|last1\=Clarke \|first1\=Katerina and Dobrenko, Evgeny \|title\=Soviet Culture and Power: A history in Documents, 1917\-1953 \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Yale U.P. \|location\=New Haven \|isbn\=978\-0\-300\-10646\-6 \|pages\=289โ€“90}} Stalin's response was a brief note to Shumyatsky, in December, listing five things that were wrong with the script, including that "Shchors came out too crude and uncouth."{{cite book \|last1\=Clarke \|first1\=and Dobrenko \|title\=Soviet Culture \|page\=295}} ### *Shchors* Dovzhenko completed *[Aerograd](/wiki/Aerograd "Aerograd")* in 1935\. Before its release in November, Dovzhenko had begun work on [Shchors](/wiki/Shchors_%28film%29 "Shchors (film)"). According to Jay Leyda, who was employed in the Soviet cinema industry at the time: {{quote\|''Shchors'' taught him the new difficulties of executing a suggestion from Stalin. In the three years before its release, Dovchenko had to submit every decision and every episode to a seemingly endless series of people 'who knew what Stalin wanted'. There were nightmare interview, some bitter, with the Leader himself, who was beginning to show signs of megalomania and infallibility...Dovzhenko later told friends about one frightening arrival in Stalin's office, when he refused to speak to Dovchenko, and \[\[Lavrentiy Beria\|Beria]] accused him of joining a nationalist conspiracy.{{cite book \|last1\=Leyda \|title\=Kino \|page\=354}}\|}} Several of Dovzhenko's colleagues were shot or sent to labour camps during the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge "Great Purge"), in 1937โ€“38, including his favourite cameraman, Danylo Demutsky, who worked with him on *Earth*.{{cite book \|last1\=Miller \|title\=Soviet Cinema \|page\=89}} But when, at last, he had completed *Shchors*, which was released in January 1939, he was paid a huge fee \- 100,000 rubles{{cite book \|last1\=Clarke \|first1\=and Dobrenko \|title\=Soviet Culture \|page\=281}} \- and awarded the [Stalin Prize](/wiki/USSR_State_Prize "USSR State Prize") (1941\). ### Later work During the war, Dovzhenko wrote an article and a screenplay *Ukraine in Flames*, which was denounced for its alleged 'veiled nationalistic moods'. There are two versions of who was behind the denunciation. [Nikita Khrushchev](/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev "Nikita Khrushchev"), who was head of the Ukrainian communist party at the time, paid tribute to Dovzhenko in his memoirs as a "brilliant director", and described the denunciation of *Ukraine in Flames* as a "disgraceful affair" initiated by the head of the political administration of the Red Army, [Aleksandr Shcherbakov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Shcherbakov_%2820th-century_politician%29 "Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)"), who "was obviously trying hard to fan Stalin's anger by harping on the charge that the film scenario was extremely nationalistic."{{cite book \|last1\=Khrushchev \|first1\=Nikita \|title\=Khrushchev Remembers \|date\=1971 \|publisher\=Sphere \|location\=London \|page\=154}} Dovzhenko had read the scenario aloud to Khrushchev, but he claimed not to have paid much attention to it because he was focused on the war. But a police report sent at the time by the head of the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD "NKVD") [Vsevolod Merkulov](/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov "Vsevolod Merkulov") to the party secretary in charge of culture, [Andrei Zhdanov](/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov "Andrei Zhdanov"), said that Dovzhenko greatly resented the behaviour of Khrushchev, and leaders of the Ukrainian writers' union, who had praised the scenario on first reading, but then denounced on orders from above. Dovzhenko was quoted as saying "I don't hold anything against Stalin. I hold something against .. people who throw malicious slogans at me after all their admiration of the screenplay \- these people cannot guide the war and the people. This is trash."{{cite book \|last1\=Clarke \|first1\=and Dobrenko \|title\=Soviet Culture \|pages\=383โ€“84}} After being hauled in front of the Central Committee, Dovzhenko was excluded from various official organisations, cut himself off from fellow artists, wrote novels, and applied himself to writing a screenplay about the biologist, [Michurin](/wiki/Ivan_Vladimirovich_Michurin "Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin"). The film *[Michurin](/wiki/Michurin_%28film%29 "Michurin (film)")* earned him another Stalin prize, in 1949, although it was revised so many times, in order to get political approval, that according to one historian, "a large part of the final version was made without him."{{cite book \|last1\=Leyda \|title\=Kino \|page\=395}} Khrushchev claimed that with his rise to power after the death of Stalin and the execution of the police chief [Lavrentiy Beria](/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria "Lavrentiy Beria"), the persecution of Dovzhenko ended, and he was able to "live a useful active life" again.{{cite book \|last1\=Khrushchev \|title\=Memoirs \|page\=306}} He embarked on two projects, a film adaption of the novella, *[Taras Bulba](/wiki/Taras_Bulba "Taras Bulba")*, by [Gogol](/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol "Nikolai Gogol") and *Poem About a Sea*, neither of which was completed before Dovzhenko died of a [heart attack](/wiki/Myocardial_infarction "Myocardial infarction") on November 25, 1956, in his [dacha](/wiki/Dacha "Dacha") in [Peredelkino](/wiki/Peredelkino "Peredelkino") \- though the latter was completed by his widow [Yulia Solntseva](/wiki/Yulia_Solntseva "Yulia Solntseva"). {{cite book \|last1\=Leyda \|title\=Kino \|pages\=402โ€“03}} Over a 20\-year career, Dovzhenko personally directed only seven films. ### Legacy Dovchenko was a mentor to the young [Soviet](/wiki/USSR "USSR") Ukrainian filmmakers [Larisa Shepitko](/wiki/Larisa_Shepitko "Larisa Shepitko") and [Sergei Parajanov](/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov "Sergei Parajanov"). [thumb\|Monument to Alexander Dovzhenko in Nova Kakhovka](/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9E._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg "ะŸะฐะผ'ัั‚ะฝะธะบ ะž. ะ”ะพะฒะถะตะฝะบะพ.jpg") The [Dovzhenko Film Studios](/wiki/Dovzhenko_Film_Studios "Dovzhenko Film Studios") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv") were named after him in his honour following his death. In 2016, after the Ukraine government had announced a programme of 'decommunisation' of place names, [Karl Liebknecht](/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht "Karl Liebknecht") Street in [Melitopol](/wiki/Melitopol "Melitopol"), in East Ukraine, was renamed Oleksandr Dovzhenko Street. On 30 January 2023, after Melitopol had been occupied by the Russian army during the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine"), [Melitopol's](/wiki/Melitopol "Melitopol") Russian\-installed Mayor, [Galina Danilchenko](/wiki/Galina_Danilchenko "Galina Danilchenko") announced that the street would be given back its previous name.{{cite web \|last1\=Danilchenko \|first1\=Galina \|title\=ะ”ะพั€ะพะณะธะต ะผะตะปะธั‚ะพะฟะพะปัŒั†ั‹! ะฃะปะธั†ั‹, ะฟั€ะพัะฟะตะบั‚ั‹, ะฑัƒะปัŒะฒะฐั€ั‹, ัˆะพััะต, ะฟะตั€ะตัƒะปะบะธ, ะฟะปะพั‰ะฐะดะธ ะธ ะฟั€ะพะตะทะดั‹ ะฒ ะœะตะปะธั‚ะพะฟะพะปะต ะฒะตั€ะฝัƒั‚ ัะฒะพะธ ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธั‡ะตัะบะธะต ะฝะฐะทะฒะฐะฝะธั.(Dear citizens of Melitopol! Streets, avenues, boulevards, highways, lanes, squares and driveways in Melitopol will return their historical names) \|url\=https://t.me/DanilchenkoGV/334 \|publisher\=Telegram \|access\-date\=2 February 2022}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "Oleksandr Dovzhenko was born in the hamlet of Viunyshche located in the [Sosnitsky Uyezd](/wiki/Sosnitsky_Uyezd \"Sosnitsky Uyezd\") of the [Chernihiv Governorate](/wiki/Chernihiv_Governorate \"Chernihiv Governorate\") of the [Russian Empire](/wiki/Russian_Empire \"Russian Empire\") (now part of [Sosnytsia](/wiki/Sosnytsia \"Sosnytsia\") in [Chernihiv Oblast](/wiki/Chernihiv_Oblast \"Chernihiv Oblast\"), [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\")), to Petro Semenovych Dovzhenko and Odarka Yermolayivna Dovzhenko. His paternal ancestors were [Chumaks](/wiki/Chumaks \"Chumaks\") who settled in Sosnytsia in the eighteenth century, coming from the neighbouring province of [Poltava](/wiki/Poltava \"Poltava\"). Oleksandr was the seventh of fourteen children born to the couple, but due to the deaths of his siblings he was the oldest child by the time he turned eleven. Ultimately, only Oleksandr and his sister Polina, who later becomes a doctor, survived to adulthood.\n[thumb\\|left\\|Alexander Dovzhenko in 1921](/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80.jpg \"ะ”ะพะฒะถะตะฝะบะพ ะžะปะตะบัะฐะฝะดั€.jpg\")\nAlthough his parents were uneducated, Dovzhenko's semi\\-literate grandfather encouraged him to study, leading him to become a teacher at the age of 19\\. He avoided military service during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") because of a heart condition, but during the [Civil War](/wiki/Russian_Civil_War \"Russian Civil War\") he may have served for some time in the army of the [Ukrainian People's Republic](/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic \"Ukrainian People's Republic\").[Who is Hidden behind the Figure of a Genius? The Context of Dovzhenkoโ€™s Work](https://commons.com.ua/en/kontekst-tvorchosti-dovzhenka/) In 1919 in [Zhytomyr](/wiki/Zhytomyr \"Zhytomyr\") he was taken prisoner and sent to the prison on suspicion of intelligence for the UPR army. At the end of 1919, he was released at the request of [Vasyl Ellan\\-Blakytny](/wiki/Vasyl_Ellan-Blakytny \"Vasyl Ellan-Blakytny\"). After his release, for some time he taught history and geography at the officers' school of the Red Army. In 1920 Dovzhenko joined the [Borotbist](/wiki/Borotbist \"Borotbist\") party. He served as an assistant to the Ambassador in [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") as well as [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"). Upon his return to [USSR](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\") in 1923, he began illustrating books and drawing cartoons in [Kharkiv](/wiki/Kharkiv \"Kharkiv\"). At that time, Dovzhenko was also a member of [VAPLITE](/wiki/VAPLITE \"VAPLITE\").", "Dovzhenko turned to film in 1926 when he landed in [Odessa](/wiki/Odessa \"Odessa\"). His ambitious drive led to the production of his second\\-ever [screenplay](/wiki/Screenplay \"Screenplay\"), *Vasya the Reformer* (which he also co\\-directed). He gained greater success with *[Zvenigora](/wiki/Zvenigora \"Zvenigora\")* in 1928, the story of a young adventurer who becomes a bandit and counter\\-revolutionary and comes to a bad end, while his virtuous brother spends the film fighting for the revolution, which established him as a major filmmaker of his era.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Leyda \\|first1\\=Jay \\|title\\=Kino, A History of the Russian and Soviet Film \\|date\\=1973 \\|publisher\\=George Allen \\& Unwin \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=0\\-04\\-791027\\-5 \\|page\\=242}}", "### Ukraine Trilogy", "{{expand\\-section\\|date\\=October 2023}}\n[thumb\\|thumbtime\\=3\\|*[Earth](/wiki/Earth_%281930_film%29 \"Earth (1930 film)\")* (1930\\), the final film in Dovzhenko's Ukraine Trilogy](/wiki/File:1930_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.webm \"1930 ะ—ะตะผะปั.webm\")\nHis following \"Ukraine Trilogy\" (*[Zvenigora](/wiki/Zvenigora \"Zvenigora\")*, *[Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_%281929_film%29 \"Arsenal (1929 film)\")*, and *[Earth](/wiki/Earth_%281930_film%29 \"Earth (1930 film)\")*), are his most well\\-known works in the West. *Arsenal* was badly received by the communist authorities in Ukraine, who began harassing Dovzhenko \\- but, fortunately for him, [Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\") watched it and liked it.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Miller \\|first1\\=Jamie \\|title\\=Soviet Cinema: Politics and Persuasion under Stalin \\|date\\=2010 \\|publisher\\=I.B.Tauris \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84885\\-009\\-5 \\|page\\=64}}", "#### *Earth*", "Dovzhenko's *[Earth](/wiki/Earth_%281930_film%29 \"Earth (1930 film)\")* has been praised as one of the greatest silent movies ever made. The British film director [Karel Reisz](/wiki/Karel_Reisz \"Karel Reisz\") was asked in 2002 by the British Film Institute to rank the greatest films ever made, and he put *Earth* second. The film portrayed collectivization in a positive light. Its plot revolved around a landowner's attempt to ruin a successful collective farm as it took delivery of its first tractor, though it opened with a long close\\-up of an elderly, dying man taking intense pleasure in the taste of an apple \\- a scene with no obvious political message, but with some aspect of autobiography. The film was panned by the Soviet authorities. The poet, [Demyan Bedny](/wiki/Demyan_Bedny \"Demyan Bedny\"), attacked its \"defeatism\" over three columns of the newspaper *[Izvestia](/wiki/Izvestia \"Izvestia\")*, and Dovzhenko was forced to re\\-edit it.{{cite book \\|last1\\=McSmith \\|first1\\=Andy \\|title\\=Fear and the Muse Kept watch, The Russian Masters \\- from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein \\- Under Stalin \\|date\\=2015 \\|publisher\\=The New Press \\|location\\=New York \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-59558\\-056\\-6 \\|page\\=158}}", "### Appeal to Stalin", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Poster for *[Aerograd](/wiki/Aerograd \"Aerograd\")* (1935\\)](/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%83_%C2%AB%D0%90%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%C2%BB.jpg \"ะŸะปะฐะบะฐั‚ ะบ ั„ะธะปัŒะผัƒ ยซะัั€ะพะณั€ะฐะดยป.jpg\")\nDovzhenko's next film, *Ivan*, portrayed a [Dneprostroi](/wiki/Dnieper_Hydroelectric_Station \"Dnieper Hydroelectric Station\") construction worker and his reactions to industrialization, which was then summarily denounced for promoting fascism and [pantheism](/wiki/Pantheism \"Pantheism\"). Fearing arrest, Dovzhenko personally appealed to Stalin. One day later, he was invited to the Kremlin, where he read the script of his next project, *[Aerograd](/wiki/Aerograd \"Aerograd\")*, about the defence of a newly constructed city from Japanese infiltrators, to an audience of four of the most powerful men in the country \\- [Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\"), [Molotov](/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov \"Vyacheslav Molotov\"), [Kirov](/wiki/Sergei_Kirov \"Sergei Kirov\") and [Voroshilov](/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov \"Kliment Voroshilov\"). Stalin approved the project but 'suggested' that Dovzhenko's next project, after *Aerograd*, should be dramatized biography of the born in [Ukraine](/wiki/Ukraine \"Ukraine\") communist guerrilla fighter, [Mykola Shchors](/wiki/Nikolay_Shchors \"Nikolay Shchors\").", "In January 1935, the Soviet film industry celebrated its fifteenth anniversary with a major festival, during which the country's most renowned director [Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein](/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein \"Sergei Eisenstein\"), who was in trouble with the authorities, and had not been allowed to complete a film for several years, gave a rambling speech that jumped from one esoteric topic to another. Dovzhenko joined in the criticism, raising a laugh pleading: \"Sergei Mikhailovich, if you do not produce a film at least within a year, then please do not produce one at all... All this talk about Polynesian females, I will gladly exchange all your unfinished scenarios for one of your films.\" At the end of the conference, Stalin presented Dovzhenko with the Order of Lenin.{{cite book \\|last1\\=McSmith \\|first1\\=Andy \\|title\\=Fear and the Muse \\|page\\=162}}", "Later, Dovzhenko was summoned to the Kremlin again, and told by Stalin that he was a \"free man\", who was not under \"any obligation\" to make the film about Shchors. He took the hint, and paused work on *Aerograd* to follow Stalin's 'suggestion', and sent the dictator a draft of the screenplay for Schors. He was then summoned in front of the boss of the Soviet film industry [Boris Shumyatsky](/wiki/Boris_Shumyatsky \"Boris Shumyatsky\") to be told that the script contained serious political errors.{{cite book \\|last1\\=McSmith \\|first1\\=Andy \\|title\\=Fear and the Muse \\|pages\\=158โ€“59}} His request for another meeting with Stalin was ignored, so he wrote to the dictator on 26 November 1936, pleading: \"This is my life, and if I am doing it wrong, then it is due to a shortage of talent or development, not malice. I bear your refusal to see me as a great sorrow.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Clarke \\|first1\\=Katerina and Dobrenko, Evgeny \\|title\\=Soviet Culture and Power: A history in Documents, 1917\\-1953 \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Yale U.P. \\|location\\=New Haven \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-300\\-10646\\-6 \\|pages\\=289โ€“90}} Stalin's response was a brief note to Shumyatsky, in December, listing five things that were wrong with the script, including that \"Shchors came out too crude and uncouth.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Clarke \\|first1\\=and Dobrenko \\|title\\=Soviet Culture \\|page\\=295}}", "### *Shchors*", "Dovzhenko completed *[Aerograd](/wiki/Aerograd \"Aerograd\")* in 1935\\. Before its release in November, Dovzhenko had begun work on [Shchors](/wiki/Shchors_%28film%29 \"Shchors (film)\"). According to Jay Leyda, who was employed in the Soviet cinema industry at the time:", "{{quote\\|''Shchors'' taught him the new difficulties of executing a suggestion from Stalin. In the three years before its release, Dovchenko had to submit every decision and every episode to a seemingly endless series of people 'who knew what Stalin wanted'. There were nightmare interview, some bitter, with the Leader himself, who was beginning to show signs of megalomania and infallibility...Dovzhenko later told friends about one frightening arrival in Stalin's office, when he refused to speak to Dovchenko, and \\[\\[Lavrentiy Beria\\|Beria]] accused him of joining a nationalist conspiracy.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Leyda \\|title\\=Kino \\|page\\=354}}\\|}}", "Several of Dovzhenko's colleagues were shot or sent to labour camps during the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge \"Great Purge\"), in 1937โ€“38, including his favourite cameraman, Danylo Demutsky, who worked with him on *Earth*.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Miller \\|title\\=Soviet Cinema \\|page\\=89}} But when, at last, he had completed *Shchors*, which was released in January 1939, he was paid a huge fee \\- 100,000 rubles{{cite book \\|last1\\=Clarke \\|first1\\=and Dobrenko \\|title\\=Soviet Culture \\|page\\=281}} \\- and awarded the [Stalin Prize](/wiki/USSR_State_Prize \"USSR State Prize\") (1941\\).", "### Later work", "During the war, Dovzhenko wrote an article and a screenplay *Ukraine in Flames*, which was denounced for its alleged 'veiled nationalistic moods'. There are two versions of who was behind the denunciation. [Nikita Khrushchev](/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev \"Nikita Khrushchev\"), who was head of the Ukrainian communist party at the time, paid tribute to Dovzhenko in his memoirs as a \"brilliant director\", and described the denunciation of *Ukraine in Flames* as a \"disgraceful affair\" initiated by the head of the political administration of the Red Army, [Aleksandr Shcherbakov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Shcherbakov_%2820th-century_politician%29 \"Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)\"), who \"was obviously trying hard to fan Stalin's anger by harping on the charge that the film scenario was extremely nationalistic.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Khrushchev \\|first1\\=Nikita \\|title\\=Khrushchev Remembers \\|date\\=1971 \\|publisher\\=Sphere \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=154}} Dovzhenko had read the scenario aloud to Khrushchev, but he claimed not to have paid much attention to it because he was focused on the war.", "But a police report sent at the time by the head of the [NKVD](/wiki/NKVD \"NKVD\") [Vsevolod Merkulov](/wiki/Vsevolod_Merkulov \"Vsevolod Merkulov\") to the party secretary in charge of culture, [Andrei Zhdanov](/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov \"Andrei Zhdanov\"), said that Dovzhenko greatly resented the behaviour of Khrushchev, and leaders of the Ukrainian writers' union, who had praised the scenario on first reading, but then denounced on orders from above. Dovzhenko was quoted as saying \"I don't hold anything against Stalin. I hold something against .. people who throw malicious slogans at me after all their admiration of the screenplay \\- these people cannot guide the war and the people. This is trash.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Clarke \\|first1\\=and Dobrenko \\|title\\=Soviet Culture \\|pages\\=383โ€“84}}", "After being hauled in front of the Central Committee, Dovzhenko was excluded from various official organisations, cut himself off from fellow artists, wrote novels, and applied himself to writing a screenplay about the biologist, [Michurin](/wiki/Ivan_Vladimirovich_Michurin \"Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin\"). The film *[Michurin](/wiki/Michurin_%28film%29 \"Michurin (film)\")* earned him another Stalin prize, in 1949, although it was revised so many times, in order to get political approval, that according to one historian, \"a large part of the final version was made without him.\"{{cite book \\|last1\\=Leyda \\|title\\=Kino \\|page\\=395}}", "Khrushchev claimed that with his rise to power after the death of Stalin and the execution of the police chief [Lavrentiy Beria](/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria \"Lavrentiy Beria\"), the persecution of Dovzhenko ended, and he was able to \"live a useful active life\" again.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Khrushchev \\|title\\=Memoirs \\|page\\=306}} He embarked on two projects, a film adaption of the novella, *[Taras Bulba](/wiki/Taras_Bulba \"Taras Bulba\")*, by [Gogol](/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol \"Nikolai Gogol\") and *Poem About a Sea*, neither of which was completed before Dovzhenko died of a [heart attack](/wiki/Myocardial_infarction \"Myocardial infarction\") on November 25, 1956, in his [dacha](/wiki/Dacha \"Dacha\") in [Peredelkino](/wiki/Peredelkino \"Peredelkino\") \\- though the latter was completed by his widow [Yulia Solntseva](/wiki/Yulia_Solntseva \"Yulia Solntseva\").\n{{cite book \\|last1\\=Leyda \\|title\\=Kino \\|pages\\=402โ€“03}}\nOver a 20\\-year career, Dovzhenko personally directed only seven films.", "### Legacy", "Dovchenko was a mentor to the young [Soviet](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\") Ukrainian filmmakers [Larisa Shepitko](/wiki/Larisa_Shepitko \"Larisa Shepitko\") and [Sergei Parajanov](/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov \"Sergei Parajanov\").\n[thumb\\|Monument to Alexander Dovzhenko in Nova Kakhovka](/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9E._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg \"ะŸะฐะผ'ัั‚ะฝะธะบ ะž. ะ”ะพะฒะถะตะฝะบะพ.jpg\")\nThe [Dovzhenko Film Studios](/wiki/Dovzhenko_Film_Studios \"Dovzhenko Film Studios\") in [Kyiv](/wiki/Kyiv \"Kyiv\") were named after him in his honour following his death.", "In 2016, after the Ukraine government had announced a programme of 'decommunisation' of place names, [Karl Liebknecht](/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht \"Karl Liebknecht\") Street in [Melitopol](/wiki/Melitopol \"Melitopol\"), in East Ukraine, was renamed Oleksandr Dovzhenko Street. On 30 January 2023, after Melitopol had been occupied by the Russian army during the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine\"), [Melitopol's](/wiki/Melitopol \"Melitopol\") Russian\\-installed Mayor, [Galina Danilchenko](/wiki/Galina_Danilchenko \"Galina Danilchenko\") announced that the street would be given back its previous name.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Danilchenko \\|first1\\=Galina \\|title\\=ะ”ะพั€ะพะณะธะต ะผะตะปะธั‚ะพะฟะพะปัŒั†ั‹! ะฃะปะธั†ั‹, ะฟั€ะพัะฟะตะบั‚ั‹, ะฑัƒะปัŒะฒะฐั€ั‹, ัˆะพััะต, ะฟะตั€ะตัƒะปะบะธ, ะฟะปะพั‰ะฐะดะธ ะธ ะฟั€ะพะตะทะดั‹ ะฒ ะœะตะปะธั‚ะพะฟะพะปะต ะฒะตั€ะฝัƒั‚ ัะฒะพะธ ะธัั‚ะพั€ะธั‡ะตัะบะธะต ะฝะฐะทะฒะฐะฝะธั.(Dear citizens of Melitopol! Streets, avenues, boulevards, highways, lanes, squares and driveways in Melitopol will return their historical names) \\|url\\=https://t.me/DanilchenkoGV/334 \\|publisher\\=Telegram \\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2022}}", "" ]
Research -------- ### Wait Time In the early 1970s, Rowe published research newly describing a variable of teacher behavior, "wait time," to measure the amount of time a teacher waits for a student to start answering a question and the amount of time a teacher waits once the student stops speaking before continuing the lesson or asking another question. Rowe found that a number of student outcomes improved when teachers waited longer for students to answer. Rowe collected hundreds of recordings of classroom talk, and fed the sound from the tapes into a mechanical plotter to allow her to measure the lengths of pauses in conversation. This work found that teachers were waiting an average of less than a second for the student to answer, or for the student to continue his or her answer after pausing. When teachers were coached to wait longer, students use of language and logic improved, as did student and teacher attitudes and expectations.{{Cite journal\|last\=Rowe\|first\=M. B.\|date\=2016\-06\-25\|title\=Wait Time: Slowing Down May Be A Way of Speeding Up!\|journal\=Journal of Teacher Education\|language\=en\|volume\=37\|issue\=1\|pages\=43โ€“50\|doi\=10\.1177/002248718603700110\|s2cid\=59812047}} Students' answers increased in length by 300 to 700 percent, contained more inferences and speculative teaching, and shifted the classroom experience to more teacher and student exchanges โ€” relying less on teacher show\-and\-tell. Moreover, the number of "I don't know" and non\-responses decreased. Additional studies found consistent results in a variety of educational settings, from elementary to college\-age students, and from special educational to gifted and talented classes. Rowe and others' work also found that there was a significant threshold effect: when wait time increased to 2\.7 seconds or longer, performance improved, smaller increases yielded significantly smaller benefits. ### Praise and "fate control" Rowe's classroom conversation studies also examined how teachers responded to student answers.{{Cite journal\|last\=Rowe\|first\=Mary Budd\|date\=1974\-12\-01\|title\=Relation of wait\-time and rewards to the development of language, logic, and fate control: Part II\-Rewards\|journal\=Journal of Research in Science Teaching\|language\=en\|volume\=11\|issue\=4\|pages\=291โ€“308\|doi\=10\.1002/tea.3660110403\|bibcode\=1974JRScT..11\..291R\|issn\=1098\-2736}} Rose found that "sanctioning behavior"โ€”either positive praise or negative feedbackโ€”discouraged the quality of student responses. Even when positive praise was consistently offered, student response became questioning ("the answer is five?"); in essence, Rowe found, praise led students to be more focused on discovering whether the teacher would approve than on discovering how the scientific phenomenon worked. Rowe proposed that understanding science confers a sense of "fate control," giving the student confidence that they can control outcomes in the world, and that reliance on teacher praise eroded this sense of controlling one's own fate.
[ "Research\n--------", "### Wait Time", "In the early 1970s, Rowe published research newly describing a variable of teacher behavior, \"wait time,\" to measure the amount of time a teacher waits for a student to start answering a question and the amount of time a teacher waits once the student stops speaking before continuing the lesson or asking another question. Rowe found that a number of student outcomes improved when teachers waited longer for students to answer.", "Rowe collected hundreds of recordings of classroom talk, and fed the sound from the tapes into a mechanical plotter to allow her to measure the lengths of pauses in conversation. This work found that teachers were waiting an average of less than a second for the student to answer, or for the student to continue his or her answer after pausing.", "When teachers were coached to wait longer, students use of language and logic improved, as did student and teacher attitudes and expectations.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Rowe\\|first\\=M. B.\\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-25\\|title\\=Wait Time: Slowing Down May Be A Way of Speeding Up!\\|journal\\=Journal of Teacher Education\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=37\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=43โ€“50\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/002248718603700110\\|s2cid\\=59812047}} Students' answers increased in length by 300 to 700 percent, contained more inferences and speculative teaching, and shifted the classroom experience to more teacher and student exchanges โ€” relying less on teacher show\\-and\\-tell. Moreover, the number of \"I don't know\" and non\\-responses decreased. Additional studies found consistent results in a variety of educational settings, from elementary to college\\-age students, and from special educational to gifted and talented classes.", "Rowe and others' work also found that there was a significant threshold effect: when wait time increased to 2\\.7 seconds or longer, performance improved, smaller increases yielded significantly smaller benefits.", "### Praise and \"fate control\"", "Rowe's classroom conversation studies also examined how teachers responded to student answers.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Rowe\\|first\\=Mary Budd\\|date\\=1974\\-12\\-01\\|title\\=Relation of wait\\-time and rewards to the development of language, logic, and fate control: Part II\\-Rewards\\|journal\\=Journal of Research in Science Teaching\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=11\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=291โ€“308\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/tea.3660110403\\|bibcode\\=1974JRScT..11\\..291R\\|issn\\=1098\\-2736}} Rose found that \"sanctioning behavior\"โ€”either positive praise or negative feedbackโ€”discouraged the quality of student responses. Even when positive praise was consistently offered, student response became questioning (\"the answer is five?\"); in essence, Rowe found, praise led students to be more focused on discovering whether the teacher would approve than on discovering how the scientific phenomenon worked.", "Rowe proposed that understanding science confers a sense of \"fate control,\" giving the student confidence that they can control outcomes in the world, and that reliance on teacher praise eroded this sense of controlling one's own fate.", "" ]
Laboratories ------------ IBM currently has 19 research facilities spread across 12 laboratories on six continents:{{cite web \|date\= \|title\=Our labs \|url\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \|access\-date\=28 December 2022 \|website\=IBM Research \|publisher\=IBM \|archive\-date\=21 December 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \|url\-status\=live }} * Africa (Nairobi, Kenya, and Johannesburg, South Africa) * Almaden (San Jose) * Australia (Melbourne) * Brazil (Sรฃo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) * Cambridge โ€“ IBM Research and MIT\-IBM Watson AI Lab (Cambridge, US) * China (Beijing) * Israel (Haifa) * Ireland (Dublin) * India (Delhi and Bengaluru) * Japan (Tokyo and [Shin\-Kawasaki](/wiki/Saiwai-ku%2C_Kawasaki "Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki")) * Switzerland (Zรผrich) * [IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center](/wiki/IBM_Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center "IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center") (Yorktown Heights and Albany) Historic research centers for IBM also include [IBM La Gaude](/wiki/IBM_La_Gaude "IBM La Gaude") ([Nice](/wiki/Nice "Nice")), the [Cambridge Scientific Center](/wiki/Cambridge_Scientific_Center "Cambridge Scientific Center"), the [IBM New York Scientific Center](/wiki/IBM_New_York_Scientific_Center "IBM New York Scientific Center"), [330 North Wabash](/wiki/330_North_Wabash "330 North Wabash") ([Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago")), IBM Austin Research Laboratory, and [IBM Laboratory Vienna](/wiki/IBM_Laboratory_Vienna "IBM Laboratory Vienna").{{cite web\|last1\=IBM Corporation\|title\=Some key dates in IBM's operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA)\|url\=https://www\-03\.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/emea.pdf\|website\=IBM History\|access\-date\=July 24, 2016\|archive\-date\=October 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www\-03\.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/emea.pdf\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2017, IBM invested $240 million to create the MITโ€“IBM Watson AI Lab. Headquartered in Cambridge, MA, the Lab is a unique joint research venture in artificial intelligence established by IBM and MIT and brings together researchers in academia and industry to advance AI that has a real world impact for business, academic and society. The Lab funds approximately 50 projects per year, which are co\-led by principal investigators from MIT and IBM Research, with results published regularly at top peer\-reviewed journals and conferences. Projects range from computer vision, natural language processing and reinforcement learning, to devising new ways to ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and secure.{{cite web \|url\=https://mitibmwatsonailab.mit.edu/about/ \|title\=Inside the Lab \|date\=September 2017 \|access\-date\=October 6, 2020 \|archive\-date\=October 23, 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023031838/https://mitibmwatsonailab.mit.edu/about/ \|url\-status\=live }} ### Almaden in Silicon Valley [thumb\|IBM Research โ€“ Almaden](/wiki/File:IBM_Research_Almaden.jpg "IBM Research Almaden.jpg") IBM Research โ€“ Almaden is in [Almaden Valley, San Jose](/wiki/Almaden_Valley%2C_San_Jose "Almaden Valley, San Jose"), [California](/wiki/California "California"). Its scientists perform basic and applied research in [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science"), services, storage systems, physical sciences, and materials science and technology.{{cite news\|title\=Gathering of the Most Brilliant Minds in Energy Storage to Take Place\|url\=http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID\=17759\|access\-date\=June 9, 2012\|newspaper\=AZOM\|date\=June 23, 2009\|archive\-date\=May 22, 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522125400/http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID\=17759\|url\-status\=live}} Almaden occupies part of a site owned by IBM at 650 Harry Road on nearly {{convert\|700\|acre\|km2}} of land in the [Santa Teresa Hills](/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Hills "Santa Teresa Hills") above [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley "Silicon Valley"). The site, built in 1985 for the research center, was chosen because of its close proximity to [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University "Stanford University"), [UC Santa Cruz](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Santa_Cruz "University of California, Santa Cruz"), [UC Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley "University of California, Berkeley") and other collaborative academic institutions. Today, the research division is still the largest tenant of the site, but the majority of occupants work for other divisions of IBM. IBM opened its first West Coast research center, the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1952, managed by [Reynold B. Johnson](/wiki/Reynold_B._Johnson "Reynold B. Johnson"). Among its first developments was the [IBM 350](/wiki/IBM_350 "IBM 350"), the first commercial moving head hard disk drive. Launched in 1956, this saw use in the [IBM 305 RAMAC](/wiki/IBM_305_RAMAC "IBM 305 RAMAC") computer system. Subdivisions included the Advanced Systems Development Division.{{cite web \|url\=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/FindingAids/102658131\.Kolsky.pdf \|title\=Guide to the Harwood G. Kolsky Papers \|access\-date\=January 31, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920034923/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/FindingAids/102658131\.Kolsky.pdf \|archive\-date\=September 20, 2011 \|url\-status\=dead }} Directors of the center include hard disc drive developer [Jack Harker](/wiki/Jack_Harker "Jack Harker"). Prompted by a need for additional space, the center moved to its present Almaden location in 1986\. Scientists at IBM Almaden have contributed to several scientific discoveries such as the development of [photoresists](/wiki/Photoresist "Photoresist"){{cite news\|title\=IBM Research Demonstrates Path for Extending Current Chip\-Making Technique\|url\=http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId\=9814\|access\-date\=June 9, 2012\|newspaper\=Web Wire\|date\=February 20, 2006\|archive\-date\=May 22, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522124617/http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId\=9814\|url\-status\=live}} and the [quantum mirage](/wiki/Quantum_mirage "Quantum mirage") effect.{{cite news\|title\=IBM Scientists Discover Nanotech Communication Method\|url\=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000207074352\.htm\|access\-date\=June 9, 2012\|newspaper\=Science Daily\|date\=Feb 7, 2000\|archive\-date\=December 17, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217170515/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000207074352\.htm\|url\-status\=live}} The following are some of the famous scientists who have worked in the past or are currently working in this laboratory: [Rakesh Agrawal](/wiki/Rakesh_Agrawal_%28computer_scientist%29 "Rakesh Agrawal (computer scientist)"), [Miklos Ajtai](/wiki/Miklos_Ajtai "Miklos Ajtai"), [Rama Akkiraju](/wiki/Rama_Akkiraju "Rama Akkiraju"), [John Backus](/wiki/John_Backus "John Backus"), [Raymond F. Boyce](/wiki/Raymond_F._Boyce "Raymond F. Boyce"), [Donald D. Chamberlin](/wiki/Donald_D._Chamberlin "Donald D. Chamberlin"), [Ashok K. Chandra](/wiki/Ashok_K._Chandra "Ashok K. Chandra"), [Edgar F. Codd](/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd "Edgar F. Codd"), [Mark Dean](/wiki/Mark_Dean_%28computer_scientist%29 "Mark Dean (computer scientist)"), [Cynthia Dwork](/wiki/Cynthia_Dwork "Cynthia Dwork"), [Don Eigler](/wiki/Don_Eigler "Don Eigler"), [Ronald Fagin](/wiki/Ronald_Fagin "Ronald Fagin"), [Jim Gray](/wiki/Jim_Gray_%28computer_scientist%29 "Jim Gray (computer scientist)"), [Laura M. Haas](/wiki/Laura_M._Haas "Laura M. Haas"), [Jean Paul Jacob](/wiki/Jean_Paul_Jacob "Jean Paul Jacob"), [Joseph Halpern](/wiki/Joseph_Halpern "Joseph Halpern"), [Andreas J. Heinrich](/wiki/Andreas_J._Heinrich "Andreas J. Heinrich"), [Reynold B. Johnson](/wiki/Reynold_B._Johnson "Reynold B. Johnson"), [Maria Klawe](/wiki/Maria_Klawe "Maria Klawe"), [Jaishankar Menon](/wiki/Jaishankar_Menon "Jaishankar Menon"), [Dharmendra Modha](/wiki/Dharmendra_Modha "Dharmendra Modha"), [William E. Moerner](/wiki/William_E._Moerner "William E. Moerner"), [C. Mohan](/wiki/C._Mohan "C. Mohan"), [Stuart Parkin](/wiki/Stuart_Parkin "Stuart Parkin"), [Nick Pippenger](/wiki/Nick_Pippenger "Nick Pippenger"), [Dan Russell](/wiki/Daniel_M._Russell "Daniel M. Russell"), [Patricia Selinger](/wiki/Patricia_Selinger "Patricia Selinger"), [Ted Selker](/wiki/Ted_Selker "Ted Selker"), [Barbara Simons](/wiki/Barbara_Simons "Barbara Simons"), [Malcolm Slaney](/wiki/Malcolm_Slaney "Malcolm Slaney"), [Arnold Spielberg](/wiki/Arnold_Spielberg "Arnold Spielberg"), [Ramakrishnan Srikant](/wiki/Ramakrishnan_Srikant "Ramakrishnan Srikant"), [Larry Stockmeyer](/wiki/Larry_Stockmeyer "Larry Stockmeyer"), [Moshe Vardi](/wiki/Moshe_Vardi "Moshe Vardi"), [Jennifer Widom](/wiki/Jennifer_Widom "Jennifer Widom"), [Shumin Zhai](/wiki/Shumin_Zhai "Shumin Zhai"). ### Australia IBM Research โ€“ Australia was a research and development laboratory established by IBM Research in 2009 in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne").{{cite web \|date\= \|title\=Labs and locations \|url\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \|access\-date\=28 December 2022 \|website\=IBM Research \|archive\-date\=21 December 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \|url\-status\=live }} It was involved in [social media](/wiki/Social_media "Social media"), interactive content, healthcare analytics and services research, multimedia analytics, and genomics. The lab was headed by several directors over its 10 years lifespan, including Vice President, Joanna Batstone {{cite web \|author\= \|date\= \|title\=Labs and locations \|url\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \|access\-date\= \|publisher\= \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-21 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \|url\-status\=live }} and Professor Iven Mareels. It was to be the companyโ€™s first laboratory combining research and development in a single organisation.{{cite web \|title\=IBM CHOOSES AUSTRALIA FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY \|url\=http://www.austrade.gov.au/invest/doing\-business\-in\-australia/success\-stories/IBM\-chooses\-Australia\-for\-research\-and\-development\-laboratory\#.VNOPwmjF\-Sp \|website\=austrade.gov \|access\-date\=15 February 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20150205160741/http://www.austrade.gov.au/invest/doing\-business\-in\-australia/success\-stories/IBM\-chooses\-Australia\-for\-research\-and\-development\-laboratory%23\.VNOVLn3LfK6 \|archive\-date\=5 February 2015}} The opening of the Melbourne lab in 2011 received an injection of $22 million in [Australian Federal Government](/wiki/Government_of_Australia "Government of Australia") funding and an undisclosed amount provided by the [State Government](/wiki/Government_of_Victoria "Government of Victoria").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/photos\-ibm\-launches\-melbourne\-rd\-lab\-276777\|title\=Photos: IBM launches Melbourne R\&D lab\|website\=iTnews\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-09\|archive\-date\=2019\-04\-24\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424104805/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/photos\-ibm\-launches\-melbourne\-rd\-lab\-276777\|url\-status\=live}} The Melbourne Research lab was closed in 2021, approximately at the same time as the deal for tax breaks from the [State Government](/wiki/Government_of_Victoria "Government of Victoria") ended. Approximately 80 full\-time researchers were made redundant. ### Brazil IBM Research โ€“ Brazil is one of twelve [research laboratories](/wiki/Research_laboratory "Research laboratory") comprising IBM Research, its first in [South America](/wiki/South_America "South America").{{cite web \|author\= \|title\=IBM Research \- Brazil \- Locations \|url\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/brazil/ \|access\-date\=28 December 2022 \|website\=IBM Research \|publisher\=IBM \|archive\-date\=28 December 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/brazil/ \|url\-status\=live }} It was established in 2011, with locations in [Sรฃo Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Sรฃo Paulo") and [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"). Research focuses on Industrial Technology and Science, Systems of Engagement and Insight, Social Data [Analytics](/wiki/Analytics "Analytics") and [Natural Resources](/wiki/Natural_Resources "Natural Resources") Solutions. The new lab, [IBM](/wiki/IBM "IBM")'s ninth at the time of opening and first in 12 years, underscores the growing importance of emerging markets and the globalization of innovation.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294820196514024\|title\=IBM To Open Research Lab In Brazil\|first\=Spencer E. Ante And Nathan\|last\=Becker\|date\=June 9, 2010\|via\=www.wsj.com\|newspaper\=Wall Street Journal\|access\-date\=January 23, 2020\|archive\-date\=June 23, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623070003/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294820196514024\|url\-status\=live}} In collaboration with Brazil's government, it will help IBM to develop technology systems around natural resource development and large\-scale events such as the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics "2016 Summer Olympics"). Engineer and associate lab director Ulisses Mello explains that IBM has four priority areas in Brazil: "The main area is related to [natural resources management](/wiki/Natural_resource_management "Natural resource management"), involving oil and gas, mining and agricultural sectors. The second is the social data analytics segment that comprises the analysis of data generated from [social networking](/wiki/Social_networking "Social networking") sites \[such as Twitter or Facebook], which can be applied, for example, to financial analysis. The third strategic area is [nanotechnology](/wiki/Nanotechnology "Nanotechnology") applied to the development of the smarter devices for the intermittent production industry. This technology can be applied to, for example, blood testing or recovering oil from existing fields. And the last one is smarter cities."{{cite web\|url\=https://nearshoreamericas.com/brazilian\-research\-labs\-ibm\-natural\-resources/\|title\=IBM's Brazil Research Labs Target Natural Resources, Data Analytics and Nanotechnology\|first\=Silvia\|last\=Rosa\|date\=June 10, 2014\|access\-date\=February 9, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 21, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321151511/http://nearshoreamericas.com/brazilian\-research\-labs\-ibm\-natural\-resources/\|url\-status\=live}} ### Japan The IBM Research โ€“ Tokyo, which was called IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory (TRL) before January 2009, is one of IBM's twelve major worldwide research laboratories.{{cite book \|title\=Managing synergistic innovations through corporate global R\&D, Volume 173 \|last\=Persaud \|first\=Ajax \|author2\=Uma Kumar \|year\=2002 \|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group \|isbn\=1\-56720\-463\-5 \|pages\=82โ€“83 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=HsbQG9BbsFgC\&q\=IBM\+New\+York\+Research\+Laboratory\+\-\+Managing\+synergistic\+innovations\+through\+corporate\+global\+R%26D\&pg\=PA82 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-18 \|archive\-date\=2023\-03\-12 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220523/https://books.google.com/books?id\=HsbQG9BbsFgC\&q\=IBM\+New\+York\+Research\+Laboratory\+\-\+Managing\+synergistic\+innovations\+through\+corporate\+global\+R%26D\&pg\=PA82 \|url\-status\=live }} It is a branch of IBM Research, and about 200 researchers work for TRL.{{cite web \|title\=IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory \|url\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ \|access\-date\=28 December 2022 \|website\=IBM Research \|publisher\=IBM \|archive\-date\=28 December 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ \|url\-status\=live }} Established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), it was renamed to IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986, and moved to [Yamato](/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility "IBM Yamato Facility") in 1992 and back to [Tokyo](/wiki/IBM_Toyosu_Facility "IBM Toyosu Facility") in 2012\. IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory was established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Sanbanchล, [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). It was IBM's first research laboratory in Asia. [Hisashi Kobayashi](/wiki/Hisashi_Kobayashi "Hisashi Kobayashi") was appointed the founding director of TRL in 1982; he served as director until 1986\.{{cite book \|title\=Network security: current status and future directions \|last\=Douligeris \|first\=Christos \|author2\=Dimitrios N. Serpanos \|year\=2007 \|publisher\=John Wiley and Sons \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=dHys9OXMFMIC\&pg\=PA566\|isbn\=978\-0\-471\-70355\-6 \|page\=566}} JSI was renamed to the IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986\. In 1988, English\-to\-Japanese machine translation system called "System for Human\-Assisted Language Translation" (SHALT) was developed at TRL. It was used to translate IBM manuals.{{cite web \|title\=TRL 25th Anniversary (1982\-2006\) \|url\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index\_e.htm \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20070504090755/http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index\_e.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=4 May 2007 \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=16 August 2009}} #### History TRL was shifted from downtown Tokyo to the suburbs to share a building with [IBM Yamato Facility](/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility "IBM Yamato Facility") in [Yamato](/wiki/Yamato%2C_Kanagawa "Yamato, Kanagawa"), [Kanagawa Prefecture](/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture "Kanagawa Prefecture") in 1993\.{{cite book \|title\=Managing global innovation: uncovering the secrets of future competitiveness \|last\=Boutellier \|first\=Roman \|author2\=Oliver Gassmann \|author3\=Maximilian von Zedtwitz \|year\=2008 \|publisher\=Springer \|isbn\=978\-3\-540\-25441\-6 \|page\=203 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=LLLeO5V7qJUC\&q\=In\+1993,\+IBM\+Tokyo\+Research\+Laboratory\&pg\=PA203 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-18 \|archive\-date\=2023\-03\-12 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220535/https://books.google.com/books?id\=LLLeO5V7qJUC\&q\=In\+1993,\+IBM\+Tokyo\+Research\+Laboratory\&pg\=PA203 \|url\-status\=live }} In 1993, world record was accomplished for generation of continuous coherent [Ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet "Ultraviolet") rays. In 1996, Java JIT compiler was developed at TRL, and it was released for major IBM platforms. Numerous other technological breakthroughs were made at TRL. The team led by [Chieko Asakawa](/wiki/Chieko_Asakawa "Chieko Asakawa") ([:ja:ๆต…ๅทๆ™บๆตๅญ](/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%BA%E6%81%B5%E5%AD%90 "ๆต…ๅทๆ™บๆตๅญ")), [IBM Fellow](/wiki/IBM_Fellow "IBM Fellow") since 2009, provided basic technology for IBM's software programs for the visually handicapped, [IBM Home Page Reader](/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader "IBM Home Page Reader") in 1997 and IBM aiBrowser ([:ja:aiBrowser](/wiki/AiBrowser "AiBrowser")) in 2007\. TRL moved back to Tokyo in 2012, this time at [IBM Toyosu Facility](/wiki/IBM_Toyosu_Facility "IBM Toyosu Facility"). #### Research TRL researchers are responsible for numerous breakthroughs in sciences and engineering. The researchers have presented multiple papers at international conferences, and published numerous papers in international journals.{{cite web \|title\=Core Research Competency \|url\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index\_e.htm \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=16 August 2009 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010154329/http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index\_e.htm \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Technical Paper \|url\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication\_e.htm \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=21 August 2009 \|archive\-date\=20 November 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120120026/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication\_e.htm \|url\-status\=live }} They have also contributed to the products and services of IBM, and patent filings.{{cite web \|title\=Research Results \|url\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight\_e.htm \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=16 August 2009 \|archive\-date\=9 October 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009105643/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight\_e.htm \|url\-status\=live }} TRL conducts research in microdevices, [system software](/wiki/System_software "System software"), [security](/wiki/Security "Security") and [privacy](/wiki/Privacy "Privacy"), [analytics](/wiki/Analytics "Analytics") and [optimization](/wiki/Optimization_%28mathematics%29 "Optimization (mathematics)"), [human computer interaction](/wiki/Human_computer_interaction "Human computer interaction"), [embedded systems](/wiki/Embedded_systems "Embedded systems"), and services sciences. #### Other activities TRL collaborates with the [Japanese universities](/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Japan "List of universities in Japan"), and support their research programs. IBM donates its equipment such as servers, storage systems, and so forth to the Japanese universities to support their research programs under the Shared University Research (SUR) program.{{cite web \|title\=Collaboration with Academia \|url\=http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index\_e.htm \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=17 August 2009 \|archive\-date\=22 June 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622115727/http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index\_e.htm \|url\-status\=live }} In 1987, IBM Japan Science Prize was created to recognize researchers, who are not over 45 years old, working at Japanese universities or public research institutes. It is awarded in [physics](/wiki/Physics "Physics"), [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry "Chemistry"), [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science"), and [electronics](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics"). ### Israel IBM Research โ€“ Haifa, previously known as the Haifa Research Lab (HRL) was founded as a small scientific center in 1972\.{{cite news \|title\=Aya Soffer named as new Director of IBM's Haifa Research Lab \|url\=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L\-3896570,00\.html \|publisher\=CTECH \|date\=3 March 2021 \|access\-date\=18 August 2021 \|archive\-date\=18 August 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818112517/https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L\-3896570,00\.html \|url\-status\=live }} Since then, it has grown into a major lab that leads the development of innovative technologies and solutions for the IBM corporation. The labโ€™s offices are situated in three locations across Israel: [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa"), [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv "Tel Aviv"), and [Beer Sheva](/wiki/Beer_Sheva "Beer Sheva"). IBM Research โ€“ Haifa employs researchers in a range of areas. Research projects are being executed today in areas such as artificial intelligence, hybrid cloud, quantum computing, blockchain, IoT, quality, cybersecurity, and industry domains such as healthcare. [Aya Soffer](/wiki/Aya_Soffer "Aya Soffer") is IBM Vice President of AI Technology and serves as the Director of the IBM Research Lab in Haifa, Israel. #### History In its 30th year, the IBM Haifa Research Lab in Israel moved to a new home on the University of Haifa campus. The researchers at the Lab are involved in special projects with academic institutions across Israel, the United States, and Europe, and actively participate in numerous consortiums as part of the EU Horizon 2020 programme. Today in 2020, the Lab describes itself as having the highest number of employees in Israel's hi\-tech industry who hold advanced degrees in science, electrical engineering, mathematics, or related fields. Researchers participate in international conferences and are published in professional publications.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2022}} In 2014, IBM Research announced the Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (CCoE) in Beer Sheva in collaboration with [Ben\-Gurion University](/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University "Ben-Gurion University") of the Negev. ### Switzerland IBM Research โ€“ Zurich (previously called IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, ZRL) is the European branch of IBM Research. It was opened in 1956 and is located in [Rรผschlikon](/wiki/R%C3%BCschlikon "Rรผschlikon") near [Zรผrich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zรผrich"), Switzerland. In 1956, IBM opened their first European research laboratory in [Adliswil](/wiki/Adliswil "Adliswil"), Switzerland. The lab moved to its own campus in neighboring Rรผschlikon in 1962\. The Zรผrich lab is staffed by a multicultural and interdisciplinary team of a few hundred permanent research staff members, graduate students and post\-doctoral fellows, representing about 45 nationalities. Collocated with the lab is a *Client Center* (formerly the *Industry Solutions Lab*), an executive briefing facility demonstrating technology prototypes and solutions. The Zรผrich lab is world\-renowned for its scientific achievementsโ€”most notably Nobel Prizes in physics in 1986 and 1987 for the invention of the [scanning tunneling microscope](/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope "Scanning tunneling microscope"){{Cite web \|url\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html \|title\=Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 \|access\-date\=2020\-03\-21 \|archive\-date\=2008\-09\-17 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} and the discovery of [high\-temperature superconductivity](/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity "High-temperature superconductivity"),{{Cite web \|url\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html \|title\=Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 \|access\-date\=2020\-03\-21 \|archive\-date\=2008\-09\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014520/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} respectively. Other key inventions include [trellis modulation](/wiki/Trellis_modulation "Trellis modulation"), which revolutionized data transmission over telephone lines; [Token Ring](/wiki/Token_Ring "Token Ring"), which became a standard for [local area networks](/wiki/Local_area_network "Local area network") and a highly successful IBM product; the [Secure Electronic Transaction](/wiki/Secure_Electronic_Transaction "Secure Electronic Transaction") (SET) standard used for highly secure payments; and the [Java Card OpenPlatform](/wiki/Java_Card_OpenPlatform "Java Card OpenPlatform") (JCOP), a [smart card](/wiki/Smart_card "Smart card") [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system"). Most recently the lab was involved in the development of [SuperMUC](/wiki/SuperMUC "SuperMUC"), a supercomputer that is cooled using hot water. The Zรผrich lab focus areas are future chip technologies; nanotechnology; data storage; quantum computing, brain\-inspired computing; security and privacy; risk and compliance; business optimization and transformation; server systems. The Zรผrich laboratory is involved in many joint projects with universities throughout Europe, in research programs established by the European Union and the Swiss government, and in cooperation agreements with research institutes of industrial partners. One of the lab's most high\-profile projects is called [DOME](/wiki/DOME_Microserver "DOME Microserver"), which is based on developing an IT roadmap for the [Square Kilometer Array](/wiki/Square_Kilometer_Array "Square Kilometer Array"). The research projects pursued at the IBM Zรผrich lab are organized into four scientific and technical departments: Science \& Technology, Cloud and AI Systems Research, Cognitive Computing \& Industry Solutions and Security Research. The lab is currently managed by Alessandro Curioni. On 17 May 2011, IBM and the [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich](/wiki/ETH_Zurich "ETH Zurich") opened the [Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center](/wiki/Binnig_and_Rohrer_Nanotechnology_Center "Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center"), which is located on the same campus in Rรผschlikon.{{cite web\|title\=IBM and ETH Zurich open collaborative Nanotechnology Center\|url\=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html\|work\=Press Release\|access\-date\=17 May 2011\|archive\-date\=16 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416221135/http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "Laboratories\n------------", "IBM currently has 19 research facilities spread across 12 laboratories on six continents:{{cite web \\|date\\= \\|title\\=Our labs \\|url\\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2022 \\|website\\=IBM Research \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "* Africa (Nairobi, Kenya, and Johannesburg, South Africa)\n* Almaden (San Jose)\n* Australia (Melbourne)\n* Brazil (Sรฃo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro)\n* Cambridge โ€“ IBM Research and MIT\\-IBM Watson AI Lab (Cambridge, US)\n* China (Beijing)\n* Israel (Haifa)\n* Ireland (Dublin)\n* India (Delhi and Bengaluru)\n* Japan (Tokyo and [Shin\\-Kawasaki](/wiki/Saiwai-ku%2C_Kawasaki \"Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki\"))\n* Switzerland (Zรผrich)\n* [IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center](/wiki/IBM_Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center \"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center\") (Yorktown Heights and Albany)", "Historic research centers for IBM also include [IBM La Gaude](/wiki/IBM_La_Gaude \"IBM La Gaude\") ([Nice](/wiki/Nice \"Nice\")), the [Cambridge Scientific Center](/wiki/Cambridge_Scientific_Center \"Cambridge Scientific Center\"), the [IBM New York Scientific Center](/wiki/IBM_New_York_Scientific_Center \"IBM New York Scientific Center\"), [330 North Wabash](/wiki/330_North_Wabash \"330 North Wabash\") ([Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\")), IBM Austin Research Laboratory, and [IBM Laboratory Vienna](/wiki/IBM_Laboratory_Vienna \"IBM Laboratory Vienna\").{{cite web\\|last1\\=IBM Corporation\\|title\\=Some key dates in IBM's operations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA)\\|url\\=https://www\\-03\\.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/emea.pdf\\|website\\=IBM History\\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www\\-03\\.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/emea.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "In 2017, IBM invested $240 million to create the MITโ€“IBM Watson AI Lab. Headquartered in Cambridge, MA, the Lab is a unique joint research venture in artificial intelligence established by IBM and MIT and brings together researchers in academia and industry to advance AI that has a real world impact for business, academic and society. The Lab funds approximately 50 projects per year, which are co\\-led by principal investigators from MIT and IBM Research, with results published regularly at top peer\\-reviewed journals and conferences. Projects range from computer vision, natural language processing and reinforcement learning, to devising new ways to ensure that AI systems are fair, reliable and secure.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://mitibmwatsonailab.mit.edu/about/ \\|title\\=Inside the Lab \\|date\\=September 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=October 6, 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 23, 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023031838/https://mitibmwatsonailab.mit.edu/about/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Almaden in Silicon Valley", "[thumb\\|IBM Research โ€“ Almaden](/wiki/File:IBM_Research_Almaden.jpg \"IBM Research Almaden.jpg\")", "IBM Research โ€“ Almaden is in [Almaden Valley, San Jose](/wiki/Almaden_Valley%2C_San_Jose \"Almaden Valley, San Jose\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\"). Its scientists perform basic and applied research in [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science \"Computer science\"), services, storage systems, physical sciences, and materials science and technology.{{cite news\\|title\\=Gathering of the Most Brilliant Minds in Energy Storage to Take Place\\|url\\=http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID\\=17759\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2012\\|newspaper\\=AZOM\\|date\\=June 23, 2009\\|archive\\-date\\=May 22, 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522125400/http://www.azom.com/news.aspx?newsID\\=17759\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "Almaden occupies part of a site owned by IBM at 650 Harry Road on nearly {{convert\\|700\\|acre\\|km2}} of land in the [Santa Teresa Hills](/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Hills \"Santa Teresa Hills\") above [Silicon Valley](/wiki/Silicon_Valley \"Silicon Valley\"). The site, built in 1985 for the research center, was chosen because of its close proximity to [Stanford University](/wiki/Stanford_University \"Stanford University\"), [UC Santa Cruz](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Santa_Cruz \"University of California, Santa Cruz\"), [UC Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\") and other collaborative academic institutions. Today, the research division is still the largest tenant of the site, but the majority of occupants work for other divisions of IBM.", "IBM opened its first West Coast research center, the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1952, managed by [Reynold B. Johnson](/wiki/Reynold_B._Johnson \"Reynold B. Johnson\"). Among its first developments was the [IBM 350](/wiki/IBM_350 \"IBM 350\"), the first commercial moving head hard disk drive. Launched in 1956, this saw use in the [IBM 305 RAMAC](/wiki/IBM_305_RAMAC \"IBM 305 RAMAC\") computer system. Subdivisions included the Advanced Systems Development Division.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/FindingAids/102658131\\.Kolsky.pdf \\|title\\=Guide to the Harwood G. Kolsky Papers \\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920034923/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/FindingAids/102658131\\.Kolsky.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Directors of the center include hard disc drive developer [Jack Harker](/wiki/Jack_Harker \"Jack Harker\").", "Prompted by a need for additional space, the center moved to its present Almaden location in 1986\\.", "Scientists at IBM Almaden have contributed to several scientific discoveries such as the development of [photoresists](/wiki/Photoresist \"Photoresist\"){{cite news\\|title\\=IBM Research Demonstrates Path for Extending Current Chip\\-Making Technique\\|url\\=http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId\\=9814\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2012\\|newspaper\\=Web Wire\\|date\\=February 20, 2006\\|archive\\-date\\=May 22, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522124617/http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId\\=9814\\|url\\-status\\=live}} and the [quantum mirage](/wiki/Quantum_mirage \"Quantum mirage\") effect.{{cite news\\|title\\=IBM Scientists Discover Nanotech Communication Method\\|url\\=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000207074352\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=June 9, 2012\\|newspaper\\=Science Daily\\|date\\=Feb 7, 2000\\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217170515/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2000/02/000207074352\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The following are some of the famous scientists who have worked in the past or are currently working in this laboratory: [Rakesh Agrawal](/wiki/Rakesh_Agrawal_%28computer_scientist%29 \"Rakesh Agrawal (computer scientist)\"), [Miklos Ajtai](/wiki/Miklos_Ajtai \"Miklos Ajtai\"), [Rama Akkiraju](/wiki/Rama_Akkiraju \"Rama Akkiraju\"), [John Backus](/wiki/John_Backus \"John Backus\"), [Raymond F. Boyce](/wiki/Raymond_F._Boyce \"Raymond F. Boyce\"), [Donald D. Chamberlin](/wiki/Donald_D._Chamberlin \"Donald D. Chamberlin\"), [Ashok K. Chandra](/wiki/Ashok_K._Chandra \"Ashok K. Chandra\"), [Edgar F. Codd](/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd \"Edgar F. Codd\"), [Mark Dean](/wiki/Mark_Dean_%28computer_scientist%29 \"Mark Dean (computer scientist)\"), [Cynthia Dwork](/wiki/Cynthia_Dwork \"Cynthia Dwork\"), [Don Eigler](/wiki/Don_Eigler \"Don Eigler\"), [Ronald Fagin](/wiki/Ronald_Fagin \"Ronald Fagin\"), [Jim Gray](/wiki/Jim_Gray_%28computer_scientist%29 \"Jim Gray (computer scientist)\"), [Laura M. Haas](/wiki/Laura_M._Haas \"Laura M. Haas\"), [Jean Paul Jacob](/wiki/Jean_Paul_Jacob \"Jean Paul Jacob\"), [Joseph Halpern](/wiki/Joseph_Halpern \"Joseph Halpern\"), [Andreas J. Heinrich](/wiki/Andreas_J._Heinrich \"Andreas J. Heinrich\"), [Reynold B. Johnson](/wiki/Reynold_B._Johnson \"Reynold B. Johnson\"), [Maria Klawe](/wiki/Maria_Klawe \"Maria Klawe\"), [Jaishankar Menon](/wiki/Jaishankar_Menon \"Jaishankar Menon\"), [Dharmendra Modha](/wiki/Dharmendra_Modha \"Dharmendra Modha\"), [William E. Moerner](/wiki/William_E._Moerner \"William E. Moerner\"), [C. Mohan](/wiki/C._Mohan \"C. Mohan\"), [Stuart Parkin](/wiki/Stuart_Parkin \"Stuart Parkin\"), [Nick Pippenger](/wiki/Nick_Pippenger \"Nick Pippenger\"), [Dan Russell](/wiki/Daniel_M._Russell \"Daniel M. Russell\"), [Patricia Selinger](/wiki/Patricia_Selinger \"Patricia Selinger\"), [Ted Selker](/wiki/Ted_Selker \"Ted Selker\"), [Barbara Simons](/wiki/Barbara_Simons \"Barbara Simons\"), [Malcolm Slaney](/wiki/Malcolm_Slaney \"Malcolm Slaney\"), [Arnold Spielberg](/wiki/Arnold_Spielberg \"Arnold Spielberg\"), [Ramakrishnan Srikant](/wiki/Ramakrishnan_Srikant \"Ramakrishnan Srikant\"), [Larry Stockmeyer](/wiki/Larry_Stockmeyer \"Larry Stockmeyer\"), [Moshe Vardi](/wiki/Moshe_Vardi \"Moshe Vardi\"), [Jennifer Widom](/wiki/Jennifer_Widom \"Jennifer Widom\"), [Shumin Zhai](/wiki/Shumin_Zhai \"Shumin Zhai\").", "### Australia", "IBM Research โ€“ Australia was a research and development laboratory established by IBM Research in 2009 in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\").{{cite web \\|date\\= \\|title\\=Labs and locations \\|url\\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2022 \\|website\\=IBM Research \\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It was involved in [social media](/wiki/Social_media \"Social media\"), interactive content, healthcare analytics and services research, multimedia analytics, and genomics. The lab was headed by several directors over its 10 years lifespan, including Vice President, Joanna Batstone {{cite web \\|author\\= \\|date\\= \\|title\\=Labs and locations \\|url\\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \\|access\\-date\\= \\|publisher\\= \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-21 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221032216/https://research.ibm.com/labs/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and Professor Iven Mareels. It was to be the companyโ€™s first laboratory combining research and development in a single organisation.{{cite web \\|title\\=IBM CHOOSES AUSTRALIA FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY \\|url\\=http://www.austrade.gov.au/invest/doing\\-business\\-in\\-australia/success\\-stories/IBM\\-chooses\\-Australia\\-for\\-research\\-and\\-development\\-laboratory\\#.VNOPwmjF\\-Sp \\|website\\=austrade.gov \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20150205160741/http://www.austrade.gov.au/invest/doing\\-business\\-in\\-australia/success\\-stories/IBM\\-chooses\\-Australia\\-for\\-research\\-and\\-development\\-laboratory%23\\.VNOVLn3LfK6 \\|archive\\-date\\=5 February 2015}}", "The opening of the Melbourne lab in 2011 received an injection of $22 million in [Australian Federal Government](/wiki/Government_of_Australia \"Government of Australia\") funding and an undisclosed amount provided by the [State Government](/wiki/Government_of_Victoria \"Government of Victoria\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/photos\\-ibm\\-launches\\-melbourne\\-rd\\-lab\\-276777\\|title\\=Photos: IBM launches Melbourne R\\&D lab\\|website\\=iTnews\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-09\\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-04\\-24\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424104805/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/photos\\-ibm\\-launches\\-melbourne\\-rd\\-lab\\-276777\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "The Melbourne Research lab was closed in 2021, approximately at the same time as the deal for tax breaks from the [State Government](/wiki/Government_of_Victoria \"Government of Victoria\") ended. Approximately 80 full\\-time researchers were made redundant.", "### Brazil", "IBM Research โ€“ Brazil is one of twelve [research laboratories](/wiki/Research_laboratory \"Research laboratory\") comprising IBM Research, its first in [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\").{{cite web \\|author\\= \\|title\\=IBM Research \\- Brazil \\- Locations \\|url\\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/brazil/ \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2022 \\|website\\=IBM Research \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/brazil/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It was established in 2011, with locations in [Sรฃo Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"Sรฃo Paulo\") and [Rio de Janeiro](/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro \"Rio de Janeiro\"). Research focuses on Industrial Technology and Science, Systems of Engagement and Insight, Social Data [Analytics](/wiki/Analytics \"Analytics\") and [Natural Resources](/wiki/Natural_Resources \"Natural Resources\") Solutions.", "The new lab, [IBM](/wiki/IBM \"IBM\")'s ninth at the time of opening and first in 12 years, underscores the growing importance of emerging markets and the globalization of innovation.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294820196514024\\|title\\=IBM To Open Research Lab In Brazil\\|first\\=Spencer E. Ante And Nathan\\|last\\=Becker\\|date\\=June 9, 2010\\|via\\=www.wsj.com\\|newspaper\\=Wall Street Journal\\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=June 23, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623070003/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703302604575294820196514024\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In collaboration with Brazil's government, it will help IBM to develop technology systems around natural resource development and large\\-scale events such as the [2016 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics \"2016 Summer Olympics\").", "Engineer and associate lab director Ulisses Mello explains that IBM has four priority areas in Brazil: \"The main area is related to [natural resources management](/wiki/Natural_resource_management \"Natural resource management\"), involving oil and gas, mining and agricultural sectors. The second is the social data analytics segment that comprises the analysis of data generated from [social networking](/wiki/Social_networking \"Social networking\") sites \\[such as Twitter or Facebook], which can be applied, for example, to financial analysis. The third strategic area is [nanotechnology](/wiki/Nanotechnology \"Nanotechnology\") applied to the development of the smarter devices for the intermittent production industry. This technology can be applied to, for example, blood testing or recovering oil from existing fields. And the last one is smarter cities.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nearshoreamericas.com/brazilian\\-research\\-labs\\-ibm\\-natural\\-resources/\\|title\\=IBM's Brazil Research Labs Target Natural Resources, Data Analytics and Nanotechnology\\|first\\=Silvia\\|last\\=Rosa\\|date\\=June 10, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=February 9, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 21, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321151511/http://nearshoreamericas.com/brazilian\\-research\\-labs\\-ibm\\-natural\\-resources/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "### Japan", "The IBM Research โ€“ Tokyo, which was called IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory (TRL) before January 2009, is one of IBM's twelve major worldwide research laboratories.{{cite book \\|title\\=Managing synergistic innovations through corporate global R\\&D, Volume 173 \\|last\\=Persaud \\|first\\=Ajax \\|author2\\=Uma Kumar \\|year\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group \\|isbn\\=1\\-56720\\-463\\-5 \\|pages\\=82โ€“83 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=HsbQG9BbsFgC\\&q\\=IBM\\+New\\+York\\+Research\\+Laboratory\\+\\-\\+Managing\\+synergistic\\+innovations\\+through\\+corporate\\+global\\+R%26D\\&pg\\=PA82 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-12 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220523/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=HsbQG9BbsFgC\\&q\\=IBM\\+New\\+York\\+Research\\+Laboratory\\+\\-\\+Managing\\+synergistic\\+innovations\\+through\\+corporate\\+global\\+R%26D\\&pg\\=PA82 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It is a branch of IBM Research, and about 200 researchers work for TRL.{{cite web \\|title\\=IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory \\|url\\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2022 \\|website\\=IBM Research \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), it was renamed to IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986, and moved to [Yamato](/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility \"IBM Yamato Facility\") in 1992 and back to [Tokyo](/wiki/IBM_Toyosu_Facility \"IBM Toyosu Facility\") in 2012\\.", "IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory was established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Sanbanchล, [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"). It was IBM's first research laboratory in Asia. [Hisashi Kobayashi](/wiki/Hisashi_Kobayashi \"Hisashi Kobayashi\") was appointed the founding director of TRL in 1982; he served as director until 1986\\.{{cite book \\|title\\=Network security: current status and future directions \\|last\\=Douligeris \\|first\\=Christos \\|author2\\=Dimitrios N. Serpanos \\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=John Wiley and Sons \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=dHys9OXMFMIC\\&pg\\=PA566\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-471\\-70355\\-6 \\|page\\=566}} JSI was renamed to the IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986\\. In 1988, English\\-to\\-Japanese machine translation system called \"System for Human\\-Assisted Language Translation\" (SHALT) was developed at TRL. It was used to translate IBM manuals.{{cite web \\|title\\=TRL 25th Anniversary (1982\\-2006\\) \\|url\\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index\\_e.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20070504090755/http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2007 \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2009}}", "#### History", "TRL was shifted from downtown Tokyo to the suburbs to share a building with [IBM Yamato Facility](/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility \"IBM Yamato Facility\") in [Yamato](/wiki/Yamato%2C_Kanagawa \"Yamato, Kanagawa\"), [Kanagawa Prefecture](/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture \"Kanagawa Prefecture\") in 1993\\.{{cite book \\|title\\=Managing global innovation: uncovering the secrets of future competitiveness \\|last\\=Boutellier \\|first\\=Roman \\|author2\\=Oliver Gassmann \\|author3\\=Maximilian von Zedtwitz \\|year\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Springer \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-540\\-25441\\-6 \\|page\\=203 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LLLeO5V7qJUC\\&q\\=In\\+1993,\\+IBM\\+Tokyo\\+Research\\+Laboratory\\&pg\\=PA203 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-12 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220535/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LLLeO5V7qJUC\\&q\\=In\\+1993,\\+IBM\\+Tokyo\\+Research\\+Laboratory\\&pg\\=PA203 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 1993, world record was accomplished for generation of continuous coherent [Ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet \"Ultraviolet\") rays. In 1996, Java JIT compiler was developed at TRL, and it was released for major IBM platforms. Numerous other technological breakthroughs were made at TRL.", "The team led by [Chieko Asakawa](/wiki/Chieko_Asakawa \"Chieko Asakawa\") ([:ja:ๆต…ๅทๆ™บๆตๅญ](/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%BA%E6%81%B5%E5%AD%90 \"ๆต…ๅทๆ™บๆตๅญ\")), [IBM Fellow](/wiki/IBM_Fellow \"IBM Fellow\") since 2009, provided basic technology for IBM's software programs for the visually handicapped, [IBM Home Page Reader](/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader \"IBM Home Page Reader\") in 1997 and IBM aiBrowser ([:ja:aiBrowser](/wiki/AiBrowser \"AiBrowser\")) in 2007\\. TRL moved back to Tokyo in 2012, this time at [IBM Toyosu Facility](/wiki/IBM_Toyosu_Facility \"IBM Toyosu Facility\").", "#### Research", "TRL researchers are responsible for numerous breakthroughs in sciences and engineering. The researchers have presented multiple papers at international conferences, and published numerous papers in international journals.{{cite web \\|title\\=Core Research Competency \\|url\\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index\\_e.htm \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010154329/http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Technical Paper \\|url\\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication\\_e.htm \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120120026/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} They have also contributed to the products and services of IBM, and patent filings.{{cite web \\|title\\=Research Results \\|url\\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight\\_e.htm \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009105643/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} TRL conducts research in microdevices, [system software](/wiki/System_software \"System software\"), [security](/wiki/Security \"Security\") and [privacy](/wiki/Privacy \"Privacy\"), [analytics](/wiki/Analytics \"Analytics\") and [optimization](/wiki/Optimization_%28mathematics%29 \"Optimization (mathematics)\"), [human computer interaction](/wiki/Human_computer_interaction \"Human computer interaction\"), [embedded systems](/wiki/Embedded_systems \"Embedded systems\"), and services sciences.", "#### Other activities", "TRL collaborates with the [Japanese universities](/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Japan \"List of universities in Japan\"), and support their research programs. IBM donates its equipment such as servers, storage systems, and so forth to the Japanese universities to support their research programs under the Shared University Research (SUR) program.{{cite web \\|title\\=Collaboration with Academia \\|url\\=http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index\\_e.htm \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622115727/http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In 1987, IBM Japan Science Prize was created to recognize researchers, who are not over 45 years old, working at Japanese universities or public research institutes. It is awarded in [physics](/wiki/Physics \"Physics\"), [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry \"Chemistry\"), [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science \"Computer science\"), and [electronics](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\").", "### Israel", "IBM Research โ€“ Haifa, previously known as the Haifa Research Lab (HRL) was founded as a small scientific center in 1972\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Aya Soffer named as new Director of IBM's Haifa Research Lab \\|url\\=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L\\-3896570,00\\.html \\|publisher\\=CTECH \\|date\\=3 March 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 August 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818112517/https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L\\-3896570,00\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Since then, it has grown into a major lab that leads the development of innovative technologies and solutions for the IBM corporation. The labโ€™s offices are situated in three locations across Israel: [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\"), [Tel Aviv](/wiki/Tel_Aviv \"Tel Aviv\"), and [Beer Sheva](/wiki/Beer_Sheva \"Beer Sheva\").", "IBM Research โ€“ Haifa employs researchers in a range of areas. Research projects are being executed today in areas such as artificial intelligence, hybrid cloud, quantum computing, blockchain, IoT, quality, cybersecurity, and industry domains such as healthcare.", "[Aya Soffer](/wiki/Aya_Soffer \"Aya Soffer\") is IBM Vice President of AI Technology and serves as the Director of the IBM Research Lab in Haifa, Israel.", "#### History", "In its 30th year, the IBM Haifa Research Lab in Israel moved to a new home on the University of Haifa campus.", "The researchers at the Lab are involved in special projects with academic institutions across Israel, the United States, and Europe, and actively participate in numerous consortiums as part of the EU Horizon 2020 programme. Today in 2020, the Lab describes itself as having the highest number of employees in Israel's hi\\-tech industry who hold advanced degrees in science, electrical engineering, mathematics, or related fields. Researchers participate in international conferences and are published in professional publications.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2022}}", "In 2014, IBM Research announced the Cybersecurity Center of Excellence (CCoE) in Beer Sheva in collaboration with [Ben\\-Gurion University](/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University \"Ben-Gurion University\") of the Negev.", "### Switzerland", "IBM Research โ€“ Zurich (previously called IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, ZRL) is the European branch of IBM Research. It was opened in 1956 and is located in [Rรผschlikon](/wiki/R%C3%BCschlikon \"Rรผschlikon\") near [Zรผrich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zรผrich\"), Switzerland.", "In 1956, IBM opened their first European research laboratory in [Adliswil](/wiki/Adliswil \"Adliswil\"), Switzerland. The lab moved to its own campus in neighboring Rรผschlikon in 1962\\. The Zรผrich lab is staffed by a multicultural and interdisciplinary team of a few hundred permanent research staff members, graduate students and post\\-doctoral fellows, representing about 45 nationalities. Collocated with the lab is a *Client Center* (formerly the *Industry Solutions Lab*), an executive briefing facility demonstrating technology prototypes and solutions.", "The Zรผrich lab is world\\-renowned for its scientific achievementsโ€”most notably Nobel Prizes in physics in 1986 and 1987 for the invention of the [scanning tunneling microscope](/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope \"Scanning tunneling microscope\"){{Cite web \\|url\\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html \\|title\\=Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-17 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and the discovery of [high\\-temperature superconductivity](/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity \"High-temperature superconductivity\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html \\|title\\=Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014520/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} respectively. Other key inventions include [trellis modulation](/wiki/Trellis_modulation \"Trellis modulation\"), which revolutionized data transmission over telephone lines; [Token Ring](/wiki/Token_Ring \"Token Ring\"), which became a standard for [local area networks](/wiki/Local_area_network \"Local area network\") and a highly successful IBM product; the [Secure Electronic Transaction](/wiki/Secure_Electronic_Transaction \"Secure Electronic Transaction\") (SET) standard used for highly secure payments; and the [Java Card OpenPlatform](/wiki/Java_Card_OpenPlatform \"Java Card OpenPlatform\") (JCOP), a [smart card](/wiki/Smart_card \"Smart card\") [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system \"Operating system\"). Most recently the lab was involved in the development of [SuperMUC](/wiki/SuperMUC \"SuperMUC\"), a supercomputer that is cooled using hot water.", "The Zรผrich lab focus areas are future chip technologies; nanotechnology; data storage; quantum computing, brain\\-inspired computing; security and privacy; risk and compliance; business optimization and transformation; server systems. The Zรผrich laboratory is involved in many joint projects with universities throughout Europe, in research programs established by the European Union and the Swiss government, and in cooperation agreements with research institutes of industrial partners. One of the lab's most high\\-profile projects is called [DOME](/wiki/DOME_Microserver \"DOME Microserver\"), which is based on developing an IT roadmap for the [Square Kilometer Array](/wiki/Square_Kilometer_Array \"Square Kilometer Array\").", "The research projects pursued at the IBM Zรผrich lab are organized into four scientific and technical departments: Science \\& Technology, Cloud and AI Systems Research, Cognitive Computing \\& Industry Solutions and Security Research. The lab is currently managed by Alessandro Curioni.", "On 17 May 2011, IBM and the [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich](/wiki/ETH_Zurich \"ETH Zurich\") opened the [Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center](/wiki/Binnig_and_Rohrer_Nanotechnology_Center \"Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center\"), which is located on the same campus in Rรผschlikon.{{cite web\\|title\\=IBM and ETH Zurich open collaborative Nanotechnology Center\\|url\\=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html\\|work\\=Press Release\\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=16 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416221135/http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
### Japan The IBM Research โ€“ Tokyo, which was called IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory (TRL) before January 2009, is one of IBM's twelve major worldwide research laboratories.{{cite book \|title\=Managing synergistic innovations through corporate global R\&D, Volume 173 \|last\=Persaud \|first\=Ajax \|author2\=Uma Kumar \|year\=2002 \|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group \|isbn\=1\-56720\-463\-5 \|pages\=82โ€“83 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=HsbQG9BbsFgC\&q\=IBM\+New\+York\+Research\+Laboratory\+\-\+Managing\+synergistic\+innovations\+through\+corporate\+global\+R%26D\&pg\=PA82 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-18 \|archive\-date\=2023\-03\-12 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220523/https://books.google.com/books?id\=HsbQG9BbsFgC\&q\=IBM\+New\+York\+Research\+Laboratory\+\-\+Managing\+synergistic\+innovations\+through\+corporate\+global\+R%26D\&pg\=PA82 \|url\-status\=live }} It is a branch of IBM Research, and about 200 researchers work for TRL.{{cite web \|title\=IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory \|url\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ \|access\-date\=28 December 2022 \|website\=IBM Research \|publisher\=IBM \|archive\-date\=28 December 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ \|url\-status\=live }} Established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), it was renamed to IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986, and moved to [Yamato](/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility "IBM Yamato Facility") in 1992 and back to [Tokyo](/wiki/IBM_Toyosu_Facility "IBM Toyosu Facility") in 2012\. IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory was established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Sanbanchล, [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"). It was IBM's first research laboratory in Asia. [Hisashi Kobayashi](/wiki/Hisashi_Kobayashi "Hisashi Kobayashi") was appointed the founding director of TRL in 1982; he served as director until 1986\.{{cite book \|title\=Network security: current status and future directions \|last\=Douligeris \|first\=Christos \|author2\=Dimitrios N. Serpanos \|year\=2007 \|publisher\=John Wiley and Sons \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=dHys9OXMFMIC\&pg\=PA566\|isbn\=978\-0\-471\-70355\-6 \|page\=566}} JSI was renamed to the IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986\. In 1988, English\-to\-Japanese machine translation system called "System for Human\-Assisted Language Translation" (SHALT) was developed at TRL. It was used to translate IBM manuals.{{cite web \|title\=TRL 25th Anniversary (1982\-2006\) \|url\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index\_e.htm \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20070504090755/http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index\_e.htm \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=4 May 2007 \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=16 August 2009}} #### History TRL was shifted from downtown Tokyo to the suburbs to share a building with [IBM Yamato Facility](/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility "IBM Yamato Facility") in [Yamato](/wiki/Yamato%2C_Kanagawa "Yamato, Kanagawa"), [Kanagawa Prefecture](/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture "Kanagawa Prefecture") in 1993\.{{cite book \|title\=Managing global innovation: uncovering the secrets of future competitiveness \|last\=Boutellier \|first\=Roman \|author2\=Oliver Gassmann \|author3\=Maximilian von Zedtwitz \|year\=2008 \|publisher\=Springer \|isbn\=978\-3\-540\-25441\-6 \|page\=203 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=LLLeO5V7qJUC\&q\=In\+1993,\+IBM\+Tokyo\+Research\+Laboratory\&pg\=PA203 \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-18 \|archive\-date\=2023\-03\-12 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220535/https://books.google.com/books?id\=LLLeO5V7qJUC\&q\=In\+1993,\+IBM\+Tokyo\+Research\+Laboratory\&pg\=PA203 \|url\-status\=live }} In 1993, world record was accomplished for generation of continuous coherent [Ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet "Ultraviolet") rays. In 1996, Java JIT compiler was developed at TRL, and it was released for major IBM platforms. Numerous other technological breakthroughs were made at TRL. The team led by [Chieko Asakawa](/wiki/Chieko_Asakawa "Chieko Asakawa") ([:ja:ๆต…ๅทๆ™บๆตๅญ](/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%BA%E6%81%B5%E5%AD%90 "ๆต…ๅทๆ™บๆตๅญ")), [IBM Fellow](/wiki/IBM_Fellow "IBM Fellow") since 2009, provided basic technology for IBM's software programs for the visually handicapped, [IBM Home Page Reader](/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader "IBM Home Page Reader") in 1997 and IBM aiBrowser ([:ja:aiBrowser](/wiki/AiBrowser "AiBrowser")) in 2007\. TRL moved back to Tokyo in 2012, this time at [IBM Toyosu Facility](/wiki/IBM_Toyosu_Facility "IBM Toyosu Facility"). #### Research TRL researchers are responsible for numerous breakthroughs in sciences and engineering. The researchers have presented multiple papers at international conferences, and published numerous papers in international journals.{{cite web \|title\=Core Research Competency \|url\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index\_e.htm \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=16 August 2009 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010154329/http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index\_e.htm \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Technical Paper \|url\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication\_e.htm \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=21 August 2009 \|archive\-date\=20 November 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120120026/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication\_e.htm \|url\-status\=live }} They have also contributed to the products and services of IBM, and patent filings.{{cite web \|title\=Research Results \|url\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight\_e.htm \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=16 August 2009 \|archive\-date\=9 October 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009105643/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight\_e.htm \|url\-status\=live }} TRL conducts research in microdevices, [system software](/wiki/System_software "System software"), [security](/wiki/Security "Security") and [privacy](/wiki/Privacy "Privacy"), [analytics](/wiki/Analytics "Analytics") and [optimization](/wiki/Optimization_%28mathematics%29 "Optimization (mathematics)"), [human computer interaction](/wiki/Human_computer_interaction "Human computer interaction"), [embedded systems](/wiki/Embedded_systems "Embedded systems"), and services sciences. #### Other activities TRL collaborates with the [Japanese universities](/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Japan "List of universities in Japan"), and support their research programs. IBM donates its equipment such as servers, storage systems, and so forth to the Japanese universities to support their research programs under the Shared University Research (SUR) program.{{cite web \|title\=Collaboration with Academia \|url\=http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index\_e.htm \|publisher\=IBM \|access\-date\=17 August 2009 \|archive\-date\=22 June 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622115727/http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index\_e.htm \|url\-status\=live }} In 1987, IBM Japan Science Prize was created to recognize researchers, who are not over 45 years old, working at Japanese universities or public research institutes. It is awarded in [physics](/wiki/Physics "Physics"), [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry "Chemistry"), [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science"), and [electronics](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics").
[ "### Japan", "The IBM Research โ€“ Tokyo, which was called IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory (TRL) before January 2009, is one of IBM's twelve major worldwide research laboratories.{{cite book \\|title\\=Managing synergistic innovations through corporate global R\\&D, Volume 173 \\|last\\=Persaud \\|first\\=Ajax \\|author2\\=Uma Kumar \\|year\\=2002 \\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group \\|isbn\\=1\\-56720\\-463\\-5 \\|pages\\=82โ€“83 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=HsbQG9BbsFgC\\&q\\=IBM\\+New\\+York\\+Research\\+Laboratory\\+\\-\\+Managing\\+synergistic\\+innovations\\+through\\+corporate\\+global\\+R%26D\\&pg\\=PA82 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-12 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220523/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=HsbQG9BbsFgC\\&q\\=IBM\\+New\\+York\\+Research\\+Laboratory\\+\\-\\+Managing\\+synergistic\\+innovations\\+through\\+corporate\\+global\\+R%26D\\&pg\\=PA82 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It is a branch of IBM Research, and about 200 researchers work for TRL.{{cite web \\|title\\=IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory \\|url\\=https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ \\|access\\-date\\=28 December 2022 \\|website\\=IBM Research \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173259/https://research.ibm.com/labs/tokyo/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), it was renamed to IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986, and moved to [Yamato](/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility \"IBM Yamato Facility\") in 1992 and back to [Tokyo](/wiki/IBM_Toyosu_Facility \"IBM Toyosu Facility\") in 2012\\.", "IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory was established in 1982 as the Japan Science Institute (JSI) in Sanbanchล, [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"). It was IBM's first research laboratory in Asia. [Hisashi Kobayashi](/wiki/Hisashi_Kobayashi \"Hisashi Kobayashi\") was appointed the founding director of TRL in 1982; he served as director until 1986\\.{{cite book \\|title\\=Network security: current status and future directions \\|last\\=Douligeris \\|first\\=Christos \\|author2\\=Dimitrios N. Serpanos \\|year\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=John Wiley and Sons \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=dHys9OXMFMIC\\&pg\\=PA566\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-471\\-70355\\-6 \\|page\\=566}} JSI was renamed to the IBM Tokyo Research Laboratory in 1986\\. In 1988, English\\-to\\-Japanese machine translation system called \"System for Human\\-Assisted Language Translation\" (SHALT) was developed at TRL. It was used to translate IBM manuals.{{cite web \\|title\\=TRL 25th Anniversary (1982\\-2006\\) \\|url\\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index\\_e.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20070504090755/http://www.trl.ibm.com/history/index\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2007 \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2009}}", "#### History", "TRL was shifted from downtown Tokyo to the suburbs to share a building with [IBM Yamato Facility](/wiki/IBM_Yamato_Facility \"IBM Yamato Facility\") in [Yamato](/wiki/Yamato%2C_Kanagawa \"Yamato, Kanagawa\"), [Kanagawa Prefecture](/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture \"Kanagawa Prefecture\") in 1993\\.{{cite book \\|title\\=Managing global innovation: uncovering the secrets of future competitiveness \\|last\\=Boutellier \\|first\\=Roman \\|author2\\=Oliver Gassmann \\|author3\\=Maximilian von Zedtwitz \\|year\\=2008 \\|publisher\\=Springer \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-540\\-25441\\-6 \\|page\\=203 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LLLeO5V7qJUC\\&q\\=In\\+1993,\\+IBM\\+Tokyo\\+Research\\+Laboratory\\&pg\\=PA203 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-18 \\|archive\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-12 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312220535/https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LLLeO5V7qJUC\\&q\\=In\\+1993,\\+IBM\\+Tokyo\\+Research\\+Laboratory\\&pg\\=PA203 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 1993, world record was accomplished for generation of continuous coherent [Ultraviolet](/wiki/Ultraviolet \"Ultraviolet\") rays. In 1996, Java JIT compiler was developed at TRL, and it was released for major IBM platforms. Numerous other technological breakthroughs were made at TRL.", "The team led by [Chieko Asakawa](/wiki/Chieko_Asakawa \"Chieko Asakawa\") ([:ja:ๆต…ๅทๆ™บๆตๅญ](/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%BA%E6%81%B5%E5%AD%90 \"ๆต…ๅทๆ™บๆตๅญ\")), [IBM Fellow](/wiki/IBM_Fellow \"IBM Fellow\") since 2009, provided basic technology for IBM's software programs for the visually handicapped, [IBM Home Page Reader](/wiki/IBM_Home_Page_Reader \"IBM Home Page Reader\") in 1997 and IBM aiBrowser ([:ja:aiBrowser](/wiki/AiBrowser \"AiBrowser\")) in 2007\\. TRL moved back to Tokyo in 2012, this time at [IBM Toyosu Facility](/wiki/IBM_Toyosu_Facility \"IBM Toyosu Facility\").", "#### Research", "TRL researchers are responsible for numerous breakthroughs in sciences and engineering. The researchers have presented multiple papers at international conferences, and published numerous papers in international journals.{{cite web \\|title\\=Core Research Competency \\|url\\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index\\_e.htm \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010154329/http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/index\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Technical Paper \\|url\\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication\\_e.htm \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=21 August 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120120026/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/publication\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} They have also contributed to the products and services of IBM, and patent filings.{{cite web \\|title\\=Research Results \\|url\\=http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight\\_e.htm \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=16 August 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009105643/http://www.trl.ibm.com/news/highlight\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} TRL conducts research in microdevices, [system software](/wiki/System_software \"System software\"), [security](/wiki/Security \"Security\") and [privacy](/wiki/Privacy \"Privacy\"), [analytics](/wiki/Analytics \"Analytics\") and [optimization](/wiki/Optimization_%28mathematics%29 \"Optimization (mathematics)\"), [human computer interaction](/wiki/Human_computer_interaction \"Human computer interaction\"), [embedded systems](/wiki/Embedded_systems \"Embedded systems\"), and services sciences.", "#### Other activities", "TRL collaborates with the [Japanese universities](/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Japan \"List of universities in Japan\"), and support their research programs. IBM donates its equipment such as servers, storage systems, and so forth to the Japanese universities to support their research programs under the Shared University Research (SUR) program.{{cite web \\|title\\=Collaboration with Academia \\|url\\=http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index\\_e.htm \\|publisher\\=IBM \\|access\\-date\\=17 August 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 June 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622115727/http://www.research.ibm.com/trl/academic/index\\_e.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In 1987, IBM Japan Science Prize was created to recognize researchers, who are not over 45 years old, working at Japanese universities or public research institutes. It is awarded in [physics](/wiki/Physics \"Physics\"), [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry \"Chemistry\"), [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science \"Computer science\"), and [electronics](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\").", "" ]
### Switzerland IBM Research โ€“ Zurich (previously called IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, ZRL) is the European branch of IBM Research. It was opened in 1956 and is located in [Rรผschlikon](/wiki/R%C3%BCschlikon "Rรผschlikon") near [Zรผrich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich "Zรผrich"), Switzerland. In 1956, IBM opened their first European research laboratory in [Adliswil](/wiki/Adliswil "Adliswil"), Switzerland. The lab moved to its own campus in neighboring Rรผschlikon in 1962\. The Zรผrich lab is staffed by a multicultural and interdisciplinary team of a few hundred permanent research staff members, graduate students and post\-doctoral fellows, representing about 45 nationalities. Collocated with the lab is a *Client Center* (formerly the *Industry Solutions Lab*), an executive briefing facility demonstrating technology prototypes and solutions. The Zรผrich lab is world\-renowned for its scientific achievementsโ€”most notably Nobel Prizes in physics in 1986 and 1987 for the invention of the [scanning tunneling microscope](/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope "Scanning tunneling microscope"){{Cite web \|url\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html \|title\=Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 \|access\-date\=2020\-03\-21 \|archive\-date\=2008\-09\-17 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} and the discovery of [high\-temperature superconductivity](/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity "High-temperature superconductivity"),{{Cite web \|url\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html \|title\=Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 \|access\-date\=2020\-03\-21 \|archive\-date\=2008\-09\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014520/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html \|url\-status\=live }} respectively. Other key inventions include [trellis modulation](/wiki/Trellis_modulation "Trellis modulation"), which revolutionized data transmission over telephone lines; [Token Ring](/wiki/Token_Ring "Token Ring"), which became a standard for [local area networks](/wiki/Local_area_network "Local area network") and a highly successful IBM product; the [Secure Electronic Transaction](/wiki/Secure_Electronic_Transaction "Secure Electronic Transaction") (SET) standard used for highly secure payments; and the [Java Card OpenPlatform](/wiki/Java_Card_OpenPlatform "Java Card OpenPlatform") (JCOP), a [smart card](/wiki/Smart_card "Smart card") [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system "Operating system"). Most recently the lab was involved in the development of [SuperMUC](/wiki/SuperMUC "SuperMUC"), a supercomputer that is cooled using hot water. The Zรผrich lab focus areas are future chip technologies; nanotechnology; data storage; quantum computing, brain\-inspired computing; security and privacy; risk and compliance; business optimization and transformation; server systems. The Zรผrich laboratory is involved in many joint projects with universities throughout Europe, in research programs established by the European Union and the Swiss government, and in cooperation agreements with research institutes of industrial partners. One of the lab's most high\-profile projects is called [DOME](/wiki/DOME_Microserver "DOME Microserver"), which is based on developing an IT roadmap for the [Square Kilometer Array](/wiki/Square_Kilometer_Array "Square Kilometer Array"). The research projects pursued at the IBM Zรผrich lab are organized into four scientific and technical departments: Science \& Technology, Cloud and AI Systems Research, Cognitive Computing \& Industry Solutions and Security Research. The lab is currently managed by Alessandro Curioni. On 17 May 2011, IBM and the [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich](/wiki/ETH_Zurich "ETH Zurich") opened the [Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center](/wiki/Binnig_and_Rohrer_Nanotechnology_Center "Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center"), which is located on the same campus in Rรผschlikon.{{cite web\|title\=IBM and ETH Zurich open collaborative Nanotechnology Center\|url\=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html\|work\=Press Release\|access\-date\=17 May 2011\|archive\-date\=16 April 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416221135/http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html\|url\-status\=live}}
[ "### Switzerland", "IBM Research โ€“ Zurich (previously called IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, ZRL) is the European branch of IBM Research. It was opened in 1956 and is located in [Rรผschlikon](/wiki/R%C3%BCschlikon \"Rรผschlikon\") near [Zรผrich](/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich \"Zรผrich\"), Switzerland.", "In 1956, IBM opened their first European research laboratory in [Adliswil](/wiki/Adliswil \"Adliswil\"), Switzerland. The lab moved to its own campus in neighboring Rรผschlikon in 1962\\. The Zรผrich lab is staffed by a multicultural and interdisciplinary team of a few hundred permanent research staff members, graduate students and post\\-doctoral fellows, representing about 45 nationalities. Collocated with the lab is a *Client Center* (formerly the *Industry Solutions Lab*), an executive briefing facility demonstrating technology prototypes and solutions.", "The Zรผrich lab is world\\-renowned for its scientific achievementsโ€”most notably Nobel Prizes in physics in 1986 and 1987 for the invention of the [scanning tunneling microscope](/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope \"Scanning tunneling microscope\"){{Cite web \\|url\\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html \\|title\\=Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-17 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and the discovery of [high\\-temperature superconductivity](/wiki/High-temperature_superconductivity \"High-temperature superconductivity\"),{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html \\|title\\=Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-03\\-21 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014520/http://nobelprize.org/nobel\\_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} respectively. Other key inventions include [trellis modulation](/wiki/Trellis_modulation \"Trellis modulation\"), which revolutionized data transmission over telephone lines; [Token Ring](/wiki/Token_Ring \"Token Ring\"), which became a standard for [local area networks](/wiki/Local_area_network \"Local area network\") and a highly successful IBM product; the [Secure Electronic Transaction](/wiki/Secure_Electronic_Transaction \"Secure Electronic Transaction\") (SET) standard used for highly secure payments; and the [Java Card OpenPlatform](/wiki/Java_Card_OpenPlatform \"Java Card OpenPlatform\") (JCOP), a [smart card](/wiki/Smart_card \"Smart card\") [operating system](/wiki/Operating_system \"Operating system\"). Most recently the lab was involved in the development of [SuperMUC](/wiki/SuperMUC \"SuperMUC\"), a supercomputer that is cooled using hot water.", "The Zรผrich lab focus areas are future chip technologies; nanotechnology; data storage; quantum computing, brain\\-inspired computing; security and privacy; risk and compliance; business optimization and transformation; server systems. The Zรผrich laboratory is involved in many joint projects with universities throughout Europe, in research programs established by the European Union and the Swiss government, and in cooperation agreements with research institutes of industrial partners. One of the lab's most high\\-profile projects is called [DOME](/wiki/DOME_Microserver \"DOME Microserver\"), which is based on developing an IT roadmap for the [Square Kilometer Array](/wiki/Square_Kilometer_Array \"Square Kilometer Array\").", "The research projects pursued at the IBM Zรผrich lab are organized into four scientific and technical departments: Science \\& Technology, Cloud and AI Systems Research, Cognitive Computing \\& Industry Solutions and Security Research. The lab is currently managed by Alessandro Curioni.", "On 17 May 2011, IBM and the [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich](/wiki/ETH_Zurich \"ETH Zurich\") opened the [Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center](/wiki/Binnig_and_Rohrer_Nanotechnology_Center \"Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center\"), which is located on the same campus in Rรผschlikon.{{cite web\\|title\\=IBM and ETH Zurich open collaborative Nanotechnology Center\\|url\\=http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html\\|work\\=Press Release\\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=16 April 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416221135/http://www.zurich.ibm.com/news/11/nanocenter.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}", "" ]
Buick Limited (1936\-1942\) --------------------------- {{Infobox automobile \|name\=Series 90 \|image\= 1941 Buick Limited (34646246692\).jpg \|caption\=1941 Buick Limited \|model\_years\=1936โ€“1942 \|assembly\= (main plant) \[\[Buick City]], \[\[Flint, Michigan]], U.S. (branch plant) \[\[South Gate, California]], U.S. \[\[Linden, New Jersey]], U.S. \|layout \= \|platform \= Series 80: \[\[GM C platform (RWD)\|C\-body]] Series 90: \[\[GM D platform\|D\-body]] \|body\_style\=4\-door \[\[sedan (car)\|sedan]] The origins of the Limited name date to 1936 when Buick added names to its entire model lineup to celebrate the engineering improvements and design advancements over their 1935 models. It shared its chassis with the top\-level [Cadillac Series 70](/wiki/Cadillac_Series_70 "Cadillac Series 70") vehicles. Buick had released a new line of cars that were technically superior to their predecessors by offering such features as all\-steel passenger compartment tops (GM's Turret Top design), improved front suspension, improved hydraulic safety braking system, alloy engine pistons and an improved engine cooling system. In 1938, the wheelbase was stretched 2 inches from 138 to {{convert\|140\|in\|mm\|0}},{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1938\_Buick/1938\_Buick\_Brochure/1938%20Buick\-32\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Buick/1938\_Buick/1938\_Buick\_Brochure \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-20}} and the Limited, along with Roadmaster, lost its wooden structural members for steel, making them the last Buick passenger cars to rely upon wood components. In 1939, Buick products underwent a substantial redesign; however, the Limited's "limited" production merited it to continue using its 1938 body. The 1939 Limited offered a sectioned rear compartment separating the driver from the rear passengers, and a glass partition could be raised to provide privacy. AM radios were first offered as an option. Behind the scenes, Cadillac executives lobbied to get the Limited out of production because it infringed on their market. While it was priced in the lower end of its Fleetwood series price point, the Limited was listed at US$2,453 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|2453\|1939}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars {{inflation\-fn\|US}}) but almost equaled Cadillac's factory built [Imperial Touring Limousine](/wiki/Cadillac_Series_70%231938%E2%80%931940 "Cadillac Series 70#1938โ€“1940"),[Photos of Cadillac Imperial sedan limousine](http://cadillacdatabase.com/Dbas_txt/Phocad38.htm) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601043345/http://cadillacdatabase.com/Dbas\_txt/Phocad38\.htm \|date\=June 1, 2015 }} which cost almost four times as much as the Buick, in its appointments. Buick executives asserted that Limited production averaged only 1,561 vehicles per year for model years 1938 through 1940, an insignificant amount compared to Cadillac's production of its senior cars. For 1940 Buick renamed some of its Series designations and gave names instead. Buick's Series 40 was named the [Special](/wiki/Buick_Special "Buick Special"), the Series 50 became the [Super](/wiki/Buick_Super "Buick Super"), the Series 60 was named the [Century](/wiki/Buick_Century "Buick Century"), the Series 70 was named the [Roadmaster](/wiki/Buick_Roadmaster "Buick Roadmaster"), and the Limited was given both the Series 80 and Series 90, with the Series 90 given to a limousine with a {{convert\|140\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} wheelbase and 8\-passenger capacity. The engine was a {{convert\|320\|cuin\|cc\|1\|abbr\=on}} {{convert\|120\|hp\|kW\+PS\|0\|abbr\=on}} [Buick Straight\-8 engine](/wiki/Buick_Straight-8_engine "Buick Straight-8 engine"),{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1936\_Buick/1936\_Buick\_Brochure\_1/1936%20Buick\-09\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Buick/1936\_Buick/1936\_Buick\_Brochure\_1 \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-20}} improving to {{convert\|141\|hp\|kW\+PS\|0\|abbr\=on}} by 1939\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1939\_Buick/1939\_Buick\_Brochure/1939%20Buick\-05\.html \|title \= Directory Index: Buick/1939\_Buick/1939\_Buick\_Brochure}} Limiteds were the most expensive Buicks in production, riding on the company's longest wheelbase of {{convert\|138\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}},{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1937\_Buick/1937\_Buick\_Brochure/1937%20Buick\-33\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Buick/1937\_Buick/1937\_Buick\_Brochure \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-20}} and the best appointed cars that Buick built. All Limiteds were built at the Buick factory in [Flint, Michigan](/wiki/Buick_City "Buick City"), while all Cadillacs were built in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit_Assembly "Detroit Assembly") at the Clark Street Facility while coachwork was provided by [Fisher Body](/wiki/Fisher_Body "Fisher Body"). Production of the Limited, and all Buick continued until the eve of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") when the last Buick was built February 2, 1942\. Following [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Buick dropped its extended wheelbase models, and cancelled the Series 90 Limited nameplate. The name Limited was truly appropriate to the cars themselves which were limited to touring sedans and limousines; its sales too were the smallest of Buick's entire model range: | \+**Production Figures** | | --- | | Year | Units | | 1936 | 4,086 | | 1937 | 3,697 | | 1938 | 1,491 | | 1939 | 1,451 | | 1940 | 1,739 | | 1941 | 3,006 | | 1942 | 636 (abbreviated model year September 1941 to January 1942\) | | Total production \= 16,106 | | File:1936 Buick Limited Series 90\.jpg\|1936 Buick Limited Series 90 File:1937 Buick. Limited series \- 90\. (3593514158\).jpg\|1937 Buick Limited Series 90 File:1938 Buick 8\-90 Limited 01\.jpg\|1938 Buick Limited Series 90 File:1940 Buick Limited Convertible Sedan (14364246085\).jpg\|1940 Buick Limited Convertible Sedan
[ "Buick Limited (1936\\-1942\\)\n---------------------------", "{{Infobox automobile\n\\|name\\=Series 90\n\\|image\\= 1941 Buick Limited (34646246692\\).jpg\n\\|caption\\=1941 Buick Limited\n\\|model\\_years\\=1936โ€“1942\n\\|assembly\\= (main plant) \n\\[\\[Buick City]], \\[\\[Flint, Michigan]], U.S. \n(branch plant) \n\\[\\[South Gate, California]], U.S. \n\\[\\[Linden, New Jersey]], U.S.\n\\|layout \\= \n\\|platform \\= Series 80: \\[\\[GM C platform (RWD)\\|C\\-body]] \nSeries 90: \\[\\[GM D platform\\|D\\-body]]\n\\|body\\_style\\=4\\-door \\[\\[sedan (car)\\|sedan]]", "The origins of the Limited name date to 1936 when Buick added names to its entire model lineup to celebrate the engineering improvements and design advancements over their 1935 models. It shared its chassis with the top\\-level [Cadillac Series 70](/wiki/Cadillac_Series_70 \"Cadillac Series 70\") vehicles. Buick had released a new line of cars that were technically superior to their predecessors by offering such features as all\\-steel passenger compartment tops (GM's Turret Top design), improved front suspension, improved hydraulic safety braking system, alloy engine pistons and an improved engine cooling system.", "In 1938, the wheelbase was stretched 2 inches from 138 to {{convert\\|140\\|in\\|mm\\|0}},{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1938\\_Buick/1938\\_Buick\\_Brochure/1938%20Buick\\-32\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Buick/1938\\_Buick/1938\\_Buick\\_Brochure \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-20}} and the Limited, along with Roadmaster, lost its wooden structural members for steel, making them the last Buick passenger cars to rely upon wood components.", "In 1939, Buick products underwent a substantial redesign; however, the Limited's \"limited\" production merited it to continue using its 1938 body. The 1939 Limited offered a sectioned rear compartment separating the driver from the rear passengers, and a glass partition could be raised to provide privacy. AM radios were first offered as an option.", "Behind the scenes, Cadillac executives lobbied to get the Limited out of production because it infringed on their market. While it was priced in the lower end of its Fleetwood series price point, the Limited was listed at US$2,453 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|2453\\|1939}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars {{inflation\\-fn\\|US}}) but almost equaled Cadillac's factory built [Imperial Touring Limousine](/wiki/Cadillac_Series_70%231938%E2%80%931940 \"Cadillac Series 70#1938โ€“1940\"),[Photos of Cadillac Imperial sedan limousine](http://cadillacdatabase.com/Dbas_txt/Phocad38.htm) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601043345/http://cadillacdatabase.com/Dbas\\_txt/Phocad38\\.htm \\|date\\=June 1, 2015 }} which cost almost four times as much as the Buick, in its appointments. Buick executives asserted that Limited production averaged only 1,561 vehicles per year for model years 1938 through 1940, an insignificant amount compared to Cadillac's production of its senior cars.", "For 1940 Buick renamed some of its Series designations and gave names instead. Buick's Series 40 was named the [Special](/wiki/Buick_Special \"Buick Special\"), the Series 50 became the [Super](/wiki/Buick_Super \"Buick Super\"), the Series 60 was named the [Century](/wiki/Buick_Century \"Buick Century\"), the Series 70 was named the [Roadmaster](/wiki/Buick_Roadmaster \"Buick Roadmaster\"), and the Limited was given both the Series 80 and Series 90, with the Series 90 given to a limousine with a {{convert\\|140\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} wheelbase and 8\\-passenger capacity. The engine was a {{convert\\|320\\|cuin\\|cc\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} {{convert\\|120\\|hp\\|kW\\+PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} [Buick Straight\\-8 engine](/wiki/Buick_Straight-8_engine \"Buick Straight-8 engine\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1936\\_Buick/1936\\_Buick\\_Brochure\\_1/1936%20Buick\\-09\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Buick/1936\\_Buick/1936\\_Buick\\_Brochure\\_1 \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-20}} improving to {{convert\\|141\\|hp\\|kW\\+PS\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} by 1939\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1939\\_Buick/1939\\_Buick\\_Brochure/1939%20Buick\\-05\\.html \\|title \\= Directory Index: Buick/1939\\_Buick/1939\\_Buick\\_Brochure}}", "Limiteds were the most expensive Buicks in production, riding on the company's longest wheelbase of {{convert\\|138\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}},{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1937\\_Buick/1937\\_Buick\\_Brochure/1937%20Buick\\-33\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Buick/1937\\_Buick/1937\\_Buick\\_Brochure \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-20}} and the best appointed cars that Buick built. All Limiteds were built at the Buick factory in [Flint, Michigan](/wiki/Buick_City \"Buick City\"), while all Cadillacs were built in [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit_Assembly \"Detroit Assembly\") at the Clark Street Facility while coachwork was provided by [Fisher Body](/wiki/Fisher_Body \"Fisher Body\").", "Production of the Limited, and all Buick continued until the eve of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") when the last Buick was built February 2, 1942\\. Following [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Buick dropped its extended wheelbase models, and cancelled the Series 90 Limited nameplate. The name Limited was truly appropriate to the cars themselves which were limited to touring sedans and limousines; its sales too were the smallest of Buick's entire model range:", "", "| \\+**Production Figures** |\n| --- |\n| Year | Units |\n| 1936 | 4,086 |\n| 1937 | 3,697 |\n| 1938 | 1,491 |\n| 1939 | 1,451 |\n| 1940 | 1,739 |\n| 1941 | 3,006 |\n| 1942 | 636 (abbreviated model year September 1941 to January 1942\\) |\n| Total production \\= 16,106 | |", "", "File:1936 Buick Limited Series 90\\.jpg\\|1936 Buick Limited Series 90\nFile:1937 Buick. Limited series \\- 90\\. (3593514158\\).jpg\\|1937 Buick Limited Series 90\nFile:1938 Buick 8\\-90 Limited 01\\.jpg\\|1938 Buick Limited Series 90\nFile:1940 Buick Limited Convertible Sedan (14364246085\\).jpg\\|1940 Buick Limited Convertible Sedan", "", "" ]
1958 Limited ------------ {{Infobox automobile \|name\=Series 700 \|image\=1958 Buick Limited Convertible (27406399292\).jpg \|model\_years \= 1958 \|assembly \= (main plant) \[\[Flint, Michigan]], U.S. (\[\[Buick City]]) In celebration of [GM](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors")'s Fiftieth Anniversary, the Buick Limited name was revived as a single\-year [halo car](/wiki/Halo_car "Halo car") for the Division in model year 1958\. In comparison to the chrome\-laden junior models in the Buick lineup, the [GM C platform](/wiki/GM_C_platform_%28RWD%29 "GM C platform (RWD)")\-based Limited was slightly more restrained than the [Special](/wiki/Buick_Special%231949%E2%80%931958 "Buick Special#1949โ€“1958"), [Century](/wiki/Buick_Century%23Second_generation_%281954%E2%80%931958%29 "Buick Century#Second generation (1954โ€“1958)"), [Super](/wiki/Buick_Super%231957%E2%80%931958 "Buick Super#1957โ€“1958") and [Roadmaster](/wiki/Buick_Roadmaster%231957%E2%80%931958 "Buick Roadmaster#1957โ€“1958"). Instead of a chromed side panel trim, it got a body color\-keyed insert decorated with fifteen slanted [hash marks](/wiki/Service_stripe "Service stripe") (three groups of five). The Limited also received its own rear tail treatment that traded the heavy chrome tail light housings for a wraparound tail light lens broken up by four chrome bands. Rear bumper ["Dagmars"](/wiki/Dagmar_bumpers "Dagmar bumpers") housed "Dual Jet" back\-up lights. In the front, it received the same aggressive *Fashion\-Aire Dynastar* grille, cast of 160 chrome squares, each "shaped in a design to maximize the amount of reflective light"according to Buick PR. Power brakes were standard.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1958\_Buick/1958\_Buick\_Brochure/1958%20Buick\-33\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Buick/1958\_Buick/1958\_Buick\_Brochure \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-20}} Available only as a 4\-door hardtop, 2\-door hardtop coupe or convertible, the Limited rode Buick's {{convert\|127\.5\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} wheelbase,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1958\_Buick/1958\_Buick\_Brochure/1958%20Buick\-06\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Buick/1958\_Buick/1958\_Buick\_Brochure \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-20}} and overall length {{convert\|227\.1\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}}.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1958\_Buick/1958\_Buick\_Brochure/1958%20Buick\-34\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Buick/1958\_Buick/1958\_Buick\_Brochure \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|date\= \|accessdate\=2011\-11\-20}} Interiors were of high quality fabrics in sedans and coupes, full leather in convertibles. Buick sold only 7,438 Limiteds, due in part to their price. The Limited's four\-door hardtop sedan started at a base price of $5,112, (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|5112\|1958}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars {{inflation\-fn\|US}}) which was $221 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|221\|1958}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars {{inflation\-fn\|US}}) higher than Cadillac's entry\-level [Series 62](/wiki/Cadillac_Series_62%23Fifth_generation_%281957%E2%80%931958%29 "Cadillac Series 62#Fifth generation (1957โ€“1958)") four\-door hardtop sedan at $4,891 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\|US\|4891\|1958}}}} in {{Inflation\-year\|US}} dollars {{inflation\-fn\|US}}) of which [Cadillac](/wiki/Cadillac "Cadillac") sold 13,335 units. For the 1959 model year, Buick renamed its entire lineup, with the [Super](/wiki/Buick_Super "Buick Super") becoming the [Invicta](/wiki/Buick_Invicta "Buick Invicta"), the [Roadmaster](/wiki/Buick_Roadmaster "Buick Roadmaster") becoming the [Electra 225](/wiki/Buick_Electra "Buick Electra"). File:Buick Convertible 1958 3\.jpg\|1958 Buick Limited Riviera convertible File:Buick Riviera Limited Coupe (Cruisin' At The Boardwalk '10\).jpg\|1958 Buick Limited Riviera coupe File:1958 Buick Limited.jpg\|1958 Buick Limited Riviera sedan rear {{clear}}
[ "1958 Limited\n------------", "{{Infobox automobile\n\\|name\\=Series 700\n\\|image\\=1958 Buick Limited Convertible (27406399292\\).jpg\n\\|model\\_years \\= 1958\n\\|assembly \\= (main plant) \n\\[\\[Flint, Michigan]], U.S. (\\[\\[Buick City]])", "In celebration of [GM](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\")'s Fiftieth Anniversary, the Buick Limited name was revived as a single\\-year [halo car](/wiki/Halo_car \"Halo car\") for the Division in model year 1958\\.", "In comparison to the chrome\\-laden junior models in the Buick lineup, the [GM C platform](/wiki/GM_C_platform_%28RWD%29 \"GM C platform (RWD)\")\\-based Limited was slightly more restrained than the [Special](/wiki/Buick_Special%231949%E2%80%931958 \"Buick Special#1949โ€“1958\"), [Century](/wiki/Buick_Century%23Second_generation_%281954%E2%80%931958%29 \"Buick Century#Second generation (1954โ€“1958)\"), [Super](/wiki/Buick_Super%231957%E2%80%931958 \"Buick Super#1957โ€“1958\") and [Roadmaster](/wiki/Buick_Roadmaster%231957%E2%80%931958 \"Buick Roadmaster#1957โ€“1958\"). Instead of a chromed side panel trim, it got a body color\\-keyed insert decorated with fifteen slanted [hash marks](/wiki/Service_stripe \"Service stripe\") (three groups of five). The Limited also received its own rear tail treatment that traded the heavy chrome tail light housings for a wraparound tail light lens broken up by four chrome bands. Rear bumper [\"Dagmars\"](/wiki/Dagmar_bumpers \"Dagmar bumpers\") housed \"Dual Jet\" back\\-up lights. In the front, it received the same aggressive *Fashion\\-Aire Dynastar* grille, cast of 160 chrome squares, each \"shaped in a design to maximize the amount of reflective light\"according to Buick PR.", "Power brakes were standard.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1958\\_Buick/1958\\_Buick\\_Brochure/1958%20Buick\\-33\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Buick/1958\\_Buick/1958\\_Buick\\_Brochure \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-20}}", "Available only as a 4\\-door hardtop, 2\\-door hardtop coupe or convertible, the Limited rode Buick's {{convert\\|127\\.5\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} wheelbase,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1958\\_Buick/1958\\_Buick\\_Brochure/1958%20Buick\\-06\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Buick/1958\\_Buick/1958\\_Buick\\_Brochure \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-20}} and overall length {{convert\\|227\\.1\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Buick/1958\\_Buick/1958\\_Buick\\_Brochure/1958%20Buick\\-34\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Buick/1958\\_Buick/1958\\_Buick\\_Brochure \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|date\\= \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-11\\-20}} Interiors were of high quality fabrics in sedans and coupes, full leather in convertibles.", "Buick sold only 7,438 Limiteds, due in part to their price. The Limited's four\\-door hardtop sedan started at a base price of $5,112, (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|5112\\|1958}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars {{inflation\\-fn\\|US}}) which was $221 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|221\\|1958}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars {{inflation\\-fn\\|US}}) higher than Cadillac's entry\\-level [Series 62](/wiki/Cadillac_Series_62%23Fifth_generation_%281957%E2%80%931958%29 \"Cadillac Series 62#Fifth generation (1957โ€“1958)\") four\\-door hardtop sedan at $4,891 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|US\\|4891\\|1958}}}} in {{Inflation\\-year\\|US}} dollars {{inflation\\-fn\\|US}}) of which [Cadillac](/wiki/Cadillac \"Cadillac\") sold 13,335 units.", "For the 1959 model year, Buick renamed its entire lineup, with the [Super](/wiki/Buick_Super \"Buick Super\") becoming the [Invicta](/wiki/Buick_Invicta \"Buick Invicta\"), the [Roadmaster](/wiki/Buick_Roadmaster \"Buick Roadmaster\") becoming the [Electra 225](/wiki/Buick_Electra \"Buick Electra\").", "", "File:Buick Convertible 1958 3\\.jpg\\|1958 Buick Limited Riviera convertible\nFile:Buick Riviera Limited Coupe (Cruisin' At The Boardwalk '10\\).jpg\\|1958 Buick Limited Riviera coupe\nFile:1958 Buick Limited.jpg\\|1958 Buick Limited Riviera sedan rear", "{{clear}}", "" ]
Biography --------- Richard Kuuia Baawobr was born in Tom\-Zendagangn, in [Nandom District](/wiki/Nandom_Municipal_District "Nandom Municipal District"), [Dominion of Ghana](/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana "Dominion of Ghana") on 21 June 1959\. After attending the village primary school, St. Francis Xavier Minor Seminary, and Nandom Secondary School, he was admitted in 1979 to the St. Victor major seminary in [Tamale](/wiki/Tamale%2C_Ghana "Tamale, Ghana") for his philosophical studies. He then joined the Society of Missionaries of Africa in 1981 and continued his preparation for priesthood. He fulfilled his novitiate in [Fribourg](/wiki/Fribourg "Fribourg"), Switzerland by 1982\. He then moved to the Missionary Institute London where his theological studies were completed in 1987\. He made his religious vows at St. Edward's College in London on 5 December 1986 and was ordained a priest on 18 July 1987\. From 1987 to 1991, he was the parish vicar in Livulu in the [Archdiocese of Kinshasa](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Kinshasa "Archdiocese of Kinshasa") in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Studying exegesis at the [Pontifical Biblical Institute](/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute "Pontifical Biblical Institute") in Rome and Ignatian spirituality at Le Chatelard in Lyon, France, between 1991 and 1996, he earned a licentiate in sacred scripture as well as a doctorate in Biblical theology. From 1996 to 1999, he was his order's formator in Kahangala, [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania "Tanzania"). From 1999 to 2004 he was director of their Toulouse formation house. From 2004 to 2010, he was first assistant general of the order. In 2010, he was elected to a six\-year term as the order's [superior general](/wiki/Superior_general "Superior general"), the first African to hold that position,{{cite news \| language \= fr \| access\-date \= 30 May 2022 \| url \= https://www.cath.ch/newsf/un\-ancien\-de\-fribourg/ \| title \= Rome: Le Pรจre Richard Baawobr รฉlu supรฉrieur gรฉnรฉral de la Sociรฉtรฉ des Missionnaires d'Afrique \| website \= Portail Catholique Suisse }} as well as serving as Vice Grand Chancellor of the [Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies](/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Arab_and_Islamic_Studies "Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies"). The Union of Superiors General selected him to attend the [Synod on the Family](/wiki/Fourteenth_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops "Fourteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops") in October 2015\. On 17 February 2016, Baawobr was appointed [Bishop of Wa](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wa "Roman Catholic Diocese of Wa") in Ghana by Pope Francis.{{cite press release\| access\-date \= 30 May 2022 \| language \= it \| url \= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2016/02/17/0127/00277\.html\| publisher \= Holy See Press Office \| date \= 17 February 2016 \| title \= Rinunce e nomine, 17\.02\.2016 }} He received his episcopal consecration on 7 May 2016 from Cardinal [Peter Turkson](/wiki/Peter_Turkson "Peter Turkson").{{cite web \| access\-date \= 30 May 2022 \| url \= https://www.peresblancs.org/ordination\_episcopale\_Richard\_Baawobr.htm \| title \= Ordination รฉpiscopale de Mgr Richard Kuuia Baawobr Supรฉrieur Gรฉnรฉral Sortant des Missionnaires d'Afrique \| language \= fr \| website \= Pรจres Blancs de l'Europe \| first \= Patrick \| last \= Bataille}} Baawobr was also appointed a member and consultor of the [Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity](/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity "Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity") on 4 July 2020\.{{cite press release\| access\-date \= 30 May 2022 \| language \= it \| url \= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/07/04/0372/00857\.html \| publisher \= Holy See Press Office \| date \= 4 July 2020 \| title \= Rinunce e nomine, 04\.07\.2020 }} In harmony with the Ghanaian Episcopate, he repeatedly expressed his opposition to claims by the [LGBT\+](/wiki/LGBT%2B "LGBT+") community. He praised the draft law of the [Ghanaian anti\-LGBT bill](/wiki/Ghanaian_anti-LGBT_bill "Ghanaian anti-LGBT bill"), which was presented in 2021 to the Parliament. Despite strong criticism from various international organizations, Bishop Baawobr invited the president of the Parliament to proceed with the discussion of the text.{{Cite web \|date\=16 November 2021 \|title\=Catholic bishops in Ghana reiterate support for anti\-LGBT bill \|url\=https://international.la\-croix.com/news/world/catholic\-bishops\-in\-ghana\-reiterate\-support\-for\-anti\-lgbt\-bill/15217 \|access\-date\=1 September 2022 \|website\=international.la\-croix.com \|language\=en}} On 29 May 2022, Pope Francis announced that he would make Baawobr a [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Cardinal (Catholic Church)") at a [consistory](/wiki/Papal_consistory "Papal consistory") scheduled for August.{{cite news \| work \= Crux \| access\-date \= 29 May 2022 \| date \= 29 May 2022 \| url \= https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2022/05/pope\-francis\-announces\-21\-new\-cardinals\-including\-key\-allies \| first \= Inรฉs \| last \= San Martรญn \| title \= Pope Francis announces 21 new cardinals, including key allies }}{{Cite news \|first1\=Frances \|last1\=D'Emilio \|title\=Pope expands ranks of cardinals who'll likely pick successor \|language\=en\-US \|work\=AP News \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/pope\-francis\-africa\-religion\-vatican\-city\-1584e3b17b7f65436ecb301cbfa47262 \|date\=August 27, 2022 \|quote\=Among the newest cardinals is Bishop Richard Kuuia Baawobr from Wa, Ghana, who has spoken out against LGBTQ rights. The African prelate felt ill when he arrived in Rome on Friday and was hospitalized for a heart problem, the pope told the other cardinals, asking them to pray "for this brother who should have been here."}} Later that year, Baawobr was elected president of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM) on 30 July at a plenary assembly in [Accra](/wiki/Accra "Accra").{{cite news \| access\-date \= 31 August 2022 \| url \= https://www.aciafrica.org/news/6564/african\-cardinal\-absent\-at\-consistory\-doing\-well\-in\-high\-spirits\-catholic\-priest \| publisher \= ACI Africa \| date \= 30 August 2022 \| title \= African Cardinal Absent at Consistory "doing well, in high spirits": Catholic Priest \| first \= Jude \| last \= Atemanke }} He became the first Ghanaian to hold that position. Baawobr traveled to Rome to attend the consistory scheduled for 27 August, but he was taken ill and did not attend.{{cite news \| access\-date \= 28 August 2022 \| date \= 27 August 2022 \| url \= https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/amp/news/252141/jesus\-asks\-us\-can\-i\-count\-on\-you\-pope\-francis\-creates\-20\-cardinals\-for\-the\-catholic\-church \| publisher \= Catholic News Agency \| title \= Jesus asks us, 'can I count on you?' โ€” Pope Francis creates 20 cardinals for the Catholic Church \| first \= Hannah \| last \= Brockhaus}} On that day Pope Francis made him a cardinal priest and assigned him the titular church of [Santa Maria Immacolata di Lourdes a Boccea](/wiki/Santa_Maria_Immacolata_di_Lourdes_a_Boccea "Santa Maria Immacolata di Lourdes a Boccea").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.vatican.va/news\_services/liturgy/2022/documents/ns\_lit\_doc\_20220827\_titoli\-diaconie\-nuovi\-cardinali\_it.html\|title\=Assegnazione dei Titoli e delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali\|date\=27 August 2022\|website\=\[\[Holy See\|The Holy See]]\|publisher\=\[\[Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff\|Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice]]\|language\=it\|trans\-title\=Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals\|access\-date\=28 August 2022\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=}} He became the third Ghanaian to have been created a cardinal, after [Peter Turkson](/wiki/Peter_Turkson "Peter Turkson") and [Peter Porekuu Dery](/wiki/Peter_Porekuu_Dery "Peter Porekuu Dery").{{cite news \| access\-date \= 31 August 2022 \| url \= http://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/269700/Wa\-Bishop,\-Cardinal\-Baawobr\-responding\-to\-treatment\-after\-heart\-complication \| publisher \= Business Ghana \| date \= 30 August 2022 \| title \= Wa Bishop, Cardinal Baawobr responding to treatment after heart complication }} He remained in hospital for several days. Baawobr died in Rome's [Gemelli Hospital](/wiki/Agostino_Gemelli_University_Policlinic "Agostino Gemelli University Policlinic") shortly after arriving there by ambulance on 27 November 2022, at the age of 63\.{{cite news \|title\=Head of Catholic Church in Africa, Ghana's Cardinal Baawobr is dead \|url\=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Head\-of\-Catholic\-Church\-in\-Africa\-Ghana\-s\-Cardinal\-Baawobr\-is\-dead\-1670462 \|access\-date\=4 December 2022 \|work\=\[\[GhanaWeb]] \|date\=27 November 2022 \|language\=en}} He had undergone heart surgery in late August and was released from the hospital a few days before his death.{{cite news \| url\= https://www.acistampa.com/amp/story/morto\-allimprovviso\-nel\-pomeriggio\-a\-roma\-il\-cardinale\-ghanese\-richard\-baawobr\-21236 \| title \= Morto all'improvviso nel pomeriggio a Roma il Cardinale ghanese Richard Baawobr \| language \= it \| access\-date \= 28 November 2022 \| date \= 27 November 2022 \| publisher \= ACI Stampa \| first \=Angela \| last\= Ambrogetti }}{{cite news \|title\=Cardinal Richard Baawobr dies unexpectedly \- Vatican News \|url\=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican\-city/news/2022\-11/cardinal\-baawobr\-ghana\-dead\-rome.html \|access\-date\=28 November 2022 \|work\=www.vaticannews.va \|date\=28 November 2022 \|language\=en}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "Richard Kuuia Baawobr was born in Tom\\-Zendagangn, in [Nandom District](/wiki/Nandom_Municipal_District \"Nandom Municipal District\"), [Dominion of Ghana](/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana \"Dominion of Ghana\") on 21 June 1959\\. After attending the village primary school, St. Francis Xavier Minor Seminary, and Nandom Secondary School, he was admitted in 1979 to the St. Victor major seminary in [Tamale](/wiki/Tamale%2C_Ghana \"Tamale, Ghana\") for his philosophical studies. He then joined the Society of Missionaries of Africa in 1981 and continued his preparation for priesthood. He fulfilled his novitiate in [Fribourg](/wiki/Fribourg \"Fribourg\"), Switzerland by 1982\\. He then moved to the Missionary Institute London where his theological studies were completed in 1987\\. He made his religious vows at St. Edward's College in London on 5 December 1986 and was ordained a priest on 18 July 1987\\.", "From 1987 to 1991, he was the parish vicar in Livulu in the [Archdiocese of Kinshasa](/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Kinshasa \"Archdiocese of Kinshasa\") in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Studying exegesis at the [Pontifical Biblical Institute](/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Institute \"Pontifical Biblical Institute\") in Rome and Ignatian spirituality at Le Chatelard in Lyon, France, between 1991 and 1996, he earned a licentiate in sacred scripture as well as a doctorate in Biblical theology. From 1996 to 1999, he was his order's formator in Kahangala, [Tanzania](/wiki/Tanzania \"Tanzania\"). From 1999 to 2004 he was director of their Toulouse formation house. From 2004 to 2010, he was first assistant general of the order.", "In 2010, he was elected to a six\\-year term as the order's [superior general](/wiki/Superior_general \"Superior general\"), the first African to hold that position,{{cite news \\| language \\= fr \\| access\\-date \\= 30 May 2022 \\| url \\= https://www.cath.ch/newsf/un\\-ancien\\-de\\-fribourg/ \\| title \\= Rome: Le Pรจre Richard Baawobr รฉlu supรฉrieur gรฉnรฉral de la Sociรฉtรฉ des Missionnaires d'Afrique \\| website \\= Portail Catholique Suisse }} as well as serving as Vice Grand Chancellor of the [Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies](/wiki/Pontifical_Institute_of_Arab_and_Islamic_Studies \"Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies\"). The Union of Superiors General selected him to attend the [Synod on the Family](/wiki/Fourteenth_Ordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops \"Fourteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops\") in October 2015\\.", "On 17 February 2016, Baawobr was appointed [Bishop of Wa](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Wa \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Wa\") in Ghana by Pope Francis.{{cite press release\\| access\\-date \\= 30 May 2022 \\| language \\= it \\| url \\= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2016/02/17/0127/00277\\.html\\| publisher \\= Holy See Press Office \\| date \\= 17 February 2016 \\| title \\= Rinunce e nomine, 17\\.02\\.2016 }} He received his episcopal consecration on 7 May 2016 from Cardinal [Peter Turkson](/wiki/Peter_Turkson \"Peter Turkson\").{{cite web \\| access\\-date \\= 30 May 2022 \\| url \\= https://www.peresblancs.org/ordination\\_episcopale\\_Richard\\_Baawobr.htm \\| title \\= Ordination รฉpiscopale de Mgr Richard Kuuia Baawobr Supรฉrieur Gรฉnรฉral Sortant des Missionnaires d'Afrique \\| language \\= fr \\| website \\= Pรจres Blancs de l'Europe \\| first \\= Patrick \\| last \\= Bataille}}", "Baawobr was also appointed a member and consultor of the [Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity](/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity \"Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity\") on 4 July 2020\\.{{cite press release\\| access\\-date \\= 30 May 2022 \\| language \\= it \\| url \\= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/07/04/0372/00857\\.html \\| publisher \\= Holy See Press Office \\| date \\= 4 July 2020 \\| title \\= Rinunce e nomine, 04\\.07\\.2020 }}", "In harmony with the Ghanaian Episcopate, he repeatedly expressed his opposition to claims by the [LGBT\\+](/wiki/LGBT%2B \"LGBT+\") community. He praised the draft law of the [Ghanaian anti\\-LGBT bill](/wiki/Ghanaian_anti-LGBT_bill \"Ghanaian anti-LGBT bill\"), which was presented in 2021 to the Parliament. Despite strong criticism from various international organizations, Bishop Baawobr invited the president of the Parliament to proceed with the discussion of the text.{{Cite web \\|date\\=16 November 2021 \\|title\\=Catholic bishops in Ghana reiterate support for anti\\-LGBT bill \\|url\\=https://international.la\\-croix.com/news/world/catholic\\-bishops\\-in\\-ghana\\-reiterate\\-support\\-for\\-anti\\-lgbt\\-bill/15217 \\|access\\-date\\=1 September 2022 \\|website\\=international.la\\-croix.com \\|language\\=en}}", "On 29 May 2022, Pope Francis announced that he would make Baawobr a [cardinal](/wiki/Cardinal_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Cardinal (Catholic Church)\") at a [consistory](/wiki/Papal_consistory \"Papal consistory\") scheduled for August.{{cite news \\| work \\= Crux \\| access\\-date \\= 29 May 2022 \\| date \\= 29 May 2022 \\| url \\= https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2022/05/pope\\-francis\\-announces\\-21\\-new\\-cardinals\\-including\\-key\\-allies \\| first \\= Inรฉs \\| last \\= San Martรญn \\| title \\= Pope Francis announces 21 new cardinals, including key allies }}{{Cite news \\|first1\\=Frances \\|last1\\=D'Emilio \\|title\\=Pope expands ranks of cardinals who'll likely pick successor \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|work\\=AP News \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/pope\\-francis\\-africa\\-religion\\-vatican\\-city\\-1584e3b17b7f65436ecb301cbfa47262 \\|date\\=August 27, 2022 \\|quote\\=Among the newest cardinals is Bishop Richard Kuuia Baawobr from Wa, Ghana, who has spoken out against LGBTQ rights. The African prelate felt ill when he arrived in Rome on Friday and was hospitalized for a heart problem, the pope told the other cardinals, asking them to pray \"for this brother who should have been here.\"}}", "Later that year, Baawobr was elected president of the Symposium of Episcopal Conferences of Africa and Madagascar (SECAM) on 30 July at a plenary assembly in [Accra](/wiki/Accra \"Accra\").{{cite news \\| access\\-date \\= 31 August 2022 \\| url \\= https://www.aciafrica.org/news/6564/african\\-cardinal\\-absent\\-at\\-consistory\\-doing\\-well\\-in\\-high\\-spirits\\-catholic\\-priest \\| publisher \\= ACI Africa \\| date \\= 30 August 2022 \\| title \\= African Cardinal Absent at Consistory \"doing well, in high spirits\": Catholic Priest \\| first \\= Jude \\| last \\= Atemanke }} He became the first Ghanaian to hold that position.", "Baawobr traveled to Rome to attend the consistory scheduled for 27 August, but he was taken ill and did not attend.{{cite news \\| access\\-date \\= 28 August 2022 \\| date \\= 27 August 2022 \\| url \\= https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/amp/news/252141/jesus\\-asks\\-us\\-can\\-i\\-count\\-on\\-you\\-pope\\-francis\\-creates\\-20\\-cardinals\\-for\\-the\\-catholic\\-church \\| publisher \\= Catholic News Agency \\| title \\= Jesus asks us, 'can I count on you?' โ€” Pope Francis creates 20 cardinals for the Catholic Church \\| first \\= Hannah \\| last \\= Brockhaus}} \nOn that day Pope Francis made him a cardinal priest and assigned him the titular church of [Santa Maria Immacolata di Lourdes a Boccea](/wiki/Santa_Maria_Immacolata_di_Lourdes_a_Boccea \"Santa Maria Immacolata di Lourdes a Boccea\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.vatican.va/news\\_services/liturgy/2022/documents/ns\\_lit\\_doc\\_20220827\\_titoli\\-diaconie\\-nuovi\\-cardinali\\_it.html\\|title\\=Assegnazione dei Titoli e delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali\\|date\\=27 August 2022\\|website\\=\\[\\[Holy See\\|The Holy See]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff\\|Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice]]\\|language\\=it\\|trans\\-title\\=Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals\\|access\\-date\\=28 August 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=}} He became the third Ghanaian to have been created a cardinal, after [Peter Turkson](/wiki/Peter_Turkson \"Peter Turkson\") and [Peter Porekuu Dery](/wiki/Peter_Porekuu_Dery \"Peter Porekuu Dery\").{{cite news \\| access\\-date \\= 31 August 2022 \\| url \\= http://www.businessghana.com/site/news/general/269700/Wa\\-Bishop,\\-Cardinal\\-Baawobr\\-responding\\-to\\-treatment\\-after\\-heart\\-complication \\| publisher \\= Business Ghana \\| date \\= 30 August 2022 \\| title \\= Wa Bishop, Cardinal Baawobr responding to treatment after heart complication }} He remained in hospital for several days.", "Baawobr died in Rome's [Gemelli Hospital](/wiki/Agostino_Gemelli_University_Policlinic \"Agostino Gemelli University Policlinic\") shortly after arriving there by ambulance on 27 November 2022, at the age of 63\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Head of Catholic Church in Africa, Ghana's Cardinal Baawobr is dead \\|url\\=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Head\\-of\\-Catholic\\-Church\\-in\\-Africa\\-Ghana\\-s\\-Cardinal\\-Baawobr\\-is\\-dead\\-1670462 \\|access\\-date\\=4 December 2022 \\|work\\=\\[\\[GhanaWeb]] \\|date\\=27 November 2022 \\|language\\=en}} He had undergone heart surgery in late August and was released from the hospital a few days before his death.{{cite news \\| url\\= https://www.acistampa.com/amp/story/morto\\-allimprovviso\\-nel\\-pomeriggio\\-a\\-roma\\-il\\-cardinale\\-ghanese\\-richard\\-baawobr\\-21236 \\| title \\= Morto all'improvviso nel pomeriggio a Roma il Cardinale ghanese Richard Baawobr \\| language \\= it \\| access\\-date \\= 28 November 2022 \\| date \\= 27 November 2022 \\| publisher \\= ACI Stampa \\| first \\=Angela \\| last\\= Ambrogetti }}{{cite news \\|title\\=Cardinal Richard Baawobr dies unexpectedly \\- Vatican News \\|url\\=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican\\-city/news/2022\\-11/cardinal\\-baawobr\\-ghana\\-dead\\-rome.html \\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2022 \\|work\\=www.vaticannews.va \\|date\\=28 November 2022 \\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Career ------ Edvin Liveriฤ‡\-Bassani graduated from the [Academy of Dramatic Arts in Zagreb](/wiki/Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts_in_Zagreb "Academy of Dramatic Arts in Zagreb") in 1995 and for some time he was a member of Croatian National Theatre in Varaลพdin. In 1995 he was under recurring status in the ZKM (*Zagrebaฤko kazaliลกte mladih*). From 1996 to 2005 Liveriฤ‡ taught "[The Scene Movement](/wiki/The_Scene_Movement "The Scene Movement")" at the Academy of Dramatic Arts. He is a member of The Croatian Dance Institute, where he works as a selector and the personal assistant to the Festival's Art Director. In 2003 he worked as the Art Director for the Street Art Festival in [Poreฤ](/wiki/Pore%C4%8D "Poreฤ"), as well as Co\-Founder of a theatre group TRAFIK with whom he created the award\-winning play *Hodaฤ* ("The Walker") which pays homage to [Janko Poliฤ‡ Kamov](/wiki/Janko_Poli%C4%87_Kamov "Janko Poliฤ‡ Kamov"). He has worked throughout the years in many theatre productions in Croatia and in [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia"). Liveriฤ‡\-Bassani also appeared in many films, both foreign and Croatian, for instance: *Balko*, *Svjetsko ฤudoviลกte*, *Konjanik*, *La Femme Musketeer*. He has debuted as a director in several theatre plays, such as: Braฤni prizori by I. Bergman (Theatre \&TD), Eva Braun and Igre u dvoriลกtu (Theatre EXIT), Draga Elena Sergejevna (Theatare ล KUC/Glej โ€“ Ljubljana), Draga Elena Sergejevna (ZKM) i Pozdrav s Jadrana (TRAFIK). He received the [Vladimir Nazor Award](/wiki/Vladimir_Nazor_Award "Vladimir Nazor Award") for the play "Imago". He made several appearances in TV shows, sitcoms and Soaps, for example: *Kazaliลกte u kuฤ‡i*, *[Ljubav u zaledju](/wiki/Ljubav_u_zaledju "Ljubav u zaledju")*, *Cimmer Fraj*, \|*[Bitange i princeze](/wiki/Bitange_i_princeze "Bitange i princeze")*, but he became known to a wider audience as the witty and sharp designer Aleks Kralj on a short lived Croatian version of *[Ugly Betty](/wiki/Ugly_Betty "Ugly Betty")*, *[Ne daj se, Nina](/wiki/Ne_daj_se%2C_Nina "Ne daj se, Nina")*. In 2018 he was appointed{{Cite web\|last\=Fiuman.hr\|title\=Edvin Liveriฤ‡ Bassani postao ravnatelj Hrvatskog kulturnog doma na Suลกaku\|date\=27 September 2018 \|url\=https://www.fiuman.hr/edvin\-liveric\-bassani\-postao\-ravnatelj\-hrvatskog\-kulturnog\-doma\-na\-susaku/\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-19\|language\=hr}}{{Cite web\|date\=2018\-09\-29\|title\=Edvin Liveriฤ‡ Bassani to head the Croatian Cultural Centre Suลกak\|url\=https://www.rijeka.hr/en/edvin\-liveric\-bassani\-head\-croatian\-cultural\-centre\-susak/\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-19\|website\=City of Rijeka\|language\=en\-US}} a director of HKD in [Suลกak, Rijeka](/wiki/Su%C5%A1ak%2C_Rijeka "Suลกak, Rijeka").
[ "Career\n------", "Edvin Liveriฤ‡\\-Bassani graduated from the [Academy of Dramatic Arts in Zagreb](/wiki/Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts_in_Zagreb \"Academy of Dramatic Arts in Zagreb\") in 1995 and for some time he was a member of Croatian National Theatre in Varaลพdin. In 1995 he was under recurring status in the ZKM (*Zagrebaฤko kazaliลกte mladih*). From 1996 to 2005 Liveriฤ‡ taught \"[The Scene Movement](/wiki/The_Scene_Movement \"The Scene Movement\")\" at the Academy of Dramatic Arts.", "He is a member of The Croatian Dance Institute, where he works as a selector and the personal assistant to the Festival's Art Director. In 2003 he worked as the Art Director for the Street Art Festival in [Poreฤ](/wiki/Pore%C4%8D \"Poreฤ\"), as well as Co\\-Founder of a theatre group TRAFIK with whom he created the award\\-winning play *Hodaฤ* (\"The Walker\") which pays homage to [Janko Poliฤ‡ Kamov](/wiki/Janko_Poli%C4%87_Kamov \"Janko Poliฤ‡ Kamov\").", "He has worked throughout the years in many theatre productions in Croatia and in [Slovenia](/wiki/Slovenia \"Slovenia\"). Liveriฤ‡\\-Bassani also appeared in many films, both foreign and Croatian, for instance: *Balko*, *Svjetsko ฤudoviลกte*, *Konjanik*, *La Femme Musketeer*. He has debuted as a director in several theatre plays, such as: Braฤni prizori by I. Bergman (Theatre \\&TD), Eva Braun and Igre u dvoriลกtu (Theatre EXIT), Draga Elena Sergejevna (Theatare ล KUC/Glej โ€“ Ljubljana), Draga Elena Sergejevna (ZKM) i Pozdrav s Jadrana (TRAFIK). He received the [Vladimir Nazor Award](/wiki/Vladimir_Nazor_Award \"Vladimir Nazor Award\") for the play \"Imago\".", "He made several appearances in TV shows, sitcoms and Soaps, for example: *Kazaliลกte u kuฤ‡i*, *[Ljubav u zaledju](/wiki/Ljubav_u_zaledju \"Ljubav u zaledju\")*, *Cimmer Fraj*, \\|*[Bitange i princeze](/wiki/Bitange_i_princeze \"Bitange i princeze\")*, but he became known to a wider audience as the witty and sharp designer Aleks Kralj on a short lived Croatian version of *[Ugly Betty](/wiki/Ugly_Betty \"Ugly Betty\")*, *[Ne daj se, Nina](/wiki/Ne_daj_se%2C_Nina \"Ne daj se, Nina\")*.", "In 2018 he was appointed{{Cite web\\|last\\=Fiuman.hr\\|title\\=Edvin Liveriฤ‡ Bassani postao ravnatelj Hrvatskog kulturnog doma na Suลกaku\\|date\\=27 September 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.fiuman.hr/edvin\\-liveric\\-bassani\\-postao\\-ravnatelj\\-hrvatskog\\-kulturnog\\-doma\\-na\\-susaku/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-19\\|language\\=hr}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-29\\|title\\=Edvin Liveriฤ‡ Bassani to head the Croatian Cultural Centre Suลกak\\|url\\=https://www.rijeka.hr/en/edvin\\-liveric\\-bassani\\-head\\-croatian\\-cultural\\-centre\\-susak/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-19\\|website\\=City of Rijeka\\|language\\=en\\-US}} a director of HKD in [Suลกak, Rijeka](/wiki/Su%C5%A1ak%2C_Rijeka \"Suลกak, Rijeka\").", "" ]
In popular culture ------------------ [thumb\|right\|200px\|[La Parka](/wiki/La_Parka "La Parka") in action (The Original). He was forced to change his [ring name](/wiki/Ring_name "Ring name") from "La Parka" to "**L.A. Park**" (short for *La Autรฉntica Park*; "The Original Park") in early 2003 when [Asistencia Asesorรญa y Administraciรณn](/wiki/Asistencia_Asesor%C3%ADa_y_Administraci%C3%B3n "Asistencia Asesorรญa y Administraciรณn") (AAA) owner [Antonio Peรฑa](/wiki/Antonio_Pe%C3%B1a "Antonio Peรฑa") asserted his copyright claims to the La Parka character, barring Tapia from using the name as he promoted his own [La Parka](/wiki/La_Parka_II "La Parka II").](/wiki/Image:LaParka.jpg "LaParka.jpg") [thumb\|200px\|right\|[La Parka II](/wiki/La_Parka_II "La Parka II") during an outdoor event in 2018](/wiki/File:AAA_July_2018_La_Parka.jpg "AAA July 2018 La Parka.jpg") Lucha Libre has crossed over into popular culture, especially in Mexico, where it is the second most popular sport after [soccer](/wiki/Association_football "Association football").{{cite web \| url\= http://superluchas.com/encuesta\-de\-mitofsky\-revela\-que\-la\-lucha\-no\-es\-el\-segundo\-deporte\-mas\-popular\-en\-mexico/ \| title\= ENCUESTA DE MITOFSKY REVELA QUE LA LUCHA NO ES EL SEGUNDO DEPORTE MรS POPULAR EN Mร‰XICO \| author\= Yoav \| date\= October 22, 2007 \| access\-date\= September 5, 2009 \| work\=\[\[Sรบper Luchas]]\| language\= es \| df\= mdy\-all }} Outside of Mexico, lucha libre has also crossed over into popular culture, especially in movies and television. Depictions of luchadors are often used as symbols of Mexico and Mexican culture in non\-Spanish\-speaking cultures. ### Movies and television {{See also\|Lucha film}} The motion picture *[Nacho Libre](/wiki/Nacho_Libre "Nacho Libre")*, starring [Jack Black](/wiki/Jack_Black_%28actor%29 "Jack Black (actor)") as a priest\-turned\-luchador was inspired by the story of Father Sergio Gutiรฉrrez Benรญtez, a real\-life [Catholic priest](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Catholic_Church%29 "Priesthood (Catholic Church)") who wrestled as [Fray Tormenta](/wiki/Fray_Tormenta "Fray Tormenta") to make money for his church.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/2 \| title\='I didn't want glory. I wanted money' \| first\=Jo \| last\=Tuckman \| newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]] \| access\-date\=June 2, 2018}} The documentary feature *Lucha Mexico* (2016\) captured the lives of some of Mexico's well known wrestlers. The stars were [Shocker](/wiki/Shocker_%28wrestler%29 "Shocker (wrestler)"), [Blue Demon Jr.](/wiki/Blue_Demon_Jr. "Blue Demon Jr."), [El Hijo del Perro Aguayo](/wiki/El_Hijo_del_Perro_Aguayo "El Hijo del Perro Aguayo") and [รšltimo Guerrero](/wiki/%C3%9Altimo_Guerrero "รšltimo Guerrero"). Directed by Alex Hammond and Ian Markiewicz.{{cite magazine \| url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/sports/videos/watch\-masked\-men\-battle\-in\-lucha\-mexico\-trailer\-20160706 \| title\=Watch Masked Men Battle in 'Lucha Mexico' Trailer \| magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \| date\=July 6, 2016 \| access\-date\=June 2, 2018}} [Rob Zombie](/wiki/Rob_Zombie "Rob Zombie")'s animated film *[The Haunted World of El Superbeasto](/wiki/The_Haunted_World_of_El_Superbeasto "The Haunted World of El Superbeasto")* stars a Mexican luchador named El Superbeasto.{{cite web\| publisher\= Shocktillyoudrop\| url\= http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id\=825\| title\= News: EXCL: Rob Zombie Interview\| access\-date\= July 20, 2007\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816200210/http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id\=825\| archive\-date\= August 16, 2007\| url\-status\= dead\| df\= mdy\-all}} The Main Antagonist of the animated film [Despicable Me 2](/wiki/Despicable_Me_2 "Despicable Me 2"), El Macho, sports a costume resembling that of a luchador, consistent with his theme of Mexican culture. Television shows have also been inspired by lucha libre, especially animated series such as *[ยกMucha Lucha!](/wiki/%C2%A1Mucha_Lucha%21 "ยกMucha Lucha!")* [Cartoon Network](/wiki/Cartoon_Network "Cartoon Network") also produced an animated miniseries based on the luchador El Santo.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.movieweb.com/tv/news/39/17739\.php \|title\=Cartoon Network Announces Five New Series for 2007 \|publisher\=Movieweb.com \|access\-date\=August 22, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726190020/http://www.movieweb.com/tv/news/39/17739\.php \|archive\-date\=July 26, 2008 \|df\=mdy\-all }} The WB television series *[Angel](/wiki/Angel_%281999_TV_series%29 "Angel (1999 TV series)")* episode entitled "[The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco](/wiki/The_Cautionary_Tale_of_Numero_Cinco "The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco")" told the story of a family of *luchadores* called "Los Hermanos Nรบmeros" who also fought evil. Angel must help the remaining brother, Numero Cinco, defeat the Aztec warrior\-demon that killed his four brothers.{{Citation \|url\=http://www.whedon.info/Jeff\-Bell\-Cult\-Times\-Magazine.html \|title\=Jeff Bell โ€“ Cult Times Magazine Interview \|first\=Deborah \|last\=M. \|date\=2003\-12\-17 \|publisher\=Cult Times Magazine Special Edition \|issue\=28 }} In the British TV show *[Justin Lee Collins](/wiki/Justin_Lee_Collins "Justin Lee Collins"): The Wrestler*, Colins competes as the *rudo* *El Glorioso*, or The Glorious One, against the *exรณtico* [Cassandro](/wiki/Cassandro "Cassandro") in [The Roundhouse](/wiki/The_Roundhouse "The Roundhouse"), London, ultimately losing and being unmasked.{{cite news \|url\=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\_and\_entertainment/tv\_and\_radio/article6794855\.ece \|title\=Dolce Vito; Justin Lee Collins: Wrestler; How Clean Is Your House? โ€“ Last Night's TV \|publisher\=The Times \|work\=Home Arts \& Entertainment TV \& Radio \|date\=August 14, 2009 \|access\-date\=August 14, 2009 \| location\=London \| first\=Tim \| last\=Teeman}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} The book and television series *[The Strain](/wiki/The_Strain_%28TV_series%29 "The Strain (TV series)")* by [Guillermo del Toro](/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro "Guillermo del Toro") and [Chuck Hogan](/wiki/Chuck_Hogan "Chuck Hogan"), features a retired luchador character called Angel de la Plata (The Silver Angel), played by [Joaquin Cosio](/wiki/Joaquin_Cosio "Joaquin Cosio"). In the storyline, Angel de la Plata (probably based on [El Santo](/wiki/El_Santo "El Santo")) was a major masked wrestling star in Mexico, appearing both in the ring and in a series of movies in which his character battled all manner of foes including vampires. A knee injury ended his career but he is called upon to use his fighting skills against a real\-life vampire invasion of New York.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.hitfix.com/the\-fien\-print/exclusive\-fxs\-the\-strain\-finds\-its\-vampire\-fighting\-silver\-angel\#bHAG18UjoWIEczb1\.99 \|publisher\=hitfix.com \|date\=January 13, 2015 \|title\=Exclusive: FX's 'The Strain' Finds Its Vampire\-Fighting Silver Angel \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121012812/http://www.hitfix.com/the\-fien\-print/exclusive\-fxs\-the\-strain\-finds\-its\-vampire\-fighting\-silver\-angel\#bHAG18UjoWIEczb1\.99 \|archive\-date\=January 21, 2015 \|df\=mdy\-all }} The [Fox Kids](/wiki/Fox_Kids "Fox Kids") live\-action series *[Los Luchadores](/wiki/Los_Luchadores "Los Luchadores")* (2001\) starred a trio of masked wrestlers consisting of Lobo Fuerte, Maria Valentine, and Turbine who not only participate in wrestling tournaments but also fight to protect their home of Union City from numerous threats (both natural and supernatural). ### Video games Lucha libre is a recurring motif in nearly every game directed by [Suda51](/wiki/Suda51 "Suda51"), starting from his directorial debut [Super Fire Pro Wrestling 3 Final Bout](/wiki/Super_Fire_Pro_Wrestling_3_Final_Bout "Super Fire Pro Wrestling 3 Final Bout"). Most prominently, the character Mask de Smith from [killer7](/wiki/Killer7 "Killer7") is a playable lucha libre wrestler, featuring a mask and cape. The popular video game franchise *[Pokรฉmon](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon "Pokรฉmon")* introduced the Fighting/Flying\-type Pokรฉmon Hawlucha, which is a hawk\-like humanoid creature with elements of a lucha libre wrestler. The masked Luchador fighter and chef [El Fuerte](/wiki/El_Fuerte_%28Capcom%2C_Street_Fighter%29 "El Fuerte (Capcom, Street Fighter)") was introduced to the [Street Fighter](/wiki/Street_Fighter "Street Fighter") franchise in [Street Fighter IV](/wiki/Street_Fighter_IV "Street Fighter IV"). The fighting game [Garou: Mark of the Wolves](/wiki/Garou:Mark_of_the_Wolves "Mark of the Wolves") and its follow\-up, the [King of Fighters](/wiki/King_of_Fighters "King of Fighters") series, featured the character Tizoc who was a Luchador that wore a mask resembling the head of a griffon; during the events of [The King of Fighters XIV](/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_XIV "The King of Fighters XIV"), he adopted the heel persona of The King of Dinosaurs, wearing now a dinosaur inspired mask. The *[Dead or Alive](/wiki/Dead_or_Alive_%28franchise%29 "Dead or Alive (franchise)")* franchise features a masked luchadora called [La Mariposa](/wiki/La_Mariposa_%28Dead_or_Alive%29 "La Mariposa (Dead or Alive)"). The [Tekken](/wiki/Tekken "Tekken") fighting game franchise features the characters known as [King](/wiki/King_%28Tekken%29 "King (Tekken)") and [Armor King](/wiki/Characters_of_the_Tekken_series%23Armor_King "Characters of the Tekken series#Armor King"), both of whom are Luchadors and have similar jaguar\-style masks. [Guacamelee!](/wiki/Guacamelee%21 "Guacamelee!") and its sequel [Guacamelee! 2](/wiki/Guacamelee%21_2 "Guacamelee! 2") heavily feature Luchador masks, with the main protagonist, Juan Aguacate, being bestowed a mystical mask to help him get revenge on Carlos Calaca, an evil [charro](/wiki/Charro "Charro") skeleton (in Guacamelee) and to help him fight Salvador, an evil Luchador, in Guacamelee! 2\. The 2005 platformer game *[Psychonauts](/wiki/Psychonauts "Psychonauts")* features four Luchadores (Tiger, Dragon, Eagle, and Cobra) who act as miniboss\-type enemies in the level "Black Velvetopia." The player must defeat the Luchadores in order to access the arena that will let them fight the level's main [boss](/wiki/Boss_%28video_games%29 "Boss (video games)"), El Odio. [Brawl Stars](/wiki/Brawl_Stars "Brawl Stars") has a rare brawler called โ€œEl Primoโ€. He punches enemies two times and can jump on them with his super. Tezca, a playable legend in [Brawlhalla](/wiki/Brawlhalla "Brawlhalla"), is a masked luchador with jaguar\-themed design and fighting style. ### Internet culture Strong Bad of the [Homestar Runner](/wiki/Homestar_Runner "Homestar Runner") universe began as a parody of lucha libre. His head is designed after a mask. ### Lucha libre inspirations [Nike](/wiki/Nike%2C_Inc. "Nike, Inc.") has designed a line of lucha libre\-inspired athletic shoes.{{cite web \|last\=Halfhill \|first\=Matt \|url\=http://www.nicekicks.com/lucha\-libre\-air\-force\-ones/ \|title\=Lucha Libre Air Force Ones \|publisher\=NiceKicks.com \|date\=April 29, 2008 \|access\-date\=August 22, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20081120084422/http://www.nicekicks.com/lucha\-libre\-air\-force\-ones/ \|archive\-date\=November 20, 2008 \|df\=mdy\-all }} [Coca\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola "Coca-Cola") developed a Blue Demon [Full Throttle](/wiki/Full_Throttle_%28drink%29 "Full Throttle (drink)") energy drink named after the luchador [Blue Demon, Jr.](/wiki/Blue_Demon%2C_Jr. "Blue Demon, Jr.") who is also the spokesperson for the drink in Mexico.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/11\-09\-2006\-Full\_Throttle\_Demon.asp \|title\=Coca\-Cola Introduces New Full Throttle Blue Demon Energy Drink \|publisher\=BevNET.com \|date\=November 9, 2006 \|access\-date\=August 22, 2013}} Coca\-Cola also introduced "Gladiator" in Mexico, an energy drink that sponsored CMLL events and that featured CMLL wrestlers such as [Mรญstico](/wiki/M%C3%ADstico "Mรญstico") and [รšltimo Guerrero](/wiki/%C3%9Altimo_Guerrero "รšltimo Guerrero").{{cite web \| url\= http://superluchas.com/coca\-cola\-mexico\-lanza\-gladiator/ \| title\= Coca Cola Mรฉxico lanza Gladiator \| date\= January 30, 2008 \| access\-date\= September 5, 2009 \| author\= Ocampo, Jorge \| work\= \[\[Sรบper Luchas]] \| language\= es \| url\-status\= live \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090824233003/http://superluchas.com/coca\-cola\-mexico\-lanza\-gladiator/ \| archive\-date\= August 24, 2009 \| df\= mdy\-all }}
[ "In popular culture\n------------------", "[thumb\\|right\\|200px\\|[La Parka](/wiki/La_Parka \"La Parka\") in action (The Original). He was forced to change his [ring name](/wiki/Ring_name \"Ring name\") from \"La Parka\" to \"**L.A. Park**\" (short for *La Autรฉntica Park*; \"The Original Park\") in early 2003 when [Asistencia Asesorรญa y Administraciรณn](/wiki/Asistencia_Asesor%C3%ADa_y_Administraci%C3%B3n \"Asistencia Asesorรญa y Administraciรณn\") (AAA) owner [Antonio Peรฑa](/wiki/Antonio_Pe%C3%B1a \"Antonio Peรฑa\") asserted his copyright claims to the La Parka character, barring Tapia from using the name as he promoted his own [La Parka](/wiki/La_Parka_II \"La Parka II\").](/wiki/Image:LaParka.jpg \"LaParka.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|200px\\|right\\|[La Parka II](/wiki/La_Parka_II \"La Parka II\") during an outdoor event in 2018](/wiki/File:AAA_July_2018_La_Parka.jpg \"AAA July 2018 La Parka.jpg\")\nLucha Libre has crossed over into popular culture, especially in Mexico, where it is the second most popular sport after [soccer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\").{{cite web \\| url\\= http://superluchas.com/encuesta\\-de\\-mitofsky\\-revela\\-que\\-la\\-lucha\\-no\\-es\\-el\\-segundo\\-deporte\\-mas\\-popular\\-en\\-mexico/ \\| title\\= ENCUESTA DE MITOFSKY REVELA QUE LA LUCHA NO ES EL SEGUNDO DEPORTE MรS POPULAR EN Mร‰XICO \\| author\\= Yoav \\| date\\= October 22, 2007 \\| access\\-date\\= September 5, 2009 \\| work\\=\\[\\[Sรบper Luchas]]\\| language\\= es \\| df\\= mdy\\-all }} Outside of Mexico, lucha libre has also crossed over into popular culture, especially in movies and television. Depictions of luchadors are often used as symbols of Mexico and Mexican culture in non\\-Spanish\\-speaking cultures.", "### Movies and television", "{{See also\\|Lucha film}}\nThe motion picture *[Nacho Libre](/wiki/Nacho_Libre \"Nacho Libre\")*, starring [Jack Black](/wiki/Jack_Black_%28actor%29 \"Jack Black (actor)\") as a priest\\-turned\\-luchador was inspired by the story of Father Sergio Gutiรฉrrez Benรญtez, a real\\-life [Catholic priest](/wiki/Priesthood_%28Catholic_Church%29 \"Priesthood (Catholic Church)\") who wrestled as [Fray Tormenta](/wiki/Fray_Tormenta \"Fray Tormenta\") to make money for his church.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2006/aug/04/2 \\| title\\='I didn't want glory. I wanted money' \\| first\\=Jo \\| last\\=Tuckman \\| newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\| access\\-date\\=June 2, 2018}} The documentary feature *Lucha Mexico* (2016\\) captured the lives of some of Mexico's well known wrestlers. The stars were [Shocker](/wiki/Shocker_%28wrestler%29 \"Shocker (wrestler)\"), [Blue Demon Jr.](/wiki/Blue_Demon_Jr. \"Blue Demon Jr.\"), [El Hijo del Perro Aguayo](/wiki/El_Hijo_del_Perro_Aguayo \"El Hijo del Perro Aguayo\") and [รšltimo Guerrero](/wiki/%C3%9Altimo_Guerrero \"รšltimo Guerrero\"). Directed by Alex Hammond and Ian Markiewicz.{{cite magazine \\| url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/sports/videos/watch\\-masked\\-men\\-battle\\-in\\-lucha\\-mexico\\-trailer\\-20160706 \\| title\\=Watch Masked Men Battle in 'Lucha Mexico' Trailer \\| magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\| date\\=July 6, 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=June 2, 2018}} [Rob Zombie](/wiki/Rob_Zombie \"Rob Zombie\")'s animated film *[The Haunted World of El Superbeasto](/wiki/The_Haunted_World_of_El_Superbeasto \"The Haunted World of El Superbeasto\")* stars a Mexican luchador named El Superbeasto.{{cite web\\| publisher\\= Shocktillyoudrop\\| url\\= http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id\\=825\\| title\\= News: EXCL: Rob Zombie Interview\\| access\\-date\\= July 20, 2007\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070816200210/http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id\\=825\\| archive\\-date\\= August 16, 2007\\| url\\-status\\= dead\\| df\\= mdy\\-all}} The Main Antagonist of the animated film [Despicable Me 2](/wiki/Despicable_Me_2 \"Despicable Me 2\"), El Macho, sports a costume resembling that of a luchador, consistent with his theme of Mexican culture.", "Television shows have also been inspired by lucha libre, especially animated series such as *[ยกMucha Lucha!](/wiki/%C2%A1Mucha_Lucha%21 \"ยกMucha Lucha!\")* [Cartoon Network](/wiki/Cartoon_Network \"Cartoon Network\") also produced an animated miniseries based on the luchador El Santo.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.movieweb.com/tv/news/39/17739\\.php \\|title\\=Cartoon Network Announces Five New Series for 2007 \\|publisher\\=Movieweb.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726190020/http://www.movieweb.com/tv/news/39/17739\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=July 26, 2008 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} The WB television series *[Angel](/wiki/Angel_%281999_TV_series%29 \"Angel (1999 TV series)\")* episode entitled \"[The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco](/wiki/The_Cautionary_Tale_of_Numero_Cinco \"The Cautionary Tale of Numero Cinco\")\" told the story of a family of *luchadores* called \"Los Hermanos Nรบmeros\" who also fought evil. Angel must help the remaining brother, Numero Cinco, defeat the Aztec warrior\\-demon that killed his four brothers.{{Citation \\|url\\=http://www.whedon.info/Jeff\\-Bell\\-Cult\\-Times\\-Magazine.html \\|title\\=Jeff Bell โ€“ Cult Times Magazine Interview \\|first\\=Deborah \\|last\\=M. \\|date\\=2003\\-12\\-17 \\|publisher\\=Cult Times Magazine Special Edition \\|issue\\=28 }} In the British TV show *[Justin Lee Collins](/wiki/Justin_Lee_Collins \"Justin Lee Collins\"): The Wrestler*, Colins competes as the *rudo* *El Glorioso*, or The Glorious One, against the *exรณtico* [Cassandro](/wiki/Cassandro \"Cassandro\") in [The Roundhouse](/wiki/The_Roundhouse \"The Roundhouse\"), London, ultimately losing and being unmasked.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts\\_and\\_entertainment/tv\\_and\\_radio/article6794855\\.ece \\|title\\=Dolce Vito; Justin Lee Collins: Wrestler; How Clean Is Your House? โ€“ Last Night's TV \\|publisher\\=The Times \\|work\\=Home Arts \\& Entertainment TV \\& Radio \\|date\\=August 14, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=August 14, 2009 \\| location\\=London \\| first\\=Tim \\| last\\=Teeman}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} The book and television series *[The Strain](/wiki/The_Strain_%28TV_series%29 \"The Strain (TV series)\")* by [Guillermo del Toro](/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro \"Guillermo del Toro\") and [Chuck Hogan](/wiki/Chuck_Hogan \"Chuck Hogan\"), features a retired luchador character called Angel de la Plata (The Silver Angel), played by [Joaquin Cosio](/wiki/Joaquin_Cosio \"Joaquin Cosio\"). In the storyline, Angel de la Plata (probably based on [El Santo](/wiki/El_Santo \"El Santo\")) was a major masked wrestling star in Mexico, appearing both in the ring and in a series of movies in which his character battled all manner of foes including vampires. A knee injury ended his career but he is called upon to use his fighting skills against a real\\-life vampire invasion of New York.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.hitfix.com/the\\-fien\\-print/exclusive\\-fxs\\-the\\-strain\\-finds\\-its\\-vampire\\-fighting\\-silver\\-angel\\#bHAG18UjoWIEczb1\\.99 \\|publisher\\=hitfix.com \\|date\\=January 13, 2015 \\|title\\=Exclusive: FX's 'The Strain' Finds Its Vampire\\-Fighting Silver Angel \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121012812/http://www.hitfix.com/the\\-fien\\-print/exclusive\\-fxs\\-the\\-strain\\-finds\\-its\\-vampire\\-fighting\\-silver\\-angel\\#bHAG18UjoWIEczb1\\.99 \\|archive\\-date\\=January 21, 2015 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} The [Fox Kids](/wiki/Fox_Kids \"Fox Kids\") live\\-action series *[Los Luchadores](/wiki/Los_Luchadores \"Los Luchadores\")* (2001\\) starred a trio of masked wrestlers consisting of Lobo Fuerte, Maria Valentine, and Turbine who not only participate in wrestling tournaments but also fight to protect their home of Union City from numerous threats (both natural and supernatural).", "### Video games", "Lucha libre is a recurring motif in nearly every game directed by [Suda51](/wiki/Suda51 \"Suda51\"), starting from his directorial debut [Super Fire Pro Wrestling 3 Final Bout](/wiki/Super_Fire_Pro_Wrestling_3_Final_Bout \"Super Fire Pro Wrestling 3 Final Bout\"). Most prominently, the character Mask de Smith from [killer7](/wiki/Killer7 \"Killer7\") is a playable lucha libre wrestler, featuring a mask and cape.", "The popular video game franchise *[Pokรฉmon](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon \"Pokรฉmon\")* introduced the Fighting/Flying\\-type Pokรฉmon Hawlucha, which is a hawk\\-like humanoid creature with elements of a lucha libre wrestler.", "The masked Luchador fighter and chef [El Fuerte](/wiki/El_Fuerte_%28Capcom%2C_Street_Fighter%29 \"El Fuerte (Capcom, Street Fighter)\") was introduced to the [Street Fighter](/wiki/Street_Fighter \"Street Fighter\") franchise in [Street Fighter IV](/wiki/Street_Fighter_IV \"Street Fighter IV\").", "The fighting game [Garou: Mark of the Wolves](/wiki/Garou:Mark_of_the_Wolves \"Mark of the Wolves\") and its follow\\-up, the [King of Fighters](/wiki/King_of_Fighters \"King of Fighters\") series, featured the character Tizoc who was a Luchador that wore a mask resembling the head of a griffon; during the events of [The King of Fighters XIV](/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_XIV \"The King of Fighters XIV\"), he adopted the heel persona of The King of Dinosaurs, wearing now a dinosaur inspired mask.", "The *[Dead or Alive](/wiki/Dead_or_Alive_%28franchise%29 \"Dead or Alive (franchise)\")* franchise features a masked luchadora called [La Mariposa](/wiki/La_Mariposa_%28Dead_or_Alive%29 \"La Mariposa (Dead or Alive)\").", "The [Tekken](/wiki/Tekken \"Tekken\") fighting game franchise features the characters known as [King](/wiki/King_%28Tekken%29 \"King (Tekken)\") and [Armor King](/wiki/Characters_of_the_Tekken_series%23Armor_King \"Characters of the Tekken series#Armor King\"), both of whom are Luchadors and have similar jaguar\\-style masks.", "[Guacamelee!](/wiki/Guacamelee%21 \"Guacamelee!\") and its sequel [Guacamelee! 2](/wiki/Guacamelee%21_2 \"Guacamelee! 2\") heavily feature Luchador masks, with the main protagonist, Juan Aguacate, being bestowed a mystical mask to help him get revenge on Carlos Calaca, an evil [charro](/wiki/Charro \"Charro\") skeleton (in Guacamelee) and to help him fight Salvador, an evil Luchador, in Guacamelee! 2\\.", "The 2005 platformer game *[Psychonauts](/wiki/Psychonauts \"Psychonauts\")* features four Luchadores (Tiger, Dragon, Eagle, and Cobra) who act as miniboss\\-type enemies in the level \"Black Velvetopia.\" The player must defeat the Luchadores in order to access the arena that will let them fight the level's main [boss](/wiki/Boss_%28video_games%29 \"Boss (video games)\"), El Odio.", "[Brawl Stars](/wiki/Brawl_Stars \"Brawl Stars\") has a rare brawler called โ€œEl Primoโ€. He punches enemies two times and can jump on them with his super.", "Tezca, a playable legend in [Brawlhalla](/wiki/Brawlhalla \"Brawlhalla\"), is a masked luchador with jaguar\\-themed design and fighting style.", "### Internet culture", "Strong Bad of the [Homestar Runner](/wiki/Homestar_Runner \"Homestar Runner\") universe began as a parody of lucha libre. His head is designed after a mask.", "### Lucha libre inspirations", "[Nike](/wiki/Nike%2C_Inc. \"Nike, Inc.\") has designed a line of lucha libre\\-inspired athletic shoes.{{cite web \\|last\\=Halfhill \\|first\\=Matt \\|url\\=http://www.nicekicks.com/lucha\\-libre\\-air\\-force\\-ones/ \\|title\\=Lucha Libre Air Force Ones \\|publisher\\=NiceKicks.com \\|date\\=April 29, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20081120084422/http://www.nicekicks.com/lucha\\-libre\\-air\\-force\\-ones/ \\|archive\\-date\\=November 20, 2008 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} [Coca\\-Cola](/wiki/Coca-Cola \"Coca-Cola\") developed a Blue Demon [Full Throttle](/wiki/Full_Throttle_%28drink%29 \"Full Throttle (drink)\") energy drink named after the luchador [Blue Demon, Jr.](/wiki/Blue_Demon%2C_Jr. \"Blue Demon, Jr.\") who is also the spokesperson for the drink in Mexico.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bevnet.com/news/2006/11\\-09\\-2006\\-Full\\_Throttle\\_Demon.asp \\|title\\=Coca\\-Cola Introduces New Full Throttle Blue Demon Energy Drink \\|publisher\\=BevNET.com \\|date\\=November 9, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=August 22, 2013}} Coca\\-Cola also introduced \"Gladiator\" in Mexico, an energy drink that sponsored CMLL events and that featured CMLL wrestlers such as [Mรญstico](/wiki/M%C3%ADstico \"Mรญstico\") and [รšltimo Guerrero](/wiki/%C3%9Altimo_Guerrero \"รšltimo Guerrero\").{{cite web \\| url\\= http://superluchas.com/coca\\-cola\\-mexico\\-lanza\\-gladiator/ \\| title\\= Coca Cola Mรฉxico lanza Gladiator \\| date\\= January 30, 2008 \\| access\\-date\\= September 5, 2009 \\| author\\= Ocampo, Jorge \\| work\\= \\[\\[Sรบper Luchas]] \\| language\\= es \\| url\\-status\\= live \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20090824233003/http://superluchas.com/coca\\-cola\\-mexico\\-lanza\\-gladiator/ \\| archive\\-date\\= August 24, 2009 \\| df\\= mdy\\-all }}", "" ]
### Video games Lucha libre is a recurring motif in nearly every game directed by [Suda51](/wiki/Suda51 "Suda51"), starting from his directorial debut [Super Fire Pro Wrestling 3 Final Bout](/wiki/Super_Fire_Pro_Wrestling_3_Final_Bout "Super Fire Pro Wrestling 3 Final Bout"). Most prominently, the character Mask de Smith from [killer7](/wiki/Killer7 "Killer7") is a playable lucha libre wrestler, featuring a mask and cape. The popular video game franchise *[Pokรฉmon](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon "Pokรฉmon")* introduced the Fighting/Flying\-type Pokรฉmon Hawlucha, which is a hawk\-like humanoid creature with elements of a lucha libre wrestler. The masked Luchador fighter and chef [El Fuerte](/wiki/El_Fuerte_%28Capcom%2C_Street_Fighter%29 "El Fuerte (Capcom, Street Fighter)") was introduced to the [Street Fighter](/wiki/Street_Fighter "Street Fighter") franchise in [Street Fighter IV](/wiki/Street_Fighter_IV "Street Fighter IV"). The fighting game [Garou: Mark of the Wolves](/wiki/Garou:Mark_of_the_Wolves "Mark of the Wolves") and its follow\-up, the [King of Fighters](/wiki/King_of_Fighters "King of Fighters") series, featured the character Tizoc who was a Luchador that wore a mask resembling the head of a griffon; during the events of [The King of Fighters XIV](/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_XIV "The King of Fighters XIV"), he adopted the heel persona of The King of Dinosaurs, wearing now a dinosaur inspired mask. The *[Dead or Alive](/wiki/Dead_or_Alive_%28franchise%29 "Dead or Alive (franchise)")* franchise features a masked luchadora called [La Mariposa](/wiki/La_Mariposa_%28Dead_or_Alive%29 "La Mariposa (Dead or Alive)"). The [Tekken](/wiki/Tekken "Tekken") fighting game franchise features the characters known as [King](/wiki/King_%28Tekken%29 "King (Tekken)") and [Armor King](/wiki/Characters_of_the_Tekken_series%23Armor_King "Characters of the Tekken series#Armor King"), both of whom are Luchadors and have similar jaguar\-style masks. [Guacamelee!](/wiki/Guacamelee%21 "Guacamelee!") and its sequel [Guacamelee! 2](/wiki/Guacamelee%21_2 "Guacamelee! 2") heavily feature Luchador masks, with the main protagonist, Juan Aguacate, being bestowed a mystical mask to help him get revenge on Carlos Calaca, an evil [charro](/wiki/Charro "Charro") skeleton (in Guacamelee) and to help him fight Salvador, an evil Luchador, in Guacamelee! 2\. The 2005 platformer game *[Psychonauts](/wiki/Psychonauts "Psychonauts")* features four Luchadores (Tiger, Dragon, Eagle, and Cobra) who act as miniboss\-type enemies in the level "Black Velvetopia." The player must defeat the Luchadores in order to access the arena that will let them fight the level's main [boss](/wiki/Boss_%28video_games%29 "Boss (video games)"), El Odio. [Brawl Stars](/wiki/Brawl_Stars "Brawl Stars") has a rare brawler called โ€œEl Primoโ€. He punches enemies two times and can jump on them with his super. Tezca, a playable legend in [Brawlhalla](/wiki/Brawlhalla "Brawlhalla"), is a masked luchador with jaguar\-themed design and fighting style.
[ "### Video games", "Lucha libre is a recurring motif in nearly every game directed by [Suda51](/wiki/Suda51 \"Suda51\"), starting from his directorial debut [Super Fire Pro Wrestling 3 Final Bout](/wiki/Super_Fire_Pro_Wrestling_3_Final_Bout \"Super Fire Pro Wrestling 3 Final Bout\"). Most prominently, the character Mask de Smith from [killer7](/wiki/Killer7 \"Killer7\") is a playable lucha libre wrestler, featuring a mask and cape.", "The popular video game franchise *[Pokรฉmon](/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon \"Pokรฉmon\")* introduced the Fighting/Flying\\-type Pokรฉmon Hawlucha, which is a hawk\\-like humanoid creature with elements of a lucha libre wrestler.", "The masked Luchador fighter and chef [El Fuerte](/wiki/El_Fuerte_%28Capcom%2C_Street_Fighter%29 \"El Fuerte (Capcom, Street Fighter)\") was introduced to the [Street Fighter](/wiki/Street_Fighter \"Street Fighter\") franchise in [Street Fighter IV](/wiki/Street_Fighter_IV \"Street Fighter IV\").", "The fighting game [Garou: Mark of the Wolves](/wiki/Garou:Mark_of_the_Wolves \"Mark of the Wolves\") and its follow\\-up, the [King of Fighters](/wiki/King_of_Fighters \"King of Fighters\") series, featured the character Tizoc who was a Luchador that wore a mask resembling the head of a griffon; during the events of [The King of Fighters XIV](/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_XIV \"The King of Fighters XIV\"), he adopted the heel persona of The King of Dinosaurs, wearing now a dinosaur inspired mask.", "The *[Dead or Alive](/wiki/Dead_or_Alive_%28franchise%29 \"Dead or Alive (franchise)\")* franchise features a masked luchadora called [La Mariposa](/wiki/La_Mariposa_%28Dead_or_Alive%29 \"La Mariposa (Dead or Alive)\").", "The [Tekken](/wiki/Tekken \"Tekken\") fighting game franchise features the characters known as [King](/wiki/King_%28Tekken%29 \"King (Tekken)\") and [Armor King](/wiki/Characters_of_the_Tekken_series%23Armor_King \"Characters of the Tekken series#Armor King\"), both of whom are Luchadors and have similar jaguar\\-style masks.", "[Guacamelee!](/wiki/Guacamelee%21 \"Guacamelee!\") and its sequel [Guacamelee! 2](/wiki/Guacamelee%21_2 \"Guacamelee! 2\") heavily feature Luchador masks, with the main protagonist, Juan Aguacate, being bestowed a mystical mask to help him get revenge on Carlos Calaca, an evil [charro](/wiki/Charro \"Charro\") skeleton (in Guacamelee) and to help him fight Salvador, an evil Luchador, in Guacamelee! 2\\.", "The 2005 platformer game *[Psychonauts](/wiki/Psychonauts \"Psychonauts\")* features four Luchadores (Tiger, Dragon, Eagle, and Cobra) who act as miniboss\\-type enemies in the level \"Black Velvetopia.\" The player must defeat the Luchadores in order to access the arena that will let them fight the level's main [boss](/wiki/Boss_%28video_games%29 \"Boss (video games)\"), El Odio.", "[Brawl Stars](/wiki/Brawl_Stars \"Brawl Stars\") has a rare brawler called โ€œEl Primoโ€. He punches enemies two times and can jump on them with his super.", "Tezca, a playable legend in [Brawlhalla](/wiki/Brawlhalla \"Brawlhalla\"), is a masked luchador with jaguar\\-themed design and fighting style.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- On 25 February 2016, Deng was acquired by the [Texas Legends](/wiki/Texas_Legends "Texas Legends") of the [NBA Development League](/wiki/NBA_Development_League "NBA Development League"). In 16 games to finish the [2015โ€“16 season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NBA_Development_League_season "2015โ€“16 NBA Development League season"), he averaged 2\.7 points and 4\.0 rebounds per game.{{cite web\|url\=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Deng\-Deng/Summary/81533\|title\=Deng Deng\|work\=RealGM.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710030921/https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Deng\-Deng/Summary/81533\|archive\-date\=10 July 2021}} In October 2016, Deng re\-joined the Texas Legends. He left after appearing in three games to start the [2016โ€“17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NBA_Development_League_season "2016โ€“17 NBA Development League season"). In February 2017, he played five games in Qatar for Al Shamal Doha.{{cite web\|url\=https://basketball.australiabasket.com/player/Deng\-Deng/Australia/Kilsyth\-Cobras/286417\|title\=Deng Deng\|work\=australiabasket.com\|access\-date\=10 July 2021}} The following month, he played four games in Lebanon for [Tadamon Zouk](/wiki/Tadamon_Zouk "Tadamon Zouk"). For the 2017โ€“18 season, Deng moved to Finland to play for [Korihait](/wiki/Korihait "Korihait"). He played eight games between 26 September and 27 October. In March 2018, he returned to Lebanon and played seven games for [Louaize](/wiki/Louaize_Club "Louaize Club"). In May 2018, Deng returned to Melbourne and joined the McKinnon Cougars for the rest of the [Big V](/wiki/Big_V "Big V") season. In 11 games, he averaged 16\.3 points, 10\.6 rebounds, 2\.0 assists, 1\.5 steals and 2\.5 blocks per game. Following the Big V season, Deng joined the [Sydney Kings](/wiki/Sydney_Kings "Sydney Kings") for the [2018โ€“19 NBL season](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NBL_season "2018โ€“19 NBL season").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.sydneykings.com/news/article/kings\-welcome\-deng\-deng\|title\=Kings welcome Deng Deng\|work\=SydneyKings.com\|date\=10 May 2018\|access\-date\=10 July 2021\|archive\-date\=10 July 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710035924/https://www.sydneykings.com/news/article/kings\-welcome\-deng\-deng\|url\-status\=dead}} In 19 games for the Kings, he averaged 2\.2 points per game. On 22 March 2019, he signed with Polish team [MKS Dฤ…browa Gรณrnicza](/wiki/MKS_D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza_%28basketball%29 "MKS Dฤ…browa Gรณrnicza (basketball)").{{cite web\|url\=https://sportando.basketball/en/deng\-deng\-signs\-with\-mks\-dabrowa\-gornicza/?dev\|title\=Deng Deng signs with MKS Dabrowa Gornicza\|work\=sportando.basketball\|date\=22 March 2019\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710032531/https://sportando.basketball/en/deng\-deng\-signs\-with\-mks\-dabrowa\-gornicza/?dev\|archive\-date\=10 July 2021}} In 10 games to finish the [PLK season](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_PLK_season "2018โ€“19 PLK season"), he averaged 12\.5 points, 7\.2 rebounds and 1\.2 assists per game. In October 2019, Deng joined the [New Zealand Breakers](/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers "New Zealand Breakers") as an injury replacement for [Rob Loe](/wiki/Rob_Loe "Rob Loe").{{cite web\|last\=O'Keeffe\|first\=Michael\|url\=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2019/10/anbl\-2019\-nz\-breakers\-sign\-deng\-deng\-as\-injury\-cover\-for\-rob\-loe.html\|title\=ANBL 2019: NZ Breakers sign Deng Deng as injury cover for Rob Loe\|work\=newshub.co.nz\|date\=28 October 2019\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710033210/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2019/10/anbl\-2019\-nz\-breakers\-sign\-deng\-deng\-as\-injury\-cover\-for\-rob\-loe.html\|archive\-date\=10 July 2021}}{{cite web\|url\=https://nbl.com.au/news/breakers\-sign\-deng\-deng\-as\-loe\-replacement\|title\=Breakers Sign Deng Deng As Loe Replacement\|work\=NBL.com.au\|date\=29 October 2019\|access\-date\=10 July 2021}} He did not play in a game during the [2019โ€“20 NBL season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBL_season "2019โ€“20 NBL season"). On 16 July 2020, Deng signed with the [Illawarra Hawks](/wiki/Illawarra_Hawks "Illawarra Hawks") for the [2020โ€“21 NBL season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NBL_season "2020โ€“21 NBL season").{{cite web\|url\=https://nbl.com.au/news/the\-hawks\-sign\-deng\-deng\|title\=The Hawks Sign Deng Deng\|work\=NBL.com.au\|date\=16 July 2020\|access\-date\=10 July 2021}} In 39 games, he averaged 6\.4 points and 3\.8 rebounds per game. He then played for the [Kilsyth Cobras](/wiki/Kilsyth_Cobras "Kilsyth Cobras") during the 2021 [NBL1 South](/wiki/NBL1_South "NBL1 South") season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.kilsythbasketball.com.au/cobras\-sign\-high\-flying\-deng\-deng/\|title\=COBRAS SIGN HIGH FLYING DENG DENG\|work\=kilsythbasketball.com.au\|date\=3 July 2021\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710034759/https://www.kilsythbasketball.com.au/cobras\-sign\-high\-flying\-deng\-deng/\|archive\-date\=10 July 2021}} On 10 July 2021, Deng signed with the [Brisbane Bullets](/wiki/Brisbane_Bullets "Brisbane Bullets") for the [2021โ€“22 NBL season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_NBL_season "2021โ€“22 NBL season").{{cite web\|url\=https://nbl.com.au/news/brisbane\-secure\-deng\-deng\|title\=Brisbane Secure Deng Deng\|work\=NBL.com.au\|date\=10 July 2021\|access\-date\=10 July 2021}} He then returned to the Cobras for the 2022 NBL1 South season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.kilsythbasketball.com.au/superstar\-forward\-deng\-deng\-returns\-to\-kilsyth/\|title\=SUPERSTAR FORWARD DENG DENG RETURNS TO KILSYTH\|website\=kilsythbasketball.com.au\|date\=5 May 2022\|access\-date\=1 June 2022}} On 1 June 2022, Deng signed with the Illawarra Hawks for the [2022โ€“23 NBL season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NBL_season "2022โ€“23 NBL season"), returning to the team for a second stint.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.hawks.com.au/news/deng\-deng\-returns\-to\-hawks\-nest\|title\=Deng Deng returns to Hawks' nest\|website\=Hawks.com.au\|date\=1 June 2022\|access\-date\=1 June 2022}} In the 2023 [NBL1 North](/wiki/NBL1_North "NBL1 North") season, Deng helped the [Ipswich Force](/wiki/Ipswich_Force "Ipswich Force") reach the grand final series, where they defeated the [Gold Coast Rollers](/wiki/Gold_Coast_Rollers_%28NBL1_North%29 "Gold Coast Rollers (NBL1 North)") 2โ€“1 to win the [championship](/wiki/List_of_NBL1_North_champions "List of NBL1 North champions") behind Deng's 41 points and 13 rebounds in game three.{{cite web\|last\=Pike\|first\=Chris\|url\=https://nbl1\.com.au/news/nbl1\-north\-recap\-or\-grand\-final\-game\-3/north/\|title\=NBL1 North Recap \| Grand Finals Game 3\|work\=NBL1\.com.au\|date\=6 August 2023\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20230806100824/https://nbl1\.com.au/news/nbl1\-north\-recap\-or\-grand\-final\-game\-3/north/\|archive\-date\=6 August 2023\|access\-date\=6 August 2023}}
[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "On 25 February 2016, Deng was acquired by the [Texas Legends](/wiki/Texas_Legends \"Texas Legends\") of the [NBA Development League](/wiki/NBA_Development_League \"NBA Development League\"). In 16 games to finish the [2015โ€“16 season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_NBA_Development_League_season \"2015โ€“16 NBA Development League season\"), he averaged 2\\.7 points and 4\\.0 rebounds per game.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Deng\\-Deng/Summary/81533\\|title\\=Deng Deng\\|work\\=RealGM.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710030921/https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Deng\\-Deng/Summary/81533\\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2021}}", "In October 2016, Deng re\\-joined the Texas Legends. He left after appearing in three games to start the [2016โ€“17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_NBA_Development_League_season \"2016โ€“17 NBA Development League season\"). In February 2017, he played five games in Qatar for Al Shamal Doha.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://basketball.australiabasket.com/player/Deng\\-Deng/Australia/Kilsyth\\-Cobras/286417\\|title\\=Deng Deng\\|work\\=australiabasket.com\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2021}} The following month, he played four games in Lebanon for [Tadamon Zouk](/wiki/Tadamon_Zouk \"Tadamon Zouk\").", "For the 2017โ€“18 season, Deng moved to Finland to play for [Korihait](/wiki/Korihait \"Korihait\"). He played eight games between 26 September and 27 October. In March 2018, he returned to Lebanon and played seven games for [Louaize](/wiki/Louaize_Club \"Louaize Club\").", "In May 2018, Deng returned to Melbourne and joined the McKinnon Cougars for the rest of the [Big V](/wiki/Big_V \"Big V\") season. In 11 games, he averaged 16\\.3 points, 10\\.6 rebounds, 2\\.0 assists, 1\\.5 steals and 2\\.5 blocks per game.", "Following the Big V season, Deng joined the [Sydney Kings](/wiki/Sydney_Kings \"Sydney Kings\") for the [2018โ€“19 NBL season](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NBL_season \"2018โ€“19 NBL season\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sydneykings.com/news/article/kings\\-welcome\\-deng\\-deng\\|title\\=Kings welcome Deng Deng\\|work\\=SydneyKings.com\\|date\\=10 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710035924/https://www.sydneykings.com/news/article/kings\\-welcome\\-deng\\-deng\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 19 games for the Kings, he averaged 2\\.2 points per game. On 22 March 2019, he signed with Polish team [MKS Dฤ…browa Gรณrnicza](/wiki/MKS_D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza_%28basketball%29 \"MKS Dฤ…browa Gรณrnicza (basketball)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sportando.basketball/en/deng\\-deng\\-signs\\-with\\-mks\\-dabrowa\\-gornicza/?dev\\|title\\=Deng Deng signs with MKS Dabrowa Gornicza\\|work\\=sportando.basketball\\|date\\=22 March 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710032531/https://sportando.basketball/en/deng\\-deng\\-signs\\-with\\-mks\\-dabrowa\\-gornicza/?dev\\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2021}} In 10 games to finish the [PLK season](/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_PLK_season \"2018โ€“19 PLK season\"), he averaged 12\\.5 points, 7\\.2 rebounds and 1\\.2 assists per game.", "In October 2019, Deng joined the [New Zealand Breakers](/wiki/New_Zealand_Breakers \"New Zealand Breakers\") as an injury replacement for [Rob Loe](/wiki/Rob_Loe \"Rob Loe\").{{cite web\\|last\\=O'Keeffe\\|first\\=Michael\\|url\\=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2019/10/anbl\\-2019\\-nz\\-breakers\\-sign\\-deng\\-deng\\-as\\-injury\\-cover\\-for\\-rob\\-loe.html\\|title\\=ANBL 2019: NZ Breakers sign Deng Deng as injury cover for Rob Loe\\|work\\=newshub.co.nz\\|date\\=28 October 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710033210/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2019/10/anbl\\-2019\\-nz\\-breakers\\-sign\\-deng\\-deng\\-as\\-injury\\-cover\\-for\\-rob\\-loe.html\\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2021}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nbl.com.au/news/breakers\\-sign\\-deng\\-deng\\-as\\-loe\\-replacement\\|title\\=Breakers Sign Deng Deng As Loe Replacement\\|work\\=NBL.com.au\\|date\\=29 October 2019\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2021}} He did not play in a game during the [2019โ€“20 NBL season](/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_NBL_season \"2019โ€“20 NBL season\").", "On 16 July 2020, Deng signed with the [Illawarra Hawks](/wiki/Illawarra_Hawks \"Illawarra Hawks\") for the [2020โ€“21 NBL season](/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_NBL_season \"2020โ€“21 NBL season\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nbl.com.au/news/the\\-hawks\\-sign\\-deng\\-deng\\|title\\=The Hawks Sign Deng Deng\\|work\\=NBL.com.au\\|date\\=16 July 2020\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2021}} In 39 games, he averaged 6\\.4 points and 3\\.8 rebounds per game. He then played for the [Kilsyth Cobras](/wiki/Kilsyth_Cobras \"Kilsyth Cobras\") during the 2021 [NBL1 South](/wiki/NBL1_South \"NBL1 South\") season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.kilsythbasketball.com.au/cobras\\-sign\\-high\\-flying\\-deng\\-deng/\\|title\\=COBRAS SIGN HIGH FLYING DENG DENG\\|work\\=kilsythbasketball.com.au\\|date\\=3 July 2021\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710034759/https://www.kilsythbasketball.com.au/cobras\\-sign\\-high\\-flying\\-deng\\-deng/\\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2021}}", "On 10 July 2021, Deng signed with the [Brisbane Bullets](/wiki/Brisbane_Bullets \"Brisbane Bullets\") for the [2021โ€“22 NBL season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_NBL_season \"2021โ€“22 NBL season\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://nbl.com.au/news/brisbane\\-secure\\-deng\\-deng\\|title\\=Brisbane Secure Deng Deng\\|work\\=NBL.com.au\\|date\\=10 July 2021\\|access\\-date\\=10 July 2021}} He then returned to the Cobras for the 2022 NBL1 South season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.kilsythbasketball.com.au/superstar\\-forward\\-deng\\-deng\\-returns\\-to\\-kilsyth/\\|title\\=SUPERSTAR FORWARD DENG DENG RETURNS TO KILSYTH\\|website\\=kilsythbasketball.com.au\\|date\\=5 May 2022\\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2022}}", "On 1 June 2022, Deng signed with the Illawarra Hawks for the [2022โ€“23 NBL season](/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_NBL_season \"2022โ€“23 NBL season\"), returning to the team for a second stint.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.hawks.com.au/news/deng\\-deng\\-returns\\-to\\-hawks\\-nest\\|title\\=Deng Deng returns to Hawks' nest\\|website\\=Hawks.com.au\\|date\\=1 June 2022\\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2022}}", "In the 2023 [NBL1 North](/wiki/NBL1_North \"NBL1 North\") season, Deng helped the [Ipswich Force](/wiki/Ipswich_Force \"Ipswich Force\") reach the grand final series, where they defeated the [Gold Coast Rollers](/wiki/Gold_Coast_Rollers_%28NBL1_North%29 \"Gold Coast Rollers (NBL1 North)\") 2โ€“1 to win the [championship](/wiki/List_of_NBL1_North_champions \"List of NBL1 North champions\") behind Deng's 41 points and 13 rebounds in game three.{{cite web\\|last\\=Pike\\|first\\=Chris\\|url\\=https://nbl1\\.com.au/news/nbl1\\-north\\-recap\\-or\\-grand\\-final\\-game\\-3/north/\\|title\\=NBL1 North Recap \\| Grand Finals Game 3\\|work\\=NBL1\\.com.au\\|date\\=6 August 2023\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20230806100824/https://nbl1\\.com.au/news/nbl1\\-north\\-recap\\-or\\-grand\\-final\\-game\\-3/north/\\|archive\\-date\\=6 August 2023\\|access\\-date\\=6 August 2023}}", "" ]
History ------- Billingham Rugby Club was formed in 1924{{cite web\| url \= http://www.billinghamrugby.co.uk\| title \= Billingham Rugby Club}} as the rugby section of the Synthonia Sports Club at [Synthetic Ammonia](/wiki/Synthetic_Ammonia "Synthetic Ammonia") and Nitrates Company, which later became [Imperial Chemical Industries](/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries "Imperial Chemical Industries") (ICI). Once established, the club became a force in Durham County Rugby Union, especially after the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") and the first team was very strong during the 1950s and early 1960s. The early 1970s saw a downturn in the chemical industry and with the decline of ICI, the rugby club suffered. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s the club became somewhat nomadic in its socialising, although still playing on [Central Avenue](/wiki/Central_Avenue_%28Billingham%29 "Central Avenue (Billingham)"). 1989 was an important year in the life of the club. The youth section was founded and boys and girls from the age of eight upwards playing mini\-rugby. Since then, this section of the club has gone from strength to strength and has provided several current members of the first XV squad. The 1990s saw an upturn in the club's fortunes and three teams were regularly playing each week with socialising based at the Synthonia Cricket Club. The club moved to play on Greenwood Road in 1996 although until late 2000 there were no facilities whatsoever, just three pitches. For these years we had a three\-site existence, changing, playing and socialising in different locations. However, December 2000 and a ยฃ750,000 lottery grant brought the opening of the new clubhouse giving the club a solid base and identity and we hope that it will serve as a stepping\-stone to future success. In August 2021, former Billingham player [Jack Smith](/wiki/Jack_Smith_%28wheelchair_rugby%29 "Jack Smith (wheelchair rugby)") won a gold medal as a member of [Great Britain national wheelchair rugby team](/wiki/Great_Britain_national_wheelchair_rugby_team "Great Britain national wheelchair rugby team") at the [2020 Summer Paralympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics "2020 Summer Paralympics") in Tokyo.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/19545207\.sedgefields\-jack\-smith\-wins\-paralympic\-gold/\|title\=Sedgefield's Jack Smith wins Paralympic gold as part of wheelchair rugby team\|date\=29 August 2021 }}
[ "History\n-------", "Billingham Rugby Club was formed in 1924{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.billinghamrugby.co.uk\\| title \\= Billingham Rugby Club}} as the rugby section of the Synthonia Sports Club at [Synthetic Ammonia](/wiki/Synthetic_Ammonia \"Synthetic Ammonia\") and Nitrates Company, which later became [Imperial Chemical Industries](/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries \"Imperial Chemical Industries\") (ICI). Once established, the club became a force in Durham County Rugby Union, especially after the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") and the first team was very strong during the 1950s and early 1960s.", "The early 1970s saw a downturn in the chemical industry and with the decline of ICI, the rugby club suffered. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s the club became somewhat nomadic in its socialising, although still playing on [Central Avenue](/wiki/Central_Avenue_%28Billingham%29 \"Central Avenue (Billingham)\").", "1989 was an important year in the life of the club. The youth section was founded and boys and girls from the age of eight upwards playing mini\\-rugby. Since then, this section of the club has gone from strength to strength and has provided several current members of the first XV squad.", "The 1990s saw an upturn in the club's fortunes and three teams were regularly playing each week with socialising based at the Synthonia Cricket Club.", "The club moved to play on Greenwood Road in 1996 although until late 2000 there were no facilities whatsoever, just three pitches. For these years we had a three\\-site existence, changing, playing and socialising in different locations.", "However, December 2000 and a ยฃ750,000 lottery grant brought the opening of the new clubhouse giving the club a solid base and identity and we hope that it will serve as a stepping\\-stone to future success.", "In August 2021, former Billingham player [Jack Smith](/wiki/Jack_Smith_%28wheelchair_rugby%29 \"Jack Smith (wheelchair rugby)\") won a gold medal as a member of [Great Britain national wheelchair rugby team](/wiki/Great_Britain_national_wheelchair_rugby_team \"Great Britain national wheelchair rugby team\") at the [2020 Summer Paralympics](/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics \"2020 Summer Paralympics\") in Tokyo.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/sport/19545207\\.sedgefields\\-jack\\-smith\\-wins\\-paralympic\\-gold/\\|title\\=Sedgefield's Jack Smith wins Paralympic gold as part of wheelchair rugby team\\|date\\=29 August 2021 }}", "" ]
Playing career -------------- ### Liverpool #### Reserves (2007โ€“2010\) Raised in [Wallasey](/wiki/Wallasey "Wallasey"), [Merseyside](/wiki/Merseyside "Merseyside"), Spearing was the captain of the Liverpool Under 18s that won the [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup "FA Youth Cup") in 2007\. He featured the previous season in the final against [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C."), but missed the majority of the season due to a broken leg. He was promoted to [Melwood](/wiki/Melwood "Melwood") in the summer of 2007 to train with the Liverpool first team after impressing in the club's [Academy](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy "Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy"). He had been involved with his boyhood club since he was seven years old. He was voted the best player in the Torneo di Renate, a competition for under\-20 sides, competing against clubs such as [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") and [Parma](/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 "Parma Calcio 1913"). He was also part of the Reserve side that won the [Premier Reserve League](/wiki/Premier_Reserve_League "Premier Reserve League") in the 2007โ€“08 season.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/history/past\-players/jay\-spearing \|title\=Jay Spearing \|publisher\=Liverpool F.C. \|access\-date\=20 July 2014 }} #### 2008โ€“09 season Spearing made his competitive first\-team debut on 9 December 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 3โ€“1 [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") win against [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven").{{Cite web\|title\=PSV 1 โ€“ Liverpool 3: match report \|url\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/match/fixtures/first\-team/p\-s\-v\-v\-liverpool\-2008\-12\-09\-20\-45\-00/last\-match\-statistics \| publisher\=Liverpoolfc.com \|date\=9 December 2008 \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-20}} Spearing also appeared in the Reds' 4โ€“0 win over [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF "Real Madrid CF") in the second round of the Champions League. On 31 March 2009, Liverpool manager [Rafael Benรญtez](/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez "Rafael Benรญtez") announced that he would be offering Spearing a new contract, alongside fellow home\-grown youngster [Stephen Darby](/wiki/Stephen_Darby "Stephen Darby"). On 6 July 2009, Spearing agreed to a new three\-year contract with Liverpool. #### Loan move to Leicester City [thumb\|right\|150px\|Spearing playing for [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. "Cardiff City F.C.") on 30 March 2010](/wiki/File:Jay_Spearing1.png "Jay Spearing1.png") On 22 March 2010, Liverpool confirmed Spearing would join [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship") club [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") on loan until the end of the 2009โ€“10 season, linking up with former Liverpool reserve teammate [Jack Hobbs](/wiki/Jack_Hobbs_%28footballer%29 "Jack Hobbs (footballer)").{{Cite news\|last\=Hunter \|first\=Steve \|title\=Starlet set for Foxes \|url\=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/starlet\-set\-for\-foxes \|publisher\=Liverpool F.C. \|work\=Liverpoolfc.tv \|date\=22 March 2010 \|access\-date\=22 March 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203440/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/starlet\-set\-for\-foxes \|archive\-date\=25 March 2010 }} His debut came two days later, starting in *the Foxes*{{'}} 2โ€“1 Championship loss to [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C."). His last game for Leicester was on 12 May in the Championship play\-off semi\-final, with Leicester winning 3โ€“2, but it wasn't enough to reach the final as they lost on a penalty shootout.{{cite news \|title\=Cardiff 2โ€“3 Leicester (agg 3โ€“3\) \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/8672579\.stm \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=12 May 2010 \|access\-date\=17 May 2017 \|first\=Peter \|last\=Shuttleworth}} He made nine appearances for Leicester and scored his only goal for the club in the 4โ€“1 home win against [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C.").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/8615655\.stm \|title\=Leicester 4โ€“1 Watford \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=17 April 2010 \|access\-date\=17 May 2017}} #### 2010โ€“11 season Spearing was included in Liverpool's 21\-man squad for the [2010โ€“11 Premier League](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Premier_League "2010โ€“11 Premier League") season. He started and played the full 90 minutes in the opening leg of Liverpool's [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") qualifier against Macedonian side [FK Rabotniฤki](/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki "FK Rabotniฤki"), and came on as a substitute at [Anfield](/wiki/Anfield "Anfield") in the second leg. On 16 September, he again played the full 90 minutes in the Reds' opening group game against [Steaua Bucureศ™ti](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Steaua Bucureศ™ti"), his first\-ever start at Anfield, setting up [David Ngog](/wiki/David_Ngog "David Ngog") for the fourth and final goal as Liverpool won 4โ€“1\. On 22 September, he was involved in Liverpool's [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup") third\-round exit to [League Two](/wiki/EFL_League_Two "EFL League Two") side [Northampton Town](/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C. "Northampton Town F.C."); Liverpool lost 4โ€“2 on penalties after a 2โ€“2 draw. On 21 October, he played the full 90 minutes in Liverpool's third group\-stage tie, a 0โ€“0 draw with a [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli") side featuring former Liverpool left\-back [Andrea Dossena](/wiki/Andrea_Dossena "Andrea Dossena"). Spearing was an unused substitute in Liverpool's 1โ€“0 Premier League win against [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") at the [Reebok Stadium](/wiki/Reebok_Stadium "Reebok Stadium") on 31 October. He came on in the 90th minute of Liverpool's 2โ€“0 victory over Chelsea on 7 November 2010, instantly making an impact by playing a through ball to assist a [Maxi Rodrรญguez](/wiki/Maxi_Rodr%C3%ADguez "Maxi Rodrรญguez") effort. On 20 November, it was reported that Spearing had broken his ankle in training and would be out for up to six weeks. He made his first appearance of 2011 against [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C.") on 16 January. In the post\-match interview, Liverpool manager [Kenny Dalglish](/wiki/Kenny_Dalglish "Kenny Dalglish") praised the young midfielder and joked that [Steven Gerrard](/wiki/Steven_Gerrard "Steven Gerrard") may never get into the first team again.{{Cite web\|last\=Rice \|first\=Jimmy \|url\=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/kenny\-on\-derby\-owners\-jay \|title\=Kenny on derby, owners \& Jay \|publisher\=Liverpool F.C. \|date\=21 January 2011 \|access\-date\=21 March 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119030311/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/kenny\-on\-derby\-owners\-jay \|archive\-date\=19 January 2011 }} On 20 March, Spearing started another league game, away to [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C."). Spearing won a penalty, which was converted by [Dirk Kuyt](/wiki/Dirk_Kuyt "Dirk Kuyt") to put Liverpool 1โ€“0 up. Spearing then went on the secure a first\-team berth with the absence of Steven Gerrard and out\-of\-favour [Christian Poulsen](/wiki/Christian_Poulsen "Christian Poulsen"). For the remainder of the Premier League season, he formed a midfield partnership with [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_Leiva "Lucas Leiva"). Against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") on 17 April, Spearing gave away a 98th\-minute penalty, which [Robin van Persie](/wiki/Robin_van_Persie "Robin van Persie") converted to make the game 1โ€“0\. The match finished 1โ€“1\. Despite this, Spearing won the man\-of\-the\-match award from [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports "Sky Sports") and was praised after the game for his determination, work\-rate and battling performance. He received the journalists' man\-of\-the\-match award on the official Liverpool website three times during the season. In May 2011, the club announced that he had extended his contract,{{cite news \| title \= Jay Spearing earns new Liverpool contract \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13312069\.stm \| publisher \= BBC Sport \| date \= 6 May 2011 \| access\-date \= 6 May 2011}} and he was included in [England under\-21s](/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team "England national under-21 football team") provisional 40\-man squad for the 2011 Summer U21 European Championship, with fellow Liverpool player [Andy Carroll](/wiki/Andy_Carroll "Andy Carroll").[Spearing gets England call โ€“ Liverpool F.C.](http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/spearing-gets-england-call) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514142450/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/spearing\-gets\-england\-call \|date\=14 May 2011 }} #### 2011โ€“12 season [thumb\|Spearing during pre\-season training\|150 px](/wiki/File:Jay_Spearing_2011_Singapore.jpg "Jay Spearing 2011 Singapore.jpg") For the [2011โ€“12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Liverpool_F.C._season "2011โ€“12 Liverpool F.C. season"), Spearing wore the number 20, with his old number 26 being registered to new arrival [Charlie Adam](/wiki/Charlie_Adam "Charlie Adam").[Jordan and Adam numbers set โ€“ Liverpool F.C.](http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/jordan-and-adam-numbers-set) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711082845/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/jordan\-and\-adam\-numbers\-set \|date\=11 July 2011 }} Spearing immediately fell down the pecking order in Liverpool's midfield after the arrival of midfielders Adam, [Jordan Henderson](/wiki/Jordan_Henderson "Jordan Henderson") and [Stewart Downing](/wiki/Stewart_Downing "Stewart Downing"). On 20 July 2011, it was widely reported that Spearing would consider an option to move to [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.") on loan, but the club rejected their approach, stating that Spearing was in their plans. Spearing later dismissed the rumour saying he was willing to fight for his place in the starting eleven.[Wolves eye Jay Spearing loan move ยซ Express \& Star](https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/wolverhampton-wanderers-fc/2011/07/20/wolves-eye-loan-move-for-jay-spearing/) He made his first start of the season against [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. "Exeter City F.C.") in the League Cup on 24 August 2011\. The result ended in a 3โ€“1 victory for Liverpool. He was sent off for the first time in his professional career during Liverpool's 1โ€“0 loss to [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") on 5 December. In May 2012, Spearing was in the starting eleven for the [FA Cup final](/wiki/2012_FA_Cup_final "2012 FA Cup final"), in which Liverpool lost to Chelsea.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17878435 \|title\=Chelsea 2โ€“1 Liverpool \|first\=Phil \|last\=McNulty \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=5 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118044832/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17878435 \|archive\-date\=18 January 2016}} #### 2012โ€“13 season New Liverpool manager [Brendan Rodgers](/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers "Brendan Rodgers") described Spearing as a "very good player with great qualities" who has "the soul of the club in his heart".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool\-fc/liverpool\-fc\-news/2012/07/09/brendan\-rodgers\-jay\-spearing\-has\-the\-soul\-of\-liverpool\-fc\-in\-his\-heart\-video\-100252\-31357504/\|title\=Brendan Rodgers: Jay Spearing has the soul of Liverpool FC in his heart (VIDEO)\|author\=Sean Bradbury\|date\=9 July 2012\|work\=liverpoolecho}} He started the first competitive game of the season in the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") qualifier against Belarusian club [Gomel](/wiki/FC_Gomel "FC Gomel"), playing the full 90 minutes, and made a substitute appearance in the return leg at Anfield. His final appearance of the season for Liverpool came as a start in the 1โ€“0 victory against [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. "Heart of Midlothian F.C.") in a Europa League qualifier on 23 August 2012\. #### Loan move to Bolton Wanderers On 31 August 2012, Spearing joined Championship side Bolton Wanderers on a season\-long [loan](/wiki/Loan_%28sports%29 "Loan (sports)") deal.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\-news/spearing\-leaves\-on\-loan \| title \= Spearing leaves on loan \| publisher \= Liverpool F.C. \| access\-date \= 31 August 2012 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120902083613/http://liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\-news/spearing\-leaves\-on\-loan \| archive\-date \= 2 September 2012 }} His debut came a day later in Bolton's 3โ€“1 defeat against [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C.").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19378191\|title\=Hull City 3\-1 Bolton\|date\=1 September 2012\|publisher\=BBC Sport}} He scored his first goal for Bolton on 20 October as the club beat [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. "Bristol City F.C.") 3โ€“2, in which he scored Bolton's second goal, an equaliser.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19939746 \| location\=London \| publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \| title\=Bolton 3\-2 Bristol City}} On 25 April 2013, Spearing was named the Bolton Wanderers Supporters Association (BWSA) Player of the Season. This was followed on 20 May with his being named the club's Player of the Season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.burndenaces.co.uk/2013/05/04/201213\-bwfc\-player\-of\-the\-season\-jay\-spearing.html\|title\=2012/13 BWFC Player of the Season โ€“ Jay Spearing\|work\=Burnden Aces}} #### Return to Liverpool At the conclusion of Bolton's [season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Football_League_Championship "2012โ€“13 Football League Championship") in the Championship, Spearing returned to Anfield.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/blood\-red\-jay\-spearing\-returns\-3572003\|title\=Blood Red: Jay Spearing returns to Melwood\|author\=James Pearce\|date\=27 April 2013\|work\=liverpoolecho}} Although he did not feature in any of the club's remaining fixtures, he was present in the [guard of honour](/wiki/Guard_of_honour "Guard of honour") for the retiring [Jamie Carragher](/wiki/Jamie_Carragher "Jamie Carragher") in the last game of the [2012โ€“13 Premier League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Premier_League "2012โ€“13 Premier League") against [Queens Park Rangers](/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C. "Queens Park Rangers F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22499180\|title\=BBC Sport โ€“ Liverpool 1โ€“0 QPR\|author\=Mandeep Sanghera\|publisher\=BBC Sport}} In July 2013, a ยฃ1\.75ย million [bid](/wiki/Transfer_market "Transfer market") was submitted by Championship side [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C.") for Spearing,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer\-news/liverpool\-transfer\-news\-jay\-spearing\-2036660\|title\=Liverpool transfer news: Jay Spearing will be sold to Blackburn for ยฃ1\.5million โ€“ Mirror Online\|author\=Alan Nixon\|date\=7 July 2013\|work\=mirror}} which Liverpool rejected.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.caughtoffside.com/2013/07/09/liverpool\-agree\-1\-75m\-fee\-with\-blackburn\-rovers\-for\-midfielder\-jay\-spearing/\|title\=Liverpool Agree ๆ‹ข1\.75m Fee With Blackburn Rovers For Midfielder Jay Spearing\|work\=caughtoffside.com\|date\=9 July 2013}} Notwithstanding, Blackburn failed to agree [terms](/wiki/Employment_contract "Employment contract") with Spearing, and the deal fell through.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23471487\|title\=BBC Sport โ€“ Blackburn Rovers: DJ Campbell faces two\-month absence\|publisher\=BBC Sport}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer\-news/liverpool\-flop\-jay\-spearing\-turns\-2053605\|title\=Liverpool flop Jay Spearing turns down move to Blackburn โ€“ because he wants to return to Bolton โ€“ Mirror Online\|author\=Alan Nixon\|date\=14 July 2013\|work\=mirror}} Spearing featured in Liverpool's first [pre\-season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 "Season (sports)") [friendly](/wiki/Exhibition_game "Exhibition game") of the summer against [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. "Preston North End F.C."){{cite web\|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/live/match/286995/commentary\|title\=Preston v Liverpool โ€“ 13th Jul 2013 โ€“ Commentary โ€“ Friendly Match โ€“ Sky Sports Football\|publisher\=Sky Sports}} and was also included in the squad for the club's summer tour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lfctour.com/news/latest\-news/rodgers\-names\-28\-man\-tour\-squad\|title\=Tour 2015\|work\=Liverpool FC}} In August 2013, Spearing was told by Liverpool that he was free to leave the club,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eyefootball.com/news/15002/Jay\-Spearing\-to\-swap\-Liverpool\-for\-Bolton.html\|title\=Jay Spearing to swap Liverpool for Bolton\|work\=eyefootball\|date\=5 August 2013}} with Liverpool entering talks with Bolton for a possible transfer back to the [Reebok Stadium](/wiki/Reebok_Stadium "Reebok Stadium").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23576928\|title\=BBC Sport โ€“ Jay Spearing: Bolton Wanderers move for Liverpool midfielder\|publisher\=BBC Sport}} ### Bolton Wanderers [thumb\|right\|Spearing playing for [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. "Chelsea F.C.") in the [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup"), 2014](/wiki/File:Chelsea_2_Bolton_Wanderers_1_Chelsea_progress_to_the_next_round_of_the_Capital_One_cup_%2815351554392%29.jpg "Chelsea 2 Bolton Wanderers 1 Chelsea progress to the next round of the Capital One cup (15351554392).jpg") On 8 August 2013, it was announced that a deal was struck between Liverpool and Bolton subject to a medical on the same afternoon. It was confirmed on 9 August that Spearing had agreed a four\-year deal for an undisclosed fee{{cite web\|url\=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/wanderers/wanderersnews/10603036\.\_/?\|title\=Wanderers confirm signing of Jay Spearing from Liverpool\|author\=Marc Iles\|work\=The Bolton News}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\-news/142065\-spearing\-completes\-bolton\-switch?\|title\=Spearing completes Bolton switch\|work\=Liverpool FC}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jays\-back\-9\.813\-980446\.aspx\|title\=Jay's back\|author\=BWFC Staff\|work\=bwfc.co.uk\|access\-date\=9 August 2013\|archive\-date\=12 August 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812211732/http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jays\-back\-9\.813\-980446\.aspx\|url\-status\=dead}} and he made his debut the following day in the 1โ€“1 home draw against [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C."). The Manchester Evening News described this debut as "a man\-of\-the\-match performance".{{Cite web \|last\=Baxter \|first\=Trevor \|date\=2013\-08\-12 \|title\=Jay Spearing seeking a return ticket \|url\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/jay\-spearing\-seeking\-return\-ticket\-5700531 \|access\-date\=2022\-04\-23 \|website\=Manchester Evening News \|language\=en}} In September 2013, Spearing was handed the captaincy at Bolton whenever incumbent [Zat Knight](/wiki/Zat_Knight "Zat Knight") found himself out of the starting XI, although he retained the armband when Knight returned to the team with both in the starting lineup. On 26 July 2014, the club confirmed that Spearing would succeed Knight as captain.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jay\-spearing\-officially\-announced\-as\-new\-club\-captain\-26\.7\.14\-1783426\.aspx\|title\=Jay Spearing officially announced as new club captain\|author\=@OfficialBWFC\|work\=bwfc.co.uk\|access\-date\=26 July 2014\|archive\-date\=24 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324085420/http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jay\-spearing\-officially\-announced\-as\-new\-club\-captain\-26\.7\.14\-1783426\.aspx\|url\-status\=dead}} On 8 August 2015, Spearing was sent off with a second booking in the opening match of the [2015โ€“16 Championship season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Football_League_Championship "2015โ€“16 Football League Championship") against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. "Derby County F.C.").{{cite web\|title\=Bolton and Derby play a draw in the opener\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33744110\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|access\-date\=8 August 2015\|date\=8 August 2015}} Spearing's goal on the opening day of the [2016โ€“17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EFL_Championship "2016โ€“17 EFL Championship") against [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. "Sheffield United F.C.") won August's Goal of the Month award.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/2016\-17/jay\-spearing\-wins\-sky\-bet\-league\-ones\-august\-goal\-of\-the\-month\-award\-3310910\.aspx\|title\=Jay Spearing wins Sky Bet League One's August Goal of the Month award\|last\=@OfficialBWFC}} On 8 July 2017 the club confirmed that Spearing had left after failing to agree terms on a new contract.{{cite news \|title\=Jay Spearing leaves Wanderers\| publisher\=Bolton Wanderers Official Site \|url\=https://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/2017/july/jay\-spearing\-leaves\-wanderers/\|date\=8 July 2017 \|access\-date\=8 July 2017}} A clause in his contract whilst at Bolton stipulated that if he played more than 22 Championship matches each season, they would have to pay Liverpool ยฃ100,000\. This is why he played only 21 in 2014โ€“15 and 22 in 2015โ€“16 as Bolton couldn't afford to pay the clauses and lead to him being loaned out the first time, and dropped from the squad the second time.[Liverpool Echo: "Ex\-Liverpool midfielder Jay Spearing's career left in limbo as Reds refuse to postpone Bolton payment"](https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc-100000-payment-stalling-11035162)[The Bolton News: "Jay Spearing: I was kept in the dark about Liverpool payment"](https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/14668110.jay-spearing-i-was-kept-in-the-dark-about-liverpool-payment/) This seemingly didn't apply to League One. #### Blackburn Rovers (loan) On 30 January 2015, Spearing was loaned to fellow Championship club [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C.") until the end of the season.{{cite web\|title\=Rovers are delighted to confirm the capture of Bolton Wanderers midfielder Jay Spearing.\|url\=http://www.rovers.co.uk/news/article/rovers\-jay\-spearing\-2236391\.aspx\|publisher\=Rovers\|access\-date\=30 January 2015}} ### Blackpool On 4 October 2017, Spearing joined [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_F.C. "Blackpool F.C.") until the end of the season.{{cite news\|title\=Jay Spearing: Blackpool sign former Bolton Wanderers midfielder\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41503284\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|date\=4 October 2017}} He scored his first goals for Blackpool when he scored twice in a 3โ€“2 win over [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City "Bradford City") on 8 September 2018\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45378028\|title\=Blackpool 3\-2 Bradford\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|date\=8 September 2018\|access\-date\=10 September 2018}} He made the move permanent in the summer. Spearing left Blackpool at the end of the 2019โ€“20 season, after three years, having failed to agree terms on a new contract.["Jay Spearing To Leave The Club"](https://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/2020/june/jay-spearing-to-leave-the-club/) โ€“ Blackpool F.C., 26 June 2020 ### Tranmere Rovers On 5 August 2020, Spearing signed a two\-year deal with his hometown club [Tranmere Rovers](/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C. "Tranmere Rovers F.C.").{{Cite news\|date\=2020\-08\-05\|title\=Jay Spearing: Tranmere Rovers sign midfielder after Blackpool departure\|language\=en\-gb\|publisher\=BBC Sport\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53670819\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-05}} He was named Player of the Season for the 2020โ€“21 season.[Tranmere Rovers: "๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฌ๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฌ/๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿญ ๐—ฃ๐—น๐—ฎ๐˜†๐—ฒ๐—ฟ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐˜๐—ต๐—ฒ ๐—ฆ๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐˜€๐—ผ๐—ป โ€“ ๐—๐—ฎ๐˜† ๐—ฆ๐—ฝ๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด."](https://twitter.com/TranmereRovers/status/1394353075494785027) Spearing was released at the end of the [2021โ€“22 season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Tranmere_Rovers_F.C._season "2021โ€“22 Tranmere Rovers F.C. season").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2022/may/202122\-retained\-and\-released\-list/\|title\=2021/22 retained and released list\|website\=tranmererovers.co.uk\|date\=10 May 2022\|accessdate\=10 May 2022}} ### Second return to Liverpool On 17 June 2022, in addition to his [Under\-18s](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy "Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy") coaching role, Spearing was registered as a player for the Under\-23s team as an over\-aged player.{{cite web\|url\= https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/jay\-spearing\-makes\-return\-liverpool\-u18s\-coach\|title\=ACADEMY Jay Spearing makes return to Liverpool as U18s coach\|date\=17 June 2022\|publisher\=Liverpool F.C.\|access\-date\=11 July 2022}}{{cite web\|url\= https://metro.co.uk/2024/03/11/forgotten\-liverpool\-man\-sent\-off\-under\-21s\-player\-coach\-20442512/?ico\=zone\-widget\_sport\_football\|title\=Jay Spearing sent\-off for Liverpool Under\-21s while appearing as player\-coach \|date\=11 March 2024\|publisher\=The Mirror\|access\-date\=11 March 2024}} He made his second professional debut for Liverpool on 20 September 2022, appearing for Liverpool's Under\-21s side against [Rochdale](/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C. "Rochdale A.F.C.") in the [EFL Trophy](/wiki/EFL_Trophy "EFL Trophy").{{cite web \|title\=Arthur starts and Jay Spearing re\-debuts in tight Liverpool U21s defeat \|url\=https://www.thisisanfield.com/2022/09/arthur\-starts\-and\-jay\-spearing\-re\-debuts\-in\-tight\-liverpool\-u21s\-defeat/ \|website\=This is Anfield \|access\-date\=29 September 2022}}
[ "Playing career\n--------------", "### Liverpool", "#### Reserves (2007โ€“2010\\)", "Raised in [Wallasey](/wiki/Wallasey \"Wallasey\"), [Merseyside](/wiki/Merseyside \"Merseyside\"), Spearing was the captain of the Liverpool Under 18s that won the [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup \"FA Youth Cup\") in 2007\\. He featured the previous season in the final against [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"), but missed the majority of the season due to a broken leg. He was promoted to [Melwood](/wiki/Melwood \"Melwood\") in the summer of 2007 to train with the Liverpool first team after impressing in the club's [Academy](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy \"Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy\"). He had been involved with his boyhood club since he was seven years old. He was voted the best player in the Torneo di Renate, a competition for under\\-20 sides, competing against clubs such as [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") and [Parma](/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 \"Parma Calcio 1913\"). He was also part of the Reserve side that won the [Premier Reserve League](/wiki/Premier_Reserve_League \"Premier Reserve League\") in the 2007โ€“08 season.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/history/past\\-players/jay\\-spearing \\|title\\=Jay Spearing \\|publisher\\=Liverpool F.C. \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2014 }}", "#### 2008โ€“09 season", "Spearing made his competitive first\\-team debut on 9 December 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 3โ€“1 [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") win against [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=PSV 1 โ€“ Liverpool 3: match report \\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/match/fixtures/first\\-team/p\\-s\\-v\\-v\\-liverpool\\-2008\\-12\\-09\\-20\\-45\\-00/last\\-match\\-statistics \\| publisher\\=Liverpoolfc.com \\|date\\=9 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-20}} Spearing also appeared in the Reds' 4โ€“0 win over [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF \"Real Madrid CF\") in the second round of the Champions League.", "On 31 March 2009, Liverpool manager [Rafael Benรญtez](/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez \"Rafael Benรญtez\") announced that he would be offering Spearing a new contract, alongside fellow home\\-grown youngster [Stephen Darby](/wiki/Stephen_Darby \"Stephen Darby\"). On 6 July 2009, Spearing agreed to a new three\\-year contract with Liverpool.", "#### Loan move to Leicester City", "[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|Spearing playing for [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\") on 30 March 2010](/wiki/File:Jay_Spearing1.png \"Jay Spearing1.png\")", "On 22 March 2010, Liverpool confirmed Spearing would join [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\") club [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") on loan until the end of the 2009โ€“10 season, linking up with former Liverpool reserve teammate [Jack Hobbs](/wiki/Jack_Hobbs_%28footballer%29 \"Jack Hobbs (footballer)\").{{Cite news\\|last\\=Hunter \\|first\\=Steve \\|title\\=Starlet set for Foxes \\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/starlet\\-set\\-for\\-foxes \\|publisher\\=Liverpool F.C. \\|work\\=Liverpoolfc.tv \\|date\\=22 March 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203440/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/starlet\\-set\\-for\\-foxes \\|archive\\-date\\=25 March 2010 }} His debut came two days later, starting in *the Foxes*{{'}} 2โ€“1 Championship loss to [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\"). His last game for Leicester was on 12 May in the Championship play\\-off semi\\-final, with Leicester winning 3โ€“2, but it wasn't enough to reach the final as they lost on a penalty shootout.{{cite news \\|title\\=Cardiff 2โ€“3 Leicester (agg 3โ€“3\\) \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/8672579\\.stm \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=12 May 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2017 \\|first\\=Peter \\|last\\=Shuttleworth}} He made nine appearances for Leicester and scored his only goal for the club in the 4โ€“1 home win against [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\").{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/8615655\\.stm\n\\|title\\=Leicester 4โ€“1 Watford\n\\|publisher\\=BBC\n\\|date\\=17 April 2010\n\\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2017}}", "#### 2010โ€“11 season", "Spearing was included in Liverpool's 21\\-man squad for the [2010โ€“11 Premier League](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Premier_League \"2010โ€“11 Premier League\") season. He started and played the full 90 minutes in the opening leg of Liverpool's [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") qualifier against Macedonian side [FK Rabotniฤki](/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki \"FK Rabotniฤki\"), and came on as a substitute at [Anfield](/wiki/Anfield \"Anfield\") in the second leg. On 16 September, he again played the full 90 minutes in the Reds' opening group game against [Steaua Bucureศ™ti](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Steaua Bucureศ™ti\"), his first\\-ever start at Anfield, setting up [David Ngog](/wiki/David_Ngog \"David Ngog\") for the fourth and final goal as Liverpool won 4โ€“1\\. On 22 September, he was involved in Liverpool's [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\") third\\-round exit to [League Two](/wiki/EFL_League_Two \"EFL League Two\") side [Northampton Town](/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C. \"Northampton Town F.C.\"); Liverpool lost 4โ€“2 on penalties after a 2โ€“2 draw. On 21 October, he played the full 90 minutes in Liverpool's third group\\-stage tie, a 0โ€“0 draw with a [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\") side featuring former Liverpool left\\-back [Andrea Dossena](/wiki/Andrea_Dossena \"Andrea Dossena\").", "Spearing was an unused substitute in Liverpool's 1โ€“0 Premier League win against [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") at the [Reebok Stadium](/wiki/Reebok_Stadium \"Reebok Stadium\") on 31 October. He came on in the 90th minute of Liverpool's 2โ€“0 victory over Chelsea on 7 November 2010, instantly making an impact by playing a through ball to assist a [Maxi Rodrรญguez](/wiki/Maxi_Rodr%C3%ADguez \"Maxi Rodrรญguez\") effort.", "On 20 November, it was reported that Spearing had broken his ankle in training and would be out for up to six weeks. He made his first appearance of 2011 against [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\") on 16 January. In the post\\-match interview, Liverpool manager [Kenny Dalglish](/wiki/Kenny_Dalglish \"Kenny Dalglish\") praised the young midfielder and joked that [Steven Gerrard](/wiki/Steven_Gerrard \"Steven Gerrard\") may never get into the first team again.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Rice \\|first\\=Jimmy \\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/kenny\\-on\\-derby\\-owners\\-jay \\|title\\=Kenny on derby, owners \\& Jay \\|publisher\\=Liverpool F.C. \\|date\\=21 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119030311/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/kenny\\-on\\-derby\\-owners\\-jay \\|archive\\-date\\=19 January 2011 }} On 20 March, Spearing started another league game, away to [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\"). Spearing won a penalty, which was converted by [Dirk Kuyt](/wiki/Dirk_Kuyt \"Dirk Kuyt\") to put Liverpool 1โ€“0 up.", "Spearing then went on the secure a first\\-team berth with the absence of Steven Gerrard and out\\-of\\-favour [Christian Poulsen](/wiki/Christian_Poulsen \"Christian Poulsen\"). For the remainder of the Premier League season, he formed a midfield partnership with [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_Leiva \"Lucas Leiva\"). Against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") on 17 April, Spearing gave away a 98th\\-minute penalty, which [Robin van Persie](/wiki/Robin_van_Persie \"Robin van Persie\") converted to make the game 1โ€“0\\. The match finished 1โ€“1\\. Despite this, Spearing won the man\\-of\\-the\\-match award from [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports \"Sky Sports\") and was praised after the game for his determination, work\\-rate and battling performance. He received the journalists' man\\-of\\-the\\-match award on the official Liverpool website three times during the season.", "In May 2011, the club announced that he had extended his contract,{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Jay Spearing earns new Liverpool contract\n\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13312069\\.stm\n\\| publisher \\= BBC Sport\n\\| date \\= 6 May 2011\n\\| access\\-date \\= 6 May 2011}} and he was included in [England under\\-21s](/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team \"England national under-21 football team\") provisional 40\\-man squad for the 2011 Summer U21 European Championship, with fellow Liverpool player [Andy Carroll](/wiki/Andy_Carroll \"Andy Carroll\").[Spearing gets England call โ€“ Liverpool F.C.](http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/spearing-gets-england-call) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514142450/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/spearing\\-gets\\-england\\-call \\|date\\=14 May 2011 }}", "#### 2011โ€“12 season", "[thumb\\|Spearing during pre\\-season training\\|150 px](/wiki/File:Jay_Spearing_2011_Singapore.jpg \"Jay Spearing 2011 Singapore.jpg\")\nFor the [2011โ€“12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Liverpool_F.C._season \"2011โ€“12 Liverpool F.C. season\"), Spearing wore the number 20, with his old number 26 being registered to new arrival [Charlie Adam](/wiki/Charlie_Adam \"Charlie Adam\").[Jordan and Adam numbers set โ€“ Liverpool F.C.](http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/jordan-and-adam-numbers-set) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711082845/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/jordan\\-and\\-adam\\-numbers\\-set \\|date\\=11 July 2011 }} Spearing immediately fell down the pecking order in Liverpool's midfield after the arrival of midfielders Adam, [Jordan Henderson](/wiki/Jordan_Henderson \"Jordan Henderson\") and [Stewart Downing](/wiki/Stewart_Downing \"Stewart Downing\"). On 20 July 2011, it was widely reported that Spearing would consider an option to move to [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\") on loan, but the club rejected their approach, stating that Spearing was in their plans. Spearing later dismissed the rumour saying he was willing to fight for his place in the starting eleven.[Wolves eye Jay Spearing loan move ยซ Express \\& Star](https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/wolverhampton-wanderers-fc/2011/07/20/wolves-eye-loan-move-for-jay-spearing/)", "He made his first start of the season against [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. \"Exeter City F.C.\") in the League Cup on 24 August 2011\\. The result ended in a 3โ€“1 victory for Liverpool. He was sent off for the first time in his professional career during Liverpool's 1โ€“0 loss to [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") on 5 December. In May 2012, Spearing was in the starting eleven for the [FA Cup final](/wiki/2012_FA_Cup_final \"2012 FA Cup final\"), in which Liverpool lost to Chelsea.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17878435 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2โ€“1 Liverpool \\|first\\=Phil \\|last\\=McNulty \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=5 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118044832/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17878435 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2016}}", "#### 2012โ€“13 season", "New Liverpool manager [Brendan Rodgers](/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers \"Brendan Rodgers\") described Spearing as a \"very good player with great qualities\" who has \"the soul of the club in his heart\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool\\-fc/liverpool\\-fc\\-news/2012/07/09/brendan\\-rodgers\\-jay\\-spearing\\-has\\-the\\-soul\\-of\\-liverpool\\-fc\\-in\\-his\\-heart\\-video\\-100252\\-31357504/\\|title\\=Brendan Rodgers: Jay Spearing has the soul of Liverpool FC in his heart (VIDEO)\\|author\\=Sean Bradbury\\|date\\=9 July 2012\\|work\\=liverpoolecho}} He started the first competitive game of the season in the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") qualifier against Belarusian club [Gomel](/wiki/FC_Gomel \"FC Gomel\"), playing the full 90 minutes, and made a substitute appearance in the return leg at Anfield. His final appearance of the season for Liverpool came as a start in the 1โ€“0 victory against [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\") in a Europa League qualifier on 23 August 2012\\.", "#### Loan move to Bolton Wanderers", "On 31 August 2012, Spearing joined Championship side Bolton Wanderers on a season\\-long [loan](/wiki/Loan_%28sports%29 \"Loan (sports)\") deal.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\\-news/spearing\\-leaves\\-on\\-loan \\| title \\= Spearing leaves on loan \\| publisher \\= Liverpool F.C. \\| access\\-date \\= 31 August 2012 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120902083613/http://liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\\-news/spearing\\-leaves\\-on\\-loan \\| archive\\-date \\= 2 September 2012 }} His debut came a day later in Bolton's 3โ€“1 defeat against [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19378191\\|title\\=Hull City 3\\-1 Bolton\\|date\\=1 September 2012\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}} He scored his first goal for Bolton on 20 October as the club beat [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. \"Bristol City F.C.\") 3โ€“2, in which he scored Bolton's second goal, an equaliser.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19939746 \\| location\\=London \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\| title\\=Bolton 3\\-2 Bristol City}} On 25 April 2013, Spearing was named the Bolton Wanderers Supporters Association (BWSA) Player of the Season. This was followed on 20 May with his being named the club's Player of the Season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.burndenaces.co.uk/2013/05/04/201213\\-bwfc\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-season\\-jay\\-spearing.html\\|title\\=2012/13 BWFC Player of the Season โ€“ Jay Spearing\\|work\\=Burnden Aces}}", "#### Return to Liverpool", "At the conclusion of Bolton's [season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Football_League_Championship \"2012โ€“13 Football League Championship\") in the Championship, Spearing returned to Anfield.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/blood\\-red\\-jay\\-spearing\\-returns\\-3572003\\|title\\=Blood Red: Jay Spearing returns to Melwood\\|author\\=James Pearce\\|date\\=27 April 2013\\|work\\=liverpoolecho}} Although he did not feature in any of the club's remaining fixtures, he was present in the [guard of honour](/wiki/Guard_of_honour \"Guard of honour\") for the retiring [Jamie Carragher](/wiki/Jamie_Carragher \"Jamie Carragher\") in the last game of the [2012โ€“13 Premier League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Premier_League \"2012โ€“13 Premier League\") against [Queens Park Rangers](/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C. \"Queens Park Rangers F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22499180\\|title\\=BBC Sport โ€“ Liverpool 1โ€“0 QPR\\|author\\=Mandeep Sanghera\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}}", "In July 2013, a ยฃ1\\.75ย million [bid](/wiki/Transfer_market \"Transfer market\") was submitted by Championship side [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\") for Spearing,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer\\-news/liverpool\\-transfer\\-news\\-jay\\-spearing\\-2036660\\|title\\=Liverpool transfer news: Jay Spearing will be sold to Blackburn for ยฃ1\\.5million โ€“ Mirror Online\\|author\\=Alan Nixon\\|date\\=7 July 2013\\|work\\=mirror}} which Liverpool rejected.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.caughtoffside.com/2013/07/09/liverpool\\-agree\\-1\\-75m\\-fee\\-with\\-blackburn\\-rovers\\-for\\-midfielder\\-jay\\-spearing/\\|title\\=Liverpool Agree ๆ‹ข1\\.75m Fee With Blackburn Rovers For Midfielder Jay Spearing\\|work\\=caughtoffside.com\\|date\\=9 July 2013}} Notwithstanding, Blackburn failed to agree [terms](/wiki/Employment_contract \"Employment contract\") with Spearing, and the deal fell through.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23471487\\|title\\=BBC Sport โ€“ Blackburn Rovers: DJ Campbell faces two\\-month absence\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer\\-news/liverpool\\-flop\\-jay\\-spearing\\-turns\\-2053605\\|title\\=Liverpool flop Jay Spearing turns down move to Blackburn โ€“ because he wants to return to Bolton โ€“ Mirror Online\\|author\\=Alan Nixon\\|date\\=14 July 2013\\|work\\=mirror}}", "Spearing featured in Liverpool's first [pre\\-season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") [friendly](/wiki/Exhibition_game \"Exhibition game\") of the summer against [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. \"Preston North End F.C.\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/live/match/286995/commentary\\|title\\=Preston v Liverpool โ€“ 13th Jul 2013 โ€“ Commentary โ€“ Friendly Match โ€“ Sky Sports Football\\|publisher\\=Sky Sports}} and was also included in the squad for the club's summer tour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lfctour.com/news/latest\\-news/rodgers\\-names\\-28\\-man\\-tour\\-squad\\|title\\=Tour 2015\\|work\\=Liverpool FC}} In August 2013, Spearing was told by Liverpool that he was free to leave the club,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eyefootball.com/news/15002/Jay\\-Spearing\\-to\\-swap\\-Liverpool\\-for\\-Bolton.html\\|title\\=Jay Spearing to swap Liverpool for Bolton\\|work\\=eyefootball\\|date\\=5 August 2013}} with Liverpool entering talks with Bolton for a possible transfer back to the [Reebok Stadium](/wiki/Reebok_Stadium \"Reebok Stadium\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23576928\\|title\\=BBC Sport โ€“ Jay Spearing: Bolton Wanderers move for Liverpool midfielder\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}}", "### Bolton Wanderers", "[thumb\\|right\\|Spearing playing for [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") against [Chelsea](/wiki/Chelsea_F.C. \"Chelsea F.C.\") in the [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\"), 2014](/wiki/File:Chelsea_2_Bolton_Wanderers_1_Chelsea_progress_to_the_next_round_of_the_Capital_One_cup_%2815351554392%29.jpg \"Chelsea 2 Bolton Wanderers 1 Chelsea progress to the next round of the Capital One cup (15351554392).jpg\")\nOn 8 August 2013, it was announced that a deal was struck between Liverpool and Bolton subject to a medical on the same afternoon. It was confirmed on 9 August that Spearing had agreed a four\\-year deal for an undisclosed fee{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/wanderers/wanderersnews/10603036\\.\\_/?\\|title\\=Wanderers confirm signing of Jay Spearing from Liverpool\\|author\\=Marc Iles\\|work\\=The Bolton News}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\\-news/142065\\-spearing\\-completes\\-bolton\\-switch?\\|title\\=Spearing completes Bolton switch\\|work\\=Liverpool FC}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jays\\-back\\-9\\.813\\-980446\\.aspx\\|title\\=Jay's back\\|author\\=BWFC Staff\\|work\\=bwfc.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=9 August 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=12 August 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812211732/http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jays\\-back\\-9\\.813\\-980446\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and he made his debut the following day in the 1โ€“1 home draw against [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\"). The Manchester Evening News described this debut as \"a man\\-of\\-the\\-match performance\".{{Cite web \\|last\\=Baxter \\|first\\=Trevor \\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-12 \\|title\\=Jay Spearing seeking a return ticket \\|url\\=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/jay\\-spearing\\-seeking\\-return\\-ticket\\-5700531 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-04\\-23 \\|website\\=Manchester Evening News \\|language\\=en}}", "In September 2013, Spearing was handed the captaincy at Bolton whenever incumbent [Zat Knight](/wiki/Zat_Knight \"Zat Knight\") found himself out of the starting XI, although he retained the armband when Knight returned to the team with both in the starting lineup. On 26 July 2014, the club confirmed that Spearing would succeed Knight as captain.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jay\\-spearing\\-officially\\-announced\\-as\\-new\\-club\\-captain\\-26\\.7\\.14\\-1783426\\.aspx\\|title\\=Jay Spearing officially announced as new club captain\\|author\\=@OfficialBWFC\\|work\\=bwfc.co.uk\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=24 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324085420/http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jay\\-spearing\\-officially\\-announced\\-as\\-new\\-club\\-captain\\-26\\.7\\.14\\-1783426\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "On 8 August 2015, Spearing was sent off with a second booking in the opening match of the [2015โ€“16 Championship season](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Football_League_Championship \"2015โ€“16 Football League Championship\") against [Derby County](/wiki/Derby_County_F.C. \"Derby County F.C.\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Bolton and Derby play a draw in the opener\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33744110\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|access\\-date\\=8 August 2015\\|date\\=8 August 2015}} Spearing's goal on the opening day of the [2016โ€“17 season](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_EFL_Championship \"2016โ€“17 EFL Championship\") against [Sheffield United](/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C. \"Sheffield United F.C.\") won August's Goal of the Month award.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/2016\\-17/jay\\-spearing\\-wins\\-sky\\-bet\\-league\\-ones\\-august\\-goal\\-of\\-the\\-month\\-award\\-3310910\\.aspx\\|title\\=Jay Spearing wins Sky Bet League One's August Goal of the Month award\\|last\\=@OfficialBWFC}}", "On 8 July 2017 the club confirmed that Spearing had left after failing to agree terms on a new contract.{{cite news \\|title\\=Jay Spearing leaves Wanderers\\| publisher\\=Bolton Wanderers Official Site \\|url\\=https://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/2017/july/jay\\-spearing\\-leaves\\-wanderers/\\|date\\=8 July 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=8 July 2017}}", "A clause in his contract whilst at Bolton stipulated that if he played more than 22 Championship matches each season, they would have to pay Liverpool ยฃ100,000\\. This is why he played only 21 in 2014โ€“15 and 22 in 2015โ€“16 as Bolton couldn't afford to pay the clauses and lead to him being loaned out the first time, and dropped from the squad the second time.[Liverpool Echo: \"Ex\\-Liverpool midfielder Jay Spearing's career left in limbo as Reds refuse to postpone Bolton payment\"](https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc-100000-payment-stalling-11035162)[The Bolton News: \"Jay Spearing: I was kept in the dark about Liverpool payment\"](https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/14668110.jay-spearing-i-was-kept-in-the-dark-about-liverpool-payment/) This seemingly didn't apply to League One.", "#### Blackburn Rovers (loan)", "On 30 January 2015, Spearing was loaned to fellow Championship club [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\") until the end of the season.{{cite web\\|title\\=Rovers are delighted to confirm the capture of Bolton Wanderers midfielder Jay Spearing.\\|url\\=http://www.rovers.co.uk/news/article/rovers\\-jay\\-spearing\\-2236391\\.aspx\\|publisher\\=Rovers\\|access\\-date\\=30 January 2015}}", "### Blackpool", "On 4 October 2017, Spearing joined [Blackpool](/wiki/Blackpool_F.C. \"Blackpool F.C.\") until the end of the season.{{cite news\\|title\\=Jay Spearing: Blackpool sign former Bolton Wanderers midfielder\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41503284\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|date\\=4 October 2017}} He scored his first goals for Blackpool when he scored twice in a 3โ€“2 win over [Bradford City](/wiki/Bradford_City \"Bradford City\") on 8 September 2018\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45378028\\|title\\=Blackpool 3\\-2 Bradford\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|date\\=8 September 2018\\|access\\-date\\=10 September 2018}} He made the move permanent in the summer.", "Spearing left Blackpool at the end of the 2019โ€“20 season, after three years, having failed to agree terms on a new contract.[\"Jay Spearing To Leave The Club\"](https://www.blackpoolfc.co.uk/news/2020/june/jay-spearing-to-leave-the-club/) โ€“ Blackpool F.C., 26 June 2020", "### Tranmere Rovers", "On 5 August 2020, Spearing signed a two\\-year deal with his hometown club [Tranmere Rovers](/wiki/Tranmere_Rovers_F.C. \"Tranmere Rovers F.C.\").{{Cite news\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-05\\|title\\=Jay Spearing: Tranmere Rovers sign midfielder after Blackpool departure\\|language\\=en\\-gb\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53670819\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-05}} He was named Player of the Season for the 2020โ€“21 season.[Tranmere Rovers: \"๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฌ๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿฌ/๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿญ ๐—ฃ๐—น๐—ฎ๐˜†๐—ฒ๐—ฟ ๐—ผ๐—ณ ๐˜๐—ต๐—ฒ ๐—ฆ๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐˜€๐—ผ๐—ป โ€“ ๐—๐—ฎ๐˜† ๐—ฆ๐—ฝ๐—ฒ๐—ฎ๐—ฟ๐—ถ๐—ป๐—ด.\"](https://twitter.com/TranmereRovers/status/1394353075494785027) Spearing was released at the end of the [2021โ€“22 season](/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Tranmere_Rovers_F.C._season \"2021โ€“22 Tranmere Rovers F.C. season\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2022/may/202122\\-retained\\-and\\-released\\-list/\\|title\\=2021/22 retained and released list\\|website\\=tranmererovers.co.uk\\|date\\=10 May 2022\\|accessdate\\=10 May 2022}}", "### Second return to Liverpool", "On 17 June 2022, in addition to his [Under\\-18s](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy \"Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy\") coaching role, Spearing was registered as a player for the Under\\-23s team as an over\\-aged player.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/jay\\-spearing\\-makes\\-return\\-liverpool\\-u18s\\-coach\\|title\\=ACADEMY Jay Spearing makes return to Liverpool as U18s coach\\|date\\=17 June 2022\\|publisher\\=Liverpool F.C.\\|access\\-date\\=11 July 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\= https://metro.co.uk/2024/03/11/forgotten\\-liverpool\\-man\\-sent\\-off\\-under\\-21s\\-player\\-coach\\-20442512/?ico\\=zone\\-widget\\_sport\\_football\\|title\\=Jay Spearing sent\\-off for Liverpool Under\\-21s while appearing as player\\-coach \\|date\\=11 March 2024\\|publisher\\=The Mirror\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2024}}\nHe made his second professional debut for Liverpool on 20 September 2022, appearing for Liverpool's Under\\-21s side against [Rochdale](/wiki/Rochdale_A.F.C. \"Rochdale A.F.C.\") in the [EFL Trophy](/wiki/EFL_Trophy \"EFL Trophy\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Arthur starts and Jay Spearing re\\-debuts in tight Liverpool U21s defeat \\|url\\=https://www.thisisanfield.com/2022/09/arthur\\-starts\\-and\\-jay\\-spearing\\-re\\-debuts\\-in\\-tight\\-liverpool\\-u21s\\-defeat/ \\|website\\=This is Anfield \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2022}}", "" ]
### Liverpool #### Reserves (2007โ€“2010\) Raised in [Wallasey](/wiki/Wallasey "Wallasey"), [Merseyside](/wiki/Merseyside "Merseyside"), Spearing was the captain of the Liverpool Under 18s that won the [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup "FA Youth Cup") in 2007\. He featured the previous season in the final against [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. "Manchester City F.C."), but missed the majority of the season due to a broken leg. He was promoted to [Melwood](/wiki/Melwood "Melwood") in the summer of 2007 to train with the Liverpool first team after impressing in the club's [Academy](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy "Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy"). He had been involved with his boyhood club since he was seven years old. He was voted the best player in the Torneo di Renate, a competition for under\-20 sides, competing against clubs such as [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan "A.C. Milan") and [Parma](/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 "Parma Calcio 1913"). He was also part of the Reserve side that won the [Premier Reserve League](/wiki/Premier_Reserve_League "Premier Reserve League") in the 2007โ€“08 season.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/history/past\-players/jay\-spearing \|title\=Jay Spearing \|publisher\=Liverpool F.C. \|access\-date\=20 July 2014 }} #### 2008โ€“09 season Spearing made his competitive first\-team debut on 9 December 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 3โ€“1 [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League "UEFA Champions League") win against [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven "PSV Eindhoven").{{Cite web\|title\=PSV 1 โ€“ Liverpool 3: match report \|url\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/match/fixtures/first\-team/p\-s\-v\-v\-liverpool\-2008\-12\-09\-20\-45\-00/last\-match\-statistics \| publisher\=Liverpoolfc.com \|date\=9 December 2008 \|access\-date\=2014\-07\-20}} Spearing also appeared in the Reds' 4โ€“0 win over [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF "Real Madrid CF") in the second round of the Champions League. On 31 March 2009, Liverpool manager [Rafael Benรญtez](/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez "Rafael Benรญtez") announced that he would be offering Spearing a new contract, alongside fellow home\-grown youngster [Stephen Darby](/wiki/Stephen_Darby "Stephen Darby"). On 6 July 2009, Spearing agreed to a new three\-year contract with Liverpool. #### Loan move to Leicester City [thumb\|right\|150px\|Spearing playing for [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. "Cardiff City F.C.") on 30 March 2010](/wiki/File:Jay_Spearing1.png "Jay Spearing1.png") On 22 March 2010, Liverpool confirmed Spearing would join [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship "EFL Championship") club [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. "Leicester City F.C.") on loan until the end of the 2009โ€“10 season, linking up with former Liverpool reserve teammate [Jack Hobbs](/wiki/Jack_Hobbs_%28footballer%29 "Jack Hobbs (footballer)").{{Cite news\|last\=Hunter \|first\=Steve \|title\=Starlet set for Foxes \|url\=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/starlet\-set\-for\-foxes \|publisher\=Liverpool F.C. \|work\=Liverpoolfc.tv \|date\=22 March 2010 \|access\-date\=22 March 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203440/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/starlet\-set\-for\-foxes \|archive\-date\=25 March 2010 }} His debut came two days later, starting in *the Foxes*{{'}} 2โ€“1 Championship loss to [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. "Reading F.C."). His last game for Leicester was on 12 May in the Championship play\-off semi\-final, with Leicester winning 3โ€“2, but it wasn't enough to reach the final as they lost on a penalty shootout.{{cite news \|title\=Cardiff 2โ€“3 Leicester (agg 3โ€“3\) \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/8672579\.stm \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=12 May 2010 \|access\-date\=17 May 2017 \|first\=Peter \|last\=Shuttleworth}} He made nine appearances for Leicester and scored his only goal for the club in the 4โ€“1 home win against [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. "Watford F.C.").{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\_div\_1/8615655\.stm \|title\=Leicester 4โ€“1 Watford \|publisher\=BBC \|date\=17 April 2010 \|access\-date\=17 May 2017}} #### 2010โ€“11 season Spearing was included in Liverpool's 21\-man squad for the [2010โ€“11 Premier League](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Premier_League "2010โ€“11 Premier League") season. He started and played the full 90 minutes in the opening leg of Liverpool's [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") qualifier against Macedonian side [FK Rabotniฤki](/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki "FK Rabotniฤki"), and came on as a substitute at [Anfield](/wiki/Anfield "Anfield") in the second leg. On 16 September, he again played the full 90 minutes in the Reds' opening group game against [Steaua Bucureศ™ti](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti "FC Steaua Bucureศ™ti"), his first\-ever start at Anfield, setting up [David Ngog](/wiki/David_Ngog "David Ngog") for the fourth and final goal as Liverpool won 4โ€“1\. On 22 September, he was involved in Liverpool's [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup "EFL Cup") third\-round exit to [League Two](/wiki/EFL_League_Two "EFL League Two") side [Northampton Town](/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C. "Northampton Town F.C."); Liverpool lost 4โ€“2 on penalties after a 2โ€“2 draw. On 21 October, he played the full 90 minutes in Liverpool's third group\-stage tie, a 0โ€“0 draw with a [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli "S.S.C. Napoli") side featuring former Liverpool left\-back [Andrea Dossena](/wiki/Andrea_Dossena "Andrea Dossena"). Spearing was an unused substitute in Liverpool's 1โ€“0 Premier League win against [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. "Bolton Wanderers F.C.") at the [Reebok Stadium](/wiki/Reebok_Stadium "Reebok Stadium") on 31 October. He came on in the 90th minute of Liverpool's 2โ€“0 victory over Chelsea on 7 November 2010, instantly making an impact by playing a through ball to assist a [Maxi Rodrรญguez](/wiki/Maxi_Rodr%C3%ADguez "Maxi Rodrรญguez") effort. On 20 November, it was reported that Spearing had broken his ankle in training and would be out for up to six weeks. He made his first appearance of 2011 against [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. "Everton F.C.") on 16 January. In the post\-match interview, Liverpool manager [Kenny Dalglish](/wiki/Kenny_Dalglish "Kenny Dalglish") praised the young midfielder and joked that [Steven Gerrard](/wiki/Steven_Gerrard "Steven Gerrard") may never get into the first team again.{{Cite web\|last\=Rice \|first\=Jimmy \|url\=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/kenny\-on\-derby\-owners\-jay \|title\=Kenny on derby, owners \& Jay \|publisher\=Liverpool F.C. \|date\=21 January 2011 \|access\-date\=21 March 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119030311/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/kenny\-on\-derby\-owners\-jay \|archive\-date\=19 January 2011 }} On 20 March, Spearing started another league game, away to [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. "Sunderland A.F.C."). Spearing won a penalty, which was converted by [Dirk Kuyt](/wiki/Dirk_Kuyt "Dirk Kuyt") to put Liverpool 1โ€“0 up. Spearing then went on the secure a first\-team berth with the absence of Steven Gerrard and out\-of\-favour [Christian Poulsen](/wiki/Christian_Poulsen "Christian Poulsen"). For the remainder of the Premier League season, he formed a midfield partnership with [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_Leiva "Lucas Leiva"). Against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. "Arsenal F.C.") on 17 April, Spearing gave away a 98th\-minute penalty, which [Robin van Persie](/wiki/Robin_van_Persie "Robin van Persie") converted to make the game 1โ€“0\. The match finished 1โ€“1\. Despite this, Spearing won the man\-of\-the\-match award from [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports "Sky Sports") and was praised after the game for his determination, work\-rate and battling performance. He received the journalists' man\-of\-the\-match award on the official Liverpool website three times during the season. In May 2011, the club announced that he had extended his contract,{{cite news \| title \= Jay Spearing earns new Liverpool contract \| url \= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13312069\.stm \| publisher \= BBC Sport \| date \= 6 May 2011 \| access\-date \= 6 May 2011}} and he was included in [England under\-21s](/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team "England national under-21 football team") provisional 40\-man squad for the 2011 Summer U21 European Championship, with fellow Liverpool player [Andy Carroll](/wiki/Andy_Carroll "Andy Carroll").[Spearing gets England call โ€“ Liverpool F.C.](http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/spearing-gets-england-call) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514142450/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/spearing\-gets\-england\-call \|date\=14 May 2011 }} #### 2011โ€“12 season [thumb\|Spearing during pre\-season training\|150 px](/wiki/File:Jay_Spearing_2011_Singapore.jpg "Jay Spearing 2011 Singapore.jpg") For the [2011โ€“12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Liverpool_F.C._season "2011โ€“12 Liverpool F.C. season"), Spearing wore the number 20, with his old number 26 being registered to new arrival [Charlie Adam](/wiki/Charlie_Adam "Charlie Adam").[Jordan and Adam numbers set โ€“ Liverpool F.C.](http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/jordan-and-adam-numbers-set) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711082845/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\-news/jordan\-and\-adam\-numbers\-set \|date\=11 July 2011 }} Spearing immediately fell down the pecking order in Liverpool's midfield after the arrival of midfielders Adam, [Jordan Henderson](/wiki/Jordan_Henderson "Jordan Henderson") and [Stewart Downing](/wiki/Stewart_Downing "Stewart Downing"). On 20 July 2011, it was widely reported that Spearing would consider an option to move to [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. "Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.") on loan, but the club rejected their approach, stating that Spearing was in their plans. Spearing later dismissed the rumour saying he was willing to fight for his place in the starting eleven.[Wolves eye Jay Spearing loan move ยซ Express \& Star](https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/wolverhampton-wanderers-fc/2011/07/20/wolves-eye-loan-move-for-jay-spearing/) He made his first start of the season against [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. "Exeter City F.C.") in the League Cup on 24 August 2011\. The result ended in a 3โ€“1 victory for Liverpool. He was sent off for the first time in his professional career during Liverpool's 1โ€“0 loss to [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. "Fulham F.C.") on 5 December. In May 2012, Spearing was in the starting eleven for the [FA Cup final](/wiki/2012_FA_Cup_final "2012 FA Cup final"), in which Liverpool lost to Chelsea.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17878435 \|title\=Chelsea 2โ€“1 Liverpool \|first\=Phil \|last\=McNulty \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=5 May 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118044832/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17878435 \|archive\-date\=18 January 2016}} #### 2012โ€“13 season New Liverpool manager [Brendan Rodgers](/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers "Brendan Rodgers") described Spearing as a "very good player with great qualities" who has "the soul of the club in his heart".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool\-fc/liverpool\-fc\-news/2012/07/09/brendan\-rodgers\-jay\-spearing\-has\-the\-soul\-of\-liverpool\-fc\-in\-his\-heart\-video\-100252\-31357504/\|title\=Brendan Rodgers: Jay Spearing has the soul of Liverpool FC in his heart (VIDEO)\|author\=Sean Bradbury\|date\=9 July 2012\|work\=liverpoolecho}} He started the first competitive game of the season in the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League "UEFA Europa League") qualifier against Belarusian club [Gomel](/wiki/FC_Gomel "FC Gomel"), playing the full 90 minutes, and made a substitute appearance in the return leg at Anfield. His final appearance of the season for Liverpool came as a start in the 1โ€“0 victory against [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. "Heart of Midlothian F.C.") in a Europa League qualifier on 23 August 2012\. #### Loan move to Bolton Wanderers On 31 August 2012, Spearing joined Championship side Bolton Wanderers on a season\-long [loan](/wiki/Loan_%28sports%29 "Loan (sports)") deal.{{cite web \| url \= http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\-news/spearing\-leaves\-on\-loan \| title \= Spearing leaves on loan \| publisher \= Liverpool F.C. \| access\-date \= 31 August 2012 \| url\-status \= dead \| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20120902083613/http://liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\-news/spearing\-leaves\-on\-loan \| archive\-date \= 2 September 2012 }} His debut came a day later in Bolton's 3โ€“1 defeat against [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. "Hull City A.F.C.").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19378191\|title\=Hull City 3\-1 Bolton\|date\=1 September 2012\|publisher\=BBC Sport}} He scored his first goal for Bolton on 20 October as the club beat [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. "Bristol City F.C.") 3โ€“2, in which he scored Bolton's second goal, an equaliser.{{cite news\| url\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19939746 \| location\=London \| publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]] \| title\=Bolton 3\-2 Bristol City}} On 25 April 2013, Spearing was named the Bolton Wanderers Supporters Association (BWSA) Player of the Season. This was followed on 20 May with his being named the club's Player of the Season.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.burndenaces.co.uk/2013/05/04/201213\-bwfc\-player\-of\-the\-season\-jay\-spearing.html\|title\=2012/13 BWFC Player of the Season โ€“ Jay Spearing\|work\=Burnden Aces}} #### Return to Liverpool At the conclusion of Bolton's [season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Football_League_Championship "2012โ€“13 Football League Championship") in the Championship, Spearing returned to Anfield.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football\-news/blood\-red\-jay\-spearing\-returns\-3572003\|title\=Blood Red: Jay Spearing returns to Melwood\|author\=James Pearce\|date\=27 April 2013\|work\=liverpoolecho}} Although he did not feature in any of the club's remaining fixtures, he was present in the [guard of honour](/wiki/Guard_of_honour "Guard of honour") for the retiring [Jamie Carragher](/wiki/Jamie_Carragher "Jamie Carragher") in the last game of the [2012โ€“13 Premier League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Premier_League "2012โ€“13 Premier League") against [Queens Park Rangers](/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C. "Queens Park Rangers F.C.").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22499180\|title\=BBC Sport โ€“ Liverpool 1โ€“0 QPR\|author\=Mandeep Sanghera\|publisher\=BBC Sport}} In July 2013, a ยฃ1\.75ย million [bid](/wiki/Transfer_market "Transfer market") was submitted by Championship side [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. "Blackburn Rovers F.C.") for Spearing,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer\-news/liverpool\-transfer\-news\-jay\-spearing\-2036660\|title\=Liverpool transfer news: Jay Spearing will be sold to Blackburn for ยฃ1\.5million โ€“ Mirror Online\|author\=Alan Nixon\|date\=7 July 2013\|work\=mirror}} which Liverpool rejected.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.caughtoffside.com/2013/07/09/liverpool\-agree\-1\-75m\-fee\-with\-blackburn\-rovers\-for\-midfielder\-jay\-spearing/\|title\=Liverpool Agree ๆ‹ข1\.75m Fee With Blackburn Rovers For Midfielder Jay Spearing\|work\=caughtoffside.com\|date\=9 July 2013}} Notwithstanding, Blackburn failed to agree [terms](/wiki/Employment_contract "Employment contract") with Spearing, and the deal fell through.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23471487\|title\=BBC Sport โ€“ Blackburn Rovers: DJ Campbell faces two\-month absence\|publisher\=BBC Sport}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer\-news/liverpool\-flop\-jay\-spearing\-turns\-2053605\|title\=Liverpool flop Jay Spearing turns down move to Blackburn โ€“ because he wants to return to Bolton โ€“ Mirror Online\|author\=Alan Nixon\|date\=14 July 2013\|work\=mirror}} Spearing featured in Liverpool's first [pre\-season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 "Season (sports)") [friendly](/wiki/Exhibition_game "Exhibition game") of the summer against [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. "Preston North End F.C."){{cite web\|url\=http://www1\.skysports.com/football/live/match/286995/commentary\|title\=Preston v Liverpool โ€“ 13th Jul 2013 โ€“ Commentary โ€“ Friendly Match โ€“ Sky Sports Football\|publisher\=Sky Sports}} and was also included in the squad for the club's summer tour.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lfctour.com/news/latest\-news/rodgers\-names\-28\-man\-tour\-squad\|title\=Tour 2015\|work\=Liverpool FC}} In August 2013, Spearing was told by Liverpool that he was free to leave the club,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.eyefootball.com/news/15002/Jay\-Spearing\-to\-swap\-Liverpool\-for\-Bolton.html\|title\=Jay Spearing to swap Liverpool for Bolton\|work\=eyefootball\|date\=5 August 2013}} with Liverpool entering talks with Bolton for a possible transfer back to the [Reebok Stadium](/wiki/Reebok_Stadium "Reebok Stadium").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23576928\|title\=BBC Sport โ€“ Jay Spearing: Bolton Wanderers move for Liverpool midfielder\|publisher\=BBC Sport}}
[ "### Liverpool", "#### Reserves (2007โ€“2010\\)", "Raised in [Wallasey](/wiki/Wallasey \"Wallasey\"), [Merseyside](/wiki/Merseyside \"Merseyside\"), Spearing was the captain of the Liverpool Under 18s that won the [FA Youth Cup](/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup \"FA Youth Cup\") in 2007\\. He featured the previous season in the final against [Manchester City](/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C. \"Manchester City F.C.\"), but missed the majority of the season due to a broken leg. He was promoted to [Melwood](/wiki/Melwood \"Melwood\") in the summer of 2007 to train with the Liverpool first team after impressing in the club's [Academy](/wiki/Liverpool_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy \"Liverpool F.C. Reserves and Academy\"). He had been involved with his boyhood club since he was seven years old. He was voted the best player in the Torneo di Renate, a competition for under\\-20 sides, competing against clubs such as [Milan](/wiki/A.C._Milan \"A.C. Milan\") and [Parma](/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913 \"Parma Calcio 1913\"). He was also part of the Reserve side that won the [Premier Reserve League](/wiki/Premier_Reserve_League \"Premier Reserve League\") in the 2007โ€“08 season.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/history/past\\-players/jay\\-spearing \\|title\\=Jay Spearing \\|publisher\\=Liverpool F.C. \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2014 }}", "#### 2008โ€“09 season", "Spearing made his competitive first\\-team debut on 9 December 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 3โ€“1 [UEFA Champions League](/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League \"UEFA Champions League\") win against [PSV](/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven \"PSV Eindhoven\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=PSV 1 โ€“ Liverpool 3: match report \\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/match/fixtures/first\\-team/p\\-s\\-v\\-v\\-liverpool\\-2008\\-12\\-09\\-20\\-45\\-00/last\\-match\\-statistics \\| publisher\\=Liverpoolfc.com \\|date\\=9 December 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-07\\-20}} Spearing also appeared in the Reds' 4โ€“0 win over [Real Madrid](/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF \"Real Madrid CF\") in the second round of the Champions League.", "On 31 March 2009, Liverpool manager [Rafael Benรญtez](/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez \"Rafael Benรญtez\") announced that he would be offering Spearing a new contract, alongside fellow home\\-grown youngster [Stephen Darby](/wiki/Stephen_Darby \"Stephen Darby\"). On 6 July 2009, Spearing agreed to a new three\\-year contract with Liverpool.", "#### Loan move to Leicester City", "[thumb\\|right\\|150px\\|Spearing playing for [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") against [Cardiff City](/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C. \"Cardiff City F.C.\") on 30 March 2010](/wiki/File:Jay_Spearing1.png \"Jay Spearing1.png\")", "On 22 March 2010, Liverpool confirmed Spearing would join [Championship](/wiki/EFL_Championship \"EFL Championship\") club [Leicester City](/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C. \"Leicester City F.C.\") on loan until the end of the 2009โ€“10 season, linking up with former Liverpool reserve teammate [Jack Hobbs](/wiki/Jack_Hobbs_%28footballer%29 \"Jack Hobbs (footballer)\").{{Cite news\\|last\\=Hunter \\|first\\=Steve \\|title\\=Starlet set for Foxes \\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/starlet\\-set\\-for\\-foxes \\|publisher\\=Liverpool F.C. \\|work\\=Liverpoolfc.tv \\|date\\=22 March 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203440/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/starlet\\-set\\-for\\-foxes \\|archive\\-date\\=25 March 2010 }} His debut came two days later, starting in *the Foxes*{{'}} 2โ€“1 Championship loss to [Reading](/wiki/Reading_F.C. \"Reading F.C.\"). His last game for Leicester was on 12 May in the Championship play\\-off semi\\-final, with Leicester winning 3โ€“2, but it wasn't enough to reach the final as they lost on a penalty shootout.{{cite news \\|title\\=Cardiff 2โ€“3 Leicester (agg 3โ€“3\\) \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/8672579\\.stm \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=12 May 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2017 \\|first\\=Peter \\|last\\=Shuttleworth}} He made nine appearances for Leicester and scored his only goal for the club in the 4โ€“1 home win against [Watford](/wiki/Watford_F.C. \"Watford F.C.\").{{cite news\n\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng\\_div\\_1/8615655\\.stm\n\\|title\\=Leicester 4โ€“1 Watford\n\\|publisher\\=BBC\n\\|date\\=17 April 2010\n\\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2017}}", "#### 2010โ€“11 season", "Spearing was included in Liverpool's 21\\-man squad for the [2010โ€“11 Premier League](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Premier_League \"2010โ€“11 Premier League\") season. He started and played the full 90 minutes in the opening leg of Liverpool's [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") qualifier against Macedonian side [FK Rabotniฤki](/wiki/FK_Rabotni%C4%8Dki \"FK Rabotniฤki\"), and came on as a substitute at [Anfield](/wiki/Anfield \"Anfield\") in the second leg. On 16 September, he again played the full 90 minutes in the Reds' opening group game against [Steaua Bucureศ™ti](/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti \"FC Steaua Bucureศ™ti\"), his first\\-ever start at Anfield, setting up [David Ngog](/wiki/David_Ngog \"David Ngog\") for the fourth and final goal as Liverpool won 4โ€“1\\. On 22 September, he was involved in Liverpool's [League Cup](/wiki/EFL_Cup \"EFL Cup\") third\\-round exit to [League Two](/wiki/EFL_League_Two \"EFL League Two\") side [Northampton Town](/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C. \"Northampton Town F.C.\"); Liverpool lost 4โ€“2 on penalties after a 2โ€“2 draw. On 21 October, he played the full 90 minutes in Liverpool's third group\\-stage tie, a 0โ€“0 draw with a [Napoli](/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli \"S.S.C. Napoli\") side featuring former Liverpool left\\-back [Andrea Dossena](/wiki/Andrea_Dossena \"Andrea Dossena\").", "Spearing was an unused substitute in Liverpool's 1โ€“0 Premier League win against [Bolton Wanderers](/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Bolton Wanderers F.C.\") at the [Reebok Stadium](/wiki/Reebok_Stadium \"Reebok Stadium\") on 31 October. He came on in the 90th minute of Liverpool's 2โ€“0 victory over Chelsea on 7 November 2010, instantly making an impact by playing a through ball to assist a [Maxi Rodrรญguez](/wiki/Maxi_Rodr%C3%ADguez \"Maxi Rodrรญguez\") effort.", "On 20 November, it was reported that Spearing had broken his ankle in training and would be out for up to six weeks. He made his first appearance of 2011 against [Everton](/wiki/Everton_F.C. \"Everton F.C.\") on 16 January. In the post\\-match interview, Liverpool manager [Kenny Dalglish](/wiki/Kenny_Dalglish \"Kenny Dalglish\") praised the young midfielder and joked that [Steven Gerrard](/wiki/Steven_Gerrard \"Steven Gerrard\") may never get into the first team again.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Rice \\|first\\=Jimmy \\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/kenny\\-on\\-derby\\-owners\\-jay \\|title\\=Kenny on derby, owners \\& Jay \\|publisher\\=Liverpool F.C. \\|date\\=21 January 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119030311/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/kenny\\-on\\-derby\\-owners\\-jay \\|archive\\-date\\=19 January 2011 }} On 20 March, Spearing started another league game, away to [Sunderland](/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C. \"Sunderland A.F.C.\"). Spearing won a penalty, which was converted by [Dirk Kuyt](/wiki/Dirk_Kuyt \"Dirk Kuyt\") to put Liverpool 1โ€“0 up.", "Spearing then went on the secure a first\\-team berth with the absence of Steven Gerrard and out\\-of\\-favour [Christian Poulsen](/wiki/Christian_Poulsen \"Christian Poulsen\"). For the remainder of the Premier League season, he formed a midfield partnership with [Lucas](/wiki/Lucas_Leiva \"Lucas Leiva\"). Against [Arsenal](/wiki/Arsenal_F.C. \"Arsenal F.C.\") on 17 April, Spearing gave away a 98th\\-minute penalty, which [Robin van Persie](/wiki/Robin_van_Persie \"Robin van Persie\") converted to make the game 1โ€“0\\. The match finished 1โ€“1\\. Despite this, Spearing won the man\\-of\\-the\\-match award from [Sky Sports](/wiki/Sky_Sports \"Sky Sports\") and was praised after the game for his determination, work\\-rate and battling performance. He received the journalists' man\\-of\\-the\\-match award on the official Liverpool website three times during the season.", "In May 2011, the club announced that he had extended his contract,{{cite news\n\\| title \\= Jay Spearing earns new Liverpool contract\n\\| url \\= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13312069\\.stm\n\\| publisher \\= BBC Sport\n\\| date \\= 6 May 2011\n\\| access\\-date \\= 6 May 2011}} and he was included in [England under\\-21s](/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team \"England national under-21 football team\") provisional 40\\-man squad for the 2011 Summer U21 European Championship, with fellow Liverpool player [Andy Carroll](/wiki/Andy_Carroll \"Andy Carroll\").[Spearing gets England call โ€“ Liverpool F.C.](http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/spearing-gets-england-call) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514142450/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/spearing\\-gets\\-england\\-call \\|date\\=14 May 2011 }}", "#### 2011โ€“12 season", "[thumb\\|Spearing during pre\\-season training\\|150 px](/wiki/File:Jay_Spearing_2011_Singapore.jpg \"Jay Spearing 2011 Singapore.jpg\")\nFor the [2011โ€“12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Liverpool_F.C._season \"2011โ€“12 Liverpool F.C. season\"), Spearing wore the number 20, with his old number 26 being registered to new arrival [Charlie Adam](/wiki/Charlie_Adam \"Charlie Adam\").[Jordan and Adam numbers set โ€“ Liverpool F.C.](http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/jordan-and-adam-numbers-set) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711082845/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest\\-news/jordan\\-and\\-adam\\-numbers\\-set \\|date\\=11 July 2011 }} Spearing immediately fell down the pecking order in Liverpool's midfield after the arrival of midfielders Adam, [Jordan Henderson](/wiki/Jordan_Henderson \"Jordan Henderson\") and [Stewart Downing](/wiki/Stewart_Downing \"Stewart Downing\"). On 20 July 2011, it was widely reported that Spearing would consider an option to move to [Wolverhampton Wanderers](/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C. \"Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.\") on loan, but the club rejected their approach, stating that Spearing was in their plans. Spearing later dismissed the rumour saying he was willing to fight for his place in the starting eleven.[Wolves eye Jay Spearing loan move ยซ Express \\& Star](https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/wolverhampton-wanderers-fc/2011/07/20/wolves-eye-loan-move-for-jay-spearing/)", "He made his first start of the season against [Exeter City](/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C. \"Exeter City F.C.\") in the League Cup on 24 August 2011\\. The result ended in a 3โ€“1 victory for Liverpool. He was sent off for the first time in his professional career during Liverpool's 1โ€“0 loss to [Fulham](/wiki/Fulham_F.C. \"Fulham F.C.\") on 5 December. In May 2012, Spearing was in the starting eleven for the [FA Cup final](/wiki/2012_FA_Cup_final \"2012 FA Cup final\"), in which Liverpool lost to Chelsea.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17878435 \\|title\\=Chelsea 2โ€“1 Liverpool \\|first\\=Phil \\|last\\=McNulty \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=5 May 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118044832/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17878435 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 January 2016}}", "#### 2012โ€“13 season", "New Liverpool manager [Brendan Rodgers](/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers \"Brendan Rodgers\") described Spearing as a \"very good player with great qualities\" who has \"the soul of the club in his heart\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool\\-fc/liverpool\\-fc\\-news/2012/07/09/brendan\\-rodgers\\-jay\\-spearing\\-has\\-the\\-soul\\-of\\-liverpool\\-fc\\-in\\-his\\-heart\\-video\\-100252\\-31357504/\\|title\\=Brendan Rodgers: Jay Spearing has the soul of Liverpool FC in his heart (VIDEO)\\|author\\=Sean Bradbury\\|date\\=9 July 2012\\|work\\=liverpoolecho}} He started the first competitive game of the season in the [UEFA Europa League](/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League \"UEFA Europa League\") qualifier against Belarusian club [Gomel](/wiki/FC_Gomel \"FC Gomel\"), playing the full 90 minutes, and made a substitute appearance in the return leg at Anfield. His final appearance of the season for Liverpool came as a start in the 1โ€“0 victory against [Hearts](/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C. \"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\") in a Europa League qualifier on 23 August 2012\\.", "#### Loan move to Bolton Wanderers", "On 31 August 2012, Spearing joined Championship side Bolton Wanderers on a season\\-long [loan](/wiki/Loan_%28sports%29 \"Loan (sports)\") deal.{{cite web \\| url \\= http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\\-news/spearing\\-leaves\\-on\\-loan \\| title \\= Spearing leaves on loan \\| publisher \\= Liverpool F.C. \\| access\\-date \\= 31 August 2012 \\| url\\-status \\= dead \\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20120902083613/http://liverpoolfc.com/news/latest\\-news/spearing\\-leaves\\-on\\-loan \\| archive\\-date \\= 2 September 2012 }} His debut came a day later in Bolton's 3โ€“1 defeat against [Hull City](/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C. \"Hull City A.F.C.\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19378191\\|title\\=Hull City 3\\-1 Bolton\\|date\\=1 September 2012\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}} He scored his first goal for Bolton on 20 October as the club beat [Bristol City](/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C. \"Bristol City F.C.\") 3โ€“2, in which he scored Bolton's second goal, an equaliser.{{cite news\\| url\\=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/19939746 \\| location\\=London \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]] \\| title\\=Bolton 3\\-2 Bristol City}} On 25 April 2013, Spearing was named the Bolton Wanderers Supporters Association (BWSA) Player of the Season. This was followed on 20 May with his being named the club's Player of the Season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.burndenaces.co.uk/2013/05/04/201213\\-bwfc\\-player\\-of\\-the\\-season\\-jay\\-spearing.html\\|title\\=2012/13 BWFC Player of the Season โ€“ Jay Spearing\\|work\\=Burnden Aces}}", "#### Return to Liverpool", "At the conclusion of Bolton's [season](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Football_League_Championship \"2012โ€“13 Football League Championship\") in the Championship, Spearing returned to Anfield.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football\\-news/blood\\-red\\-jay\\-spearing\\-returns\\-3572003\\|title\\=Blood Red: Jay Spearing returns to Melwood\\|author\\=James Pearce\\|date\\=27 April 2013\\|work\\=liverpoolecho}} Although he did not feature in any of the club's remaining fixtures, he was present in the [guard of honour](/wiki/Guard_of_honour \"Guard of honour\") for the retiring [Jamie Carragher](/wiki/Jamie_Carragher \"Jamie Carragher\") in the last game of the [2012โ€“13 Premier League](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Premier_League \"2012โ€“13 Premier League\") against [Queens Park Rangers](/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C. \"Queens Park Rangers F.C.\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22499180\\|title\\=BBC Sport โ€“ Liverpool 1โ€“0 QPR\\|author\\=Mandeep Sanghera\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}}", "In July 2013, a ยฃ1\\.75ย million [bid](/wiki/Transfer_market \"Transfer market\") was submitted by Championship side [Blackburn Rovers](/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C. \"Blackburn Rovers F.C.\") for Spearing,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer\\-news/liverpool\\-transfer\\-news\\-jay\\-spearing\\-2036660\\|title\\=Liverpool transfer news: Jay Spearing will be sold to Blackburn for ยฃ1\\.5million โ€“ Mirror Online\\|author\\=Alan Nixon\\|date\\=7 July 2013\\|work\\=mirror}} which Liverpool rejected.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.caughtoffside.com/2013/07/09/liverpool\\-agree\\-1\\-75m\\-fee\\-with\\-blackburn\\-rovers\\-for\\-midfielder\\-jay\\-spearing/\\|title\\=Liverpool Agree ๆ‹ข1\\.75m Fee With Blackburn Rovers For Midfielder Jay Spearing\\|work\\=caughtoffside.com\\|date\\=9 July 2013}} Notwithstanding, Blackburn failed to agree [terms](/wiki/Employment_contract \"Employment contract\") with Spearing, and the deal fell through.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23471487\\|title\\=BBC Sport โ€“ Blackburn Rovers: DJ Campbell faces two\\-month absence\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer\\-news/liverpool\\-flop\\-jay\\-spearing\\-turns\\-2053605\\|title\\=Liverpool flop Jay Spearing turns down move to Blackburn โ€“ because he wants to return to Bolton โ€“ Mirror Online\\|author\\=Alan Nixon\\|date\\=14 July 2013\\|work\\=mirror}}", "Spearing featured in Liverpool's first [pre\\-season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") [friendly](/wiki/Exhibition_game \"Exhibition game\") of the summer against [Preston North End](/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C. \"Preston North End F.C.\"){{cite web\\|url\\=http://www1\\.skysports.com/football/live/match/286995/commentary\\|title\\=Preston v Liverpool โ€“ 13th Jul 2013 โ€“ Commentary โ€“ Friendly Match โ€“ Sky Sports Football\\|publisher\\=Sky Sports}} and was also included in the squad for the club's summer tour.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lfctour.com/news/latest\\-news/rodgers\\-names\\-28\\-man\\-tour\\-squad\\|title\\=Tour 2015\\|work\\=Liverpool FC}} In August 2013, Spearing was told by Liverpool that he was free to leave the club,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.eyefootball.com/news/15002/Jay\\-Spearing\\-to\\-swap\\-Liverpool\\-for\\-Bolton.html\\|title\\=Jay Spearing to swap Liverpool for Bolton\\|work\\=eyefootball\\|date\\=5 August 2013}} with Liverpool entering talks with Bolton for a possible transfer back to the [Reebok Stadium](/wiki/Reebok_Stadium \"Reebok Stadium\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/23576928\\|title\\=BBC Sport โ€“ Jay Spearing: Bolton Wanderers move for Liverpool midfielder\\|publisher\\=BBC Sport}}", "" ]
Summary ------- Introduction: The poet addresses the River Tay. Canto First (The Hunting): During a hunting expedition the King of Scots (a combination of the 14th\-century [Robert II](/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland "Robert II of Scotland") and the 16th\-century [James V](/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland "James II of Scotland"))*Ibid.*, xxi. and his followers hear 'The Harper's Song' sung by the minstrel Gilbert of Shiel, telling of an old man caring for a baby girl serenaded by fairies. Just such an old man arrives and beckons the king away: when the monarch returns, he finds that his hunters have been mysteriously slain. Canto Second (The Minstrel): Ila Moore, betrothed to her father's liege lord Albert of the Glen, is wooed by a charismatic and capricious figure, the visiting minstrel Mador of the Moor, who flees when attacked by Albert. Canto Third (The Cottage): Albert expels Ila and her parents before she gives birth to Mador's son. Canto Fourth (The Palmer): Ila sets out to find Mador. On the way she is joined by a protective palmer, who confesses that in the past his sexual misconduct led to infanticide. Canto Fifth (The Christening): Arriving at Stirling, Ila is informed that the name of Mador is unknown there, but through the intervention of the Abbot of Dunfermline it is revealed that Mador is the king. The couple are married and their son christened with his father's name. Conclusion: The poet addresses his harp, urging it to return from its Highland excursion to its native Border region.
[ "Summary\n-------", "Introduction: The poet addresses the River Tay.", "Canto First (The Hunting): During a hunting expedition the King of Scots (a combination of the 14th\\-century [Robert II](/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland \"Robert II of Scotland\") and the 16th\\-century [James V](/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland \"James II of Scotland\"))*Ibid.*, xxi. and his followers hear 'The Harper's Song' sung by the minstrel Gilbert of Shiel, telling of an old man caring for a baby girl serenaded by fairies. Just such an old man arrives and beckons the king away: when the monarch returns, he finds that his hunters have been mysteriously slain.", "Canto Second (The Minstrel): Ila Moore, betrothed to her father's liege lord Albert of the Glen, is wooed by a charismatic and capricious figure, the visiting minstrel Mador of the Moor, who flees when attacked by Albert.", "Canto Third (The Cottage): Albert expels Ila and her parents before she gives birth to Mador's son.", "Canto Fourth (The Palmer): Ila sets out to find Mador. On the way she is joined by a protective palmer, who confesses that in the past his sexual misconduct led to infanticide.", "Canto Fifth (The Christening): Arriving at Stirling, Ila is informed that the name of Mador is unknown there, but through the intervention of the Abbot of Dunfermline it is revealed that Mador is the king. The couple are married and their son christened with his father's name.", "Conclusion: The poet addresses his harp, urging it to return from its Highland excursion to its native Border region.", "" ]
History ------- {{Main\|History of the Canadian Pacific Railway}} The creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was undertaken as the National Dream by the [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_%28historical%29 "Conservative Party of Canada (historical)") government of [John A. Macdonald](/wiki/John_A._Macdonald "John A. Macdonald"), together with mining magnate [Alexander Tilloch Galt](/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt "Alexander Tilloch Galt"). As a condition for joining the [Canadian Confederation](/wiki/Canadian_Confederation "Canadian Confederation"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia "British Columbia") had insisted on a transport link to the East, with the rest of the Confederation.{{cite book \|last\=Berton \|first\=Pierre \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Lnss\_5c9OmoC\&q\=%22The\+government\+had\+promised\+the\+railway\+to\+British\+Columbia%22\&pg\=PT18 \|title\=''The National Dream: The Great Railway, 1871โ€“1881'' \|publisher\=Anchor Canada \|year\=2001 \|isbn\=978\-0\-385\-67355\-6 \|author\-link\=Pierre Berton \|orig\-year\=1970}} In 1873, Macdonald, among other high\-ranking politicians, bribed in the [Pacific Scandal](/wiki/Pacific_Scandal "Pacific Scandal"), granted contracts to the Canada Pacific Railway Company, which was unrelated to the current company,{{cite web \|title\=Railways: The Road to Confederation \|url\=http://histoiredurailhistory.ca/confederation\_en.html \|access\-date\=2020\-02\-20 \|website\=Histoiredurailhistory.ca}} as opposed to the Inter\-Ocean Railway Company, which was thought to have connections to the [Northern Pacific Railway Company](/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Company "Northern Pacific Railway Company") in the United States. After this scandal, the Conservatives were removed from power, and [Alexander Mackenzie](/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_%28politician%29 "Alexander Mackenzie (politician)"), the new [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada "Liberal Party of Canada") prime minister, ordered construction of the railway under the supervision of the Department of Public Works. Macdonald would later return as prime minister and adopt a more aggressive construction policy; bonds were floated in [London](/wiki/London "London") and called for tenders to complete sections of the railway in British Columbia. American contractor [Andrew Onderdonk](/wiki/Andrew_Onderdonk "Andrew Onderdonk") was selected, and his men began construction on May 15, 1880\.{{Cite book \|last1\=Cook \|first1\=Ramsay \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=cxK0A0FUvZgC\&q\=Onderdonk\+received\+contracts\+to\+build\+between\+Yale\+and\+Port\+Moody%2C\+and\+between\+Savona%27s\+Ferry\+and\+Eagle\+Pass\&pg\=PA786 \|title\=Dictionary of Canadian Biography \|last2\=Hamelin \|first2\=Jean \|date\=1966 \|publisher\=Springer Science \& Business Media \|isbn\=9780802039989 \|language\=en}} In October 1880, a new consortium signed a contract with the Macdonald government, agreeing to build the railway for $25 million in credit and {{convert\|25\|e6acre}} of land. In addition, the government defrayed surveying costs and exempted the railway from property taxes for 20 years.{{citation\|title\=Report and Documents in Reference to the Canadian Pacific Railway\|first\=Sandford\|last\=Fleming\|year\=1880 \|url\=https://archive.org/details/cihm\_30185\|access\-date\=25 January 2013\|website\=Archive.org\|isbn\=9780665301858}} A [beaver](/wiki/Beaver "Beaver") was chosen as the railway's logo in honour of [Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal](/wiki/Donald_Smith%2C_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal "Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal"), who had risen from factor to governor of the [Hudson's Bay Company](/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company "Hudson's Bay Company") over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade.{{cite journal\|last1\=Martin\|first1\=Joseph E.\|title\=Titans\|journal\=Canada's History\|date\=Octโ€“Nov 2017\|volume\=97\|issue\=5\|pages\=47โ€“53\|issn\=1920\-9894}} ### Building the railway, 1881โ€“1886 [thumbnail\|right\|Canadian Pacific Railway Crew laying tracks at lower [Fraser Valley](/wiki/Fraser_Valley "Fraser Valley"), 1883](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Crew_at_lower_Fraser_Valley_%281881%29.jpg "Canadian Pacific Railway Crew at lower Fraser Valley (1881).jpg") Building the railway took over four years. The Canadian Pacific Railway began its westward expansion from [Bonfield, Ontario](/wiki/Bonfield%2C_Ontario "Bonfield, Ontario"), where the first spike was driven into a sunken railway tie. That was the point where the [Canada Central Railway (CCR)](/wiki/Canada_Central_Railway "Canada Central Railway") extension ended.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.railways.incanada.net/Articles/Article2005\_2\.html\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021153329/http://www.railways.incanada.net/Articles/Article2005\_2\.html\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=Canada Central Railway\|archive\-date\=21 October 2012}} The CCR started in Brockville and extended to Pembroke. It then followed a westward route along the [Ottawa River](/wiki/Ottawa_River "Ottawa River") and continued to Mattawa at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa rivers. It then proceeded to Bonfield.Berton, Pierre. "The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881โ€“1885". McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto. 1971, p. 280 It was presumed that the railway would travel through the rich "Fertile Belt" of the [North Saskatchewan River](/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River "North Saskatchewan River") Valley and cross the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains "Rocky Mountains") via the [Yellowhead Pass](/wiki/Yellowhead_Pass "Yellowhead Pass"). However, a more southerly route across the arid [Palliser's Triangle](/wiki/Palliser%27s_Triangle "Palliser's Triangle") in Saskatchewan and via [Kicking Horse Pass](/wiki/Kicking_Horse_Pass "Kicking Horse Pass") and down the [Field Hill](/wiki/Field_Hill "Field Hill") to the [Rocky Mountain Trench](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Trench "Rocky Mountain Trench") was chosen. [thumb\|[William Cornelius Van Horne](/wiki/William_Cornelius_Van_Horne "William Cornelius Van Horne")](/wiki/File:William_Cornelius_Van_Horne.jpg "William Cornelius Van Horne.jpg") In 1881, construction progressed at a pace too slow for the railway's officials who, in 1882, hired the renowned railway executive [William Cornelius Van Horne](/wiki/William_Cornelius_Van_Horne "William Cornelius Van Horne") to oversee construction. Van Horne stated that he would have {{convert\|800\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} of main line built in 1882\. Floods delayed the start of the construction season, but over {{convert\|672\|km\|mi\|abbr\=on}} of main line, as well as sidings and branch lines, were built that year. The Thunder Bay branch (west from [Fort William](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Ontario "Fort William, Ontario")) was completed in June 1882 by the Department of Railways and Canals and turned over to the company in May 1883\. By the end of 1883, the railway had reached the Rocky Mountains, just {{convert\|8\|km\|mi\|spell\=in}} east of Kicking Horse Pass. Many thousands of [navvies](/wiki/Navvy "Navvy") worked on the railway. Many were [European](/wiki/Europe "Europe") immigrants. An unknown number of [Stoney Nakoda](/wiki/Stoney_Nakoda_First_Nation "Stoney Nakoda First Nation") also assisted in track laying and construction work in the Kicking Horse Pass region.{{efn\|name\="archival"\|John Lee Laurie, Ee\-yayth\-skabe\-the Stonies in Alberta, unpublished manuscript, 37, John Lee Laurie fonds, F0048, Glenbow Archives.}} In British Columbia, government contractors eventually hired 17,000 workers from China, known as "[coolies](/wiki/Coolies "Coolies")". After 2{{frac\|1\|2}} months of hard labour, they could net as little as $16 (${{inflation\|CA\|16\|1883\|fmt\=adj}} in {{inflation year\|CA}} adjusted for inflation) Chinese labourers in British Columbia made only between 75 cents and $1\.25 a day, paid in rice mats, and not including expenses, leaving barely anything to send home. They did the most dangerous construction jobs, such as working with [explosives](/wiki/Explosive_material "Explosive material") to clear tunnels through rock.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/settlement/kids/021013\-2031\.3\-e.html\|title\=History: Building the Canadian Pacific Railway\|website\=Collectionscanada.gc.ca\|access\-date\=15 May 2012\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101093616/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/settlement/kids/021013\-2031\.3\-e.html\|archive\-date\=1 November 2015\|url\-status\=dead}} The exact number of Chinese workers who died is unknown, but historians estimate the number is between 600 and 800\. By 1883, railway construction was progressing rapidly, but the CPR was in danger of running out of funds. In response, on January 31, 1884, the government passed the Railway Relief Bill, providing a further $22\.5ย million in loans to the CPR. The bill received royal assent on March 6, 1884\.{{cite book \|last\=Berton \|first\=Pierre \|title\=The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881โ€“1885 \|publisher\=Random House \|edition\=14th \|date\=1983 \|page\=267}} [thumb\|left\|[Donald Smith](/wiki/Donald_Smith%2C_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal "Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal"), later known as [Lord Strathcona](/wiki/Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal "Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal"), drives the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at [Craigellachie](/wiki/Craigellachie%2C_British_Columbia "Craigellachie, British Columbia"), November 7, 1885\. Completion of the transcontinental railway was a condition of BC's entry into [Confederation](/wiki/Canadian_Confederation "Canadian Confederation").](/wiki/File:LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg "LastSpike Craigellachie BC Canada.jpg") In March 1885, the [North\-West Rebellion](/wiki/North-West_Rebellion "North-West Rebellion") broke out in the [District of Saskatchewan](/wiki/District_of_Saskatchewan "District of Saskatchewan"). Van Horne, in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa") at the time, suggested to the government that the CPR could transport troops to [Qu'Appelle](/wiki/Qu%27Appelle%2C_Saskatchewan "Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan"), [Assiniboia](/wiki/District_of_Assiniboia "District of Assiniboia"), in 10 days. Some sections of track were incomplete or had not been used before, but the trip to Winnipeg was made in nine days and the rebellion quickly suppressed. Controversially, the government subsequently reorganized the CPR's debt and provided a further $5ย million loan. This money was desperately needed by the CPR. Even with Van Horne's support with moving troops to Qu'Appelle, the government still delayed in giving its support to CPR, due to Macdonald pressuring George Stephen for additional benefits.{{cite book\|last\=Cruise\|first\=David\|title\=The men who built the CPR: Lords of the Line\|year\=1988\|publisher\=Penguin Group\|location\=New York\|page\=157}} [thumb\|Telegram to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald announcing the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, November 7, 1885](/wiki/File:Telegram_to_Prime_Minister_John_A._Macdonald_announcing_the_completion_of_the_Canadian_Pacific_Railway.jpg "Telegram to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald announcing the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.jpg") On November 7, 1885, the [last spike](/wiki/Last_Spike_%28Canadian_Pacific_Railway%29 "Last Spike (Canadian Pacific Railway)") was driven at [Craigellachie, British Columbia](/wiki/Craigellachie%2C_British_Columbia "Craigellachie, British Columbia"). Four days earlier, the last spike of the Lake Superior section was driven in just west of [Jackfish, Ontario](/wiki/Jackfish%2C_Ontario "Jackfish, Ontario"). While the railway was completed four years after the original 1881 deadline, it was completed more than five years ahead of the new date of 1891 that Macdonald gave in 1881\.*Canadian Pacific Facts and Figures* (1937\), p. 15\. In Eastern Canada, the CPR had created a network of lines reaching from [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City") to [St. Thomas, Ontario](/wiki/St._Thomas%2C_Ontario "St. Thomas, Ontario"), by 1885{{snd}} mainly by buying the [Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa \& Occidental Railway](/wiki/Quebec%2C_Montreal%2C_Ottawa_%26_Occidental_Railway "Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa & Occidental Railway") from the Quebec government and by creating a new railway company, the [Ontario and Quebec Railway](/wiki/Ontario_and_Quebec_Railway "Ontario and Quebec Railway") (O\&Q). It also launched a fleet of Great Lakes ships to link its terminals. Through the O\&Q, the CPR had effected purchases and long\-term leases of several railways, and built a line between [Perth, Ontario](/wiki/Perth%2C_Ontario "Perth, Ontario"), and [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto") (completed on May 5, 1884\) to connect these acquisitions. The CPR obtained a [999\-year lease](/wiki/999-year_lease "999-year lease") on the O\&Q on January 4, 1884\. In 1895, it acquired a minority interest in the [Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway](/wiki/Toronto%2C_Hamilton_and_Buffalo_Railway "Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway"), giving it a link to New York and the Northeast United States.[Toronto, Hamilton \& Buffalo Railway Historical Society, Historical Outline](http://www.thbrailway.ca). Retrieved 27 April 2014\. ### 1886โ€“1900 [thumb\|330x330px\|The system in 1906, soon after the construction of the transcontinental railway](/wiki/File:Canadian_Trans-Continental_Railways.jpg "Canadian Trans-Continental Railways.jpg") The last spike in the CPR was driven on November 7, 1885, by one of its directors, Donald Smith. The first transcontinental passenger train departed from [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal "Montreal")'s [Dalhousie Station](/wiki/Dalhousie_Station_%28Montreal%29 "Dalhousie Station (Montreal)"), located at Berri Street and Notre Dame Street at 8ย pm on June 28, 1886, and arrived at [Port Moody](/wiki/Port_Moody "Port Moody") at noon on July 4\. This train consisted of two baggage cars, a mail car, one second\-class coach, two immigrant sleepers, two first\-class coaches, two sleeping cars and a diner (several dining cars were used throughout the journey, as they were removed from the train during the night, with another one added the next morning).[CPConnecting Canada, Timeline](https://cpconnectingcanada.ca/#building-the-railway). Retrieved 8 July 2022 [thumb\|left\|First transcontinental train arrives in [Port Arthur](/wiki/Port_Arthur%2C_Ontario "Port Arthur, Ontario") on June 30, 1886](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_First_Train.jpg "Canadian Pacific First Train.jpg") By that time, however, the CPR had decided to move its western terminus from Port Moody to [Granville](/wiki/Granville%2C_British_Columbia "Granville, British Columbia"), which was renamed "Vancouver" later that year. The first official train destined for Vancouver arrived on May 23, 1887, although the line had already been in use for three months. The CPR quickly became profitable, and all loans from the federal government were repaid years ahead of time. In 1888, a branch line was opened between [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury "Greater Sudbury") and [Sault Ste. Marie](/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie%2C_Ontario "Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario") where the CPR connected with the American railway system and its own steamships. That same year, work was started on a line from [London, Ontario](/wiki/London%2C_Ontario "London, Ontario"), to the Canadaโ€“US border at [Windsor, Ontario](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario "Windsor, Ontario"). That line opened on June 12, 1890\.Wilson, Donald M., *The Ontario \& Quebec Railway*. Mika Publishing, Belleville, Ontario (1984\). p. 72\. The CPR also leased the [New Brunswick Railway](/wiki/New_Brunswick_Railway "New Brunswick Railway") in 1891 for 991 years,Dorman, Robert and Stoltz, D.E. "A Statutory History of Railways in Canada 1836\-1986". The Canadian Institute of Guided Ground Transport, Queen's University, 1987, pp. 109โ€“110, 213, 293, 374, 421\. and built the [International Railway of Maine](/wiki/International_Railway_of_Maine "International Railway of Maine"), connecting Montreal with [Saint John, New Brunswick](/wiki/Saint_John%2C_New_Brunswick "Saint John, New Brunswick"), in 1889\. The connection with Saint John on the Atlantic coast made the CPR the first truly transcontinental railway company in Canada and permitted trans\-Atlantic cargo and passenger services to continue year\-round when [sea ice](/wiki/Sea_ice "Sea ice") in the [Gulf of St. Lawrence](/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence "Gulf of St. Lawrence") closed the port of Montreal during the winter months. By 1896, competition with the [Great Northern Railway](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28U.S.%29 "Great Northern Railway (U.S.)") for traffic in southern British Columbia forced the CPR to construct a second line across the province, south of the original line. Van Horne, now president of the CPR, asked for government aid, and the government agreed to provide around $3\.6ย million to construct a railway from [Lethbridge, Alberta](/wiki/Lethbridge%2C_Alberta "Lethbridge, Alberta"), through [Crowsnest Pass](/wiki/Crowsnest_Pass "Crowsnest Pass") to the south shore of [Kootenay Lake](/wiki/Kootenay_Lake "Kootenay Lake"), in exchange for the CPR agreeing to reduce freight rates in perpetuity for key commodities shipped in Western Canada.{{Cite web \|last\=Emerson \|first\=David \|date\=2015 \|title\=Pathways: Connecting Canada's Transportation System to the World \|url\=https://tc.canada.ca/sites/default/files/migrated/ctar\_vol1\_en.pdf\#page\=151 \|access\-date\=5 June 2024 \|website\=Transport Canada}} The controversial Crowsnest Pass Agreement effectively locked the eastbound rate on grain products and westbound rates on certain "settlers' effects" at the 1897 level. Although temporarily suspended during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War"), it was not until 1983 that the "[Crow Rate](/wiki/Crow_Rate "Crow Rate")" was permanently replaced by the *[Western Grain Transportation Act](/wiki/Western_Grain_Transportation_Act "Western Grain Transportation Act")*, which allowed the gradual increase of [grain shipping](/wiki/Grain_trade "Grain trade") prices. The Crowsnest Pass line opened on June 18, 1898, and followed a complicated route through the maze of valleys and passes in southern British Columbia, rejoining the original mainline at [Hope](/wiki/Hope%2C_British_Columbia "Hope, British Columbia") after crossing the [Cascade Mountains](/wiki/Cascade_Mountains "Cascade Mountains") via [Coquihalla Pass](/wiki/Coquihalla_Pass "Coquihalla Pass").Canadian Pacific Railway, "Prairie \& Pacific Regions Subdivision Chart and Historical Record" (1943\). The Southern Mainline, generally known as the [Kettle Valley Railway](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Railway "Kettle Valley Railway") in British Columbia, was built in response to the booming mining and smelting economy in southern British Columbia, and the tendency of the local geography to encourage and enable easier access from neighbouring US states than from Vancouver or the rest of Canada, which was viewed to be as much of a threat to national security as it was to the province's control of its own resources. The local passenger service was re\-routed to this new southerly line, which connected numerous emergent small cities across the region. Independent railways and subsidiaries that were eventually merged into the CPR in connection with this route were the [Shuswap and Okanagan Railway](/wiki/Shuswap_and_Okanagan_Railway "Shuswap and Okanagan Railway"), the [Kaslo and Slocan Railway](/wiki/Kaslo_and_Slocan_Railway "Kaslo and Slocan Railway"), the [Columbia and Kootenay Railway](/wiki/Columbia_and_Kootenay_Railway "Columbia and Kootenay Railway"), the [Columbia and Western Railway](/wiki/Columbia_and_Western_Railway "Columbia and Western Railway") and various others. #### Settlement of western Canada [thumb\|One of the CPR's land offerings, 1883](/wiki/File:Land_Ticket.jpg "Land Ticket.jpg") Under the initial contract with the Canadian government to build the railway, the CPR was granted {{convert\|25\|e6acres\|km2\|abbr\=off\|order\=flip}}. Canadian Pacific then began an intense campaign to bring immigrants to Canada; its agents operated in many overseas locations, where immigrants were often sold a package that included passage on a CP ship, travel on a CP train and land sold by the CP railway. Land was priced at $2\.50 an acre and up but required cultivation.{{cite journal\|title\=The Canadian Pacific Railway Co\|journal\=The Week: A Canadian Journal of Politics, Literature, Science and Arts\|date\=24 January 1884\|volume\=8\|page\=127\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/weekcanadianjour01toro\#page/n63/mode/1up}} To transport immigrants, Canadian Pacific developed a fleet of over a thousand [Colonist cars](/wiki/Colonist_car "Colonist car"), low\-budget sleeper cars designed to transport immigrant families from eastern Canadian seaports to the west.Jonathan Hanna, "Colonist Cars Helped Build the West", *Momentum* Fall 2008 ### 1901โ€“1914 [thumb\|CPR advertisement highlighting "Free Farms for the Million" in western Canada, circa 1893](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_Ry_free_farms_1893.jpg "Canadian Pacific Ry free farms 1893.jpg") During the first decade of the 20th century, the CPR continued to build more lines. In 1908, the CPR opened a line connecting Toronto with [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury "Greater Sudbury"). Several operational improvements were also made to the railway in Western Canada.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.forthjunction.com/dawe\-cpr\-bridge.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922131727/http://www.forthjunction.com/dawe\-cpr\-bridge.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=22 September 2010\|title\=Canadian Pacific Railway Bridge now 100 years old\|publisher\=Red Deer Advocate\|date\=19 March 2010\|access\-date\=1 December 2012\|author\=Dawe, Michael\|page\=34}} [thumb\|Lethbridge Viaduct](/wiki/File:Lethbridge_High_Level.jpg "Lethbridge High Level.jpg") On November 3, 1909, the [Lethbridge Viaduct](/wiki/Lethbridge_Viaduct "Lethbridge Viaduct") over the [Oldman River](/wiki/Oldman_River "Oldman River") valley at [Lethbridge](/wiki/Lethbridge "Lethbridge"), Alberta, was opened. It is {{convert\|1624\|m\|ft\|abbr\=off}} long and, at its maximum, {{convert\|96\|m\|ft\|abbr\=off}} high, making it one of the longest railway bridges in Canada. In 1916, the CPR replaced its line through [Rogers Pass](/wiki/Rogers_Pass_%28British_Columbia%29 "Rogers Pass (British Columbia)"), which was prone to [avalanches](/wiki/Avalanche "Avalanche") (the [most serious of which](/wiki/1910_Rogers_Pass_avalanche "1910 Rogers Pass avalanche") killed 62 men in 1910\) with the [Connaught Tunnel](/wiki/Connaught_Tunnel_%28British_Columbia%29 "Connaught Tunnel (British Columbia)"), an eight\-kilometre\-long (5\-mile) tunnel under [Mount Macdonald](/wiki/Mount_Macdonald "Mount Macdonald"){{cite book\|author\=Tom Murray\|title\=Rails Across Canada: The History of Canadian Pacific and Canadian National Railways\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=vf7efnxi1XwC\|year\=2011\|publisher\=MBI Publishing Company\|isbn\=978\-1\-61060\-139\-9\|page\=67}} that was, at the time of its opening, the longest railway tunnel in the [Western Hemisphere](/wiki/Western_Hemisphere "Western Hemisphere").{{cite web\|url\=http://cdnrail.railfan.net/RogersPass/RogersPasstext.htm\|title\=Rogers Pass a History of the Canadian Pacific Railway and Trans\-Canada Highway crossing.\|website\=cdnrail.railfan.net\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-09}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.railfame.ca/sec\_ind/technology/en\_2003\_MountMacdonaldTunnel.asp\#\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620072230/http://railfame.ca/sec\_ind/technology/en\_2003\_MountMacdonaldTunnel.asp\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=2006\-06\-20\|title\=Canadian Railway Hall of Fame \|website\=railfame.ca\|access\-date\=2016\-05\-09}} [thumb\|left\|C.P.R. railway locomotive 2860](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_Railroad_1.jpg "Canadian Pacific Railroad 1.jpg") On January 21, 1910, a [passenger train derailed](/wiki/Spanish_River_derailment "Spanish River derailment") on the CPR line at the [Spanish River](/wiki/Spanish_River_%28Ontario%29 "Spanish River (Ontario)") bridge at [Nairn, Ontario](/wiki/Nairn%2C_Ontario "Nairn, Ontario") (near [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury "Greater Sudbury")), killing at least 43\.["Soo train goes into the river"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tApXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_UINAAAAIBAJ&pg=2107,421404), *Evening Sentinel*, 22 January 1910["Train derailed on bridge"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FfRhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tJIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7184,1782336), *The Age*, 25 January 1910\. On January 3, 1912, the CPR acquired the [Dominion Atlantic Railway](/wiki/Dominion_Atlantic_Railway "Dominion Atlantic Railway"), a railway that ran in western [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia "Nova Scotia"). This acquisition gave the CPR a connection to [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia "Halifax, Nova Scotia"), a significant port on the Atlantic Ocean. The CPR acquired the [Quebec Central Railway](/wiki/Quebec_Central_Railway "Quebec Central Railway") on December 14, 1912\. During the late 19th century, the railway undertook an ambitious program of hotel construction, building Glacier House in [Glacier National Park](/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28Canada%29 "Glacier National Park (Canada)"), [Mount Stephen House](/wiki/Mount_Stephen_House "Mount Stephen House") at [Field, British Columbia](/wiki/Field%2C_British_Columbia "Field, British Columbia"), the [Chรขteau Frontenac](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac "Chรขteau Frontenac") in [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City") and the [Banff Springs Hotel](/wiki/Banff_Springs_Hotel "Banff Springs Hotel"). By then, the CPR had competition from three other transcontinental lines, all of them money\-losers. In 1919, these lines were consolidated into the government\-owned [Canadian National Railways](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways "Canadian National Railways").[Pointe\-au\-Pรจre Site historique maritime profike](http://www.shmp.qc.ca/empress/detail/empressdetailen.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719075005/http://www.shmp.qc.ca/empress/detail/empressdetailen.html \|date\=19 July 2013 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\. ### First World War During the First World War, CPR put the entire resources of the "world's greatest travel system" at the disposal of the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"), not only trains and tracks, but also its ships, shops, hotels, telegraphs and, above all, its people. Aiding the war effort meant transporting and billeting troops; building and supplying arms and munitions; arming, lending and selling ships. Fifty\-two CPR ships were pressed into service during World War I, carrying more than a million troops and passengers and four million tons of cargo. Twenty seven survived and returned to CPR. CPR also helped the war effort with money and jobs. CPR made loans and guarantees to the Allies of some $100ย million. As a lasting tribute, CPR commissioned three statues and 23 memorial tablets to commemorate the efforts of those who fought and those who died in the war.Canadian Pacific Our History. See "History of CPR \& War" pdf. ({{cite web \|url\=http://www.cpr.ca/EN/ABOUT\-CP/OUR\-PAST\-PRESENT\-AND\-FUTURE/Pages/our\-history.aspx \|title\=Canadian Pacific \- Our history \|access\-date\=2014\-03\-11 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311163350/http://www.cpr.ca/en/about\-cp/our\-past\-present\-and\-future/Pages/our\-history.aspx \|archive\-date\=11 March 2014}}) After the war, the Federal government created [Canadian National Railways](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway") (CNR, later CN) out of several bankrupt railways that fell into government hands during and after the war. CNR would become the main competitor to the CPR in Canada. In 1923, [Henry Worth Thornton](/wiki/Henry_Worth_Thornton "Henry Worth Thornton") replaced [David Blyth Hanna](/wiki/David_Blyth_Hanna "David Blyth Hanna") becoming the second president of the CNR, and his competition spurred [Edward Wentworth Beatty](/wiki/Edward_Wentworth_Beatty "Edward Wentworth Beatty"), the first Canadian\-born president of the CPR, to action.["The Canadian Pacific Railway in Western Canada"](http://railways.library.ualberta.ca/Chapters-7-1), Atlas of Alberta Railways. During this time the railway land grants were formalized.["Railway Land Grants in the Prairie Provinces"](http://railways.library.ualberta.ca/Maps-2-2-7), Atlas of Alberta Railways. ### Great Depression and the Second World War, 1929โ€“1945 [thumb\|Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars as part of the [On\-to\-Ottawa Trek](/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek "On-to-Ottawa Trek"), 1935](/wiki/File:Kamloops_on_to_Ottawa.jpg "Kamloops on to Ottawa.jpg") The [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression"), which lasted from 1929 until 1939, hit many companies heavily. While the CPR was affected, it was not affected to the extent of its rival CNR because it, unlike the CNR, was debt\-free. The CPR scaled back on some of its passenger and freight services and stopped issuing dividends to its shareholders after 1932\. Hard times led to the creation of new political parties such as the [Social Credit movement](/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement "Canadian social credit movement") and the [Cooperative Commonwealth Federation](/wiki/Cooperative_Commonwealth_Federation "Cooperative Commonwealth Federation"), as well as popular protest in the form of the [On\-to\-Ottawa Trek](/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek "On-to-Ottawa Trek").[On to Ottawa Trek website](https://web.archive.org/web/20020810212509/http://www.ontoottawa.ca/trek/trek.html). Retrieved 27 April 2014\. One highlight of the late 1930s, both for the railway and for Canada, was the visit of [King George VI](/wiki/George_VI "George VI") and [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother") during their [1939 royal tour of Canada](/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada "1939 royal tour of Canada"), the first time that the reigning monarch had visited the country. The CPR and the CNR shared the honours of pulling the royal train across the country, with the CPR undertaking the westbound journey from Quebec City to Vancouver. Later that year, the Second World War began. As it had done in World War I, the CPR devoted much of its resources to the war effort. It retooled its [Angus Shops](/wiki/Angus_Shops "Angus Shops") in Montreal to produce [Valentine tanks](/wiki/Valentine_tank "Valentine tank") and other armoured vehicles, and transported troops and resources across the country. Additionally, 22 of the CPR's ships went to war, 12 of which were sunk.[Canadian Pacific: Our History](http://www.cpr.ca/en/about-cp/our-past-present-and-future/Pages/our-history.aspx) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311163350/http://www.cpr.ca/en/about\-cp/our\-past\-present\-and\-future/Pages/our\-history.aspx \|date\=11 March 2014 }}, cpr.ca. Retrieved 27 April 2014\. ### 1946โ€“1978 [thumb\|The [Multimark](/wiki/Multimark "Multimark") logo was used from 1968 to 1987, when it fell out of favour. It was sometimes referred to as the '[Pac\-Man](/wiki/Pac-Man "Pac-Man")' logo, after the popular 1980s video game of the same name.](/wiki/File:CP_Multimark.svg "CP Multimark.svg") [thumb\|right\|CPR train step stool (Calgary station) c.ย 1950](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_Railway_train_step_stool.jpg "Canadian Pacific Railway train step stool.jpg") After the Second World War, the transportation industry in Canada changed. Where railways had previously provided almost universal freight and passenger services, cars, trucks and [airplanes](/wiki/Airplane "Airplane") started to take traffic away from railways. This naturally helped the CPR's air and trucking operations, and the railway's freight operations continued to thrive hauling resource traffic and bulk commodities. However, passenger trains quickly became unprofitable. During the 1950s, the railway introduced new innovations in passenger service. In 1955, it introduced *[The Canadian](/wiki/The_Canadian "The Canadian"),* a new luxury transcontinental train. However, in the 1960s, the company started to pull out of passenger services, ending services on many of its branch lines. It also discontinued its secondary transcontinental train *[The Dominion](/wiki/The_Dominion_%28passenger_train%29 "The Dominion (passenger train)")* in 1966, and in 1970, unsuccessfully applied to discontinue *The Canadian*. For the next eight years, it continued to apply to discontinue the service, and service on *The Canadian* declined markedly. On October 29, 1978, CP Rail transferred its passenger services to [Via Rail](/wiki/Via_Rail "Via Rail"), a new federal [Crown corporation](/wiki/Crown_corporation "Crown corporation") that is responsible for managing all intercity passenger service formerly handled by both CP Rail and CN. Via eventually took almost all of its passenger trains, including *The Canadian*, off CP's lines.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/economy\-business/transport/transport\-general/via\-rail\-canada\-is\-born.html \|title\=1977: VIA Rail Canada is born \|access\-date\=12 March 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228211035/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/economy\-business/transport/transport\-general/via\-rail\-canada\-is\-born.html \|archive\-date\=28 February 2014 \|url\-status\=dead }} In 1968, as part of a corporate reorganization, each of the major operations, including its rail operations, were organized as separate subsidiaries. The name of the railway was changed to CP Rail, and the parent company changed its name to [Canadian Pacific Limited](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Limited "Canadian Pacific Limited") in 1971\. Its air, express, telecommunications, hotel and real estate holdings were spun off, and ownership of all of the companies transferred to Canadian Pacific Investments. The slogan was: "TO THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE WORLD" The company discarded its beaver logo, adopting the new [Multimark](/wiki/Multimark "Multimark") (which, when mirrored by an adjacent "multi\-mark" creates a diamond appearance on a globe) that was used โ€“ with a different colour background โ€“ for each of its operations.Garden, John F., "Nicholas Morant's Canadian Pacific", Footprint Publishing, 1992, p. 55, {{ISBN\|978\-0969162131}} ### 1979โ€“2001 #### The 1979 Mississauga train derailment On November 10, 1979, a [derailment of a hazardous materials train](/wiki/1979_Mississauga_train_derailment "1979 Mississauga train derailment") in [Mississauga, Ontario](/wiki/Mississauga%2C_Ontario "Mississauga, Ontario"), led to the evacuation of 200,000 people; there were no fatalities.{{cite web\|title\=Mississauga Train Derailment (1979\)\|url\=http://www.mississauga.ca/portal/residents/localhistory?paf\_gear\_id\=9700018\&itemId\=5500001\|access\-date\=3 May 2006\|work\=Local history\|publisher\=City of Mississauga}}{{cite web\|title\=The Mississauga Evacuation, Final Report, November 1981\|url\=http://cidbimena.desastres.hn/docum/crid/Diciembre2004/pdf/eng/doc4131/doc4131\.htm\|access\-date\=21 November 2006\|publisher\=Ministry of the Solicitor General of Ontario}} Mississauga Mayor [Hazel McCallion](/wiki/Hazel_McCallion "Hazel McCallion") threatened to sue Canadian Pacific for the derailment. Part of the compromise was to accept GO Transit commuter rail service along the Galt Subdivision corridor up to [Milton, Ontario](/wiki/Milton%2C_Ontario "Milton, Ontario"). Limited trains ran along the Milton line on weekdays only. Expansions to [Cambridge, Ontario](/wiki/Cambridge%2C_Ontario "Cambridge, Ontario") may be coming in the future. In 1984, CP Rail commenced construction of the [Mount Macdonald Tunnel](/wiki/Mount_Macdonald_Tunnel "Mount Macdonald Tunnel") to augment the [Connaught Tunnel](/wiki/Connaught_Tunnel_%28British_Columbia%29 "Connaught Tunnel (British Columbia)") under the [Selkirk Mountains](/wiki/Selkirk_Mountains "Selkirk Mountains"). The first revenue train passed through the tunnel in 1988\. At 14\.7ย km (nine miles), it is the longest tunnel in the Americas. During the 1980s, the [Soo Line Railroad](/wiki/Soo_Line_Railroad "Soo Line Railroad"), in which CP Rail still owned a controlling interest, underwent several changes. It acquired the [Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway](/wiki/Minneapolis%2C_Northfield_and_Southern_Railway "Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway") in 1982\. Then on February 21, 1985, the Soo Line obtained a controlling interest in the bankrupt [Milwaukee Road](/wiki/Milwaukee_Road "Milwaukee Road"), merging it into its system on January 1, 1986\. Also in 1980, Canadian Pacific bought out the controlling interests of the [Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway](/wiki/Toronto%2C_Hamilton_and_Buffalo_Railway "Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway") (TH\&B) from [Conrail](/wiki/Conrail "Conrail") and molded it into the Canadian Pacific System, dissolving the TH\&B's name from the books in 1985\. In 1987, most of CPR's trackage in the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes "Great Lakes") region, including much of the original Soo Line, were spun off into a new railway, the [Wisconsin Central](/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Ltd. "Wisconsin Central Ltd."), which was subsequently purchased by [CN](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway"). Influenced by the [Canada\-U.S. Free Trade Agreement](/wiki/Canada-U.S._Free_Trade_Agreement "Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement") of 1989, which liberalized trade between the two nations, the CPR's expansion continued during the early 1990s: CP Rail gained full control of the Soo Line in 1990, adding the "System" to the former's name, and bought the [Delaware and Hudson Railway](/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Railway "Delaware and Hudson Railway") in 1991\. These two acquisitions gave CP Rail routes to the major American cities of [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") (via the Soo Line and Milwaukee Road as part of its historically logical route) and [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") (via the D\&H).[Canadian Pacific Subsidiaries website](http://www.cpr.ca/en/in-your-community/living-near-the-railway/Pages/subsidiaries.aspx) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416052959/http://www.cpr.ca/en/in\-your\-community/living\-near\-the\-railway/Pages/subsidiaries.aspx \|date\=16 April 2014 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\. During the 1990s, both CP Rail and CN attempted unsuccessfully to buy out the eastern assets of the other, so as to permit further rationalization. In 1996, CP Rail moved its head office from Windsor Station in Montreal to Gulf Canada Square in Calgary and changed its name back to Canadian Pacific Railway.{{Cite magazine\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=May 1996\|title\=Branchline Canada's Rail Newsmagazine\|url\=https://bytownrailwaysociety.ca/phocadownload/branchline/1996/1996\-05\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708223210/https://bytownrailwaysociety.ca/phocadownload/branchline/1996/1996\-05\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2019\-07\-08 \|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=27 January 2021\|website\=\[\[Bytown Railway Society]]}} A new subsidiary company, the [St. Lawrence and Hudson Railway](/wiki/St._Lawrence_and_Hudson_Railway "St. Lawrence and Hudson Railway"), was created to operate its money\-losing lines in eastern North America, covering [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec"), Southern and [Eastern Ontario](/wiki/Eastern_Ontario "Eastern Ontario"), trackage rights to [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois "Chicago, Illinois"), (on [Norfolk Southern](/wiki/Norfolk_Southern "Norfolk Southern") lines from [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit")) as well as the [Delaware and Hudson Railway](/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Railway "Delaware and Hudson Railway") in the northeastern United States. However, the new subsidiary, threatened with being sold off and free to innovate, quickly spun off money\-losing track to short lines, instituted scheduled freight service, and produced an unexpected turn\-around in profitability. On 1 January 2001 the StL\&H was formally amalgamated with the CP Rail system.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cpr.ca/en/investors\-site/Lists/FinancialReports/cp\-aif\-2001\.pdf\|title\=Annual Information Form โ€“ Canadian Pacific Railway Limited\|date\=1 March 2002\|website\=Cpr/ca\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-20}}{{Dead link\|date\=August 2021 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }} ### 2001 to 2023 In 2001, the CPR's parent company, [Canadian Pacific Limited](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Limited "Canadian Pacific Limited"), spun off its five subsidiaries, including the CPR, into independent companies.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.2010commercecentre.gov.bc.ca/businessplanning/News.aspx\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140311130044/http://www.2010commercecentre.gov.bc.ca/businessplanning/News.aspx?articleID\=133\|url\-status\=dead\|title\=News โ€“ 2010 Commerce Centre\|archive\-date\=11 March 2014\|access\-date\=11 March 2014}} In September 2007, CPR announced it was acquiring the [Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad](/wiki/Dakota%2C_Minnesota_and_Eastern_Railroad "Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad") from London\-based [Electra Private Equity](/wiki/Electra_Private_Equity "Electra Private Equity").["CP Rail to buy Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern for US$1\.48B"](http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/financialpost/story.html?id=94ffc046-3235-4dd5-a079-390deb33c3de&k=72904) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623162229/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/financialpost/story.html?id\=94ffc046\-3235\-4dd5\-a079\-390deb33c3de\&k\=72904 \|date\=23 June 2014 }}, *Financial Post*. 5 September 2007\.["CP completes acquisition of DM\&E"](http://www.newswire.ca/fr/story/114293/canadian-pacific-completes-acquisition-of-dm-e-railroad) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320215206/http://www.newswire.ca/fr/story/114293/canadian\-pacific\-completes\-acquisition\-of\-dm\-e\-railroad \|date\=20 March 2014 }}, newswire.ca. Retrieved 27 April 2014\. The merger was completed as of October 31, 2008\.{{cite magazine\|title\=CP completes Dakota, Minnesota \& Eastern takeover\|magazine\=\[\[Railway Gazette International]]\|date\=31 October 2008\|url\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single\-view/view//cp\-completes\-dakota\-minnesota\-eastern\-takeover.html\|access\-date\=31 October 2008\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304005737/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single\-view/view/cp\-completes\-dakota\-minnesota\-eastern\-takeover.html\|archive\-date\=4 March 2014}} Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd. trains resumed regular operations on June 1, 2012, after a nine\-day strike by some 4,800 locomotive engineers, conductors and traffic controllers who walked off the job on May 23, stalling Canadian freight traffic and costing the economy an estimated {{CAD\|80 million}} ({{USD\|77 million}}). The strike ended with a government back\-to\-work bill forcing both sides to come to a [binding agreement](/wiki/Binding_agreement "Binding agreement").[Strike ends at Canadian Pacific Railway](https://www.reuters.com/article/cprail-strike-end-idUSL1E8H13CU20120601) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402212306/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/01/cprail\-strike\-end\-idUSL1E8H13CU20120601 \|date\=2 April 2015 }}, Reuters, 1 June 2012\.["CBC coverage of rail strike at Canadian Pacific"](https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadian-pacific-shippers-relieved-trains-moving-again-1.1278756), Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1 June 2012\. On July 6, 2013, a unit train of [crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil "Crude oil") which CP had subcontracted to short\-line operator [Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway](/wiki/Montreal%2C_Maine_and_Atlantic_Railway "Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway") [derailed in Lac\-Mรฉgantic](/wiki/Lac-M%C3%A9gantic_derailment "Lac-Mรฉgantic derailment"), killing 47\.[Quebec targets CP Railway for Lac\-Mรฉgantic cleanup costs](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/quebec-targets-cp-railway-for-lac-megantic-cleanup-costs/article13768911/). The Globe and Mail (14 August 2013\). Retrieved 2013\-10\-05\. On August 14, 2013, the Quebec government added the CPR, along with lessor [World Fuel Services](/wiki/World_Fuel_Services "World Fuel Services") (WFS), to the list of corporate entities from which it seeks reimbursement for the environmental cleanup of the Lac\-Mรฉgantic derailment. On July 15, the press reported that CP would appeal the legal order.{{cite news\|url\=http://www2\.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/business/story.html?id\=1103c232\-5607\-4053\-9efa\-3b7b54220203\|title\=CP boss calls for halt to hazardous tankers: 'Almighty dollar' behind reluctance to take action\|first\=Amanda\|last\=Stephenson\|work\=Calgary Herald\|date\=19 February 2014\|access\-date\=18 February 2014\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225075924/http://www2\.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/business/story.html?id\=1103c232\-5607\-4053\-9efa\-3b7b54220203\|archive\-date\=25 February 2014}} On October 12, 2014, it was reported that Canadian Pacific had tried to enter into a merger with American railway [CSX](/wiki/CSX "CSX"), but was unsuccessful.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/canadian\-pacific\-approached\-csx\-about\-merger\-deal\-1413141950?KEYWORDS\=CSX\|title\=Canadian Pacific Approached CSX About Merger Deal\|author\=Dana Mattioli, Liz Hoffman and David George\-Cosh\|date\=13 October 2014\|work\=The Wall Street Journal}} In 2015โ€“16 Canadian Pacific sought to merge with American railway [Norfolk Southern](/wiki/Norfolk_Southern "Norfolk Southern").["Canadian Pacific Railway, Norfolk Southern don't agree on much"](http://www.bizjournals.com/chicago/news/2016/02/10/canadian-pacific-disagrees-with-norfolk-southern.html), Chicago Business Journal, 10 February 2016 and wanted to have a shareholder vote on it.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.mb.com.ph/canadian\-pacific\-pursues\-merger\-talks\-with\-norfolk\-southern/ \|title\=Canadian Pacific pursues merger talks with Norfolk Southern\|work\=Manila Bulletin\|date\=12 February 2016 \|access\-date\=15 February 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213155301/http://www.mb.com.ph/canadian\-pacific\-pursues\-merger\-talks\-with\-norfolk\-southern/ \|archive\-date\=13 February 2016 \|url\-status\=dead }}["Canadian Pacific argues for Norfolk Southern takeover in new report"](http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/canadian-pacific-argues-for-norfolk-southern-takeover-in-new-report-1.2763122). *CYV News*News, ABC. ["Business Index"](https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/canadian-pacific-vote-norfolk-southern-deal-36815269). ABC News["CP to seek shareholder support for Norfolk takeover talks"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norfolk-southern-m-a-cp-idUSKCN0VI1QI). 10 February 2017 โ€“ Reuters.com CP ultimately terminated its efforts to merge on April 11, 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cpr.ca/en/investors/canadian\-pacific\-terminates\-efforts\-to\-merge\-with\-norfolk\-southern\|title\=Canadian Pacific terminates efforts to merge with Norfolk Southern\|website\=Cpr.ca}} On February 4, 2019, a loaded grain train ran away from the siding at Partridge just above the Upper Spiral Tunnel in [Kicking Horse Pass](/wiki/Kicking_Horse_Pass "Kicking Horse Pass"). The 112\-car grain train with three locomotives derailed into the Kicking Horse River just after the Trans Canada Highway overpass. The three crew members on the lead locomotive were killed.{{cite web\|url\=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\-news/three\-cp\-rail\-workers\-killed\-in\-massive\-derailment\-near\-field\-b\-c\|title\=Three CP Rail workers killed in massive derailment near Field, B.C. \| Calgary Herald\|date\=5 February 2019}} The [Canadian Pacific Police Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Police_Service "Canadian Pacific Police Service") (CPPS) investigated the fatal derailment. It later came to light that, although Creel said that the [RCMP](/wiki/RCMP "RCMP") "retain jurisdiction" over the investigation, the RCMP wrote that "it never had jurisdiction because the crash happened on CP property".{{cite news \|title\=Police officer suspects internal 'coverup' by CP Rail in fatal B.C. mountain crash \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cp\-derailment\-investigation\-coverup\-alleged\-1\.5436018 \|publisher\=CBC \|date\=24 January 2020}} On January 26, 2020, Canadian current affairs program *[The Fifth Estate](/wiki/The_Fifth_Estate_%28TV_program%29 "The Fifth Estate (TV program)")* broadcast an episode on the derailment, and the next day the Canadian [Transportation Safety Board](/wiki/Transportation_Safety_Board_of_Canada "Transportation Safety Board of Canada") (TSB) called for the RCMP to investigate as lead investigator Don Crawford said, "There is enough to suspect there's negligence here and it needs to be investigated by the proper authority".{{cite news \|title\=Train safety investigator wants RCMP to probe fatal CP mountain crash \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cp\-rail\-crash\-call\-investigation\-1\.5441955 \|publisher\=CBC \|date\=27 January 2020}} On February 4, 2020, the TSB demoted its lead investigator in the crash probe after his superiors decided these comments were "completely inappropriate". The TSB stated that it "does not share the view of the lead safety investigator". The CPPS say they did a thorough investigation into the actions of the crew, which is now closed and resulted in no charges, while the [Alberta Federation of Labour](/wiki/Alberta_Federation_of_Labour "Alberta Federation of Labour") and the [Teamsters Canada Rail Conference](/wiki/Teamsters_Canada%23Teamsters_Canada_Rail_Conference "Teamsters Canada#Teamsters Canada Rail Conference") called for an independent police probe.{{cite news \|title\=Rail disaster video surfaces on anniversary of CP crash amid controversy over police probe \|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/video\-derailment\-canadian\-pacific\-railway\-field\-1\.5449758 \|publisher\=CBC \|date\=4 February 2020}} On November 20, 2019, it was announced that Canadian Pacific would purchase the [Central Maine and Quebec Railway](/wiki/Central_Maine_and_Quebec_Railway "Central Maine and Quebec Railway") from [Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors](/wiki/Fortress_Transportation_and_Infrastructure_Investors "Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.cpr.ca/en/media/cp\-to\-acquire\-central\-maine\-quebec\-railway\-from\-ftai\|title\=CP to acquire Central Maine \& Quebec Railway from FTAI\|date\=20 November 2019}} The line has had a series of different owners since being spun off of the Canadian Pacific in 1995\. The first operator was the [Canadian American Railroad](/wiki/Canadian_American_Railroad "Canadian American Railroad") a division of [Iron Road Railways](/wiki/Iron_Road_Railways "Iron Road Railways"). In 2002 the Montreal, Maine \& Atlantic took over operations after CDAC declared bankruptcy. The Central, Maine and Quebec Railway started operations in 2014 after the MMA declared bankruptcy due to the Lac\-Mรฉgantic derailment. On this new acquisition, CP CEO Keith Creel remarked that this gives CP a true coast\-to\-coast network across Canada and an increased presence in New England. On June 4, 2020; Canadian Pacific bought the Central Maine and Quebec. #### Merger with Kansas City Southern (2021โ€“2023\) On March 21, 2021, CP announced that it was planning to purchase the [Kansas City Southern Railway](/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railway "Kansas City Southern Railway") (KCS) for US$29ย billion. The US [Surface Transportation Board](/wiki/Surface_Transportation_Board "Surface Transportation Board") (STB) would first have to approve the purchase, which was expected to be completed by the middle of 2022\. However, a competing cash and stock offer was later made by Canadian National Railway (CN) on April 20 at $33\.7ย billion.{{cite news \|date\=20 April 2021 \|title\=CN steps up with $33B offer for Kansas City Southern, besting CP's $25B bid \|publisher\=CBC News}} On 13 May, KCS announced that they planned to accept the merger offer from CN, but would give CP until May 21 to come up with a higher bid.{{cite news \|last1\=Black \|first1\=Thomas \|last2\=Porter \|first2\=Kiel \|last3\=Deveau \|first3\=Scott \|date\=2021\-05\-13 \|title\=CN Rail Is Close to $33 Billion Deal for K.C. Southern \|work\=Bloomberg \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021\-05\-13/cn\-rail\-is\-said\-to\-near\-33\-billion\-deal\-for\-k\-c\-southern \|access\-date\=2021\-05\-14}} On May 21, KCS and CN agreed to a merger. However, CN's merger attempt was blocked by a STB ruling in August that the company could not use a voting trust to assume control of KCS, due to concerns about potentially reduced competition in the railroad industry.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-09\-12 \|title\=Kansas City Southern picks Canadian Pacific's $31 billion bid for railroad \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/12/kansas\-city\-southern\-picks\-canadian\-pacific\-31\-billion\-bid\-for\-railroad.html \|access\-date\=2021\-09\-13 \|website\=CNBC \|language\=en}} On September 12, KCS accepted a new $31 billion offer from CP. Though CP's offer was lower than the offer made by CN, the STB permitted CP to use a voting trust to take control of KCS. The voting trust allowed CP to become the beneficial owner of KCS in December, but the two railroads operated independently until receiving approval for a merger of operations from the STB.{{Cite news \|last\=Kaberline \|first\=Brian \|date\=2021\-03\-16 \|title\=Regulator orders pause in consideration of Canadian Pacific\-KC Southern merger \|url\=https://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/news/2022/03/16/us\-regulator\-pauses\-canadian\-pacific\-proceedings.html \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-04}}{{Cite news \|title\=The great train takeover \- FT Big Deal \|language\=en \|work\=Financial Tribune \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=wnWkLYm4FVU \|access\-date\=2022\-07\-04}} That approval came on March 15, 2023, which permitted the railroads to merge as soon as April 14\.{{Cite web \|last\=Franz \|first\=Justin \|date\=2023\-03\-15 \|title\=Live Updates: Regulators Approve CP\-KCS Merger \|url\=https://railfan.com/breaking\-regulators\-approve\-cp\-kcs\-merger/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-15 \|website\=Railfan \& Railroad Magazine \|language\=en\-CA}}{{Cite web \|title\=Regulators approve Canadian Pacific\-Kansas City Southern merger (updated) \|url\=https://www.trains.com/trn/news\-reviews/news\-wire/regulators\-approve\-canadian\-pacific\-kansas\-city\-southern\-merger/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-15 \|website\=Trains \|date\=15 March 2023 \|language\=en\-US}} On April 14, 2023, KCS officially became a subsidiary of CPR,{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-04\-14 \|title\=Canadian Pacific and KCS officially combine under Canadian Pacific Kansas City banner \|url\=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/canadian\-pacific\-and\-kcs\-officially\-combine\-under\-canadian\-pacific\-kansas\-city\-banner\-1\.1907750 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-14 \|website\=BNN Bloomberg}} and CPR with its subsidiaries began conducting business under the name of its parent company, [Canadian Pacific Kansas City](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City "Canadian Pacific Kansas City") (CPKC).{{Cite news\|last\=Reynolds\|first\=Christopher\|date\=2023\-03\-17\|title\=CP Rail, Kansas City Southern Rail to combine next month after U.S. approval\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/business/2023/03/17/cp\-rail\-kansas\-city\-southern\-rail\-to\-combine\-next\-month\-under\-new\-name.html\|work\=Toronto Star\|access\-date\=2023\-03\-17}}
[ "History\n-------", "{{Main\\|History of the Canadian Pacific Railway}}\nThe creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was undertaken as the National Dream by the [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_%28historical%29 \"Conservative Party of Canada (historical)\") government of [John A. Macdonald](/wiki/John_A._Macdonald \"John A. Macdonald\"), together with mining magnate [Alexander Tilloch Galt](/wiki/Alexander_Tilloch_Galt \"Alexander Tilloch Galt\"). As a condition for joining the [Canadian Confederation](/wiki/Canadian_Confederation \"Canadian Confederation\"), [British Columbia](/wiki/British_Columbia \"British Columbia\") had insisted on a transport link to the East, with the rest of the Confederation.{{cite book \\|last\\=Berton \\|first\\=Pierre \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Lnss\\_5c9OmoC\\&q\\=%22The\\+government\\+had\\+promised\\+the\\+railway\\+to\\+British\\+Columbia%22\\&pg\\=PT18 \\|title\\=''The National Dream: The Great Railway, 1871โ€“1881'' \\|publisher\\=Anchor Canada \\|year\\=2001 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-385\\-67355\\-6 \\|author\\-link\\=Pierre Berton \\|orig\\-year\\=1970}} In 1873, Macdonald, among other high\\-ranking politicians, bribed in the [Pacific Scandal](/wiki/Pacific_Scandal \"Pacific Scandal\"), granted contracts to the Canada Pacific Railway Company, which was unrelated to the current company,{{cite web \\|title\\=Railways: The Road to Confederation \\|url\\=http://histoiredurailhistory.ca/confederation\\_en.html \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-20 \\|website\\=Histoiredurailhistory.ca}} as opposed to the Inter\\-Ocean Railway Company, which was thought to have connections to the [Northern Pacific Railway Company](/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway_Company \"Northern Pacific Railway Company\") in the United States. After this scandal, the Conservatives were removed from power, and [Alexander Mackenzie](/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_%28politician%29 \"Alexander Mackenzie (politician)\"), the new [Liberal](/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada \"Liberal Party of Canada\") prime minister, ordered construction of the railway under the supervision of the Department of Public Works. Macdonald would later return as prime minister and adopt a more aggressive construction policy; bonds were floated in [London](/wiki/London \"London\") and called for tenders to complete sections of the railway in British Columbia. American contractor [Andrew Onderdonk](/wiki/Andrew_Onderdonk \"Andrew Onderdonk\") was selected, and his men began construction on May 15, 1880\\.{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Cook \\|first1\\=Ramsay \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=cxK0A0FUvZgC\\&q\\=Onderdonk\\+received\\+contracts\\+to\\+build\\+between\\+Yale\\+and\\+Port\\+Moody%2C\\+and\\+between\\+Savona%27s\\+Ferry\\+and\\+Eagle\\+Pass\\&pg\\=PA786 \\|title\\=Dictionary of Canadian Biography \\|last2\\=Hamelin \\|first2\\=Jean \\|date\\=1966 \\|publisher\\=Springer Science \\& Business Media \\|isbn\\=9780802039989 \\|language\\=en}}", "In October 1880, a new consortium signed a contract with the Macdonald government, agreeing to build the railway for $25 million in credit and {{convert\\|25\\|e6acre}} of land. In addition, the government defrayed surveying costs and exempted the railway from property taxes for 20 years.{{citation\\|title\\=Report and Documents in Reference to the Canadian Pacific Railway\\|first\\=Sandford\\|last\\=Fleming\\|year\\=1880 \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/cihm\\_30185\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2013\\|website\\=Archive.org\\|isbn\\=9780665301858}}", "A [beaver](/wiki/Beaver \"Beaver\") was chosen as the railway's logo in honour of [Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal](/wiki/Donald_Smith%2C_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal \"Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal\"), who had risen from factor to governor of the [Hudson's Bay Company](/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company \"Hudson's Bay Company\") over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Martin\\|first1\\=Joseph E.\\|title\\=Titans\\|journal\\=Canada's History\\|date\\=Octโ€“Nov 2017\\|volume\\=97\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=47โ€“53\\|issn\\=1920\\-9894}}", "### Building the railway, 1881โ€“1886", "[thumbnail\\|right\\|Canadian Pacific Railway Crew laying tracks at lower [Fraser Valley](/wiki/Fraser_Valley \"Fraser Valley\"), 1883](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Crew_at_lower_Fraser_Valley_%281881%29.jpg \"Canadian Pacific Railway Crew at lower Fraser Valley (1881).jpg\")\nBuilding the railway took over four years. The Canadian Pacific Railway began its westward expansion from [Bonfield, Ontario](/wiki/Bonfield%2C_Ontario \"Bonfield, Ontario\"), where the first spike was driven into a sunken railway tie. That was the point where the [Canada Central Railway (CCR)](/wiki/Canada_Central_Railway \"Canada Central Railway\") extension ended.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.railways.incanada.net/Articles/Article2005\\_2\\.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021153329/http://www.railways.incanada.net/Articles/Article2005\\_2\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=Canada Central Railway\\|archive\\-date\\=21 October 2012}} The CCR started in Brockville and extended to Pembroke. It then followed a westward route along the [Ottawa River](/wiki/Ottawa_River \"Ottawa River\") and continued to Mattawa at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa rivers. It then proceeded to Bonfield.Berton, Pierre. \"The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881โ€“1885\". McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto. 1971, p. 280", "It was presumed that the railway would travel through the rich \"Fertile Belt\" of the [North Saskatchewan River](/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River \"North Saskatchewan River\") Valley and cross the [Rocky Mountains](/wiki/Rocky_Mountains \"Rocky Mountains\") via the [Yellowhead Pass](/wiki/Yellowhead_Pass \"Yellowhead Pass\"). However, a more southerly route across the arid [Palliser's Triangle](/wiki/Palliser%27s_Triangle \"Palliser's Triangle\") in Saskatchewan and via [Kicking Horse Pass](/wiki/Kicking_Horse_Pass \"Kicking Horse Pass\") and down the [Field Hill](/wiki/Field_Hill \"Field Hill\") to the [Rocky Mountain Trench](/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Trench \"Rocky Mountain Trench\") was chosen.", "[thumb\\|[William Cornelius Van Horne](/wiki/William_Cornelius_Van_Horne \"William Cornelius Van Horne\")](/wiki/File:William_Cornelius_Van_Horne.jpg \"William Cornelius Van Horne.jpg\")\nIn 1881, construction progressed at a pace too slow for the railway's officials who, in 1882, hired the renowned railway executive [William Cornelius Van Horne](/wiki/William_Cornelius_Van_Horne \"William Cornelius Van Horne\") to oversee construction. Van Horne stated that he would have {{convert\\|800\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} of main line built in 1882\\. Floods delayed the start of the construction season, but over {{convert\\|672\\|km\\|mi\\|abbr\\=on}} of main line, as well as sidings and branch lines, were built that year. The Thunder Bay branch (west from [Fort William](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Ontario \"Fort William, Ontario\")) was completed in June 1882 by the Department of Railways and Canals and turned over to the company in May 1883\\. By the end of 1883, the railway had reached the Rocky Mountains, just {{convert\\|8\\|km\\|mi\\|spell\\=in}} east of Kicking Horse Pass.", "Many thousands of [navvies](/wiki/Navvy \"Navvy\") worked on the railway. Many were [European](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") immigrants. An unknown number of [Stoney Nakoda](/wiki/Stoney_Nakoda_First_Nation \"Stoney Nakoda First Nation\") also assisted in track laying and construction work in the Kicking Horse Pass region.{{efn\\|name\\=\"archival\"\\|John Lee Laurie, Ee\\-yayth\\-skabe\\-the Stonies in Alberta, unpublished manuscript, 37, John Lee Laurie fonds, F0048, Glenbow Archives.}} In British Columbia, government contractors eventually hired 17,000 workers from China, known as \"[coolies](/wiki/Coolies \"Coolies\")\". After 2{{frac\\|1\\|2}} months of hard labour, they could net as little as $16 (${{inflation\\|CA\\|16\\|1883\\|fmt\\=adj}} in {{inflation year\\|CA}} adjusted for inflation) Chinese labourers in British Columbia made only between 75 cents and $1\\.25 a day, paid in rice mats, and not including expenses, leaving barely anything to send home. They did the most dangerous construction jobs, such as working with [explosives](/wiki/Explosive_material \"Explosive material\") to clear tunnels through rock.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/settlement/kids/021013\\-2031\\.3\\-e.html\\|title\\=History: Building the Canadian Pacific Railway\\|website\\=Collectionscanada.gc.ca\\|access\\-date\\=15 May 2012\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101093616/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/settlement/kids/021013\\-2031\\.3\\-e.html\\|archive\\-date\\=1 November 2015\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The exact number of Chinese workers who died is unknown, but historians estimate the number is between 600 and 800\\.", "By 1883, railway construction was progressing rapidly, but the CPR was in danger of running out of funds. In response, on January 31, 1884, the government passed the Railway Relief Bill, providing a further $22\\.5ย million in loans to the CPR. The bill received royal assent on March 6, 1884\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Berton \\|first\\=Pierre \\|title\\=The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881โ€“1885 \\|publisher\\=Random House \\|edition\\=14th \\|date\\=1983 \\|page\\=267}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|[Donald Smith](/wiki/Donald_Smith%2C_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal \"Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal\"), later known as [Lord Strathcona](/wiki/Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal \"Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal\"), drives the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at [Craigellachie](/wiki/Craigellachie%2C_British_Columbia \"Craigellachie, British Columbia\"), November 7, 1885\\. Completion of the transcontinental railway was a condition of BC's entry into [Confederation](/wiki/Canadian_Confederation \"Canadian Confederation\").](/wiki/File:LastSpike_Craigellachie_BC_Canada.jpg \"LastSpike Craigellachie BC Canada.jpg\")\nIn March 1885, the [North\\-West Rebellion](/wiki/North-West_Rebellion \"North-West Rebellion\") broke out in the [District of Saskatchewan](/wiki/District_of_Saskatchewan \"District of Saskatchewan\"). Van Horne, in [Ottawa](/wiki/Ottawa \"Ottawa\") at the time, suggested to the government that the CPR could transport troops to [Qu'Appelle](/wiki/Qu%27Appelle%2C_Saskatchewan \"Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan\"), [Assiniboia](/wiki/District_of_Assiniboia \"District of Assiniboia\"), in 10 days. Some sections of track were incomplete or had not been used before, but the trip to Winnipeg was made in nine days and the rebellion quickly suppressed. Controversially, the government subsequently reorganized the CPR's debt and provided a further $5ย million loan. This money was desperately needed by the CPR. Even with Van Horne's support with moving troops to Qu'Appelle, the government still delayed in giving its support to CPR, due to Macdonald pressuring George Stephen for additional benefits.{{cite book\\|last\\=Cruise\\|first\\=David\\|title\\=The men who built the CPR: Lords of the Line\\|year\\=1988\\|publisher\\=Penguin Group\\|location\\=New York\\|page\\=157}}", "[thumb\\|Telegram to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald announcing the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, November 7, 1885](/wiki/File:Telegram_to_Prime_Minister_John_A._Macdonald_announcing_the_completion_of_the_Canadian_Pacific_Railway.jpg \"Telegram to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald announcing the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.jpg\")\nOn November 7, 1885, the [last spike](/wiki/Last_Spike_%28Canadian_Pacific_Railway%29 \"Last Spike (Canadian Pacific Railway)\") was driven at [Craigellachie, British Columbia](/wiki/Craigellachie%2C_British_Columbia \"Craigellachie, British Columbia\"). Four days earlier, the last spike of the Lake Superior section was driven in just west of [Jackfish, Ontario](/wiki/Jackfish%2C_Ontario \"Jackfish, Ontario\"). While the railway was completed four years after the original 1881 deadline, it was completed more than five years ahead of the new date of 1891 that Macdonald gave in 1881\\.*Canadian Pacific Facts and Figures* (1937\\), p. 15\\.", "In Eastern Canada, the CPR had created a network of lines reaching from [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City \"Quebec City\") to [St. Thomas, Ontario](/wiki/St._Thomas%2C_Ontario \"St. Thomas, Ontario\"), by 1885{{snd}} mainly by buying the [Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa \\& Occidental Railway](/wiki/Quebec%2C_Montreal%2C_Ottawa_%26_Occidental_Railway \"Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa & Occidental Railway\") from the Quebec government and by creating a new railway company, the [Ontario and Quebec Railway](/wiki/Ontario_and_Quebec_Railway \"Ontario and Quebec Railway\") (O\\&Q). It also launched a fleet of Great Lakes ships to link its terminals. Through the O\\&Q, the CPR had effected purchases and long\\-term leases of several railways, and built a line between [Perth, Ontario](/wiki/Perth%2C_Ontario \"Perth, Ontario\"), and [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\") (completed on May 5, 1884\\) to connect these acquisitions. The CPR obtained a [999\\-year lease](/wiki/999-year_lease \"999-year lease\") on the O\\&Q on January 4, 1884\\. In 1895, it acquired a minority interest in the [Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway](/wiki/Toronto%2C_Hamilton_and_Buffalo_Railway \"Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway\"), giving it a link to New York and the Northeast United States.[Toronto, Hamilton \\& Buffalo Railway Historical Society, Historical Outline](http://www.thbrailway.ca). Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "### 1886โ€“1900", "[thumb\\|330x330px\\|The system in 1906, soon after the construction of the transcontinental railway](/wiki/File:Canadian_Trans-Continental_Railways.jpg \"Canadian Trans-Continental Railways.jpg\")\nThe last spike in the CPR was driven on November 7, 1885, by one of its directors, Donald Smith.", "The first transcontinental passenger train departed from [Montreal](/wiki/Montreal \"Montreal\")'s [Dalhousie Station](/wiki/Dalhousie_Station_%28Montreal%29 \"Dalhousie Station (Montreal)\"), located at Berri Street and Notre Dame Street at 8ย pm on June 28, 1886, and arrived at [Port Moody](/wiki/Port_Moody \"Port Moody\") at noon on July 4\\. This train consisted of two baggage cars, a mail car, one second\\-class coach, two immigrant sleepers, two first\\-class coaches, two sleeping cars and a diner (several dining cars were used throughout the journey, as they were removed from the train during the night, with another one added the next morning).[CPConnecting Canada, Timeline](https://cpconnectingcanada.ca/#building-the-railway). Retrieved 8 July 2022", "[thumb\\|left\\|First transcontinental train arrives in [Port Arthur](/wiki/Port_Arthur%2C_Ontario \"Port Arthur, Ontario\") on June 30, 1886](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_First_Train.jpg \"Canadian Pacific First Train.jpg\")\nBy that time, however, the CPR had decided to move its western terminus from Port Moody to [Granville](/wiki/Granville%2C_British_Columbia \"Granville, British Columbia\"), which was renamed \"Vancouver\" later that year. The first official train destined for Vancouver arrived on May 23, 1887, although the line had already been in use for three months. The CPR quickly became profitable, and all loans from the federal government were repaid years ahead of time. In 1888, a branch line was opened between [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury \"Greater Sudbury\") and [Sault Ste. Marie](/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie%2C_Ontario \"Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario\") where the CPR connected with the American railway system and its own steamships. That same year, work was started on a line from [London, Ontario](/wiki/London%2C_Ontario \"London, Ontario\"), to the Canadaโ€“US border at [Windsor, Ontario](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario \"Windsor, Ontario\"). That line opened on June 12, 1890\\.Wilson, Donald M., *The Ontario \\& Quebec Railway*. Mika Publishing, Belleville, Ontario (1984\\). p. 72\\.", "The CPR also leased the [New Brunswick Railway](/wiki/New_Brunswick_Railway \"New Brunswick Railway\") in 1891 for 991 years,Dorman, Robert and Stoltz, D.E. \"A Statutory History of Railways in Canada 1836\\-1986\". The Canadian Institute of Guided Ground Transport, Queen's University, 1987, pp. 109โ€“110, 213, 293, 374, 421\\. and built the [International Railway of Maine](/wiki/International_Railway_of_Maine \"International Railway of Maine\"), connecting Montreal with [Saint John, New Brunswick](/wiki/Saint_John%2C_New_Brunswick \"Saint John, New Brunswick\"), in 1889\\. The connection with Saint John on the Atlantic coast made the CPR the first truly transcontinental railway company in Canada and permitted trans\\-Atlantic cargo and passenger services to continue year\\-round when [sea ice](/wiki/Sea_ice \"Sea ice\") in the [Gulf of St. Lawrence](/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence \"Gulf of St. Lawrence\") closed the port of Montreal during the winter months. By 1896, competition with the [Great Northern Railway](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28U.S.%29 \"Great Northern Railway (U.S.)\") for traffic in southern British Columbia forced the CPR to construct a second line across the province, south of the original line. Van Horne, now president of the CPR, asked for government aid, and the government agreed to provide around $3\\.6ย million to construct a railway from [Lethbridge, Alberta](/wiki/Lethbridge%2C_Alberta \"Lethbridge, Alberta\"), through [Crowsnest Pass](/wiki/Crowsnest_Pass \"Crowsnest Pass\") to the south shore of [Kootenay Lake](/wiki/Kootenay_Lake \"Kootenay Lake\"), in exchange for the CPR agreeing to reduce freight rates in perpetuity for key commodities shipped in Western Canada.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Emerson \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=2015 \\|title\\=Pathways: Connecting Canada's Transportation System to the World \\|url\\=https://tc.canada.ca/sites/default/files/migrated/ctar\\_vol1\\_en.pdf\\#page\\=151 \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2024 \\|website\\=Transport Canada}}", "The controversial Crowsnest Pass Agreement effectively locked the eastbound rate on grain products and westbound rates on certain \"settlers' effects\" at the 1897 level. Although temporarily suspended during the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\"), it was not until 1983 that the \"[Crow Rate](/wiki/Crow_Rate \"Crow Rate\")\" was permanently replaced by the *[Western Grain Transportation Act](/wiki/Western_Grain_Transportation_Act \"Western Grain Transportation Act\")*, which allowed the gradual increase of [grain shipping](/wiki/Grain_trade \"Grain trade\") prices. The Crowsnest Pass line opened on June 18, 1898, and followed a complicated route through the maze of valleys and passes in southern British Columbia, rejoining the original mainline at [Hope](/wiki/Hope%2C_British_Columbia \"Hope, British Columbia\") after crossing the [Cascade Mountains](/wiki/Cascade_Mountains \"Cascade Mountains\") via [Coquihalla Pass](/wiki/Coquihalla_Pass \"Coquihalla Pass\").Canadian Pacific Railway, \"Prairie \\& Pacific Regions Subdivision Chart and Historical Record\" (1943\\).", "The Southern Mainline, generally known as the [Kettle Valley Railway](/wiki/Kettle_Valley_Railway \"Kettle Valley Railway\") in British Columbia, was built in response to the booming mining and smelting economy in southern British Columbia, and the tendency of the local geography to encourage and enable easier access from neighbouring US states than from Vancouver or the rest of Canada, which was viewed to be as much of a threat to national security as it was to the province's control of its own resources. The local passenger service was re\\-routed to this new southerly line, which connected numerous emergent small cities across the region. Independent railways and subsidiaries that were eventually merged into the CPR in connection with this route were the [Shuswap and Okanagan Railway](/wiki/Shuswap_and_Okanagan_Railway \"Shuswap and Okanagan Railway\"), the [Kaslo and Slocan Railway](/wiki/Kaslo_and_Slocan_Railway \"Kaslo and Slocan Railway\"), the [Columbia and Kootenay Railway](/wiki/Columbia_and_Kootenay_Railway \"Columbia and Kootenay Railway\"), the [Columbia and Western Railway](/wiki/Columbia_and_Western_Railway \"Columbia and Western Railway\") and various others.", "#### Settlement of western Canada", "[thumb\\|One of the CPR's land offerings, 1883](/wiki/File:Land_Ticket.jpg \"Land Ticket.jpg\")\nUnder the initial contract with the Canadian government to build the railway, the CPR was granted {{convert\\|25\\|e6acres\\|km2\\|abbr\\=off\\|order\\=flip}}. Canadian Pacific then began an intense campaign to bring immigrants to Canada; its agents operated in many overseas locations, where immigrants were often sold a package that included passage on a CP ship, travel on a CP train and land sold by the CP railway. Land was priced at $2\\.50 an acre and up but required cultivation.{{cite journal\\|title\\=The Canadian Pacific Railway Co\\|journal\\=The Week: A Canadian Journal of Politics, Literature, Science and Arts\\|date\\=24 January 1884\\|volume\\=8\\|page\\=127\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/weekcanadianjour01toro\\#page/n63/mode/1up}} To transport immigrants, Canadian Pacific developed a fleet of over a thousand [Colonist cars](/wiki/Colonist_car \"Colonist car\"), low\\-budget sleeper cars designed to transport immigrant families from eastern Canadian seaports to the west.Jonathan Hanna, \"Colonist Cars Helped Build the West\", *Momentum* Fall 2008", "### 1901โ€“1914", "[thumb\\|CPR advertisement highlighting \"Free Farms for the Million\" in western Canada, circa 1893](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_Ry_free_farms_1893.jpg \"Canadian Pacific Ry free farms 1893.jpg\")\nDuring the first decade of the 20th century, the CPR continued to build more lines. In 1908, the CPR opened a line connecting Toronto with [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury \"Greater Sudbury\"). Several operational improvements were also made to the railway in Western Canada.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.forthjunction.com/dawe\\-cpr\\-bridge.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922131727/http://www.forthjunction.com/dawe\\-cpr\\-bridge.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=22 September 2010\\|title\\=Canadian Pacific Railway Bridge now 100 years old\\|publisher\\=Red Deer Advocate\\|date\\=19 March 2010\\|access\\-date\\=1 December 2012\\|author\\=Dawe, Michael\\|page\\=34}}", "[thumb\\|Lethbridge Viaduct](/wiki/File:Lethbridge_High_Level.jpg \"Lethbridge High Level.jpg\")\nOn November 3, 1909, the [Lethbridge Viaduct](/wiki/Lethbridge_Viaduct \"Lethbridge Viaduct\") over the [Oldman River](/wiki/Oldman_River \"Oldman River\") valley at [Lethbridge](/wiki/Lethbridge \"Lethbridge\"), Alberta, was opened. It is {{convert\\|1624\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=off}} long and, at its maximum, {{convert\\|96\\|m\\|ft\\|abbr\\=off}} high, making it one of the longest railway bridges in Canada. In 1916, the CPR replaced its line through [Rogers Pass](/wiki/Rogers_Pass_%28British_Columbia%29 \"Rogers Pass (British Columbia)\"), which was prone to [avalanches](/wiki/Avalanche \"Avalanche\") (the [most serious of which](/wiki/1910_Rogers_Pass_avalanche \"1910 Rogers Pass avalanche\") killed 62 men in 1910\\) with the [Connaught Tunnel](/wiki/Connaught_Tunnel_%28British_Columbia%29 \"Connaught Tunnel (British Columbia)\"), an eight\\-kilometre\\-long (5\\-mile) tunnel under [Mount Macdonald](/wiki/Mount_Macdonald \"Mount Macdonald\"){{cite book\\|author\\=Tom Murray\\|title\\=Rails Across Canada: The History of Canadian Pacific and Canadian National Railways\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=vf7efnxi1XwC\\|year\\=2011\\|publisher\\=MBI Publishing Company\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-61060\\-139\\-9\\|page\\=67}} that was, at the time of its opening, the longest railway tunnel in the [Western Hemisphere](/wiki/Western_Hemisphere \"Western Hemisphere\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://cdnrail.railfan.net/RogersPass/RogersPasstext.htm\\|title\\=Rogers Pass a History of the Canadian Pacific Railway and Trans\\-Canada Highway crossing.\\|website\\=cdnrail.railfan.net\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-09}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.railfame.ca/sec\\_ind/technology/en\\_2003\\_MountMacdonaldTunnel.asp\\#\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620072230/http://railfame.ca/sec\\_ind/technology/en\\_2003\\_MountMacdonaldTunnel.asp\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=2006\\-06\\-20\\|title\\=Canadian Railway Hall of Fame \\|website\\=railfame.ca\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-05\\-09}}", "[thumb\\|left\\|C.P.R. railway locomotive 2860](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_Railroad_1.jpg \"Canadian Pacific Railroad 1.jpg\")\nOn January 21, 1910, a [passenger train derailed](/wiki/Spanish_River_derailment \"Spanish River derailment\") on the CPR line at the [Spanish River](/wiki/Spanish_River_%28Ontario%29 \"Spanish River (Ontario)\") bridge at [Nairn, Ontario](/wiki/Nairn%2C_Ontario \"Nairn, Ontario\") (near [Sudbury](/wiki/Greater_Sudbury \"Greater Sudbury\")), killing at least 43\\.[\"Soo train goes into the river\"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tApXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_UINAAAAIBAJ&pg=2107,421404), *Evening Sentinel*, 22 January 1910[\"Train derailed on bridge\"](https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FfRhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tJIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7184,1782336), *The Age*, 25 January 1910\\.", "On January 3, 1912, the CPR acquired the [Dominion Atlantic Railway](/wiki/Dominion_Atlantic_Railway \"Dominion Atlantic Railway\"), a railway that ran in western [Nova Scotia](/wiki/Nova_Scotia \"Nova Scotia\"). This acquisition gave the CPR a connection to [Halifax](/wiki/Halifax%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Halifax, Nova Scotia\"), a significant port on the Atlantic Ocean. The CPR acquired the [Quebec Central Railway](/wiki/Quebec_Central_Railway \"Quebec Central Railway\") on December 14, 1912\\.", "During the late 19th century, the railway undertook an ambitious program of hotel construction, building Glacier House in [Glacier National Park](/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_%28Canada%29 \"Glacier National Park (Canada)\"), [Mount Stephen House](/wiki/Mount_Stephen_House \"Mount Stephen House\") at [Field, British Columbia](/wiki/Field%2C_British_Columbia \"Field, British Columbia\"), the [Chรขteau Frontenac](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac \"Chรขteau Frontenac\") in [Quebec City](/wiki/Quebec_City \"Quebec City\") and the [Banff Springs Hotel](/wiki/Banff_Springs_Hotel \"Banff Springs Hotel\"). By then, the CPR had competition from three other transcontinental lines, all of them money\\-losers. In 1919, these lines were consolidated into the government\\-owned [Canadian National Railways](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railways \"Canadian National Railways\").[Pointe\\-au\\-Pรจre Site historique maritime profike](http://www.shmp.qc.ca/empress/detail/empressdetailen.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719075005/http://www.shmp.qc.ca/empress/detail/empressdetailen.html \\|date\\=19 July 2013 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "### First World War", "During the First World War, CPR put the entire resources of the \"world's greatest travel system\" at the disposal of the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\"), not only trains and tracks, but also its ships, shops, hotels, telegraphs and, above all, its people. Aiding the war effort meant transporting and billeting troops; building and supplying arms and munitions; arming, lending and selling ships. Fifty\\-two CPR ships were pressed into service during World War I, carrying more than a million troops and passengers and four million tons of cargo. Twenty seven survived and returned to CPR. CPR also helped the war effort with money and jobs. CPR made loans and guarantees to the Allies of some $100ย million. As a lasting tribute, CPR commissioned three statues and 23 memorial tablets to commemorate the efforts of those who fought and those who died in the war.Canadian Pacific Our History. See \"History of CPR \\& War\" pdf. ({{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cpr.ca/EN/ABOUT\\-CP/OUR\\-PAST\\-PRESENT\\-AND\\-FUTURE/Pages/our\\-history.aspx \\|title\\=Canadian Pacific \\- Our history \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-03\\-11 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311163350/http://www.cpr.ca/en/about\\-cp/our\\-past\\-present\\-and\\-future/Pages/our\\-history.aspx \\|archive\\-date\\=11 March 2014}}) After the war, the Federal government created [Canadian National Railways](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\") (CNR, later CN) out of several bankrupt railways that fell into government hands during and after the war. CNR would become the main competitor to the CPR in Canada. In 1923, [Henry Worth Thornton](/wiki/Henry_Worth_Thornton \"Henry Worth Thornton\") replaced [David Blyth Hanna](/wiki/David_Blyth_Hanna \"David Blyth Hanna\") becoming the second president of the CNR, and his competition spurred [Edward Wentworth Beatty](/wiki/Edward_Wentworth_Beatty \"Edward Wentworth Beatty\"), the first Canadian\\-born president of the CPR, to action.[\"The Canadian Pacific Railway in Western Canada\"](http://railways.library.ualberta.ca/Chapters-7-1), Atlas of Alberta Railways. During this time the railway land grants were formalized.[\"Railway Land Grants in the Prairie Provinces\"](http://railways.library.ualberta.ca/Maps-2-2-7), Atlas of Alberta Railways.", "### Great Depression and the Second World War, 1929โ€“1945", "[thumb\\|Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars as part of the [On\\-to\\-Ottawa Trek](/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek \"On-to-Ottawa Trek\"), 1935](/wiki/File:Kamloops_on_to_Ottawa.jpg \"Kamloops on to Ottawa.jpg\")\nThe [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\"), which lasted from 1929 until 1939, hit many companies heavily. While the CPR was affected, it was not affected to the extent of its rival CNR because it, unlike the CNR, was debt\\-free. The CPR scaled back on some of its passenger and freight services and stopped issuing dividends to its shareholders after 1932\\. Hard times led to the creation of new political parties such as the [Social Credit movement](/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement \"Canadian social credit movement\") and the [Cooperative Commonwealth Federation](/wiki/Cooperative_Commonwealth_Federation \"Cooperative Commonwealth Federation\"), as well as popular protest in the form of the [On\\-to\\-Ottawa Trek](/wiki/On-to-Ottawa_Trek \"On-to-Ottawa Trek\").[On to Ottawa Trek website](https://web.archive.org/web/20020810212509/http://www.ontoottawa.ca/trek/trek.html). Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "One highlight of the late 1930s, both for the railway and for Canada, was the visit of [King George VI](/wiki/George_VI \"George VI\") and [Queen Elizabeth](/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother \"Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\") during their [1939 royal tour of Canada](/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada \"1939 royal tour of Canada\"), the first time that the reigning monarch had visited the country. The CPR and the CNR shared the honours of pulling the royal train across the country, with the CPR undertaking the westbound journey from Quebec City to Vancouver. Later that year, the Second World War began. As it had done in World War I, the CPR devoted much of its resources to the war effort. It retooled its [Angus Shops](/wiki/Angus_Shops \"Angus Shops\") in Montreal to produce [Valentine tanks](/wiki/Valentine_tank \"Valentine tank\") and other armoured vehicles, and transported troops and resources across the country. Additionally, 22 of the CPR's ships went to war, 12 of which were sunk.[Canadian Pacific: Our History](http://www.cpr.ca/en/about-cp/our-past-present-and-future/Pages/our-history.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311163350/http://www.cpr.ca/en/about\\-cp/our\\-past\\-present\\-and\\-future/Pages/our\\-history.aspx \\|date\\=11 March 2014 }}, cpr.ca. Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "### 1946โ€“1978", "[thumb\\|The [Multimark](/wiki/Multimark \"Multimark\") logo was used from 1968 to 1987, when it fell out of favour. It was sometimes referred to as the '[Pac\\-Man](/wiki/Pac-Man \"Pac-Man\")' logo, after the popular 1980s video game of the same name.](/wiki/File:CP_Multimark.svg \"CP Multimark.svg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|CPR train step stool (Calgary station) c.ย 1950](/wiki/File:Canadian_Pacific_Railway_train_step_stool.jpg \"Canadian Pacific Railway train step stool.jpg\")", "After the Second World War, the transportation industry in Canada changed. Where railways had previously provided almost universal freight and passenger services, cars, trucks and [airplanes](/wiki/Airplane \"Airplane\") started to take traffic away from railways. This naturally helped the CPR's air and trucking operations, and the railway's freight operations continued to thrive hauling resource traffic and bulk commodities. However, passenger trains quickly became unprofitable. During the 1950s, the railway introduced new innovations in passenger service. In 1955, it introduced *[The Canadian](/wiki/The_Canadian \"The Canadian\"),* a new luxury transcontinental train. However, in the 1960s, the company started to pull out of passenger services, ending services on many of its branch lines. It also discontinued its secondary transcontinental train *[The Dominion](/wiki/The_Dominion_%28passenger_train%29 \"The Dominion (passenger train)\")* in 1966, and in 1970, unsuccessfully applied to discontinue *The Canadian*. For the next eight years, it continued to apply to discontinue the service, and service on *The Canadian* declined markedly. On October 29, 1978, CP Rail transferred its passenger services to [Via Rail](/wiki/Via_Rail \"Via Rail\"), a new federal [Crown corporation](/wiki/Crown_corporation \"Crown corporation\") that is responsible for managing all intercity passenger service formerly handled by both CP Rail and CN. Via eventually took almost all of its passenger trains, including *The Canadian*, off CP's lines.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/economy\\-business/transport/transport\\-general/via\\-rail\\-canada\\-is\\-born.html \\|title\\=1977: VIA Rail Canada is born \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228211035/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/economy\\-business/transport/transport\\-general/via\\-rail\\-canada\\-is\\-born.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}", "In 1968, as part of a corporate reorganization, each of the major operations, including its rail operations, were organized as separate subsidiaries. The name of the railway was changed to CP Rail, and the parent company changed its name to [Canadian Pacific Limited](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Limited \"Canadian Pacific Limited\") in 1971\\. Its air, express, telecommunications, hotel and real estate holdings were spun off, and ownership of all of the companies transferred to Canadian Pacific Investments. The slogan was: \"TO THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE WORLD\" The company discarded its beaver logo, adopting the new [Multimark](/wiki/Multimark \"Multimark\") (which, when mirrored by an adjacent \"multi\\-mark\" creates a diamond appearance on a globe) that was used โ€“ with a different colour background โ€“ for each of its operations.Garden, John F., \"Nicholas Morant's Canadian Pacific\", Footprint Publishing, 1992, p. 55, {{ISBN\\|978\\-0969162131}}", "### 1979โ€“2001", "#### The 1979 Mississauga train derailment", "On November 10, 1979, a [derailment of a hazardous materials train](/wiki/1979_Mississauga_train_derailment \"1979 Mississauga train derailment\") in [Mississauga, Ontario](/wiki/Mississauga%2C_Ontario \"Mississauga, Ontario\"), led to the evacuation of 200,000 people; there were no fatalities.{{cite web\\|title\\=Mississauga Train Derailment (1979\\)\\|url\\=http://www.mississauga.ca/portal/residents/localhistory?paf\\_gear\\_id\\=9700018\\&itemId\\=5500001\\|access\\-date\\=3 May 2006\\|work\\=Local history\\|publisher\\=City of Mississauga}}{{cite web\\|title\\=The Mississauga Evacuation, Final Report, November 1981\\|url\\=http://cidbimena.desastres.hn/docum/crid/Diciembre2004/pdf/eng/doc4131/doc4131\\.htm\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2006\\|publisher\\=Ministry of the Solicitor General of Ontario}} Mississauga Mayor [Hazel McCallion](/wiki/Hazel_McCallion \"Hazel McCallion\") threatened to sue Canadian Pacific for the derailment. Part of the compromise was to accept GO Transit commuter rail service along the Galt Subdivision corridor up to [Milton, Ontario](/wiki/Milton%2C_Ontario \"Milton, Ontario\"). Limited trains ran along the Milton line on weekdays only. Expansions to [Cambridge, Ontario](/wiki/Cambridge%2C_Ontario \"Cambridge, Ontario\") may be coming in the future.", "In 1984, CP Rail commenced construction of the [Mount Macdonald Tunnel](/wiki/Mount_Macdonald_Tunnel \"Mount Macdonald Tunnel\") to augment the [Connaught Tunnel](/wiki/Connaught_Tunnel_%28British_Columbia%29 \"Connaught Tunnel (British Columbia)\") under the [Selkirk Mountains](/wiki/Selkirk_Mountains \"Selkirk Mountains\"). The first revenue train passed through the tunnel in 1988\\. At 14\\.7ย km (nine miles), it is the longest tunnel in the Americas. During the 1980s, the [Soo Line Railroad](/wiki/Soo_Line_Railroad \"Soo Line Railroad\"), in which CP Rail still owned a controlling interest, underwent several changes. It acquired the [Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway](/wiki/Minneapolis%2C_Northfield_and_Southern_Railway \"Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway\") in 1982\\. Then on February 21, 1985, the Soo Line obtained a controlling interest in the bankrupt [Milwaukee Road](/wiki/Milwaukee_Road \"Milwaukee Road\"), merging it into its system on January 1, 1986\\. Also in 1980, Canadian Pacific bought out the controlling interests of the [Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway](/wiki/Toronto%2C_Hamilton_and_Buffalo_Railway \"Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway\") (TH\\&B) from [Conrail](/wiki/Conrail \"Conrail\") and molded it into the Canadian Pacific System, dissolving the TH\\&B's name from the books in 1985\\. In 1987, most of CPR's trackage in the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\") region, including much of the original Soo Line, were spun off into a new railway, the [Wisconsin Central](/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Ltd. \"Wisconsin Central Ltd.\"), which was subsequently purchased by [CN](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\"). Influenced by the [Canada\\-U.S. Free Trade Agreement](/wiki/Canada-U.S._Free_Trade_Agreement \"Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement\") of 1989, which liberalized trade between the two nations, the CPR's expansion continued during the early 1990s: CP Rail gained full control of the Soo Line in 1990, adding the \"System\" to the former's name, and bought the [Delaware and Hudson Railway](/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Railway \"Delaware and Hudson Railway\") in 1991\\. These two acquisitions gave CP Rail routes to the major American cities of [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") (via the Soo Line and Milwaukee Road as part of its historically logical route) and [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") (via the D\\&H).[Canadian Pacific Subsidiaries website](http://www.cpr.ca/en/in-your-community/living-near-the-railway/Pages/subsidiaries.aspx) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416052959/http://www.cpr.ca/en/in\\-your\\-community/living\\-near\\-the\\-railway/Pages/subsidiaries.aspx \\|date\\=16 April 2014 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "During the 1990s, both CP Rail and CN attempted unsuccessfully to buy out the eastern assets of the other, so as to permit further rationalization. In 1996, CP Rail moved its head office from Windsor Station in Montreal to Gulf Canada Square in Calgary and changed its name back to Canadian Pacific Railway.{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=May 1996\\|title\\=Branchline Canada's Rail Newsmagazine\\|url\\=https://bytownrailwaysociety.ca/phocadownload/branchline/1996/1996\\-05\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708223210/https://bytownrailwaysociety.ca/phocadownload/branchline/1996/1996\\-05\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-07\\-08 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Bytown Railway Society]]}}", "A new subsidiary company, the [St. Lawrence and Hudson Railway](/wiki/St._Lawrence_and_Hudson_Railway \"St. Lawrence and Hudson Railway\"), was created to operate its money\\-losing lines in eastern North America, covering [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"), Southern and [Eastern Ontario](/wiki/Eastern_Ontario \"Eastern Ontario\"), trackage rights to [Chicago, Illinois](/wiki/Chicago%2C_Illinois \"Chicago, Illinois\"), (on [Norfolk Southern](/wiki/Norfolk_Southern \"Norfolk Southern\") lines from [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\")) as well as the [Delaware and Hudson Railway](/wiki/Delaware_and_Hudson_Railway \"Delaware and Hudson Railway\") in the northeastern United States. However, the new subsidiary, threatened with being sold off and free to innovate, quickly spun off money\\-losing track to short lines, instituted scheduled freight service, and produced an unexpected turn\\-around in profitability. On 1 January 2001 the StL\\&H was formally amalgamated with the CP Rail system.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cpr.ca/en/investors\\-site/Lists/FinancialReports/cp\\-aif\\-2001\\.pdf\\|title\\=Annual Information Form โ€“ Canadian Pacific Railway Limited\\|date\\=1 March 2002\\|website\\=Cpr/ca\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-20}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2021 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}", "### 2001 to 2023", "In 2001, the CPR's parent company, [Canadian Pacific Limited](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Limited \"Canadian Pacific Limited\"), spun off its five subsidiaries, including the CPR, into independent companies.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.2010commercecentre.gov.bc.ca/businessplanning/News.aspx\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140311130044/http://www.2010commercecentre.gov.bc.ca/businessplanning/News.aspx?articleID\\=133\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=News โ€“ 2010 Commerce Centre\\|archive\\-date\\=11 March 2014\\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2014}} In September 2007, CPR announced it was acquiring the [Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad](/wiki/Dakota%2C_Minnesota_and_Eastern_Railroad \"Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad\") from London\\-based [Electra Private Equity](/wiki/Electra_Private_Equity \"Electra Private Equity\").[\"CP Rail to buy Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern for US$1\\.48B\"](http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/financialpost/story.html?id=94ffc046-3235-4dd5-a079-390deb33c3de&k=72904) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623162229/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/financialpost/story.html?id\\=94ffc046\\-3235\\-4dd5\\-a079\\-390deb33c3de\\&k\\=72904 \\|date\\=23 June 2014 }}, *Financial Post*. 5 September 2007\\.[\"CP completes acquisition of DM\\&E\"](http://www.newswire.ca/fr/story/114293/canadian-pacific-completes-acquisition-of-dm-e-railroad) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320215206/http://www.newswire.ca/fr/story/114293/canadian\\-pacific\\-completes\\-acquisition\\-of\\-dm\\-e\\-railroad \\|date\\=20 March 2014 }}, newswire.ca. Retrieved 27 April 2014\\. The merger was completed as of October 31, 2008\\.{{cite magazine\\|title\\=CP completes Dakota, Minnesota \\& Eastern takeover\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Railway Gazette International]]\\|date\\=31 October 2008\\|url\\=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single\\-view/view//cp\\-completes\\-dakota\\-minnesota\\-eastern\\-takeover.html\\|access\\-date\\=31 October 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304005737/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single\\-view/view/cp\\-completes\\-dakota\\-minnesota\\-eastern\\-takeover.html\\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2014}}", "Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd. trains resumed regular operations on June 1, 2012, after a nine\\-day strike by some 4,800 locomotive engineers, conductors and traffic controllers who walked off the job on May 23, stalling Canadian freight traffic and costing the economy an estimated {{CAD\\|80 million}} ({{USD\\|77 million}}). The strike ended with a government back\\-to\\-work bill forcing both sides to come to a [binding agreement](/wiki/Binding_agreement \"Binding agreement\").[Strike ends at Canadian Pacific Railway](https://www.reuters.com/article/cprail-strike-end-idUSL1E8H13CU20120601) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402212306/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/01/cprail\\-strike\\-end\\-idUSL1E8H13CU20120601 \\|date\\=2 April 2015 }}, Reuters, 1 June 2012\\.[\"CBC coverage of rail strike at Canadian Pacific\"](https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadian-pacific-shippers-relieved-trains-moving-again-1.1278756), Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1 June 2012\\.", "On July 6, 2013, a unit train of [crude oil](/wiki/Crude_oil \"Crude oil\") which CP had subcontracted to short\\-line operator [Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway](/wiki/Montreal%2C_Maine_and_Atlantic_Railway \"Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway\") [derailed in Lac\\-Mรฉgantic](/wiki/Lac-M%C3%A9gantic_derailment \"Lac-Mรฉgantic derailment\"), killing 47\\.[Quebec targets CP Railway for Lac\\-Mรฉgantic cleanup costs](https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/quebec-targets-cp-railway-for-lac-megantic-cleanup-costs/article13768911/). The Globe and Mail (14 August 2013\\). Retrieved 2013\\-10\\-05\\. On August 14, 2013, the Quebec government added the CPR, along with lessor [World Fuel Services](/wiki/World_Fuel_Services \"World Fuel Services\") (WFS), to the list of corporate entities from which it seeks reimbursement for the environmental cleanup of the Lac\\-Mรฉgantic derailment. On July 15, the press reported that CP would appeal the legal order.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www2\\.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/business/story.html?id\\=1103c232\\-5607\\-4053\\-9efa\\-3b7b54220203\\|title\\=CP boss calls for halt to hazardous tankers: 'Almighty dollar' behind reluctance to take action\\|first\\=Amanda\\|last\\=Stephenson\\|work\\=Calgary Herald\\|date\\=19 February 2014\\|access\\-date\\=18 February 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225075924/http://www2\\.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/business/story.html?id\\=1103c232\\-5607\\-4053\\-9efa\\-3b7b54220203\\|archive\\-date\\=25 February 2014}}", "On October 12, 2014, it was reported that Canadian Pacific had tried to enter into a merger with American railway [CSX](/wiki/CSX \"CSX\"), but was unsuccessful.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/canadian\\-pacific\\-approached\\-csx\\-about\\-merger\\-deal\\-1413141950?KEYWORDS\\=CSX\\|title\\=Canadian Pacific Approached CSX About Merger Deal\\|author\\=Dana Mattioli, Liz Hoffman and David George\\-Cosh\\|date\\=13 October 2014\\|work\\=The Wall Street Journal}}", "In 2015โ€“16 Canadian Pacific sought to merge with American railway [Norfolk Southern](/wiki/Norfolk_Southern \"Norfolk Southern\").[\"Canadian Pacific Railway, Norfolk Southern don't agree on much\"](http://www.bizjournals.com/chicago/news/2016/02/10/canadian-pacific-disagrees-with-norfolk-southern.html), Chicago Business Journal, 10 February 2016 and wanted to have a shareholder vote on it.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.mb.com.ph/canadian\\-pacific\\-pursues\\-merger\\-talks\\-with\\-norfolk\\-southern/ \\|title\\=Canadian Pacific pursues merger talks with Norfolk Southern\\|work\\=Manila Bulletin\\|date\\=12 February 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=15 February 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213155301/http://www.mb.com.ph/canadian\\-pacific\\-pursues\\-merger\\-talks\\-with\\-norfolk\\-southern/ \\|archive\\-date\\=13 February 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}[\"Canadian Pacific argues for Norfolk Southern takeover in new report\"](http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/canadian-pacific-argues-for-norfolk-southern-takeover-in-new-report-1.2763122). *CYV News*News, ABC. [\"Business Index\"](https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/canadian-pacific-vote-norfolk-southern-deal-36815269). ABC News[\"CP to seek shareholder support for Norfolk takeover talks\"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norfolk-southern-m-a-cp-idUSKCN0VI1QI). 10 February 2017 โ€“ Reuters.com CP ultimately terminated its efforts to merge on April 11, 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cpr.ca/en/investors/canadian\\-pacific\\-terminates\\-efforts\\-to\\-merge\\-with\\-norfolk\\-southern\\|title\\=Canadian Pacific terminates efforts to merge with Norfolk Southern\\|website\\=Cpr.ca}}", "On February 4, 2019, a loaded grain train ran away from the siding at Partridge just above the Upper Spiral Tunnel in [Kicking Horse Pass](/wiki/Kicking_Horse_Pass \"Kicking Horse Pass\"). The 112\\-car grain train with three locomotives derailed into the Kicking Horse River just after the Trans Canada Highway overpass. The three crew members on the lead locomotive were killed.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://calgaryherald.com/news/local\\-news/three\\-cp\\-rail\\-workers\\-killed\\-in\\-massive\\-derailment\\-near\\-field\\-b\\-c\\|title\\=Three CP Rail workers killed in massive derailment near Field, B.C. \\| Calgary Herald\\|date\\=5 February 2019}} The [Canadian Pacific Police Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Police_Service \"Canadian Pacific Police Service\") (CPPS) investigated the fatal derailment. It later came to light that, although Creel said that the [RCMP](/wiki/RCMP \"RCMP\") \"retain jurisdiction\" over the investigation, the RCMP wrote that \"it never had jurisdiction because the crash happened on CP property\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Police officer suspects internal 'coverup' by CP Rail in fatal B.C. mountain crash \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cp\\-derailment\\-investigation\\-coverup\\-alleged\\-1\\.5436018 \\|publisher\\=CBC \\|date\\=24 January 2020}} On January 26, 2020, Canadian current affairs program *[The Fifth Estate](/wiki/The_Fifth_Estate_%28TV_program%29 \"The Fifth Estate (TV program)\")* broadcast an episode on the derailment, and the next day the Canadian [Transportation Safety Board](/wiki/Transportation_Safety_Board_of_Canada \"Transportation Safety Board of Canada\") (TSB) called for the RCMP to investigate as lead investigator Don Crawford said, \"There is enough to suspect there's negligence here and it needs to be investigated by the proper authority\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Train safety investigator wants RCMP to probe fatal CP mountain crash \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cp\\-rail\\-crash\\-call\\-investigation\\-1\\.5441955 \\|publisher\\=CBC \\|date\\=27 January 2020}}", "On February 4, 2020, the TSB demoted its lead investigator in the crash probe after his superiors decided these comments were \"completely inappropriate\". The TSB stated that it \"does not share the view of the lead safety investigator\". The CPPS say they did a thorough investigation into the actions of the crew, which is now closed and resulted in no charges, while the [Alberta Federation of Labour](/wiki/Alberta_Federation_of_Labour \"Alberta Federation of Labour\") and the [Teamsters Canada Rail Conference](/wiki/Teamsters_Canada%23Teamsters_Canada_Rail_Conference \"Teamsters Canada#Teamsters Canada Rail Conference\") called for an independent police probe.{{cite news \\|title\\=Rail disaster video surfaces on anniversary of CP crash amid controversy over police probe \\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/video\\-derailment\\-canadian\\-pacific\\-railway\\-field\\-1\\.5449758 \\|publisher\\=CBC \\|date\\=4 February 2020}}", "On November 20, 2019, it was announced that Canadian Pacific would purchase the [Central Maine and Quebec Railway](/wiki/Central_Maine_and_Quebec_Railway \"Central Maine and Quebec Railway\") from [Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors](/wiki/Fortress_Transportation_and_Infrastructure_Investors \"Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.cpr.ca/en/media/cp\\-to\\-acquire\\-central\\-maine\\-quebec\\-railway\\-from\\-ftai\\|title\\=CP to acquire Central Maine \\& Quebec Railway from FTAI\\|date\\=20 November 2019}} The line has had a series of different owners since being spun off of the Canadian Pacific in 1995\\. The first operator was the [Canadian American Railroad](/wiki/Canadian_American_Railroad \"Canadian American Railroad\") a division of [Iron Road Railways](/wiki/Iron_Road_Railways \"Iron Road Railways\"). In 2002 the Montreal, Maine \\& Atlantic took over operations after CDAC declared bankruptcy. The Central, Maine and Quebec Railway started operations in 2014 after the MMA declared bankruptcy due to the Lac\\-Mรฉgantic derailment. On this new acquisition, CP CEO Keith Creel remarked that this gives CP a true coast\\-to\\-coast network across Canada and an increased presence in New England. On June 4, 2020; Canadian Pacific bought the Central Maine and Quebec.", "#### Merger with Kansas City Southern (2021โ€“2023\\)", "On March 21, 2021, CP announced that it was planning to purchase the [Kansas City Southern Railway](/wiki/Kansas_City_Southern_Railway \"Kansas City Southern Railway\") (KCS) for US$29ย billion. The US [Surface Transportation Board](/wiki/Surface_Transportation_Board \"Surface Transportation Board\") (STB) would first have to approve the purchase, which was expected to be completed by the middle of 2022\\.", "However, a competing cash and stock offer was later made by Canadian National Railway (CN) on April 20 at $33\\.7ย billion.{{cite news \\|date\\=20 April 2021 \\|title\\=CN steps up with $33B offer for Kansas City Southern, besting CP's $25B bid \\|publisher\\=CBC News}} On 13 May, KCS announced that they planned to accept the merger offer from CN, but would give CP until May 21 to come up with a higher bid.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Black \\|first1\\=Thomas \\|last2\\=Porter \\|first2\\=Kiel \\|last3\\=Deveau \\|first3\\=Scott \\|date\\=2021\\-05\\-13 \\|title\\=CN Rail Is Close to $33 Billion Deal for K.C. Southern \\|work\\=Bloomberg \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021\\-05\\-13/cn\\-rail\\-is\\-said\\-to\\-near\\-33\\-billion\\-deal\\-for\\-k\\-c\\-southern \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-14}} On May 21, KCS and CN agreed to a merger. However, CN's merger attempt was blocked by a STB ruling in August that the company could not use a voting trust to assume control of KCS, due to concerns about potentially reduced competition in the railroad industry.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-12 \\|title\\=Kansas City Southern picks Canadian Pacific's $31 billion bid for railroad \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/12/kansas\\-city\\-southern\\-picks\\-canadian\\-pacific\\-31\\-billion\\-bid\\-for\\-railroad.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-13 \\|website\\=CNBC \\|language\\=en}}", "On September 12, KCS accepted a new $31 billion offer from CP. Though CP's offer was lower than the offer made by CN, the STB permitted CP to use a voting trust to take control of KCS. The voting trust allowed CP to become the beneficial owner of KCS in December, but the two railroads operated independently until receiving approval for a merger of operations from the STB.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kaberline \\|first\\=Brian \\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-16 \\|title\\=Regulator orders pause in consideration of Canadian Pacific\\-KC Southern merger \\|url\\=https://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/news/2022/03/16/us\\-regulator\\-pauses\\-canadian\\-pacific\\-proceedings.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-04}}{{Cite news \\|title\\=The great train takeover \\- FT Big Deal \\|language\\=en \\|work\\=Financial Tribune \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=wnWkLYm4FVU \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-07\\-04}} That approval came on March 15, 2023, which permitted the railroads to merge as soon as April 14\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Franz \\|first\\=Justin \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-15 \\|title\\=Live Updates: Regulators Approve CP\\-KCS Merger \\|url\\=https://railfan.com/breaking\\-regulators\\-approve\\-cp\\-kcs\\-merger/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-15 \\|website\\=Railfan \\& Railroad Magazine \\|language\\=en\\-CA}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Regulators approve Canadian Pacific\\-Kansas City Southern merger (updated) \\|url\\=https://www.trains.com/trn/news\\-reviews/news\\-wire/regulators\\-approve\\-canadian\\-pacific\\-kansas\\-city\\-southern\\-merger/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-15 \\|website\\=Trains \\|date\\=15 March 2023 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} On April 14, 2023, KCS officially became a subsidiary of CPR,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-04\\-14 \\|title\\=Canadian Pacific and KCS officially combine under Canadian Pacific Kansas City banner \\|url\\=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/canadian\\-pacific\\-and\\-kcs\\-officially\\-combine\\-under\\-canadian\\-pacific\\-kansas\\-city\\-banner\\-1\\.1907750 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-14 \\|website\\=BNN Bloomberg}} and CPR with its subsidiaries began conducting business under the name of its parent company, [Canadian Pacific Kansas City](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City \"Canadian Pacific Kansas City\") (CPKC).{{Cite news\\|last\\=Reynolds\\|first\\=Christopher\\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-17\\|title\\=CP Rail, Kansas City Southern Rail to combine next month after U.S. approval\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/business/2023/03/17/cp\\-rail\\-kansas\\-city\\-southern\\-rail\\-to\\-combine\\-next\\-month\\-under\\-new\\-name.html\\|work\\=Toronto Star\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-17}}", "" ]
Non\-railway services --------------------- Historically, Canadian Pacific operated several non\-railway businesses. In 1971, these businesses were split off into the separate company [Canadian Pacific Limited](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Limited "Canadian Pacific Limited"), and in 2001, that company was further split into five companies. CP no longer provides any of these services.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Canadian\-Pacific\-Railway\-Ltd\|title\=Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd. (CP) {{!}} Canadian company\|newspaper\=Encyclopรฆdia Britannica\|access\-date\=2017\-01\-24}} ### Canadian Pacific Telegraphs The original charter of the CPR granted in 1881 provided for the right to create an [electric telegraph](/wiki/Electric_telegraph "Electric telegraph") and telephone service including charging for it. The telephone had barely been invented but telegraph was well established as a means of communicating quickly across great distances. Being allowed to sell this service meant the railway could offset the costs of constructing and maintaining a pole line along its tracks across vast distances for its own purposes which were largely for dispatching trains. It began doing so in 1882 as the separate Telegraph Department. It would go on to provide a link between the cables under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when they were completed. Before the CPR line, messages to the west could be sent only via the United States.*Canadian Pacific Facts and Figures* (1937\), p. 106 Paid for by the word, the telegram was an expensive way to send messages, but they were vital to businesses. An individual receiving a personal telegram was seen as being someone important except for those that transmitted sorrow in the form of death notices. Messengers on bicycles delivered telegrams and picked up a reply in cities. In smaller locations, the local railway station agent would handle this on a commission basis. To speed things, at the local end messages would first be telephoned. In 1931, it became the Communications Department in recognition of the expanding services provided which included telephones lines, [news wire](/wiki/News_agency "News agency"), [ticker quotations](/wiki/Stock_ticker_machine "Stock ticker machine") for [capital stocks](/wiki/Share_capital "Share capital") and eventually [teleprinters](/wiki/Teleprinter "Teleprinter"). All were faster than mail and very important to business and the public alike for many decades before [mobile phones](/wiki/Mobile_phone "Mobile phone") and computers came along. It was the coming of these newer technologies especially cellular telephones that eventually resulted in the demise of these services even after formation in 1967 of [CN\-CP Telecommunications](/wiki/CNCP_Telecommunications "CNCP Telecommunications") in an effort to effect efficiencies through consolidation rather than competition. [Deregulation](/wiki/Deregulation "Deregulation") in the 1980s, brought about mergers and the sale of remaining services and facilities.Burnet, Robert. "Canadian Railway Telegraph History". *Telegraph Key \& Sounder*, Etobicoke, 1996\. p. 181 ### Canadian Pacific Radio On January 17, 1930, the CPR applied for licences to operate radio stations in 11 cities from coast\-to\-coast for the purpose of organising its own radio network in order to compete with the [CNR Radio](/wiki/CNR_Radio "CNR Radio") service. The CNR had built a radio network with the aim of promoting itself as well as entertaining its passengers during their travels. The onset of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") hurt the CPR's financial plan for a rival project and in April they withdrew their applications for stations in all but Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg. CPR did not end up pursuing these applications but instead operated a [phantom station](/wiki/Phantom_station "Phantom station") in Toronto known as "CPRY," with initials standing for "Canadian Pacific Royal York"{{cite web\|url\=http://advisor.d6cn.com/Travel/ttttqc/Presenting\_A\_Behind\_The\_Scenes\_Look\_At\_The\_Historic\_Royal\_York\_Hotel\_One\_Of\_Toronto\_s\_Crown\_Jewels\_part\_I.html\|title\=Presenting: A Behind\-The\-Scenes Look at the Historic Royal York Hotelย โ€“ One of Toronto's Crown Jewels (part I)\|publisher\=Advisor.d6cn.com\|date\=30 August 2007\|first\=Susanne\|last\=Pacher\|access\-date\=29 September 2008\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208205810/http://advisor.d6cn.com/Travel/ttttqc/Presenting\_A\_Behind\_The\_Scenes\_Look\_At\_The\_Historic\_Royal\_York\_Hotel\_One\_Of\_Toronto\_s\_Crown\_Jewels\_part\_I.html\|archive\-date\=8 December 2008}} which operated out of studios at CP's [Royal York Hotel](/wiki/Fairmont_Royal_York "Fairmont Royal York") and leased time on [CFRB](/wiki/CFRB "CFRB") and [CKGW](/wiki/CBLA "CBLA").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.broadcasting\-history.ca/networks/networks\_CNR8\.html\|title\=The Radio Broadcast that Fulfilled the Promise\|access\-date\=19 June 2009\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827010353/http://www.broadcasting\-history.ca/networks/networks\_CNR8\.html\|archive\-date\=27 August 2007}} A network of affiliates carried the CPR radio network's broadcasts in the first half of the 1930s, but the takeover of CNR's Radio service by the new [Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission](/wiki/Canadian_Radio_Broadcasting_Commission "Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission") removed CPR's need to have a network for competitive reasons and CPR's radio service was discontinued in 1935\.{{cite journal \|last1\=Buck \|first1\=George H. \|title\=The First Wave: The Beginnings of Radio in Canadian Distance Education \|journal\=Journal of Distance Education \|date\=Spring 2006 \|volume\=21 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=75โ€“88 \|url\=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ807814\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415031808/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ807814\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-15 \|url\-status\=live \|access\-date\=6 September 2020}} CPR programming included a series of concert broadcasts from Montreal with an [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra "Orchestra") conducted by Douglas Clarke and a series called *Concert Orchestra* broadcast from the Royal York Hotel featuring conductor Rex Battle, and another series of concerts, this time sponsored by [Imperial Oil](/wiki/Imperial_Oil "Imperial Oil") and featuring conductor [Reginald Stewart](/wiki/Reginald_Stewart_%28conductor%29 "Reginald Stewart (conductor)") with a 55\-piece orchestra and some of the leading soloists of the day, also performing at the Royal York.{{cite web \|title\=Broadcasting \|url\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/broadcasting\-emc \|website\=The Canadian Encyclopedia \|publisher\=Historica Canada \|access\-date\=6 September 2020}} ### Canadian Pacific Steamships {{main\|Canadian Pacific Steamships}} [Steamships](/wiki/Steamboat "Steamboat") played an important part in the history of CP from the very earliest days. During construction of the line in British Columbia even before the private CPR took over from the government contractor, ships were used to bring supplies to the construction sites. Similarly, to reach the isolated area of Superior in northern Ontario ships were used to bring in supplies to the construction work. While this work was going on there was already regular passenger service to the West. Trains operated from Toronto to Owen Sound where CPR steamships connected to Fort William where trains once again operated to reach Winnipeg. Before the CPR was completed the only way to reach the West was through the United States via St. Paul and Winnipeg. This Great Lakes steam ship service continued as an alternative route for many years and was always operated by the railway. Canadian Pacific passenger service on the lakes ended in 1965\. In 1883, CPR began purchasing sailing ships as part of a railway supply service on the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes "Great Lakes"). Over time, CPR became a railway company with widely organized water transportation auxiliaries including the [Great Lakes service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Upper_Lake_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Upper Lake Service"), the trans\-Pacific service, the [Pacific coastal service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Coast_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service"), the [British Columbia lake and river service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Lake_and_River_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service"), the trans\-Atlantic service and the Bay of Fundy Ferry service. In the 20th century, the company evolved into an intercontinental railway which operated two transoceanic services which connected Canada with Europe and with Asia. The range of CPR services were aspects of an integrated plan.Smith, Joseph Russell (1908\). {{Google books\|Ra4ZAAAAYAAJ\|The Ocean Carrier: a History and Analysis of the Service and a Discussion of the Rates of Ocean Transportation\|page\=186}} [thumb\|Advertisement for Canadian Pacific steamships to the Far East, 1936](/wiki/File:To_the_Far_East_by_the_white_Empress_route_%2811411211505%29.jpg "To the Far East by the white Empress route (11411211505).jpg") Once the railway was completed to British Columbia, the CPR chartered and soon bought their own passenger steamships as a link to the Orient. These sleek steamships were of the latest design and christened with "Empress" names (e. g., RMS *[Empress of Britain](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Britain_%281905%29 "RMS Empress of Britain (1905)")*, *[Empress of Canada](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Canada_%281920%29 "RMS Empress of Canada (1920)")*, *[Empress of Australia](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Australia_%281919%29 "RMS Empress of Australia (1919)")*, and so forth). Travel to and from the Orient and cargo, especially imported tea and silk, were an important source of revenue, aided by Royal Mail contracts. This was an important part of the [All\-Red Route](/wiki/All-Red_Route "All-Red Route") linking the various parts of the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"). The other ocean part was the Atlantic service to and from the United Kingdom, which began with acquisition of two existing lines, Beaver Line, owned by Elder Dempster and Allan Lines. These two segments became Canadian Pacific Ocean Services (later, Canadian Pacific Steamships) and operated separately from the various lake services operated in Canada, which were considered to be a direct part of the railway's operations. These trans\-ocean routes made it possible to travel from Britain to Hong Kong using only the CPR's ships, trains and hotels. CP's 'Empress' ships became world\-famous for their luxury and speed.{{Cite book \|last\=George Bronson Rea \|url\=http://archive.org/details/far\-eastern\-review\-1930\.3 \|title\=The Far Eastern Review 1930\.3 \|date\=March 1930}}{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-03\-31 \|title\=R.M.S. Empress of Japan, c. 1910\. \|url\=https://www.oldtokyo.com/s\-s\-empress\-of\-japan\-c\-1910/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-05 \|language\=en\-US}} They had a practical role, too, in transporting immigrants from much of Europe to Canada, especially to populate the vast prairies. They also played an important role in both world wars with many of them being lost to enemy action, including *[Empress of Britain](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Britain_%281930%29 "RMS Empress of Britain (1930)")*.Musk, George. *Canadian Pacific The Story of the Famous Shipping Line*. David \& Charles Publishers plc, 2nd edition (1989\), pp. 47โ€“55, 101โ€“123, 130, 213\. {{ISBN?}} There were also a number of [rail ferries](/wiki/Train_ferry "Train ferry") operated over the years as well including, between Windsor, Ontario, and [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit") from 1890 until 1915\. This began with two paddle\-wheelers capable of carrying 16 cars. Passenger cars were carried as well as freight. This service ended in 1915 when the CPR made an agreement with the Michigan Central to use their Detroit River tunnel opened in 1910\. Pennsylvania\-Ontario Transportation Company was formed jointly with the PRR in 1906 to operate a ferry across [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie "Lake Erie") between [Ashtabula, Ohio](/wiki/Ashtabula%2C_Ohio "Ashtabula, Ohio"), and [Port Burwell, Ontario](/wiki/Port_Burwell%2C_Ontario "Port Burwell, Ontario"), to carry freight cars, mostly of coal, much of it to be burned in CPR steam locomotives. Only one ferry boat was ever operated, *[Ashtabula](/wiki/Ashtabula_%28ferry%29 "Ashtabula (ferry)")*, a large vessel which eventually sank in a harbour collision in Ashtabula on September 18, 1958, thus ending the service. Canadian Pacific Car and Passenger Transfer Company was formed by other interest in 1888 linking the CPR in [Prescott, Ontario](/wiki/Prescott%2C_Ontario "Prescott, Ontario"), and the NYC in [Ogdensburg, New York](/wiki/Ogdensburg%2C_New_York "Ogdensburg, New York"). Service on this route had actually begun very early, in 1854, along with service from Brockville. A bridge built in 1958 ended passenger service however, freight continued until Ogdensburg's dock was destroyed by fire September 25, 1970, thus ending all service. CPC\&PTC was never owned by the CPR. [Bay of Fundy](/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy "Bay of Fundy") ferry service was operated for passengers and freight for many years linking [Digby, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Digby%2C_Nova_Scotia "Digby, Nova Scotia"), and [Saint John, New Brunswick](/wiki/Saint_John%2C_New_Brunswick "Saint John, New Brunswick"). Eventually, after 78 years, with the changing times the scheduled passenger services would all be ended as well as ocean cruises. Cargo would continue on both oceans with a change over to containers. CP was an intermodal pioneer especially on land with road and railway mixing to provide the best service. [CP Ships](/wiki/CP_Ships "CP Ships") was the final operation, and in the end it too left CP ownership when it was spun off in 2001\. [CP Ships](/wiki/CP_Ships "CP Ships") was merged with [Hapag\-Lloyd](/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd "Hapag-Lloyd") in 2005\.[Hapag\-Lloyd website](http://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/about_us/history_between_1971_today.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427225544/http://www.hapag\-lloyd.com/en/about\_us/history\_between\_1971\_today.html \|date\=27 April 2014 }}, "Breakthrough of the container". Retrieved 27 April 2014\. #### British Columbia Coast Steamships The [Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Coast_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service") ([British Columbia Coast Steamships](/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast_Steamships "British Columbia Coast Steamships") or BCCS) was established when the CPR acquired in 1901 [Canadian Pacific Navigation Company](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Navigation_Company "Canadian Pacific Navigation Company") (no relation) and its large fleet of ships that served 72 ports along the coast of British Columbia including on Vancouver Island. Service included the Vancouver\-Victoria\-Seattle *Triangle Route*, Gulf Islands, Powell River, as well as Vancouver\-Alaska service. BCCS operated a fleet of 14 passenger ships made up of a number of *Princess* ships, pocket versions of the famous oceangoing *Empress* ships along with a freighter, three tugs and five railway car barges. Popular with tourists, the Princess ships were famous in their own right especially *Princess Marguerite* (II) which operated from 1949 until 1985 and was the last coastal liner in operation. The most notorious of the princess ships, however, is *[Princess Sophia](/wiki/Princess_Sophia_%28steamer%29 "Princess Sophia (steamer)")*, which sank with no survivors after striking the [Vanderbilt Reef](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Reef "Vanderbilt Reef") in Alaska's [Lynn Canal](/wiki/Lynn_Canal "Lynn Canal"), constituting the largest maritime disaster in the history of the Pacific Northwest. These services continued for many years until changing conditions in the late 1950s brought about their decline and eventual demise at the end of season in 1974\. *Princess Marguerite* was acquired by the province's British Columbia Steamship (1975\) Ltd.{{Cite web \| url\=http://pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca/fedora/repository/pgc:1975\-11\-06\-26 \|page\=26 \|title\=Prince George Citizen \|date\=6 Nov 1975\|website\=www.pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca}} and continued to operate for a number of years. In 1977 although BCCSS was the legal name, it was rebranded as Coastal Marine Operations (CMO). By 1998 the company was bought by the Washington Marine Group which after purchase was renamed Seaspan Coastal Intermodal Company and then subsequently rebranded in 2011 as Seaspan Ferries Corporation. Passenger service ended in 1981\.["Seaspan Ferries History"](http://www.seaspan.com/seaspan-ferries-history) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428151211/http://www.seaspan.com/seaspan\-ferries\-history/ \|date\=28 April 2014 }}, Seaspan Ferries website. Retrieved 27 April 2014\. #### British Columbia Lake and River Service The [Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Lake_and_River_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service") ([British Columbia Lake and River Service](/wiki/British_Columbia_Lake_and_River_Service "British Columbia Lake and River Service")) developed slowly and in spurts of growth. CP began a long history of service in the Kootenays region of southern British Columbia beginning with the purchase in 1897 of the Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company which operated a fleet of steamers and barges on the [Arrow Lakes](/wiki/Arrow_Lakes "Arrow Lakes") and was merged into the CPR as the [CPR Lake and River Service](/wiki/CPR_Lake_and_River_Service "CPR Lake and River Service") which also served the [Arrow Lakes and Columbia River](/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Arrow_Lakes "Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes"), Kootenay Lake and Kootenai River, [Lake Okanagan](/wiki/Steamboats_of_Lake_Okanagan "Steamboats of Lake Okanagan") and [Skaha Lake](/wiki/Skaha_Lake "Skaha Lake"), [Slocan Lake](/wiki/Slocan_Lake "Slocan Lake"), [Trout Lake](/wiki/Trout_Lake_%28British_Columbia%29 "Trout Lake (British Columbia)"), and [Shuswap Lake](/wiki/Shuswap_Lake "Shuswap Lake") and the [Thompson River](/wiki/Thompson_River "Thompson River")/[Kamloops Lake](/wiki/Kamloops_Lake "Kamloops Lake"). All of these lake operations had one thing in common, the need for shallow draft therefore sternwheelers were the choice of ship. Tugs and barges handled railway equipment including one operation that saw the entire train including the locomotive and caboose go along. These services gradually declined and ended in 1975 except for a freight barge on Slocan Lake. This was the one where the entire train went along since the barge was a link to an isolated section of track. The *Iris G* tug boat and a barge were operated under contract to CP Rail until the last train ran late in December 1988\. The sternwheel steamship *[Moyie](/wiki/Moyie_%28sternwheeler%29 "Moyie (sternwheeler)")* on Kootenay Lake was the last CPR passenger boat in BC lake service, having operated from 1898 until 1957\. She became a beached historical exhibit, as are also the *[Sicamous](/wiki/Sicamous_%28sternwheeler%29 "Sicamous (sternwheeler)")* and *[Naramata](/wiki/Naramata "Naramata")* at [Penticton](/wiki/Penticton "Penticton") on [Lake Okanagan](/wiki/Lake_Okanagan "Lake Okanagan").[Kootenay Lake Historical Society](http://klhs.bc.ca/?page_id=52) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100906/http://klhs.bc.ca/?page\_id\=52 \|date\=2 April 2015 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\.[SS Sicamous Heritage Society website](http://sssicamous.ca). Retrieved 27 April 2014\. ### Canadian Pacific Hotels {{Main\|Canadian Pacific Hotels}} To promote tourism and passenger ridership the Canadian Pacific established a series of first class hotels. These hotels became landmarks famous in their own right. They include [the Algonquin](/wiki/The_Algonquin "The Algonquin") in [St. Andrews](/wiki/St._Andrews%2C_New_Brunswick "St. Andrews, New Brunswick"), [Chรขteau Frontenac](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac "Chรขteau Frontenac") in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec_City "Quebec City"), [Royal York](/wiki/Fairmont_Royal_York "Fairmont Royal York") in Toronto, [Minaki Lodge](/wiki/Minaki_Lodge "Minaki Lodge") in Minaki Ontario, [Hotel Vancouver](/wiki/Hotel_Vancouver "Hotel Vancouver"), [Empress Hotel](/wiki/The_Empress_%28Hotel%29 "The Empress (Hotel)") in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_British_Columbia "Victoria, British Columbia") and the [Banff Springs Hotel](/wiki/Banff_Springs_Hotel "Banff Springs Hotel") and [Chateau Lake Louise](/wiki/Chateau_Lake_Louise "Chateau Lake Louise") in the Canadian Rockies. Several signature hotels were acquired from its competitor [Canadian National](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway "Canadian National Railway") during the 1980s, including the Jasper Park Lodge. The hotels retain their Canadian Pacific heritage, but are no longer operated by the railway. In 1998, [Canadian Pacific Hotels](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Hotels "Canadian Pacific Hotels") acquired [Fairmont Hotels](/wiki/Fairmont_Hotels_and_Resorts "Fairmont Hotels and Resorts"), an American company, becoming Fairmont Hotels and Resorts; the combined corporation operated the historic Canadian properties as well as the Fairmont's U.S. properties until merged with Raffles Hotels and Resorts and Swissรดtel in 2006\.[FRHI Hotels \& Resorts website](http://www.frhi.com/index.aspx?l=0,21,3266,3292,3296) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007015716/http://www.frhi.com/index.aspx?l\=0,21,3266,3292,3296 \|date\=7 October 2013 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\. ### Canadian Pacific Air Lines {{Main\|Canadian Pacific Air Lines}} Canadian Pacific Airlines, also called CP Air, operated from 1942 to 1987 and was the main competitor of Canadian government\-owned [Air Canada](/wiki/Air_Canada "Air Canada"). Based at [Vancouver International Airport](/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport "Vancouver International Airport"), it served Canadian and international routes until it was purchased by [Pacific Western Airlines](/wiki/Pacific_Western_Airlines "Pacific Western Airlines") which merged PWA and CP Air to create [Canadian Airlines](/wiki/Canadian_Airlines "Canadian Airlines").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pacific\-western\-airlines\-ltd\#PacificWesternAirlinesLtd\|title\=Pacific Western Airlines Ltd {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia\|website\=Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\|access\-date\=2020\-01\-15}}
[ "Non\\-railway services\n---------------------", "Historically, Canadian Pacific operated several non\\-railway businesses. In 1971, these businesses were split off into the separate company [Canadian Pacific Limited](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Limited \"Canadian Pacific Limited\"), and in 2001, that company was further split into five companies. CP no longer provides any of these services.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Canadian\\-Pacific\\-Railway\\-Ltd\\|title\\=Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd. (CP) {{!}} Canadian company\\|newspaper\\=Encyclopรฆdia Britannica\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-01\\-24}}", "### Canadian Pacific Telegraphs", "The original charter of the CPR granted in 1881 provided for the right to create an [electric telegraph](/wiki/Electric_telegraph \"Electric telegraph\") and telephone service including charging for it. The telephone had barely been invented but telegraph was well established as a means of communicating quickly across great distances. Being allowed to sell this service meant the railway could offset the costs of constructing and maintaining a pole line along its tracks across vast distances for its own purposes which were largely for dispatching trains. It began doing so in 1882 as the separate Telegraph Department. It would go on to provide a link between the cables under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when they were completed. Before the CPR line, messages to the west could be sent only via the United States.*Canadian Pacific Facts and Figures* (1937\\), p. 106", "Paid for by the word, the telegram was an expensive way to send messages, but they were vital to businesses. An individual receiving a personal telegram was seen as being someone important except for those that transmitted sorrow in the form of death notices. Messengers on bicycles delivered telegrams and picked up a reply in cities. In smaller locations, the local railway station agent would handle this on a commission basis. To speed things, at the local end messages would first be telephoned. In 1931, it became the Communications Department in recognition of the expanding services provided which included telephones lines, [news wire](/wiki/News_agency \"News agency\"), [ticker quotations](/wiki/Stock_ticker_machine \"Stock ticker machine\") for [capital stocks](/wiki/Share_capital \"Share capital\") and eventually [teleprinters](/wiki/Teleprinter \"Teleprinter\"). All were faster than mail and very important to business and the public alike for many decades before [mobile phones](/wiki/Mobile_phone \"Mobile phone\") and computers came along. It was the coming of these newer technologies especially cellular telephones that eventually resulted in the demise of these services even after formation in 1967 of [CN\\-CP Telecommunications](/wiki/CNCP_Telecommunications \"CNCP Telecommunications\") in an effort to effect efficiencies through consolidation rather than competition. [Deregulation](/wiki/Deregulation \"Deregulation\") in the 1980s, brought about mergers and the sale of remaining services and facilities.Burnet, Robert. \"Canadian Railway Telegraph History\". *Telegraph Key \\& Sounder*, Etobicoke, 1996\\. p. 181", "### Canadian Pacific Radio", "On January 17, 1930, the CPR applied for licences to operate radio stations in 11 cities from coast\\-to\\-coast for the purpose of organising its own radio network in order to compete with the [CNR Radio](/wiki/CNR_Radio \"CNR Radio\") service. The CNR had built a radio network with the aim of promoting itself as well as entertaining its passengers during their travels. The onset of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") hurt the CPR's financial plan for a rival project and in April they withdrew their applications for stations in all but Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg. CPR did not end up pursuing these applications but instead operated a [phantom station](/wiki/Phantom_station \"Phantom station\") in Toronto known as \"CPRY,\" with initials standing for \"Canadian Pacific Royal York\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://advisor.d6cn.com/Travel/ttttqc/Presenting\\_A\\_Behind\\_The\\_Scenes\\_Look\\_At\\_The\\_Historic\\_Royal\\_York\\_Hotel\\_One\\_Of\\_Toronto\\_s\\_Crown\\_Jewels\\_part\\_I.html\\|title\\=Presenting: A Behind\\-The\\-Scenes Look at the Historic Royal York Hotelย โ€“ One of Toronto's Crown Jewels (part I)\\|publisher\\=Advisor.d6cn.com\\|date\\=30 August 2007\\|first\\=Susanne\\|last\\=Pacher\\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208205810/http://advisor.d6cn.com/Travel/ttttqc/Presenting\\_A\\_Behind\\_The\\_Scenes\\_Look\\_At\\_The\\_Historic\\_Royal\\_York\\_Hotel\\_One\\_Of\\_Toronto\\_s\\_Crown\\_Jewels\\_part\\_I.html\\|archive\\-date\\=8 December 2008}} which operated out of studios at CP's [Royal York Hotel](/wiki/Fairmont_Royal_York \"Fairmont Royal York\") and leased time on [CFRB](/wiki/CFRB \"CFRB\") and [CKGW](/wiki/CBLA \"CBLA\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.broadcasting\\-history.ca/networks/networks\\_CNR8\\.html\\|title\\=The Radio Broadcast that Fulfilled the Promise\\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2009\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827010353/http://www.broadcasting\\-history.ca/networks/networks\\_CNR8\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2007}} A network of affiliates carried the CPR radio network's broadcasts in the first half of the 1930s, but the takeover of CNR's Radio service by the new [Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission](/wiki/Canadian_Radio_Broadcasting_Commission \"Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission\") removed CPR's need to have a network for competitive reasons and CPR's radio service was discontinued in 1935\\.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Buck \\|first1\\=George H. \\|title\\=The First Wave: The Beginnings of Radio in Canadian Distance Education \\|journal\\=Journal of Distance Education \\|date\\=Spring 2006 \\|volume\\=21 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=75โ€“88 \\|url\\=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ807814\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415031808/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ807814\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2020}}", "CPR programming included a series of concert broadcasts from Montreal with an [orchestra](/wiki/Orchestra \"Orchestra\") conducted by Douglas Clarke and a series called *Concert Orchestra* broadcast from the Royal York Hotel featuring conductor Rex Battle, and another series of concerts, this time sponsored by [Imperial Oil](/wiki/Imperial_Oil \"Imperial Oil\") and featuring conductor [Reginald Stewart](/wiki/Reginald_Stewart_%28conductor%29 \"Reginald Stewart (conductor)\") with a 55\\-piece orchestra and some of the leading soloists of the day, also performing at the Royal York.{{cite web \\|title\\=Broadcasting \\|url\\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/broadcasting\\-emc \\|website\\=The Canadian Encyclopedia \\|publisher\\=Historica Canada \\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2020}}", "### Canadian Pacific Steamships", "{{main\\|Canadian Pacific Steamships}}\n[Steamships](/wiki/Steamboat \"Steamboat\") played an important part in the history of CP from the very earliest days. During construction of the line in British Columbia even before the private CPR took over from the government contractor, ships were used to bring supplies to the construction sites. Similarly, to reach the isolated area of Superior in northern Ontario ships were used to bring in supplies to the construction work. While this work was going on there was already regular passenger service to the West. Trains operated from Toronto to Owen Sound where CPR steamships connected to Fort William where trains once again operated to reach Winnipeg. Before the CPR was completed the only way to reach the West was through the United States via St. Paul and Winnipeg. This Great Lakes steam ship service continued as an alternative route for many years and was always operated by the railway. Canadian Pacific passenger service on the lakes ended in 1965\\.", "In 1883, CPR began purchasing sailing ships as part of a railway supply service on the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\"). Over time, CPR became a railway company with widely organized water transportation auxiliaries including the [Great Lakes service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Upper_Lake_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Upper Lake Service\"), the trans\\-Pacific service, the [Pacific coastal service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Coast_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service\"), the [British Columbia lake and river service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Lake_and_River_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service\"), the trans\\-Atlantic service and the Bay of Fundy Ferry service. In the 20th century, the company evolved into an intercontinental railway which operated two transoceanic services which connected Canada with Europe and with Asia. The range of CPR services were aspects of an integrated plan.Smith, Joseph Russell (1908\\). {{Google books\\|Ra4ZAAAAYAAJ\\|The Ocean Carrier: a History and Analysis of the Service and a Discussion of the Rates of Ocean Transportation\\|page\\=186}}", "[thumb\\|Advertisement for Canadian Pacific steamships to the Far East, 1936](/wiki/File:To_the_Far_East_by_the_white_Empress_route_%2811411211505%29.jpg \"To the Far East by the white Empress route (11411211505).jpg\")\nOnce the railway was completed to British Columbia, the CPR chartered and soon bought their own passenger steamships as a link to the Orient. These sleek steamships were of the latest design and christened with \"Empress\" names (e. g., RMS *[Empress of Britain](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Britain_%281905%29 \"RMS Empress of Britain (1905)\")*, *[Empress of Canada](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Canada_%281920%29 \"RMS Empress of Canada (1920)\")*, *[Empress of Australia](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Australia_%281919%29 \"RMS Empress of Australia (1919)\")*, and so forth). Travel to and from the Orient and cargo, especially imported tea and silk, were an important source of revenue, aided by Royal Mail contracts. This was an important part of the [All\\-Red Route](/wiki/All-Red_Route \"All-Red Route\") linking the various parts of the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\").", "The other ocean part was the Atlantic service to and from the United Kingdom, which began with acquisition of two existing lines, Beaver Line, owned by Elder Dempster and Allan Lines. These two segments became Canadian Pacific Ocean Services (later, Canadian Pacific Steamships) and operated separately from the various lake services operated in Canada, which were considered to be a direct part of the railway's operations. These trans\\-ocean routes made it possible to travel from Britain to Hong Kong using only the CPR's ships, trains and hotels. CP's 'Empress' ships became world\\-famous for their luxury and speed.{{Cite book \\|last\\=George Bronson Rea \\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/far\\-eastern\\-review\\-1930\\.3 \\|title\\=The Far Eastern Review 1930\\.3 \\|date\\=March 1930}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-31 \\|title\\=R.M.S. Empress of Japan, c. 1910\\. \\|url\\=https://www.oldtokyo.com/s\\-s\\-empress\\-of\\-japan\\-c\\-1910/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-05 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} They had a practical role, too, in transporting immigrants from much of Europe to Canada, especially to populate the vast prairies. They also played an important role in both world wars with many of them being lost to enemy action, including *[Empress of Britain](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Britain_%281930%29 \"RMS Empress of Britain (1930)\")*.Musk, George. *Canadian Pacific The Story of the Famous Shipping Line*. David \\& Charles Publishers plc, 2nd edition (1989\\), pp. 47โ€“55, 101โ€“123, 130, 213\\. {{ISBN?}}", "There were also a number of [rail ferries](/wiki/Train_ferry \"Train ferry\") operated over the years as well including, between Windsor, Ontario, and [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\") from 1890 until 1915\\. This began with two paddle\\-wheelers capable of carrying 16 cars. Passenger cars were carried as well as freight. This service ended in 1915 when the CPR made an agreement with the Michigan Central to use their Detroit River tunnel opened in 1910\\. Pennsylvania\\-Ontario Transportation Company was formed jointly with the PRR in 1906 to operate a ferry across [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie \"Lake Erie\") between [Ashtabula, Ohio](/wiki/Ashtabula%2C_Ohio \"Ashtabula, Ohio\"), and [Port Burwell, Ontario](/wiki/Port_Burwell%2C_Ontario \"Port Burwell, Ontario\"), to carry freight cars, mostly of coal, much of it to be burned in CPR steam locomotives. Only one ferry boat was ever operated, *[Ashtabula](/wiki/Ashtabula_%28ferry%29 \"Ashtabula (ferry)\")*, a large vessel which eventually sank in a harbour collision in Ashtabula on September 18, 1958, thus ending the service.", "Canadian Pacific Car and Passenger Transfer Company was formed by other interest in 1888 linking the CPR in [Prescott, Ontario](/wiki/Prescott%2C_Ontario \"Prescott, Ontario\"), and the NYC in [Ogdensburg, New York](/wiki/Ogdensburg%2C_New_York \"Ogdensburg, New York\"). Service on this route had actually begun very early, in 1854, along with service from Brockville. A bridge built in 1958 ended passenger service however, freight continued until Ogdensburg's dock was destroyed by fire September 25, 1970, thus ending all service. CPC\\&PTC was never owned by the CPR. [Bay of Fundy](/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy \"Bay of Fundy\") ferry service was operated for passengers and freight for many years linking [Digby, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Digby%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Digby, Nova Scotia\"), and [Saint John, New Brunswick](/wiki/Saint_John%2C_New_Brunswick \"Saint John, New Brunswick\"). Eventually, after 78 years, with the changing times the scheduled passenger services would all be ended as well as ocean cruises. Cargo would continue on both oceans with a change over to containers. CP was an intermodal pioneer especially on land with road and railway mixing to provide the best service. [CP Ships](/wiki/CP_Ships \"CP Ships\") was the final operation, and in the end it too left CP ownership when it was spun off in 2001\\. [CP Ships](/wiki/CP_Ships \"CP Ships\") was merged with [Hapag\\-Lloyd](/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd \"Hapag-Lloyd\") in 2005\\.[Hapag\\-Lloyd website](http://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/about_us/history_between_1971_today.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427225544/http://www.hapag\\-lloyd.com/en/about\\_us/history\\_between\\_1971\\_today.html \\|date\\=27 April 2014 }}, \"Breakthrough of the container\". Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "#### British Columbia Coast Steamships", "The [Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Coast_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service\") ([British Columbia Coast Steamships](/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast_Steamships \"British Columbia Coast Steamships\") or BCCS) was established when the CPR acquired in 1901 [Canadian Pacific Navigation Company](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Navigation_Company \"Canadian Pacific Navigation Company\") (no relation) and its large fleet of ships that served 72 ports along the coast of British Columbia including on Vancouver Island. Service included the Vancouver\\-Victoria\\-Seattle *Triangle Route*, Gulf Islands, Powell River, as well as Vancouver\\-Alaska service. BCCS operated a fleet of 14 passenger ships made up of a number of *Princess* ships, pocket versions of the famous oceangoing *Empress* ships along with a freighter, three tugs and five railway car barges. Popular with tourists, the Princess ships were famous in their own right especially *Princess Marguerite* (II) which operated from 1949 until 1985 and was the last coastal liner in operation. The most notorious of the princess ships, however, is *[Princess Sophia](/wiki/Princess_Sophia_%28steamer%29 \"Princess Sophia (steamer)\")*, which sank with no survivors after striking the [Vanderbilt Reef](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Reef \"Vanderbilt Reef\") in Alaska's [Lynn Canal](/wiki/Lynn_Canal \"Lynn Canal\"), constituting the largest maritime disaster in the history of the Pacific Northwest. These services continued for many years until changing conditions in the late 1950s brought about their decline and eventual demise at the end of season in 1974\\. *Princess Marguerite* was acquired by the province's British Columbia Steamship (1975\\) Ltd.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca/fedora/repository/pgc:1975\\-11\\-06\\-26 \\|page\\=26 \\|title\\=Prince George Citizen \\|date\\=6 Nov 1975\\|website\\=www.pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca}} and continued to operate for a number of years. In 1977 although BCCSS was the legal name, it was rebranded as Coastal Marine Operations (CMO). By 1998 the company was bought by the Washington Marine Group which after purchase was renamed Seaspan Coastal Intermodal Company and then subsequently rebranded in 2011 as Seaspan Ferries Corporation. Passenger service ended in 1981\\.[\"Seaspan Ferries History\"](http://www.seaspan.com/seaspan-ferries-history) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428151211/http://www.seaspan.com/seaspan\\-ferries\\-history/ \\|date\\=28 April 2014 }}, Seaspan Ferries website. Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "#### British Columbia Lake and River Service", "The [Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Lake_and_River_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service\") ([British Columbia Lake and River Service](/wiki/British_Columbia_Lake_and_River_Service \"British Columbia Lake and River Service\")) developed slowly and in spurts of growth. CP began a long history of service in the Kootenays region of southern British Columbia beginning with the purchase in 1897 of the Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company which operated a fleet of steamers and barges on the [Arrow Lakes](/wiki/Arrow_Lakes \"Arrow Lakes\") and was merged into the CPR as the [CPR Lake and River Service](/wiki/CPR_Lake_and_River_Service \"CPR Lake and River Service\") which also served the [Arrow Lakes and Columbia River](/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Arrow_Lakes \"Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes\"), Kootenay Lake and Kootenai River, [Lake Okanagan](/wiki/Steamboats_of_Lake_Okanagan \"Steamboats of Lake Okanagan\") and [Skaha Lake](/wiki/Skaha_Lake \"Skaha Lake\"), [Slocan Lake](/wiki/Slocan_Lake \"Slocan Lake\"), [Trout Lake](/wiki/Trout_Lake_%28British_Columbia%29 \"Trout Lake (British Columbia)\"), and [Shuswap Lake](/wiki/Shuswap_Lake \"Shuswap Lake\") and the [Thompson River](/wiki/Thompson_River \"Thompson River\")/[Kamloops Lake](/wiki/Kamloops_Lake \"Kamloops Lake\").", "All of these lake operations had one thing in common, the need for shallow draft therefore sternwheelers were the choice of ship. Tugs and barges handled railway equipment including one operation that saw the entire train including the locomotive and caboose go along. These services gradually declined and ended in 1975 except for a freight barge on Slocan Lake. This was the one where the entire train went along since the barge was a link to an isolated section of track. The *Iris G* tug boat and a barge were operated under contract to CP Rail until the last train ran late in December 1988\\. The sternwheel steamship *[Moyie](/wiki/Moyie_%28sternwheeler%29 \"Moyie (sternwheeler)\")* on Kootenay Lake was the last CPR passenger boat in BC lake service, having operated from 1898 until 1957\\. She became a beached historical exhibit, as are also the *[Sicamous](/wiki/Sicamous_%28sternwheeler%29 \"Sicamous (sternwheeler)\")* and *[Naramata](/wiki/Naramata \"Naramata\")* at [Penticton](/wiki/Penticton \"Penticton\") on [Lake Okanagan](/wiki/Lake_Okanagan \"Lake Okanagan\").[Kootenay Lake Historical Society](http://klhs.bc.ca/?page_id=52) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100906/http://klhs.bc.ca/?page\\_id\\=52 \\|date\\=2 April 2015 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.[SS Sicamous Heritage Society website](http://sssicamous.ca). Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "### Canadian Pacific Hotels", "{{Main\\|Canadian Pacific Hotels}}\nTo promote tourism and passenger ridership the Canadian Pacific established a series of first class hotels. These hotels became landmarks famous in their own right. They include [the Algonquin](/wiki/The_Algonquin \"The Algonquin\") in [St. Andrews](/wiki/St._Andrews%2C_New_Brunswick \"St. Andrews, New Brunswick\"), [Chรขteau Frontenac](/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac \"Chรขteau Frontenac\") in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec_City \"Quebec City\"), [Royal York](/wiki/Fairmont_Royal_York \"Fairmont Royal York\") in Toronto, [Minaki Lodge](/wiki/Minaki_Lodge \"Minaki Lodge\") in Minaki Ontario, [Hotel Vancouver](/wiki/Hotel_Vancouver \"Hotel Vancouver\"), [Empress Hotel](/wiki/The_Empress_%28Hotel%29 \"The Empress (Hotel)\") in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_British_Columbia \"Victoria, British Columbia\") and the [Banff Springs Hotel](/wiki/Banff_Springs_Hotel \"Banff Springs Hotel\") and [Chateau Lake Louise](/wiki/Chateau_Lake_Louise \"Chateau Lake Louise\") in the Canadian Rockies. Several signature hotels were acquired from its competitor [Canadian National](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\") during the 1980s, including the Jasper Park Lodge. The hotels retain their Canadian Pacific heritage, but are no longer operated by the railway. In 1998, [Canadian Pacific Hotels](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Hotels \"Canadian Pacific Hotels\") acquired [Fairmont Hotels](/wiki/Fairmont_Hotels_and_Resorts \"Fairmont Hotels and Resorts\"), an American company, becoming Fairmont Hotels and Resorts; the combined corporation operated the historic Canadian properties as well as the Fairmont's U.S. properties until merged with Raffles Hotels and Resorts and Swissรดtel in 2006\\.[FRHI Hotels \\& Resorts website](http://www.frhi.com/index.aspx?l=0,21,3266,3292,3296) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007015716/http://www.frhi.com/index.aspx?l\\=0,21,3266,3292,3296 \\|date\\=7 October 2013 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "### Canadian Pacific Air Lines", "{{Main\\|Canadian Pacific Air Lines}}\nCanadian Pacific Airlines, also called CP Air, operated from 1942 to 1987 and was the main competitor of Canadian government\\-owned [Air Canada](/wiki/Air_Canada \"Air Canada\"). Based at [Vancouver International Airport](/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport \"Vancouver International Airport\"), it served Canadian and international routes until it was purchased by [Pacific Western Airlines](/wiki/Pacific_Western_Airlines \"Pacific Western Airlines\") which merged PWA and CP Air to create [Canadian Airlines](/wiki/Canadian_Airlines \"Canadian Airlines\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pacific\\-western\\-airlines\\-ltd\\#PacificWesternAirlinesLtd\\|title\\=Pacific Western Airlines Ltd {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia\\|website\\=Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-01\\-15}}", "" ]
### Canadian Pacific Steamships {{main\|Canadian Pacific Steamships}} [Steamships](/wiki/Steamboat "Steamboat") played an important part in the history of CP from the very earliest days. During construction of the line in British Columbia even before the private CPR took over from the government contractor, ships were used to bring supplies to the construction sites. Similarly, to reach the isolated area of Superior in northern Ontario ships were used to bring in supplies to the construction work. While this work was going on there was already regular passenger service to the West. Trains operated from Toronto to Owen Sound where CPR steamships connected to Fort William where trains once again operated to reach Winnipeg. Before the CPR was completed the only way to reach the West was through the United States via St. Paul and Winnipeg. This Great Lakes steam ship service continued as an alternative route for many years and was always operated by the railway. Canadian Pacific passenger service on the lakes ended in 1965\. In 1883, CPR began purchasing sailing ships as part of a railway supply service on the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes "Great Lakes"). Over time, CPR became a railway company with widely organized water transportation auxiliaries including the [Great Lakes service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Upper_Lake_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Upper Lake Service"), the trans\-Pacific service, the [Pacific coastal service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Coast_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service"), the [British Columbia lake and river service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Lake_and_River_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service"), the trans\-Atlantic service and the Bay of Fundy Ferry service. In the 20th century, the company evolved into an intercontinental railway which operated two transoceanic services which connected Canada with Europe and with Asia. The range of CPR services were aspects of an integrated plan.Smith, Joseph Russell (1908\). {{Google books\|Ra4ZAAAAYAAJ\|The Ocean Carrier: a History and Analysis of the Service and a Discussion of the Rates of Ocean Transportation\|page\=186}} [thumb\|Advertisement for Canadian Pacific steamships to the Far East, 1936](/wiki/File:To_the_Far_East_by_the_white_Empress_route_%2811411211505%29.jpg "To the Far East by the white Empress route (11411211505).jpg") Once the railway was completed to British Columbia, the CPR chartered and soon bought their own passenger steamships as a link to the Orient. These sleek steamships were of the latest design and christened with "Empress" names (e. g., RMS *[Empress of Britain](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Britain_%281905%29 "RMS Empress of Britain (1905)")*, *[Empress of Canada](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Canada_%281920%29 "RMS Empress of Canada (1920)")*, *[Empress of Australia](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Australia_%281919%29 "RMS Empress of Australia (1919)")*, and so forth). Travel to and from the Orient and cargo, especially imported tea and silk, were an important source of revenue, aided by Royal Mail contracts. This was an important part of the [All\-Red Route](/wiki/All-Red_Route "All-Red Route") linking the various parts of the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire"). The other ocean part was the Atlantic service to and from the United Kingdom, which began with acquisition of two existing lines, Beaver Line, owned by Elder Dempster and Allan Lines. These two segments became Canadian Pacific Ocean Services (later, Canadian Pacific Steamships) and operated separately from the various lake services operated in Canada, which were considered to be a direct part of the railway's operations. These trans\-ocean routes made it possible to travel from Britain to Hong Kong using only the CPR's ships, trains and hotels. CP's 'Empress' ships became world\-famous for their luxury and speed.{{Cite book \|last\=George Bronson Rea \|url\=http://archive.org/details/far\-eastern\-review\-1930\.3 \|title\=The Far Eastern Review 1930\.3 \|date\=March 1930}}{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-03\-31 \|title\=R.M.S. Empress of Japan, c. 1910\. \|url\=https://www.oldtokyo.com/s\-s\-empress\-of\-japan\-c\-1910/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-05 \|language\=en\-US}} They had a practical role, too, in transporting immigrants from much of Europe to Canada, especially to populate the vast prairies. They also played an important role in both world wars with many of them being lost to enemy action, including *[Empress of Britain](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Britain_%281930%29 "RMS Empress of Britain (1930)")*.Musk, George. *Canadian Pacific The Story of the Famous Shipping Line*. David \& Charles Publishers plc, 2nd edition (1989\), pp. 47โ€“55, 101โ€“123, 130, 213\. {{ISBN?}} There were also a number of [rail ferries](/wiki/Train_ferry "Train ferry") operated over the years as well including, between Windsor, Ontario, and [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit "Detroit") from 1890 until 1915\. This began with two paddle\-wheelers capable of carrying 16 cars. Passenger cars were carried as well as freight. This service ended in 1915 when the CPR made an agreement with the Michigan Central to use their Detroit River tunnel opened in 1910\. Pennsylvania\-Ontario Transportation Company was formed jointly with the PRR in 1906 to operate a ferry across [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie "Lake Erie") between [Ashtabula, Ohio](/wiki/Ashtabula%2C_Ohio "Ashtabula, Ohio"), and [Port Burwell, Ontario](/wiki/Port_Burwell%2C_Ontario "Port Burwell, Ontario"), to carry freight cars, mostly of coal, much of it to be burned in CPR steam locomotives. Only one ferry boat was ever operated, *[Ashtabula](/wiki/Ashtabula_%28ferry%29 "Ashtabula (ferry)")*, a large vessel which eventually sank in a harbour collision in Ashtabula on September 18, 1958, thus ending the service. Canadian Pacific Car and Passenger Transfer Company was formed by other interest in 1888 linking the CPR in [Prescott, Ontario](/wiki/Prescott%2C_Ontario "Prescott, Ontario"), and the NYC in [Ogdensburg, New York](/wiki/Ogdensburg%2C_New_York "Ogdensburg, New York"). Service on this route had actually begun very early, in 1854, along with service from Brockville. A bridge built in 1958 ended passenger service however, freight continued until Ogdensburg's dock was destroyed by fire September 25, 1970, thus ending all service. CPC\&PTC was never owned by the CPR. [Bay of Fundy](/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy "Bay of Fundy") ferry service was operated for passengers and freight for many years linking [Digby, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Digby%2C_Nova_Scotia "Digby, Nova Scotia"), and [Saint John, New Brunswick](/wiki/Saint_John%2C_New_Brunswick "Saint John, New Brunswick"). Eventually, after 78 years, with the changing times the scheduled passenger services would all be ended as well as ocean cruises. Cargo would continue on both oceans with a change over to containers. CP was an intermodal pioneer especially on land with road and railway mixing to provide the best service. [CP Ships](/wiki/CP_Ships "CP Ships") was the final operation, and in the end it too left CP ownership when it was spun off in 2001\. [CP Ships](/wiki/CP_Ships "CP Ships") was merged with [Hapag\-Lloyd](/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd "Hapag-Lloyd") in 2005\.[Hapag\-Lloyd website](http://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/about_us/history_between_1971_today.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427225544/http://www.hapag\-lloyd.com/en/about\_us/history\_between\_1971\_today.html \|date\=27 April 2014 }}, "Breakthrough of the container". Retrieved 27 April 2014\. #### British Columbia Coast Steamships The [Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Coast_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service") ([British Columbia Coast Steamships](/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast_Steamships "British Columbia Coast Steamships") or BCCS) was established when the CPR acquired in 1901 [Canadian Pacific Navigation Company](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Navigation_Company "Canadian Pacific Navigation Company") (no relation) and its large fleet of ships that served 72 ports along the coast of British Columbia including on Vancouver Island. Service included the Vancouver\-Victoria\-Seattle *Triangle Route*, Gulf Islands, Powell River, as well as Vancouver\-Alaska service. BCCS operated a fleet of 14 passenger ships made up of a number of *Princess* ships, pocket versions of the famous oceangoing *Empress* ships along with a freighter, three tugs and five railway car barges. Popular with tourists, the Princess ships were famous in their own right especially *Princess Marguerite* (II) which operated from 1949 until 1985 and was the last coastal liner in operation. The most notorious of the princess ships, however, is *[Princess Sophia](/wiki/Princess_Sophia_%28steamer%29 "Princess Sophia (steamer)")*, which sank with no survivors after striking the [Vanderbilt Reef](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Reef "Vanderbilt Reef") in Alaska's [Lynn Canal](/wiki/Lynn_Canal "Lynn Canal"), constituting the largest maritime disaster in the history of the Pacific Northwest. These services continued for many years until changing conditions in the late 1950s brought about their decline and eventual demise at the end of season in 1974\. *Princess Marguerite* was acquired by the province's British Columbia Steamship (1975\) Ltd.{{Cite web \| url\=http://pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca/fedora/repository/pgc:1975\-11\-06\-26 \|page\=26 \|title\=Prince George Citizen \|date\=6 Nov 1975\|website\=www.pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca}} and continued to operate for a number of years. In 1977 although BCCSS was the legal name, it was rebranded as Coastal Marine Operations (CMO). By 1998 the company was bought by the Washington Marine Group which after purchase was renamed Seaspan Coastal Intermodal Company and then subsequently rebranded in 2011 as Seaspan Ferries Corporation. Passenger service ended in 1981\.["Seaspan Ferries History"](http://www.seaspan.com/seaspan-ferries-history) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428151211/http://www.seaspan.com/seaspan\-ferries\-history/ \|date\=28 April 2014 }}, Seaspan Ferries website. Retrieved 27 April 2014\. #### British Columbia Lake and River Service The [Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Lake_and_River_Service "Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service") ([British Columbia Lake and River Service](/wiki/British_Columbia_Lake_and_River_Service "British Columbia Lake and River Service")) developed slowly and in spurts of growth. CP began a long history of service in the Kootenays region of southern British Columbia beginning with the purchase in 1897 of the Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company which operated a fleet of steamers and barges on the [Arrow Lakes](/wiki/Arrow_Lakes "Arrow Lakes") and was merged into the CPR as the [CPR Lake and River Service](/wiki/CPR_Lake_and_River_Service "CPR Lake and River Service") which also served the [Arrow Lakes and Columbia River](/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Arrow_Lakes "Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes"), Kootenay Lake and Kootenai River, [Lake Okanagan](/wiki/Steamboats_of_Lake_Okanagan "Steamboats of Lake Okanagan") and [Skaha Lake](/wiki/Skaha_Lake "Skaha Lake"), [Slocan Lake](/wiki/Slocan_Lake "Slocan Lake"), [Trout Lake](/wiki/Trout_Lake_%28British_Columbia%29 "Trout Lake (British Columbia)"), and [Shuswap Lake](/wiki/Shuswap_Lake "Shuswap Lake") and the [Thompson River](/wiki/Thompson_River "Thompson River")/[Kamloops Lake](/wiki/Kamloops_Lake "Kamloops Lake"). All of these lake operations had one thing in common, the need for shallow draft therefore sternwheelers were the choice of ship. Tugs and barges handled railway equipment including one operation that saw the entire train including the locomotive and caboose go along. These services gradually declined and ended in 1975 except for a freight barge on Slocan Lake. This was the one where the entire train went along since the barge was a link to an isolated section of track. The *Iris G* tug boat and a barge were operated under contract to CP Rail until the last train ran late in December 1988\. The sternwheel steamship *[Moyie](/wiki/Moyie_%28sternwheeler%29 "Moyie (sternwheeler)")* on Kootenay Lake was the last CPR passenger boat in BC lake service, having operated from 1898 until 1957\. She became a beached historical exhibit, as are also the *[Sicamous](/wiki/Sicamous_%28sternwheeler%29 "Sicamous (sternwheeler)")* and *[Naramata](/wiki/Naramata "Naramata")* at [Penticton](/wiki/Penticton "Penticton") on [Lake Okanagan](/wiki/Lake_Okanagan "Lake Okanagan").[Kootenay Lake Historical Society](http://klhs.bc.ca/?page_id=52) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100906/http://klhs.bc.ca/?page\_id\=52 \|date\=2 April 2015 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\.[SS Sicamous Heritage Society website](http://sssicamous.ca). Retrieved 27 April 2014\.
[ "### Canadian Pacific Steamships", "{{main\\|Canadian Pacific Steamships}}\n[Steamships](/wiki/Steamboat \"Steamboat\") played an important part in the history of CP from the very earliest days. During construction of the line in British Columbia even before the private CPR took over from the government contractor, ships were used to bring supplies to the construction sites. Similarly, to reach the isolated area of Superior in northern Ontario ships were used to bring in supplies to the construction work. While this work was going on there was already regular passenger service to the West. Trains operated from Toronto to Owen Sound where CPR steamships connected to Fort William where trains once again operated to reach Winnipeg. Before the CPR was completed the only way to reach the West was through the United States via St. Paul and Winnipeg. This Great Lakes steam ship service continued as an alternative route for many years and was always operated by the railway. Canadian Pacific passenger service on the lakes ended in 1965\\.", "In 1883, CPR began purchasing sailing ships as part of a railway supply service on the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\"). Over time, CPR became a railway company with widely organized water transportation auxiliaries including the [Great Lakes service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Upper_Lake_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Upper Lake Service\"), the trans\\-Pacific service, the [Pacific coastal service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Coast_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service\"), the [British Columbia lake and river service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Lake_and_River_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service\"), the trans\\-Atlantic service and the Bay of Fundy Ferry service. In the 20th century, the company evolved into an intercontinental railway which operated two transoceanic services which connected Canada with Europe and with Asia. The range of CPR services were aspects of an integrated plan.Smith, Joseph Russell (1908\\). {{Google books\\|Ra4ZAAAAYAAJ\\|The Ocean Carrier: a History and Analysis of the Service and a Discussion of the Rates of Ocean Transportation\\|page\\=186}}", "[thumb\\|Advertisement for Canadian Pacific steamships to the Far East, 1936](/wiki/File:To_the_Far_East_by_the_white_Empress_route_%2811411211505%29.jpg \"To the Far East by the white Empress route (11411211505).jpg\")\nOnce the railway was completed to British Columbia, the CPR chartered and soon bought their own passenger steamships as a link to the Orient. These sleek steamships were of the latest design and christened with \"Empress\" names (e. g., RMS *[Empress of Britain](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Britain_%281905%29 \"RMS Empress of Britain (1905)\")*, *[Empress of Canada](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Canada_%281920%29 \"RMS Empress of Canada (1920)\")*, *[Empress of Australia](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Australia_%281919%29 \"RMS Empress of Australia (1919)\")*, and so forth). Travel to and from the Orient and cargo, especially imported tea and silk, were an important source of revenue, aided by Royal Mail contracts. This was an important part of the [All\\-Red Route](/wiki/All-Red_Route \"All-Red Route\") linking the various parts of the [British Empire](/wiki/British_Empire \"British Empire\").", "The other ocean part was the Atlantic service to and from the United Kingdom, which began with acquisition of two existing lines, Beaver Line, owned by Elder Dempster and Allan Lines. These two segments became Canadian Pacific Ocean Services (later, Canadian Pacific Steamships) and operated separately from the various lake services operated in Canada, which were considered to be a direct part of the railway's operations. These trans\\-ocean routes made it possible to travel from Britain to Hong Kong using only the CPR's ships, trains and hotels. CP's 'Empress' ships became world\\-famous for their luxury and speed.{{Cite book \\|last\\=George Bronson Rea \\|url\\=http://archive.org/details/far\\-eastern\\-review\\-1930\\.3 \\|title\\=The Far Eastern Review 1930\\.3 \\|date\\=March 1930}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-03\\-31 \\|title\\=R.M.S. Empress of Japan, c. 1910\\. \\|url\\=https://www.oldtokyo.com/s\\-s\\-empress\\-of\\-japan\\-c\\-1910/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-05 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} They had a practical role, too, in transporting immigrants from much of Europe to Canada, especially to populate the vast prairies. They also played an important role in both world wars with many of them being lost to enemy action, including *[Empress of Britain](/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Britain_%281930%29 \"RMS Empress of Britain (1930)\")*.Musk, George. *Canadian Pacific The Story of the Famous Shipping Line*. David \\& Charles Publishers plc, 2nd edition (1989\\), pp. 47โ€“55, 101โ€“123, 130, 213\\. {{ISBN?}}", "There were also a number of [rail ferries](/wiki/Train_ferry \"Train ferry\") operated over the years as well including, between Windsor, Ontario, and [Detroit](/wiki/Detroit \"Detroit\") from 1890 until 1915\\. This began with two paddle\\-wheelers capable of carrying 16 cars. Passenger cars were carried as well as freight. This service ended in 1915 when the CPR made an agreement with the Michigan Central to use their Detroit River tunnel opened in 1910\\. Pennsylvania\\-Ontario Transportation Company was formed jointly with the PRR in 1906 to operate a ferry across [Lake Erie](/wiki/Lake_Erie \"Lake Erie\") between [Ashtabula, Ohio](/wiki/Ashtabula%2C_Ohio \"Ashtabula, Ohio\"), and [Port Burwell, Ontario](/wiki/Port_Burwell%2C_Ontario \"Port Burwell, Ontario\"), to carry freight cars, mostly of coal, much of it to be burned in CPR steam locomotives. Only one ferry boat was ever operated, *[Ashtabula](/wiki/Ashtabula_%28ferry%29 \"Ashtabula (ferry)\")*, a large vessel which eventually sank in a harbour collision in Ashtabula on September 18, 1958, thus ending the service.", "Canadian Pacific Car and Passenger Transfer Company was formed by other interest in 1888 linking the CPR in [Prescott, Ontario](/wiki/Prescott%2C_Ontario \"Prescott, Ontario\"), and the NYC in [Ogdensburg, New York](/wiki/Ogdensburg%2C_New_York \"Ogdensburg, New York\"). Service on this route had actually begun very early, in 1854, along with service from Brockville. A bridge built in 1958 ended passenger service however, freight continued until Ogdensburg's dock was destroyed by fire September 25, 1970, thus ending all service. CPC\\&PTC was never owned by the CPR. [Bay of Fundy](/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy \"Bay of Fundy\") ferry service was operated for passengers and freight for many years linking [Digby, Nova Scotia](/wiki/Digby%2C_Nova_Scotia \"Digby, Nova Scotia\"), and [Saint John, New Brunswick](/wiki/Saint_John%2C_New_Brunswick \"Saint John, New Brunswick\"). Eventually, after 78 years, with the changing times the scheduled passenger services would all be ended as well as ocean cruises. Cargo would continue on both oceans with a change over to containers. CP was an intermodal pioneer especially on land with road and railway mixing to provide the best service. [CP Ships](/wiki/CP_Ships \"CP Ships\") was the final operation, and in the end it too left CP ownership when it was spun off in 2001\\. [CP Ships](/wiki/CP_Ships \"CP Ships\") was merged with [Hapag\\-Lloyd](/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd \"Hapag-Lloyd\") in 2005\\.[Hapag\\-Lloyd website](http://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/about_us/history_between_1971_today.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427225544/http://www.hapag\\-lloyd.com/en/about\\_us/history\\_between\\_1971\\_today.html \\|date\\=27 April 2014 }}, \"Breakthrough of the container\". Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "#### British Columbia Coast Steamships", "The [Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Coast_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service\") ([British Columbia Coast Steamships](/wiki/British_Columbia_Coast_Steamships \"British Columbia Coast Steamships\") or BCCS) was established when the CPR acquired in 1901 [Canadian Pacific Navigation Company](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Navigation_Company \"Canadian Pacific Navigation Company\") (no relation) and its large fleet of ships that served 72 ports along the coast of British Columbia including on Vancouver Island. Service included the Vancouver\\-Victoria\\-Seattle *Triangle Route*, Gulf Islands, Powell River, as well as Vancouver\\-Alaska service. BCCS operated a fleet of 14 passenger ships made up of a number of *Princess* ships, pocket versions of the famous oceangoing *Empress* ships along with a freighter, three tugs and five railway car barges. Popular with tourists, the Princess ships were famous in their own right especially *Princess Marguerite* (II) which operated from 1949 until 1985 and was the last coastal liner in operation. The most notorious of the princess ships, however, is *[Princess Sophia](/wiki/Princess_Sophia_%28steamer%29 \"Princess Sophia (steamer)\")*, which sank with no survivors after striking the [Vanderbilt Reef](/wiki/Vanderbilt_Reef \"Vanderbilt Reef\") in Alaska's [Lynn Canal](/wiki/Lynn_Canal \"Lynn Canal\"), constituting the largest maritime disaster in the history of the Pacific Northwest. These services continued for many years until changing conditions in the late 1950s brought about their decline and eventual demise at the end of season in 1974\\. *Princess Marguerite* was acquired by the province's British Columbia Steamship (1975\\) Ltd.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca/fedora/repository/pgc:1975\\-11\\-06\\-26 \\|page\\=26 \\|title\\=Prince George Citizen \\|date\\=6 Nov 1975\\|website\\=www.pgnewspapers.pgpl.ca}} and continued to operate for a number of years. In 1977 although BCCSS was the legal name, it was rebranded as Coastal Marine Operations (CMO). By 1998 the company was bought by the Washington Marine Group which after purchase was renamed Seaspan Coastal Intermodal Company and then subsequently rebranded in 2011 as Seaspan Ferries Corporation. Passenger service ended in 1981\\.[\"Seaspan Ferries History\"](http://www.seaspan.com/seaspan-ferries-history) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428151211/http://www.seaspan.com/seaspan\\-ferries\\-history/ \\|date\\=28 April 2014 }}, Seaspan Ferries website. Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "#### British Columbia Lake and River Service", "The [Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service](/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_Lake_and_River_Service \"Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service\") ([British Columbia Lake and River Service](/wiki/British_Columbia_Lake_and_River_Service \"British Columbia Lake and River Service\")) developed slowly and in spurts of growth. CP began a long history of service in the Kootenays region of southern British Columbia beginning with the purchase in 1897 of the Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company which operated a fleet of steamers and barges on the [Arrow Lakes](/wiki/Arrow_Lakes \"Arrow Lakes\") and was merged into the CPR as the [CPR Lake and River Service](/wiki/CPR_Lake_and_River_Service \"CPR Lake and River Service\") which also served the [Arrow Lakes and Columbia River](/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Arrow_Lakes \"Steamboats of the Arrow Lakes\"), Kootenay Lake and Kootenai River, [Lake Okanagan](/wiki/Steamboats_of_Lake_Okanagan \"Steamboats of Lake Okanagan\") and [Skaha Lake](/wiki/Skaha_Lake \"Skaha Lake\"), [Slocan Lake](/wiki/Slocan_Lake \"Slocan Lake\"), [Trout Lake](/wiki/Trout_Lake_%28British_Columbia%29 \"Trout Lake (British Columbia)\"), and [Shuswap Lake](/wiki/Shuswap_Lake \"Shuswap Lake\") and the [Thompson River](/wiki/Thompson_River \"Thompson River\")/[Kamloops Lake](/wiki/Kamloops_Lake \"Kamloops Lake\").", "All of these lake operations had one thing in common, the need for shallow draft therefore sternwheelers were the choice of ship. Tugs and barges handled railway equipment including one operation that saw the entire train including the locomotive and caboose go along. These services gradually declined and ended in 1975 except for a freight barge on Slocan Lake. This was the one where the entire train went along since the barge was a link to an isolated section of track. The *Iris G* tug boat and a barge were operated under contract to CP Rail until the last train ran late in December 1988\\. The sternwheel steamship *[Moyie](/wiki/Moyie_%28sternwheeler%29 \"Moyie (sternwheeler)\")* on Kootenay Lake was the last CPR passenger boat in BC lake service, having operated from 1898 until 1957\\. She became a beached historical exhibit, as are also the *[Sicamous](/wiki/Sicamous_%28sternwheeler%29 \"Sicamous (sternwheeler)\")* and *[Naramata](/wiki/Naramata \"Naramata\")* at [Penticton](/wiki/Penticton \"Penticton\") on [Lake Okanagan](/wiki/Lake_Okanagan \"Lake Okanagan\").[Kootenay Lake Historical Society](http://klhs.bc.ca/?page_id=52) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100906/http://klhs.bc.ca/?page\\_id\\=52 \\|date\\=2 April 2015 }}. Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.[SS Sicamous Heritage Society website](http://sssicamous.ca). Retrieved 27 April 2014\\.", "" ]
Automobile manufacturers ------------------------ Various vendors provide AEB components to automakers.{{cite web \|last\=Francis \|first\=Sam \|title\=ADAS: Top 40 advanced driver assistance systems companies \|url\= https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2019/04/19/top\-40\-advanced\-driver\-assistance\-systems\-companies/21983/ \|work\=Robotics and Automation News \|date\=19 April 2019 \|access\-date\=10 February 2020}} The global automotive AEB system market consists of a few established companies that are manufacturers or suppliers of specialized AEB components or systems.{{cite press release \|title\=Top 6 Vendors in the Global Automotive Advanced Emergency Braking System Market from 2016 to 2020: Technavio \|url\= https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160921005936/en/Top\-6\-Vendors\-Global\-Automotive\-Advanced\-Emergency \|work\=Business Wire \|date\=21 September 2016 \|access\-date\=10 February 2020}} For example, the main vendors for radar systems include [Bosch](/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH "Robert Bosch GmbH"), [Delphi](/wiki/Aptiv "Aptiv"), [Denso](/wiki/Denso "Denso"), [Mobileye](/wiki/Mobileye "Mobileye"), [TRW](/wiki/TRW_Automotive "TRW Automotive"), and [Continental](/wiki/Continental_AG "Continental AG").{{cite web \|last\=Sedgwick \|first\=David \|title\=Demand skyrockets for collision\-avoidance sensors \|url\= https://www.autonews.com/article/20141013/OEM06/310139961/demand\-skyrockets\-for\-collision\-avoidance\-sensors \|work\=Automotive News \|date\=13 October 2014 \|access\-date\=10 February 2020}} Automobile manufactures may describe the systems installed on their vehicles using different names to differentiate their marketing efforts. A particular automaker may have systems and sensors sourced from a variety of suppliers.{{cite web \|last\=Naranjo \|first\=Michelle \|title\=Forward\-Collision Warning Systems Are Not All Created Equal \|url\= https://www.consumerreports.org/car\-safety/forward\-collision\-warning\-systems\-are\-not\-all\-created\-equal/ \|work\=Consumer Reports \|date\=25 February 2016 \|access\-date\=21 February 2020}} Therefore, even a single car brand may offer various levels of technology sophistication and the: frequency of false alerts can be different from model to model and trim level to trim level, depending on the types of camera and/or laser\-based systems installed. In countries, such as the UK, one\-quarter of new vehicles might have some kind of AEB system; but only 1% of previously sold cars might have AEB. ### Audi "Pre sense" autonomous emergency braking system uses twin [radar](/wiki/Radar "Radar") and monocular camera sensors{{cite press release\|url\= http://www.bosch\-presse.de/TBWebDB/en\-US/PressText.cfm?id\=4570 \|title\=Extensive safety in the new Audi A8 \|work\=Bosch Media Services \|date\=27 April 2010 \|access\-date\=29 July 2015 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100921045137/http://www.bosch\-presse.de/TBWebDB/en\-US/PressText.cfm?id\=4570 \|archive\-date\=21 September 2010 }} and was introduced in 2010 on the 2011 [Audi A8](/wiki/Audi_A8%23Third_generation_%28D4%2C_Typ_4H%3B_2009%E2%80%93present%29 "Audi A8#Third generation (D4, Typ 4H; 2009โ€“present)").{{cite press release\|url\= http://www.audimedia.ca/media/assets/0/110/278/a53962d1\-394e\-46f1\-b8cf\-a9f174de5019\.pdf \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170803223156/http://www.audimedia.ca/media/assets/0/110/278/a53962d1\-394e\-46f1\-b8cf\-a9f174de5019\.pdf \|archive\-date\=3 August 2017 \|title\=The new Audi A8\|access\-date\=17 February 2010}} "Pre sense plus" works in four phases. The system first provides warning of an impending accident, activating hazard warning lights, closing windows and sunroof, and pre\-tensioning front seat belts. The warning is followed by light braking to get the driver's attention. The third phase initiates autonomous partial braking at a rate of {{cvt\|3\|m/s2\|ft/s2\|1}}. The fourth phase increases braking to {{cvt\|5\|m/s2\|ft/s2\|1}} followed by automatic full braking power, roughly half a second before projected impact. "Pre sense rear", is designed to reduce the consequences of rear\-end collisions. The sunroof and windows are closed and seat belts are prepared for impact. The seats are moved forward to protect the car's occupants. 2015 introduced the "avoidance assistant" system that intervenes in the steering to help the driver avoid an obstacle. If an accident occurs, the "turning assistant" monitors opposing traffic when turning left at low speeds. In critical situations, it stops the car. "Multi collision brake assist" uses controlled braking maneuvers during the accident to aid the driver. Both systems were introduced on the [Second generation Q7](/wiki/Audi_Q7_PHEV "Audi Q7 PHEV").{{cite press release\|url\= https://www.audi\-mediacenter.com/en/press\-releases/the\-new\-audi\-q7\-sportiness\-efficiency\-premium\-comfort\-410 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190519213927/https://www.audi\-mediacenter.com/en/press\-releases/the\-new\-audi\-q7\-sportiness\-efficiency\-premium\-comfort\-410 \|archive\-date\= 19 May 2019 \|title\=The new Audi Q7 โ€“ Sportiness, efficiency, premium comfort \|work\=Audi Media Center \|date\=12 December 2014}} ### BMW In 2012 [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW") introduced two systems on the [7 Series](/wiki/BMW_7_Series_%28F01%29%232012_update "BMW 7 Series (F01)#2012 update"). "Active Protection" detects imminent accidents by pretensioning safety belts, closes windows and moonroof, brings the backrest of the front passenger seat to an upright position, and activates post\-crash braking. A [driver drowsiness detection](/wiki/Driver_drowsiness_detection "Driver drowsiness detection") includes advice to take a break from driving. An "Active Driving Assistant" combines [lane departure warning](/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_system "Lane departure warning system"), pedestrian protection, and city collision mitigation.{{cite press release\|url\= https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0126929EN/the\-new\-bmw\-7\-series?language\=en \|title\=The new BMW 7 Series \|date\=25 May 2012 \|work\=BMW Group}} In 2013, "Driving Assistant Plus" was introduced on most models combining the front\-facing camera, lane\-departure warning, and in some cases front radar sensors to detect vehicles ahead. Should the driver not react to the warning of a potential collision, the system would gradually prime brake pressure and apply{{snd}} with maximum deceleration power{{snd}} if necessary. In the case of a crash, the system can bring the vehicle to a standstill. Later iterations of the system on cars equipped with an Automatic Cruise Control system are improved by combining radar and camera detection during fog, rain, and other situations where normal camera operations may be compromised.{{cite press release\|url\= http://www.bmwusanews.com/newsrelease.do?id\=1864โˆฃ\= \|title\=Model Year 2014 Update Information \|date\=16 October 2013 \|first\=Matthew \|last\=Russel \|work\=BMW USA news}} ### Ford [thumb\|Collision warning and brake support on the 2009 [Lincoln MKS](/wiki/Lincoln_MKS "Lincoln MKS")](/wiki/File:Collision_Warning_Brake_Support.jpg "Collision Warning Brake Support.jpg") Beginning on the 2012 Ford Focus, Active City Stop was offered on the range\-topping Titanium model, under the optional Sports Executive Pack. The system used windscreen\-mounted cameras, radars, and lidars to monitor the road ahead. The system doesn't provide a warning, rather, it can prevent a crash from occurring at speeds between {{convert\|3\.6\|and\|30\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. This speed was later raised to {{convert\|50\|km/h\|abbr\=on}} and was available on all models, the Trend, Sport, Titanium, ST, and RS (Limited Edition only). ### General Motors [General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors")' collision alert system was introduced in [GMC Terrain](/wiki/GMC_Terrain "GMC Terrain") SUVs in 2012\. It uses a camera to provide a warning when there is a vehicle ahead or there is a lane departure.{{cite press release\|url\= https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gmc/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Sep/0929\_terrain.html \|title\=New Camera\-Based Collision Alert Debuts on GMC Terrain \|work\=media.gm.com\|access\-date\=25 January 2015}} The 2014 [Chevrolet Impala](/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala "Chevrolet Impala") received the radar\- and camera\-based crash imminent braking (radar technology detects a possible crash threat and alerts the driver. If the driver does not appear to react quickly enough or doesn't react at all, this feature intervenes to apply the brakes to avoid the crash. Forward collision alert, lane departure warning, side blind zone alert (using radar sensors on both sides of the vehicle, the system "looks" for other vehicles in the blind zone areas of the Impala and indicates their presence with LED\-lit symbols in the outside mirrors. Rear cross\-traffic alert features.{{cite press release\|url\= http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/impala/2014\.html \|title\=Chevrolet News \- United States{{snd}} Impala \|website\=Media.gm.com \|date\=15 December 2014 \|access\-date\=10 March 2016}} ### Honda 2003: Honda introduced autonomous braking (Collision Mitigation Brake System CMBS, originally CMS) front collision avoidance system on the [Inspire](/wiki/Honda_Inspire "Honda Inspire"){{cite press release\|url\= http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030618\_2\.html \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20030624014452/http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030618\_2\.html \|archive\-date\=24 June 2003 \|title\=Honda Announces a Full Model Change for the Inspire \|work\=Honda \|date\=18 June 2003 \|access\-date\=19 January 2015 }} and later in [Acura](/wiki/Acura "Acura"), using a radar\-based system to monitor the situation ahead and provide brake assistance if the driver reacts with insufficient force on the brake pedal after a warning in the instrument cluster and a tightening of the seat belts.{{cite press release\|url\= http://world.honda.com/HDTV/news/2003\-4030520a/\|title\=Honda Worldwide \|website\=honda.com \|access\-date\=25 January 2015 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141230004733/http://world.honda.com/HDTV/news/2003\-4030520a/ \|archive\-date\=30 December 2014}}{{cite press release\|url\= http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030520\.html \|title\=Honda Worldwide \- World News \- News Releases \|date\=20 May 2003 \|website\=honda.com \|access\-date\=25 January 2015 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141229235818/http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030520\.html \|archive\-date\=29 December 2014 }} The Honda system was the first production system to provide automatic braking. The system also incorporated an "E\-Pretensioner", which worked in conjunction with the CMBS system with electric motors on the seat belts. When activated, the CMBS has three warning stages. The first warning stage includes audible and visual warnings to brake. If ignored, the second stage would include the E\-Pretensioner's tugging on the shoulder portion of the seat belt two to three times as an additional tactile warning to the driver to take action. The third stage, in which the CMBS predicts that a collision is unavoidable, includes full seat belt slack take\-up by the E\-Pretensioner for more effective seat belt protection and automatic application of the brakes to lessen the severity of the predicted crash. The E\-Pretensioner would also work to reduce seat belt slack whenever the brakes are applied, and the brake assist system is activated. 2013: Honda introduced new driver\-assistance system called Honda SENSING in [2014 Honda Legend](/wiki/Honda_Legend "Honda Legend"), with the tagline, "Safety for Everyone".{{Cite web \|title\=Honda Introduces "Honda SENSING" Advanced Driver\-Assistive System \- the All\-new Legend will be the first Honda SENSING\-equipped vehicle to be sold in Japan \- {{!}} Honda Global Corporate Website \|url\=https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2014/4141024eng.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-01 \|website\=Honda Global \|language\=en}} The system uses two types of sensors: a millimeter\-wave radar in the front grille and a monocular camera on the windshield. These sensors detect pedestrians and other objects with improved accuracy. Enhanced data processing capabilities allow the system to recognize surroundings, driver intentions, and vehicle conditions, enabling collaborative control over braking and steering. The system now includes six new functions, such as the Pedestrian Collision Mitigation Steering System, and assists in vehicle speed, following distance, and lane keeping. Honda continues to evolve its driver\-assistive technologies globally to enhance safety and comfort. 2020: Honda announced the flagship variation of Honda SENSING called, Honda SENSING Elite. The system was first introduced in the new [Honda Legend Hybrid EX](/wiki/Honda_Legend "Honda Legend"). This system uses 3D maps, [GNSS](/wiki/Satellite_navigation "Satellite navigation") data, and sensors to monitor the vehicleโ€™s surroundings and driver condition. It can control acceleration, braking, and steering for smooth driving and includes features like hands\-off lane change assist and Traffic Jam Pilot for [Level 3 automated driving](/wiki/Autonomous_driving "Autonomous driving"), approved by Japan's [Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism](/wiki/Ministry_of_Land%2C_Infrastructure%2C_Transport_and_Tourism "Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism") (MLIT).{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-03\-04 \|title\=Honda Legend Hybrid EX with Honda Sensing Elite \- hands\-off Level 3 automated driving, RM416k in Japan \- paultan.org \|url\=https://paultan.org/2021/03/04/honda\-legend\-hybrid\-ex\-with\-honda\-sensing\-elite\-hands\-off\-level\-3\-automated\-driving\-rm416k\-in\-japan/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-01 \|website\=Paul Tan's Automotive News \|language\=en\-US}} A key feature of Honda SENSING Elite is the hands\-off function, which assists in steering the vehicle when the driver has their hands off the wheel, supported by adaptive in\-lane driving. This aids in maintaining lane position at a pre\-set speed and keeping a proper following distance from the vehicle ahead. The system also includes active lane change assist with hands\-off function, which executes lane changes when the driver activates the turn signal and adjusts the vehicleโ€™s speed accordingly.{{Cite web \|title\=Honda unveils next\-generation technologies of Honda SENSING 360 and Honda SENSING Elite \|url\=https://hondanews.eu/eu/lv/cars/media/pressreleases/431941/honda\-unveils\-next\-generation\-technologies\-of\-honda\-sensing\-360\-and\-honda\-sensing\-elite \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-01 \|website\=hondanews.eu}} 2021: Honda introduced the Honda SENSING 360 system, enhancing the original with omnidirectional sensing. This system helps eliminate blind spots and reduce collisions by using five millimeter\-wave radar units and a front camera. Key features include Front Cross Traffic Warning, which alerts drivers to approaching vehicles at intersections; Lane Change Collision Mitigation, which helps avoid collisions during lane changes; and Collision Mitigation Braking, which provides braking assistance at turns. It also features Adaptive Cruise Control with Cornering Speed Assist, adjusting speed during cornering for smoother navigation. The application of Honda SENSING 360 will begin in 2022, starting from China, with the first vehicle equipped with Honda SENSING 360 being the [eleventh\-generation Honda Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord "Honda Accord") and [sixth\-generation Honda CR\-V](/wiki/Honda_CR-V_%28sixth_generation%29 "Honda CR-V (sixth generation)"). 2022: Honda updated the SENSING 360 system with new features including Advanced Lane Driving and Lane Change Assist with hands\-off capability, a Driver Emergency Support System, and Exit Warning. These additions enhance existing features like [collision mitigation braking](/wiki/Automated_emergency_braking_system "Automated emergency braking system") and front cross traffic warning. 2023: Honda SENSING 360\+ builds on existing Honda SENSING 360 by adding a driver monitoring camera and high\-definition maps. This updated system aims to reduce accidents caused by driver health issues or errors. It features Advanced Lane Driving with hands\-off capability, Active Lane Change Recommendation, Predictive Curve Departure Warning, and an Exit Warning. The system will debut with the [Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord "Honda Accord") in China in 2024 and expand globally. It includes a Driver Emergency Support System that helps stop the vehicle if the driver becomes unresponsive and connects to the [HELPNETยฎ](https://global.honda/jp/appli/helpnet/) emergency call center for added safety.{{Cite web \|date\=2023 \|title\=Honda to Introduce "Honda SENSING 360\+" Omnidirectional Safety and Driver\-assistive System {{!}} Honda Global Corporate Website \|url\=https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2023/4231117eng.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-01 \|website\=Honda Global \|language\=en}} ### Jaguar Land Rover As part of the InControl suite of services, Jaguar Land Rover provides several driver assistance technologies, amongst which are autonomous emergency braking, intelligent emergency braking, [lane departure warning](/wiki/Lane_departure_warning "Lane departure warning"), [blind spot monitor](/wiki/Blind_spot_monitor "Blind spot monitor") and [blind spot assist](/wiki/Blind_spot_assist "Blind spot assist").{{cite web \|title\=Driver Assistance Technology in Jaguar Land Rover Vehicles \|url\= https://www.jaguar.com/incontrol\-global/incontrol/driver\-assistance/index.html \|website\=jaguar.com \|access\-date\=6 April 2021}} The systems variously use both microwave and optical detection methods.{{cite web \|title\=Detection Technologies used in Jaguar Land Rover Driver Assistance Systems \|url\= http://www.jaguarboerne.com/blog/what\-are\-the\-2018\-jaguar\-f\-pace\-safety\-features\-and\-technology/ \|website\=jaguarboerne.com/ \|date\=13 July 2018 \|access\-date\=6 April 2021}} ### Mercedes\-Benz 2002: Mercedes' "Pre\-Safe" system was exhibited at the [Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show "Paris Motor Show") on the 2003 [S\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W220%29 "Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)"). Using [electronic stability control](/wiki/Electronic_stability_control "Electronic stability control") sensors to measure steering angle, vehicle yaw, and lateral acceleration and [brake assist](/wiki/Brake_assist "Brake assist") (BAS) sensors to detect emergency braking, the system can tighten the seat belts, adjust seat positions, including rear seats (if installed), raise folded rear headrests (if installed), and close the sunroof if it detects a possible collision (including rollover).{{cite press release \|url\= http://www.mercedes\-benz.ca/index.cfm?NewsID\=121\&id\=2959 \|title\=Mercedes\-Benz launches first\-ever car with "reflexes" \|date\=15 October 2002 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008151232/http://www.mercedes\-benz.ca/index.cfm?NewsID\=121\&id\=2959 \|archive\-date\=8 October 2007 \|access\-date\=14 March 2013 }} A later version of the Pre\-Safe system was supplemented by an additional function that can close any open windows if necessary. 2006: Mercedes\-Benz's "Brake Assist BAS Plus" was their first forward warning collision system introduced on the [W221 S\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W221%29 "Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)"), it incorporates the [autonomous cruise control system](/wiki/Autonomous_cruise_control_system "Autonomous cruise control system") and adds a radar\-based collision warning. 2006: the "Pre\-Safe Brake" on the [CL\-Class C216](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_CL-Class_%28C216%29 "Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C216)"){{cite press release \|url\= http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0\-5\-658451\-1\-1767861\-1\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\.html \|title\=Innovation as a tradition \|work\=Daimler \|date\=29 December 2014 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141229221136/http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0\-5\-658451\-1\-1767861\-1\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\.html \|archive\-date\=2014\-12\-29}} was their first to offer partial autonomous braking (40%, or up to 0\.4g deceleration) if the driver does not react to the BAS Plus warnings and the system detects a severe danger of an accident.{{cite web \|url\= http://www\-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd\-01/esv/esv20/07\-0103\-O.pdf \|first1\=Joerg J. \|last1\=Breuer \|first2\=Andreas \|last2\=Faulhaber \|first3\=Stefan \|last3\=Gleissner \|title\=Real world Safety benefits of brake assistance systems \|work\=DaimlerChrysler \|access\-date\=10 March 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122123/http://www\-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd\-01/esv/esv20/07\-0103\-O.pdf \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 }}{{cite web\|url\= http://www.mbusa.com/impact/index\#/story\-1/\|title\=Impact: Real Drivers. Life Changing Stories \|website\=mbusa.com\|access\-date\=25 January 2015}} 2009: Mercedes introduced the first Pre\-Safe Brake with full (100%) autonomous braking with maximum braking force approximately 0\.6 seconds before impact, on the [Mercedes\-Benz E\-Class (W212\)](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_%28W212%29 "Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212)").{{cite press release\|url\= http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Nov08/12\_001507\_Mercedes\_Benz\_TecDay\_Special\_Feature\_PRE\_SAFE\_And\_PRE\_SAFE\_Brake.html \|title\=Mercedes\-Benz TecDay Special Feature: PRE\-SAFE And PRE\-SAFE Brake \|website\=emercedesbenz.com \|access\-date\=25 January 2015 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150112120052/http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Nov08/12\_001507\_Mercedes\_Benz\_TecDay\_Special\_Feature\_PRE\_SAFE\_And\_PRE\_SAFE\_Brake.html \|archive\-date\=12 January 2015}}{{cite journal\|last\=Umar Zakir Abdul \|first\=Hamid \|title\=Autonomous Emergency Braking System with Potential Field Risk Assessment for Frontal Collision Mitigation \|journal\=2017 IEEE Conference on Systems, Process and Control (ICSPC) \|date\=2017 \|url\= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323715308 \|display\-authors\=etal\|access\-date\=14 March 2018}} 2013: Mercedes updated Pre\-Safe on the [W222 S\-Class](/wiki/W222_S-Class "W222 S-Class") as plus with cross\-traffic assist.{{cite press release\|url\= http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0\-921\-1549267\-1\-1549456\-1\-0\-0\-1549717\-0\-0\-11702\-854934\-0\-1\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\.html \|title\=Extended PRE\-SAFE protection: Prevention is better than cure\|date\=May 2013 \|website\=daimler.com \|access\-date\=25 January 2015 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150103223922/http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0\-921\-1549267\-1\-1549456\-1\-0\-0\-1549717\-0\-0\-11702\-854934\-0\-1\-0\-0\-0\-0\-0\.html \|archive\-date\=3 January 2015}} Pre\-Safe with pedestrian detection and City Brake function is a combination of stereo camera and radar sensors to detect pedestrians in front of the vehicle. Visual and acoustic warnings are triggered when a hazard is spotted. If the driver then reacts by braking, the braking power will be boosted as the situation requires, up to a full brake application. Should the driver fail to react, the Pre\-Safe Brake triggers autonomous vehicle braking. Pedestrian detection is active up to about {{convert\|72\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}, and can reduce collisions with pedestrians autonomously from an initial speed of up to {{convert\|50\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}. A radar sensor in the rear bumper monitors the traffic behind the vehicle. If the risk of an impact from the rear is detected, the rear hazard warning lights are activated to alert the driver of the vehicle behind (not on vehicles with USA/Canada coding). Anticipatory occupant protection measures, such as the reversible belt tensioners, are deployed. If the vehicle is stopped and the driver indicates a wish to remain stationary{{snd}} by depressing the brake pedal, activating the hold function, or moving the selector lever to "P"{{snd}} the system increases the brake pressure to keep the vehicle firmly braked during a possible rear\-end collision. Pre\-Safe Impulse works an early phase of the crash, before the resulting deceleration starts to increase, the front occupants are pulled away from the direction of impact and deeper into their seats by their seat belts. By the time the accident enters the phase when loads peak, the extra distance they are retracted by can be used while dissipating energy in a controlled fashion. Pre\-acceleration and force limitation allow the occupants to be temporarily isolated from the effects of the crash, significantly reducing the risk and severity of injuries in a frontal collision. ### Nissan Nissan's [Infiniti](/wiki/Infiniti "Infiniti") brand offers both [laser\-based](/wiki/Lidar "Lidar") and [radar\-based](/wiki/Radar "Radar") systems. Brake assist with preview function anticipates the need to apply emergency braking and pre\-pressurize the brake system to help improve brake response. Intelligent brake assist (IBA) with forwarding emergency braking (FEB) (on QX80\) uses radar to monitor the approaching speed of the vehicle ahead, helping detect an imminent collision. It provides a two\-stage warning to alert the driver, and if the driver takes no action, the system automatically engages the brakes to mitigate the collision speed and impact. A predictive forward collision warning system warns the driver of risks that may be obscured from the driver's view. It senses the relative velocity and distance of a vehicle directly ahead, as well as a vehicle traveling in front of the preceding one. The forward emergency braking system judges that deceleration is required, it alerts the driver using both a screen display and sound, then generates a force that pushes the accelerator pedal up and applies partial braking to assist the driver in slowing the vehicle down. When the system judges that there is the possibility of a collision, it will automatically apply harder braking to help avoid one. Nissan has been under investigation for collision avoidance systems on late\-model Rogue models that allegedly brake the vehicles for no reason, according to the US [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration "National Highway Traffic Safety Administration") (NHTSA).{{cite news \|url\= https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a29023949/nissan\-rogue\-sport\-crossover\-braking\-nhtsa/ \|title\=Owners Accuse Nissan Rogue of Braking for No Reason; NHTSA Investigating \|first\=Clifford \|last\=Atiyeh \|work\=Car and Driver \|date\=12 September 2019 \|access\-date\=6 June 2020}} {{As of\|2019\|September}}, Nissan considered the issue strictly as a "performance update" by issuing technical service bulletinsโ€”at least three since January 2019โ€”that pertain to reprogramming the radar control unit, according to the agency. At least 553,860 cars are potentially affected from the 2017 and 2018 model years.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2019/09/12/nissan\-rogue\-investigation\-recall\-possible\-emergency\-brakes/2298316001/ \|title\=Nissan Rogue under investigation after claims emergency brakes turned on for no reason \|work\=USA Today \|date\=15 December 2019 \|access\-date\=6 June 2020}} ### Subaru Subaru's system, branded "EyeSight", was announced in May 2008 using stereo camera technology to detect pedestrians and bicyclists. As initially announced, EyeSight enabled pre\-collision braking control and adaptive cruise control at all speeds.{{cite press release \|url\= https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/news/archives/contents/pdf\_en\_59361\.pdf \|title\=FHI to Introduce the "New EyeSight" Subaru's Unique Driving Assist System with Advanced Safety Functions \|date\=22 April 2010 \|work\=Subaru \|access\-date\=1 June 2017}} It was rolled out in Japan to selected models in 2010; in Australia in 2011; and in North America in 2012 for the 2013 model year Legacy and Outback models.{{cite press release \|url\= https://www.media.subaru\-global.com/en/news/1472 \|title\=FHI to Introduce the "EyeSight" to North America \- The Second Overseas Launch of Subarufs ''\[sic]'' Unique Driving Assist System \|date\=16 March 2012 \|work\=Subaru \|access\-date\=1 June 2017}} An alarm is used to warn the driver of a potential collision hazard in the pre\-collision system. The pre\-collision braking control was upgraded in 2010 to allow the vehicle to stop automatically if the speed difference between the EyeSight\-equipped vehicle and the object in front is less than {{convert\|30\|km/h\|mph\|abbr\=on}} and the driver takes no action to slow down or stop. Above {{convert\|30\|km/h\|mph\|abbr\=on}}, the vehicle will reduce its speed automatically. It also allows the vehicle to engage braking assist, if there is a risk of a frontal collision and the driver suddenly applies the brakes. The speed difference to allow an automatic stop was raised to {{convert\|50\|km/h\|mph\|abbr\=on}} in 2013 with improved cameras. The adaptive cruise control was also upgraded in 2010 to allow automatic emergency braking in traffic, fully stopping the EyeSight vehicle when the car in front has come to a complete stop. In 2013, color was added to the cameras, allowing the system to recognize brake lights and red stoplights ahead.{{cite press release \|url\= https://www.media.subaru\-global.com/en/news/1755 \|title\=FHI Reveals the Next Generation "EyeSight" \|date\=22 April 2010 \|work\=Subaru \|access\-date\=1 June 2017}} Subaru also added active lane\-keeping (keeping the vehicle in the middle of the lane, and applying steering force to keep the vehicle in the lane when unintentionally crossing lane markers) and throttle management (to prevent sudden unintended acceleration in forward and reverse) systems in 2013 with the improved cameras. EyeSight has been very popular, equipped on approximately 90% of all Legacy and Outbacks sold in Japan at the beginning of 2012, and the engineers responsible for its development won a prize from the Japanese government that year.{{cite press release \|url\= https://www.media.subaru\-global.com/en/news/1483 \|title\=Subaru's Unique Driving Assist System "EyeSight" Received the Commendation for Science and Technology 2012 from the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology \|date\=17 April 2012 \|work\=Subaru \|access\-date\=1 June 2017}} {{As of\|2021}}, EyeSight is standard on the Ascent, Forester, Legacy, and Outback. It is also standard on all CVT\-equipped Crosstrek, Impreza, and WRX. It became standard on the automatic\-equipped BRZ as of 2022\. ### Toyota [thumb\|2008 LS 600h forward PCS diagram, with radar (blue) and [stereo camera](/wiki/Stereo_camera "Stereo camera") (red) coverage](/wiki/File:Lexus_Pre-Collision_System_frontal.jpg "Lexus Pre-Collision System frontal.jpg") Toyota's system, branded "Toyota Safety Sense" or "Lexus Safety Sense", is a [radar\-based](/wiki/Radar "Radar") system that uses a forward\-facing millimeter\-wave radar. When the system determines that a frontal collision is unavoidable, it preemptively tightens the [seat belts](/wiki/Seat_belt "Seat belt"), removing any slack, and pre\-charges the brakes using [brake assist](/wiki/Brake_assist "Brake assist") to give the driver maximum stopping power when the driver depresses the brake pedal. 2003 February: Toyota launched PCS in the redesigned [Japanese domestic market](/wiki/Japanese_domestic_market "Japanese domestic market") [Harrier](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier "Toyota Harrier").{{cite web \| url\= http://www.toyota\-global.com/company/history\_of\_toyota/75years/data/automotive\_business/products\_technology/technology\_development/electronics\_parts/index.html \|title\=75 Years of Toyota \| Technical Development \| Electronics Parts \|website\=toyota\-global.com}} 2003 August: added an automatic partial pre\-crash braking system to the [Celsior](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF30%29 "Lexus LS (XF30)").{{cite news\| url\= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\_m3012/is\_/ai\_n6173980 \|work\=Automotive Industries \|title\=Safety matters: advanced crash avoidance technology finds its way into production vehicles in Japan \|year\=2004}} 2003 September: PCS made available in North America on the [Lexus LS 430](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF30%29 "Lexus LS (XF30)"), becoming the first radar\-guided forward\-collision warning system offered in the US. 2004: In July 2004, the [Crown Majesta](/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Majesta_%28S180%29 "Toyota Crown Majesta (S180)") radar PCS added a single digital camera to improve the accuracy of collision forecast and warning and control levels.{{cite press release\|url\= http://www.toyota\-global.com/company/history\_of\_toyota/75years/data/automotive\_business/products\_technology/technology\_development/electronics\_parts/index.html \|title\=Toyota \- Technical Development \- Electronics Parts \|website\=toyota\-global.com\|access\-date\=4 April 2015}}{{cite web\|url\= http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/07/07/202727\.html\|title\=Toyota Crown Majesta undergoes complete redesign \|work\=theautochannel.com \|access\-date\=4 April 2015}}{{cite web \|url\= http://www.designnews.com/article/27\-Safety\_Rules\_the\_Road.php \|title\=(Really Playing it Safe) \|website\=Designnews.com \|access\-date\=10 March 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081027102411/http://www.designnews.com/article/27\-Safety\_Rules\_the\_Road.php \|archive\-date\=27 October 2008 }} 2006: Pre\-collision system with [Driver Monitoring System](/wiki/Driver_Monitoring_System "Driver Monitoring System") introduced in March 2006 on the [Lexus GS 450h](/wiki/Lexus_GS_%28S190%29 "Lexus GS (S190)") using a [CCD camera](/wiki/CCD_camera "CCD camera") on the steering column. This system monitors the driver's face to determine where the driver is looking. If the driver's head turns away from the road and a frontal obstacle is detected, the system will alert the driver using a buzzer, and if necessary, pre\-charge the brakes and tighten the safety belts. 2006: the [Lexus LS](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF40%29 "Lexus LS (XF40)") introduced an advanced pre\-collision system (APCS), added a twin\-lens stereo camera located on the windshield, and a more sensitive radar to detect smaller "soft" objects such as animals and pedestrians. A near\-infrared projector located in the headlights allows the system to work at night. With adaptive variable suspension (AVS) and electric power steering, the system can change the [shock absorber](/wiki/Shock_absorber "Shock absorber") firmness, steering gear ratios, and torque to aid the driver's evasive steering measures. The lane departure warning system will make automatic steering adjustments to help ensure that the vehicle maintains its lane in case the driver fails to react. Driver Monitoring System was introduced on the Lexus LS. The rear\-end pre\-collision system includes a rearward\-facing millimeter\-wave radar mounted in the rear bumper.{{cite press release\|url\= http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/06/0825\.html\|title\=Toyota: News Releases \|website\=toyota.co.jp \|access\-date\=25 January 2015}} The system adjusts the active head restraints by moving them upward and forward to reduce the risk of [whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%28medicine%29 "Whiplash (medicine)") injuries if an imminent rear collision is detected.{{cite web \|url\= http://www\-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd\-01/esv/esv20/07\-0146\-O.pdf \|first1\=Kiyoka \|last1\=Matsubayashi \|first2\=Yukinori \|last2\=Yamada \|first3\=Motomi \|last3\=Iyoda \|first4\=Shin \|last4\=Koike \|first5\=Tomoya \|last5\=Kawasaki \|first6\=Masanori \|last6\=Tokuda \|title\=Development of Rear Pre\-Crash Safety System For Rear\-End Collisions \|work\=Toyota \|access\-date\=10 March 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105536/http://www\-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd\-01/esv/esv20/07\-0146\-O.pdf \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016}} 2008: Improved driver monitoring system added on the [Crown](/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Hybrid "Toyota Crown Hybrid") for detecting whether the driver's eyes are properly open.{{cite press release \|url\= http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/0122\.html \|title\=Toyota Enhances Pre\-crash Safety System with Eye Monitor \|website\=Toyota.co.jp \|date\=22 January 2008 \|access\-date\=10 March 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132654/http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/0122\.html \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 }} It monitors the driver's eyes to detect the driver's level of wakefulness. This system is designed to work even if the driver is wearing sunglasses at night. 2008: PCS with [GPS](/wiki/GPS "GPS")\-[navigation](/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system "Automotive navigation system") linked brake assist function on the [Crown](/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Hybrid "Toyota Crown Hybrid"). The system is designed to determine if the driver is late in decelerating at an approaching stop sign, will then sound an alert, and can also pre\-charge the brakes to provide braking force if deemed necessary. This system works in certain Japanese cities and requires Japan\-specific road markings that are detected by a camera. 2009: [Crown](/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Hybrid "Toyota Crown Hybrid"){{cite web\|url\= http://www.worldcarfans.com/9090326\.019/toyota\-launches\-redesigned\-crown\-majesta\-in\-japan \|title\=Toyota Launches Redesigned Crown Majesta in Japan \|website\=worldcarfans.com \|access\-date\=25 January 2015}} added a front\-side millimeter\-wave radar to detect potential side collisions primarily at intersections or when another vehicle crosses the center line. The latest version tilts the rear seat upward, placing the passenger in a more ideal crash position if it detects a front or rear impact.{{cite press release \|url\= http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/0226\.html \|title\=Toyota Adds to Pre\-crash Safety Technologies \|website\=Toyota.co.jp \|date\=26 February 2009 \|access\-date\=10 March 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161027062425/http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/0226\.html \|archive\-date\=27 October 2016 }} 2012: Higher speed APCS on the Lexus LS enables deceleration from up to {{convert\|37\|mph\|km/h\|0\|abbr\=on}}, compared to the previous of {{convert\|25\|mph\|km/h\|0\|abbr\=on}}. The higher\-speed APCS uses the same technologies as the current APCs. This system increases the braking force up to twice that applied by average drivers. It was not then available in U.S. markets. 2013: Pre\-collision system with pedestrian\-avoidance steer assist and steering bypass assist{{cite press release\|url\= http://www.toyota\-global.com/innovation/safety\_technology/safety\_technology/technology\_file/pre\_crash/\|title\=Toyota Global Site \- Technology File\|work\=toyota\-global.com\|access\-date\=25 January 2015}} can help prevent collisions in cases where automatic braking alone is not sufficient, such as when the vehicle is traveling too fast or a pedestrian suddenly steps into the vehicle's path. An onboard sensor detects pedestrians and issues a visual alert on the dashboard immediately in front of the driver if the system determines that there is a risk of collision. If the likelihood of a collision increases, the system issues an audio and visual alarm to encourage the driver to take evasive action, and the increased pre\-collision braking force and automatic braking functions are activated.{{cite web \|title\=Different driveway alert systems \|url\= https://www.drivewayalertsystems.net/collections/all \|website\=drivewayalertsystems.net \|access\-date\=2017\-02\-17\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063710/https://www.drivewayalertsystems.net/collections/all\|archive\-date\=2017\-02\-18}} If the system determines that a collision cannot be avoided by braking alone and there is sufficient room for avoidance, steer assist is activated to steer the vehicle away from the pedestrian.{{cite web\|last1\=Crowe \|first1\=Phillipe \|title\=oyota Develops New Pedestrian Safety Technology \|url\= http://www.hybridcars.com/toyota\-develops\-new\-pedestrian\-safety\-technology/ \|website\=hybridcars.com}} 2016: Toyota announced it would make Toyota Safety Sense (TSS) and Lexus Safety System\+ standard on nearly all Japan, Europe, and US models by the end of 2017\.{{cite press release \|url\= http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/lexus\+toyota\+automated\+braking\+standard\+2017\.htm \|title\=Lexus and Toyota Will Make Automated Braking Standard on Nearly Every Model and Trim Level by End of 2017 \|date\=21 March 2016 \|work\=Toyota Press Room \|access\-date\=31 March 2016 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113356/http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/lexus\+toyota\+automated\+braking\+standard\+2017\.htm \|archive\-date\=4 April 2016 }}{{cite web\|url\= http://www.autoguide.com/auto\-news/2016/03/nearly\-every\-toyota\-to\-have\-automatic\-emergency\-braking\-by\-2017\.html \|title\=Nearly Every Toyota to Have Automatic Emergency Braking by 2017 \|website\=autoguide.com \|date\=21 March 2016}} 2017: Lexus introduced the updated Lexus Safety System\+ 2\.0 on the fifth\-generation LS. In the US 2017 model year, Toyota sold more vehicles equipped with collision warnings than any other single brand with a total of 1\.4 million sold or 56% of their fleet.{{cite news \|url\= http://www.autonews.com/article/20171221/OEM11/171229937/nhtsa\-iihs\-document\-increase\-in\-emergency\-braking\-systems\-in\-2017 \|title\=NHTSA, IIHS document increase in emergency braking systems in 2017 vehicles \|first\=Kackie \|last\=Charniga \|work\=Automotive news \|location\=US \|date\=21 December 2017 \|access\-date\=8 June 2019}} 2018: Toyota released its updated Toyota Safety Sense 2\.0 (TSS 2\.0\) to include Lane Tracing Assist, Road Sign Assist, and Low Light Pedestrian Detection with Daytime Bicyclist Detection which improves the Pre\-Collision System. The first Japanese car model to receive (TSS 2\.0\) is the executive [Crown](/wiki/Toyota_Crown "Toyota Crown") in its 15th generation. 2021: Lexus introduced the updated Lexus Safety System\+ 3\.0 in the [Lexus NX](/wiki/Lexus_NX_%28AZ20%29 "Lexus NX (AZ20)"). The suite contains a *Risk Avoidance Emergency Steer Assist*, a *Right/Left Turn Oncoming Vehicle Detection/Braking*, an *Oncoming Vehicle Detection*, a *Dynamic Radar Cruise Control with Curve Speed Management*, a *Road Sign Assist*, a *Pre\-Collision System*, a *Lane Assistance* and an *Intelligent High Beam*.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping\-guides/what\-is\-lexus\-safety\-system\-plus \|title\=What is Lexus Safety System\+ 3\.0? \|first\=Christian \|last\=Wardlaw \|work\=J.D. Power \|date\=2021\-06\-14 \|access\-date\=2021\-07\-15}}{{cite web \|url\= https://www.newsweek.com/what\-lexus\-safety\-system\-30\-9\-new\-technologies\-help\-keep\-you\-safe\-1599986 \|title\=What is Lexus Safety System\+ 3\.0? 9 New Technologies to Help Keep You Safe \|first\=Eileen \|last\=Falkenberg\-Hull \|work\=News Week \|date\=2021\-06\-11 \|access\-date\=2021\-07\-15}} ### Volkswagen [thumbnail\|Laser sensor of a Volkswagen Up](/wiki/File:Notbremsassistent.jpg "Notbremsassistent.jpg") 2010: "Front Assist" on 2011 [Volkswagen Touareg](/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg_%287P%29 "Volkswagen Touareg (7P)") can brake the car to a stop in case of an emergency and tension the seat belts as a precautionary measure.{{cite press release\|url\= https://www.volkswagen\-media\-services.com/medias\_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2010/03/04/to\_the\_point\_\_the.standard.gid\-oeffentlichkeit.html \|title\=To the Point: The New Touareg. Volkswagen SUV is one of the safest automobiles of all times \|access\-date\=2 June 2010 \|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720152923/https://www.volkswagen\-media\-services.com/medias\_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2010/03/04/to\_the\_point\_\_the.standard.gid\-oeffentlichkeit.html \|archive\-date\=20 July 2011 }} 2012: [Volkswagen Golf Mk7](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk7 "Volkswagen Golf Mk7") introduced a "Proactive Occupant Protection" that will close the windows and retract the safety belts to remove excess slack if the potential for a forward crash is detected. [Multi\-collision brake system](/wiki/Multi_Collision_Brake_System "Multi Collision Brake System") (automatic post\-collision braking system) to automatically brake the car after an accident to avoid a second collision. City emergency braking automatically activates brakes at low speeds in urban situations. 2014: [Volkswagen Passat (B8\)](/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_%28B8%29 "Volkswagen Passat (B8)") introduced pedestrian recognition as a part of the system. It uses a sensor fusion between a camera and the radar sensor. There is an "emergency assist" in case of a non\-reacting driver, the car takes control of the brakes and the steering until a complete stop. This is also found in the [Volkswagen Golf Mk8](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk8 "Volkswagen Golf Mk8"). ### Volvo [thumb\|Volvo City Safety multiple cameras](/wiki/File:Volvo_s60_2010_camera_front_4831424025_5696cdbb0f_z.jpg "Volvo s60 2010 camera front 4831424025 5696cdbb0f z.jpg") 2006: Volvo's "Collision Warning with Auto Brake" was introduced in 2007 [S80](/wiki/Volvo_S80 "Volvo S80"). This system is powered by a radar/camera sensor fusion and provides a warning through a [head up display](/wiki/Head_up_display "Head up display") that visually resembles brake lamps. If the driver does not react, the system pre\-charges the brakes and increases the brake assist sensitivity to maximize driver braking performance. Later versions would automatically apply the brakes to minimize pedestrian impacts. In some models of Volvos, the automatic braking system can be manually turned off. The [V40](/wiki/Volvo_V40_%282012%E2%80%932019%29 "Volvo V40 (2012โ€“2019)") also included the first pedestrian [airbag](/wiki/Airbag "Airbag"), when it was introduced in 2012\.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}} 2013: Volvo introduced the first [cyclist detection](/wiki/Cyclist_detection "Cyclist detection") system. All Volvo automobiles now come standard with a [lidar](/wiki/Lidar "Lidar") laser sensor that monitors the front of the roadway, and if a potential collision is detected, the safety belts will retract to reduce excess slack. Volvo now includes this safety device as an option in FH series trucks.{{cite web\|url\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=ridS396W2BY \|archive\-url\= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ridS396W2BY \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Volvo Trucks \- Emergency braking at its best! \|via\=YouTube \|access\-date\=25 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{better source needed\|date\=December 2021}} 2015: "IntelliSafe" with [auto brake at the intersection](/wiki/Turning_assistant "Turning assistant"). The [Volvo XC90](/wiki/Volvo_XC90 "Volvo XC90") features automatic braking if the driver turns in front of an oncoming car. This is a common scenario at busy city crossings as well as on highways, where the speed limits are higher.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2021}} March 2020: Volvo recalled 121,000 cars over auto emergency braking failure.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/volvo\-recall\-auto\-emergency\-braking\-failure/ \|title\=Volvo recalls 121,000 cars over auto emergency braking failure \|first\=Sean \|last\=Szymkowski \|work\=CNET \|date\=18 March 2020 \|access\-date\=6 June 2020}} The system may not detect an object and so may not work as intended, increasing the risk of a crash.
[ "Automobile manufacturers\n------------------------", "Various vendors provide AEB components to automakers.{{cite web \\|last\\=Francis \\|first\\=Sam \\|title\\=ADAS: Top 40 advanced driver assistance systems companies \\|url\\= https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2019/04/19/top\\-40\\-advanced\\-driver\\-assistance\\-systems\\-companies/21983/ \\|work\\=Robotics and Automation News \\|date\\=19 April 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2020}} The global automotive AEB system market consists of a few established companies that are manufacturers or suppliers of specialized AEB components or systems.{{cite press release \\|title\\=Top 6 Vendors in the Global Automotive Advanced Emergency Braking System Market from 2016 to 2020: Technavio \\|url\\= https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160921005936/en/Top\\-6\\-Vendors\\-Global\\-Automotive\\-Advanced\\-Emergency \\|work\\=Business Wire \\|date\\=21 September 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2020}} For example, the main vendors for radar systems include [Bosch](/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH \"Robert Bosch GmbH\"), [Delphi](/wiki/Aptiv \"Aptiv\"), [Denso](/wiki/Denso \"Denso\"), [Mobileye](/wiki/Mobileye \"Mobileye\"), [TRW](/wiki/TRW_Automotive \"TRW Automotive\"), and [Continental](/wiki/Continental_AG \"Continental AG\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Sedgwick \\|first\\=David \\|title\\=Demand skyrockets for collision\\-avoidance sensors \\|url\\= https://www.autonews.com/article/20141013/OEM06/310139961/demand\\-skyrockets\\-for\\-collision\\-avoidance\\-sensors \\|work\\=Automotive News \\|date\\=13 October 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 February 2020}} Automobile manufactures may describe the systems installed on their vehicles using different names to differentiate their marketing efforts. A particular automaker may have systems and sensors sourced from a variety of suppliers.{{cite web \\|last\\=Naranjo \\|first\\=Michelle \\|title\\=Forward\\-Collision Warning Systems Are Not All Created Equal \\|url\\= https://www.consumerreports.org/car\\-safety/forward\\-collision\\-warning\\-systems\\-are\\-not\\-all\\-created\\-equal/ \\|work\\=Consumer Reports \\|date\\=25 February 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=21 February 2020}} Therefore, even a single car brand may offer various levels of technology sophistication and the: frequency of false alerts can be different from model to model and trim level to trim level, depending on the types of camera and/or laser\\-based systems installed.", "In countries, such as the UK, one\\-quarter of new vehicles might have some kind of AEB system; but only 1% of previously sold cars might have AEB.", "### Audi", "\"Pre sense\" autonomous emergency braking system uses twin [radar](/wiki/Radar \"Radar\") and monocular camera sensors{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://www.bosch\\-presse.de/TBWebDB/en\\-US/PressText.cfm?id\\=4570 \\|title\\=Extensive safety in the new Audi A8 \\|work\\=Bosch Media Services \\|date\\=27 April 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=29 July 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100921045137/http://www.bosch\\-presse.de/TBWebDB/en\\-US/PressText.cfm?id\\=4570 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2010 }} and was introduced in 2010 on the 2011 [Audi A8](/wiki/Audi_A8%23Third_generation_%28D4%2C_Typ_4H%3B_2009%E2%80%93present%29 \"Audi A8#Third generation (D4, Typ 4H; 2009โ€“present)\").{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://www.audimedia.ca/media/assets/0/110/278/a53962d1\\-394e\\-46f1\\-b8cf\\-a9f174de5019\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170803223156/http://www.audimedia.ca/media/assets/0/110/278/a53962d1\\-394e\\-46f1\\-b8cf\\-a9f174de5019\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=3 August 2017 \\|title\\=The new Audi A8\\|access\\-date\\=17 February 2010}}\n\"Pre sense plus\" works in four phases. The system first provides warning of an impending accident, activating hazard warning lights, closing windows and sunroof, and pre\\-tensioning front seat belts. The warning is followed by light braking to get the driver's attention. The third phase initiates autonomous partial braking at a rate of {{cvt\\|3\\|m/s2\\|ft/s2\\|1}}. The fourth phase increases braking to {{cvt\\|5\\|m/s2\\|ft/s2\\|1}} followed by automatic full braking power, roughly half a second before projected impact. \"Pre sense rear\", is designed to reduce the consequences of rear\\-end collisions. The sunroof and windows are closed and seat belts are prepared for impact. The seats are moved forward to protect the car's occupants. 2015 introduced the \"avoidance assistant\" system that intervenes in the steering to help the driver avoid an obstacle. If an accident occurs, the \"turning assistant\" monitors opposing traffic when turning left at low speeds. In critical situations, it stops the car. \"Multi collision brake assist\" uses controlled braking maneuvers during the accident to aid the driver. Both systems were introduced on the [Second generation Q7](/wiki/Audi_Q7_PHEV \"Audi Q7 PHEV\").{{cite press release\\|url\\= https://www.audi\\-mediacenter.com/en/press\\-releases/the\\-new\\-audi\\-q7\\-sportiness\\-efficiency\\-premium\\-comfort\\-410 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190519213927/https://www.audi\\-mediacenter.com/en/press\\-releases/the\\-new\\-audi\\-q7\\-sportiness\\-efficiency\\-premium\\-comfort\\-410 \\|archive\\-date\\= 19 May 2019 \\|title\\=The new Audi Q7 โ€“ Sportiness, efficiency, premium comfort \\|work\\=Audi Media Center \\|date\\=12 December 2014}}", "### BMW", "In 2012 [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\") introduced two systems on the [7 Series](/wiki/BMW_7_Series_%28F01%29%232012_update \"BMW 7 Series (F01)#2012 update\"). \"Active Protection\" detects imminent accidents by pretensioning safety belts, closes windows and moonroof, brings the backrest of the front passenger seat to an upright position, and activates post\\-crash braking. A [driver drowsiness detection](/wiki/Driver_drowsiness_detection \"Driver drowsiness detection\") includes advice to take a break from driving. An \"Active Driving Assistant\" combines [lane departure warning](/wiki/Lane_departure_warning_system \"Lane departure warning system\"), pedestrian protection, and city collision mitigation.{{cite press release\\|url\\= https://www.press.bmwgroup.com/global/article/detail/T0126929EN/the\\-new\\-bmw\\-7\\-series?language\\=en \\|title\\=The new BMW 7 Series \\|date\\=25 May 2012 \\|work\\=BMW Group}}", "In 2013, \"Driving Assistant Plus\" was introduced on most models combining the front\\-facing camera, lane\\-departure warning, and in some cases front radar sensors to detect vehicles ahead. Should the driver not react to the warning of a potential collision, the system would gradually prime brake pressure and apply{{snd}} with maximum deceleration power{{snd}} if necessary. In the case of a crash, the system can bring the vehicle to a standstill. Later iterations of the system on cars equipped with an Automatic Cruise Control system are improved by combining radar and camera detection during fog, rain, and other situations where normal camera operations may be compromised.{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://www.bmwusanews.com/newsrelease.do?id\\=1864โˆฃ\\= \\|title\\=Model Year 2014 Update Information \\|date\\=16 October 2013 \\|first\\=Matthew \\|last\\=Russel \\|work\\=BMW USA news}}", "### Ford", "[thumb\\|Collision warning and brake support on the 2009 [Lincoln MKS](/wiki/Lincoln_MKS \"Lincoln MKS\")](/wiki/File:Collision_Warning_Brake_Support.jpg \"Collision Warning Brake Support.jpg\")", "Beginning on the 2012 Ford Focus, Active City Stop was offered on the range\\-topping Titanium model, under the optional Sports Executive Pack. The system used windscreen\\-mounted cameras, radars, and lidars to monitor the road ahead. The system doesn't provide a warning, rather, it can prevent a crash from occurring at speeds between {{convert\\|3\\.6\\|and\\|30\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. This speed was later raised to {{convert\\|50\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}} and was available on all models, the Trend, Sport, Titanium, ST, and RS (Limited Edition only).", "### General Motors", "[General Motors](/wiki/General_Motors \"General Motors\")' collision alert system was introduced in [GMC Terrain](/wiki/GMC_Terrain \"GMC Terrain\") SUVs in 2012\\. It uses a camera to provide a warning when there is a vehicle ahead or there is a lane departure.{{cite press release\\|url\\= https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gmc/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2011/Sep/0929\\_terrain.html \\|title\\=New Camera\\-Based Collision Alert Debuts on GMC Terrain \\|work\\=media.gm.com\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015}}\nThe 2014 [Chevrolet Impala](/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala \"Chevrolet Impala\") received the radar\\- and camera\\-based crash imminent braking (radar technology detects a possible crash threat and alerts the driver. If the driver does not appear to react quickly enough or doesn't react at all, this feature intervenes to apply the brakes to avoid the crash. Forward collision alert, lane departure warning, side blind zone alert (using radar sensors on both sides of the vehicle, the system \"looks\" for other vehicles in the blind zone areas of the Impala and indicates their presence with LED\\-lit symbols in the outside mirrors. Rear cross\\-traffic alert features.{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://media.gm.com/media/us/en/chevrolet/vehicles/impala/2014\\.html \\|title\\=Chevrolet News \\- United States{{snd}} Impala \\|website\\=Media.gm.com \\|date\\=15 December 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2016}}", "### Honda", "2003: Honda introduced autonomous braking (Collision Mitigation Brake System CMBS, originally CMS) front collision avoidance system on the [Inspire](/wiki/Honda_Inspire \"Honda Inspire\"){{cite press release\\|url\\= http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030618\\_2\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20030624014452/http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030618\\_2\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2003 \\|title\\=Honda Announces a Full Model Change for the Inspire \\|work\\=Honda \\|date\\=18 June 2003 \\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2015 }} and later in [Acura](/wiki/Acura \"Acura\"), using a radar\\-based system to monitor the situation ahead and provide brake assistance if the driver reacts with insufficient force on the brake pedal after a warning in the instrument cluster and a tightening of the seat belts.{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://world.honda.com/HDTV/news/2003\\-4030520a/\\|title\\=Honda Worldwide \\|website\\=honda.com \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141230004733/http://world.honda.com/HDTV/news/2003\\-4030520a/ \\|archive\\-date\\=30 December 2014}}{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030520\\.html \\|title\\=Honda Worldwide \\- World News \\- News Releases \\|date\\=20 May 2003 \\|website\\=honda.com \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141229235818/http://world.honda.com/news/2003/4030520\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=29 December 2014 }} The Honda system was the first production system to provide automatic braking.", "The system also incorporated an \"E\\-Pretensioner\", which worked in conjunction with the CMBS system with electric motors on the seat belts. When activated, the CMBS has three warning stages. The first warning stage includes audible and visual warnings to brake. If ignored, the second stage would include the E\\-Pretensioner's tugging on the shoulder portion of the seat belt two to three times as an additional tactile warning to the driver to take action. The third stage, in which the CMBS predicts that a collision is unavoidable, includes full seat belt slack take\\-up by the E\\-Pretensioner for more effective seat belt protection and automatic application of the brakes to lessen the severity of the predicted crash. The E\\-Pretensioner would also work to reduce seat belt slack whenever the brakes are applied, and the brake assist system is activated.", "2013: Honda introduced new driver\\-assistance system called Honda SENSING in [2014 Honda Legend](/wiki/Honda_Legend \"Honda Legend\"), with the tagline, \"Safety for Everyone\".{{Cite web \\|title\\=Honda Introduces \"Honda SENSING\" Advanced Driver\\-Assistive System \\- the All\\-new Legend will be the first Honda SENSING\\-equipped vehicle to be sold in Japan \\- {{!}} Honda Global Corporate Website \\|url\\=https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2014/4141024eng.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-01 \\|website\\=Honda Global \\|language\\=en}} The system uses two types of sensors: a millimeter\\-wave radar in the front grille and a monocular camera on the windshield. These sensors detect pedestrians and other objects with improved accuracy. Enhanced data processing capabilities allow the system to recognize surroundings, driver intentions, and vehicle conditions, enabling collaborative control over braking and steering. The system now includes six new functions, such as the Pedestrian Collision Mitigation Steering System, and assists in vehicle speed, following distance, and lane keeping. Honda continues to evolve its driver\\-assistive technologies globally to enhance safety and comfort.", "2020: Honda announced the flagship variation of Honda SENSING called, Honda SENSING Elite. The system was first introduced in the new [Honda Legend Hybrid EX](/wiki/Honda_Legend \"Honda Legend\"). This system uses 3D maps, [GNSS](/wiki/Satellite_navigation \"Satellite navigation\") data, and sensors to monitor the vehicleโ€™s surroundings and driver condition. It can control acceleration, braking, and steering for smooth driving and includes features like hands\\-off lane change assist and Traffic Jam Pilot for [Level 3 automated driving](/wiki/Autonomous_driving \"Autonomous driving\"), approved by Japan's [Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism](/wiki/Ministry_of_Land%2C_Infrastructure%2C_Transport_and_Tourism \"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism\") (MLIT).{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-04 \\|title\\=Honda Legend Hybrid EX with Honda Sensing Elite \\- hands\\-off Level 3 automated driving, RM416k in Japan \\- paultan.org \\|url\\=https://paultan.org/2021/03/04/honda\\-legend\\-hybrid\\-ex\\-with\\-honda\\-sensing\\-elite\\-hands\\-off\\-level\\-3\\-automated\\-driving\\-rm416k\\-in\\-japan/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-01 \\|website\\=Paul Tan's Automotive News \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "A key feature of Honda SENSING Elite is the hands\\-off function, which assists in steering the vehicle when the driver has their hands off the wheel, supported by adaptive in\\-lane driving. This aids in maintaining lane position at a pre\\-set speed and keeping a proper following distance from the vehicle ahead. The system also includes active lane change assist with hands\\-off function, which executes lane changes when the driver activates the turn signal and adjusts the vehicleโ€™s speed accordingly.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Honda unveils next\\-generation technologies of Honda SENSING 360 and Honda SENSING Elite \\|url\\=https://hondanews.eu/eu/lv/cars/media/pressreleases/431941/honda\\-unveils\\-next\\-generation\\-technologies\\-of\\-honda\\-sensing\\-360\\-and\\-honda\\-sensing\\-elite \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-01 \\|website\\=hondanews.eu}}", "2021: Honda introduced the Honda SENSING 360 system, enhancing the original with omnidirectional sensing. This system helps eliminate blind spots and reduce collisions by using five millimeter\\-wave radar units and a front camera. Key features include Front Cross Traffic Warning, which alerts drivers to approaching vehicles at intersections; Lane Change Collision Mitigation, which helps avoid collisions during lane changes; and Collision Mitigation Braking, which provides braking assistance at turns. It also features Adaptive Cruise Control with Cornering Speed Assist, adjusting speed during cornering for smoother navigation. The application of Honda SENSING 360 will begin in 2022, starting from China, with the first vehicle equipped with Honda SENSING 360 being the [eleventh\\-generation Honda Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord \"Honda Accord\") and [sixth\\-generation Honda CR\\-V](/wiki/Honda_CR-V_%28sixth_generation%29 \"Honda CR-V (sixth generation)\").", "2022: Honda updated the SENSING 360 system with new features including Advanced Lane Driving and Lane Change Assist with hands\\-off capability, a Driver Emergency Support System, and Exit Warning. These additions enhance existing features like [collision mitigation braking](/wiki/Automated_emergency_braking_system \"Automated emergency braking system\") and front cross traffic warning.", "2023: Honda SENSING 360\\+ builds on existing Honda SENSING 360 by adding a driver monitoring camera and high\\-definition maps. This updated system aims to reduce accidents caused by driver health issues or errors. It features Advanced Lane Driving with hands\\-off capability, Active Lane Change Recommendation, Predictive Curve Departure Warning, and an Exit Warning. The system will debut with the [Accord](/wiki/Honda_Accord \"Honda Accord\") in China in 2024 and expand globally. It includes a Driver Emergency Support System that helps stop the vehicle if the driver becomes unresponsive and connects to the [HELPNETยฎ](https://global.honda/jp/appli/helpnet/) emergency call center for added safety.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Honda to Introduce \"Honda SENSING 360\\+\" Omnidirectional Safety and Driver\\-assistive System {{!}} Honda Global Corporate Website \\|url\\=https://global.honda/en/newsroom/news/2023/4231117eng.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-01 \\|website\\=Honda Global \\|language\\=en}}", "### Jaguar Land Rover", "As part of the InControl suite of services, Jaguar Land Rover provides several driver assistance technologies, amongst which are autonomous emergency braking, intelligent emergency braking, [lane departure warning](/wiki/Lane_departure_warning \"Lane departure warning\"), [blind spot monitor](/wiki/Blind_spot_monitor \"Blind spot monitor\") and [blind spot assist](/wiki/Blind_spot_assist \"Blind spot assist\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Driver Assistance Technology in Jaguar Land Rover Vehicles \\|url\\= https://www.jaguar.com/incontrol\\-global/incontrol/driver\\-assistance/index.html \\|website\\=jaguar.com \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2021}} The systems variously use both microwave and optical detection methods.{{cite web \\|title\\=Detection Technologies used in Jaguar Land Rover Driver Assistance Systems \\|url\\= http://www.jaguarboerne.com/blog/what\\-are\\-the\\-2018\\-jaguar\\-f\\-pace\\-safety\\-features\\-and\\-technology/ \\|website\\=jaguarboerne.com/ \\|date\\=13 July 2018 \\|access\\-date\\=6 April 2021}}", "### Mercedes\\-Benz", "2002: Mercedes' \"Pre\\-Safe\" system was exhibited at the [Paris Motor Show](/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show \"Paris Motor Show\") on the 2003 [S\\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W220%29 \"Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W220)\"). Using [electronic stability control](/wiki/Electronic_stability_control \"Electronic stability control\") sensors to measure steering angle, vehicle yaw, and lateral acceleration and [brake assist](/wiki/Brake_assist \"Brake assist\") (BAS) sensors to detect emergency braking, the system can tighten the seat belts, adjust seat positions, including rear seats (if installed), raise folded rear headrests (if installed), and close the sunroof if it detects a possible collision (including rollover).{{cite press release \\|url\\= http://www.mercedes\\-benz.ca/index.cfm?NewsID\\=121\\&id\\=2959 \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Benz launches first\\-ever car with \"reflexes\" \\|date\\=15 October 2002 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071008151232/http://www.mercedes\\-benz.ca/index.cfm?NewsID\\=121\\&id\\=2959 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 October 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2013 }} A later version of the Pre\\-Safe system was supplemented by an additional function that can close any open windows if necessary.", "2006: Mercedes\\-Benz's \"Brake Assist BAS Plus\" was their first forward warning collision system introduced on the [W221 S\\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_%28W221%29 \"Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)\"), it incorporates the [autonomous cruise control system](/wiki/Autonomous_cruise_control_system \"Autonomous cruise control system\") and adds a radar\\-based collision warning.", "2006: the \"Pre\\-Safe Brake\" on the [CL\\-Class C216](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_CL-Class_%28C216%29 \"Mercedes-Benz CL-Class (C216)\"){{cite press release \\|url\\= http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0\\-5\\-658451\\-1\\-1767861\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\.html \\|title\\=Innovation as a tradition \\|work\\=Daimler \\|date\\=29 December 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141229221136/http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0\\-5\\-658451\\-1\\-1767861\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-12\\-29}} was their first to offer partial autonomous braking (40%, or up to 0\\.4g deceleration) if the driver does not react to the BAS Plus warnings and the system detects a severe danger of an accident.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www\\-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd\\-01/esv/esv20/07\\-0103\\-O.pdf \\|first1\\=Joerg J. \\|last1\\=Breuer \\|first2\\=Andreas \\|last2\\=Faulhaber \\|first3\\=Stefan \\|last3\\=Gleissner \\|title\\=Real world Safety benefits of brake assistance systems \\|work\\=DaimlerChrysler \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122123/http://www\\-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd\\-01/esv/esv20/07\\-0103\\-O.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 }}{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.mbusa.com/impact/index\\#/story\\-1/\\|title\\=Impact: Real Drivers. Life Changing Stories \\|website\\=mbusa.com\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015}}", "2009: Mercedes introduced the first Pre\\-Safe Brake with full (100%) autonomous braking with maximum braking force approximately 0\\.6 seconds before impact, on the [Mercedes\\-Benz E\\-Class (W212\\)](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_%28W212%29 \"Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W212)\").{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Nov08/12\\_001507\\_Mercedes\\_Benz\\_TecDay\\_Special\\_Feature\\_PRE\\_SAFE\\_And\\_PRE\\_SAFE\\_Brake.html \\|title\\=Mercedes\\-Benz TecDay Special Feature: PRE\\-SAFE And PRE\\-SAFE Brake \\|website\\=emercedesbenz.com \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150112120052/http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Nov08/12\\_001507\\_Mercedes\\_Benz\\_TecDay\\_Special\\_Feature\\_PRE\\_SAFE\\_And\\_PRE\\_SAFE\\_Brake.html \\|archive\\-date\\=12 January 2015}}{{cite journal\\|last\\=Umar Zakir Abdul \\|first\\=Hamid \\|title\\=Autonomous Emergency Braking System with Potential Field Risk Assessment for Frontal Collision Mitigation \\|journal\\=2017 IEEE Conference on Systems, Process and Control (ICSPC) \\|date\\=2017 \\|url\\= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323715308 \\|display\\-authors\\=etal\\|access\\-date\\=14 March 2018}}", "2013: Mercedes updated Pre\\-Safe on the [W222 S\\-Class](/wiki/W222_S-Class \"W222 S-Class\") as plus with cross\\-traffic assist.{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0\\-921\\-1549267\\-1\\-1549456\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-1549717\\-0\\-0\\-11702\\-854934\\-0\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\.html \\|title\\=Extended PRE\\-SAFE protection: Prevention is better than cure\\|date\\=May 2013 \\|website\\=daimler.com \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20150103223922/http://media.daimler.com/dcmedia/0\\-921\\-1549267\\-1\\-1549456\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-1549717\\-0\\-0\\-11702\\-854934\\-0\\-1\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\-0\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=3 January 2015}} Pre\\-Safe with pedestrian detection and City Brake function is a combination of stereo camera and radar sensors to detect pedestrians in front of the vehicle. Visual and acoustic warnings are triggered when a hazard is spotted. If the driver then reacts by braking, the braking power will be boosted as the situation requires, up to a full brake application. Should the driver fail to react, the Pre\\-Safe Brake triggers autonomous vehicle braking. Pedestrian detection is active up to about {{convert\\|72\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}, and can reduce collisions with pedestrians autonomously from an initial speed of up to {{convert\\|50\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}. A radar sensor in the rear bumper monitors the traffic behind the vehicle. If the risk of an impact from the rear is detected, the rear hazard warning lights are activated to alert the driver of the vehicle behind (not on vehicles with USA/Canada coding). Anticipatory occupant protection measures, such as the reversible belt tensioners, are deployed. If the vehicle is stopped and the driver indicates a wish to remain stationary{{snd}} by depressing the brake pedal, activating the hold function, or moving the selector lever to \"P\"{{snd}} the system increases the brake pressure to keep the vehicle firmly braked during a possible rear\\-end collision. Pre\\-Safe Impulse works an early phase of the crash, before the resulting deceleration starts to increase, the front occupants are pulled away from the direction of impact and deeper into their seats by their seat belts. By the time the accident enters the phase when loads peak, the extra distance they are retracted by can be used while dissipating energy in a controlled fashion. Pre\\-acceleration and force limitation allow the occupants to be temporarily isolated from the effects of the crash, significantly reducing the risk and severity of injuries in a frontal collision.", "### Nissan", "Nissan's [Infiniti](/wiki/Infiniti \"Infiniti\") brand offers both [laser\\-based](/wiki/Lidar \"Lidar\") and [radar\\-based](/wiki/Radar \"Radar\") systems. Brake assist with preview function anticipates the need to apply emergency braking and pre\\-pressurize the brake system to help improve brake response. Intelligent brake assist (IBA) with forwarding emergency braking (FEB) (on QX80\\) uses radar to monitor the approaching speed of the vehicle ahead, helping detect an imminent collision. It provides a two\\-stage warning to alert the driver, and if the driver takes no action, the system automatically engages the brakes to mitigate the collision speed and impact. A predictive forward collision warning system warns the driver of risks that may be obscured from the driver's view. It senses the relative velocity and distance of a vehicle directly ahead, as well as a vehicle traveling in front of the preceding one. The forward emergency braking system judges that deceleration is required, it alerts the driver using both a screen display and sound, then generates a force that pushes the accelerator pedal up and applies partial braking to assist the driver in slowing the vehicle down. When the system judges that there is the possibility of a collision, it will automatically apply harder braking to help avoid one.", "Nissan has been under investigation for collision avoidance systems on late\\-model Rogue models that allegedly brake the vehicles for no reason, according to the US [National Highway Traffic Safety Administration](/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration \"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\") (NHTSA).{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a29023949/nissan\\-rogue\\-sport\\-crossover\\-braking\\-nhtsa/ \\|title\\=Owners Accuse Nissan Rogue of Braking for No Reason; NHTSA Investigating \\|first\\=Clifford \\|last\\=Atiyeh \\|work\\=Car and Driver \\|date\\=12 September 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2020}} {{As of\\|2019\\|September}}, Nissan considered the issue strictly as a \"performance update\" by issuing technical service bulletinsโ€”at least three since January 2019โ€”that pertain to reprogramming the radar control unit, according to the agency. At least 553,860 cars are potentially affected from the 2017 and 2018 model years.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2019/09/12/nissan\\-rogue\\-investigation\\-recall\\-possible\\-emergency\\-brakes/2298316001/ \\|title\\=Nissan Rogue under investigation after claims emergency brakes turned on for no reason \\|work\\=USA Today \\|date\\=15 December 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2020}}", "### Subaru", "Subaru's system, branded \"EyeSight\", was announced in May 2008 using stereo camera technology to detect pedestrians and bicyclists. As initially announced, EyeSight enabled pre\\-collision braking control and adaptive cruise control at all speeds.{{cite press release \\|url\\= https://www.subaru.co.jp/en/news/archives/contents/pdf\\_en\\_59361\\.pdf \\|title\\=FHI to Introduce the \"New EyeSight\" Subaru's Unique Driving Assist System with Advanced Safety Functions \\|date\\=22 April 2010 \\|work\\=Subaru \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2017}} It was rolled out in Japan to selected models in 2010; in Australia in 2011; and in North America in 2012 for the 2013 model year Legacy and Outback models.{{cite press release \\|url\\= https://www.media.subaru\\-global.com/en/news/1472 \\|title\\=FHI to Introduce the \"EyeSight\" to North America \\- The Second Overseas Launch of Subarufs ''\\[sic]'' Unique Driving Assist System \\|date\\=16 March 2012 \\|work\\=Subaru \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2017}}\nAn alarm is used to warn the driver of a potential collision hazard in the pre\\-collision system.", "The pre\\-collision braking control was upgraded in 2010 to allow the vehicle to stop automatically if the speed difference between the EyeSight\\-equipped vehicle and the object in front is less than {{convert\\|30\\|km/h\\|mph\\|abbr\\=on}} and the driver takes no action to slow down or stop. Above {{convert\\|30\\|km/h\\|mph\\|abbr\\=on}}, the vehicle will reduce its speed automatically. It also allows the vehicle to engage braking assist, if there is a risk of a frontal collision and the driver suddenly applies the brakes. The speed difference to allow an automatic stop was raised to {{convert\\|50\\|km/h\\|mph\\|abbr\\=on}} in 2013 with improved cameras. The adaptive cruise control was also upgraded in 2010 to allow automatic emergency braking in traffic, fully stopping the EyeSight vehicle when the car in front has come to a complete stop.", "In 2013, color was added to the cameras, allowing the system to recognize brake lights and red stoplights ahead.{{cite press release \\|url\\= https://www.media.subaru\\-global.com/en/news/1755 \\|title\\=FHI Reveals the Next Generation \"EyeSight\" \\|date\\=22 April 2010 \\|work\\=Subaru \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2017}} Subaru also added active lane\\-keeping (keeping the vehicle in the middle of the lane, and applying steering force to keep the vehicle in the lane when unintentionally crossing lane markers) and throttle management (to prevent sudden unintended acceleration in forward and reverse) systems in 2013 with the improved cameras.\nEyeSight has been very popular, equipped on approximately 90% of all Legacy and Outbacks sold in Japan at the beginning of 2012, and the engineers responsible for its development won a prize from the Japanese government that year.{{cite press release \\|url\\= https://www.media.subaru\\-global.com/en/news/1483 \\|title\\=Subaru's Unique Driving Assist System \"EyeSight\" Received the Commendation for Science and Technology 2012 from the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology \\|date\\=17 April 2012 \\|work\\=Subaru \\|access\\-date\\=1 June 2017}}", "{{As of\\|2021}}, EyeSight is standard on the Ascent, Forester, Legacy, and Outback. It is also standard on all CVT\\-equipped Crosstrek, Impreza, and WRX. It became standard on the automatic\\-equipped BRZ as of 2022\\.", "### Toyota", "[thumb\\|2008 LS 600h forward PCS diagram, with radar (blue) and [stereo camera](/wiki/Stereo_camera \"Stereo camera\") (red) coverage](/wiki/File:Lexus_Pre-Collision_System_frontal.jpg \"Lexus Pre-Collision System frontal.jpg\")", "Toyota's system, branded \"Toyota Safety Sense\" or \"Lexus Safety Sense\", is a [radar\\-based](/wiki/Radar \"Radar\") system that uses a forward\\-facing millimeter\\-wave radar. When the system determines that a frontal collision is unavoidable, it preemptively tightens the [seat belts](/wiki/Seat_belt \"Seat belt\"), removing any slack, and pre\\-charges the brakes using [brake assist](/wiki/Brake_assist \"Brake assist\") to give the driver maximum stopping power when the driver depresses the brake pedal.", "2003 February: Toyota launched PCS in the redesigned [Japanese domestic market](/wiki/Japanese_domestic_market \"Japanese domestic market\") [Harrier](/wiki/Toyota_Harrier \"Toyota Harrier\").{{cite web \\| url\\= http://www.toyota\\-global.com/company/history\\_of\\_toyota/75years/data/automotive\\_business/products\\_technology/technology\\_development/electronics\\_parts/index.html \\|title\\=75 Years of Toyota \\| Technical Development \\| Electronics Parts \\|website\\=toyota\\-global.com}}", "2003 August: added an automatic partial pre\\-crash braking system to the [Celsior](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF30%29 \"Lexus LS (XF30)\").{{cite news\\| url\\= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi\\_m3012/is\\_/ai\\_n6173980 \\|work\\=Automotive Industries \\|title\\=Safety matters: advanced crash avoidance technology finds its way into production vehicles in Japan \\|year\\=2004}}", "2003 September: PCS made available in North America on the [Lexus LS 430](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF30%29 \"Lexus LS (XF30)\"), becoming the first radar\\-guided forward\\-collision warning system offered in the US.", "2004: In July 2004, the [Crown Majesta](/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Majesta_%28S180%29 \"Toyota Crown Majesta (S180)\") radar PCS added a single digital camera to improve the accuracy of collision forecast and warning and control levels.{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://www.toyota\\-global.com/company/history\\_of\\_toyota/75years/data/automotive\\_business/products\\_technology/technology\\_development/electronics\\_parts/index.html \\|title\\=Toyota \\- Technical Development \\- Electronics Parts \\|website\\=toyota\\-global.com\\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2004/07/07/202727\\.html\\|title\\=Toyota Crown Majesta undergoes complete redesign \\|work\\=theautochannel.com \\|access\\-date\\=4 April 2015}}{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www.designnews.com/article/27\\-Safety\\_Rules\\_the\\_Road.php \\|title\\=(Really Playing it Safe) \\|website\\=Designnews.com \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20081027102411/http://www.designnews.com/article/27\\-Safety\\_Rules\\_the\\_Road.php \\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2008 }}", "2006: Pre\\-collision system with [Driver Monitoring System](/wiki/Driver_Monitoring_System \"Driver Monitoring System\") introduced in March 2006 on the [Lexus GS 450h](/wiki/Lexus_GS_%28S190%29 \"Lexus GS (S190)\") using a [CCD camera](/wiki/CCD_camera \"CCD camera\") on the steering column. This system monitors the driver's face to determine where the driver is looking. If the driver's head turns away from the road and a frontal obstacle is detected, the system will alert the driver using a buzzer, and if necessary, pre\\-charge the brakes and tighten the safety belts.", "2006: the [Lexus LS](/wiki/Lexus_LS_%28XF40%29 \"Lexus LS (XF40)\") introduced an advanced pre\\-collision system (APCS), added a twin\\-lens stereo camera located on the windshield, and a more sensitive radar to detect smaller \"soft\" objects such as animals and pedestrians. A near\\-infrared projector located in the headlights allows the system to work at night. With adaptive variable suspension (AVS) and electric power steering, the system can change the [shock absorber](/wiki/Shock_absorber \"Shock absorber\") firmness, steering gear ratios, and torque to aid the driver's evasive steering measures. The lane departure warning system will make automatic steering adjustments to help ensure that the vehicle maintains its lane in case the driver fails to react. Driver Monitoring System was introduced on the Lexus LS. The rear\\-end pre\\-collision system includes a rearward\\-facing millimeter\\-wave radar mounted in the rear bumper.{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/06/0825\\.html\\|title\\=Toyota: News Releases \\|website\\=toyota.co.jp \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015}} The system adjusts the active head restraints by moving them upward and forward to reduce the risk of [whiplash](/wiki/Whiplash_%28medicine%29 \"Whiplash (medicine)\") injuries if an imminent rear collision is detected.{{cite web \\|url\\= http://www\\-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd\\-01/esv/esv20/07\\-0146\\-O.pdf \\|first1\\=Kiyoka \\|last1\\=Matsubayashi \\|first2\\=Yukinori \\|last2\\=Yamada \\|first3\\=Motomi \\|last3\\=Iyoda \\|first4\\=Shin \\|last4\\=Koike \\|first5\\=Tomoya \\|last5\\=Kawasaki \\|first6\\=Masanori \\|last6\\=Tokuda \\|title\\=Development of Rear Pre\\-Crash Safety System For Rear\\-End Collisions \\|work\\=Toyota \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105536/http://www\\-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd\\-01/esv/esv20/07\\-0146\\-O.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016}}", "2008: Improved driver monitoring system added on the [Crown](/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Hybrid \"Toyota Crown Hybrid\") for detecting whether the driver's eyes are properly open.{{cite press release \\|url\\= http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/0122\\.html \\|title\\=Toyota Enhances Pre\\-crash Safety System with Eye Monitor \\|website\\=Toyota.co.jp \\|date\\=22 January 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132654/http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/08/0122\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 }} It monitors the driver's eyes to detect the driver's level of wakefulness. This system is designed to work even if the driver is wearing sunglasses at night.", "2008: PCS with [GPS](/wiki/GPS \"GPS\")\\-[navigation](/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system \"Automotive navigation system\") linked brake assist function on the [Crown](/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Hybrid \"Toyota Crown Hybrid\"). The system is designed to determine if the driver is late in decelerating at an approaching stop sign, will then sound an alert, and can also pre\\-charge the brakes to provide braking force if deemed necessary. This system works in certain Japanese cities and requires Japan\\-specific road markings that are detected by a camera.", "2009: [Crown](/wiki/Toyota_Crown_Hybrid \"Toyota Crown Hybrid\"){{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.worldcarfans.com/9090326\\.019/toyota\\-launches\\-redesigned\\-crown\\-majesta\\-in\\-japan \\|title\\=Toyota Launches Redesigned Crown Majesta in Japan \\|website\\=worldcarfans.com \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015}} added a front\\-side millimeter\\-wave radar to detect potential side collisions primarily at intersections or when another vehicle crosses the center line. The latest version tilts the rear seat upward, placing the passenger in a more ideal crash position if it detects a front or rear impact.{{cite press release \\|url\\= http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/0226\\.html \\|title\\=Toyota Adds to Pre\\-crash Safety Technologies \\|website\\=Toyota.co.jp \\|date\\=26 February 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=10 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20161027062425/http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/news/09/0226\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2016 }}", "2012: Higher speed APCS on the Lexus LS enables deceleration from up to {{convert\\|37\\|mph\\|km/h\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}, compared to the previous of {{convert\\|25\\|mph\\|km/h\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}. The higher\\-speed APCS uses the same technologies as the current APCs. This system increases the braking force up to twice that applied by average drivers. It was not then available in U.S. markets.", "2013: Pre\\-collision system with pedestrian\\-avoidance steer assist and steering bypass assist{{cite press release\\|url\\= http://www.toyota\\-global.com/innovation/safety\\_technology/safety\\_technology/technology\\_file/pre\\_crash/\\|title\\=Toyota Global Site \\- Technology File\\|work\\=toyota\\-global.com\\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015}} can help prevent collisions in cases where automatic braking alone is not sufficient, such as when the vehicle is traveling too fast or a pedestrian suddenly steps into the vehicle's path. An onboard sensor detects pedestrians and issues a visual alert on the dashboard immediately in front of the driver if the system determines that there is a risk of collision. If the likelihood of a collision increases, the system issues an audio and visual alarm to encourage the driver to take evasive action, and the increased pre\\-collision braking force and automatic braking functions are activated.{{cite web \\|title\\=Different driveway alert systems \\|url\\= https://www.drivewayalertsystems.net/collections/all \\|website\\=drivewayalertsystems.net \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-17\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063710/https://www.drivewayalertsystems.net/collections/all\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-02\\-18}} If the system determines that a collision cannot be avoided by braking alone and there is sufficient room for avoidance, steer assist is activated to steer the vehicle away from the pedestrian.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Crowe \\|first1\\=Phillipe \\|title\\=oyota Develops New Pedestrian Safety Technology \\|url\\= http://www.hybridcars.com/toyota\\-develops\\-new\\-pedestrian\\-safety\\-technology/ \\|website\\=hybridcars.com}}", "2016: Toyota announced it would make Toyota Safety Sense (TSS) and Lexus Safety System\\+ standard on nearly all Japan, Europe, and US models by the end of 2017\\.{{cite press release \\|url\\= http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/lexus\\+toyota\\+automated\\+braking\\+standard\\+2017\\.htm \\|title\\=Lexus and Toyota Will Make Automated Braking Standard on Nearly Every Model and Trim Level by End of 2017 \\|date\\=21 March 2016 \\|work\\=Toyota Press Room \\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160404113356/http://pressroom.toyota.com/releases/lexus\\+toyota\\+automated\\+braking\\+standard\\+2017\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=4 April 2016 }}{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.autoguide.com/auto\\-news/2016/03/nearly\\-every\\-toyota\\-to\\-have\\-automatic\\-emergency\\-braking\\-by\\-2017\\.html \\|title\\=Nearly Every Toyota to Have Automatic Emergency Braking by 2017 \\|website\\=autoguide.com \\|date\\=21 March 2016}}", "2017: Lexus introduced the updated Lexus Safety System\\+ 2\\.0 on the fifth\\-generation LS. In the US 2017 model year, Toyota sold more vehicles equipped with collision warnings than any other single brand with a total of 1\\.4 million sold or 56% of their fleet.{{cite news \\|url\\= http://www.autonews.com/article/20171221/OEM11/171229937/nhtsa\\-iihs\\-document\\-increase\\-in\\-emergency\\-braking\\-systems\\-in\\-2017 \\|title\\=NHTSA, IIHS document increase in emergency braking systems in 2017 vehicles \\|first\\=Kackie \\|last\\=Charniga \\|work\\=Automotive news \\|location\\=US \\|date\\=21 December 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=8 June 2019}}", "2018: Toyota released its updated Toyota Safety Sense 2\\.0 (TSS 2\\.0\\) to include Lane Tracing Assist, Road Sign Assist, and Low Light Pedestrian Detection with Daytime Bicyclist Detection which improves the Pre\\-Collision System. The first Japanese car model to receive (TSS 2\\.0\\) is the executive [Crown](/wiki/Toyota_Crown \"Toyota Crown\") in its 15th generation.", "2021: Lexus introduced the updated Lexus Safety System\\+ 3\\.0 in the [Lexus NX](/wiki/Lexus_NX_%28AZ20%29 \"Lexus NX (AZ20)\"). The suite contains a *Risk Avoidance Emergency Steer Assist*, a *Right/Left Turn Oncoming Vehicle Detection/Braking*, an *Oncoming Vehicle Detection*, a *Dynamic Radar Cruise Control with Curve Speed Management*, a *Road Sign Assist*, a *Pre\\-Collision System*, a *Lane Assistance* and an *Intelligent High Beam*.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping\\-guides/what\\-is\\-lexus\\-safety\\-system\\-plus \\|title\\=What is Lexus Safety System\\+ 3\\.0? \\|first\\=Christian \\|last\\=Wardlaw \\|work\\=J.D. Power \\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-14 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-15}}{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.newsweek.com/what\\-lexus\\-safety\\-system\\-30\\-9\\-new\\-technologies\\-help\\-keep\\-you\\-safe\\-1599986 \\|title\\=What is Lexus Safety System\\+ 3\\.0? 9 New Technologies to Help Keep You Safe \\|first\\=Eileen \\|last\\=Falkenberg\\-Hull \\|work\\=News Week \\|date\\=2021\\-06\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-15}}", "### Volkswagen", "[thumbnail\\|Laser sensor of a Volkswagen Up](/wiki/File:Notbremsassistent.jpg \"Notbremsassistent.jpg\")", "2010: \"Front Assist\" on 2011 [Volkswagen Touareg](/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg_%287P%29 \"Volkswagen Touareg (7P)\") can brake the car to a stop in case of an emergency and tension the seat belts as a precautionary measure.{{cite press release\\|url\\= https://www.volkswagen\\-media\\-services.com/medias\\_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2010/03/04/to\\_the\\_point\\_\\_the.standard.gid\\-oeffentlichkeit.html \\|title\\=To the Point: The New Touareg. Volkswagen SUV is one of the safest automobiles of all times \\|access\\-date\\=2 June 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720152923/https://www.volkswagen\\-media\\-services.com/medias\\_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2010/03/04/to\\_the\\_point\\_\\_the.standard.gid\\-oeffentlichkeit.html \\|archive\\-date\\=20 July 2011 }}", "2012: [Volkswagen Golf Mk7](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk7 \"Volkswagen Golf Mk7\") introduced a \"Proactive Occupant Protection\" that will close the windows and retract the safety belts to remove excess slack if the potential for a forward crash is detected. [Multi\\-collision brake system](/wiki/Multi_Collision_Brake_System \"Multi Collision Brake System\") (automatic post\\-collision braking system) to automatically brake the car after an accident to avoid a second collision. City emergency braking automatically activates brakes at low speeds in urban situations.", "2014: [Volkswagen Passat (B8\\)](/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_%28B8%29 \"Volkswagen Passat (B8)\") introduced pedestrian recognition as a part of the system. It uses a sensor fusion between a camera and the radar sensor. There is an \"emergency assist\" in case of a non\\-reacting driver, the car takes control of the brakes and the steering until a complete stop. This is also found in the [Volkswagen Golf Mk8](/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk8 \"Volkswagen Golf Mk8\").", "### Volvo", "[thumb\\|Volvo City Safety multiple cameras](/wiki/File:Volvo_s60_2010_camera_front_4831424025_5696cdbb0f_z.jpg \"Volvo s60 2010 camera front 4831424025 5696cdbb0f z.jpg\")", "2006: Volvo's \"Collision Warning with Auto Brake\" was introduced in 2007 [S80](/wiki/Volvo_S80 \"Volvo S80\"). This system is powered by a radar/camera sensor fusion and provides a warning through a [head up display](/wiki/Head_up_display \"Head up display\") that visually resembles brake lamps. If the driver does not react, the system pre\\-charges the brakes and increases the brake assist sensitivity to maximize driver braking performance. Later versions would automatically apply the brakes to minimize pedestrian impacts. In some models of Volvos, the automatic braking system can be manually turned off. The [V40](/wiki/Volvo_V40_%282012%E2%80%932019%29 \"Volvo V40 (2012โ€“2019)\") also included the first pedestrian [airbag](/wiki/Airbag \"Airbag\"), when it was introduced in 2012\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}", "2013: Volvo introduced the first [cyclist detection](/wiki/Cyclist_detection \"Cyclist detection\") system. All Volvo automobiles now come standard with a [lidar](/wiki/Lidar \"Lidar\") laser sensor that monitors the front of the roadway, and if a potential collision is detected, the safety belts will retract to reduce excess slack. Volvo now includes this safety device as an option in FH series trucks.{{cite web\\|url\\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=ridS396W2BY \\|archive\\-url\\= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ridS396W2BY \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Volvo Trucks \\- Emergency braking at its best! \\|via\\=YouTube \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{better source needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}", "2015: \"IntelliSafe\" with [auto brake at the intersection](/wiki/Turning_assistant \"Turning assistant\"). The [Volvo XC90](/wiki/Volvo_XC90 \"Volvo XC90\") features automatic braking if the driver turns in front of an oncoming car. This is a common scenario at busy city crossings as well as on highways, where the speed limits are higher.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2021}}", "March 2020: Volvo recalled 121,000 cars over auto emergency braking failure.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/volvo\\-recall\\-auto\\-emergency\\-braking\\-failure/ \\|title\\=Volvo recalls 121,000 cars over auto emergency braking failure \\|first\\=Sean \\|last\\=Szymkowski \\|work\\=CNET \\|date\\=18 March 2020 \\|access\\-date\\=6 June 2020}} The system may not detect an object and so may not work as intended, increasing the risk of a crash.", "" ]
Controversies and issues ------------------------ ### National Electoral Council bias While nothing in the Venezuelan constitution prevents elections from being called early, the Venezuelan Electoral Observatory noted that the call for elections was disrespecting the tradition of organizing them in December to avoid an extended transition,{{cite news\|url\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venezuela\-election\-1\.4500416\|title\=Venezuelan constitutional assembly orders elections by end of April\|website\=The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\|quote\="According to Venezuela's constitution, a new six\-year presidential term must begin in January 2019\. While elections can be held any time before then, voting typically is held in the final three months of the year to avoid an extended transition."}} with exceptions in the year 2000 during [the re\-legitimization of all public powers by the approval of a new constitution](/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election "2000 Venezuelan general election"); [in October 2012](/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election "2012 Venezuelan presidential election") for the illness of [Hugo Chรกvez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez "Hugo Chรกvez"), and [in April 2013](/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election "2013 Venezuelan presidential election") for being an election due to the death of the president, maintaining that "the decision announced again showed the political bias of the electoral referee, since it included elements that made it difficult to have an election under equal conditions"{{cite news\|last\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\|first\=Ronny\|title\=Comicios del 20 de mayo no son libres ni imparciales, denuncia el Observatorio Electoral\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/cocuyo\-electoral/comicios\-del\-20\-de\-mayo\-no\-son\-libres\-ni\-imparciales\-denuncia\-el\-observatorio\-electoral/\|date\=9 May 2018\|access\-date\=11 May 2018\|work\=Efecto Cocuyo\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510224818/http://efectococuyo.com/cocuyo\-electoral/comicios\-del\-20\-de\-mayo\-no\-son\-libres\-ni\-imparciales\-denuncia\-el\-observatorio\-electoral/\|archive\-date\=10 May 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} and that the CNE" struck a blow to democratic plurality" by preventing opposition parties from participating in the presidential election. It also stated that since 2016 the electoral justice system administered in the country was "not impartial", citing the cases of the indigenous deputies of the [Amazonas state](/wiki/Amazonas_%28Venezuelan_state%29 "Amazonas (Venezuelan state)") who were dismissed from their positions for alleged irregularities in their election, which after two years have not been proven, while the fraud allegations made in October 2017 by the candidate to the governorship of [Bolรญvar](/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_%28state%29 "Bolรญvar (state)"), [Andrรฉs Velรกsquez](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Vel%C3%A1squez "Andrรฉs Velรกsquez"), had yet not been investigated. ### Electoral Registry The Venezuelan Electoral Registry determines the number of people that will vote and in it the voters that must comply with mandatory electoral service in electoral boards are chosen, as well as the regional, municipal and parochial boards for the elections.{{cite news\|last\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\|first\=Ronny\|title\=Las 10 irregularidades de los comicios del \#20Mayo\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/las\-10\-irregularidades\-de\-los\-comicios\-del\-20mayo/\|date\=24 April 2018\|work\=Efecto Cocuyo\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425040527/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/las\-10\-irregularidades\-de\-los\-comicios\-del\-20mayo/\|archive\-date\=25 April 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} While in the [2012 presidential elections](/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election "2012 Venezuelan presidential election") the CNE took two months to carry out the data update, migration and inscription of new voters in the Electoral Registry, in the 2018 elections the voters only had ten days between 10 and 20 February according to both the first 22 April and the definitive 20 May electoral schedules, both inside and outside the country, and the audits to the data were shortened from months to a few days.{{cite news\|last\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\|first\=Ronny\|title\=CNE obstaculiza inscripciรณn de venezolanos en Registro Electoral, afirman ONG\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/cne\-obstaculiza\-inscripcion\-de\-venezolanos\-en\-registro\-electoral\-afirman\-ong\|date\=15 February 2018\|work\=Efecto Cocuyo\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611055741/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/observadores\-electorales\-detectan\-11\-irregularidades\-en\-el\-proceso\-de\-municipales/\|archive\-date\=11 June 2019\|url\-status\=dead}} The Electoral Registry has not been audited since 2005, with no independent observation for over a decade by the date of the election. {{Quote box \| quote \= It is clear that the CNE has done little to encourage the inscription of these new voters in the registry with institutional campaigns, breaking the current electoral law that which obligates it to deploy inscription and update centers in 'sectors of difficult access and/or of highest population concentration' in all the national territory and in any moment of the year \| author \= Venezuelan Electoral Observatory \| width \= 30% }} In 2012 more than 1,300 updates of the Electoral Registry points were deployed on a national scale, but in 2018 less than half were opened, 531\. The Global Observatory of Communication and Democracy estimated in the report *The Citizen Observation of the Electoral Registry 2017* that at least 1,769,035 young voters were not inscribed in the Electoral Registry by December 2017\. For the Venezuelan Electoral Observatory, the "CNE has done little to encourage the inscription of these new voters in the registry with institutional campaigns, breaking the current electoral law that which obligates it to deploy inscription and update centers in 'sectors of difficult access and/or of highest population concentration' in all the national territory and in any moment of the year" according to Article 33 of the {{interlanguage link\|Organic Law of Electoral Processes\|es\|Ley Orgรกnica de Procesos Electorales}}, and that "what is needed for the citizen to exercise their right to vote is not being done". On 15 February, President Maduro, without being an electoral authority, announced the extension for five days for the inscription in the electoral registry abroad and informed the opening of the Venezuelan consulate in Miami so that Venezuelans living in the city could make changes and participate. The second opening of the registry happened with the elections date change to 20 May and it was opened from 2 to 10 March. In theory, the registry allowed to update information or inscribe new voters for 24 days abroad the country and 19 in Venezuela, but electoral experts denounced obstacles for the inscription of Venezuelans abroad, because besides being insufficient it led to other obstacles that did not allow for more assistance to embassies or consultares. The electoral registry abroad only increased by 7,028 voters, which does not represent even the 0\.5% of the Venezuelans estimated abroad. Nationally by 910,272 new voters were registered, adding to the 20,759,809 existing voters. Voto Joven complained because the consultes did not work on holidays, only worked on office hours without enough time or information, as well as the requirement to ask for a permanent visa to those who live in the countries where the opening was formalized, even though to vote only a laminated identity card is needed. The Observatory also denounced that "The ER of Venezuelans abroad has been in a sort of illegal suspension since 2012, a measure violatory of the current electoral law" and that according to the last report of the CNE on 30 April 2017, the Venezuelans with the right to vote abroad are only 101,595 voters, "a number much lower than the migrants with the right to vote" in comparison to the estimates of between 2 and 4 million Venezuelans living abroad. Even though to vote only a laminated identity card is needed, active passports, original birth certificates, visas, residence letters, and other administrative requirements not covered by law were requested by consulates and embassies, preventing their participation in the elections. ### Agreement of Electoral Guarantees {{Quote box \| quote \= The Agreement of Electoral Guarantees is a scam for the citizen since it covers points already established in the Law and that the CNE has not met \| author \= Beatriz Borges, Peace and Justice Center director \| width \= 30% }} [thumb\|250px\|Red point in Caracas near a polling station in violation of the electoral norm](/wiki/File:2018_Punto_rojo_Venezuela.jpg "2018 Punto rojo Venezuela.jpg") The signing of the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees by three of the original five presidential candidates โ€“ Maduro, Falcรณn, and Bertucci โ€“ was presented by the candidates as an extension of the electoral norms. The agreement included, among other aspects, the move to eliminate pro\-government "red points" controlled by [chavistas](/wiki/Chavismo "Chavismo") โ€“ which after the agreement had to be moved farther away from voting centers โ€“ the call for international observers and the return to voting center locations changed during the Constituent Assembly elections and the [2017 regional elections](/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_regional_elections "2017 Venezuelan regional elections"). The agreement has been questioned and rejected by the NGOs Voto Joven, CEPAZ, and the Global Observatory of Communication and Democracy. On 27 March, the CEPAZ director Beatriz Borges declared that "the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees is a scam for the citizen since it covers initiatives that were already established in the Law and that the CNE has not met". Despite that the presidential candidates Henri Falcรณn, [Javier Bertucci](/wiki/Javier_Bertucci "Javier Bertucci"), and Luis Alejandro Ratti denounced the violation of guarantees provided in the agreement, on 2 May the president of the CNE, [Tibisay Lucena](/wiki/Tibisay_Lucena "Tibisay Lucena"), contradicted the complaints and assured that the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees was "fulfilled in its entirety".{{cite news\|last\=Leรณn\|first\=Ibis\|title\=Lucena contradice a candidatos y asegura que acuerdo de garantรญas se cumple\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/lucena\-contradice\-a\-candidatos\-y\-asegura\-que\-acuerdo\-de\-garantias\-se\-cumple/\|date\=2 May 2018\|work\=Efecto Cocuyo\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111549/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/lucena\-contradice\-a\-candidatos\-y\-asegura\-que\-acuerdo\-de\-garantias\-se\-cumple/\|archive\-date\=3 May 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Vote buying [left\|thumb\|[Carnet de la Patria](/wiki/Carnet_de_la_Patria "Carnet de la Patria")](/wiki/File:Carnet_de_la_Patria.png "Carnet de la Patria.png") Reports of [vote buying](/wiki/Vote_buying "Vote buying") were also prevalent during the presidential campaigning. Venezuelans suffering from hunger were pressured to vote for Maduro, with the government bribing potential supporters with food.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/world/americas/venezuela\-nicolas\-maduro\-sanctions.html\|title\=As Trump Adds Sanctions on Venezuela, Its Neighbors Reject Election Result\|date\=21 May 2018\|work\=\[\[The New York Times]]\|access\-date\=21 May 2018\|issn\=0362\-4331}} Maduro promised rewards for citizens who scanned their *[Carnet de la Patria](/wiki/Carnet_de_la_Patria "Carnet de la Patria")* at "red points" near the voting booth, which would record whether or not they had voted. Voters who scanned their cards would later receive a text message thanking them for supporting Maduro. People familiar with the system and cardholders said that these prizes were never delivered.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special\-report/venezuela\-zte/ \|title\=How ZTE helps Venezuela create China\-style social control \|date\=14 November 2018 \|first\=Angus \|last\=Berwick \|work\=\[\[Reuters]]}} {{Reduced pull quote\|right\|Everyone who has a Carnet de la Patria has to go to vote on 20 May. ... I am thinking of giving a prize to the people of Venezuela who go out to vote that day with the Carnet de la Patria\|President \[\[Nicolรกs Maduro]]\|28 April 2018{{cite news\|title\=Sรบmate denunciรณ complicidad del CNE por compra de votos para reelecciรณn de Maduro\|url\=https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2018/05/17/sumate\-denuncio\-complicidad\-del\-cne\-por\-compra\-de\-votos\-para\-reeleccion\-de\-maduro/\|access\-date\=18 May 2018\|work\=\[\[La Patilla]]\|date\=17 May 2018\|language\=es\-ES}}}}In a visit to [Delta Amacuro](/wiki/Delta_Amacuro "Delta Amacuro"), president and reelection candidate Nicolรกs Maduro gave away eight motor boats, nine ambulances, and reopened the "Antonio Dรญaz" Tucupita Airport, among other announcements, violating Article 223 of the Organic Law of Electoral Processes which forbids the use of state resources during election campaigns, as well as one of the prerogatives in the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees signed by the presidential candidates to the CNE.{{cite news\|title\=Sepa quรฉ le dejรณ Maduro a Delta Amacuro\|url\=https://www.conelmazodando.com.ve/sepa\-que\-le\-dejo\-maduro\-a\-delta\-amacuro\|access\-date\=12 May 2018\|agency\=Con el Mazo Dando\|date\=24 April 2018\|language\=es}}{{cite news\|title\=Gobierno reactivรณ Aeropuerto Nacional de Tucupita\|url\=http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/regiones/gobierno\-reactivo\-aeropuerto\-nacional\-tucupita/\|access\-date\=12 May 2018\|work\=El Mundo\|date\=25 April 2018\|language\=es\|archive\-date\=27 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427151149/http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/regiones/gobierno\-reactivo\-aeropuerto\-nacional\-tucupita/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|title\=Aprobaciรณn de recursos y un breve discurso dio Maduro durante campaรฑa en Delta Amacuro\|url\=http://www.contrapunto.com/noticia/aprobacion\-de\-recursos\-y\-un\-breve\-discurso\-dio\-maduro\-durante\-campana\-en\-delta\-amacuro\-197827/\|access\-date\=12 May 2018\|agency\=Contrapunto\|date\=24 April 2018\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20190210151446/http://www.contrapunto.com/noticia/aprobacion\-de\-recursos\-y\-un\-breve\-discurso\-dio\-maduro\-durante\-campana\-en\-delta\-amacuro\-197827/\|archive\-date\=10 February 2019\|url\-status\=dead}} On 8 May Maduro again violated the electoral law during an electoral act in the [Amazonas state](/wiki/Amazonas_%28Venezuelan_state%29 "Amazonas (Venezuelan state)") by promising to give fuel to the entity in exchange for votes.{{cite news\|title\=Maduro promete ser el "protector" de Amazonas y "golpear" a las mafias de la gasolina\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/maduro\-promete\-ser\-el\-protector\-de\-amazonas\-y\-golpear\-a\-las\-mafias\-de\-la\-gasolina/\|date\=8 May 2018\|work\=Efecto Cocuyo\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508212143/http://efectococuyo.com/principales/maduro\-promete\-ser\-el\-protector\-de\-amazonas\-y\-golpear\-a\-las\-mafias\-de\-la\-gasolina/\|archive\-date\=8 May 2018\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|title\=Maduro prometiรณ casas, gasolina y trabajo para Puerto Ayacucho\|url\=https://elpitazo.com/guayana/maduro\-prometio\-casas\-gasolina\-trabajo\-puerto\-ayacucho/\|access\-date\=12 May 2018\|agency\=El Pitazo\|date\=8 May 2018\|language\=es}}{{Dead link\|date\=June 2020 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}{{cite news\|title\=Pdvsa activa plan especial de suministro de combustible en Amazonas\|url\=http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/economia/pdvsa\-activa\-plan\-especial\-suministro\-combustible\-amazonas/\|access\-date\=12 May 2018\|agency\=รšltimas Noticas\|date\=9 May 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512120541/http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/economia/pdvsa\-activa\-plan\-especial\-suministro\-combustible\-amazonas/\|archive\-date\=12 May 2018\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|title\=Pdvsa reactiva suministro de gasolina tras reclamos a Maduro en Amazonas\|url\=http://elestimulo.com/elinteres/pdvsa\-reactiva\-suministro\-de\-gasolina\-tras\-reclamos\-a\-maduro\-en\-amazonas/\|access\-date\=12 May 2018\|agency\=El Estรญmulo\|date\=9 May 2018\|language\=es}} ### Medical care and voter fraud {{Cite check\|section\|date\=May 2019\|talk\=Cuban doctors and election tampering}} {{One source\|section\|date\=May 2019\|talk\=Cuban doctors and election tampering}} [Mission Barrio Adentro](/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro "Mission Barrio Adentro") was a program established by Chรกvez to bring medical care to poor neighborhoods; it was staffed by Cubans that were sent to Venezuela in exchange for petroleum. *The New York Times* interviewed Cuban medical professionals in 2019 who had worked for *Barrio Adentro* prior to the election; sixteen revealed that they were required to participate in voting fraud.{{cite news \|url\= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/17/world/americas/venezuela\-cuban\-doctors.html \|work\= The New York Times \| title\= 'It is unspeakable': How Maduro used Cuban doctors to coerce Venezuela voters \|date\= 17 March 2019 \|access\-date\= 18 March 2019}} In the [earlier 2013 election](/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election "2013 Venezuelan presidential election"), four of the Cubans said that "command centers" for elections were placed near clinics to facilitate "dispatching doctors to pressure residents". But they also "described a system of deliberate political manipulation"; their services as medical professionals "were wielded to secure votes for the governing Socialist Party, often through coercion", they told *The New York Times*. Facing a shortage of supplies and medicine, they were instructed to withhold treatmentโ€“even for emergenciesโ€“so supplies and treatment could be "doled out closer to the election, part of a national strategy to compel patients to vote for the government". They reported that life\-saving treatment was denied to patients who supported the opposition. As the election neared, they were sent door\-to\-door, on house visits with a political purpose: "to hand out medicine and enlist voters for Venezuela's Socialist Party". Patients were warned that they could lose their medical care if they did not vote for the socialist party, and that, if Maduro lost, ties would be broken with Cuba, and Venezuelans would lose all medical care. Patients with chronic conditions, at risk of death if they couldn't get medicine, were a particular focus of these tactics. One said that government officials were posing as doctors to make these house calls before elections; 'We, the doctors, were asked to give our extra robes to people. The fake doctors were even giving out medicines, without knowing what they were or how to use them," he said.
[ "Controversies and issues\n------------------------", "### National Electoral Council bias", "While nothing in the Venezuelan constitution prevents elections from being called early, the Venezuelan Electoral Observatory noted that the call for elections was disrespecting the tradition of organizing them in December to avoid an extended transition,{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venezuela\\-election\\-1\\.4500416\\|title\\=Venezuelan constitutional assembly orders elections by end of April\\|website\\=The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation\\|quote\\=\"According to Venezuela's constitution, a new six\\-year presidential term must begin in January 2019\\. While elections can be held any time before then, voting typically is held in the final three months of the year to avoid an extended transition.\"}} with exceptions in the year 2000 during [the re\\-legitimization of all public powers by the approval of a new constitution](/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election \"2000 Venezuelan general election\"); [in October 2012](/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election \"2012 Venezuelan presidential election\") for the illness of [Hugo Chรกvez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Hugo Chรกvez\"), and [in April 2013](/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election \"2013 Venezuelan presidential election\") for being an election due to the death of the president, maintaining that \"the decision announced again showed the political bias of the electoral referee, since it included elements that made it difficult to have an election under equal conditions\"{{cite news\\|last\\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\\|first\\=Ronny\\|title\\=Comicios del 20 de mayo no son libres ni imparciales, denuncia el Observatorio Electoral\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/cocuyo\\-electoral/comicios\\-del\\-20\\-de\\-mayo\\-no\\-son\\-libres\\-ni\\-imparciales\\-denuncia\\-el\\-observatorio\\-electoral/\\|date\\=9 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2018\\|work\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510224818/http://efectococuyo.com/cocuyo\\-electoral/comicios\\-del\\-20\\-de\\-mayo\\-no\\-son\\-libres\\-ni\\-imparciales\\-denuncia\\-el\\-observatorio\\-electoral/\\|archive\\-date\\=10 May 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} and that the CNE\" struck a blow to democratic plurality\" by preventing opposition parties from participating in the presidential election. It also stated that since 2016 the electoral justice system administered in the country was \"not impartial\", citing the cases of the indigenous deputies of the [Amazonas state](/wiki/Amazonas_%28Venezuelan_state%29 \"Amazonas (Venezuelan state)\") who were dismissed from their positions for alleged irregularities in their election, which after two years have not been proven, while the fraud allegations made in October 2017 by the candidate to the governorship of [Bolรญvar](/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_%28state%29 \"Bolรญvar (state)\"), [Andrรฉs Velรกsquez](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Vel%C3%A1squez \"Andrรฉs Velรกsquez\"), had yet not been investigated.", "### Electoral Registry", "The Venezuelan Electoral Registry determines the number of people that will vote and in it the voters that must comply with mandatory electoral service in electoral boards are chosen, as well as the regional, municipal and parochial boards for the elections.{{cite news\\|last\\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\\|first\\=Ronny\\|title\\=Las 10 irregularidades de los comicios del \\#20Mayo\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/las\\-10\\-irregularidades\\-de\\-los\\-comicios\\-del\\-20mayo/\\|date\\=24 April 2018\\|work\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425040527/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/las\\-10\\-irregularidades\\-de\\-los\\-comicios\\-del\\-20mayo/\\|archive\\-date\\=25 April 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} While in the [2012 presidential elections](/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election \"2012 Venezuelan presidential election\") the CNE took two months to carry out the data update, migration and inscription of new voters in the Electoral Registry, in the 2018 elections the voters only had ten days between 10 and 20 February according to both the first 22 April and the definitive 20 May electoral schedules, both inside and outside the country, and the audits to the data were shortened from months to a few days.{{cite news\\|last\\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\\|first\\=Ronny\\|title\\=CNE obstaculiza inscripciรณn de venezolanos en Registro Electoral, afirman ONG\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/cne\\-obstaculiza\\-inscripcion\\-de\\-venezolanos\\-en\\-registro\\-electoral\\-afirman\\-ong\\|date\\=15 February 2018\\|work\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611055741/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/observadores\\-electorales\\-detectan\\-11\\-irregularidades\\-en\\-el\\-proceso\\-de\\-municipales/\\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2019\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The Electoral Registry has not been audited since 2005, with no independent observation for over a decade by the date of the election.", "{{Quote box\n\\| quote \\= It is clear that the CNE has done little to encourage the inscription of these new voters in the registry with institutional campaigns, breaking the current electoral law that which obligates it to deploy inscription and update centers in 'sectors of difficult access and/or of highest population concentration' in all the national territory and in any moment of the year\n\\| author \\= Venezuelan Electoral Observatory\n\\| width \\= 30%\n}}", "In 2012 more than 1,300 updates of the Electoral Registry points were deployed on a national scale, but in 2018 less than half were opened, 531\\. The Global Observatory of Communication and Democracy estimated in the report *The Citizen Observation of the Electoral Registry 2017* that at least 1,769,035 young voters were not inscribed in the Electoral Registry by December 2017\\. For the Venezuelan Electoral Observatory, the \"CNE has done little to encourage the inscription of these new voters in the registry with institutional campaigns, breaking the current electoral law that which obligates it to deploy inscription and update centers in 'sectors of difficult access and/or of highest population concentration' in all the national territory and in any moment of the year\" according to Article 33 of the {{interlanguage link\\|Organic Law of Electoral Processes\\|es\\|Ley Orgรกnica de Procesos Electorales}}, and that \"what is needed for the citizen to exercise their right to vote is not being done\".", "On 15 February, President Maduro, without being an electoral authority, announced the extension for five days for the inscription in the electoral registry abroad and informed the opening of the Venezuelan consulate in Miami so that Venezuelans living in the city could make changes and participate. The second opening of the registry happened with the elections date change to 20 May and it was opened from 2 to 10 March. In theory, the registry allowed to update information or inscribe new voters for 24 days abroad the country and 19 in Venezuela, but electoral experts denounced obstacles for the inscription of Venezuelans abroad, because besides being insufficient it led to other obstacles that did not allow for more assistance to embassies or consultares. The electoral registry abroad only increased by 7,028 voters, which does not represent even the 0\\.5% of the Venezuelans estimated abroad. Nationally by 910,272 new voters were registered, adding to the 20,759,809 existing voters. Voto Joven complained because the consultes did not work on holidays, only worked on office hours without enough time or information, as well as the requirement to ask for a permanent visa to those who live in the countries where the opening was formalized, even though to vote only a laminated identity card is needed.", "The Observatory also denounced that \"The ER of Venezuelans abroad has been in a sort of illegal suspension since 2012, a measure violatory of the current electoral law\" and that according to the last report of the CNE on 30 April 2017, the Venezuelans with the right to vote abroad are only 101,595 voters, \"a number much lower than the migrants with the right to vote\" in comparison to the estimates of between 2 and 4 million Venezuelans living abroad. Even though to vote only a laminated identity card is needed, active passports, original birth certificates, visas, residence letters, and other administrative requirements not covered by law were requested by consulates and embassies, preventing their participation in the elections.", "### Agreement of Electoral Guarantees", "{{Quote box\n\\| quote \\= The Agreement of Electoral Guarantees is a scam for the citizen since it covers points already established in the Law and that the CNE has not met\n\\| author \\= Beatriz Borges, Peace and Justice Center director\n\\| width \\= 30%\n}}\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Red point in Caracas near a polling station in violation of the electoral norm](/wiki/File:2018_Punto_rojo_Venezuela.jpg \"2018 Punto rojo Venezuela.jpg\")\nThe signing of the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees by three of the original five presidential candidates โ€“ Maduro, Falcรณn, and Bertucci โ€“ was presented by the candidates as an extension of the electoral norms. The agreement included, among other aspects, the move to eliminate pro\\-government \"red points\" controlled by [chavistas](/wiki/Chavismo \"Chavismo\") โ€“ which after the agreement had to be moved farther away from voting centers โ€“ the call for international observers and the return to voting center locations changed during the Constituent Assembly elections and the [2017 regional elections](/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_regional_elections \"2017 Venezuelan regional elections\"). The agreement has been questioned and rejected by the NGOs Voto Joven, CEPAZ, and the Global Observatory of Communication and Democracy. On 27 March, the CEPAZ director Beatriz Borges declared that \"the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees is a scam for the citizen since it covers initiatives that were already established in the Law and that the CNE has not met\".", "Despite that the presidential candidates Henri Falcรณn, [Javier Bertucci](/wiki/Javier_Bertucci \"Javier Bertucci\"), and Luis Alejandro Ratti denounced the violation of guarantees provided in the agreement, on 2 May the president of the CNE, [Tibisay Lucena](/wiki/Tibisay_Lucena \"Tibisay Lucena\"), contradicted the complaints and assured that the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees was \"fulfilled in its entirety\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Leรณn\\|first\\=Ibis\\|title\\=Lucena contradice a candidatos y asegura que acuerdo de garantรญas se cumple\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/lucena\\-contradice\\-a\\-candidatos\\-y\\-asegura\\-que\\-acuerdo\\-de\\-garantias\\-se\\-cumple/\\|date\\=2 May 2018\\|work\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111549/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/lucena\\-contradice\\-a\\-candidatos\\-y\\-asegura\\-que\\-acuerdo\\-de\\-garantias\\-se\\-cumple/\\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Vote buying", "[left\\|thumb\\|[Carnet de la Patria](/wiki/Carnet_de_la_Patria \"Carnet de la Patria\")](/wiki/File:Carnet_de_la_Patria.png \"Carnet de la Patria.png\")", "Reports of [vote buying](/wiki/Vote_buying \"Vote buying\") were also prevalent during the presidential campaigning. Venezuelans suffering from hunger were pressured to vote for Maduro, with the government bribing potential supporters with food.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/world/americas/venezuela\\-nicolas\\-maduro\\-sanctions.html\\|title\\=As Trump Adds Sanctions on Venezuela, Its Neighbors Reject Election Result\\|date\\=21 May 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]]\\|access\\-date\\=21 May 2018\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}} Maduro promised rewards for citizens who scanned their *[Carnet de la Patria](/wiki/Carnet_de_la_Patria \"Carnet de la Patria\")* at \"red points\" near the voting booth, which would record whether or not they had voted. Voters who scanned their cards would later receive a text message thanking them for supporting Maduro. People familiar with the system and cardholders said that these prizes were never delivered.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special\\-report/venezuela\\-zte/ \\|title\\=How ZTE helps Venezuela create China\\-style social control \\|date\\=14 November 2018 \\|first\\=Angus \\|last\\=Berwick \\|work\\=\\[\\[Reuters]]}} {{Reduced pull quote\\|right\\|Everyone who has a Carnet de la Patria has to go to vote on 20 May. ... I am thinking of giving a prize to the people of Venezuela who go out to vote that day with the Carnet de la Patria\\|President \\[\\[Nicolรกs Maduro]]\\|28 April 2018{{cite news\\|title\\=Sรบmate denunciรณ complicidad del CNE por compra de votos para reelecciรณn de Maduro\\|url\\=https://www.lapatilla.com/site/2018/05/17/sumate\\-denuncio\\-complicidad\\-del\\-cne\\-por\\-compra\\-de\\-votos\\-para\\-reeleccion\\-de\\-maduro/\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[La Patilla]]\\|date\\=17 May 2018\\|language\\=es\\-ES}}}}In a visit to [Delta Amacuro](/wiki/Delta_Amacuro \"Delta Amacuro\"), president and reelection candidate Nicolรกs Maduro gave away eight motor boats, nine ambulances, and reopened the \"Antonio Dรญaz\" Tucupita Airport, among other announcements, violating Article 223 of the Organic Law of Electoral Processes which forbids the use of state resources during election campaigns, as well as one of the prerogatives in the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees signed by the presidential candidates to the CNE.{{cite news\\|title\\=Sepa quรฉ le dejรณ Maduro a Delta Amacuro\\|url\\=https://www.conelmazodando.com.ve/sepa\\-que\\-le\\-dejo\\-maduro\\-a\\-delta\\-amacuro\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2018\\|agency\\=Con el Mazo Dando\\|date\\=24 April 2018\\|language\\=es}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Gobierno reactivรณ Aeropuerto Nacional de Tucupita\\|url\\=http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/regiones/gobierno\\-reactivo\\-aeropuerto\\-nacional\\-tucupita/\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2018\\|work\\=El Mundo\\|date\\=25 April 2018\\|language\\=es\\|archive\\-date\\=27 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427151149/http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/regiones/gobierno\\-reactivo\\-aeropuerto\\-nacional\\-tucupita/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Aprobaciรณn de recursos y un breve discurso dio Maduro durante campaรฑa en Delta Amacuro\\|url\\=http://www.contrapunto.com/noticia/aprobacion\\-de\\-recursos\\-y\\-un\\-breve\\-discurso\\-dio\\-maduro\\-durante\\-campana\\-en\\-delta\\-amacuro\\-197827/\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2018\\|agency\\=Contrapunto\\|date\\=24 April 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20190210151446/http://www.contrapunto.com/noticia/aprobacion\\-de\\-recursos\\-y\\-un\\-breve\\-discurso\\-dio\\-maduro\\-durante\\-campana\\-en\\-delta\\-amacuro\\-197827/\\|archive\\-date\\=10 February 2019\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} On 8 May Maduro again violated the electoral law during an electoral act in the [Amazonas state](/wiki/Amazonas_%28Venezuelan_state%29 \"Amazonas (Venezuelan state)\") by promising to give fuel to the entity in exchange for votes.{{cite news\\|title\\=Maduro promete ser el \"protector\" de Amazonas y \"golpear\" a las mafias de la gasolina\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/maduro\\-promete\\-ser\\-el\\-protector\\-de\\-amazonas\\-y\\-golpear\\-a\\-las\\-mafias\\-de\\-la\\-gasolina/\\|date\\=8 May 2018\\|work\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508212143/http://efectococuyo.com/principales/maduro\\-promete\\-ser\\-el\\-protector\\-de\\-amazonas\\-y\\-golpear\\-a\\-las\\-mafias\\-de\\-la\\-gasolina/\\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Maduro prometiรณ casas, gasolina y trabajo para Puerto Ayacucho\\|url\\=https://elpitazo.com/guayana/maduro\\-prometio\\-casas\\-gasolina\\-trabajo\\-puerto\\-ayacucho/\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2018\\|agency\\=El Pitazo\\|date\\=8 May 2018\\|language\\=es}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=June 2020 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}{{cite news\\|title\\=Pdvsa activa plan especial de suministro de combustible en Amazonas\\|url\\=http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/economia/pdvsa\\-activa\\-plan\\-especial\\-suministro\\-combustible\\-amazonas/\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2018\\|agency\\=รšltimas Noticas\\|date\\=9 May 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512120541/http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/economia/pdvsa\\-activa\\-plan\\-especial\\-suministro\\-combustible\\-amazonas/\\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Pdvsa reactiva suministro de gasolina tras reclamos a Maduro en Amazonas\\|url\\=http://elestimulo.com/elinteres/pdvsa\\-reactiva\\-suministro\\-de\\-gasolina\\-tras\\-reclamos\\-a\\-maduro\\-en\\-amazonas/\\|access\\-date\\=12 May 2018\\|agency\\=El Estรญmulo\\|date\\=9 May 2018\\|language\\=es}}", "### Medical care and voter fraud", "{{Cite check\\|section\\|date\\=May 2019\\|talk\\=Cuban doctors and election tampering}}\n{{One source\\|section\\|date\\=May 2019\\|talk\\=Cuban doctors and election tampering}}\n[Mission Barrio Adentro](/wiki/Mission_Barrio_Adentro \"Mission Barrio Adentro\") was a program established by Chรกvez to bring medical care to poor neighborhoods; it was staffed by Cubans that were sent to Venezuela in exchange for petroleum. *The New York Times* interviewed Cuban medical professionals in 2019 who had worked for *Barrio Adentro* prior to the election; sixteen revealed that they were required to participate in voting fraud.{{cite news \\|url\\= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/17/world/americas/venezuela\\-cuban\\-doctors.html \\|work\\= The New York Times \\| title\\= 'It is unspeakable': How Maduro used Cuban doctors to coerce Venezuela voters \\|date\\= 17 March 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= 18 March 2019}} In the [earlier 2013 election](/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election \"2013 Venezuelan presidential election\"), four of the Cubans said that \"command centers\" for elections were placed near clinics to facilitate \"dispatching doctors to pressure residents\".", "But they also \"described a system of deliberate political manipulation\"; their services as medical professionals \"were wielded to secure votes for the governing Socialist Party, often through coercion\", they told *The New York Times*. Facing a shortage of supplies and medicine, they were instructed to withhold treatmentโ€“even for emergenciesโ€“so supplies and treatment could be \"doled out closer to the election, part of a national strategy to compel patients to vote for the government\". They reported that life\\-saving treatment was denied to patients who supported the opposition. As the election neared, they were sent door\\-to\\-door, on house visits with a political purpose: \"to hand out medicine and enlist voters for Venezuela's Socialist Party\". Patients were warned that they could lose their medical care if they did not vote for the socialist party, and that, if Maduro lost, ties would be broken with Cuba, and Venezuelans would lose all medical care. Patients with chronic conditions, at risk of death if they couldn't get medicine, were a particular focus of these tactics. One said that government officials were posing as doctors to make these house calls before elections; 'We, the doctors, were asked to give our extra robes to people. The fake doctors were even giving out medicines, without knowing what they were or how to use them,\" he said.", "" ]
Conduct ------- The electoral conduct has been described as being fraudulent, with the call for an election by the [pro\-government Constituent National Assembly](/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly "2017 Constituent National Assembly") being declared unconstitutional in the first place, especially when the body moved the election date ahead from December to April.{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation\-world/world/americas/venezuela/article211209854\.html\|title\=Why do so many countries think Maduro will steal Venezuela's presidential election?\|last\=Maria Delgado\|first\=Antonio\|date\=16 May 2018\|work\=\[\[The Miami Herald]]\|access\-date\=17 May 2018}} The [National Electoral Council (CNE)](/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_%28Venezuela%29 "National Electoral Council (Venezuela)"), which is charged with overseeing elections in Venezuela, is also controlled by Maduro sympathizers. The Venezuelan government has also been accused of excluding opposition candidates, handpicking candidates, [voter intimidation](/wiki/Voter_intimidation "Voter intimidation"), [vote buying](/wiki/Vote_buying "Vote buying"), and offering food to those who vote for President Maduro.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\=2456741\&CategoryId\=10717\|title\=Venezuela Political Prisoners Riot as National Guard \& Police Surround Nefarious Prison (VIDEO)\|last\=Camacho\|first\=Carlos\|date\=16 May 2018\|website\=\[\[Latin American Herald Tribune]]\|access\-date\=17 May 2018\|archive\-date\=16 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116184133/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\=2456741\&CategoryId\=10717\|url\-status\=dead}} No recognized electoral observers were reported to be present for the elections. ### Announcement The 1999 Venezuelan constitution establishes that the Electoral Branch, conformed by the National Electoral Council and its subordinate organisms, is responsible for "the organization, administration, direction and surveillance of all the acts related to the election of positions of representation of the branches of government, as well as referendums". Despite this, the Constituent Assembly issued a decree in January 2018 ordering the CNE to organize the presidential elections to be held in April. The Venezuelan Electoral Observatory declared that "the decision announced by the CNE evidences once more the political bias of the electoral arbitrator" and warned that 74 days are insufficient to guarantee the equality and transparency of the elections.{{cite news\|last\=Leรณn\|first\=Ibis\|title\=Estas son las garantรญas electorales que afecta la convocatoria "acelerada" del CNE, segรบn el OEV\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/estas\-son\-las\-garantias\-electorales\-que\-afecta\-la\-convocatoria\-acelerada\-del\-cne\-segun\-el\-oev\|date\=12 February 2018\|access\-date\=14 February 2018\|work\=Efecto Cocuyo\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214222210/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/estas\-son\-las\-garantias\-electorales\-que\-afecta\-la\-convocatoria\-acelerada\-del\-cne\-segun\-el\-oev\|archive\-date\=14 February 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} {{rquote\|align\=right \| quote \= We deeply regret that elections were summoned without a broad agreement of its schedule nor of the conditions for an inclusive and credible electoral process. \| author \= \[\[Federica Mogherini]]{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Arreaza\-Venezuela\-repudia\-energicamente\-declaracion\-de\-Alta\-Representante\-de\-la\-UE\-20180419\-0086\.html\|title\=Arreaza: Venezuela repudia enรฉrgicamente declaraciรณn de Alta Representante de la UE\|website\=Panorama\|language\=es\|access\-date\=2019\-02\-05\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420014703/http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Arreaza\-Venezuela\-repudia\-energicamente\-declaracion\-de\-Alta\-Representante\-de\-la\-UE\-20180419\-0086\.html\|archive\-date\=20 April 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} }} The Observatory pointed out that phases of the process such as the selection of new board members, the choosing of subordinate electoral organisms in public raffles, the deployment of extraordinary journeys of inscription,{{clarify\|date\=May 2018}} the update of the Electoral Registry in a broad span that allows the incorporation of the largest amount of Venezuelans, the maintenance of the voting machines, the appropriate implementation of technical audits that guarantee the proper functioning of the automated voting system, and the organization of quality international missions would all be affected due to the lack of time. The Electoral Citizen Network described as "irregular" the order of the Constituent Assembly to summon presidential elections before 30 April 2018, defining that it was a violation of the constitution and civil rights.{{cite news\|title\=Las seis condiciones necesarias para unas presidenciales justas, segรบn la REC\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/secundarias/las\-seis\-condiciones\-necesarias\-para\-unas\-presidenciales\-justas\-segun\-la\-rec\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|agency\=Efecto Cocuyo\|date\=23 January 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208154050/http://efectococuyo.com/secundarias/las\-seis\-condiciones\-necesarias\-para\-unas\-presidenciales\-justas\-segun\-la\-rec\|archive\-date\=8 February 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} Like the [2017 municipal elections](/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_municipal_elections "2017 Venezuelan municipal elections"), the announcement was made less than six months in advance, the time necessary to facilitate the lapses established in the normal electoral process. [Sรบmate](/wiki/S%C3%BAmate "Sรบmate") and [Voto Joven](/wiki/Voto_Joven "Voto Joven") indicated that this would shorten the terms of the Electoral Registry, generating a "hasty and little transparent process". The Electoral Citizen Network demanded the Electoral Branch the performance of special operatives for the inscription and update of voters in Venezuela and abroad.{{cite news\|last\=Leรณn\|first\=Ibis\|title\=Observadores electorales detectan 11 irregularidades en el proceso de municipales\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/observadores\-electorales\-detectan\-11\-irregularidades\-en\-el\-proceso\-de\-municipales\|date\=9 December 2017\|access\-date\=10 December 2017\|work\=Efecto Cocuyo\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609010802/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/cne\-obstaculiza\-inscripcion\-de\-venezolanos\-en\-registro\-electoral\-afirman\-ong/\|archive\-date\=9 June 2019\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|last1\=Leรณn\|first1\=Rafael\|title\=Adelanto de sufragios acorta plazos de jornadas del RE\|url\=http://www.el\-nacional.com/noticias/politica/adelanto\-sufragios\-acorta\-plazos\-jornadas\-del\_220251\|access\-date\=9 February 2018\|agency\=El Nacional\|date\=25 January 2018}} [Ramรณn Guillermo Aveledo](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Guillermo_Aveledo "Ramรณn Guillermo Aveledo"),ย former executive secretary of the Democratic Unity Roundtable, compared the elections to the [1957 referendum](/wiki/1957_Venezuelan_referendum "1957 Venezuelan referendum") of dictator [Marcos Pรฉrez Jimรฉnez](/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez "Marcos Pรฉrez Jimรฉnez"), noting that Article 82 and the Organic Law for the Public Municipal Branch specifies the prohibition that the elections for municipal positions are carried out along with the national elections, and that the mandate of the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28Venezuela%29 "National Assembly (Venezuela)") ends in 2021, meaning that shortening its period, something not provided in the constitution, or the Venezuelan electoral laws, is "dissolving it", which would be considered "a [coup d'รฉtat](/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "Coup d'รฉtat")" against the Legislative Branch.{{cite news\|last\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\|first\=Ronny\|title\=Aveledo compara megaelecciones de Maduro con plebiscito de 1957\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/aveledo\-compara\-megaelecciones\-de\-maduro\-con\-plebiscito\-de\-1957\|date\=23 February 2018\|access\-date\=28 February 2018\|work\=Efecto Cocuyo\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094255/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/aveledo\-compara\-megaelecciones\-de\-maduro\-con\-plebiscito\-de\-1957\|archive\-date\=27 February 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Electoral schedule Two weeks after the Constituent Assembly ordered the elections and following the failure of the dialogue between the Bolivarian government and the opposition in the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"), the CNE fixed 22 April 2018 as the day of the elections in a press conference, also announcing 15 audits and giving some dates, but without formally disclosing the electoral schedule. After changing the date of the elections to 20 May 2018 on 1 March, the CNE took 13 days to disclose the schedule. The Venezuelan Electoral Observatory and the Global Observatory of Communication and Democracy declared that the CNE has reduced the terms in each of the phases of the electoral schedule for the presidential elections since 2013, and in comparison to the 2006 and 2012 schedules with the 2018 one, the spans of the phases went from having up to three months to only two or three days in fundamental aspects, according to the last announcement of the elections. Both the time allotted for applications toward the Electoral Registry and the electoral campaigns were significantly reduced. To determine the electoral districts, the CNE must comply with the population estimates provided by the state\-run {{interlanguage link\|National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela\|es\|Instituto Nacional de Estadรญstica de Venezuela}}, which in turn requires the approval of the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28Venezuela%29 "National Assembly (Venezuela)") first. This step was omitted and the CNE published the districts for the legislative councils at its own discretion, without disclosing its process and without answering any complaints. On 26 March, the Peace and Justice Center (CEPAZ) denounced how the CNE changed the schedule of the 20 May elections "clandestinely and surreptitiously", what it constituted as "a new irregularity that prevents the adequate information about the electoral offers from being guaranteed and facilitated to the voters", referring to the modification made for the ballot choices by the political parties, electoral groups, indigenous organizations, initiatives carried out on 24 March and for the regional candidates, they were scheduled for 26 March in the 23 regional offices of the CNE. According to the Electoral Branch schedule published on 13 March, the choice on ballot for national organizations would be carried out on 21 March and in the case of the regional ones on 22 March, but each one was postponed between three and four days, prompting CEPAZ to warn that due to the "opaque and quiet modification of the electoral schedule", five days were removed from the production and distribution process of the invalid electoral ballots, "further diminishing the possibility of having voters informed".{{cite news\|last\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\|first\=Ronny\|title\=Cepaz denuncia que el CNE cambia el cronograma electoral 'de forma clandestina'\|url\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/cepaz\-denuncia\-que\-el\-cne\-cambia\-el\-cronograma\-electoral\-de\-forma\-clandestina\|date\=26 March 2018\|work\=Efecto Cocuyo\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023816/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/cepaz\-denuncia\-que\-el\-cne\-cambia\-el\-cronograma\-electoral\-de\-forma\-clandestina\|archive\-date\=27 March 2018\|url\-status\=dead}} The Venezuelan Electoral Observatory stressed in its report about the elections that the process for nominating presidential candidates was only allowed for only three days in 2018, from 26 to 28 February, while the modification and substitution of nominations, "the CNE enabled 118 days on 2012 and only 2 March in 2018 for this occasion". The Observatory also stressed that although the terms were changed to add the legislative councils, this did not mean a further extension of the days because "16 activities were compressed to be carried out in only 17 days, a schedule in which no task lasted more than eight days". The electoral schedule did not include national observers nor international accompaniment, which the CNE accepted until 2015\. After the signature of the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees on 1 March by the political parties [Great Patriotic Pole](/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole "Great Patriotic Pole"), [Movimiento al Socialismo](/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_%28Venezuela%29 "Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)"), [Avanzada Progresista](/wiki/Avanzada_Progresista "Avanzada Progresista"), and [COPEI](/wiki/COPEI "COPEI"), the United Nations was requested to head an electoral mission, but the organization refused to accept the offer, even after receiving a formal invitation and accepting visits from principal candidates or their representatives. ### Campaigning {{Quote box \| quote \= It should be prevented that an official, such as the president, use the communication platform to take advantage of the other candidates. In this election there are several who have propaganda on television, but there is no CNE that limits the number of times that is transmitted daily neither the minutes nor the content \| author \= Francisco Castro, national coordinator of \[\[Sรบmate]] \| width \= 30% }} The presidential and legislative councils campaign started on 22 April and ended on 17 May at midnight, according to the schedule approved by the CNE. However, candidates postulated for the presidency or the reelection carried out activities with the electorate and exposed proposals that will be executed in case of being elected, violating Article 75 of the {{interlanguage link\|Organic Law of Electoral Processes\|es\|Ley Orgรกnica de Procesos Electorales}}. Francisco Castro, national coordinator of Sรบmate, pointed out that the CNE provided only 26 days for the national campaigning, explaining that the term "does not allow candidates to have enough time to promote their ideas and call for participation, so they are forced to anticipate their campaign. By tradition, the process lasts more than 60 days", noting that the CNE began the process only 80 days prior to the election of more than 500 positions, reducing the time of the activities. Equally, he indicated that the CNE does not regulate pre\-campaign activities and stated that as long as there is not an explicit call to vote, then the candidate cannot be sanctioned. Castro explained that the pattern carried out since the government of [Hugo Chรกvez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez "Hugo Chรกvez") is repeated in which electoral campaigns are used to inaugurate works and make promises. He continued by stating that the practice should be prevented, that "an official, such as the president, uses the communication platform to take advantage of the other candidates", saying that during the elections there were several candidates who used propaganda on television, but that the CNE does not limit the number of minutes, the content or the number of times that it is transmitted daily. Ignacio รvalos, director of the Venezuelan Electoral Observatory, and political scientist Luis Salamanca agreed that until now, an electoral environment or government project does not exist, but rather "a struggle to achieve power", stressing that electoral competition was suppressed and that an electoral campaign was designed for the [United Socialist Party of Venezuela](/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela "United Socialist Party of Venezuela")'s own convenience. Salamanca asserted that "Maduro distributes benefits to obtain votes and Falcรณn offers benefits in the future in exchange for votes. Neither has enough weight to mobilize the country electorally". The *[Tal Cual](/wiki/Tal_Cual "Tal Cual")* newspaper published an article describing Maduro's final campaign rally on 17 May as "the greatest demonstration of corruption", criticizing the "shameless" use of state resources, including the use of ministerial staff and publishing audio which revealed that promotion of the final rally was created using the payroll of government offices. *Tal Cual* also published the [PSUV](/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela "United Socialist Party of Venezuela")'s operative plan of the rally, which did not include tasks directed towards PSUV party members but instead assigns responsibilities to the state ministries and other public institutions, including the mobilization of people. The operative plan details that the state\-run oil company [PDVSA](/wiki/PDVSA "PDVSA") installed the main stage, generators, the backing, and the sound systems, that the [Defense Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Venezuela%29 "Ministry of Defense (Venezuela)") was in charge of the fireworks detonations, that the Ministry for Mining Development was responsible for decoration and that other institutions were responsible for the installation of portable bathrooms, visual displays, barriers, awnings, and refreshments. In page six of the PSUV plan it is also written that the people that surrounded the stage from which Maduro was speaking were [militias](/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Militia_of_Venezuela "National Bolivarian Militia of Venezuela") dressed as civilians.{{cite news\|title\=Corrupciรณn total: asรญ se montรณ el cierre de campaรฑa de Nicolรกs Maduro\|url\=http://talcualdigital.com/index.php/2018/05/17/corrupcion\-total\-asi\-se\-monto\-el\-cierre\-de\-campana\-de\-nicolas\-maduro/\|date\=17 May 2018\|access\-date\=18 May 2018\|work\=Tal Cual Digital}}{{cite news\|url\=http://runrun.es/nacional/venezuela\-2/348931/documento\-del\-psuv\-revela\-como\-se\-utilizaron\-los\-ministerios\-para\-el\-cierre\-de\-campana\-de\-maduro.html\|title\=Documento del PSUV revela cรณmo se utilizaron los ministerios para el cierre de campaรฑa de Maduro\|date\=17 May 2018\|access\-date\=18 May 2018\|publisher\=Runrun.es\|agency\=Tal Cual Digital\|language\=es}}
[ "Conduct\n-------", "The electoral conduct has been described as being fraudulent, with the call for an election by the [pro\\-government Constituent National Assembly](/wiki/2017_Constituent_National_Assembly \"2017 Constituent National Assembly\") being declared unconstitutional in the first place, especially when the body moved the election date ahead from December to April.{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation\\-world/world/americas/venezuela/article211209854\\.html\\|title\\=Why do so many countries think Maduro will steal Venezuela's presidential election?\\|last\\=Maria Delgado\\|first\\=Antonio\\|date\\=16 May 2018\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Miami Herald]]\\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2018}} The [National Electoral Council (CNE)](/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_%28Venezuela%29 \"National Electoral Council (Venezuela)\"), which is charged with overseeing elections in Venezuela, is also controlled by Maduro sympathizers. The Venezuelan government has also been accused of excluding opposition candidates, handpicking candidates, [voter intimidation](/wiki/Voter_intimidation \"Voter intimidation\"), [vote buying](/wiki/Vote_buying \"Vote buying\"), and offering food to those who vote for President Maduro.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\\=2456741\\&CategoryId\\=10717\\|title\\=Venezuela Political Prisoners Riot as National Guard \\& Police Surround Nefarious Prison (VIDEO)\\|last\\=Camacho\\|first\\=Carlos\\|date\\=16 May 2018\\|website\\=\\[\\[Latin American Herald Tribune]]\\|access\\-date\\=17 May 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=16 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116184133/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId\\=2456741\\&CategoryId\\=10717\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} No recognized electoral observers were reported to be present for the elections.", "### Announcement", "The 1999 Venezuelan constitution establishes that the Electoral Branch, conformed by the National Electoral Council and its subordinate organisms, is responsible for \"the organization, administration, direction and surveillance of all the acts related to the election of positions of representation of the branches of government, as well as referendums\". Despite this, the Constituent Assembly issued a decree in January 2018 ordering the CNE to organize the presidential elections to be held in April. The Venezuelan Electoral Observatory declared that \"the decision announced by the CNE evidences once more the political bias of the electoral arbitrator\" and warned that 74 days are insufficient to guarantee the equality and transparency of the elections.{{cite news\\|last\\=Leรณn\\|first\\=Ibis\\|title\\=Estas son las garantรญas electorales que afecta la convocatoria \"acelerada\" del CNE, segรบn el OEV\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/estas\\-son\\-las\\-garantias\\-electorales\\-que\\-afecta\\-la\\-convocatoria\\-acelerada\\-del\\-cne\\-segun\\-el\\-oev\\|date\\=12 February 2018\\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2018\\|work\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214222210/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/estas\\-son\\-las\\-garantias\\-electorales\\-que\\-afecta\\-la\\-convocatoria\\-acelerada\\-del\\-cne\\-segun\\-el\\-oev\\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "{{rquote\\|align\\=right\n\\| quote \\= We deeply regret that elections were summoned without a broad agreement of its schedule nor of the conditions for an inclusive and credible electoral process.\n\\| author \\= \\[\\[Federica Mogherini]]{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Arreaza\\-Venezuela\\-repudia\\-energicamente\\-declaracion\\-de\\-Alta\\-Representante\\-de\\-la\\-UE\\-20180419\\-0086\\.html\\|title\\=Arreaza: Venezuela repudia enรฉrgicamente declaraciรณn de Alta Representante de la UE\\|website\\=Panorama\\|language\\=es\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-02\\-05\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420014703/http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Arreaza\\-Venezuela\\-repudia\\-energicamente\\-declaracion\\-de\\-Alta\\-Representante\\-de\\-la\\-UE\\-20180419\\-0086\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n}}", "The Observatory pointed out that phases of the process such as the selection of new board members, the choosing of subordinate electoral organisms in public raffles, the deployment of extraordinary journeys of inscription,{{clarify\\|date\\=May 2018}} the update of the Electoral Registry in a broad span that allows the incorporation of the largest amount of Venezuelans, the maintenance of the voting machines, the appropriate implementation of technical audits that guarantee the proper functioning of the automated voting system, and the organization of quality international missions would all be affected due to the lack of time.", "The Electoral Citizen Network described as \"irregular\" the order of the Constituent Assembly to summon presidential elections before 30 April 2018, defining that it was a violation of the constitution and civil rights.{{cite news\\|title\\=Las seis condiciones necesarias para unas presidenciales justas, segรบn la REC\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/secundarias/las\\-seis\\-condiciones\\-necesarias\\-para\\-unas\\-presidenciales\\-justas\\-segun\\-la\\-rec\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|agency\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|date\\=23 January 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208154050/http://efectococuyo.com/secundarias/las\\-seis\\-condiciones\\-necesarias\\-para\\-unas\\-presidenciales\\-justas\\-segun\\-la\\-rec\\|archive\\-date\\=8 February 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Like the [2017 municipal elections](/wiki/2017_Venezuelan_municipal_elections \"2017 Venezuelan municipal elections\"), the announcement was made less than six months in advance, the time necessary to facilitate the lapses established in the normal electoral process. [Sรบmate](/wiki/S%C3%BAmate \"Sรบmate\") and [Voto Joven](/wiki/Voto_Joven \"Voto Joven\") indicated that this would shorten the terms of the Electoral Registry, generating a \"hasty and little transparent process\". The Electoral Citizen Network demanded the Electoral Branch the performance of special operatives for the inscription and update of voters in Venezuela and abroad.{{cite news\\|last\\=Leรณn\\|first\\=Ibis\\|title\\=Observadores electorales detectan 11 irregularidades en el proceso de municipales\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/observadores\\-electorales\\-detectan\\-11\\-irregularidades\\-en\\-el\\-proceso\\-de\\-municipales\\|date\\=9 December 2017\\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2017\\|work\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609010802/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/cne\\-obstaculiza\\-inscripcion\\-de\\-venezolanos\\-en\\-registro\\-electoral\\-afirman\\-ong/\\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2019\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|last1\\=Leรณn\\|first1\\=Rafael\\|title\\=Adelanto de sufragios acorta plazos de jornadas del RE\\|url\\=http://www.el\\-nacional.com/noticias/politica/adelanto\\-sufragios\\-acorta\\-plazos\\-jornadas\\-del\\_220251\\|access\\-date\\=9 February 2018\\|agency\\=El Nacional\\|date\\=25 January 2018}}", "[Ramรณn Guillermo Aveledo](/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Guillermo_Aveledo \"Ramรณn Guillermo Aveledo\"),ย former executive secretary of the Democratic Unity Roundtable, compared the elections to the [1957 referendum](/wiki/1957_Venezuelan_referendum \"1957 Venezuelan referendum\") of dictator [Marcos Pรฉrez Jimรฉnez](/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez \"Marcos Pรฉrez Jimรฉnez\"), noting that Article 82 and the Organic Law for the Public Municipal Branch specifies the prohibition that the elections for municipal positions are carried out along with the national elections, and that the mandate of the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28Venezuela%29 \"National Assembly (Venezuela)\") ends in 2021, meaning that shortening its period, something not provided in the constitution, or the Venezuelan electoral laws, is \"dissolving it\", which would be considered \"a [coup d'รฉtat](/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat \"Coup d'รฉtat\")\" against the Legislative Branch.{{cite news\\|last\\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\\|first\\=Ronny\\|title\\=Aveledo compara megaelecciones de Maduro con plebiscito de 1957\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/aveledo\\-compara\\-megaelecciones\\-de\\-maduro\\-con\\-plebiscito\\-de\\-1957\\|date\\=23 February 2018\\|access\\-date\\=28 February 2018\\|work\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227094255/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/aveledo\\-compara\\-megaelecciones\\-de\\-maduro\\-con\\-plebiscito\\-de\\-1957\\|archive\\-date\\=27 February 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Electoral schedule", "Two weeks after the Constituent Assembly ordered the elections and following the failure of the dialogue between the Bolivarian government and the opposition in the [Dominican Republic](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\"), the CNE fixed 22 April 2018 as the day of the elections in a press conference, also announcing 15 audits and giving some dates, but without formally disclosing the electoral schedule. After changing the date of the elections to 20 May 2018 on 1 March, the CNE took 13 days to disclose the schedule. The Venezuelan Electoral Observatory and the Global Observatory of Communication and Democracy declared that the CNE has reduced the terms in each of the phases of the electoral schedule for the presidential elections since 2013, and in comparison to the 2006 and 2012 schedules with the 2018 one, the spans of the phases went from having up to three months to only two or three days in fundamental aspects, according to the last announcement of the elections. Both the time allotted for applications toward the Electoral Registry and the electoral campaigns were significantly reduced. To determine the electoral districts, the CNE must comply with the population estimates provided by the state\\-run {{interlanguage link\\|National Institute of Statistics of Venezuela\\|es\\|Instituto Nacional de Estadรญstica de Venezuela}}, which in turn requires the approval of the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_%28Venezuela%29 \"National Assembly (Venezuela)\") first. This step was omitted and the CNE published the districts for the legislative councils at its own discretion, without disclosing its process and without answering any complaints.", "On 26 March, the Peace and Justice Center (CEPAZ) denounced how the CNE changed the schedule of the 20 May elections \"clandestinely and surreptitiously\", what it constituted as \"a new irregularity that prevents the adequate information about the electoral offers from being guaranteed and facilitated to the voters\", referring to the modification made for the ballot choices by the political parties, electoral groups, indigenous organizations, initiatives carried out on 24 March and for the regional candidates, they were scheduled for 26 March in the 23 regional offices of the CNE. According to the Electoral Branch schedule published on 13 March, the choice on ballot for national organizations would be carried out on 21 March and in the case of the regional ones on 22 March, but each one was postponed between three and four days, prompting CEPAZ to warn that due to the \"opaque and quiet modification of the electoral schedule\", five days were removed from the production and distribution process of the invalid electoral ballots, \"further diminishing the possibility of having voters informed\".{{cite news\\|last\\=Rodrรญguez Rosas\\|first\\=Ronny\\|title\\=Cepaz denuncia que el CNE cambia el cronograma electoral 'de forma clandestina'\\|url\\=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/cepaz\\-denuncia\\-que\\-el\\-cne\\-cambia\\-el\\-cronograma\\-electoral\\-de\\-forma\\-clandestina\\|date\\=26 March 2018\\|work\\=Efecto Cocuyo\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023816/http://efectococuyo.com/politica/cepaz\\-denuncia\\-que\\-el\\-cne\\-cambia\\-el\\-cronograma\\-electoral\\-de\\-forma\\-clandestina\\|archive\\-date\\=27 March 2018\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "The Venezuelan Electoral Observatory stressed in its report about the elections that the process for nominating presidential candidates was only allowed for only three days in 2018, from 26 to 28 February, while the modification and substitution of nominations, \"the CNE enabled 118 days on 2012 and only 2 March in 2018 for this occasion\". The Observatory also stressed that although the terms were changed to add the legislative councils, this did not mean a further extension of the days because \"16 activities were compressed to be carried out in only 17 days, a schedule in which no task lasted more than eight days\". The electoral schedule did not include national observers nor international accompaniment, which the CNE accepted until 2015\\. After the signature of the Agreement of Electoral Guarantees on 1 March by the political parties [Great Patriotic Pole](/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole \"Great Patriotic Pole\"), [Movimiento al Socialismo](/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_%28Venezuela%29 \"Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)\"), [Avanzada Progresista](/wiki/Avanzada_Progresista \"Avanzada Progresista\"), and [COPEI](/wiki/COPEI \"COPEI\"), the United Nations was requested to head an electoral mission, but the organization refused to accept the offer, even after receiving a formal invitation and accepting visits from principal candidates or their representatives.", "### Campaigning", "{{Quote box\n\\| quote \\= It should be prevented that an official, such as the president, use the communication platform to take advantage of the other candidates. In this election there are several who have propaganda on television, but there is no CNE that limits the number of times that is transmitted daily neither the minutes nor the content\n\\| author \\= Francisco Castro, national coordinator of \\[\\[Sรบmate]]\n\\| width \\= 30%\n}}\nThe presidential and legislative councils campaign started on 22 April and ended on 17 May at midnight, according to the schedule approved by the CNE. However, candidates postulated for the presidency or the reelection carried out activities with the electorate and exposed proposals that will be executed in case of being elected, violating Article 75 of the {{interlanguage link\\|Organic Law of Electoral Processes\\|es\\|Ley Orgรกnica de Procesos Electorales}}.\nFrancisco Castro, national coordinator of Sรบmate, pointed out that the CNE provided only 26 days for the national campaigning, explaining that the term \"does not allow candidates to have enough time to promote their ideas and call for participation, so they are forced to anticipate their campaign. By tradition, the process lasts more than 60 days\", noting that the CNE began the process only 80 days prior to the election of more than 500 positions, reducing the time of the activities. Equally, he indicated that the CNE does not regulate pre\\-campaign activities and stated that as long as there is not an explicit call to vote, then the candidate cannot be sanctioned. Castro explained that the pattern carried out since the government of [Hugo Chรกvez](/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez \"Hugo Chรกvez\") is repeated in which electoral campaigns are used to inaugurate works and make promises. He continued by stating that the practice should be prevented, that \"an official, such as the president, uses the communication platform to take advantage of the other candidates\", saying that during the elections there were several candidates who used propaganda on television, but that the CNE does not limit the number of minutes, the content or the number of times that it is transmitted daily.", "Ignacio รvalos, director of the Venezuelan Electoral Observatory, and political scientist Luis Salamanca agreed that until now, an electoral environment or government project does not exist, but rather \"a struggle to achieve power\", stressing that electoral competition was suppressed and that an electoral campaign was designed for the [United Socialist Party of Venezuela](/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela \"United Socialist Party of Venezuela\")'s own convenience. Salamanca asserted that \"Maduro distributes benefits to obtain votes and Falcรณn offers benefits in the future in exchange for votes. Neither has enough weight to mobilize the country electorally\".", "The *[Tal Cual](/wiki/Tal_Cual \"Tal Cual\")* newspaper published an article describing Maduro's final campaign rally on 17 May as \"the greatest demonstration of corruption\", criticizing the \"shameless\" use of state resources, including the use of ministerial staff and publishing audio which revealed that promotion of the final rally was created using the payroll of government offices. *Tal Cual* also published the [PSUV](/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela \"United Socialist Party of Venezuela\")'s operative plan of the rally, which did not include tasks directed towards PSUV party members but instead assigns responsibilities to the state ministries and other public institutions, including the mobilization of people. The operative plan details that the state\\-run oil company [PDVSA](/wiki/PDVSA \"PDVSA\") installed the main stage, generators, the backing, and the sound systems, that the [Defense Ministry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Venezuela%29 \"Ministry of Defense (Venezuela)\") was in charge of the fireworks detonations, that the Ministry for Mining Development was responsible for decoration and that other institutions were responsible for the installation of portable bathrooms, visual displays, barriers, awnings, and refreshments. In page six of the PSUV plan it is also written that the people that surrounded the stage from which Maduro was speaking were [militias](/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Militia_of_Venezuela \"National Bolivarian Militia of Venezuela\") dressed as civilians.{{cite news\\|title\\=Corrupciรณn total: asรญ se montรณ el cierre de campaรฑa de Nicolรกs Maduro\\|url\\=http://talcualdigital.com/index.php/2018/05/17/corrupcion\\-total\\-asi\\-se\\-monto\\-el\\-cierre\\-de\\-campana\\-de\\-nicolas\\-maduro/\\|date\\=17 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2018\\|work\\=Tal Cual Digital}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://runrun.es/nacional/venezuela\\-2/348931/documento\\-del\\-psuv\\-revela\\-como\\-se\\-utilizaron\\-los\\-ministerios\\-para\\-el\\-cierre\\-de\\-campana\\-de\\-maduro.html\\|title\\=Documento del PSUV revela cรณmo se utilizaron los ministerios para el cierre de campaรฑa de Maduro\\|date\\=17 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=18 May 2018\\|publisher\\=Runrun.es\\|agency\\=Tal Cual Digital\\|language\\=es}}", "" ]
Biography --------- In 1981, Liliana Garcรญa graduated from the School of Dramatic Art of the {{ill\|Teatro Circular de Montevideo\|es}} โ€“ with subsequent specialization of teaching in performing arts โ€“ and in 1976, from the School of Dramatic Art of the {{ill\|El Galpรณn (theater)\|es\|El Galpรณn (teatro)\|lt\=El Galpรณn Theater Institution}}. Simultaneously, she studied law at the [University of the Republic](/wiki/University_of_the_Republic_%28Uruguay%29 "University of the Republic (Uruguay)"), where she advocated, as a student leader, the conquest of co\-government and the autonomy of the University. She also developed an important presence as a trade union leader in the Uruguayan Society of Actors. Once in Chile, she continued her union work (SIDARTE) and was part of the creation of the Chileactores management company, of which she was a board member for nine years.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.bcn.cl/obtienearchivo?id\=recursoslegales/10221\.3/604/1/HL20243\.pdf \|title\=Historia de la Ley Nยบ 20\.243 \|publisher\=Library of the National Congress of Chile \|page\=43 \|language\=Spanish \|date\=5 February 2008 \|access\-date\=29 November 2017}} Garcรญa conducts workshops and artistic training courses nationally and internationally, with prominent figures such as [Eugenio Barba](/wiki/Eugenio_Barba "Eugenio Barba"), Aderbal Junior, Jose Struch, Patrizia Ariza, Santiago Garcia, {{ill\|Atahualpa del Cioppo\|es}}, and {{ill\|Nelly Goitiรฑo\|es}}. She joined the stable cast of the Teatro Circular de Montevideo from 1977 to 1987\.{{Cite journal \|url\=http://www.letras\-uruguay.espaciolatino.com/circular/historia.htm \|title\=Medio siglo en escena \|trans\-title\=Half a Century on Stage \|last\=Pignataro Calero \|first\=Jorge \|journal\=El Paรญs Cultural \|number\=788 \|language\=Spanish \|date\=10 December 2004 \|access\-date\=29 November 2017}} She has worked with prestigious directors of the Uruguayan scene, including Jรบver Salcedo, {{ill\|Omar Grasso\|es}}, [Hรฉctor Manuel Vidal](/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Manuel_Vidal "Hรฉctor Manuel Vidal"), Santiago Introini, Dervy Vilas, and Jorge Curi. In Uruguay, in 2012, she worked under the direction of Sebastiรกn Barrios. In 1987, the year in which Garcรญa moved to Chile, she continued her theatrical activity (in Chile she has performed in plays under the direction of [Delfina Guzmรกn](/wiki/Delfina_Guzm%C3%A1n "Delfina Guzmรกn"), Pete Brooks, [Liliana Ross](/wiki/Liliana_Ross "Liliana Ross"), Mateo Iribarren, [Cristiรกn Campos](/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n_Campos "Cristiรกn Campos"), and Rodrigo Muรฑoz, among others) and began to develop a prominent television and film career. The latter was born in Uruguay, where she participated in short films of the [Cinemateca Uruguaya](/wiki/Cinemateca_Uruguaya "Cinemateca Uruguaya"), with directors such as Juan Carlos Rodrรญguez Castro. In Chile she appeared in a dozen films, directed by [Raรบl Ruiz](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Ruiz_%28director%29 "Raรบl Ruiz (director)") (France), [Gonzalo Justiniano](/wiki/Gonzalo_Justiniano "Gonzalo Justiniano") (Chile), Esteban Schroeder (Uruguay), {{ill\|Jรถrg Grรผnler\|de}} (Germany), [Sebastiรกn Lelio](/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lelio "Sebastiรกn Lelio") (Chile), and others. In television, she worked on more than 50 fiction productions between 1988 and 2012, on Chilean channels 7, 9, 11, and 13\. In 1989, she recorded the nationally and internationally awarded play *{{ill\|Doรฑa Ramona\|es}}* for an Ibero\-American theatre cycle on [Televisiรณn Espaรฑola](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola "Televisiรณn Espaรฑola") (TVE). Garcรญa has appeared in a score of theatrical titles, many of them with long seasons and international tours, as happened with *Doรฑa Ramona*, directed by Jorge Curi, with seasons in Spain and Argentina. This was also the case with the play *Sangre*, directed by Pete Brooks, which was a month at the [Young Vic](/wiki/Young_Vic "Young Vic") Theater in London; it also toured much of England and Scotland. Since 2002, she has given workshops and seminars as a teacher and as a rapporteur. At the [University of Arts, Sciences, and Communications](/wiki/University_UNIACC "University UNIACC") (UNIACC), she has taught in the fields of Baccalaureate of Cinema and Television, Audiovisual School, and in the School of Theater and Scenic Communication. At the same university, she gave workshops for graduates of different disciplines. Due to her proven and committed career, in 2008 Uruguayan President Tabarรฉ Vรกzquez appointed her honorary cultural attachรฉ of the Uruguayan embassy in Chile, a position she continues to hold. In 2009, the [Official Service of Broadcasting, Television, and Entertainment](/wiki/SODRE "SODRE") (SODRE) honoured her by exhibiting her portrait in the third edition of the photographic exhibition Mujeres Uruguayas 3, which paid tribute to women from Uruguay who have been recognized in very different areas of national work. In October 2014 Garcรญa starred in a Chilean adaptation of the work *El Diccionario*, by Spanish playwright {{ill\|Manuel Calzada Pรฉrez\|es}}, at the [Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral](/wiki/Centro_Cultural_Gabriela_Mistral "Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral") (GAM), directed by the same playwright, who was awarded that year with the [National Dramatic Literature Award](/wiki/National_Dramatic_Literature_Award "National Dramatic Literature Award") of Spain. The play is a kind of dramatized biography of the librarian [Marรญa Moliner](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Moliner "Marรญa Moliner"), author of the *{{ill\|Diccionario de uso del espaรฑol\|es}}*. It had a new run at the GAM in August 2015,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.gam.cl/teatro/el\-diccionario/ \|title\=El diccionario \|publisher\=\[\[Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral]] \|language\=Spanish \|access\-date\=29 November 2017}} after showing at the [Solรญs Theatre](/wiki/Sol%C3%ADs_Theatre "Solรญs Theatre") in Montevideo that April.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.teatrosolis.org.uy/uc\_2676\_1\.html \|title\='El Diccionario', la aplaudida obra sobre Marรญa Moliner \|trans\-title\='El Diccionario', the Celebrated Work About Marรญa Moliner \|publisher\=\[\[Solรญs Theatre]] \|language\=Spanish \|access\-date\=29 November 2017}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "In 1981, Liliana Garcรญa graduated from the School of Dramatic Art of the {{ill\\|Teatro Circular de Montevideo\\|es}} โ€“ with subsequent specialization of teaching in performing arts โ€“ and in 1976, from the School of Dramatic Art of the {{ill\\|El Galpรณn (theater)\\|es\\|El Galpรณn (teatro)\\|lt\\=El Galpรณn Theater Institution}}.", "Simultaneously, she studied law at the [University of the Republic](/wiki/University_of_the_Republic_%28Uruguay%29 \"University of the Republic (Uruguay)\"), where she advocated, as a student leader, the conquest of co\\-government and the autonomy of the University. She also developed an important presence as a trade union leader in the Uruguayan Society of Actors. Once in Chile, she continued her union work (SIDARTE) and was part of the creation of the Chileactores management company, of which she was a board member for nine years.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.bcn.cl/obtienearchivo?id\\=recursoslegales/10221\\.3/604/1/HL20243\\.pdf \\|title\\=Historia de la Ley Nยบ 20\\.243 \\|publisher\\=Library of the National Congress of Chile \\|page\\=43 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|date\\=5 February 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017}}", "Garcรญa conducts workshops and artistic training courses nationally and internationally, with prominent figures such as [Eugenio Barba](/wiki/Eugenio_Barba \"Eugenio Barba\"), Aderbal Junior, Jose Struch, Patrizia Ariza, Santiago Garcia, {{ill\\|Atahualpa del Cioppo\\|es}}, and {{ill\\|Nelly Goitiรฑo\\|es}}.", "She joined the stable cast of the Teatro Circular de Montevideo from 1977 to 1987\\.{{Cite journal \\|url\\=http://www.letras\\-uruguay.espaciolatino.com/circular/historia.htm \\|title\\=Medio siglo en escena \\|trans\\-title\\=Half a Century on Stage \\|last\\=Pignataro Calero \\|first\\=Jorge \\|journal\\=El Paรญs Cultural \\|number\\=788 \\|language\\=Spanish \\|date\\=10 December 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017}}", "She has worked with prestigious directors of the Uruguayan scene, including Jรบver Salcedo, {{ill\\|Omar Grasso\\|es}}, [Hรฉctor Manuel Vidal](/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Manuel_Vidal \"Hรฉctor Manuel Vidal\"), Santiago Introini, Dervy Vilas, and Jorge Curi. In Uruguay, in 2012, she worked under the direction of Sebastiรกn Barrios.", "In 1987, the year in which Garcรญa moved to Chile, she continued her theatrical activity (in Chile she has performed in plays under the direction of [Delfina Guzmรกn](/wiki/Delfina_Guzm%C3%A1n \"Delfina Guzmรกn\"), Pete Brooks, [Liliana Ross](/wiki/Liliana_Ross \"Liliana Ross\"), Mateo Iribarren, [Cristiรกn Campos](/wiki/Cristi%C3%A1n_Campos \"Cristiรกn Campos\"), and Rodrigo Muรฑoz, among others) and began to develop a prominent television and film career. The latter was born in Uruguay, where she participated in short films of the [Cinemateca Uruguaya](/wiki/Cinemateca_Uruguaya \"Cinemateca Uruguaya\"), with directors such as Juan Carlos Rodrรญguez Castro. In Chile she appeared in a dozen films, directed by [Raรบl Ruiz](/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Ruiz_%28director%29 \"Raรบl Ruiz (director)\") (France), [Gonzalo Justiniano](/wiki/Gonzalo_Justiniano \"Gonzalo Justiniano\") (Chile), Esteban Schroeder (Uruguay), {{ill\\|Jรถrg Grรผnler\\|de}} (Germany), [Sebastiรกn Lelio](/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lelio \"Sebastiรกn Lelio\") (Chile), and others. In television, she worked on more than 50 fiction productions between 1988 and 2012, on Chilean channels 7, 9, 11, and 13\\.", "In 1989, she recorded the nationally and internationally awarded play *{{ill\\|Doรฑa Ramona\\|es}}* for an Ibero\\-American theatre cycle on [Televisiรณn Espaรฑola](/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola \"Televisiรณn Espaรฑola\") (TVE).", "Garcรญa has appeared in a score of theatrical titles, many of them with long seasons and international tours, as happened with *Doรฑa Ramona*, directed by Jorge Curi, with seasons in Spain and Argentina. This was also the case with the play *Sangre*, directed by Pete Brooks, which was a month at the [Young Vic](/wiki/Young_Vic \"Young Vic\") Theater in London; it also toured much of England and Scotland.", "Since 2002, she has given workshops and seminars as a teacher and as a rapporteur. At the [University of Arts, Sciences, and Communications](/wiki/University_UNIACC \"University UNIACC\") (UNIACC), she has taught in the fields of Baccalaureate of Cinema and Television, Audiovisual School, and in the School of Theater and Scenic Communication. At the same university, she gave workshops for graduates of different disciplines.", "Due to her proven and committed career, in 2008 Uruguayan President Tabarรฉ Vรกzquez appointed her honorary cultural attachรฉ of the Uruguayan embassy in Chile, a position she continues to hold. In 2009, the [Official Service of Broadcasting, Television, and Entertainment](/wiki/SODRE \"SODRE\") (SODRE) honoured her by exhibiting her portrait in the third edition of the photographic exhibition Mujeres Uruguayas 3, which paid tribute to women from Uruguay who have been recognized in very different areas of national work.", "In October 2014 Garcรญa starred in a Chilean adaptation of the work *El Diccionario*, by Spanish playwright {{ill\\|Manuel Calzada Pรฉrez\\|es}}, at the [Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral](/wiki/Centro_Cultural_Gabriela_Mistral \"Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral\") (GAM), directed by the same playwright, who was awarded that year with the [National Dramatic Literature Award](/wiki/National_Dramatic_Literature_Award \"National Dramatic Literature Award\") of Spain. The play is a kind of dramatized biography of the librarian [Marรญa Moliner](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Moliner \"Marรญa Moliner\"), author of the *{{ill\\|Diccionario de uso del espaรฑol\\|es}}*. It had a new run at the GAM in August 2015,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gam.cl/teatro/el\\-diccionario/ \\|title\\=El diccionario \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral]] \\|language\\=Spanish \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017}} after showing at the [Solรญs Theatre](/wiki/Sol%C3%ADs_Theatre \"Solรญs Theatre\") in Montevideo that April.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.teatrosolis.org.uy/uc\\_2676\\_1\\.html \\|title\\='El Diccionario', la aplaudida obra sobre Marรญa Moliner \\|trans\\-title\\='El Diccionario', the Celebrated Work About Marรญa Moliner \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Solรญs Theatre]] \\|language\\=Spanish \\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2017}}", "" ]
Background ---------- Boquet was born in [Cires\-lรจs\-Mello](/wiki/Cires-l%C3%A8s-Mello "Cires-lรจs-Mello") to Alfred Prudent Boquet and Marie Jenny Brรฉchot (*maiden*). In 1901, he graduated from veterinary school in [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse "Toulouse"), spending the following years (1902\-1910\) as a government veterinary health employee in Algeria. In 1911, he began work as a veterinarian at the [Pasteur Institute](/wiki/Pasteur_Institute "Pasteur Institute") in [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers "Algiers"), afterwards being promoted to *chef de laboratoire* (1913\). From 1919 to 1931, he was laboratory chief ([tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis") services) at the Pasteur Institute in [Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris"), where he later served as head of tuberculosis services from 1931 to 1947\. At the Pasteur Institute in Algiers he participated in development of the "anticlaveleux\-vaccine", a vaccine used for rapid vaccination of millions of sheep in North Africa and Europe. In Algiers with [Lรฉopold Nรจgre](/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_N%C3%A8gre "Lรฉopold Nรจgre") (1879\-1961\), he conducted research on [epizootic lymphangitis](/wiki/Epizootic_lymphangitis "Epizootic lymphangitis"), a disease affecting horses and mules caused by *[Cryptococcus farciminosus](/wiki/Histoplasma "Histoplasma")*. In Paris he performed studies on *[Mycobacterium tuberculosis](/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis "Mycobacterium tuberculosis")*, [pseudo\-tuberculosis](/wiki/Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis "Yersinia pseudotuberculosis") of rodents, the [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague "Bubonic plague") in humans, [ulcerative lymphangitis](/wiki/Equine_Lymphangitis "Equine Lymphangitis"), [paratuberculosis](/wiki/Paratuberculosis "Paratuberculosis") in cattle and [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax "Anthrax"). With Lรฉopold Nรจgre he developed *antigรจne mรฉthylique* ([antigen](/wiki/Antigen "Antigen")\-methyl) for treatment of tuberculosis. He became a member of the [Sociรฉtรฉ de biologie](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_biologie "Sociรฉtรฉ de biologie") in 1919, a chevalier of the [Lรฉgion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur "Lรฉgion d'honneur") in 1923 (officer, 1939\), general secretary of the *Annales de l'Institut Pasteur* in 1928 and a member of the [Acadรฉmie de Mรฉdecine](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_M%C3%A9decine "Acadรฉmie de Mรฉdecine") (veterinary division) in 1947\.
[ "Background\n----------", "Boquet was born in [Cires\\-lรจs\\-Mello](/wiki/Cires-l%C3%A8s-Mello \"Cires-lรจs-Mello\") to Alfred Prudent Boquet and Marie Jenny Brรฉchot (*maiden*).", "In 1901, he graduated from veterinary school in [Toulouse](/wiki/Toulouse \"Toulouse\"), spending the following years (1902\\-1910\\) as a government veterinary health employee in Algeria. In 1911, he began work as a veterinarian at the [Pasteur Institute](/wiki/Pasteur_Institute \"Pasteur Institute\") in [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\"), afterwards being promoted to *chef de laboratoire* (1913\\). From 1919 to 1931, he was laboratory chief ([tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\") services) at the Pasteur Institute in [Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\"), where he later served as head of tuberculosis services from 1931 to 1947\\.", "At the Pasteur Institute in Algiers he participated in development of the \"anticlaveleux\\-vaccine\", a vaccine used for rapid vaccination of millions of sheep in North Africa and Europe. In Algiers with [Lรฉopold Nรจgre](/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_N%C3%A8gre \"Lรฉopold Nรจgre\") (1879\\-1961\\), he conducted research on [epizootic lymphangitis](/wiki/Epizootic_lymphangitis \"Epizootic lymphangitis\"), a disease affecting horses and mules caused by *[Cryptococcus farciminosus](/wiki/Histoplasma \"Histoplasma\")*.", "In Paris he performed studies on *[Mycobacterium tuberculosis](/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis \"Mycobacterium tuberculosis\")*, [pseudo\\-tuberculosis](/wiki/Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis \"Yersinia pseudotuberculosis\") of rodents, the [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague \"Bubonic plague\") in humans, [ulcerative lymphangitis](/wiki/Equine_Lymphangitis \"Equine Lymphangitis\"), [paratuberculosis](/wiki/Paratuberculosis \"Paratuberculosis\") in cattle and [anthrax](/wiki/Anthrax \"Anthrax\"). With Lรฉopold Nรจgre he developed *antigรจne mรฉthylique* ([antigen](/wiki/Antigen \"Antigen\")\\-methyl) for treatment of tuberculosis.", "He became a member of the [Sociรฉtรฉ de biologie](/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_biologie \"Sociรฉtรฉ de biologie\") in 1919, a chevalier of the [Lรฉgion d'honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur \"Lรฉgion d'honneur\") in 1923 (officer, 1939\\), general secretary of the *Annales de l'Institut Pasteur* in 1928 and a member of the [Acadรฉmie de Mรฉdecine](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_de_M%C3%A9decine \"Acadรฉmie de Mรฉdecine\") (veterinary division) in 1947\\.", "" ]
Biography --------- ### Early life and education Gromov was born in the village of [Aksu](/wiki/Aksu%2C_Almaty "Aksu, Almaty") in [Almaty Region](/wiki/Almaty_Region "Almaty Region"). In 1981, he graduated from the [Dulaty University](/wiki/Dulaty_University "Dulaty University") in [Taraz](/wiki/Taraz "Taraz") with a degree in hydraulic engineering, then Almaty Institute of Political Science and Management in 1991 with a degree in political science and Aulie\-Ata University in 2002 with a degree in law.{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=ะ“ั€ะพะผะพะฒ ะกะตั€ะณะตะน ะะธะบะพะปะฐะตะฒะธั‡ โ–ท ะฑะธะพะณั€ะฐั„ะธั, ั„ะพั‚ะพ, ะดะพะปะถะฝะพัั‚ัŒ\|url\=https://kapital.kz/dossier/gromov\-sergej\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=kapital.kz\|language\=ru}} ### Career From 1981, Gromov was the assistant, teacher, and Secretary of the Komsomol Committee of the Dzhambul Irrigation and Drainage and Construction Institute and then from 1983 as Head of Department of the Dzhambul Regional Committee, First Secretary of the Dzhuvalinsky District Committee of the Lenin Communist Youth Union of Kazakhstan. In 1985, he became the Secretary of the Party Committee on State Farm until 1987, when he became the Second Secretary of the Lugovsk District Party Committee. In 1991, Gromov became the Head of the Department of Foreign Economic Relations of AIC Krymskiy (Krasnodar Territory). From 1992, he worked as a General Director for production of the company Agrarian Technologies of Russia in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"). From 1993 to 1998, Gromov was the First Deputy General Director of JSC Altros and General Director of Altros\-Agro (Krasnodar Territory), then from 1996 was the Director of the Representative Office of the firm Soyuz\-Munay in the [Jambyl Region](/wiki/Jambyl_Region "Jambyl Region") and senior investment manager of the firm FESA Int,. In 1998, Gromov was appointed as [ร„kim](/wiki/Akim "Akim") of the [MerkI District](/wiki/Merki_District "Merki District"). In May 2001, he became the First Deputy ร„kim of the [South Kazakhstan Region](/wiki/South_Kazakhstan_Region "South Kazakhstan Region"). From January to June 2003, he served as the Director of the Department of Industry, Trade and Small Business Support for the South Kazakhstan Region until being appointed as the State Inspector of the Organizational Department of the [Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Kazakhstan "Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan"). In April 2004, Gromov became the State Inspector of the Department of Organizational Control Work and Personnel Policy. On 16 February 2007, Gromov became the Head of the Central Office of [Nur Otan](/wiki/Nur_Otan "Nur Otan"). On 4 July 2007, he was elected as a Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan and served the post until November 2008, when he became the Secretary of the party.{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=ะ’ ัะพัั‚ะฐะฒ ะŸะพะปะธั‚ัะพะฒะตั‚ะฐ ะฟะฐั€ั‚ะธะธ "ะัƒั€ ะžั‚ะฐะฝ" ะธะทะฑั€ะฐะฝั‹ 14 ะฝะพะฒั‹ั… ั‡ะปะตะฝะพะฒ\|url\=https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc\_id\=30110387\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=ะ˜ะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธะพะฝะฝะฐั ัะธัั‚ะตะผะฐ ะŸะะ ะะ“ะ ะะค\|language\=ru}}{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2008\-11\-06\|title\=ะ’ ัั‚ั€ัƒะบั‚ัƒั€ะต ะะ”ะŸ "ะัƒั€ ะžั‚ะฐะฝ" ะฟั€ะพะธะทะพัˆะปะธ ะบะฐะดั€ะพะฒั‹ะต ะฟั€ะตะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั โ€“ ะ”. ะšะฐะปะตั‚ะฐะตะฒ\|url\=https://www.zakon.kz/125248\-v\-strukture\-ndp\-nur\-otan\-proizoshli.html\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=zakon.kz\|language\=ru}} In September 2011, Gromov was appointed as a Deputy [Minister of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Kazakhstan%29 "Ministry of Defense (Kazakhstan)"). On 26 August 2013, he was appointed as a member of the [Senate of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan "Senate of Kazakhstan") where he from 14 January 2016 served as a Deputy Chair until being relieved on 12 August 2019\.{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2013\-08\-26\|title\=ะฃะบะฐะทะพะผ ะŸั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะš ะฝะฐะทะฝะฐั‡ะตะฝั‹ ะดะตะฟัƒั‚ะฐั‚ั‹ ะกะตะฝะฐั‚ะฐ ะŸะฐั€ะปะฐะผะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะตัะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะธ ะšะฐะทะฐั…ัั‚ะฐะฝ\|url\=https://www.zakon.kz/4573288\-ukazom\-prezidenta\-rk\-naznacheny.html\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=zakon.kz\|language\=ru}}{{Cite web\|date\=2016\-01\-14\|title\=ะญะบั\-ะฒะพะตะฝะฝั‹ะน ะทะฐะฝัะป ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‰ะธะน ะฟะพัั‚ ะฒ ะกะตะฝะฐั‚ะต ะŸะฐั€ะปะฐะผะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะš\|url\=https://informburo.kz/novosti/eks\-voennyy\-zanyal\-rukovodyashchiy\-post\-v\-senate\-parlamenta\-rk.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=informburo.kz}}{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2019\-08\-12\|title\=New deputies set to join upper chamber of Kazakh Parliament\|url\=http://lenta.inform.kz/en/article/3555757\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=lenta.inform.kz\|language\=ru}} Shortly after on 14 August 2019, Gromov was appointed as a Vice Minister of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan.{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2019\-08\-14\|title\=Sergey Gromov appointed vice minister of ecology, geology and natural resources of Kazakhstan\|url\=http://government.kz/en/hrpolitic/appointments/sergey\-gromov\-naznachen\-vice\-ministrom\-ekologii\-geologii\-i\-prirodnyh\-resursov\-rk\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=government.kz\|language\=en}}
[ "Biography\n---------", "### Early life and education", "Gromov was born in the village of [Aksu](/wiki/Aksu%2C_Almaty \"Aksu, Almaty\") in [Almaty Region](/wiki/Almaty_Region \"Almaty Region\"). In 1981, he graduated from the [Dulaty University](/wiki/Dulaty_University \"Dulaty University\") in [Taraz](/wiki/Taraz \"Taraz\") with a degree in hydraulic engineering, then Almaty Institute of Political Science and Management in 1991 with a degree in political science and Aulie\\-Ata University in 2002 with a degree in law.{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=ะ“ั€ะพะผะพะฒ ะกะตั€ะณะตะน ะะธะบะพะปะฐะตะฒะธั‡ โ–ท ะฑะธะพะณั€ะฐั„ะธั, ั„ะพั‚ะพ, ะดะพะปะถะฝะพัั‚ัŒ\\|url\\=https://kapital.kz/dossier/gromov\\-sergej\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=kapital.kz\\|language\\=ru}}", "### Career", "From 1981, Gromov was the assistant, teacher, and Secretary of the Komsomol Committee of the Dzhambul Irrigation and Drainage and Construction Institute and then from 1983 as Head of Department of the Dzhambul Regional Committee, First Secretary of the Dzhuvalinsky District Committee of the Lenin Communist Youth Union of Kazakhstan. In 1985, he became the Secretary of the Party Committee on State Farm until 1987, when he became the Second Secretary of the Lugovsk District Party Committee.", "In 1991, Gromov became the Head of the Department of Foreign Economic Relations of AIC Krymskiy (Krasnodar Territory). From 1992, he worked as a General Director for production of the company Agrarian Technologies of Russia in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"). From 1993 to 1998, Gromov was the First Deputy General Director of JSC Altros and General Director of Altros\\-Agro (Krasnodar Territory), then from 1996 was the Director of the Representative Office of the firm Soyuz\\-Munay in the [Jambyl Region](/wiki/Jambyl_Region \"Jambyl Region\") and senior investment manager of the firm FESA Int,.", "In 1998, Gromov was appointed as [ร„kim](/wiki/Akim \"Akim\") of the [MerkI District](/wiki/Merki_District \"Merki District\"). In May 2001, he became the First Deputy ร„kim of the [South Kazakhstan Region](/wiki/South_Kazakhstan_Region \"South Kazakhstan Region\").", "From January to June 2003, he served as the Director of the Department of Industry, Trade and Small Business Support for the South Kazakhstan Region until being appointed as the State Inspector of the Organizational Department of the [Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Kazakhstan \"Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan\"). In April 2004, Gromov became the State Inspector of the Department of Organizational Control Work and Personnel Policy.", "On 16 February 2007, Gromov became the Head of the Central Office of [Nur Otan](/wiki/Nur_Otan \"Nur Otan\"). On 4 July 2007, he was elected as a Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan and served the post until November 2008, when he became the Secretary of the party.{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=ะ’ ัะพัั‚ะฐะฒ ะŸะพะปะธั‚ัะพะฒะตั‚ะฐ ะฟะฐั€ั‚ะธะธ \"ะัƒั€ ะžั‚ะฐะฝ\" ะธะทะฑั€ะฐะฝั‹ 14 ะฝะพะฒั‹ั… ั‡ะปะตะฝะพะฒ\\|url\\=https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc\\_id\\=30110387\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=ะ˜ะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธะพะฝะฝะฐั ัะธัั‚ะตะผะฐ ะŸะะ ะะ“ะ ะะค\\|language\\=ru}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-06\\|title\\=ะ’ ัั‚ั€ัƒะบั‚ัƒั€ะต ะะ”ะŸ \"ะัƒั€ ะžั‚ะฐะฝ\" ะฟั€ะพะธะทะพัˆะปะธ ะบะฐะดั€ะพะฒั‹ะต ะฟั€ะตะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั โ€“ ะ”. ะšะฐะปะตั‚ะฐะตะฒ\\|url\\=https://www.zakon.kz/125248\\-v\\-strukture\\-ndp\\-nur\\-otan\\-proizoshli.html\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=zakon.kz\\|language\\=ru}} In September 2011, Gromov was appointed as a Deputy [Minister of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Kazakhstan%29 \"Ministry of Defense (Kazakhstan)\").", "On 26 August 2013, he was appointed as a member of the [Senate of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan \"Senate of Kazakhstan\") where he from 14 January 2016 served as a Deputy Chair until being relieved on 12 August 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-26\\|title\\=ะฃะบะฐะทะพะผ ะŸั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะš ะฝะฐะทะฝะฐั‡ะตะฝั‹ ะดะตะฟัƒั‚ะฐั‚ั‹ ะกะตะฝะฐั‚ะฐ ะŸะฐั€ะปะฐะผะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะตัะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะธ ะšะฐะทะฐั…ัั‚ะฐะฝ\\|url\\=https://www.zakon.kz/4573288\\-ukazom\\-prezidenta\\-rk\\-naznacheny.html\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=zakon.kz\\|language\\=ru}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-14\\|title\\=ะญะบั\\-ะฒะพะตะฝะฝั‹ะน ะทะฐะฝัะป ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‰ะธะน ะฟะพัั‚ ะฒ ะกะตะฝะฐั‚ะต ะŸะฐั€ะปะฐะผะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะš\\|url\\=https://informburo.kz/novosti/eks\\-voennyy\\-zanyal\\-rukovodyashchiy\\-post\\-v\\-senate\\-parlamenta\\-rk.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=informburo.kz}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-12\\|title\\=New deputies set to join upper chamber of Kazakh Parliament\\|url\\=http://lenta.inform.kz/en/article/3555757\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=lenta.inform.kz\\|language\\=ru}} Shortly after on 14 August 2019, Gromov was appointed as a Vice Minister of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan.{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-14\\|title\\=Sergey Gromov appointed vice minister of ecology, geology and natural resources of Kazakhstan\\|url\\=http://government.kz/en/hrpolitic/appointments/sergey\\-gromov\\-naznachen\\-vice\\-ministrom\\-ekologii\\-geologii\\-i\\-prirodnyh\\-resursov\\-rk\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=government.kz\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
### Career From 1981, Gromov was the assistant, teacher, and Secretary of the Komsomol Committee of the Dzhambul Irrigation and Drainage and Construction Institute and then from 1983 as Head of Department of the Dzhambul Regional Committee, First Secretary of the Dzhuvalinsky District Committee of the Lenin Communist Youth Union of Kazakhstan. In 1985, he became the Secretary of the Party Committee on State Farm until 1987, when he became the Second Secretary of the Lugovsk District Party Committee. In 1991, Gromov became the Head of the Department of Foreign Economic Relations of AIC Krymskiy (Krasnodar Territory). From 1992, he worked as a General Director for production of the company Agrarian Technologies of Russia in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow "Moscow"). From 1993 to 1998, Gromov was the First Deputy General Director of JSC Altros and General Director of Altros\-Agro (Krasnodar Territory), then from 1996 was the Director of the Representative Office of the firm Soyuz\-Munay in the [Jambyl Region](/wiki/Jambyl_Region "Jambyl Region") and senior investment manager of the firm FESA Int,. In 1998, Gromov was appointed as [ร„kim](/wiki/Akim "Akim") of the [MerkI District](/wiki/Merki_District "Merki District"). In May 2001, he became the First Deputy ร„kim of the [South Kazakhstan Region](/wiki/South_Kazakhstan_Region "South Kazakhstan Region"). From January to June 2003, he served as the Director of the Department of Industry, Trade and Small Business Support for the South Kazakhstan Region until being appointed as the State Inspector of the Organizational Department of the [Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Kazakhstan "Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan"). In April 2004, Gromov became the State Inspector of the Department of Organizational Control Work and Personnel Policy. On 16 February 2007, Gromov became the Head of the Central Office of [Nur Otan](/wiki/Nur_Otan "Nur Otan"). On 4 July 2007, he was elected as a Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan and served the post until November 2008, when he became the Secretary of the party.{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=ะ’ ัะพัั‚ะฐะฒ ะŸะพะปะธั‚ัะพะฒะตั‚ะฐ ะฟะฐั€ั‚ะธะธ "ะัƒั€ ะžั‚ะฐะฝ" ะธะทะฑั€ะฐะฝั‹ 14 ะฝะพะฒั‹ั… ั‡ะปะตะฝะพะฒ\|url\=https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc\_id\=30110387\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=ะ˜ะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธะพะฝะฝะฐั ัะธัั‚ะตะผะฐ ะŸะะ ะะ“ะ ะะค\|language\=ru}}{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2008\-11\-06\|title\=ะ’ ัั‚ั€ัƒะบั‚ัƒั€ะต ะะ”ะŸ "ะัƒั€ ะžั‚ะฐะฝ" ะฟั€ะพะธะทะพัˆะปะธ ะบะฐะดั€ะพะฒั‹ะต ะฟั€ะตะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั โ€“ ะ”. ะšะฐะปะตั‚ะฐะตะฒ\|url\=https://www.zakon.kz/125248\-v\-strukture\-ndp\-nur\-otan\-proizoshli.html\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=zakon.kz\|language\=ru}} In September 2011, Gromov was appointed as a Deputy [Minister of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Kazakhstan%29 "Ministry of Defense (Kazakhstan)"). On 26 August 2013, he was appointed as a member of the [Senate of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan "Senate of Kazakhstan") where he from 14 January 2016 served as a Deputy Chair until being relieved on 12 August 2019\.{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2013\-08\-26\|title\=ะฃะบะฐะทะพะผ ะŸั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะš ะฝะฐะทะฝะฐั‡ะตะฝั‹ ะดะตะฟัƒั‚ะฐั‚ั‹ ะกะตะฝะฐั‚ะฐ ะŸะฐั€ะปะฐะผะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะตัะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะธ ะšะฐะทะฐั…ัั‚ะฐะฝ\|url\=https://www.zakon.kz/4573288\-ukazom\-prezidenta\-rk\-naznacheny.html\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=zakon.kz\|language\=ru}}{{Cite web\|date\=2016\-01\-14\|title\=ะญะบั\-ะฒะพะตะฝะฝั‹ะน ะทะฐะฝัะป ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‰ะธะน ะฟะพัั‚ ะฒ ะกะตะฝะฐั‚ะต ะŸะฐั€ะปะฐะผะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะš\|url\=https://informburo.kz/novosti/eks\-voennyy\-zanyal\-rukovodyashchiy\-post\-v\-senate\-parlamenta\-rk.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=informburo.kz}}{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2019\-08\-12\|title\=New deputies set to join upper chamber of Kazakh Parliament\|url\=http://lenta.inform.kz/en/article/3555757\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=lenta.inform.kz\|language\=ru}} Shortly after on 14 August 2019, Gromov was appointed as a Vice Minister of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan.{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=2019\-08\-14\|title\=Sergey Gromov appointed vice minister of ecology, geology and natural resources of Kazakhstan\|url\=http://government.kz/en/hrpolitic/appointments/sergey\-gromov\-naznachen\-vice\-ministrom\-ekologii\-geologii\-i\-prirodnyh\-resursov\-rk\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-08\|website\=government.kz\|language\=en}}
[ "### Career", "From 1981, Gromov was the assistant, teacher, and Secretary of the Komsomol Committee of the Dzhambul Irrigation and Drainage and Construction Institute and then from 1983 as Head of Department of the Dzhambul Regional Committee, First Secretary of the Dzhuvalinsky District Committee of the Lenin Communist Youth Union of Kazakhstan. In 1985, he became the Secretary of the Party Committee on State Farm until 1987, when he became the Second Secretary of the Lugovsk District Party Committee.", "In 1991, Gromov became the Head of the Department of Foreign Economic Relations of AIC Krymskiy (Krasnodar Territory). From 1992, he worked as a General Director for production of the company Agrarian Technologies of Russia in [Moscow](/wiki/Moscow \"Moscow\"). From 1993 to 1998, Gromov was the First Deputy General Director of JSC Altros and General Director of Altros\\-Agro (Krasnodar Territory), then from 1996 was the Director of the Representative Office of the firm Soyuz\\-Munay in the [Jambyl Region](/wiki/Jambyl_Region \"Jambyl Region\") and senior investment manager of the firm FESA Int,.", "In 1998, Gromov was appointed as [ร„kim](/wiki/Akim \"Akim\") of the [MerkI District](/wiki/Merki_District \"Merki District\"). In May 2001, he became the First Deputy ร„kim of the [South Kazakhstan Region](/wiki/South_Kazakhstan_Region \"South Kazakhstan Region\").", "From January to June 2003, he served as the Director of the Department of Industry, Trade and Small Business Support for the South Kazakhstan Region until being appointed as the State Inspector of the Organizational Department of the [Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Kazakhstan \"Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan\"). In April 2004, Gromov became the State Inspector of the Department of Organizational Control Work and Personnel Policy.", "On 16 February 2007, Gromov became the Head of the Central Office of [Nur Otan](/wiki/Nur_Otan \"Nur Otan\"). On 4 July 2007, he was elected as a Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan and served the post until November 2008, when he became the Secretary of the party.{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=ะ’ ัะพัั‚ะฐะฒ ะŸะพะปะธั‚ัะพะฒะตั‚ะฐ ะฟะฐั€ั‚ะธะธ \"ะัƒั€ ะžั‚ะฐะฝ\" ะธะทะฑั€ะฐะฝั‹ 14 ะฝะพะฒั‹ั… ั‡ะปะตะฝะพะฒ\\|url\\=https://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc\\_id\\=30110387\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=ะ˜ะฝั„ะพั€ะผะฐั†ะธะพะฝะฝะฐั ัะธัั‚ะตะผะฐ ะŸะะ ะะ“ะ ะะค\\|language\\=ru}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2008\\-11\\-06\\|title\\=ะ’ ัั‚ั€ัƒะบั‚ัƒั€ะต ะะ”ะŸ \"ะัƒั€ ะžั‚ะฐะฝ\" ะฟั€ะพะธะทะพัˆะปะธ ะบะฐะดั€ะพะฒั‹ะต ะฟั€ะตะพะฑั€ะฐะทะพะฒะฐะฝะธั โ€“ ะ”. ะšะฐะปะตั‚ะฐะตะฒ\\|url\\=https://www.zakon.kz/125248\\-v\\-strukture\\-ndp\\-nur\\-otan\\-proizoshli.html\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=zakon.kz\\|language\\=ru}} In September 2011, Gromov was appointed as a Deputy [Minister of Defense](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_%28Kazakhstan%29 \"Ministry of Defense (Kazakhstan)\").", "On 26 August 2013, he was appointed as a member of the [Senate of Kazakhstan](/wiki/Senate_of_Kazakhstan \"Senate of Kazakhstan\") where he from 14 January 2016 served as a Deputy Chair until being relieved on 12 August 2019\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-26\\|title\\=ะฃะบะฐะทะพะผ ะŸั€ะตะทะธะดะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะš ะฝะฐะทะฝะฐั‡ะตะฝั‹ ะดะตะฟัƒั‚ะฐั‚ั‹ ะกะตะฝะฐั‚ะฐ ะŸะฐั€ะปะฐะผะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะตัะฟัƒะฑะปะธะบะธ ะšะฐะทะฐั…ัั‚ะฐะฝ\\|url\\=https://www.zakon.kz/4573288\\-ukazom\\-prezidenta\\-rk\\-naznacheny.html\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=zakon.kz\\|language\\=ru}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2016\\-01\\-14\\|title\\=ะญะบั\\-ะฒะพะตะฝะฝั‹ะน ะทะฐะฝัะป ั€ัƒะบะพะฒะพะดัั‰ะธะน ะฟะพัั‚ ะฒ ะกะตะฝะฐั‚ะต ะŸะฐั€ะปะฐะผะตะฝั‚ะฐ ะ ะš\\|url\\=https://informburo.kz/novosti/eks\\-voennyy\\-zanyal\\-rukovodyashchiy\\-post\\-v\\-senate\\-parlamenta\\-rk.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=informburo.kz}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-12\\|title\\=New deputies set to join upper chamber of Kazakh Parliament\\|url\\=http://lenta.inform.kz/en/article/3555757\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=lenta.inform.kz\\|language\\=ru}} Shortly after on 14 August 2019, Gromov was appointed as a Vice Minister of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources of Kazakhstan.{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-14\\|title\\=Sergey Gromov appointed vice minister of ecology, geology and natural resources of Kazakhstan\\|url\\=http://government.kz/en/hrpolitic/appointments/sergey\\-gromov\\-naznachen\\-vice\\-ministrom\\-ekologii\\-geologii\\-i\\-prirodnyh\\-resursov\\-rk\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-08\\|website\\=government.kz\\|language\\=en}}", "" ]
Designs ------- Many impact printers, such as the [daisywheel printer](/wiki/Daisywheel_printer "Daisywheel printer") and [dot matrix printer](/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer "Dot matrix printer"), used a print head that printed a character then moved on until an entire line was printed. Line printers were much faster,{{cite book \|page\=10 \|title\=Cobol Programming \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?isbn\=0074603183 \|isbn\=0074603183 \|author1\=M. K. Roy \|author2\=Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar \|date\=1989}} as each impact printed an entire line. There have been five principal designs: * Drum printers * Chain (train) printers * Bar printers * Comb printers * Wheel printers Because all of these printing methods were noisy, line printers of all designs were enclosed in [sound\-absorbing cases](/wiki/Acoustic_hood "Acoustic hood") of varying sophistication. ### Timing\-sensitive designs Several designs of printers have similar characteristics. #### Drum printer [right\|thumb\|Drum Printer](/wiki/Image:Drum-printer.jpg "Drum-printer.jpg") [right\|thumb\|Typical print of a drum printer, showing the characteristic vertical misalignment of characters due to slight hammer timing errors (mainframe; about 1965\)](/wiki/Image:TypefaceDrumPrinter1966.jpg "TypefaceDrumPrinter1966.jpg") [right\|thumb\|Fragment of line printer drum showing "**%**" characters.](/wiki/Image:Drukarka_wierszowa_beben.jpg "Drukarka wierszowa beben.jpg") In a typical **drum printer** design, a fixed font character set is engraved onto the periphery of a number of print wheels, the number matching the number of columns (letters in a line) the printer can print. The wheels, joined to form a large drum (cylinder), spin at high speed. Paper and an inked ribbon are stepped (moved) past the print position. As the desired character for each column passes the print position, a hammer strikes the paper from the rear and presses the paper against the ribbon and the drum, causing the desired character to be recorded on the continuous paper. Because the drum carrying the letterforms (characters) remains in constant motion, the strike\-and\-retreat action of the hammers has to be very fast. Typically, they are driven by [voice coils](/wiki/Voice_coil "Voice coil") mounted on the moving part of the hammer. Large mechanical and electric stresses occur when the line to be printed requires firing all of the hammers simultaneously. With simple type layouts, this happens when the line consists of a single character repeated in all columns, such as a line of dashes ("\-\-\-\-...\-\-\-") To avoid this problem, some printers use a staggered arrangement, with the characters in each column rotated around the drum by a different amount. Then simultaneous firing occurs only if the printed line matches the character layout on the drum, which should not happen in normal text. Lower\-cost printers do not use a hammer for each column. Instead, a hammer is provided for every other column, and the entire hammer bank is arranged to shift left and right, driven by an additional voice coil. For this style of printer, two complete revolutions of the character drum are required to print each line, with one revolution being used to print all the "odd" columns and another revolution being used to print all of the "even" columns. This requires only half (plus one) the number of hammers, magnets, and the associated channels of drive electronics. At least one low\-cost printer, made by [CDC](/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation "Control Data Corporation"), achieves the same end by moving the paper laterally while keeping the hammer bank at rest. [Dataproducts](/wiki/Dataproducts "Dataproducts") was a typical vendor of drum printers, often selling similar models with both a full set of hammers (delivering, for example, 600 lines\-per\-minute of output) and a half set of hammers (delivering 300 LPM).{{cite web \|title\=Model 2230 Line Printer \|type\=Brochure \|publisher\=Dataproducts \|url\=http://www.bitsavers.trailing\-edge.com/pdf/dataProducts/brochures/DataProductsLinePrinter2230\.pdf}} #### Printers with horizontally moving print elements ##### Chain printer **Chain printers** place the type on a horizontally\-moving circular chain. As with the drum printer, as the correct character passes by each column, a hammer is fired from behind the paper. Compared to drum printers, chain printers have the advantage that the type chain can usually be changed by the operator. A further advantage is that vertical registration of characters in a line is much improved over drum printers, which need extremely precise hammer timing to achieve a reasonably straight line of print. By selecting chains that have a smaller character set (for example, just numbers and a few punctuation marks), the printer can print much faster than if the chain contains the entire upper\- and lower\-case alphabet, numbers, and all special symbols. This is because, with many more instances of the numbers appearing in the chain, the time spent waiting for the correct character to "pass by" is greatly reduced. Common letters and symbols appear more often on the chain, according to the [frequency analysis](/wiki/Frequency_analysis "Frequency analysis") of the likely input. IBM was probably the best\-known chain printer manufacturer, and the [IBM 1403](/wiki/IBM_1403 "IBM 1403") is probably the most famous example of a chain printer. ##### Train printer **Train printers** place the type on a horizontally\-moving circular train of print [slugs](/wiki/Slug_%28typesetting%29 "Slug (typesetting)"). with multiple characters per slug, on a track, The technology is almost identical to print chains. ##### Band printer [right\|thumb\|Fragment of printer band, sitting on test printout for the characters (top) and hammer flight times (bottom)](/wiki/Image:Printer_band.jpg "Printer band.jpg") **Band printers** are a variation of chain printers in which a thin steel band is used instead of a chain, with the characters embossed or etched onto the band. Again, a selection of different bands are generally available with a different mix of characters so a character set best matched to the characters commonly printed can be chosen. [Dataproducts](/wiki/Dataproducts "Dataproducts") was a well known manufacturer of band printers, with their B300, B600, and B1000 range, the model number representing the lines per minute rate of the printer.{{cite web \|title\=Dataproducts (300/600 LPM) Line Printers Maintenance Guide \|date\=October 1984 \|edition\=2nd \|id\=741\-0432 \|publisher\=Wang Labs \|url\=https://www.wang2200\.org/docs/fiche/742\-0432\.MNL.2273LinePrinterMaintenance.85\-07\-19\.pdf }} {{cite web \|title\=Dataproducts Band Printers \|date\=1997 \|publisher\=Dataproducts Corporation \|url\=http://www.dpc.com/market/band\_dir.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/19970711163132/http://www.dpc.com/market/band\_dir.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=1997\-07\-11 }} (The B300 is effectively a B600 with only half the number of hammersโ€”one per two character positions. The hammer bank moves back and forth one character position, increasing the average number of band movements required for each line.) ##### Bar printer **Bar printers** were similar to chain printers but were slower and less expensive. Rather than a chain moving continuously in one direction, the characters were on fingers mounted on a bar that moved left\-to\-right and then right\-to\-left in front of the paper. An example was the [IBM 1443](/wiki/IBM_1443 "IBM 1443"). ##### Common characteristics In all four designs, timing of the hammers (the so\-called "flight time") was critical, and was adjustable as part of the servicing of the printer. For drum printers, incorrect timing of the hammer resulted in printed lines that wandered vertically, albeit with characters correctly aligned horizontally in their columns. For train and bar printers, incorrect timing of the hammers resulted in characters shifting horizontally, printed closer or farther from the next character, or blurred on one side, albeit on vertically\-level printed lines. The vertical misalignment of drum printers is more noticeable and annoying to human vision (see the sample pictured in this article). Most drum, chain, and bar printers were capable of printing up to 132 columns, but a few designs could only print 80 columns and some other designs as many as 160 columns. ### Comb printer **Comb printers**, also called [line matrix printers](/wiki/Line_matrix_printer "Line matrix printer"), printed a matrix of dots instead of individual characters in the same way as single\-character dot matrix printers, but using a comb of hammers to print a portion of an entire row of pixels at one time (for example, every eighth pixel). By oscillating the comb or "print shuttle" left and right a short distance, the entire pixel row could be printed (continuing the example, in eight cycles). The paper then advanced and the next pixel row was printed. Because far less print head motion was involved than in a conventional dot matrix printer, these printers were much faster, and competitive in speed with formed\-character line printers without being restricted to a set of available characters, thus being able to print dot\-matrix graphics and variable\-sized characters. [Printronix](/wiki/Printronix "Printronix") and [TallyGenicom](/wiki/TallyGenicom "TallyGenicom") are well\-known vendors of comb printers. In 2009, TallyGenicom was acquired by Printronix. ### Wheel printers In 1949 IBM introduced the [IBM 407](/wiki/IBM_407 "IBM 407") Accounting Machine with a wheel print mechanism that could print 150 alphanumeric lines a minute. Each of the 120 print positions had its own type wheel which rotated under electromechanical control. Once all were in position, print hammers struck the wheels against a ribbon and the paper. The 407 or its wheel line printer mechanism was attached to a variety of early IBM computers, including the [IBM 650](/wiki/IBM_650 "IBM 650"), most members of the [IBM 700/7000 series](/wiki/IBM_700/7000_series "IBM 700/7000 series") and the [IBM 1130](/wiki/IBM_1130 "IBM 1130"), the last introduced in 1965\.
[ "Designs\n-------", "Many impact printers, such as the [daisywheel printer](/wiki/Daisywheel_printer \"Daisywheel printer\") and [dot matrix printer](/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer \"Dot matrix printer\"), used a print head that printed a character then moved on until an entire line was printed. Line printers were much faster,{{cite book \\|page\\=10 \\|title\\=Cobol Programming\n\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?isbn\\=0074603183 \\|isbn\\=0074603183\n\\|author1\\=M. K. Roy \\|author2\\=Debabrata Ghosh Dastidar\n\\|date\\=1989}} as each impact printed an entire line.", "There have been five principal designs:\n* Drum printers\n* Chain (train) printers\n* Bar printers\n* Comb printers\n* Wheel printers", "Because all of these printing methods were noisy, line printers of all designs were enclosed in [sound\\-absorbing cases](/wiki/Acoustic_hood \"Acoustic hood\") of varying sophistication.", "### Timing\\-sensitive designs", "Several designs of printers have similar characteristics.", "#### Drum printer", "[right\\|thumb\\|Drum Printer](/wiki/Image:Drum-printer.jpg \"Drum-printer.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|Typical print of a drum printer, showing the characteristic vertical misalignment of characters due to slight hammer timing errors (mainframe; about 1965\\)](/wiki/Image:TypefaceDrumPrinter1966.jpg \"TypefaceDrumPrinter1966.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|Fragment of line printer drum \nshowing \"**%**\" characters.](/wiki/Image:Drukarka_wierszowa_beben.jpg \"Drukarka wierszowa beben.jpg\")\nIn a typical **drum printer** design, a fixed font character set is engraved onto the periphery of a number of print wheels, the number matching the number of columns (letters in a line) the printer can print. The wheels, joined to form a large drum (cylinder), spin at high speed. Paper and an inked ribbon are stepped (moved) past the print position. As the desired character for each column passes the print position, a hammer strikes the paper from the rear and presses the paper against the ribbon and the drum, causing the desired character to be recorded on the continuous paper. Because the drum carrying the letterforms (characters) remains in constant motion, the strike\\-and\\-retreat action of the hammers has to be very fast. Typically, they are driven by [voice coils](/wiki/Voice_coil \"Voice coil\") mounted on the moving part of the hammer.", "Large mechanical and electric stresses occur when the line to be printed requires firing all of the hammers simultaneously. With simple type layouts, this happens when the line consists of a single character repeated in all columns, such as a line of dashes (\"\\-\\-\\-\\-...\\-\\-\\-\") To avoid this problem, some printers use a staggered arrangement, with the characters in each column rotated around the drum by a different amount. Then simultaneous firing occurs only if the printed line matches the character layout on the drum, which should not happen in normal text.", "Lower\\-cost printers do not use a hammer for each column. Instead, a hammer is provided for every other column, and the entire hammer bank is arranged to shift left and right, driven by an additional voice coil. For this style of printer, two complete revolutions of the character drum are required to print each line, with one revolution being used to print all the \"odd\" columns and another revolution being used to print all of the \"even\" columns. This requires only half (plus one) the number of hammers, magnets, and the associated channels of drive electronics.", "At least one low\\-cost printer, made by [CDC](/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation \"Control Data Corporation\"), achieves the same end by moving the paper laterally while keeping the hammer bank at rest.", "[Dataproducts](/wiki/Dataproducts \"Dataproducts\") was a typical vendor of drum printers, often selling similar models with both a full set of hammers (delivering, for example, 600 lines\\-per\\-minute of output) and a half set of hammers (delivering 300 LPM).{{cite web \\|title\\=Model 2230 Line Printer \\|type\\=Brochure \\|publisher\\=Dataproducts \\|url\\=http://www.bitsavers.trailing\\-edge.com/pdf/dataProducts/brochures/DataProductsLinePrinter2230\\.pdf}}", "#### Printers with horizontally moving print elements", "##### Chain printer", "**Chain printers** place the type on a horizontally\\-moving circular chain. As with the drum printer, as the correct character passes by each column, a hammer is fired from behind the paper. Compared to drum printers, chain printers have the advantage that the type chain can usually be changed by the operator. A further advantage is that vertical registration of characters in a line is much improved over drum printers, which need extremely precise hammer timing to achieve a reasonably straight line of print. By selecting chains that have a smaller character set (for example, just numbers and a few punctuation marks), the printer can print much faster than if the chain contains the entire upper\\- and lower\\-case alphabet, numbers, and all special symbols. This is because, with many more instances of the numbers appearing in the chain, the time spent waiting for the correct character to \"pass by\" is greatly reduced. Common letters and symbols appear more often on the chain, according to the [frequency analysis](/wiki/Frequency_analysis \"Frequency analysis\") of the likely input. IBM was probably the best\\-known chain printer manufacturer, and the [IBM 1403](/wiki/IBM_1403 \"IBM 1403\") is probably the most famous example of a chain printer.", "##### Train printer", "**Train printers** place the type on a horizontally\\-moving circular train of print [slugs](/wiki/Slug_%28typesetting%29 \"Slug (typesetting)\"). with multiple characters per slug, on a track, The technology is almost identical to print chains.", "##### Band printer", "[right\\|thumb\\|Fragment of printer band, sitting on test printout for the characters (top) and hammer flight times (bottom)](/wiki/Image:Printer_band.jpg \"Printer band.jpg\")", "**Band printers** are a variation of chain printers in which a thin steel band is used instead of a chain, with the characters embossed or etched onto the band. Again, a selection of different bands are generally available with a different mix of characters so a character set best matched to the characters commonly printed can be chosen. [Dataproducts](/wiki/Dataproducts \"Dataproducts\") was a well known manufacturer of band printers, with their B300, B600, and B1000 range, the model number representing the lines per minute rate of the printer.{{cite web \\|title\\=Dataproducts (300/600 LPM) Line Printers Maintenance Guide \\|date\\=October 1984 \\|edition\\=2nd \\|id\\=741\\-0432 \\|publisher\\=Wang Labs \\|url\\=https://www.wang2200\\.org/docs/fiche/742\\-0432\\.MNL.2273LinePrinterMaintenance.85\\-07\\-19\\.pdf }} \n{{cite web \\|title\\=Dataproducts Band Printers \\|date\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=Dataproducts Corporation \\|url\\=http://www.dpc.com/market/band\\_dir.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/19970711163132/http://www.dpc.com/market/band\\_dir.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=1997\\-07\\-11 }} (The B300 is effectively a B600 with only half the number of hammersโ€”one per two character positions. The hammer bank moves back and forth one character position, increasing the average number of band movements required for each line.)", "##### Bar printer", "**Bar printers** were similar to chain printers but were slower and less expensive. Rather than a chain moving continuously in one direction, the characters were on fingers mounted on a bar that moved left\\-to\\-right and then right\\-to\\-left in front of the paper. An example was the [IBM 1443](/wiki/IBM_1443 \"IBM 1443\").", "##### Common characteristics", "In all four designs, timing of the hammers (the so\\-called \"flight time\") was critical, and was adjustable as part of the servicing of the printer. For drum printers, incorrect timing of the hammer resulted in printed lines that wandered vertically, albeit with characters correctly aligned horizontally in their columns. For train and bar printers, incorrect timing of the hammers resulted in characters shifting horizontally, printed closer or farther from the next character, or blurred on one side, albeit on vertically\\-level printed lines. The vertical misalignment of drum printers is more noticeable and annoying to human vision (see the sample pictured in this article).", "Most drum, chain, and bar printers were capable of printing up to 132 columns, but a few designs could only print 80 columns and some other designs as many as 160 columns.", "### Comb printer", "**Comb printers**, also called [line matrix printers](/wiki/Line_matrix_printer \"Line matrix printer\"), printed a matrix of dots instead of individual characters in the same way as single\\-character dot matrix printers, but using a comb of hammers to print a portion of an entire row of pixels at one time (for example, every eighth pixel). By oscillating the comb or \"print shuttle\" left and right a short distance, the entire pixel row could be printed (continuing the example, in eight cycles). The paper then advanced and the next pixel row was printed. Because far less print head motion was involved than in a conventional dot matrix printer, these printers were much faster, and competitive in speed with formed\\-character line printers without being restricted to a set of available characters, thus being able to print dot\\-matrix graphics and variable\\-sized characters.", "[Printronix](/wiki/Printronix \"Printronix\") and [TallyGenicom](/wiki/TallyGenicom \"TallyGenicom\") are well\\-known vendors of comb printers. In 2009, TallyGenicom was acquired by Printronix.", "### Wheel printers", "In 1949 IBM introduced the [IBM 407](/wiki/IBM_407 \"IBM 407\") Accounting Machine with a wheel print mechanism that could print 150 alphanumeric lines a minute. Each of the 120 print positions had its own type wheel which rotated under electromechanical control. Once all were in position, print hammers struck the wheels against a ribbon and the paper. The 407 or its wheel line printer mechanism was attached to a variety of early IBM computers, including the [IBM 650](/wiki/IBM_650 \"IBM 650\"), most members of the [IBM 700/7000 series](/wiki/IBM_700/7000_series \"IBM 700/7000 series\") and the [IBM 1130](/wiki/IBM_1130 \"IBM 1130\"), the last introduced in 1965\\.", "" ]
### Timing\-sensitive designs Several designs of printers have similar characteristics. #### Drum printer [right\|thumb\|Drum Printer](/wiki/Image:Drum-printer.jpg "Drum-printer.jpg") [right\|thumb\|Typical print of a drum printer, showing the characteristic vertical misalignment of characters due to slight hammer timing errors (mainframe; about 1965\)](/wiki/Image:TypefaceDrumPrinter1966.jpg "TypefaceDrumPrinter1966.jpg") [right\|thumb\|Fragment of line printer drum showing "**%**" characters.](/wiki/Image:Drukarka_wierszowa_beben.jpg "Drukarka wierszowa beben.jpg") In a typical **drum printer** design, a fixed font character set is engraved onto the periphery of a number of print wheels, the number matching the number of columns (letters in a line) the printer can print. The wheels, joined to form a large drum (cylinder), spin at high speed. Paper and an inked ribbon are stepped (moved) past the print position. As the desired character for each column passes the print position, a hammer strikes the paper from the rear and presses the paper against the ribbon and the drum, causing the desired character to be recorded on the continuous paper. Because the drum carrying the letterforms (characters) remains in constant motion, the strike\-and\-retreat action of the hammers has to be very fast. Typically, they are driven by [voice coils](/wiki/Voice_coil "Voice coil") mounted on the moving part of the hammer. Large mechanical and electric stresses occur when the line to be printed requires firing all of the hammers simultaneously. With simple type layouts, this happens when the line consists of a single character repeated in all columns, such as a line of dashes ("\-\-\-\-...\-\-\-") To avoid this problem, some printers use a staggered arrangement, with the characters in each column rotated around the drum by a different amount. Then simultaneous firing occurs only if the printed line matches the character layout on the drum, which should not happen in normal text. Lower\-cost printers do not use a hammer for each column. Instead, a hammer is provided for every other column, and the entire hammer bank is arranged to shift left and right, driven by an additional voice coil. For this style of printer, two complete revolutions of the character drum are required to print each line, with one revolution being used to print all the "odd" columns and another revolution being used to print all of the "even" columns. This requires only half (plus one) the number of hammers, magnets, and the associated channels of drive electronics. At least one low\-cost printer, made by [CDC](/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation "Control Data Corporation"), achieves the same end by moving the paper laterally while keeping the hammer bank at rest. [Dataproducts](/wiki/Dataproducts "Dataproducts") was a typical vendor of drum printers, often selling similar models with both a full set of hammers (delivering, for example, 600 lines\-per\-minute of output) and a half set of hammers (delivering 300 LPM).{{cite web \|title\=Model 2230 Line Printer \|type\=Brochure \|publisher\=Dataproducts \|url\=http://www.bitsavers.trailing\-edge.com/pdf/dataProducts/brochures/DataProductsLinePrinter2230\.pdf}} #### Printers with horizontally moving print elements ##### Chain printer **Chain printers** place the type on a horizontally\-moving circular chain. As with the drum printer, as the correct character passes by each column, a hammer is fired from behind the paper. Compared to drum printers, chain printers have the advantage that the type chain can usually be changed by the operator. A further advantage is that vertical registration of characters in a line is much improved over drum printers, which need extremely precise hammer timing to achieve a reasonably straight line of print. By selecting chains that have a smaller character set (for example, just numbers and a few punctuation marks), the printer can print much faster than if the chain contains the entire upper\- and lower\-case alphabet, numbers, and all special symbols. This is because, with many more instances of the numbers appearing in the chain, the time spent waiting for the correct character to "pass by" is greatly reduced. Common letters and symbols appear more often on the chain, according to the [frequency analysis](/wiki/Frequency_analysis "Frequency analysis") of the likely input. IBM was probably the best\-known chain printer manufacturer, and the [IBM 1403](/wiki/IBM_1403 "IBM 1403") is probably the most famous example of a chain printer. ##### Train printer **Train printers** place the type on a horizontally\-moving circular train of print [slugs](/wiki/Slug_%28typesetting%29 "Slug (typesetting)"). with multiple characters per slug, on a track, The technology is almost identical to print chains. ##### Band printer [right\|thumb\|Fragment of printer band, sitting on test printout for the characters (top) and hammer flight times (bottom)](/wiki/Image:Printer_band.jpg "Printer band.jpg") **Band printers** are a variation of chain printers in which a thin steel band is used instead of a chain, with the characters embossed or etched onto the band. Again, a selection of different bands are generally available with a different mix of characters so a character set best matched to the characters commonly printed can be chosen. [Dataproducts](/wiki/Dataproducts "Dataproducts") was a well known manufacturer of band printers, with their B300, B600, and B1000 range, the model number representing the lines per minute rate of the printer.{{cite web \|title\=Dataproducts (300/600 LPM) Line Printers Maintenance Guide \|date\=October 1984 \|edition\=2nd \|id\=741\-0432 \|publisher\=Wang Labs \|url\=https://www.wang2200\.org/docs/fiche/742\-0432\.MNL.2273LinePrinterMaintenance.85\-07\-19\.pdf }} {{cite web \|title\=Dataproducts Band Printers \|date\=1997 \|publisher\=Dataproducts Corporation \|url\=http://www.dpc.com/market/band\_dir.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/19970711163132/http://www.dpc.com/market/band\_dir.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=1997\-07\-11 }} (The B300 is effectively a B600 with only half the number of hammersโ€”one per two character positions. The hammer bank moves back and forth one character position, increasing the average number of band movements required for each line.) ##### Bar printer **Bar printers** were similar to chain printers but were slower and less expensive. Rather than a chain moving continuously in one direction, the characters were on fingers mounted on a bar that moved left\-to\-right and then right\-to\-left in front of the paper. An example was the [IBM 1443](/wiki/IBM_1443 "IBM 1443"). ##### Common characteristics In all four designs, timing of the hammers (the so\-called "flight time") was critical, and was adjustable as part of the servicing of the printer. For drum printers, incorrect timing of the hammer resulted in printed lines that wandered vertically, albeit with characters correctly aligned horizontally in their columns. For train and bar printers, incorrect timing of the hammers resulted in characters shifting horizontally, printed closer or farther from the next character, or blurred on one side, albeit on vertically\-level printed lines. The vertical misalignment of drum printers is more noticeable and annoying to human vision (see the sample pictured in this article). Most drum, chain, and bar printers were capable of printing up to 132 columns, but a few designs could only print 80 columns and some other designs as many as 160 columns.
[ "### Timing\\-sensitive designs", "Several designs of printers have similar characteristics.", "#### Drum printer", "[right\\|thumb\\|Drum Printer](/wiki/Image:Drum-printer.jpg \"Drum-printer.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|Typical print of a drum printer, showing the characteristic vertical misalignment of characters due to slight hammer timing errors (mainframe; about 1965\\)](/wiki/Image:TypefaceDrumPrinter1966.jpg \"TypefaceDrumPrinter1966.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|Fragment of line printer drum \nshowing \"**%**\" characters.](/wiki/Image:Drukarka_wierszowa_beben.jpg \"Drukarka wierszowa beben.jpg\")\nIn a typical **drum printer** design, a fixed font character set is engraved onto the periphery of a number of print wheels, the number matching the number of columns (letters in a line) the printer can print. The wheels, joined to form a large drum (cylinder), spin at high speed. Paper and an inked ribbon are stepped (moved) past the print position. As the desired character for each column passes the print position, a hammer strikes the paper from the rear and presses the paper against the ribbon and the drum, causing the desired character to be recorded on the continuous paper. Because the drum carrying the letterforms (characters) remains in constant motion, the strike\\-and\\-retreat action of the hammers has to be very fast. Typically, they are driven by [voice coils](/wiki/Voice_coil \"Voice coil\") mounted on the moving part of the hammer.", "Large mechanical and electric stresses occur when the line to be printed requires firing all of the hammers simultaneously. With simple type layouts, this happens when the line consists of a single character repeated in all columns, such as a line of dashes (\"\\-\\-\\-\\-...\\-\\-\\-\") To avoid this problem, some printers use a staggered arrangement, with the characters in each column rotated around the drum by a different amount. Then simultaneous firing occurs only if the printed line matches the character layout on the drum, which should not happen in normal text.", "Lower\\-cost printers do not use a hammer for each column. Instead, a hammer is provided for every other column, and the entire hammer bank is arranged to shift left and right, driven by an additional voice coil. For this style of printer, two complete revolutions of the character drum are required to print each line, with one revolution being used to print all the \"odd\" columns and another revolution being used to print all of the \"even\" columns. This requires only half (plus one) the number of hammers, magnets, and the associated channels of drive electronics.", "At least one low\\-cost printer, made by [CDC](/wiki/Control_Data_Corporation \"Control Data Corporation\"), achieves the same end by moving the paper laterally while keeping the hammer bank at rest.", "[Dataproducts](/wiki/Dataproducts \"Dataproducts\") was a typical vendor of drum printers, often selling similar models with both a full set of hammers (delivering, for example, 600 lines\\-per\\-minute of output) and a half set of hammers (delivering 300 LPM).{{cite web \\|title\\=Model 2230 Line Printer \\|type\\=Brochure \\|publisher\\=Dataproducts \\|url\\=http://www.bitsavers.trailing\\-edge.com/pdf/dataProducts/brochures/DataProductsLinePrinter2230\\.pdf}}", "#### Printers with horizontally moving print elements", "##### Chain printer", "**Chain printers** place the type on a horizontally\\-moving circular chain. As with the drum printer, as the correct character passes by each column, a hammer is fired from behind the paper. Compared to drum printers, chain printers have the advantage that the type chain can usually be changed by the operator. A further advantage is that vertical registration of characters in a line is much improved over drum printers, which need extremely precise hammer timing to achieve a reasonably straight line of print. By selecting chains that have a smaller character set (for example, just numbers and a few punctuation marks), the printer can print much faster than if the chain contains the entire upper\\- and lower\\-case alphabet, numbers, and all special symbols. This is because, with many more instances of the numbers appearing in the chain, the time spent waiting for the correct character to \"pass by\" is greatly reduced. Common letters and symbols appear more often on the chain, according to the [frequency analysis](/wiki/Frequency_analysis \"Frequency analysis\") of the likely input. IBM was probably the best\\-known chain printer manufacturer, and the [IBM 1403](/wiki/IBM_1403 \"IBM 1403\") is probably the most famous example of a chain printer.", "##### Train printer", "**Train printers** place the type on a horizontally\\-moving circular train of print [slugs](/wiki/Slug_%28typesetting%29 \"Slug (typesetting)\"). with multiple characters per slug, on a track, The technology is almost identical to print chains.", "##### Band printer", "[right\\|thumb\\|Fragment of printer band, sitting on test printout for the characters (top) and hammer flight times (bottom)](/wiki/Image:Printer_band.jpg \"Printer band.jpg\")", "**Band printers** are a variation of chain printers in which a thin steel band is used instead of a chain, with the characters embossed or etched onto the band. Again, a selection of different bands are generally available with a different mix of characters so a character set best matched to the characters commonly printed can be chosen. [Dataproducts](/wiki/Dataproducts \"Dataproducts\") was a well known manufacturer of band printers, with their B300, B600, and B1000 range, the model number representing the lines per minute rate of the printer.{{cite web \\|title\\=Dataproducts (300/600 LPM) Line Printers Maintenance Guide \\|date\\=October 1984 \\|edition\\=2nd \\|id\\=741\\-0432 \\|publisher\\=Wang Labs \\|url\\=https://www.wang2200\\.org/docs/fiche/742\\-0432\\.MNL.2273LinePrinterMaintenance.85\\-07\\-19\\.pdf }} \n{{cite web \\|title\\=Dataproducts Band Printers \\|date\\=1997 \\|publisher\\=Dataproducts Corporation \\|url\\=http://www.dpc.com/market/band\\_dir.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/19970711163132/http://www.dpc.com/market/band\\_dir.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=1997\\-07\\-11 }} (The B300 is effectively a B600 with only half the number of hammersโ€”one per two character positions. The hammer bank moves back and forth one character position, increasing the average number of band movements required for each line.)", "##### Bar printer", "**Bar printers** were similar to chain printers but were slower and less expensive. Rather than a chain moving continuously in one direction, the characters were on fingers mounted on a bar that moved left\\-to\\-right and then right\\-to\\-left in front of the paper. An example was the [IBM 1443](/wiki/IBM_1443 \"IBM 1443\").", "##### Common characteristics", "In all four designs, timing of the hammers (the so\\-called \"flight time\") was critical, and was adjustable as part of the servicing of the printer. For drum printers, incorrect timing of the hammer resulted in printed lines that wandered vertically, albeit with characters correctly aligned horizontally in their columns. For train and bar printers, incorrect timing of the hammers resulted in characters shifting horizontally, printed closer or farther from the next character, or blurred on one side, albeit on vertically\\-level printed lines. The vertical misalignment of drum printers is more noticeable and annoying to human vision (see the sample pictured in this article).", "Most drum, chain, and bar printers were capable of printing up to 132 columns, but a few designs could only print 80 columns and some other designs as many as 160 columns.", "" ]
History ------- ### Phoenician period {{Multiple image \| align \= \| direction \= vertical \| total\_width \= 230 \| image1 \= PhoenicianTerracottaFuneraryMask Tyre 7cBCE NationalMuseumOfBeirut RomanDeckert04102019\.jpg \| alt1 \= \| caption1 \= \| image2 \= NMBStelaPhoenicianNecropolis.jpg \| caption2 \= \| footer \= Phoenician terracotta funerary mask (7th c. BCE) and stela from El\-Buss at the National Museum of Beirut }} The al\-Buss site dates back at least three thousand years. A [Phoenician](/wiki/Phoenicia "Phoenicia") [cremation](/wiki/Cremation "Cremation") [cemetery](/wiki/Cemetery "Cemetery") from the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age "Iron Age") was uncovered in an area of some 500 square meters in the southeastern corner of the Palestinian refugee camp, the first discovery of its kind{{Cite book\|title\=A visit to the Museum... The short guide of the National Museum of Beirut, Lebanon\|publisher\=Ministry of Culture/Directorate General of Antiquities\|year\=2008\|isbn\=978\-9953\-0\-0038\-1\|location\=Beirut\|pages\=37, 39, 49, 73, 75}} and with about 320 excavated [urns](/wiki/Urn "Urn") the most densely occupied Phoenician cemetery known in the [Levant](/wiki/Levant "Levant"). El Buss was the principal graveyard for the [maritime merchant\-republic](/wiki/Maritime_republics "Maritime republics") [city\-state](/wiki/City-state "City-state") of Tyre in its most expansive and prosperous era for almost four hundred years. It thus offers unique windows into the Phoenician past:{{Cite journal\|last1\=Aubet\|first1\=Maria Eugenia\|last2\=Nรบรฑez\|first2\=Francisco J.\|last3\=Trellisรณ\|first3\=Laura\|date\=2016\|title\=Excavations in Tyre 1997โ€“2015\. Results and Perspectives\|url\=https://www.academia.edu/33311369\|journal\=Berytus\|volume\=LVI\|pages\=3โ€“14\|via\=Academia.edu}} The cemetery was established at the end of the tenth century BCE on what was then a sea\-beach at the edge of the coast opposite of what was then the [island](/wiki/Island "Island") city of Tyre. The beach originally also bordered the southern edge of an ancient creek delta. The landscape shifted though over the centuries and millennia. Hence, the creek bay turned into a [lagoon](/wiki/Lagoon "Lagoon"), separated from the sea by a sand bar: > "*[Paleobotanical](/wiki/Paleobotany "Paleobotany") and [faunal](/wiki/Fauna "Fauna") analyses of the sand sediment in the area show that the creek became a lake during the ninth and eighth centuries B.C.E.*"{{Cite journal\|last\=Aubet\|first\=Marรญa Eugenia\|date\=2010\|title\=The Phoenician cemetery of Tyre\|url\=https://www.academia.edu/4961725\|format\=PDF\|journal\=Near Eastern Archaeology\|volume\=73:2โ€“3\|issue\=2โ€“3\|pages\=144โ€“155\|doi\=10\.1086/NEA25754043\|s2cid\=165488907\|via\=academia.edu}} The most common type of [burial](/wiki/Burial "Burial") in this necropolis was made up of twin\-urns with the remains of the same individual \- one containing the [ashes](/wiki/Ash "Ash") and the other the [bones](/wiki/Bone "Bone") mixed personal possessions, as well as two [jugs](/wiki/Jug "Jug") and a [bowl](/wiki/Bowl "Bowl") for drinking. About a fifth of the discovered urns with bone remains contained a [scarab](/wiki/Scarab_%28artifact%29 "Scarab (artifact)")\-[amulet](/wiki/Amulet "Amulet"). The researchers, led by [Professor](/wiki/Professor "Professor") [Marรญa Eugenia Aubet](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Eugenia_Aubet "Marรญa Eugenia Aubet") from the [Pompeu Fabra University](/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra_University "Pompeu Fabra University") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"), also excavated a few [stelae](/wiki/Stele "Stele") which bore [inscriptions](/wiki/Epigraphy "Epigraphy") and [human](/wiki/Human "Human") [masks](/wiki/Mask "Mask") [sculpted](/wiki/Sculpture "Sculpture") from [terracotta](/wiki/Terracotta "Terracotta"). Some of them are considered to be [masterpieces](/wiki/Masterpiece "Masterpiece") and on display at the [National Museum of Beirut](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Beirut "National Museum of Beirut"). Altogether, one has to imagine a beach with such personalised [gravestones](/wiki/Headstone "Headstone") sticking out of the sand, with a view on the fortified island city. Aubet concludes: > *"The structure of the cemetery at Tyre is in some ways reminiscent of the European urnfields, in which apparently little formal differentiation according to the sex, age, and content of the burials can be seen, although their structure in fact conceals genuine social [asymmetries](/wiki/Asymmetry "Asymmetry"). \[..] Rather than an '[egalitarian](/wiki/Egalitarianism "Egalitarianism")' society for Tyre, we should probably speak of an egalitarian [ideology](/wiki/Ideology "Ideology"), appropriate to a wholly urban and sophisticated society, characterized by the relative [simplicity](/wiki/Simplicity "Simplicity") and lack of [ostentation](/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption "Conspicuous consumption") of its funeral customs. A communal ideology that concealed differences of wealth and power is evident. \[..] with only limited evidence of social stratification, such a conclusion should be regarded as tentative and subject to refinement on the basis of further and future excavations at Tyre."* ### Hellenistic period [thumb\|Illustration of Alexander's siege by the [United States Military Academy](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy "United States Military Academy")](/wiki/File:Siege_tryre.gif "Siege tryre.gif") In 332 BCE, [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great "Alexander the Great") had an [isthmus](/wiki/Isthmus "Isthmus") of about 1\.000 meters length constructed in 332 BCE to breach the fortifications of offshore\-Tyre. This [causeway](/wiki/Causeway "Causeway") increased greatly in width because of extensive [silt](/wiki/Silt "Silt") depositions on either side over the centuries. The growing [tombolo](/wiki/Tombolo "Tombolo") linked the original island permanently to the adjacent continent and made the city a peninsula.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Marriner\|first1\=Nick\|last2\=Morhange\|first2\=Christophe\|last3\=Meule\|first3\=Samuel\|date\=June 2007\|title\=Holocene morphogenesis of Alexander the Great's isthmus at Tyre in Lebanon\|url\=https://www.academia.edu/1577746\|journal\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|volume\=104, 22\|issue\=22\|pages\=9218โ€“9223\|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.0611325104\|pmid\=17517668\|pmc\=1890475\|bibcode\=2007PNAS..104\.9218M\|via\=Academia.edu\|doi\-access\=free}} As a consequence of this [man\-made](/wiki/Artificiality "Artificiality") [metamorphosis](/wiki/Metamorphosis "Metamorphosis") of the Tyrian coastal system, the Phoenician graves in El Buss were buried under [sediments](/wiki/Sediment "Sediment") of [clay](/wiki/Clay "Clay") and [sand](/wiki/Sand "Sand"). After almost two and a half millennia, they are now at more than 3\.5 m under the ground level of El Buss. Before the landscape changed though, the Phoenician funerary site of El Buss was still used during the Hellenistic era. In addition, the area just neighbouring to the North, now known as Jal Al Bahr, became a burial ground, as recent excavations have shown.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Elias\|first1\=Nada\|last2\=Hourani\|first2\=Y.\|last3\=Arbogast\|first3\=Rose\-Marie\|last4\=Sachau\-Carcel\|first4\=Geraldine\|last5\=Badawi\|first5\=Ali\|last6\=Castex\|first6\=Dominique\|date\=October 2016\|title\=Human and Cattle Remains in a Simultaneous Deposit in the Hellenistic Necropolis of Jal al Bahr in Tyre: Initial Investigations\|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309446563\|journal\=Bulletins et Mรฉmoires de la Sociรฉtรฉ d anthropologie de Paris\|volume\=29\|issue\=1\|pages\=19โ€“32\|doi\=10\.1007/s13219\-016\-0168\-3\|s2cid\=7935393\|via\=Researchgate}} To the South of it, a sanctuary dedicated to the [Olympian deity](/wiki/Twelve_Olympians "Twelve Olympians") of [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo "Apollo") was constructed, possibly still at the end of the Hellenistic era or latest in the first century CE:{{Cite book\|last1\=Maynor Bikai\|first1\=Patricia\|title\=Tyre \- the Shrine of Apollo\|last2\=Fulco\|first2\=William J.\|last3\=Marchand\|first3\=Jeannie\|publisher\=National Press\|year\=1996\|location\=Amman\|pages\=81}} ### Roman period [thumb\|The reconstructed Triumphal Arch with the refugee camp in the back](/wiki/File:Tyre_ancient_town_2018_-_21.jpg "Tyre ancient town 2018 - 21.jpg") In 64 BCE the area of "[Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria "Roman Syria")" finally became a province of the late [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic "Roman Republic"), which was itself about to become the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire"). Tyre was allowed to keep much of its independence as a "[civitas foederata](/wiki/Civitas_foederata "Civitas foederata")". [thumb\|Broken relief in el Buss](/wiki/File:RomanRelief_SarcophageNecropolisTyre_RomanDeckert.jpg "RomanRelief SarcophageNecropolisTyre RomanDeckert.jpg") Various sources in the [New Testament](/wiki/New_Testament "New Testament") state that [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus "Jesus") visited Tyre ([Gospel of Luke](/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke "Gospel of Luke") 6:17; Mark 3:8 and 7:24; Matthew 11:21โ€“23 and 15:21\). According to many believers in later centuries, he sat down on a rock in the Southern part of El Buss and had a [meal](/wiki/Meal "Meal") there. [Scientific](/wiki/Scientific_method "Scientific method") analyses from archaeological excavations indicate that an [olive grove](/wiki/Olive "Olive") planted was inside the Roman necropolis at the beginning of the Christian era. [thumb\|Face relief on a sarcophagus](/wiki/File:FaceReliefOnSarcophagus_RomanNecropolis-AlBass-Tyre-Lebanon_RomanDeckert20112019.jpg "FaceReliefOnSarcophagus RomanNecropolis-AlBass-Tyre-Lebanon RomanDeckert20112019.jpg") In the early [second century CE](/wiki/2nd_century_in_Lebanon "2nd century in Lebanon"), Emperor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian "Hadrian"), who visited the cities of the East around 130 CE, conferred the title of Metropolis on Tyre: "great city" mother of other cities. Subsequently, a triple\-bay [Triumphal Arch](/wiki/List_of_Roman_triumphal_arches "List of Roman triumphal arches"), an aqueduct from the springs of Ras al\-Ain some six kilometers to the South and the [Tyre Hippodrome](/wiki/Tyre_Hippodrome "Tyre Hippodrome") were constructed. The arch was 21 meters high and became the gateway of the Roman town. At its side pillars were erected that were more than four meters high and carried the water canal alongside the road into the town on the peninsula. The [hippodrome](/wiki/Hippodrome "Hippodrome") is the largest (480m long and 160m wide) and best\-preserved Roman hippodrome after the one in [Rome](/wiki/Rome "Rome").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Baratin\|first1\=Laura\|last2\=Bertozzi\|first2\=Sara\|last3\=Moretti\|first3\=Elvio\|date\=2014\|title\=3D Data in the archaeological site of Al Bass (Tyre \- LEBANON)\|url\=https://www.academia.edu/11765839\|journal\=Euro Med\|pages\=119โ€“133\|via\=academia.edu}} The [amphitheater](/wiki/Amphitheatre "Amphitheatre") for the horse\-racetrack could host some 30\.000 spectators. During the third century CE, the Heraclia games โ€“ dedicated to the [deity](/wiki/Deity "Deity") [Melqart\-Heracles](/wiki/Melqart "Melqart") (not to be confused with the [demigod](/wiki/Demigod "Demigod") [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles "Heracles"), hero of the 12 labors) โ€“ were held in the hippodrome every four years.{{Cite book\|last\=Jidejian\|first\=Nina\|title\=TYRE Through The Ages\|publisher\=Librairie Orientale\|year\=2018\|isbn\=9789953171050\|edition\=3rd\|location\=Beirut\|pages\=13โ€“17, 142โ€“169, 248โ€“272}} Meanwhile, between the first and fourth centuries CE, one of the largest known cemeteries of the region grew in El Buss with more than forty tomb complexes, at least 825 graves and the physical remains of almost 4,000 individuals. The [marble](/wiki/Marble "Marble") [sarcophagi](/wiki/Sarcophagus "Sarcophagus"), which were imported from [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") and [Asia Minor](/wiki/Anatolia "Anatolia"), and the other tombs of the monumental necropolis spread on both sides of the road leading to the triumphal arch over a kilometer in length. It is unclear how far the burial grounds extended, but researchers argue that large parts of the modern camp could well have been part of the necropolis. Whereas the Phoenician funeral practices of an egalitarian ideology concealed social differences, the Roman graves did the opposite: > *"The tombs of Tyre \[..] demonstrate that the coming of Rome was not just a new economic and military reality but also caused social and cultural changes, which were acted out in part in the cemetery. \[..] Through the display of socioeconomic position and civic and group identity, the tombs played an important and new role in the definition of social groups, and perhaps in the renegotiation of the boundaries of these groups.* ### Byzantine period (395โ€“640\) [thumb\|Fresco image of Mary at the National Museum of Beirut](/wiki/File:ByzantineTomb-Tyre-VirginMaryHalo_NationalMuseumOfBeirut_RomanDeckert06102019.jpg "ByzantineTomb-Tyre-VirginMaryHalo NationalMuseumOfBeirut RomanDeckert06102019.jpg") In 395 Tyre became part of the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") and continued to flourish. Likewise, the necropolis in El Bus grew further to be arguably one of the largest in the world, though many graves were "*reused*". A main road of some 400m length and 4,5m width paved with limestone was constructed there during Byzantine times.{{Cite book\|last\=Khoury Harb\|first\=Antoine Emile\|title\=History of the Lebanese Worldwide Presence โ€“ The Phoenician Epoch\|publisher\=The Lebanese Heritage Foundation\|year\=2017\|isbn\=9789953038520\|location\=Beirut\|pages\=33โ€“34, 44โ€“49}} Another arch, smaller than the Roman triumphal arch, was erected some 315 meters to the East. At the entrance to the oldest monument in the El Buss site \- the Apollo Shrine from the 1st century BCE \- a fresco was found that has been dated to 440 CE and is "*possibly the earliest image of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus "Mary, mother of Jesus")*" worldwide. Close by, two churches with marble decorations were built in the 5th and early 6th century CE respectively, when construction in ancient Tyre reached its [zenith](/wiki/Zenith "Zenith").{{Cite book\|last\=Badawi\|first\=Ali Khalil\|title\=TYRE\|publisher\=Al\-Athar Magazine\|year\=2018\|edition\=4th\|location\=Beirut\|pages\=62โ€“89, 102}} Over the course of the 6th century CE, starting in 502, a series of earthquakes shattered the city and left it diminished. The worst one was the [551 Beirut earthquake](/wiki/551_Beirut_earthquake "551 Beirut earthquake"). It was accompanied by a [Tsunami](/wiki/Tsunami "Tsunami") and destroyed the Great Triumphal Arch in El Buss.{{Cite book\|last\=Gatier\|first\=Pierre\-Louis\|url\=https://www.academia.edu/30352235 \|chapter\=Tyr l'instable : pour un catalogue des sรฉismes et tsunamis de l'Antiquitรฉ et du Moyen ร‚ge \|title\=in: Sources de l'histoire de Tyr. Textes de l'Antiquitรฉ et du Moyen ร‚ge \|publisher\=Co\-รฉdition Presses de l'Ifpo / Presses de l'Universitรฉ Saint\-Joseph\|year\=2011\|isbn\=978\-2\-35159\-184\-0\|editor\-last\=Gatier\|location\=Beirut\|pages\=263\|language\=fr\|format\=PDF\|editor\-last2\=Aliquot\|editor\-first2\=Julien\|editor\-last3\=Nordiguian\|editor\-first3\=Lรฉvon}} In addition, the city and its population increasingly suffered during the 6th century from the political chaos that ensued when the Byzantine empire was torn apart by wars. The city remained under Byzantine control until it was captured by the Sassanian shah [Khosrow II](/wiki/Khosrow_II "Khosrow II") at the turn from the 6th to the 7th century CE, and then briefly regained until the [Muslim conquest of the Levant](/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant "Muslim conquest of the Levant"), when in 640 it was taken by the [Arab](/wiki/Arabs "Arabs") forces of the [Rashidun Caliphate](/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate "Rashidun Caliphate").{{Cite book\|last\=Mroue\|first\=Youssef\|title\=Highlights of the Achievements and Accomplishments of the Tyrian Civilization And Discovering the lost Continent\|year\=2010\|location\=Pickering\|pages\=9โ€“34}} ### Early Muslim period (640โ€“1124\) As the bearers of [Islam](/wiki/Islam "Islam") restored peace and order, Tyre soon prospered again and continued to do so during half a millennium of [Caliphate](/wiki/Caliphate "Caliphate") rule. The [Rashidun](/wiki/Rashidun "Rashidun") period only lasted until 661\. It was followed by the [Umayyad Caliphate](/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate "Umayyad Caliphate") (until 750\) and the [Abbasid Caliphate](/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate "Abbasid Caliphate"). In the course of the centuries, Islam spread and [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic "Arabic") became the language of administration instead of Greek. Although some people reportedly continued to worship ancient cults,{{Cite book\|last1\=Medlej\|first1\=Youmna Jazzar\|title\=Tyre and its history\|last2\=Medlej\|first2\=Joumana\|publisher\=Anis Commercial Printing Press s.a.l.\|year\=2010\|isbn\=978\-9953\-0\-1849\-2\|location\=Beirut\|pages\=1โ€“30}} the necropolis of El Buss and the other installations there were abandoned still in the 7th century CE and quickly covered by sand dunes. At the end of the 11th century, Tyre avoided being attacked by paying tribute to the [Crusaders](/wiki/First_Crusade "First Crusade") who marched on Jerusalem. However, in late 1111, King [Baldwin I of Jerusalem](/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem "Baldwin I of Jerusalem") laid siege on the former island city and probably occupied the mainland, including El\-Buss, for that purpose. Tyre in response put itself under the protection of the nominally [Seljuk](/wiki/Seljuk_Empire "Seljuk Empire") [ruler of Damascus](/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus%23Burid_emirs "List of rulers of Damascus#Burid emirs"), [Toghtekin](/wiki/Toghtekin "Toghtekin"). Supported by [Fatimid](/wiki/Fatimid "Fatimid") forces, he intervened and forced the [Franks](/wiki/Franks%23Crusaders_and_other_Western_Europeans_as_%22Franks%22 "Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as ") to raise the siege in April 1112, after about 2\.000 of Baldwin's troops had been killed. A decade later, the Fatimids sold Tyre to Toghtekin who installed a garrison there. ### Crusader period (1124โ€“1291\) [thumb\|Graffiti in the Church of the Savior or *Ecclesiola Hippodromo*, hippodrome site (for details see [here](https://wanderleb.com/2023/05/16/ecclesiola-hippodromo/). Karim Sokhn,*Ecclesiola Hippodromo*, posted 16 May 2023, retrieved 30 Sep 2024\.)](/wiki/File:Tyre-AlBass-Hippodrome_SaviorChurch-Graffiti_RomanDeckert20112019.jpg "Tyre-AlBass-Hippodrome SaviorChurch-Graffiti RomanDeckert20112019.jpg") On 7 July 1124, in the aftermath of the [First Crusade](/wiki/First_Crusade "First Crusade"), Tyre was the last city to be eventually conquered by the Christian warriors, a [Frankish](/wiki/Franks%23Crusaders_and_other_Western_Europeans_as_%22Franks%22 "Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as ") army on the coast \- i.e. also in the El Buss area \- and a fleet of the [Venetian Crusade](/wiki/Venetian_Crusade "Venetian Crusade") from the sea side. The takeover followed a siege of five and a half months that caused great suffering from hunger to the population. Eventually, Tyre's Seljuk ruler Toghtekin negotiated an agreement for surrender with the authorities of the Latin [Kingdom of Jerusalem](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem "Kingdom of Jerusalem").{{Cite book\|last\=Dajani\-Shakeel\|first\=Hadia\|chapter\=Diplomatic Relations Between Muslim and Frankish Rulers 1097โ€“1153 A.D. in \|title\=Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth\-Century Syria\|publisher\=\[\[Brill Publishers\|Brill]]\|year\=1993\|isbn\=978\-90\-04\-09777\-3\|editor\-last\=Shatzmiller\|editor\-first\=Maya\|location\=Leiden, New York, Cologne\|pages\=206}} Under its new rulers, Tyre and its countryside \- including El\-Buss \- were divided into three parts in accordance with the *[Pactum Warmundi](/wiki/Pactum_Warmundi "Pactum Warmundi")*: two\-thirds to the royal domain of Baldwin and one third as autonomous trading colonies for the Italian merchant cities of Genoa, Pisa and \- mainly to the [Doge of Venice](/wiki/Doge_of_Venice "Doge of Venice"). He had a particular interest in supplying silica sands to the glassmakers of [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice"){{Cite book\|last\=Jacoby\|first\=David \|chapter\=The Venetian Presence in the Crusader Lordship of Tyre: a Tale of Decline \|title\=The Crusader World \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|year\=2016\|isbn\=978\-0415824941\|editor\-last\=Boas\|editor\-first\=Adrian J.\|location\=New York\|pages\=181โ€“195}} and so it may be assumed that El Buss fell into his interest sphere. It has to be assumed that at least the Southern part of El Buss was populated, since the Savior Church was built during the crusaders era in a place of the former hippodrome where Jesus supposedly sat down on a rock and had a meal. Hundreds of pilgrims left their signatures on its walls. ### Mamluk period (1291โ€“1516\) In 1291, Tyre was again taken, this time by the Mamluk Sultanate's army of [Al\-Ashraf Khalil](/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil "Al-Ashraf Khalil"). He had all fortifications demolished to prevent the Franks from re\-entrenching.{{Cite book\|last\=Harris\|first\=William\|title\=Lebanon: A History, 600โ€“2011\|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]]\|year\=2012\|isbn\=978\-0195181111\|location\=Oxford\|pages\=48, 53, 67}} After Khalil's death in 1293 and political instability, Tyre lost its importance and "*sank into obsurity.*" When the [Moroccan](/wiki/Moroccans "Moroccans") [explorer](/wiki/Exploration "Exploration") [Ibn Batutah](/wiki/Ibn_Battuta "Ibn Battuta") visited Tyre in 1355, he found it a mass of ruins. Many stones were taken to neighbouring cities like Sidon, Acre, Beirut, and [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa "Jaffa"){{Cite book\|last\=Redding\|first\=Moses Wolcott\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/antiquitiesofori00reddrich/antiquitiesofori00reddrich\#page/n166/mode/1up\|title\=Antiquities of the Orient unveiled, containing a concise description of the remarkable ruins of King Solomon's temple, and store cities, together with those of all the most ancient and renowned cities of the East, including Babylon, Nineveh, Damascus, and Shushan\|publisher\=Temple Publishing Union\|year\=1875\|location\=New York\|pages\=145, 154\|format\=PDF}} as building materials. It may be assumed that this was true for the ancient ruins of El Buss, especially the Roman\-Byzantine necropolis, aquaeduct and hippodrome as well, as far as they had not been buried underneath sand dunes already. The aquaeduct became the "*lone witness to the cityโ€™s glorious past*."{{Cite journal\|last\=Kahwagi\-Janho\|first\=Hany\|date\=2016\|title\=The Aqueduct of Tyre\|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297656876\|journal\=Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies\|volume\=4,1\|pages\=15โ€“35\|doi\=10\.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.4\.1\.0015\|s2cid\=163792587\|via\=Researchgate}} ### Ottoman period (1516\-1918\) The [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") conquered the Levant in 1516, yet Tyre remained untouched for another ninety years until the beginning of the 17th century, when the Ottoman leadership at the [Sublime Porte](/wiki/Sublime_Porte "Sublime Porte") appointed the [Druze](/wiki/Druze "Druze") leader [Fakhreddine II](/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II "Fakhr-al-Din II") of the Maan family as [Emir](/wiki/Emir "Emir") to administer [Jabal Amel](/wiki/Jabal_Amel "Jabal Amel") (modern\-day [South Lebanon](/wiki/South_Lebanon "South Lebanon")) and [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee "Galilee") in addition to the districts of Beirut and Sidon. It is not known whether the area of El Buss was part of his development projects. However, as he encouraged Shiites and Christians to settle to the East of Tyre, [Fakhreddine](/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II "Fakhr-al-Din II") laid the foundation of modern Tyre demographics as many of those settlers โ€“ or their descendants respectively โ€“ later moved to the town, thus providing the socio\-political context for the subsequent erection of El Buss camp. [thumb\|L. F. Cassas, drawing of the aqueduct ruins in El Buss around 1786](/wiki/File:TyreAlBass_Aquaeduct-Louis-Fran%C3%A7oisCassas-VoyagePittoresque1799.jpg "TyreAlBass Aquaeduct-Louis-FranรงoisCassas-VoyagePittoresque1799.jpg") In 1764, the [French](/wiki/French_people "French people") [geographer](/wiki/Geographer "Geographer") [Jacques Nicolas Bellin](/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Bellin "Jacques-Nicolas Bellin") published a map of Greater Tyre which included the ruins of the aquaeduct in El Buss, but no settlements.{{Cite book\|last\=Bellin\|first\=Jacques\-Nicolas\|url\=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5516144v\|title\=Le Petit Atlas maritime recueil de cartes et plans des quatre parties du Monde\|year\=1764\|volume\=3\|location\=Paris\|pages\=17}} Around 1786, Bellin's fellow countryman [Louis\-Franรงois Cassas](/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas "Louis-Franรงois Cassas") visited the place and drew a painting of the ruins of the aquaeduct.{{Cite book\|last1\=Cassas\|first1\=Louis Franรงois\|url\=https://digi.ub.uni\-heidelberg.de/diglit/cassas1800bd2\|title\=Voyage pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoenicie, de la Palaestine et de la Basse Aegypte: ouvrage divisรฉ en trois volumes contenant environ trois cent trente planches\|last2\=Volney\|first2\=Constantin\-Franรงois\|year\=1800\|volume\=2\| doi\=10\.11588/DIGLIT.4572 }} [thumb\|1878 SWP map showing *Birket el Bass*](/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.01.jpg "Survey of Western Palestine 1880.01.jpg") In 1878, the [London](/wiki/London "London")\-based [Palestine Exploration Fund](/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund "Palestine Exploration Fund")'s [*Survey of Western Palestine* (SWP)](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine "PEF Survey of Palestine") โ€“ led by [Herbert Kitchener](/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener "Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener") at the beginning of his military career โ€“ mapped Tyre and its surroundings. It described the area of *Birket el Bass* โ€“ north of the aquaeduct โ€“ as a "*ruined birket*" (water reservoir or pool) and as "*dry.*" {{Cite book\|last1\=Conder\|first1\=Claude Reignier\|title\=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology\|last2\=Kitchener\|first2\=Horatio Herbert\|publisher\=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund\|year\=1881\|volume\=1\|location\=London\|pages\=53}} A map from a 1906 [Baedeker](/wiki/Baedeker "Baedeker") travel guide designated the area as a "*[Swamp](/wiki/Swamp "Swamp")*" though. [thumb\|1906 map with El Buss as a swamp](/wiki/File:Palestine_and_Syria_with_the_chief_routes_through_Mesopotamia_and_Babylonia%3B_handbook_for_travellers%3B_%281906%29_%2814804481453%29_cropped.jpg "Palestine and Syria with the chief routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia; handbook for travellers; (1906) (14804481453) cropped.jpg") ### Armenian and Palestinian refugee camps (1930sโ€“today) In 1920, the French colonial rulers proclaimed the new State of [Greater Lebanon](/wiki/Greater_Lebanon "Greater Lebanon") under the guardianship of the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations "League of Nations") represented by France. Tyre and the [Jabal Amel](/wiki/Jabal_Amel "Jabal Amel") were attached as the Southern part of the Mandate.{{Cite book\|last\=Hamzeh\|first\=Ahmad Nizar\|title\=In the Path of Hizbullah\|publisher\=\[\[Syracuse University Press]]\|year\=2004\|isbn\=978\-0815630531\|location\=New York\|pages\=11, 82, 130, 133}} In the 1930s, sometime after 1932, the French colonial authorities attributed the swampy area to survivors of the Armenian Genocide, who had started arriving in Tyre already in the early 1920s.{{Cite book \|last\=Migliorino \|first\=Nicola \|title\=(Re)constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria: Ethno\-Cultural Diversity and the State in the Aftermath of a Refugee Crisis \|publisher\=Berghahn Books \|year\=2008 \|isbn\=978\-1845453527 \|location\=New York / Oxford \|pages\=33, 83}} A camp for [Armenian refugees](/wiki/Armenian_genocide_survivors "Armenian genocide survivors") was set up there sometime between 1935โ€“36{{Cite journal\|last\=Doraรฏ\|first\=Mohamed Kamel\|date\=2006\|title\=Le camp de rรฉfugiรฉs palestiniens d'Al Buss ร  Tyr : Sรฉgrรฉgation et prรฉcaritรฉ d'une installation durable (The Palestinian refugee camp of Al Buss in Tyr : segregation and fragility of a durable settlement)\|url\=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bagf\_0004\-5322\_2006\_num\_83\_1\_2496\|format\=PDF\|journal\=Bulletin de l'Association de Gรฉographes Franรงais\|language\=fr\|volume\=83\-1\|pages\=93โ€“104\|doi\=10\.3406/bagf.2006\.2496}} and 1939\. Lebanon gained independence from French colonial rule in 1943\. With the May 1948 declaration of the state of [Israel](/wiki/Israel "Israel"), a Palestinian exodus โ€“ also known as the [Nakba](/wiki/Nakba "Nakba")' โ€“ soon started, with thousands of Palestinian refugees fleeing to Tyre.{{Cite thesis\|last\=Gharbieh\|first\=Hussein M.\|url\=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1521/\|title\=Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon: the role of Sayyid 'Abd al\-Husain Sharaf al\-Din and Sayyid Musa al\-Sadr\|publisher\=Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham\|year\=1996\|location\=Durham\|pages\=110\|type\=(Doctoral)\|format\=PDF}} El\-Buss was one of the first sites which was assigned to the [Palestinian refugees](/wiki/Palestinian_refugees "Palestinian refugees") as a transit camp.{{cite book\|author1\=P. Edward Haley\|author2\=Lewis W. Snider\|title\=Lebanon in Crisis: Participants and Issues\|url\=https://archive.org/details/lebanonincrisis001945\|url\-access\=registration\|date\=1 January 1979\|publisher\=Syracuse University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-8156\-2210\-9\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/lebanonincrisis001945/page/28 28]}} The majority of the first wave of Palestinians who arrived in El\-Buss were [Palestinian Christians](/wiki/Palestinian_Christians "Palestinian Christians") from [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa "Haifa") and [Akka](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel "Acre, Israel"). Most of them only found shelter in tents there.{{Cite book\|last\=Fisk\|first\=Robert\|title\=Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War\|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]]\|year\=2001\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-280130\-2\|location\=Oxford\|pages\=38, 255\|author\-link\=Robert Fisk}} Soon the camp was overcrowded and more camps were set up in other parts of the country.{{cite book\|author\=Roberts\|first\=Rebecca\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=LQYCAwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA203\|title\=Palestinians in Lebanon: Refugees Living with Long\-term Displacement\|publisher\=I.B.Tauris\|year\=2010\|isbn\=978\-0\-85772\-054\-2\|location\=London / New York\|pages\=76, 203}} Initially, Armenians and Palestinians cohabited in the camp. In the course of the 1950s, the Armenian refugees from El Buss were resettled, while Palestinians from the [Acre](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel "Acre, Israel") area in Galilee moved into the camp. Many of them were apparently [agriculturalists](/wiki/Farmer "Farmer"). After the [Six\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War "Six-Day War") of June 1967 another wave of displaced Palestinians sought refuge,{{Cite book\|last\=Brynen\|first\=Rex\|title\=Sanctuary And Survival: The PLO In Lebanon\|publisher\=Westview Press\|year\=1990\|isbn\=978\-0813379197\|location\=Boulder}} with some arriving in El Buss camps. As Tyre greatly expanded during the 1960s due to an increasing a rural\-to\-urban movement and many new buildings were constructed on the isthmus of the peninsula, El Buss became physically more integrated into the city. Conflict with Israel escalated over time, peaking during the [1973 October Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War "Yom Kippur War"), followed the protracted [Lebanese Civil War](/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War "Lebanese Civil War") (1975\-1990\) with repeated Israeli incursions and invasions during fighting against Lebanese and Palestinian armed factions, which continue until this day.
[ "History\n-------", "### Phoenician period", "{{Multiple image\n\\| align \\= \n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| total\\_width \\= 230\n\\| image1 \\= PhoenicianTerracottaFuneraryMask Tyre 7cBCE NationalMuseumOfBeirut RomanDeckert04102019\\.jpg\n\\| alt1 \\= \n\\| caption1 \\= \n\\| image2 \\= NMBStelaPhoenicianNecropolis.jpg\n\\| caption2 \\= \n\\| footer \\= Phoenician terracotta funerary mask (7th c. BCE) and stela from El\\-Buss at the National Museum of Beirut\n}}", "The al\\-Buss site dates back at least three thousand years. A [Phoenician](/wiki/Phoenicia \"Phoenicia\") [cremation](/wiki/Cremation \"Cremation\") [cemetery](/wiki/Cemetery \"Cemetery\") from the [Iron Age](/wiki/Iron_Age \"Iron Age\") was uncovered in an area of some 500 square meters in the southeastern corner of the Palestinian refugee camp, the first discovery of its kind{{Cite book\\|title\\=A visit to the Museum... The short guide of the National Museum of Beirut, Lebanon\\|publisher\\=Ministry of Culture/Directorate General of Antiquities\\|year\\=2008\\|isbn\\=978\\-9953\\-0\\-0038\\-1\\|location\\=Beirut\\|pages\\=37, 39, 49, 73, 75}} and with about 320 excavated [urns](/wiki/Urn \"Urn\") the most densely occupied Phoenician cemetery known in the [Levant](/wiki/Levant \"Levant\"). El Buss was the principal graveyard for the [maritime merchant\\-republic](/wiki/Maritime_republics \"Maritime republics\") [city\\-state](/wiki/City-state \"City-state\") of Tyre in its most expansive and prosperous era for almost four hundred years. It thus offers unique windows into the Phoenician past:{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Aubet\\|first1\\=Maria Eugenia\\|last2\\=Nรบรฑez\\|first2\\=Francisco J.\\|last3\\=Trellisรณ\\|first3\\=Laura\\|date\\=2016\\|title\\=Excavations in Tyre 1997โ€“2015\\. Results and Perspectives\\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/33311369\\|journal\\=Berytus\\|volume\\=LVI\\|pages\\=3โ€“14\\|via\\=Academia.edu}}", "The cemetery was established at the end of the tenth century BCE on what was then a sea\\-beach at the edge of the coast opposite of what was then the [island](/wiki/Island \"Island\") city of Tyre. The beach originally also bordered the southern edge of an ancient creek delta. The landscape shifted though over the centuries and millennia. Hence, the creek bay turned into a [lagoon](/wiki/Lagoon \"Lagoon\"), separated from the sea by a sand bar: \n> \"*[Paleobotanical](/wiki/Paleobotany \"Paleobotany\") and [faunal](/wiki/Fauna \"Fauna\") analyses of the sand sediment in the area show that the creek became a lake during the ninth and eighth centuries B.C.E.*\"{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Aubet\\|first\\=Marรญa Eugenia\\|date\\=2010\\|title\\=The Phoenician cemetery of Tyre\\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/4961725\\|format\\=PDF\\|journal\\=Near Eastern Archaeology\\|volume\\=73:2โ€“3\\|issue\\=2โ€“3\\|pages\\=144โ€“155\\|doi\\=10\\.1086/NEA25754043\\|s2cid\\=165488907\\|via\\=academia.edu}}", "The most common type of [burial](/wiki/Burial \"Burial\") in this necropolis was made up of twin\\-urns with the remains of the same individual \\- one containing the [ashes](/wiki/Ash \"Ash\") and the other the [bones](/wiki/Bone \"Bone\") mixed personal possessions, as well as two [jugs](/wiki/Jug \"Jug\") and a [bowl](/wiki/Bowl \"Bowl\") for drinking. About a fifth of the discovered urns with bone remains contained a [scarab](/wiki/Scarab_%28artifact%29 \"Scarab (artifact)\")\\-[amulet](/wiki/Amulet \"Amulet\"). The researchers, led by [Professor](/wiki/Professor \"Professor\") [Marรญa Eugenia Aubet](/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Eugenia_Aubet \"Marรญa Eugenia Aubet\") from the [Pompeu Fabra University](/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra_University \"Pompeu Fabra University\") in [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\"), also excavated a few [stelae](/wiki/Stele \"Stele\") which bore [inscriptions](/wiki/Epigraphy \"Epigraphy\") and [human](/wiki/Human \"Human\") [masks](/wiki/Mask \"Mask\") [sculpted](/wiki/Sculpture \"Sculpture\") from [terracotta](/wiki/Terracotta \"Terracotta\"). Some of them are considered to be [masterpieces](/wiki/Masterpiece \"Masterpiece\") and on display at the [National Museum of Beirut](/wiki/National_Museum_of_Beirut \"National Museum of Beirut\").", "Altogether, one has to imagine a beach with such personalised [gravestones](/wiki/Headstone \"Headstone\") sticking out of the sand, with a view on the fortified island city. Aubet concludes: \n> *\"The structure of the cemetery at Tyre is in some ways reminiscent of the European urnfields, in which apparently little formal differentiation according to the sex, age, and content of the burials can be seen, although their structure in fact conceals genuine social [asymmetries](/wiki/Asymmetry \"Asymmetry\"). \\[..] Rather than an '[egalitarian](/wiki/Egalitarianism \"Egalitarianism\")' society for Tyre, we should probably speak of an egalitarian [ideology](/wiki/Ideology \"Ideology\"), appropriate to a wholly urban and sophisticated society, characterized by the relative [simplicity](/wiki/Simplicity \"Simplicity\") and lack of [ostentation](/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption \"Conspicuous consumption\") of its funeral customs. A communal ideology that concealed differences of wealth and power is evident. \\[..] with only limited evidence of social stratification, such a conclusion should be regarded as tentative and subject to refinement on the basis of further and future excavations at Tyre.\"*", "", "### Hellenistic period", "[thumb\\|Illustration of Alexander's siege by the [United States Military Academy](/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy \"United States Military Academy\")](/wiki/File:Siege_tryre.gif \"Siege tryre.gif\")", "In 332 BCE, [Alexander the Great](/wiki/Alexander_the_Great \"Alexander the Great\") had an [isthmus](/wiki/Isthmus \"Isthmus\") of about 1\\.000 meters length constructed in 332 BCE to breach the fortifications of offshore\\-Tyre. This [causeway](/wiki/Causeway \"Causeway\") increased greatly in width because of extensive [silt](/wiki/Silt \"Silt\") depositions on either side over the centuries. The growing [tombolo](/wiki/Tombolo \"Tombolo\") linked the original island permanently to the adjacent continent and made the city a peninsula.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Marriner\\|first1\\=Nick\\|last2\\=Morhange\\|first2\\=Christophe\\|last3\\=Meule\\|first3\\=Samuel\\|date\\=June 2007\\|title\\=Holocene morphogenesis of Alexander the Great's isthmus at Tyre in Lebanon\\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/1577746\\|journal\\=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\\|volume\\=104, 22\\|issue\\=22\\|pages\\=9218โ€“9223\\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.0611325104\\|pmid\\=17517668\\|pmc\\=1890475\\|bibcode\\=2007PNAS..104\\.9218M\\|via\\=Academia.edu\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} As a consequence of this [man\\-made](/wiki/Artificiality \"Artificiality\") [metamorphosis](/wiki/Metamorphosis \"Metamorphosis\") of the Tyrian coastal system, the Phoenician graves in El Buss were buried under [sediments](/wiki/Sediment \"Sediment\") of [clay](/wiki/Clay \"Clay\") and [sand](/wiki/Sand \"Sand\"). After almost two and a half millennia, they are now at more than 3\\.5 m under the ground level of El Buss.", "Before the landscape changed though, the Phoenician funerary site of El Buss was still used during the Hellenistic era. In addition, the area just neighbouring to the North, now known as Jal Al Bahr, became a burial ground, as recent excavations have shown.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Elias\\|first1\\=Nada\\|last2\\=Hourani\\|first2\\=Y.\\|last3\\=Arbogast\\|first3\\=Rose\\-Marie\\|last4\\=Sachau\\-Carcel\\|first4\\=Geraldine\\|last5\\=Badawi\\|first5\\=Ali\\|last6\\=Castex\\|first6\\=Dominique\\|date\\=October 2016\\|title\\=Human and Cattle Remains in a Simultaneous Deposit in the Hellenistic Necropolis of Jal al Bahr in Tyre: Initial Investigations\\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309446563\\|journal\\=Bulletins et Mรฉmoires de la Sociรฉtรฉ d anthropologie de Paris\\|volume\\=29\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=19โ€“32\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s13219\\-016\\-0168\\-3\\|s2cid\\=7935393\\|via\\=Researchgate}} To the South of it, a sanctuary dedicated to the [Olympian deity](/wiki/Twelve_Olympians \"Twelve Olympians\") of [Apollo](/wiki/Apollo \"Apollo\") was constructed, possibly still at the end of the Hellenistic era or latest in the first century CE:{{Cite book\\|last1\\=Maynor Bikai\\|first1\\=Patricia\\|title\\=Tyre \\- the Shrine of Apollo\\|last2\\=Fulco\\|first2\\=William J.\\|last3\\=Marchand\\|first3\\=Jeannie\\|publisher\\=National Press\\|year\\=1996\\|location\\=Amman\\|pages\\=81}}", "### Roman period", "[thumb\\|The reconstructed Triumphal Arch with the refugee camp in the back](/wiki/File:Tyre_ancient_town_2018_-_21.jpg \"Tyre ancient town 2018 - 21.jpg\")", "In 64 BCE the area of \"[Syria](/wiki/Roman_Syria \"Roman Syria\")\" finally became a province of the late [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic \"Roman Republic\"), which was itself about to become the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\"). Tyre was allowed to keep much of its independence as a \"[civitas foederata](/wiki/Civitas_foederata \"Civitas foederata\")\".\n[thumb\\|Broken relief in el Buss](/wiki/File:RomanRelief_SarcophageNecropolisTyre_RomanDeckert.jpg \"RomanRelief SarcophageNecropolisTyre RomanDeckert.jpg\")", "Various sources in the [New Testament](/wiki/New_Testament \"New Testament\") state that [Jesus](/wiki/Jesus \"Jesus\") visited Tyre ([Gospel of Luke](/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke \"Gospel of Luke\") 6:17; Mark 3:8 and 7:24; Matthew 11:21โ€“23 and 15:21\\). According to many believers in later centuries, he sat down on a rock in the Southern part of El Buss and had a [meal](/wiki/Meal \"Meal\") there. [Scientific](/wiki/Scientific_method \"Scientific method\") analyses from archaeological excavations indicate that an [olive grove](/wiki/Olive \"Olive\") planted was inside the Roman necropolis at the beginning of the Christian era.\n[thumb\\|Face relief on a sarcophagus](/wiki/File:FaceReliefOnSarcophagus_RomanNecropolis-AlBass-Tyre-Lebanon_RomanDeckert20112019.jpg \"FaceReliefOnSarcophagus RomanNecropolis-AlBass-Tyre-Lebanon RomanDeckert20112019.jpg\")", "In the early [second century CE](/wiki/2nd_century_in_Lebanon \"2nd century in Lebanon\"), Emperor [Hadrian](/wiki/Hadrian \"Hadrian\"), who visited the cities of the East around 130 CE, conferred the title of Metropolis on Tyre: \"great city\" mother of other cities. Subsequently, a triple\\-bay [Triumphal Arch](/wiki/List_of_Roman_triumphal_arches \"List of Roman triumphal arches\"), an aqueduct from the springs of Ras al\\-Ain some six kilometers to the South and the [Tyre Hippodrome](/wiki/Tyre_Hippodrome \"Tyre Hippodrome\") were constructed. The arch was 21 meters high and became the gateway of the Roman town. At its side pillars were erected that were more than four meters high and carried the water canal alongside the road into the town on the peninsula. The [hippodrome](/wiki/Hippodrome \"Hippodrome\") is the largest (480m long and 160m wide) and best\\-preserved Roman hippodrome after the one in [Rome](/wiki/Rome \"Rome\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Baratin\\|first1\\=Laura\\|last2\\=Bertozzi\\|first2\\=Sara\\|last3\\=Moretti\\|first3\\=Elvio\\|date\\=2014\\|title\\=3D Data in the archaeological site of Al Bass (Tyre \\- LEBANON)\\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/11765839\\|journal\\=Euro Med\\|pages\\=119โ€“133\\|via\\=academia.edu}} The [amphitheater](/wiki/Amphitheatre \"Amphitheatre\") for the horse\\-racetrack could host some 30\\.000 spectators. During the third century CE, the Heraclia games โ€“ dedicated to the [deity](/wiki/Deity \"Deity\") [Melqart\\-Heracles](/wiki/Melqart \"Melqart\") (not to be confused with the [demigod](/wiki/Demigod \"Demigod\") [Heracles](/wiki/Heracles \"Heracles\"), hero of the 12 labors) โ€“ were held in the hippodrome every four years.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Jidejian\\|first\\=Nina\\|title\\=TYRE Through The Ages\\|publisher\\=Librairie Orientale\\|year\\=2018\\|isbn\\=9789953171050\\|edition\\=3rd\\|location\\=Beirut\\|pages\\=13โ€“17, 142โ€“169, 248โ€“272}}", "Meanwhile, between the first and fourth centuries CE, one of the largest known cemeteries of the region grew in El Buss with more than forty tomb complexes, at least 825 graves and the physical remains of almost 4,000 individuals. The [marble](/wiki/Marble \"Marble\") [sarcophagi](/wiki/Sarcophagus \"Sarcophagus\"), which were imported from [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") and [Asia Minor](/wiki/Anatolia \"Anatolia\"), and the other tombs of the monumental necropolis spread on both sides of the road leading to the triumphal arch over a kilometer in length. It is unclear how far the burial grounds extended, but researchers argue that large parts of the modern camp could well have been part of the necropolis. Whereas the Phoenician funeral practices of an egalitarian ideology concealed social differences, the Roman graves did the opposite:\n> *\"The tombs of Tyre \\[..] demonstrate that the coming of Rome was not just a new economic and military reality but also caused social and cultural changes, which were acted out in part in the cemetery. \\[..] Through the display of socioeconomic position and civic and group identity, the tombs played an important and new role in the definition of social groups, and perhaps in the renegotiation of the boundaries of these groups.*", "", "### Byzantine period (395โ€“640\\)", "[thumb\\|Fresco image of Mary at the National Museum of Beirut](/wiki/File:ByzantineTomb-Tyre-VirginMaryHalo_NationalMuseumOfBeirut_RomanDeckert06102019.jpg \"ByzantineTomb-Tyre-VirginMaryHalo NationalMuseumOfBeirut RomanDeckert06102019.jpg\")", "In 395 Tyre became part of the [Byzantine Empire](/wiki/Byzantine_Empire \"Byzantine Empire\") and continued to flourish. Likewise, the necropolis in El Bus grew further to be arguably one of the largest in the world, though many graves were \"*reused*\". A main road of some 400m length and 4,5m width paved with limestone was constructed there during Byzantine times.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Khoury Harb\\|first\\=Antoine Emile\\|title\\=History of the Lebanese Worldwide Presence โ€“ The Phoenician Epoch\\|publisher\\=The Lebanese Heritage Foundation\\|year\\=2017\\|isbn\\=9789953038520\\|location\\=Beirut\\|pages\\=33โ€“34, 44โ€“49}} Another arch, smaller than the Roman triumphal arch, was erected some 315 meters to the East.", "At the entrance to the oldest monument in the El Buss site \\- the Apollo Shrine from the 1st century BCE \\- a fresco was found that has been dated to 440 CE and is \"*possibly the earliest image of the [Virgin Mary](/wiki/Mary%2C_mother_of_Jesus \"Mary, mother of Jesus\")*\" worldwide. Close by, two churches with marble decorations were built in the 5th and early 6th century CE respectively, when construction in ancient Tyre reached its [zenith](/wiki/Zenith \"Zenith\").{{Cite book\\|last\\=Badawi\\|first\\=Ali Khalil\\|title\\=TYRE\\|publisher\\=Al\\-Athar Magazine\\|year\\=2018\\|edition\\=4th\\|location\\=Beirut\\|pages\\=62โ€“89, 102}}", "Over the course of the 6th century CE, starting in 502, a series of earthquakes shattered the city and left it diminished. The worst one was the [551 Beirut earthquake](/wiki/551_Beirut_earthquake \"551 Beirut earthquake\"). It was accompanied by a [Tsunami](/wiki/Tsunami \"Tsunami\") and destroyed the Great Triumphal Arch in El Buss.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Gatier\\|first\\=Pierre\\-Louis\\|url\\=https://www.academia.edu/30352235 \\|chapter\\=Tyr l'instable : pour un catalogue des sรฉismes et tsunamis de l'Antiquitรฉ et du Moyen ร‚ge \\|title\\=in: Sources de l'histoire de Tyr. Textes de l'Antiquitรฉ et du Moyen ร‚ge \\|publisher\\=Co\\-รฉdition Presses de l'Ifpo / Presses de l'Universitรฉ Saint\\-Joseph\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=978\\-2\\-35159\\-184\\-0\\|editor\\-last\\=Gatier\\|location\\=Beirut\\|pages\\=263\\|language\\=fr\\|format\\=PDF\\|editor\\-last2\\=Aliquot\\|editor\\-first2\\=Julien\\|editor\\-last3\\=Nordiguian\\|editor\\-first3\\=Lรฉvon}} In addition, the city and its population increasingly suffered during the 6th century from the political chaos that ensued when the Byzantine empire was torn apart by wars. The city remained under Byzantine control until it was captured by the Sassanian shah [Khosrow II](/wiki/Khosrow_II \"Khosrow II\") at the turn from the 6th to the 7th century CE, and then briefly regained until the [Muslim conquest of the Levant](/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant \"Muslim conquest of the Levant\"), when in 640 it was taken by the [Arab](/wiki/Arabs \"Arabs\") forces of the [Rashidun Caliphate](/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate \"Rashidun Caliphate\").{{Cite book\\|last\\=Mroue\\|first\\=Youssef\\|title\\=Highlights of the Achievements and Accomplishments of the Tyrian Civilization And Discovering the lost Continent\\|year\\=2010\\|location\\=Pickering\\|pages\\=9โ€“34}}", "### Early Muslim period (640โ€“1124\\)", "As the bearers of [Islam](/wiki/Islam \"Islam\") restored peace and order, Tyre soon prospered again and continued to do so during half a millennium of [Caliphate](/wiki/Caliphate \"Caliphate\") rule. The [Rashidun](/wiki/Rashidun \"Rashidun\") period only lasted until 661\\. It was followed by the [Umayyad Caliphate](/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate \"Umayyad Caliphate\") (until 750\\) and the [Abbasid Caliphate](/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate \"Abbasid Caliphate\"). In the course of the centuries, Islam spread and [Arabic](/wiki/Arabic \"Arabic\") became the language of administration instead of Greek.", "Although some people reportedly continued to worship ancient cults,{{Cite book\\|last1\\=Medlej\\|first1\\=Youmna Jazzar\\|title\\=Tyre and its history\\|last2\\=Medlej\\|first2\\=Joumana\\|publisher\\=Anis Commercial Printing Press s.a.l.\\|year\\=2010\\|isbn\\=978\\-9953\\-0\\-1849\\-2\\|location\\=Beirut\\|pages\\=1โ€“30}} the necropolis of El Buss and the other installations there were abandoned still in the 7th century CE and quickly covered by sand dunes.", "At the end of the 11th century, Tyre avoided being attacked by paying tribute to the [Crusaders](/wiki/First_Crusade \"First Crusade\") who marched on Jerusalem. However, in late 1111, King [Baldwin I of Jerusalem](/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem \"Baldwin I of Jerusalem\") laid siege on the former island city and probably occupied the mainland, including El\\-Buss, for that purpose. Tyre in response put itself under the protection of the nominally [Seljuk](/wiki/Seljuk_Empire \"Seljuk Empire\") [ruler of Damascus](/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus%23Burid_emirs \"List of rulers of Damascus#Burid emirs\"), [Toghtekin](/wiki/Toghtekin \"Toghtekin\"). Supported by [Fatimid](/wiki/Fatimid \"Fatimid\") forces, he intervened and forced the [Franks](/wiki/Franks%23Crusaders_and_other_Western_Europeans_as_%22Franks%22 \"Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as \") to raise the siege in April 1112, after about 2\\.000 of Baldwin's troops had been killed. A decade later, the Fatimids sold Tyre to Toghtekin who installed a garrison there.", "### Crusader period (1124โ€“1291\\)", "[thumb\\|Graffiti in the Church of the Savior or *Ecclesiola Hippodromo*, hippodrome site (for details see [here](https://wanderleb.com/2023/05/16/ecclesiola-hippodromo/). Karim Sokhn,*Ecclesiola Hippodromo*, posted 16 May 2023, retrieved 30 Sep 2024\\.)](/wiki/File:Tyre-AlBass-Hippodrome_SaviorChurch-Graffiti_RomanDeckert20112019.jpg \"Tyre-AlBass-Hippodrome SaviorChurch-Graffiti RomanDeckert20112019.jpg\")", "On 7 July 1124, in the aftermath of the [First Crusade](/wiki/First_Crusade \"First Crusade\"), Tyre was the last city to be eventually conquered by the Christian warriors, a [Frankish](/wiki/Franks%23Crusaders_and_other_Western_Europeans_as_%22Franks%22 \"Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as \") army on the coast \\- i.e. also in the El Buss area \\- and a fleet of the [Venetian Crusade](/wiki/Venetian_Crusade \"Venetian Crusade\") from the sea side. The takeover followed a siege of five and a half months that caused great suffering from hunger to the population. Eventually, Tyre's Seljuk ruler Toghtekin negotiated an agreement for surrender with the authorities of the Latin [Kingdom of Jerusalem](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem \"Kingdom of Jerusalem\").{{Cite book\\|last\\=Dajani\\-Shakeel\\|first\\=Hadia\\|chapter\\=Diplomatic Relations Between Muslim and Frankish Rulers 1097โ€“1153 A.D. in \\|title\\=Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth\\-Century Syria\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Brill Publishers\\|Brill]]\\|year\\=1993\\|isbn\\=978\\-90\\-04\\-09777\\-3\\|editor\\-last\\=Shatzmiller\\|editor\\-first\\=Maya\\|location\\=Leiden, New York, Cologne\\|pages\\=206}}\nUnder its new rulers, Tyre and its countryside \\- including El\\-Buss \\- were divided into three parts in accordance with the *[Pactum Warmundi](/wiki/Pactum_Warmundi \"Pactum Warmundi\")*: two\\-thirds to the royal domain of Baldwin and one third as autonomous trading colonies for the Italian merchant cities of Genoa, Pisa and \\- mainly to the [Doge of Venice](/wiki/Doge_of_Venice \"Doge of Venice\"). He had a particular interest in supplying silica sands to the glassmakers of [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\"){{Cite book\\|last\\=Jacoby\\|first\\=David \\|chapter\\=The Venetian Presence in the Crusader Lordship of Tyre: a Tale of Decline \\|title\\=The Crusader World \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|year\\=2016\\|isbn\\=978\\-0415824941\\|editor\\-last\\=Boas\\|editor\\-first\\=Adrian J.\\|location\\=New York\\|pages\\=181โ€“195}} and so it may be assumed that El Buss fell into his interest sphere. It has to be assumed that at least the Southern part of El Buss was populated, since the Savior Church was built during the crusaders era in a place of the former hippodrome where Jesus supposedly sat down on a rock and had a meal. Hundreds of pilgrims left their signatures on its walls.", "### Mamluk period (1291โ€“1516\\)", "In 1291, Tyre was again taken, this time by the Mamluk Sultanate's army of [Al\\-Ashraf Khalil](/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil \"Al-Ashraf Khalil\"). He had all fortifications demolished to prevent the Franks from re\\-entrenching.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Harris\\|first\\=William\\|title\\=Lebanon: A History, 600โ€“2011\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]]\\|year\\=2012\\|isbn\\=978\\-0195181111\\|location\\=Oxford\\|pages\\=48, 53, 67}} After Khalil's death in 1293 and political instability, Tyre lost its importance and \"*sank into obsurity.*\" When the [Moroccan](/wiki/Moroccans \"Moroccans\") [explorer](/wiki/Exploration \"Exploration\") [Ibn Batutah](/wiki/Ibn_Battuta \"Ibn Battuta\") visited Tyre in 1355, he found it a mass of ruins. Many stones were taken to neighbouring cities like Sidon, Acre, Beirut, and [Jaffa](/wiki/Jaffa \"Jaffa\"){{Cite book\\|last\\=Redding\\|first\\=Moses Wolcott\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/antiquitiesofori00reddrich/antiquitiesofori00reddrich\\#page/n166/mode/1up\\|title\\=Antiquities of the Orient unveiled, containing a concise description of the remarkable ruins of King Solomon's temple, and store cities, together with those of all the most ancient and renowned cities of the East, including Babylon, Nineveh, Damascus, and Shushan\\|publisher\\=Temple Publishing Union\\|year\\=1875\\|location\\=New York\\|pages\\=145, 154\\|format\\=PDF}} as building materials. It may be assumed that this was true for the ancient ruins of El Buss, especially the Roman\\-Byzantine necropolis, aquaeduct and hippodrome as well, as far as they had not been buried underneath sand dunes already. The aquaeduct became the \"*lone witness to the cityโ€™s glorious past*.\"{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Kahwagi\\-Janho\\|first\\=Hany\\|date\\=2016\\|title\\=The Aqueduct of Tyre\\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297656876\\|journal\\=Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies\\|volume\\=4,1\\|pages\\=15โ€“35\\|doi\\=10\\.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.4\\.1\\.0015\\|s2cid\\=163792587\\|via\\=Researchgate}}", "### Ottoman period (1516\\-1918\\)", "The [Ottoman Empire](/wiki/Ottoman_Empire \"Ottoman Empire\") conquered the Levant in 1516, yet Tyre remained untouched for another ninety years until the beginning of the 17th century, when the Ottoman leadership at the [Sublime Porte](/wiki/Sublime_Porte \"Sublime Porte\") appointed the [Druze](/wiki/Druze \"Druze\") leader [Fakhreddine II](/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II \"Fakhr-al-Din II\") of the Maan family as [Emir](/wiki/Emir \"Emir\") to administer [Jabal Amel](/wiki/Jabal_Amel \"Jabal Amel\") (modern\\-day [South Lebanon](/wiki/South_Lebanon \"South Lebanon\")) and [Galilee](/wiki/Galilee \"Galilee\") in addition to the districts of Beirut and Sidon. It is not known whether the area of El Buss was part of his development projects. However, as he encouraged Shiites and Christians to settle to the East of Tyre, [Fakhreddine](/wiki/Fakhr-al-Din_II \"Fakhr-al-Din II\") laid the foundation of modern Tyre demographics as many of those settlers โ€“ or their descendants respectively โ€“ later moved to the town, thus providing the socio\\-political context for the subsequent erection of El Buss camp.", "[thumb\\|L. F. Cassas, drawing of the aqueduct ruins in El Buss around 1786](/wiki/File:TyreAlBass_Aquaeduct-Louis-Fran%C3%A7oisCassas-VoyagePittoresque1799.jpg \"TyreAlBass Aquaeduct-Louis-FranรงoisCassas-VoyagePittoresque1799.jpg\")\nIn 1764, the [French](/wiki/French_people \"French people\") [geographer](/wiki/Geographer \"Geographer\") [Jacques Nicolas Bellin](/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Bellin \"Jacques-Nicolas Bellin\") published a map of Greater Tyre which included the ruins of the aquaeduct in El Buss, but no settlements.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Bellin\\|first\\=Jacques\\-Nicolas\\|url\\=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5516144v\\|title\\=Le Petit Atlas maritime recueil de cartes et plans des quatre parties du Monde\\|year\\=1764\\|volume\\=3\\|location\\=Paris\\|pages\\=17}} Around 1786, Bellin's fellow countryman [Louis\\-Franรงois Cassas](/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Cassas \"Louis-Franรงois Cassas\") visited the place and drew a painting of the ruins of the aquaeduct.{{Cite book\\|last1\\=Cassas\\|first1\\=Louis Franรงois\\|url\\=https://digi.ub.uni\\-heidelberg.de/diglit/cassas1800bd2\\|title\\=Voyage pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoenicie, de la Palaestine et de la Basse Aegypte: ouvrage divisรฉ en trois volumes contenant environ trois cent trente planches\\|last2\\=Volney\\|first2\\=Constantin\\-Franรงois\\|year\\=1800\\|volume\\=2\\| doi\\=10\\.11588/DIGLIT.4572 }}", "[thumb\\|1878 SWP map showing *Birket el Bass*](/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.01.jpg \"Survey of Western Palestine 1880.01.jpg\")\nIn 1878, the [London](/wiki/London \"London\")\\-based [Palestine Exploration Fund](/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund \"Palestine Exploration Fund\")'s [*Survey of Western Palestine* (SWP)](/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine \"PEF Survey of Palestine\") โ€“ led by [Herbert Kitchener](/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener%2C_1st_Earl_Kitchener \"Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener\") at the beginning of his military career โ€“ mapped Tyre and its surroundings. It described the area of *Birket el Bass* โ€“ north of the aquaeduct โ€“ as a \"*ruined birket*\" (water reservoir or pool) and as \"*dry.*\" {{Cite book\\|last1\\=Conder\\|first1\\=Claude Reignier\\|title\\=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology\\|last2\\=Kitchener\\|first2\\=Horatio Herbert\\|publisher\\=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund\\|year\\=1881\\|volume\\=1\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=53}} A map from a 1906 [Baedeker](/wiki/Baedeker \"Baedeker\") travel guide designated the area as a \"*[Swamp](/wiki/Swamp \"Swamp\")*\" though.", "[thumb\\|1906 map with El Buss as a swamp](/wiki/File:Palestine_and_Syria_with_the_chief_routes_through_Mesopotamia_and_Babylonia%3B_handbook_for_travellers%3B_%281906%29_%2814804481453%29_cropped.jpg \"Palestine and Syria with the chief routes through Mesopotamia and Babylonia; handbook for travellers; (1906) (14804481453) cropped.jpg\")", "### Armenian and Palestinian refugee camps (1930sโ€“today)", "In 1920, the French colonial rulers proclaimed the new State of [Greater Lebanon](/wiki/Greater_Lebanon \"Greater Lebanon\") under the guardianship of the [League of Nations](/wiki/League_of_Nations \"League of Nations\") represented by France. Tyre and the [Jabal Amel](/wiki/Jabal_Amel \"Jabal Amel\") were attached as the Southern part of the Mandate.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Hamzeh\\|first\\=Ahmad Nizar\\|title\\=In the Path of Hizbullah\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Syracuse University Press]]\\|year\\=2004\\|isbn\\=978\\-0815630531\\|location\\=New York\\|pages\\=11, 82, 130, 133}} In the 1930s, sometime after 1932, the French colonial authorities attributed the swampy area to survivors of the Armenian Genocide, who had started arriving in Tyre already in the early 1920s.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Migliorino \\|first\\=Nicola \\|title\\=(Re)constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria: Ethno\\-Cultural Diversity and the State in the Aftermath of a Refugee Crisis \\|publisher\\=Berghahn Books \\|year\\=2008 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1845453527 \\|location\\=New York / Oxford \\|pages\\=33, 83}} A camp for [Armenian refugees](/wiki/Armenian_genocide_survivors \"Armenian genocide survivors\") was set up there sometime between 1935โ€“36{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Doraรฏ\\|first\\=Mohamed Kamel\\|date\\=2006\\|title\\=Le camp de rรฉfugiรฉs palestiniens d'Al Buss ร  Tyr : Sรฉgrรฉgation et prรฉcaritรฉ d'une installation durable (The Palestinian refugee camp of Al Buss in Tyr : segregation and fragility of a durable settlement)\\|url\\=https://www.persee.fr/doc/bagf\\_0004\\-5322\\_2006\\_num\\_83\\_1\\_2496\\|format\\=PDF\\|journal\\=Bulletin de l'Association de Gรฉographes Franรงais\\|language\\=fr\\|volume\\=83\\-1\\|pages\\=93โ€“104\\|doi\\=10\\.3406/bagf.2006\\.2496}} and 1939\\. Lebanon gained independence from French colonial rule in 1943\\.", "With the May 1948 declaration of the state of [Israel](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\"), a Palestinian exodus โ€“ also known as the [Nakba](/wiki/Nakba \"Nakba\")' โ€“ soon started, with thousands of Palestinian refugees fleeing to Tyre.{{Cite thesis\\|last\\=Gharbieh\\|first\\=Hussein M.\\|url\\=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1521/\\|title\\=Political awareness of the Shi'ites in Lebanon: the role of Sayyid 'Abd al\\-Husain Sharaf al\\-Din and Sayyid Musa al\\-Sadr\\|publisher\\=Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Durham\\|year\\=1996\\|location\\=Durham\\|pages\\=110\\|type\\=(Doctoral)\\|format\\=PDF}} El\\-Buss was one of the first sites which was assigned to the [Palestinian refugees](/wiki/Palestinian_refugees \"Palestinian refugees\") as a transit camp.{{cite book\\|author1\\=P. Edward Haley\\|author2\\=Lewis W. Snider\\|title\\=Lebanon in Crisis: Participants and Issues\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/lebanonincrisis001945\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|date\\=1 January 1979\\|publisher\\=Syracuse University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8156\\-2210\\-9\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/lebanonincrisis001945/page/28 28]}} The majority of the first wave of Palestinians who arrived in El\\-Buss were [Palestinian Christians](/wiki/Palestinian_Christians \"Palestinian Christians\") from [Haifa](/wiki/Haifa \"Haifa\") and [Akka](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel \"Acre, Israel\"). Most of them only found shelter in tents there.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Fisk\\|first\\=Robert\\|title\\=Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]]\\|year\\=2001\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-280130\\-2\\|location\\=Oxford\\|pages\\=38, 255\\|author\\-link\\=Robert Fisk}} Soon the camp was overcrowded and more camps were set up in other parts of the country.{{cite book\\|author\\=Roberts\\|first\\=Rebecca\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=LQYCAwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA203\\|title\\=Palestinians in Lebanon: Refugees Living with Long\\-term Displacement\\|publisher\\=I.B.Tauris\\|year\\=2010\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-85772\\-054\\-2\\|location\\=London / New York\\|pages\\=76, 203}}", "Initially, Armenians and Palestinians cohabited in the camp. In the course of the 1950s, the Armenian refugees from El Buss were resettled, while Palestinians from the [Acre](/wiki/Acre%2C_Israel \"Acre, Israel\") area in Galilee moved into the camp. Many of them were apparently [agriculturalists](/wiki/Farmer \"Farmer\"). After the [Six\\-Day War](/wiki/Six-Day_War \"Six-Day War\") of June 1967 another wave of displaced Palestinians sought refuge,{{Cite book\\|last\\=Brynen\\|first\\=Rex\\|title\\=Sanctuary And Survival: The PLO In Lebanon\\|publisher\\=Westview Press\\|year\\=1990\\|isbn\\=978\\-0813379197\\|location\\=Boulder}} with some arriving in El Buss camps. As Tyre greatly expanded during the 1960s due to an increasing a rural\\-to\\-urban movement and many new buildings were constructed on the isthmus of the peninsula, El Buss became physically more integrated into the city. Conflict with Israel escalated over time, peaking during the [1973 October Yom Kippur War](/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War \"Yom Kippur War\"), followed the protracted [Lebanese Civil War](/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War \"Lebanese Civil War\") (1975\\-1990\\) with repeated Israeli incursions and invasions during fighting against Lebanese and Palestinian armed factions, which continue until this day.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Acting #### 1992โ€“1997: Beginnings and breakthrough [thumb\|left\|Eliza Dushku (2004\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_May_2004_holding_coffee.jpg "Eliza Dushku May 2004 holding coffee.jpg") Dushku came to the attention of casting agents when she was ten years old. She was chosen in a five\-month search for the lead role of Alice in the 1992 romantic drama film *[That Night](/wiki/That_Night "That Night")*. In 1993, Dushku landed a role as Pearl, alongside [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro") and [Leonardo DiCaprio](/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio "Leonardo DiCaprio"), in the drama film *[This Boy's Life](/wiki/This_Boy%27s_Life_%28film%29 "This Boy's Life (film)")*. The following year, she played the teenage daughter of [Arnold Schwarzenegger](/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger "Arnold Schwarzenegger") and [Jamie Lee Curtis](/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis "Jamie Lee Curtis") in the action spy film *[True Lies](/wiki/True_Lies "True Lies")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.elizapatriciadushku.com/bio \|title\=Eliza Dushku \|website\=Elizapatriciadushku.com \|access\-date\=2016\-04\-03 \|archive\-date\=March 24, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324004413/http://www.elizapatriciadushku.com/bio \|url\-status\=live }} She had roles as Piper Reeves in the short film *Fishing with George* (1994\), as Cat in the television film *Journey* (1995\),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=QEUr55E10v4\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/QEUr55E10v4\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-04 \| url\-status\=live\|title\=Journey Trailer 1995 \|author\=Video Detective \| website\=\[\[YouTube]]\|date\=2014\-11\-11 \|access\-date\=2016\-04\-03}}{{cbignore}} as [Paul Reiser](/wiki/Paul_Reiser "Paul Reiser")'s daughter in the romantic comedy film *[Bye Bye Love](/wiki/Bye_Bye_Love_%28film%29 "Bye Bye Love (film)")* (1995\), and as Cindy Johnson in the comedy drama film *[Race the Sun](/wiki/Race_the_Sun_%28film%29 "Race the Sun (film)")* (1996\). #### 1998โ€“2002: *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and recognition Dushku planned to attend [Suffolk University](/wiki/Suffolk_University "Suffolk University") in Boston, where her mother taught,Tramountaanas, George A. (March 29, 2014\). ["ECCC: Eliza Dushku Talks 'Buffy,' 'Dollhouse' and Going Back to College"](http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=51822) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330065057/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page\=article\&id\=51822 \|date\=March 30, 2014 }}. [Comic Book Resources](/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources "Comic Book Resources"). but her agent asked her to submit a videotape audition for a television show starring another of his clients, [Sarah Michelle Gellar](/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar "Sarah Michelle Gellar"). After reading the script, Dushku rushed to a local [Claire's](/wiki/Claire%27s "Claire's") to purchase dark makeup and other appropriate accessories for the part of [Faith](/wiki/Faith_%28Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer%29 "Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)") on *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")*. When she began her work on the series, Dushku was still a minor, and had to receive [emancipation](/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors "Emancipation of minors") to work the production's long hours. She later recalled with amusement that the judge who handled her emancipation case, who was an avid fan of the show, jokingly said that she would sign the emancipation order if she could get a signed photo from Dushku. Though initially planned as a three\-episode role, the character became so popular that she stayed on for the whole third season and returned for a two\-part appearance in season four and for the last five episodes of the series. She also appeared in the spin\-off series *[Angel](/wiki/Angel_%281999_TV_series%29 "Angel (1999 TV series)")*. As an unwelcome effect of her portrayal as Faith, Dushku was inundated with fan mail from prisoners. She said: > I've been getting fan mail from maximum security penitentiaries and [death row](/wiki/Death_row "Death row"). What are the authorities thinking of in playing a show with young teenage girls to Death Row inmates? They write everything โ€“ disgusting things that you don't even want to know about. And they send me pictures โ€“ "Oh, here's a picture of me before I was incarcerated!" โ€“ and there's some guy sat on the sofa with a bottle of beer and a mustache, and a big gut. It's so creepy. Way more creepy than *Buffy*.{{cite web \|url\=http://news.eliza\-dushku.com/archives0102/na050101\.html\|title\=E.D.t.v.:: the eliza dushku news channel \|publisher\=Eliza\-Dushku.com \|access\-date\=2009\-04\-23 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902195143/http://www.news.eliza\-dushku.com/archives0102/na050101\.html \|archive\-date\=2003\-09\-02}} [thumb\|upright\|Dushku at [Wizard World](/wiki/Wizard_Entertainment "Wizard Entertainment") Comic Con in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") (May 2004\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_%40_Wizard_World_Philly_May_2004_01.jpg "Eliza Dushku @ Wizard World Philly May 2004 01.jpg") In 2000, Dushku starred in the hit cheerleader comedy *Bring It On*. She followed that up with *[Soul Survivors](/wiki/Soul_Survivors_%28film%29 "Soul Survivors (film)")*, which reunited her with her *Race the Sun* co\-star [Casey Affleck](/wiki/Casey_Affleck "Casey Affleck"). In 2001, she appeared in *[The New Guy](/wiki/The_New_Guy "The New Guy")* with [DJ Qualls](/wiki/DJ_Qualls "DJ Qualls") and in *[City by the Sea](/wiki/City_by_the_Sea "City by the Sea")* with [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro") and [James Franco](/wiki/James_Franco "James Franco"). The latter film garnered attention from a wider adult audience and several good reviews. The same year, [Kevin Smith](/wiki/Kevin_Smith "Kevin Smith") invited Dushku to be a part of *[Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back](/wiki/Jay_and_Silent_Bob_Strike_Back "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back")*. #### 2003โ€“2008: *Tru Calling* and subsequent roles In 2003, Dushku starred in the horror film *[Wrong Turn](/wiki/Wrong_Turn_%282003_film%29 "Wrong Turn (2003 film)")* and *The Kiss*, an independent comedy\-drama. Starting that same year, she starred in a new [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") supernatural drama, *[Tru Calling](/wiki/Tru_Calling "Tru Calling")*, where she played the main character, medical student [Tru Davies](/wiki/Tru_Davies "Tru Davies"). After having a grant withdrawn, Tru is forced to take a job at a local morgue, where she discovers her power to "re\-live" the previous day over again if one of the deceased asks for her help to change what has happened. Dushku turned down a role in a spin\-off of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")* about Faith. She has had many roles as a "bad girl" in films. In an interview with *[Maxim](/wiki/Maxim_%28magazine%29 "Maxim (magazine)")* in May 2001, Dushku says of her roles, "It's easy to play a bad girl: You just do everything you've been told not to do, and you don't have to deal with the consequences, because it's only acting."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.maximonline.com/articles/index.aspx?a\_id\=4046\&src\=fc \|title\=Faith No More \|last\=Young \|first\=Paul \|work\=Maxim \|date\=May 2001 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180956/http://www.maximonline.com/articles/index.aspx?a\_id\=4046\&src\=fc \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-30}} Dushku starred in the [Off\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway "Off-Broadway") play *[Dog Sees God](/wiki/Dog_Sees_God "Dog Sees God")* in December 2005\. The play was based on the *[Peanuts](/wiki/Peanuts "Peanuts")* comic strip, with Dushku playing a character symbolizing [Lucy Van Pelt](/wiki/Lucy_Van_Pelt "Lucy Van Pelt"). She quit in February 2006 along with other members of the cast amid rumors of abuse by the producer, which were later dismissed. She played the lead character on *Nurses*, a hospital comedy\-drama for Fox. This was the second Fox pilot in which she was cast, but not broadcast.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960922?refCatId\=14 \|title\=Dushku joins Fox's 'Nurses' \|last1\=Schneider \|first1\=Michael \|last2\=Adalian \|first2\=Josef \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=2007\-03\-11 \|access\-date\=2007\-03\-20 \|archive\-date\=November 7, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043641/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960922?refCatId\=14 \|url\-status\=live }} She appeared in the [Simple Plan](/wiki/Simple_Plan "Simple Plan") music video "[I'm Just a Kid](/wiki/I%27m_Just_a_Kid "I'm Just a Kid")" as the band's love interest, as well as [Nickelback](/wiki/Nickelback "Nickelback")'s video for "[Rockstar](/wiki/Rockstar_%28Nickelback_song%29 "Rockstar (Nickelback song)")". [thumb\|left\|Dushku at [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival "Tribeca Film Festival") (2007\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_by_David_Shankbone.jpg "Eliza Dushku by David Shankbone.jpg") On October 1, 2005, she announced at [Wizard World](/wiki/Wizard_World "Wizard World") Boston that shooting had begun for *[Nobel Son](/wiki/Nobel_Son "Nobel Son")* in which she would star with [Alan Rickman](/wiki/Alan_Rickman "Alan Rickman"), [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito "Danny DeVito"), and [Bill Pullman](/wiki/Bill_Pullman "Bill Pullman"). The film was released at the 2007 [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival "Tribeca Film Festival").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/32560\|title\=Nobel Son review\|publisher\=Aintitcool.com\|date\=May 7, 2007\|access\-date\=February 24, 2011\|archive\-date\=May 25, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525214444/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/32560\|url\-status\=live}} Another project released in 2007 was *[On Broadway](/wiki/On_Broadway_%28film%29 "On Broadway (film)")*, an independent film filmed in Boston. It received positive reviews,{{cite news \|url\=http://bostonist.com/2007/04/30/on\_broadway\_at\_the\_independent\_film\_festival\_of\_boston.php \|title\=On Broadway At the Independent Film Festival of Boston \|last\=Femia \|first\=Michael \|publisher\=Bostonist \|date\=2007\-04\-30 \|access\-date\=2008\-07\-13 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612134004/http://bostonist.com/2007/04/30/on\_broadway\_at\_the\_independent\_film\_festival\_of\_boston.php \|archive\-date\=2008\-06\-12}} with a few of them highlighting Dushku's performance. Dushku has had roles in five video games. She voiced the role of Yumi Sawamura in the English\-language version of *[Yakuza](/wiki/Yakuza_%28video_game%29 "Yakuza (video game)")* for the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2"), which was published and developed by [Sega](/wiki/Sega "Sega"), and released in September 2006\. Dushku also stars as Shaundi, one of the lead characters in *[Saints Row 2](/wiki/Saints_Row_2 "Saints Row 2")*, which was developed by [Volition, Inc.](/wiki/Volition_%28company%29 "Volition (company)") and published by [THQ](/wiki/THQ "THQ").{{cite web\|url\=http://worthplaying.com/article/2008/9/12/previews/54767/\|title\=Saints Row 2 Singleplayer/Co\-Op Preview\|last\=Pavlacka\|first\=Adam\|publisher\=WorthPlaying.com\|date\=September 12, 2008\|access\-date\=November 30, 2010\|archive\-date\=September 30, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930161651/http://worthplaying.com/article/2008/9/12/previews/54767/\|url\-status\=live}} It was released in North America on October 14, 2008, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3") and [Xbox 360](/wiki/Xbox_360 "Xbox 360"). She was the voice talent for the role of Rubi Malone, the main character in the game *[WET](/wiki/WET_%28video_game%29 "WET (video game)")*. She appeared at Spike TV's 2008 [Video Game Awards](/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards "Spike Video Game Awards") in December 2008\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\=photoGalleryAlbum\&galleryid\=2414โ„ด\=2 \|title\=Spike TV's Video Game Awards \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=2008\-12\-15 \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414215905/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\=photoGalleryAlbum\&galleryid\=2414โ„ด\=2 \|archive\-date\=2009\-04\-14}} [Danielle Nicolet](/wiki/Danielle_Nicolet "Danielle Nicolet") took over the role of Shaundi in *[Saints Row: The Third](/wiki/Saints_Row:The_Third "The Third")*. She also voiced Megan McQueen in Champion Mode of the 2011 video game Fight Night Champion. *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 "Variety (magazine)")* announced on August 2, 2006, that Dushku would co\-star with [Macaulay Culkin](/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin "Macaulay Culkin") in *[Sex and Breakfast](/wiki/Sex_and_Breakfast "Sex and Breakfast")*, a dark comedy written and directed by Miles Brandman. A reviewer described Dushku as "charming" and giving the character "an edge".{{cite news \|url\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117935547?refcatid\=31 \|url\-status\=dead \|title\=Sex and Breakfast (Review) \|last\=Anderson \|first\=John \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=2004\-11\-29 \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043713/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117935547?refcatid\=31 \|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-07}} The film was released in Los Angeles on November 30, 2007, and on DVD on January 22, 2008\. She starred in *[Open Graves](/wiki/Open_Graves "Open Graves")*, a 2008 horror\-thriller about a [satanic](/wiki/Satanism "Satanism") game co\-starring [Mike Vogel](/wiki/Mike_Vogel "Mike Vogel"). She played the main character in *[The Thacker Case](/wiki/The_Thacker_Case "The Thacker Case")* and *[The Alphabet Killer](/wiki/The_Alphabet_Killer "The Alphabet Killer")*, both thrillers based on real\-life events, one of them directed by [Rob Schmidt](/wiki/Rob_Schmidt "Rob Schmidt"), with whom she had worked on *Wrong Turn*. Both films were released in 2008\.{{cite news \|url\=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/05/15/eliza\-dushku\-joins\-the\-force\-for\-alphabet\-killer/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku Joins The Force For 'Alphabet Killer' \|last\=Jacks \|first\=Brian \|publisher\=MTV Movies Blog \|date\=2007\-05\-15 \|access\-date\=2008\-07\-13 \|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501194733/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/05/15/eliza\-dushku\-joins\-the\-force\-for\-alphabet\-killer/ \|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-01}} *The Alphabet Killer* contains Dushku's first topless scene.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.egotastic.com/entertainment/celebrities/eliza\-dushku/eliza\-dushku\-topless\-video\-from\-the\-alphabet\-killer\-topless\-004259 \|title\=Eliza Dushku topless in The Alphabet Killer \|publisher\=Egotastic \|date\=2008\-12\-22 \|access\-date\=2008\-12\-22 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224004508/http://egotastic.com/entertainment/celebrities/eliza\-dushku/eliza\-dushku\-topless\-video\-from\-the\-alphabet\-killer\-topless\-004259 \|archive\-date\=2008\-12\-24}} The film earned mixed reviews, but reviewers praised Dushku's performance, commenting "Eliza Dushku commands the screen but cannot reconcile the script's conflicted and increasingly idiotic agendas."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939227?refcatid\=31 \|title\=The Alphabet Killer \|last\=Scheib \|first\=Ronnie \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=2008\-12\-17 \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-07 \|archive\-date\=November 7, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043805/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939227?refcatid\=31 \|url\-status\=live }} She appeared in *[Bottle Shock](/wiki/Bottle_Shock "Bottle Shock")*, a drama about [Napa valley](/wiki/Napa_valley "Napa valley") wine. The film was directed by Randall Miller, who helmed *Nobel Son*.{{cite news \|url\=http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/07/20/elisha\-dushku\-and\-bill\-pullman\-join\-bottle\-shock \|title\=Eliza Dushku and Bill Pullman Join 'Bottle Shock' \|url\-status\=dead \|last\=Campbell \|first\=Christopher \|publisher\=Cinematical \|date\=2007\-07\-20 \|access\-date\=2008\-07\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725172704/http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/07/20/elisha\-dushku\-and\-bill\-pullman\-join\-bottle\-shock \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-25}} #### 2009โ€“present: *Dollhouse* and other work On August 26, 2007, Dushku signed a development deal with [Fox Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") and [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox "20th Century Fox"). Under the pact, the network and the studio would develop projects tailor\-made for the actress as well as approach her with existing pitches and scripts.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content\_display/television/news/e3i3183b40c3b46a938e4669aa95744ca66 \|title\=Dushku busy with Fox TV \|last\=Andreeva \|first\=Nellie \|work\=The Hollywood Reporter \|date\=2007\-08\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content\_display/television/news/e3i3183b40c3b46a938e4669aa95744ca66 \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-30}} Subsequently, it was announced on October 31 that Dushku had lured [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon "Joss Whedon"), of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")*, back to TV, to create a television series called *[Dollhouse](/wiki/Dollhouse_%28TV_series%29 "Dollhouse (TV series)")*. Dushku produced the show and played the main character, '[Echo](/wiki/Echo_%28Dollhouse%29 "Echo (Dollhouse)")'. It aired on Fox during the [2008โ€“09 TV season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_United_States_network_television_schedule "2008โ€“09 United States network television schedule"). In an interview, Dushku talked about how *Dollhouse* and her reconnection with Whedon came about: > I invited [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon "Joss Whedon") to lunch after I did the business deal with Fox. We'd had a cool relationship in the past and I so wanted to do something else, and I wanted to get back into a television show. I had him on the brain for sure but I hadn't called him yet, but I sort of took a leap of faith and set things up with Fox and then called Joss. We went to a four\-hour lunch where I just sort of used my womanly wiles. No, we've become such good friends, kind of like brother and sister and kind of like he was my watcher, my handler from when I first moved out to L.A. when I was 17 and I was a little bit of a wild child. He's watched me and helped me and taught me over the years. I told him how bad I wanted and needed him back and he accepted and here we are.{{cite web \|url\=http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Eliza\+Dushku%3A\+Dollhouse/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku: Dollhouse \|publisher\=\[\[SuicideGirls.com]] \|date\=2009\-02\-05 \|access\-date\=2009\-02\-05 \|archive\-date\=February 7, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207133937/http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Eliza\+Dushku%3A\+Dollhouse/ \|url\-status\=live }} [thumb\|Dushku at a fashion event (2009\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_2009.jpg "Eliza Dushku 2009.jpg") Dushku described Whedon as "my favorite genius ... favorite friend ... big brother ... and the only person out here I've ever wholeheartedly trusted, because he's never let me down."{{cite news \|title\=Joss Whedon preps Fox series \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|url\=https://variety.com/2007/scene/features/joss\-whedon\-preps\-fox\-series\-1117975136/ \|date\=2007\-10\-31 \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|first\=Michael \|last\=Schneider \|archive\-date\=August 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004129/https://variety.com/2007/scene/features/joss\-whedon\-preps\-fox\-series\-1117975136/ \|url\-status\=live }} *Dollhouse* was renewed for a second season. The producers cited their confidence in the strength of Whedon's fan base and high DVR numbers as their reasons for keeping the show. Fox cancelled *Dollhouse* on November 11, 2009\. The show officially wrapped filming on the second and final season on December 16, 2009\. Dushku was the voice actor for contract killer "Rubi Malone" in the action video game *[Wet](/wiki/Wet_%28video_game%29 "Wet (video game)")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/wet/news.html?sid\=6213530\&tag\=topslot;thumb;1 \|title\=Wet Hands\-On โ€“ PlayStation 3 Previews at GameSpot \|last\=Sassoon \|first\=Alex \|work\=Gamespot.com \|date\=2009\-09\-15 \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-24 \|archive\-date\=September 18, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918214000/https://www.gamespot.com/games/wet/news/ \|url\-status\=live }} In 2010, Dushku provided her voice for *Noah's Ark: The New Beginning* and appeared in the film *[Locked In](/wiki/Locked_In_%282010_film%29 "Locked In (2010 film)")*.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/17739/eliza\-dushku\-is\-locked\-in/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku is Locked In \|publisher\=Dreadcentral.com \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|date\=2010\-06\-08 \|first\=Steve \|last\=Barton \|archive\-date\=August 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004147/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/17739/eliza\-dushku\-is\-locked\-in/ \|url\-status\=live }} She also guest\-starred in an episode of [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS")' comedy *[The Big Bang Theory](/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory "The Big Bang Theory")*{{cite news\|url\=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Eliza\-Dushku\-Big\-Bang\-1023454\.aspx\|title\=The Big Bang Theory Geeks Out for Eliza Dushku\|work\=\[\[TV Guide]]\|access\-date\=September 23, 2010\|archive\-date\=September 25, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925194316/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Eliza\-Dushku\-Big\-Bang\-1023454\.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} which aired on November 4, 2010\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.etonline.com/news/102522\_VIDEO\_Kaley\_Cuoco\_s\_First\_ET\_Interview\_Since\_Breaking\_Her\_Leg/ \|title\=Eliza guest\-star in CBS' comedy \|work\=\[\[Entertainment Tonight]] \|date\=2010\-11\-04 \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110134944/http://www.etonline.com/news/102522\_VIDEO\_Kaley\_Cuoco\_s\_First\_ET\_Interview\_Since\_Breaking\_Her\_Leg/ \|archive\-date\=2010\-11\-10}} In 2011, Dushku featured alongside Jayson Floyd in "One Shot", a short action clip on YouTube directed by and starring [Freddie Wong](/wiki/Freddie_Wong "Freddie Wong"), released on May 13, 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=e5Iey0wDqBE \| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/e5Iey0wDqBE\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-04 \| url\-status\=live\|title\=One Shot ft. Eliza Dushku \|publisher\=YouTube (via Freddie Wong) \|date\=2011\-05\-13 \|access\-date\=2011\-05\-13}}{{cbignore}} Dushku had a lead role in the online animated "motion comic" series *Torchwood: Web of Lies*, based on the BBC series *[Torchwood: Miracle Day](/wiki/Torchwood:Miracle_Day "Miracle Day")*.{{cite news \|url\=http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/02/eliza\-dushku\-torchwood/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku to star in 'Torchwood' online animated series \|last\=Hibberd \|first\=James \|publisher\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \|date\=2011\-06\-02 \|access\-date\=2011\-06\-03 \|archive\-date\=June 5, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605160806/http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/02/eliza\-dushku\-torchwood/ \|url\-status\=live }} In June 2012, Dushku starred with [Katie Cassidy](/wiki/Katie_Cassidy "Katie Cassidy"), [Gina Gershon](/wiki/Gina_Gershon "Gina Gershon") and [Michelle Trachtenberg](/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg "Michelle Trachtenberg") in *[The Scribbler](/wiki/The_Scribbler_%28film%29 "The Scribbler (film)")*, directed by John Suits and produced by [Gabriel Cowan](/wiki/Gabriel_Cowan "Gabriel Cowan").{{cite web \|last\=Fleming \|first\=Mike \|url\=https://www.deadline.com/2012/05/the\-scribbler\-starts\-production\-with\-katie\-cassidy\-starring/ \|title\='The Scribbler' Starts Production With Katie Cassidy Starring \|website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood\|deadline.com]] \|access\-date\=2013\-07\-01 \|date\=2012\-05\-09 \|archive\-date\=December 3, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032625/http://www.deadline.com/2012/05/the\-scribbler\-starts\-production\-with\-katie\-cassidy\-starring/ \|url\-status\=live }} In 2013, she was cast as [Patricia Holm](/wiki/Patricia_Holm "Patricia Holm") in a pilot film for a proposed TV revival series of *[The Saint](/wiki/Simon_Templar "Simon Templar")*, but the series was not commissioned. In July 2017 the pilot was released on digital HD/VOD.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/All\-New\-Reboot\-of\-THE\-SAINT\-Arrives\-on\-Digital\-HDVOD\-on\-711\-20170627 \|date\=2014\-06\-27 \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|first\=Caryn \|last\=Robbins \|title\=All\-New Reboot of THE SAINT Arrives on Digital HD/VOD on 7/11 \|archive\-date\=August 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004137/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/All\-New\-Reboot\-of\-THE\-SAINT\-Arrives\-on\-Digital\-HDVOD\-on\-711\-20170627 \|url\-status\=live }} From 2013 to 2015, Dushku voiced the role of [She\-Hulk](/wiki/She-Hulk "She-Hulk") in the [Disney XD](/wiki/Disney_XD "Disney XD") animated series *[Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.](/wiki/Hulk_and_the_Agents_of_S.M.A.S.H. "Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.")*. In 2014, it was announced that she would star in [Randall Miller](/wiki/Randall_Miller "Randall Miller")'s *[Midnight Rider](/wiki/Midnight_Rider_%28film%29 "Midnight Rider (film)")*, a biopic of [Gregg Allman](/wiki/Gregg_Allman "Gregg Allman").{{cite news\|last\=Kit\|first\=Borys\|title\=Eliza Dushku, Bradley Whitford Join Gregg Allman Biopic\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eliza\-dushku\-bradley\-whitford\-join\-678450\|accessdate\=February 21, 2014\|newspaper\=The Hollywood Reporter\|date\=February 7, 2014\|archive\-date\=February 9, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070602/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eliza\-dushku\-bradley\-whitford\-join\-678450\|url\-status\=live}} In 2016, she was cast in a recurring role in the fourth season of the [Cinemax](/wiki/Cinemax "Cinemax") TV series *[Banshee](/wiki/Banshee_%28TV_series%29 "Banshee (TV series)")*.{{Cite web \|url\=https://deadline.com/2015/04/eliza\-dushku\-banshee\-cinemax\-1201405176/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku Joins Cinemax's 'Banshee' \|last\=Pedersen \|first\=Erik \|date\=2015\-04\-06 \|publisher\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood\|deadline.com]] \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2019\-09\-26 \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926194755/https://deadline.com/2015/04/eliza\-dushku\-banshee\-cinemax\-1201405176/ \|url\-status\=live }} In 2017, she had a recurring guest role in the last three episodes of the first season of the [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") drama series *[Bull](/wiki/Bull_%282016_TV_series%29 "Bull (2016 TV series)")* with the option of becoming a series regular in season two.{{cite web \|url\=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/eliza\-dushku\-bull\-cbs\-cast\-1202014922/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku Joins CBS' 'Bull' With Option to Become Series Regular in Season 2 \|first\=Elizabeth \|last\=Wagmeister \|date\=2017\-03\-23 \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|archive\-date\=December 10, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210234628/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/eliza\-dushku\-bull\-cbs\-cast\-1202014922/ \|url\-status\=live }} ### Production work [thumb\|left\|Eliza Dushku at the 2009 [San Diego Comic\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con "San Diego Comic-Con")](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg "Eliza Dushku by Gage Skidmore.jpg") In August 2011, Dushku visited [Albania](/wiki/Albania "Albania") with a crew from the [Travel Channel](/wiki/Travel_Channel "Travel Channel") and [Lonely Planet](/wiki/Lonely_Planet "Lonely Planet") to film *[Dear Albania](/wiki/Dear_Albania "Dear Albania")*, a documentary promoting tourism in her father's family's country of origin.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=fFTTx8P0Wsw \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130055531/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=fFTTx8P0Wswโ‰ท\=US\&hl\=en\| archive\-date\=2012\-11\-30 \| url\-status\=dead\|title\=''Dear Albania'' by Eliza Dushku \|publisher\=YouTube \|access\-date\=October 15, 2012}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/eliza\-dushku/albania\-travel\-\_b\_946341\.html \|title\=Why You Must Visit Albania \|publisher\=\[\[Huffington Post]] \|date\=2011\-09\-02 \|access\-date\=2012\-03\-11 \|first\=Eliza \|last\=Dushku \|archive\-date\=October 26, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026170031/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/eliza\-dushku/albania\-travel\-\_b\_946341\.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|url\=http://news.bostonherald.com/track/star\_tracks/view/2011\_0808inside\_track\_headline\_2/srvc\=home\&position\=also \|title\=Eliza Dushku in Albania \- BostonHerald.com \|publisher\=\[\[Boston Herald]] \|date\=2011\-08\-08 \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-15 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912195515/http://news.bostonherald.com/track/star\_tracks/view/2011\_0808inside\_track\_headline\_2/srvc%3Dhome%26position%3Dalso \|archive\-date\=2012\-09\-12}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.koha.net/index.php?page\=1,5,65224 \|title\=Eliza Dushku nรซ Tiranรซ, promovon vlerat turistike tรซ Shqipรซrisรซ \|work\=Koha.net \|date\=2011\-08\-06 \|access\-date\=2011\-08\-07 \|archive\-date\=December 17, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224137/http://www.koha.net/index.php?page\=1,5,65224 \|url\-status\=live }} Dushku has been [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer") of her own production company, Boston Diva Productions, with her brother Nate as a partner. She secured exclusive rights to make an authorized film based on the life of photographer [Robert Mapplethorpe](/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe "Robert Mapplethorpe"). At one time provisionally entitled *The Perfect Moment*, the film was in development over more than a decade. Eventually she enlisted the help of [Ondi Timoner](/wiki/Ondi_Timoner "Ondi Timoner"){{cite news \|url\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118000588?refCatId\=1236 \|title\=Eliza Dushku focuses on photog film \|last\=Siegel \|first\=Tatiana \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=2009\-02\-25 \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-07 \|archive\-date\=November 7, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043538/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118000588?refCatId\=1236 \|url\-status\=live }} and [Mapplethorpe](/wiki/Mapplethorpe_%28film%29 "Mapplethorpe (film)"), with [Matt Smith](/wiki/Matt_Smith "Matt Smith") as the title character, was brought to the screen in 2018\.{{cite news \|last1\=D'Alessandro \|first1\=Anthony \|title\=Eliza Dushku's 15\-Year Journey To Make 'Mapplethorpe' โ€“ Tribeca Studio \|url\=https://deadline.com/2018/04/eliza\-dushku\-mapplethorpe\-matt\-smith\-tribeca\-film\-festival\-video\-1202376843/ \|access\-date\=26 September 2021 \|work\=Deadline Hollywood \|date\=27 April 2018 \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926231630/https://deadline.com/2018/04/eliza\-dushku\-mapplethorpe\-matt\-smith\-tribeca\-film\-festival\-video\-1202376843/ \|url\-status\=live }} In 2017, her production company, in association with IM Global Television, was reported to be developing [Glen Cook](/wiki/Glen_Cook "Glen Cook")'s *[The Black Company](/wiki/The_Black_Company "The Black Company")* series of books for a television series, with Dushku potentially starring as The Lady.{{cite web \|url\=https://deadline.com/2017/04/eliza\-dushku\-star\-the\-black\-company\-series\-adaptation\-david\-goyer\-im\-global\-1202076367/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku To Star In 'The Black Company' Series Adaptation In Works By IM Global \& David Goyer \|date\=2017\-04\-24 \|access\-date\=2017\-07\-16 \|first\=Denise \|last\=Petski \|archive\-date\=July 15, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715210914/http://deadline.com/2017/04/eliza\-dushku\-star\-the\-black\-company\-series\-adaptation\-david\-goyer\-im\-global\-1202076367/ \|url\-status\=live }}
[ "Career\n------", "### Acting", "#### 1992โ€“1997: Beginnings and breakthrough", "[thumb\\|left\\|Eliza Dushku (2004\\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_May_2004_holding_coffee.jpg \"Eliza Dushku May 2004 holding coffee.jpg\")\nDushku came to the attention of casting agents when she was ten years old. She was chosen in a five\\-month search for the lead role of Alice in the 1992 romantic drama film *[That Night](/wiki/That_Night \"That Night\")*. In 1993, Dushku landed a role as Pearl, alongside [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\") and [Leonardo DiCaprio](/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio \"Leonardo DiCaprio\"), in the drama film *[This Boy's Life](/wiki/This_Boy%27s_Life_%28film%29 \"This Boy's Life (film)\")*. The following year, she played the teenage daughter of [Arnold Schwarzenegger](/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger \"Arnold Schwarzenegger\") and [Jamie Lee Curtis](/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis \"Jamie Lee Curtis\") in the action spy film *[True Lies](/wiki/True_Lies \"True Lies\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.elizapatriciadushku.com/bio \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku \\|website\\=Elizapatriciadushku.com \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-03 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324004413/http://www.elizapatriciadushku.com/bio \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "She had roles as Piper Reeves in the short film *Fishing with George* (1994\\), as Cat in the television film *Journey* (1995\\),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=QEUr55E10v4\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/QEUr55E10v4\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-04 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Journey Trailer 1995 \\|author\\=Video Detective \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]\\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-03}}{{cbignore}} as [Paul Reiser](/wiki/Paul_Reiser \"Paul Reiser\")'s daughter in the romantic comedy film *[Bye Bye Love](/wiki/Bye_Bye_Love_%28film%29 \"Bye Bye Love (film)\")* (1995\\), and as Cindy Johnson in the comedy drama film *[Race the Sun](/wiki/Race_the_Sun_%28film%29 \"Race the Sun (film)\")* (1996\\).", "#### 1998โ€“2002: *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and recognition", "Dushku planned to attend [Suffolk University](/wiki/Suffolk_University \"Suffolk University\") in Boston, where her mother taught,Tramountaanas, George A. (March 29, 2014\\). [\"ECCC: Eliza Dushku Talks 'Buffy,' 'Dollhouse' and Going Back to College\"](http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=51822) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330065057/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page\\=article\\&id\\=51822 \\|date\\=March 30, 2014 }}. [Comic Book Resources](/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources \"Comic Book Resources\"). but her agent asked her to submit a videotape audition for a television show starring another of his clients, [Sarah Michelle Gellar](/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar \"Sarah Michelle Gellar\"). After reading the script, Dushku rushed to a local [Claire's](/wiki/Claire%27s \"Claire's\") to purchase dark makeup and other appropriate accessories for the part of [Faith](/wiki/Faith_%28Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer%29 \"Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)\") on *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\")*. When she began her work on the series, Dushku was still a minor, and had to receive [emancipation](/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors \"Emancipation of minors\") to work the production's long hours. She later recalled with amusement that the judge who handled her emancipation case, who was an avid fan of the show, jokingly said that she would sign the emancipation order if she could get a signed photo from Dushku. Though initially planned as a three\\-episode role, the character became so popular that she stayed on for the whole third season and returned for a two\\-part appearance in season four and for the last five episodes of the series. She also appeared in the spin\\-off series *[Angel](/wiki/Angel_%281999_TV_series%29 \"Angel (1999 TV series)\")*.", "As an unwelcome effect of her portrayal as Faith, Dushku was inundated with fan mail from prisoners. She said:", "", "> I've been getting fan mail from maximum security penitentiaries and [death row](/wiki/Death_row \"Death row\"). What are the authorities thinking of in playing a show with young teenage girls to Death Row inmates? They write everything โ€“ disgusting things that you don't even want to know about. And they send me pictures โ€“ \"Oh, here's a picture of me before I was incarcerated!\" โ€“ and there's some guy sat on the sofa with a bottle of beer and a mustache, and a big gut. It's so creepy. Way more creepy than *Buffy*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.eliza\\-dushku.com/archives0102/na050101\\.html\\|title\\=E.D.t.v.:: the eliza dushku news channel \\|publisher\\=Eliza\\-Dushku.com \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-23 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902195143/http://www.news.eliza\\-dushku.com/archives0102/na050101\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-09\\-02}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Dushku at [Wizard World](/wiki/Wizard_Entertainment \"Wizard Entertainment\") Comic Con in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") (May 2004\\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_%40_Wizard_World_Philly_May_2004_01.jpg \"Eliza Dushku @ Wizard World Philly May 2004 01.jpg\")\nIn 2000, Dushku starred in the hit cheerleader comedy *Bring It On*. She followed that up with *[Soul Survivors](/wiki/Soul_Survivors_%28film%29 \"Soul Survivors (film)\")*, which reunited her with her *Race the Sun* co\\-star [Casey Affleck](/wiki/Casey_Affleck \"Casey Affleck\"). In 2001, she appeared in *[The New Guy](/wiki/The_New_Guy \"The New Guy\")* with [DJ Qualls](/wiki/DJ_Qualls \"DJ Qualls\") and in *[City by the Sea](/wiki/City_by_the_Sea \"City by the Sea\")* with [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\") and [James Franco](/wiki/James_Franco \"James Franco\"). The latter film garnered attention from a wider adult audience and several good reviews. The same year, [Kevin Smith](/wiki/Kevin_Smith \"Kevin Smith\") invited Dushku to be a part of *[Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back](/wiki/Jay_and_Silent_Bob_Strike_Back \"Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back\")*.", "#### 2003โ€“2008: *Tru Calling* and subsequent roles", "In 2003, Dushku starred in the horror film *[Wrong Turn](/wiki/Wrong_Turn_%282003_film%29 \"Wrong Turn (2003 film)\")* and *The Kiss*, an independent comedy\\-drama. Starting that same year, she starred in a new [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") supernatural drama, *[Tru Calling](/wiki/Tru_Calling \"Tru Calling\")*, where she played the main character, medical student [Tru Davies](/wiki/Tru_Davies \"Tru Davies\"). After having a grant withdrawn, Tru is forced to take a job at a local morgue, where she discovers her power to \"re\\-live\" the previous day over again if one of the deceased asks for her help to change what has happened. Dushku turned down a role in a spin\\-off of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\")* about Faith.", "She has had many roles as a \"bad girl\" in films. In an interview with *[Maxim](/wiki/Maxim_%28magazine%29 \"Maxim (magazine)\")* in May 2001, Dushku says of her roles, \"It's easy to play a bad girl: You just do everything you've been told not to do, and you don't have to deal with the consequences, because it's only acting.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.maximonline.com/articles/index.aspx?a\\_id\\=4046\\&src\\=fc \\|title\\=Faith No More \\|last\\=Young \\|first\\=Paul \\|work\\=Maxim \\|date\\=May 2001 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180956/http://www.maximonline.com/articles/index.aspx?a\\_id\\=4046\\&src\\=fc \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-30}}", "Dushku starred in the [Off\\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway \"Off-Broadway\") play *[Dog Sees God](/wiki/Dog_Sees_God \"Dog Sees God\")* in December 2005\\. The play was based on the *[Peanuts](/wiki/Peanuts \"Peanuts\")* comic strip, with Dushku playing a character symbolizing [Lucy Van Pelt](/wiki/Lucy_Van_Pelt \"Lucy Van Pelt\"). She quit in February 2006 along with other members of the cast amid rumors of abuse by the producer, which were later dismissed.", "She played the lead character on *Nurses*, a hospital comedy\\-drama for Fox. This was the second Fox pilot in which she was cast, but not broadcast.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960922?refCatId\\=14 \\|title\\=Dushku joins Fox's 'Nurses' \\|last1\\=Schneider \\|first1\\=Michael \\|last2\\=Adalian \\|first2\\=Josef \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=2007\\-03\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043641/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960922?refCatId\\=14 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "She appeared in the [Simple Plan](/wiki/Simple_Plan \"Simple Plan\") music video \"[I'm Just a Kid](/wiki/I%27m_Just_a_Kid \"I'm Just a Kid\")\" as the band's love interest, as well as [Nickelback](/wiki/Nickelback \"Nickelback\")'s video for \"[Rockstar](/wiki/Rockstar_%28Nickelback_song%29 \"Rockstar (Nickelback song)\")\".", "[thumb\\|left\\|Dushku at [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival \"Tribeca Film Festival\") (2007\\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_by_David_Shankbone.jpg \"Eliza Dushku by David Shankbone.jpg\")\nOn October 1, 2005, she announced at [Wizard World](/wiki/Wizard_World \"Wizard World\") Boston that shooting had begun for *[Nobel Son](/wiki/Nobel_Son \"Nobel Son\")* in which she would star with [Alan Rickman](/wiki/Alan_Rickman \"Alan Rickman\"), [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito \"Danny DeVito\"), and [Bill Pullman](/wiki/Bill_Pullman \"Bill Pullman\"). The film was released at the 2007 [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival \"Tribeca Film Festival\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/32560\\|title\\=Nobel Son review\\|publisher\\=Aintitcool.com\\|date\\=May 7, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525214444/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/32560\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Another project released in 2007 was *[On Broadway](/wiki/On_Broadway_%28film%29 \"On Broadway (film)\")*, an independent film filmed in Boston. It received positive reviews,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://bostonist.com/2007/04/30/on\\_broadway\\_at\\_the\\_independent\\_film\\_festival\\_of\\_boston.php \\|title\\=On Broadway At the Independent Film Festival of Boston \\|last\\=Femia \\|first\\=Michael \\|publisher\\=Bostonist \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-30 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612134004/http://bostonist.com/2007/04/30/on\\_broadway\\_at\\_the\\_independent\\_film\\_festival\\_of\\_boston.php \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-12}} with a few of them highlighting Dushku's performance.", "Dushku has had roles in five video games. She voiced the role of Yumi Sawamura in the English\\-language version of *[Yakuza](/wiki/Yakuza_%28video_game%29 \"Yakuza (video game)\")* for the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\"), which was published and developed by [Sega](/wiki/Sega \"Sega\"), and released in September 2006\\. Dushku also stars as Shaundi, one of the lead characters in *[Saints Row 2](/wiki/Saints_Row_2 \"Saints Row 2\")*, which was developed by [Volition, Inc.](/wiki/Volition_%28company%29 \"Volition (company)\") and published by [THQ](/wiki/THQ \"THQ\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://worthplaying.com/article/2008/9/12/previews/54767/\\|title\\=Saints Row 2 Singleplayer/Co\\-Op Preview\\|last\\=Pavlacka\\|first\\=Adam\\|publisher\\=WorthPlaying.com\\|date\\=September 12, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930161651/http://worthplaying.com/article/2008/9/12/previews/54767/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was released in North America on October 14, 2008, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\") and [Xbox 360](/wiki/Xbox_360 \"Xbox 360\"). She was the voice talent for the role of Rubi Malone, the main character in the game *[WET](/wiki/WET_%28video_game%29 \"WET (video game)\")*. She appeared at Spike TV's 2008 [Video Game Awards](/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards \"Spike Video Game Awards\") in December 2008\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\\=photoGalleryAlbum\\&galleryid\\=2414โ„ด\\=2 \\|title\\=Spike TV's Video Game Awards \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414215905/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\\=photoGalleryAlbum\\&galleryid\\=2414โ„ด\\=2 \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-14}} [Danielle Nicolet](/wiki/Danielle_Nicolet \"Danielle Nicolet\") took over the role of Shaundi in *[Saints Row: The Third](/wiki/Saints_Row:The_Third \"The Third\")*. She also voiced Megan McQueen in Champion Mode of the 2011 video game Fight Night Champion.", "*[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* announced on August 2, 2006, that Dushku would co\\-star with [Macaulay Culkin](/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin \"Macaulay Culkin\") in *[Sex and Breakfast](/wiki/Sex_and_Breakfast \"Sex and Breakfast\")*, a dark comedy written and directed by Miles Brandman. A reviewer described Dushku as \"charming\" and giving the character \"an edge\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117935547?refcatid\\=31 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|title\\=Sex and Breakfast (Review) \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=John \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=2004\\-11\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043713/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117935547?refcatid\\=31 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-07}} The film was released in Los Angeles on November 30, 2007, and on DVD on January 22, 2008\\. She starred in *[Open Graves](/wiki/Open_Graves \"Open Graves\")*, a 2008 horror\\-thriller about a [satanic](/wiki/Satanism \"Satanism\") game co\\-starring [Mike Vogel](/wiki/Mike_Vogel \"Mike Vogel\"). She played the main character in *[The Thacker Case](/wiki/The_Thacker_Case \"The Thacker Case\")* and *[The Alphabet Killer](/wiki/The_Alphabet_Killer \"The Alphabet Killer\")*, both thrillers based on real\\-life events, one of them directed by [Rob Schmidt](/wiki/Rob_Schmidt \"Rob Schmidt\"), with whom she had worked on *Wrong Turn*. Both films were released in 2008\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/05/15/eliza\\-dushku\\-joins\\-the\\-force\\-for\\-alphabet\\-killer/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku Joins The Force For 'Alphabet Killer' \\|last\\=Jacks \\|first\\=Brian \\|publisher\\=MTV Movies Blog \\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501194733/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/05/15/eliza\\-dushku\\-joins\\-the\\-force\\-for\\-alphabet\\-killer/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-01}} *The Alphabet Killer* contains Dushku's first topless scene.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.egotastic.com/entertainment/celebrities/eliza\\-dushku/eliza\\-dushku\\-topless\\-video\\-from\\-the\\-alphabet\\-killer\\-topless\\-004259 \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku topless in The Alphabet Killer \\|publisher\\=Egotastic \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224004508/http://egotastic.com/entertainment/celebrities/eliza\\-dushku/eliza\\-dushku\\-topless\\-video\\-from\\-the\\-alphabet\\-killer\\-topless\\-004259 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-24}} The film earned mixed reviews, but reviewers praised Dushku's performance, commenting \"Eliza Dushku commands the screen but cannot reconcile the script's conflicted and increasingly idiotic agendas.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939227?refcatid\\=31 \\|title\\=The Alphabet Killer \\|last\\=Scheib \\|first\\=Ronnie \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043805/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939227?refcatid\\=31 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She appeared in *[Bottle Shock](/wiki/Bottle_Shock \"Bottle Shock\")*, a drama about [Napa valley](/wiki/Napa_valley \"Napa valley\") wine. The film was directed by Randall Miller, who helmed *Nobel Son*.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/07/20/elisha\\-dushku\\-and\\-bill\\-pullman\\-join\\-bottle\\-shock \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku and Bill Pullman Join 'Bottle Shock' \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|last\\=Campbell \\|first\\=Christopher \\|publisher\\=Cinematical \\|date\\=2007\\-07\\-20 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725172704/http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/07/20/elisha\\-dushku\\-and\\-bill\\-pullman\\-join\\-bottle\\-shock \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-25}}", "#### 2009โ€“present: *Dollhouse* and other work", "On August 26, 2007, Dushku signed a development deal with [Fox Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") and [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox \"20th Century Fox\"). Under the pact, the network and the studio would develop projects tailor\\-made for the actress as well as approach her with existing pitches and scripts.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content\\_display/television/news/e3i3183b40c3b46a938e4669aa95744ca66 \\|title\\=Dushku busy with Fox TV \\|last\\=Andreeva \\|first\\=Nellie \\|work\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content\\_display/television/news/e3i3183b40c3b46a938e4669aa95744ca66 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-30}}", "Subsequently, it was announced on October 31 that Dushku had lured [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon \"Joss Whedon\"), of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\")*, back to TV, to create a television series called *[Dollhouse](/wiki/Dollhouse_%28TV_series%29 \"Dollhouse (TV series)\")*. Dushku produced the show and played the main character, '[Echo](/wiki/Echo_%28Dollhouse%29 \"Echo (Dollhouse)\")'. It aired on Fox during the [2008โ€“09 TV season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_United_States_network_television_schedule \"2008โ€“09 United States network television schedule\"). In an interview, Dushku talked about how *Dollhouse* and her reconnection with Whedon came about:", "", "> I invited [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon \"Joss Whedon\") to lunch after I did the business deal with Fox. We'd had a cool relationship in the past and I so wanted to do something else, and I wanted to get back into a television show. I had him on the brain for sure but I hadn't called him yet, but I sort of took a leap of faith and set things up with Fox and then called Joss. We went to a four\\-hour lunch where I just sort of used my womanly wiles. No, we've become such good friends, kind of like brother and sister and kind of like he was my watcher, my handler from when I first moved out to L.A. when I was 17 and I was a little bit of a wild child. He's watched me and helped me and taught me over the years. I told him how bad I wanted and needed him back and he accepted and here we are.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Eliza\\+Dushku%3A\\+Dollhouse/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku: Dollhouse \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[SuicideGirls.com]] \\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-05 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207133937/http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Eliza\\+Dushku%3A\\+Dollhouse/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[thumb\\|Dushku at a fashion event (2009\\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_2009.jpg \"Eliza Dushku 2009.jpg\")\nDushku described Whedon as \"my favorite genius ... favorite friend ... big brother ... and the only person out here I've ever wholeheartedly trusted, because he's never let me down.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Joss Whedon preps Fox series \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2007/scene/features/joss\\-whedon\\-preps\\-fox\\-series\\-1117975136/ \\|date\\=2007\\-10\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|first\\=Michael \\|last\\=Schneider \\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004129/https://variety.com/2007/scene/features/joss\\-whedon\\-preps\\-fox\\-series\\-1117975136/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} *Dollhouse* was renewed for a second season. The producers cited their confidence in the strength of Whedon's fan base and high DVR numbers as their reasons for keeping the show. Fox cancelled *Dollhouse* on November 11, 2009\\. The show officially wrapped filming on the second and final season on December 16, 2009\\.", "Dushku was the voice actor for contract killer \"Rubi Malone\" in the action video game *[Wet](/wiki/Wet_%28video_game%29 \"Wet (video game)\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/wet/news.html?sid\\=6213530\\&tag\\=topslot;thumb;1 \\|title\\=Wet Hands\\-On โ€“ PlayStation 3 Previews at GameSpot \\|last\\=Sassoon \\|first\\=Alex \\|work\\=Gamespot.com \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-24 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 18, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918214000/https://www.gamespot.com/games/wet/news/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In 2010, Dushku provided her voice for *Noah's Ark: The New Beginning* and appeared in the film *[Locked In](/wiki/Locked_In_%282010_film%29 \"Locked In (2010 film)\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/17739/eliza\\-dushku\\-is\\-locked\\-in/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku is Locked In \\|publisher\\=Dreadcentral.com \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-08 \\|first\\=Steve \\|last\\=Barton \\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004147/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/17739/eliza\\-dushku\\-is\\-locked\\-in/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She also guest\\-starred in an episode of [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\")' comedy *[The Big Bang Theory](/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory \"The Big Bang Theory\")*{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Eliza\\-Dushku\\-Big\\-Bang\\-1023454\\.aspx\\|title\\=The Big Bang Theory Geeks Out for Eliza Dushku\\|work\\=\\[\\[TV Guide]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 23, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925194316/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Eliza\\-Dushku\\-Big\\-Bang\\-1023454\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nwhich aired on November 4, 2010\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.etonline.com/news/102522\\_VIDEO\\_Kaley\\_Cuoco\\_s\\_First\\_ET\\_Interview\\_Since\\_Breaking\\_Her\\_Leg/ \\|title\\=Eliza guest\\-star in CBS' comedy \\|work\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Tonight]] \\|date\\=2010\\-11\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110134944/http://www.etonline.com/news/102522\\_VIDEO\\_Kaley\\_Cuoco\\_s\\_First\\_ET\\_Interview\\_Since\\_Breaking\\_Her\\_Leg/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-10}} In 2011, Dushku featured alongside Jayson Floyd in \"One Shot\", a short action clip on YouTube directed by and starring [Freddie Wong](/wiki/Freddie_Wong \"Freddie Wong\"), released on May 13, 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=e5Iey0wDqBE \\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/e5Iey0wDqBE\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-04 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=One Shot ft. Eliza Dushku \\|publisher\\=YouTube (via Freddie Wong) \\|date\\=2011\\-05\\-13 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-13}}{{cbignore}}", "Dushku had a lead role in the online animated \"motion comic\" series *Torchwood: Web of Lies*, based on the BBC series *[Torchwood: Miracle Day](/wiki/Torchwood:Miracle_Day \"Miracle Day\")*.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/02/eliza\\-dushku\\-torchwood/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku to star in 'Torchwood' online animated series \\|last\\=Hibberd \\|first\\=James \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-03 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605160806/http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/02/eliza\\-dushku\\-torchwood/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In June 2012, Dushku starred with [Katie Cassidy](/wiki/Katie_Cassidy \"Katie Cassidy\"), [Gina Gershon](/wiki/Gina_Gershon \"Gina Gershon\") and [Michelle Trachtenberg](/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg \"Michelle Trachtenberg\") in *[The Scribbler](/wiki/The_Scribbler_%28film%29 \"The Scribbler (film)\")*, directed by John Suits and produced by [Gabriel Cowan](/wiki/Gabriel_Cowan \"Gabriel Cowan\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Fleming \\|first\\=Mike \\|url\\=https://www.deadline.com/2012/05/the\\-scribbler\\-starts\\-production\\-with\\-katie\\-cassidy\\-starring/ \\|title\\='The Scribbler' Starts Production With Katie Cassidy Starring \\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood\\|deadline.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-01 \\|date\\=2012\\-05\\-09 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 3, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032625/http://www.deadline.com/2012/05/the\\-scribbler\\-starts\\-production\\-with\\-katie\\-cassidy\\-starring/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In 2013, she was cast as [Patricia Holm](/wiki/Patricia_Holm \"Patricia Holm\") in a pilot film for a proposed TV revival series of *[The Saint](/wiki/Simon_Templar \"Simon Templar\")*, but the series was not commissioned. In July 2017 the pilot was released on digital HD/VOD.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/All\\-New\\-Reboot\\-of\\-THE\\-SAINT\\-Arrives\\-on\\-Digital\\-HDVOD\\-on\\-711\\-20170627 \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|first\\=Caryn \\|last\\=Robbins \\|title\\=All\\-New Reboot of THE SAINT Arrives on Digital HD/VOD on 7/11 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004137/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/All\\-New\\-Reboot\\-of\\-THE\\-SAINT\\-Arrives\\-on\\-Digital\\-HDVOD\\-on\\-711\\-20170627 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "From 2013 to 2015, Dushku voiced the role of [She\\-Hulk](/wiki/She-Hulk \"She-Hulk\") in the [Disney XD](/wiki/Disney_XD \"Disney XD\") animated series *[Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.](/wiki/Hulk_and_the_Agents_of_S.M.A.S.H. \"Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.\")*. In 2014, it was announced that she would star in [Randall Miller](/wiki/Randall_Miller \"Randall Miller\")'s *[Midnight Rider](/wiki/Midnight_Rider_%28film%29 \"Midnight Rider (film)\")*, a biopic of [Gregg Allman](/wiki/Gregg_Allman \"Gregg Allman\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Kit\\|first\\=Borys\\|title\\=Eliza Dushku, Bradley Whitford Join Gregg Allman Biopic\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eliza\\-dushku\\-bradley\\-whitford\\-join\\-678450\\|accessdate\\=February 21, 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Hollywood Reporter\\|date\\=February 7, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070602/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eliza\\-dushku\\-bradley\\-whitford\\-join\\-678450\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2016, she was cast in a recurring role in the fourth season of the [Cinemax](/wiki/Cinemax \"Cinemax\") TV series *[Banshee](/wiki/Banshee_%28TV_series%29 \"Banshee (TV series)\")*.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2015/04/eliza\\-dushku\\-banshee\\-cinemax\\-1201405176/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku Joins Cinemax's 'Banshee' \\|last\\=Pedersen \\|first\\=Erik \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-06 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood\\|deadline.com]] \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926194755/https://deadline.com/2015/04/eliza\\-dushku\\-banshee\\-cinemax\\-1201405176/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2017, she had a recurring guest role in the last three episodes of the first season of the [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") drama series *[Bull](/wiki/Bull_%282016_TV_series%29 \"Bull (2016 TV series)\")* with the option of becoming a series regular in season two.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/eliza\\-dushku\\-bull\\-cbs\\-cast\\-1202014922/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku Joins CBS' 'Bull' With Option to Become Series Regular in Season 2 \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|last\\=Wagmeister \\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|archive\\-date\\=December 10, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210234628/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/eliza\\-dushku\\-bull\\-cbs\\-cast\\-1202014922/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "### Production work", "[thumb\\|left\\|Eliza Dushku at the 2009 [San Diego Comic\\-Con](/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con \"San Diego Comic-Con\")](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg \"Eliza Dushku by Gage Skidmore.jpg\")\nIn August 2011, Dushku visited [Albania](/wiki/Albania \"Albania\") with a crew from the [Travel Channel](/wiki/Travel_Channel \"Travel Channel\") and [Lonely Planet](/wiki/Lonely_Planet \"Lonely Planet\") to film *[Dear Albania](/wiki/Dear_Albania \"Dear Albania\")*, a documentary promoting tourism in her father's family's country of origin.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=fFTTx8P0Wsw \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130055531/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=fFTTx8P0Wswโ‰ท\\=US\\&hl\\=en\\| archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-30 \\| url\\-status\\=dead\\|title\\=''Dear Albania'' by Eliza Dushku \\|publisher\\=YouTube \\|access\\-date\\=October 15, 2012}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/eliza\\-dushku/albania\\-travel\\-\\_b\\_946341\\.html \\|title\\=Why You Must Visit Albania \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Huffington Post]] \\|date\\=2011\\-09\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-03\\-11 \\|first\\=Eliza \\|last\\=Dushku \\|archive\\-date\\=October 26, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026170031/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/eliza\\-dushku/albania\\-travel\\-\\_b\\_946341\\.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.bostonherald.com/track/star\\_tracks/view/2011\\_0808inside\\_track\\_headline\\_2/srvc\\=home\\&position\\=also \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku in Albania \\- BostonHerald.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Boston Herald]] \\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-08 \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-15 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912195515/http://news.bostonherald.com/track/star\\_tracks/view/2011\\_0808inside\\_track\\_headline\\_2/srvc%3Dhome%26position%3Dalso \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-09\\-12}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.koha.net/index.php?page\\=1,5,65224 \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku nรซ Tiranรซ, promovon vlerat turistike tรซ Shqipรซrisรซ \\|work\\=Koha.net \\|date\\=2011\\-08\\-06 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-08\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224137/http://www.koha.net/index.php?page\\=1,5,65224 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "Dushku has been [CEO](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\") of her own production company, Boston Diva Productions, with her brother Nate as a partner. She secured exclusive rights to make an authorized film based on the life of photographer [Robert Mapplethorpe](/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe \"Robert Mapplethorpe\"). At one time provisionally entitled *The Perfect Moment*, the film was in development over more than a decade. Eventually she enlisted the help of [Ondi Timoner](/wiki/Ondi_Timoner \"Ondi Timoner\"){{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118000588?refCatId\\=1236 \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku focuses on photog film \\|last\\=Siegel \\|first\\=Tatiana \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-25 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043538/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118000588?refCatId\\=1236 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and [Mapplethorpe](/wiki/Mapplethorpe_%28film%29 \"Mapplethorpe (film)\"), with [Matt Smith](/wiki/Matt_Smith \"Matt Smith\") as the title character, was brought to the screen in 2018\\.{{cite news \\|last1\\=D'Alessandro \\|first1\\=Anthony \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku's 15\\-Year Journey To Make 'Mapplethorpe' โ€“ Tribeca Studio \\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2018/04/eliza\\-dushku\\-mapplethorpe\\-matt\\-smith\\-tribeca\\-film\\-festival\\-video\\-1202376843/ \\|access\\-date\\=26 September 2021 \\|work\\=Deadline Hollywood \\|date\\=27 April 2018 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926231630/https://deadline.com/2018/04/eliza\\-dushku\\-mapplethorpe\\-matt\\-smith\\-tribeca\\-film\\-festival\\-video\\-1202376843/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In 2017, her production company, in association with IM Global Television, was reported to be developing [Glen Cook](/wiki/Glen_Cook \"Glen Cook\")'s *[The Black Company](/wiki/The_Black_Company \"The Black Company\")* series of books for a television series, with Dushku potentially starring as The Lady.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2017/04/eliza\\-dushku\\-star\\-the\\-black\\-company\\-series\\-adaptation\\-david\\-goyer\\-im\\-global\\-1202076367/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku To Star In 'The Black Company' Series Adaptation In Works By IM Global \\& David Goyer \\|date\\=2017\\-04\\-24 \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-16 \\|first\\=Denise \\|last\\=Petski \\|archive\\-date\\=July 15, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715210914/http://deadline.com/2017/04/eliza\\-dushku\\-star\\-the\\-black\\-company\\-series\\-adaptation\\-david\\-goyer\\-im\\-global\\-1202076367/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "" ]
### Acting #### 1992โ€“1997: Beginnings and breakthrough [thumb\|left\|Eliza Dushku (2004\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_May_2004_holding_coffee.jpg "Eliza Dushku May 2004 holding coffee.jpg") Dushku came to the attention of casting agents when she was ten years old. She was chosen in a five\-month search for the lead role of Alice in the 1992 romantic drama film *[That Night](/wiki/That_Night "That Night")*. In 1993, Dushku landed a role as Pearl, alongside [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro") and [Leonardo DiCaprio](/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio "Leonardo DiCaprio"), in the drama film *[This Boy's Life](/wiki/This_Boy%27s_Life_%28film%29 "This Boy's Life (film)")*. The following year, she played the teenage daughter of [Arnold Schwarzenegger](/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger "Arnold Schwarzenegger") and [Jamie Lee Curtis](/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis "Jamie Lee Curtis") in the action spy film *[True Lies](/wiki/True_Lies "True Lies")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.elizapatriciadushku.com/bio \|title\=Eliza Dushku \|website\=Elizapatriciadushku.com \|access\-date\=2016\-04\-03 \|archive\-date\=March 24, 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324004413/http://www.elizapatriciadushku.com/bio \|url\-status\=live }} She had roles as Piper Reeves in the short film *Fishing with George* (1994\), as Cat in the television film *Journey* (1995\),{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=QEUr55E10v4\| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/QEUr55E10v4\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-04 \| url\-status\=live\|title\=Journey Trailer 1995 \|author\=Video Detective \| website\=\[\[YouTube]]\|date\=2014\-11\-11 \|access\-date\=2016\-04\-03}}{{cbignore}} as [Paul Reiser](/wiki/Paul_Reiser "Paul Reiser")'s daughter in the romantic comedy film *[Bye Bye Love](/wiki/Bye_Bye_Love_%28film%29 "Bye Bye Love (film)")* (1995\), and as Cindy Johnson in the comedy drama film *[Race the Sun](/wiki/Race_the_Sun_%28film%29 "Race the Sun (film)")* (1996\). #### 1998โ€“2002: *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and recognition Dushku planned to attend [Suffolk University](/wiki/Suffolk_University "Suffolk University") in Boston, where her mother taught,Tramountaanas, George A. (March 29, 2014\). ["ECCC: Eliza Dushku Talks 'Buffy,' 'Dollhouse' and Going Back to College"](http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=51822) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330065057/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page\=article\&id\=51822 \|date\=March 30, 2014 }}. [Comic Book Resources](/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources "Comic Book Resources"). but her agent asked her to submit a videotape audition for a television show starring another of his clients, [Sarah Michelle Gellar](/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar "Sarah Michelle Gellar"). After reading the script, Dushku rushed to a local [Claire's](/wiki/Claire%27s "Claire's") to purchase dark makeup and other appropriate accessories for the part of [Faith](/wiki/Faith_%28Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer%29 "Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)") on *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")*. When she began her work on the series, Dushku was still a minor, and had to receive [emancipation](/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors "Emancipation of minors") to work the production's long hours. She later recalled with amusement that the judge who handled her emancipation case, who was an avid fan of the show, jokingly said that she would sign the emancipation order if she could get a signed photo from Dushku. Though initially planned as a three\-episode role, the character became so popular that she stayed on for the whole third season and returned for a two\-part appearance in season four and for the last five episodes of the series. She also appeared in the spin\-off series *[Angel](/wiki/Angel_%281999_TV_series%29 "Angel (1999 TV series)")*. As an unwelcome effect of her portrayal as Faith, Dushku was inundated with fan mail from prisoners. She said: > I've been getting fan mail from maximum security penitentiaries and [death row](/wiki/Death_row "Death row"). What are the authorities thinking of in playing a show with young teenage girls to Death Row inmates? They write everything โ€“ disgusting things that you don't even want to know about. And they send me pictures โ€“ "Oh, here's a picture of me before I was incarcerated!" โ€“ and there's some guy sat on the sofa with a bottle of beer and a mustache, and a big gut. It's so creepy. Way more creepy than *Buffy*.{{cite web \|url\=http://news.eliza\-dushku.com/archives0102/na050101\.html\|title\=E.D.t.v.:: the eliza dushku news channel \|publisher\=Eliza\-Dushku.com \|access\-date\=2009\-04\-23 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902195143/http://www.news.eliza\-dushku.com/archives0102/na050101\.html \|archive\-date\=2003\-09\-02}} [thumb\|upright\|Dushku at [Wizard World](/wiki/Wizard_Entertainment "Wizard Entertainment") Comic Con in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia") (May 2004\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_%40_Wizard_World_Philly_May_2004_01.jpg "Eliza Dushku @ Wizard World Philly May 2004 01.jpg") In 2000, Dushku starred in the hit cheerleader comedy *Bring It On*. She followed that up with *[Soul Survivors](/wiki/Soul_Survivors_%28film%29 "Soul Survivors (film)")*, which reunited her with her *Race the Sun* co\-star [Casey Affleck](/wiki/Casey_Affleck "Casey Affleck"). In 2001, she appeared in *[The New Guy](/wiki/The_New_Guy "The New Guy")* with [DJ Qualls](/wiki/DJ_Qualls "DJ Qualls") and in *[City by the Sea](/wiki/City_by_the_Sea "City by the Sea")* with [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro") and [James Franco](/wiki/James_Franco "James Franco"). The latter film garnered attention from a wider adult audience and several good reviews. The same year, [Kevin Smith](/wiki/Kevin_Smith "Kevin Smith") invited Dushku to be a part of *[Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back](/wiki/Jay_and_Silent_Bob_Strike_Back "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back")*. #### 2003โ€“2008: *Tru Calling* and subsequent roles In 2003, Dushku starred in the horror film *[Wrong Turn](/wiki/Wrong_Turn_%282003_film%29 "Wrong Turn (2003 film)")* and *The Kiss*, an independent comedy\-drama. Starting that same year, she starred in a new [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") supernatural drama, *[Tru Calling](/wiki/Tru_Calling "Tru Calling")*, where she played the main character, medical student [Tru Davies](/wiki/Tru_Davies "Tru Davies"). After having a grant withdrawn, Tru is forced to take a job at a local morgue, where she discovers her power to "re\-live" the previous day over again if one of the deceased asks for her help to change what has happened. Dushku turned down a role in a spin\-off of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")* about Faith. She has had many roles as a "bad girl" in films. In an interview with *[Maxim](/wiki/Maxim_%28magazine%29 "Maxim (magazine)")* in May 2001, Dushku says of her roles, "It's easy to play a bad girl: You just do everything you've been told not to do, and you don't have to deal with the consequences, because it's only acting."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.maximonline.com/articles/index.aspx?a\_id\=4046\&src\=fc \|title\=Faith No More \|last\=Young \|first\=Paul \|work\=Maxim \|date\=May 2001 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180956/http://www.maximonline.com/articles/index.aspx?a\_id\=4046\&src\=fc \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-30}} Dushku starred in the [Off\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway "Off-Broadway") play *[Dog Sees God](/wiki/Dog_Sees_God "Dog Sees God")* in December 2005\. The play was based on the *[Peanuts](/wiki/Peanuts "Peanuts")* comic strip, with Dushku playing a character symbolizing [Lucy Van Pelt](/wiki/Lucy_Van_Pelt "Lucy Van Pelt"). She quit in February 2006 along with other members of the cast amid rumors of abuse by the producer, which were later dismissed. She played the lead character on *Nurses*, a hospital comedy\-drama for Fox. This was the second Fox pilot in which she was cast, but not broadcast.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960922?refCatId\=14 \|title\=Dushku joins Fox's 'Nurses' \|last1\=Schneider \|first1\=Michael \|last2\=Adalian \|first2\=Josef \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=2007\-03\-11 \|access\-date\=2007\-03\-20 \|archive\-date\=November 7, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043641/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960922?refCatId\=14 \|url\-status\=live }} She appeared in the [Simple Plan](/wiki/Simple_Plan "Simple Plan") music video "[I'm Just a Kid](/wiki/I%27m_Just_a_Kid "I'm Just a Kid")" as the band's love interest, as well as [Nickelback](/wiki/Nickelback "Nickelback")'s video for "[Rockstar](/wiki/Rockstar_%28Nickelback_song%29 "Rockstar (Nickelback song)")". [thumb\|left\|Dushku at [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival "Tribeca Film Festival") (2007\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_by_David_Shankbone.jpg "Eliza Dushku by David Shankbone.jpg") On October 1, 2005, she announced at [Wizard World](/wiki/Wizard_World "Wizard World") Boston that shooting had begun for *[Nobel Son](/wiki/Nobel_Son "Nobel Son")* in which she would star with [Alan Rickman](/wiki/Alan_Rickman "Alan Rickman"), [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito "Danny DeVito"), and [Bill Pullman](/wiki/Bill_Pullman "Bill Pullman"). The film was released at the 2007 [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival "Tribeca Film Festival").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/32560\|title\=Nobel Son review\|publisher\=Aintitcool.com\|date\=May 7, 2007\|access\-date\=February 24, 2011\|archive\-date\=May 25, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525214444/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/32560\|url\-status\=live}} Another project released in 2007 was *[On Broadway](/wiki/On_Broadway_%28film%29 "On Broadway (film)")*, an independent film filmed in Boston. It received positive reviews,{{cite news \|url\=http://bostonist.com/2007/04/30/on\_broadway\_at\_the\_independent\_film\_festival\_of\_boston.php \|title\=On Broadway At the Independent Film Festival of Boston \|last\=Femia \|first\=Michael \|publisher\=Bostonist \|date\=2007\-04\-30 \|access\-date\=2008\-07\-13 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612134004/http://bostonist.com/2007/04/30/on\_broadway\_at\_the\_independent\_film\_festival\_of\_boston.php \|archive\-date\=2008\-06\-12}} with a few of them highlighting Dushku's performance. Dushku has had roles in five video games. She voiced the role of Yumi Sawamura in the English\-language version of *[Yakuza](/wiki/Yakuza_%28video_game%29 "Yakuza (video game)")* for the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 "PlayStation 2"), which was published and developed by [Sega](/wiki/Sega "Sega"), and released in September 2006\. Dushku also stars as Shaundi, one of the lead characters in *[Saints Row 2](/wiki/Saints_Row_2 "Saints Row 2")*, which was developed by [Volition, Inc.](/wiki/Volition_%28company%29 "Volition (company)") and published by [THQ](/wiki/THQ "THQ").{{cite web\|url\=http://worthplaying.com/article/2008/9/12/previews/54767/\|title\=Saints Row 2 Singleplayer/Co\-Op Preview\|last\=Pavlacka\|first\=Adam\|publisher\=WorthPlaying.com\|date\=September 12, 2008\|access\-date\=November 30, 2010\|archive\-date\=September 30, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930161651/http://worthplaying.com/article/2008/9/12/previews/54767/\|url\-status\=live}} It was released in North America on October 14, 2008, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3") and [Xbox 360](/wiki/Xbox_360 "Xbox 360"). She was the voice talent for the role of Rubi Malone, the main character in the game *[WET](/wiki/WET_%28video_game%29 "WET (video game)")*. She appeared at Spike TV's 2008 [Video Game Awards](/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards "Spike Video Game Awards") in December 2008\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\=photoGalleryAlbum\&galleryid\=2414โ„ด\=2 \|title\=Spike TV's Video Game Awards \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=2008\-12\-15 \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414215905/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\=photoGalleryAlbum\&galleryid\=2414โ„ด\=2 \|archive\-date\=2009\-04\-14}} [Danielle Nicolet](/wiki/Danielle_Nicolet "Danielle Nicolet") took over the role of Shaundi in *[Saints Row: The Third](/wiki/Saints_Row:The_Third "The Third")*. She also voiced Megan McQueen in Champion Mode of the 2011 video game Fight Night Champion. *[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 "Variety (magazine)")* announced on August 2, 2006, that Dushku would co\-star with [Macaulay Culkin](/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin "Macaulay Culkin") in *[Sex and Breakfast](/wiki/Sex_and_Breakfast "Sex and Breakfast")*, a dark comedy written and directed by Miles Brandman. A reviewer described Dushku as "charming" and giving the character "an edge".{{cite news \|url\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117935547?refcatid\=31 \|url\-status\=dead \|title\=Sex and Breakfast (Review) \|last\=Anderson \|first\=John \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=2004\-11\-29 \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043713/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117935547?refcatid\=31 \|archive\-date\=2012\-11\-07}} The film was released in Los Angeles on November 30, 2007, and on DVD on January 22, 2008\. She starred in *[Open Graves](/wiki/Open_Graves "Open Graves")*, a 2008 horror\-thriller about a [satanic](/wiki/Satanism "Satanism") game co\-starring [Mike Vogel](/wiki/Mike_Vogel "Mike Vogel"). She played the main character in *[The Thacker Case](/wiki/The_Thacker_Case "The Thacker Case")* and *[The Alphabet Killer](/wiki/The_Alphabet_Killer "The Alphabet Killer")*, both thrillers based on real\-life events, one of them directed by [Rob Schmidt](/wiki/Rob_Schmidt "Rob Schmidt"), with whom she had worked on *Wrong Turn*. Both films were released in 2008\.{{cite news \|url\=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/05/15/eliza\-dushku\-joins\-the\-force\-for\-alphabet\-killer/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku Joins The Force For 'Alphabet Killer' \|last\=Jacks \|first\=Brian \|publisher\=MTV Movies Blog \|date\=2007\-05\-15 \|access\-date\=2008\-07\-13 \|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501194733/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/05/15/eliza\-dushku\-joins\-the\-force\-for\-alphabet\-killer/ \|archive\-date\=2008\-05\-01}} *The Alphabet Killer* contains Dushku's first topless scene.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.egotastic.com/entertainment/celebrities/eliza\-dushku/eliza\-dushku\-topless\-video\-from\-the\-alphabet\-killer\-topless\-004259 \|title\=Eliza Dushku topless in The Alphabet Killer \|publisher\=Egotastic \|date\=2008\-12\-22 \|access\-date\=2008\-12\-22 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224004508/http://egotastic.com/entertainment/celebrities/eliza\-dushku/eliza\-dushku\-topless\-video\-from\-the\-alphabet\-killer\-topless\-004259 \|archive\-date\=2008\-12\-24}} The film earned mixed reviews, but reviewers praised Dushku's performance, commenting "Eliza Dushku commands the screen but cannot reconcile the script's conflicted and increasingly idiotic agendas."{{cite web \|url\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939227?refcatid\=31 \|title\=The Alphabet Killer \|last\=Scheib \|first\=Ronnie \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|date\=2008\-12\-17 \|access\-date\=2009\-09\-07 \|archive\-date\=November 7, 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043805/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939227?refcatid\=31 \|url\-status\=live }} She appeared in *[Bottle Shock](/wiki/Bottle_Shock "Bottle Shock")*, a drama about [Napa valley](/wiki/Napa_valley "Napa valley") wine. The film was directed by Randall Miller, who helmed *Nobel Son*.{{cite news \|url\=http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/07/20/elisha\-dushku\-and\-bill\-pullman\-join\-bottle\-shock \|title\=Eliza Dushku and Bill Pullman Join 'Bottle Shock' \|url\-status\=dead \|last\=Campbell \|first\=Christopher \|publisher\=Cinematical \|date\=2007\-07\-20 \|access\-date\=2008\-07\-13 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725172704/http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/07/20/elisha\-dushku\-and\-bill\-pullman\-join\-bottle\-shock \|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-25}} #### 2009โ€“present: *Dollhouse* and other work On August 26, 2007, Dushku signed a development deal with [Fox Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") and [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox "20th Century Fox"). Under the pact, the network and the studio would develop projects tailor\-made for the actress as well as approach her with existing pitches and scripts.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content\_display/television/news/e3i3183b40c3b46a938e4669aa95744ca66 \|title\=Dushku busy with Fox TV \|last\=Andreeva \|first\=Nellie \|work\=The Hollywood Reporter \|date\=2007\-08\-27 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content\_display/television/news/e3i3183b40c3b46a938e4669aa95744ca66 \|archive\-date\=2007\-09\-30}} Subsequently, it was announced on October 31 that Dushku had lured [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon "Joss Whedon"), of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer "Buffy the Vampire Slayer")*, back to TV, to create a television series called *[Dollhouse](/wiki/Dollhouse_%28TV_series%29 "Dollhouse (TV series)")*. Dushku produced the show and played the main character, '[Echo](/wiki/Echo_%28Dollhouse%29 "Echo (Dollhouse)")'. It aired on Fox during the [2008โ€“09 TV season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_United_States_network_television_schedule "2008โ€“09 United States network television schedule"). In an interview, Dushku talked about how *Dollhouse* and her reconnection with Whedon came about: > I invited [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon "Joss Whedon") to lunch after I did the business deal with Fox. We'd had a cool relationship in the past and I so wanted to do something else, and I wanted to get back into a television show. I had him on the brain for sure but I hadn't called him yet, but I sort of took a leap of faith and set things up with Fox and then called Joss. We went to a four\-hour lunch where I just sort of used my womanly wiles. No, we've become such good friends, kind of like brother and sister and kind of like he was my watcher, my handler from when I first moved out to L.A. when I was 17 and I was a little bit of a wild child. He's watched me and helped me and taught me over the years. I told him how bad I wanted and needed him back and he accepted and here we are.{{cite web \|url\=http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Eliza\+Dushku%3A\+Dollhouse/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku: Dollhouse \|publisher\=\[\[SuicideGirls.com]] \|date\=2009\-02\-05 \|access\-date\=2009\-02\-05 \|archive\-date\=February 7, 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207133937/http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Eliza\+Dushku%3A\+Dollhouse/ \|url\-status\=live }} [thumb\|Dushku at a fashion event (2009\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_2009.jpg "Eliza Dushku 2009.jpg") Dushku described Whedon as "my favorite genius ... favorite friend ... big brother ... and the only person out here I've ever wholeheartedly trusted, because he's never let me down."{{cite news \|title\=Joss Whedon preps Fox series \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|url\=https://variety.com/2007/scene/features/joss\-whedon\-preps\-fox\-series\-1117975136/ \|date\=2007\-10\-31 \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|first\=Michael \|last\=Schneider \|archive\-date\=August 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004129/https://variety.com/2007/scene/features/joss\-whedon\-preps\-fox\-series\-1117975136/ \|url\-status\=live }} *Dollhouse* was renewed for a second season. The producers cited their confidence in the strength of Whedon's fan base and high DVR numbers as their reasons for keeping the show. Fox cancelled *Dollhouse* on November 11, 2009\. The show officially wrapped filming on the second and final season on December 16, 2009\. Dushku was the voice actor for contract killer "Rubi Malone" in the action video game *[Wet](/wiki/Wet_%28video_game%29 "Wet (video game)")*.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/wet/news.html?sid\=6213530\&tag\=topslot;thumb;1 \|title\=Wet Hands\-On โ€“ PlayStation 3 Previews at GameSpot \|last\=Sassoon \|first\=Alex \|work\=Gamespot.com \|date\=2009\-09\-15 \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-24 \|archive\-date\=September 18, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918214000/https://www.gamespot.com/games/wet/news/ \|url\-status\=live }} In 2010, Dushku provided her voice for *Noah's Ark: The New Beginning* and appeared in the film *[Locked In](/wiki/Locked_In_%282010_film%29 "Locked In (2010 film)")*.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/17739/eliza\-dushku\-is\-locked\-in/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku is Locked In \|publisher\=Dreadcentral.com \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|date\=2010\-06\-08 \|first\=Steve \|last\=Barton \|archive\-date\=August 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004147/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/17739/eliza\-dushku\-is\-locked\-in/ \|url\-status\=live }} She also guest\-starred in an episode of [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS")' comedy *[The Big Bang Theory](/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory "The Big Bang Theory")*{{cite news\|url\=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Eliza\-Dushku\-Big\-Bang\-1023454\.aspx\|title\=The Big Bang Theory Geeks Out for Eliza Dushku\|work\=\[\[TV Guide]]\|access\-date\=September 23, 2010\|archive\-date\=September 25, 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925194316/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Eliza\-Dushku\-Big\-Bang\-1023454\.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} which aired on November 4, 2010\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.etonline.com/news/102522\_VIDEO\_Kaley\_Cuoco\_s\_First\_ET\_Interview\_Since\_Breaking\_Her\_Leg/ \|title\=Eliza guest\-star in CBS' comedy \|work\=\[\[Entertainment Tonight]] \|date\=2010\-11\-04 \|access\-date\=2011\-02\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110134944/http://www.etonline.com/news/102522\_VIDEO\_Kaley\_Cuoco\_s\_First\_ET\_Interview\_Since\_Breaking\_Her\_Leg/ \|archive\-date\=2010\-11\-10}} In 2011, Dushku featured alongside Jayson Floyd in "One Shot", a short action clip on YouTube directed by and starring [Freddie Wong](/wiki/Freddie_Wong "Freddie Wong"), released on May 13, 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=e5Iey0wDqBE \| archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/e5Iey0wDqBE\| archive\-date\=2021\-11\-04 \| url\-status\=live\|title\=One Shot ft. Eliza Dushku \|publisher\=YouTube (via Freddie Wong) \|date\=2011\-05\-13 \|access\-date\=2011\-05\-13}}{{cbignore}} Dushku had a lead role in the online animated "motion comic" series *Torchwood: Web of Lies*, based on the BBC series *[Torchwood: Miracle Day](/wiki/Torchwood:Miracle_Day "Miracle Day")*.{{cite news \|url\=http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/02/eliza\-dushku\-torchwood/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku to star in 'Torchwood' online animated series \|last\=Hibberd \|first\=James \|publisher\=\[\[Entertainment Weekly]] \|date\=2011\-06\-02 \|access\-date\=2011\-06\-03 \|archive\-date\=June 5, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605160806/http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/02/eliza\-dushku\-torchwood/ \|url\-status\=live }} In June 2012, Dushku starred with [Katie Cassidy](/wiki/Katie_Cassidy "Katie Cassidy"), [Gina Gershon](/wiki/Gina_Gershon "Gina Gershon") and [Michelle Trachtenberg](/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg "Michelle Trachtenberg") in *[The Scribbler](/wiki/The_Scribbler_%28film%29 "The Scribbler (film)")*, directed by John Suits and produced by [Gabriel Cowan](/wiki/Gabriel_Cowan "Gabriel Cowan").{{cite web \|last\=Fleming \|first\=Mike \|url\=https://www.deadline.com/2012/05/the\-scribbler\-starts\-production\-with\-katie\-cassidy\-starring/ \|title\='The Scribbler' Starts Production With Katie Cassidy Starring \|website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood\|deadline.com]] \|access\-date\=2013\-07\-01 \|date\=2012\-05\-09 \|archive\-date\=December 3, 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032625/http://www.deadline.com/2012/05/the\-scribbler\-starts\-production\-with\-katie\-cassidy\-starring/ \|url\-status\=live }} In 2013, she was cast as [Patricia Holm](/wiki/Patricia_Holm "Patricia Holm") in a pilot film for a proposed TV revival series of *[The Saint](/wiki/Simon_Templar "Simon Templar")*, but the series was not commissioned. In July 2017 the pilot was released on digital HD/VOD.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/All\-New\-Reboot\-of\-THE\-SAINT\-Arrives\-on\-Digital\-HDVOD\-on\-711\-20170627 \|date\=2014\-06\-27 \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|first\=Caryn \|last\=Robbins \|title\=All\-New Reboot of THE SAINT Arrives on Digital HD/VOD on 7/11 \|archive\-date\=August 26, 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004137/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/All\-New\-Reboot\-of\-THE\-SAINT\-Arrives\-on\-Digital\-HDVOD\-on\-711\-20170627 \|url\-status\=live }} From 2013 to 2015, Dushku voiced the role of [She\-Hulk](/wiki/She-Hulk "She-Hulk") in the [Disney XD](/wiki/Disney_XD "Disney XD") animated series *[Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.](/wiki/Hulk_and_the_Agents_of_S.M.A.S.H. "Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.")*. In 2014, it was announced that she would star in [Randall Miller](/wiki/Randall_Miller "Randall Miller")'s *[Midnight Rider](/wiki/Midnight_Rider_%28film%29 "Midnight Rider (film)")*, a biopic of [Gregg Allman](/wiki/Gregg_Allman "Gregg Allman").{{cite news\|last\=Kit\|first\=Borys\|title\=Eliza Dushku, Bradley Whitford Join Gregg Allman Biopic\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eliza\-dushku\-bradley\-whitford\-join\-678450\|accessdate\=February 21, 2014\|newspaper\=The Hollywood Reporter\|date\=February 7, 2014\|archive\-date\=February 9, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070602/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eliza\-dushku\-bradley\-whitford\-join\-678450\|url\-status\=live}} In 2016, she was cast in a recurring role in the fourth season of the [Cinemax](/wiki/Cinemax "Cinemax") TV series *[Banshee](/wiki/Banshee_%28TV_series%29 "Banshee (TV series)")*.{{Cite web \|url\=https://deadline.com/2015/04/eliza\-dushku\-banshee\-cinemax\-1201405176/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku Joins Cinemax's 'Banshee' \|last\=Pedersen \|first\=Erik \|date\=2015\-04\-06 \|publisher\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood\|deadline.com]] \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2019\-09\-26 \|archive\-date\=September 26, 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926194755/https://deadline.com/2015/04/eliza\-dushku\-banshee\-cinemax\-1201405176/ \|url\-status\=live }} In 2017, she had a recurring guest role in the last three episodes of the first season of the [CBS](/wiki/CBS "CBS") drama series *[Bull](/wiki/Bull_%282016_TV_series%29 "Bull (2016 TV series)")* with the option of becoming a series regular in season two.{{cite web \|url\=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/eliza\-dushku\-bull\-cbs\-cast\-1202014922/ \|title\=Eliza Dushku Joins CBS' 'Bull' With Option to Become Series Regular in Season 2 \|first\=Elizabeth \|last\=Wagmeister \|date\=2017\-03\-23 \|access\-date\=2021\-08\-25 \|publisher\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|archive\-date\=December 10, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210234628/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/eliza\-dushku\-bull\-cbs\-cast\-1202014922/ \|url\-status\=live }}
[ "### Acting", "#### 1992โ€“1997: Beginnings and breakthrough", "[thumb\\|left\\|Eliza Dushku (2004\\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_May_2004_holding_coffee.jpg \"Eliza Dushku May 2004 holding coffee.jpg\")\nDushku came to the attention of casting agents when she was ten years old. She was chosen in a five\\-month search for the lead role of Alice in the 1992 romantic drama film *[That Night](/wiki/That_Night \"That Night\")*. In 1993, Dushku landed a role as Pearl, alongside [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\") and [Leonardo DiCaprio](/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio \"Leonardo DiCaprio\"), in the drama film *[This Boy's Life](/wiki/This_Boy%27s_Life_%28film%29 \"This Boy's Life (film)\")*. The following year, she played the teenage daughter of [Arnold Schwarzenegger](/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger \"Arnold Schwarzenegger\") and [Jamie Lee Curtis](/wiki/Jamie_Lee_Curtis \"Jamie Lee Curtis\") in the action spy film *[True Lies](/wiki/True_Lies \"True Lies\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.elizapatriciadushku.com/bio \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku \\|website\\=Elizapatriciadushku.com \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-03 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 24, 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324004413/http://www.elizapatriciadushku.com/bio \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "She had roles as Piper Reeves in the short film *Fishing with George* (1994\\), as Cat in the television film *Journey* (1995\\),{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=QEUr55E10v4\\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/QEUr55E10v4\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-04 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Journey Trailer 1995 \\|author\\=Video Detective \\| website\\=\\[\\[YouTube]]\\|date\\=2014\\-11\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-03}}{{cbignore}} as [Paul Reiser](/wiki/Paul_Reiser \"Paul Reiser\")'s daughter in the romantic comedy film *[Bye Bye Love](/wiki/Bye_Bye_Love_%28film%29 \"Bye Bye Love (film)\")* (1995\\), and as Cindy Johnson in the comedy drama film *[Race the Sun](/wiki/Race_the_Sun_%28film%29 \"Race the Sun (film)\")* (1996\\).", "#### 1998โ€“2002: *Buffy the Vampire Slayer* and recognition", "Dushku planned to attend [Suffolk University](/wiki/Suffolk_University \"Suffolk University\") in Boston, where her mother taught,Tramountaanas, George A. (March 29, 2014\\). [\"ECCC: Eliza Dushku Talks 'Buffy,' 'Dollhouse' and Going Back to College\"](http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=51822) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330065057/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page\\=article\\&id\\=51822 \\|date\\=March 30, 2014 }}. [Comic Book Resources](/wiki/Comic_Book_Resources \"Comic Book Resources\"). but her agent asked her to submit a videotape audition for a television show starring another of his clients, [Sarah Michelle Gellar](/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar \"Sarah Michelle Gellar\"). After reading the script, Dushku rushed to a local [Claire's](/wiki/Claire%27s \"Claire's\") to purchase dark makeup and other appropriate accessories for the part of [Faith](/wiki/Faith_%28Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer%29 \"Faith (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)\") on *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\")*. When she began her work on the series, Dushku was still a minor, and had to receive [emancipation](/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors \"Emancipation of minors\") to work the production's long hours. She later recalled with amusement that the judge who handled her emancipation case, who was an avid fan of the show, jokingly said that she would sign the emancipation order if she could get a signed photo from Dushku. Though initially planned as a three\\-episode role, the character became so popular that she stayed on for the whole third season and returned for a two\\-part appearance in season four and for the last five episodes of the series. She also appeared in the spin\\-off series *[Angel](/wiki/Angel_%281999_TV_series%29 \"Angel (1999 TV series)\")*.", "As an unwelcome effect of her portrayal as Faith, Dushku was inundated with fan mail from prisoners. She said:", "", "> I've been getting fan mail from maximum security penitentiaries and [death row](/wiki/Death_row \"Death row\"). What are the authorities thinking of in playing a show with young teenage girls to Death Row inmates? They write everything โ€“ disgusting things that you don't even want to know about. And they send me pictures โ€“ \"Oh, here's a picture of me before I was incarcerated!\" โ€“ and there's some guy sat on the sofa with a bottle of beer and a mustache, and a big gut. It's so creepy. Way more creepy than *Buffy*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://news.eliza\\-dushku.com/archives0102/na050101\\.html\\|title\\=E.D.t.v.:: the eliza dushku news channel \\|publisher\\=Eliza\\-Dushku.com \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-23 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902195143/http://www.news.eliza\\-dushku.com/archives0102/na050101\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=2003\\-09\\-02}}", "[thumb\\|upright\\|Dushku at [Wizard World](/wiki/Wizard_Entertainment \"Wizard Entertainment\") Comic Con in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\") (May 2004\\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_%40_Wizard_World_Philly_May_2004_01.jpg \"Eliza Dushku @ Wizard World Philly May 2004 01.jpg\")\nIn 2000, Dushku starred in the hit cheerleader comedy *Bring It On*. She followed that up with *[Soul Survivors](/wiki/Soul_Survivors_%28film%29 \"Soul Survivors (film)\")*, which reunited her with her *Race the Sun* co\\-star [Casey Affleck](/wiki/Casey_Affleck \"Casey Affleck\"). In 2001, she appeared in *[The New Guy](/wiki/The_New_Guy \"The New Guy\")* with [DJ Qualls](/wiki/DJ_Qualls \"DJ Qualls\") and in *[City by the Sea](/wiki/City_by_the_Sea \"City by the Sea\")* with [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\") and [James Franco](/wiki/James_Franco \"James Franco\"). The latter film garnered attention from a wider adult audience and several good reviews. The same year, [Kevin Smith](/wiki/Kevin_Smith \"Kevin Smith\") invited Dushku to be a part of *[Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back](/wiki/Jay_and_Silent_Bob_Strike_Back \"Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back\")*.", "#### 2003โ€“2008: *Tru Calling* and subsequent roles", "In 2003, Dushku starred in the horror film *[Wrong Turn](/wiki/Wrong_Turn_%282003_film%29 \"Wrong Turn (2003 film)\")* and *The Kiss*, an independent comedy\\-drama. Starting that same year, she starred in a new [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") supernatural drama, *[Tru Calling](/wiki/Tru_Calling \"Tru Calling\")*, where she played the main character, medical student [Tru Davies](/wiki/Tru_Davies \"Tru Davies\"). After having a grant withdrawn, Tru is forced to take a job at a local morgue, where she discovers her power to \"re\\-live\" the previous day over again if one of the deceased asks for her help to change what has happened. Dushku turned down a role in a spin\\-off of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\")* about Faith.", "She has had many roles as a \"bad girl\" in films. In an interview with *[Maxim](/wiki/Maxim_%28magazine%29 \"Maxim (magazine)\")* in May 2001, Dushku says of her roles, \"It's easy to play a bad girl: You just do everything you've been told not to do, and you don't have to deal with the consequences, because it's only acting.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.maximonline.com/articles/index.aspx?a\\_id\\=4046\\&src\\=fc \\|title\\=Faith No More \\|last\\=Young \\|first\\=Paul \\|work\\=Maxim \\|date\\=May 2001 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180956/http://www.maximonline.com/articles/index.aspx?a\\_id\\=4046\\&src\\=fc \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-30}}", "Dushku starred in the [Off\\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway \"Off-Broadway\") play *[Dog Sees God](/wiki/Dog_Sees_God \"Dog Sees God\")* in December 2005\\. The play was based on the *[Peanuts](/wiki/Peanuts \"Peanuts\")* comic strip, with Dushku playing a character symbolizing [Lucy Van Pelt](/wiki/Lucy_Van_Pelt \"Lucy Van Pelt\"). She quit in February 2006 along with other members of the cast amid rumors of abuse by the producer, which were later dismissed.", "She played the lead character on *Nurses*, a hospital comedy\\-drama for Fox. This was the second Fox pilot in which she was cast, but not broadcast.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960922?refCatId\\=14 \\|title\\=Dushku joins Fox's 'Nurses' \\|last1\\=Schneider \\|first1\\=Michael \\|last2\\=Adalian \\|first2\\=Josef \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=2007\\-03\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=2007\\-03\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043641/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117960922?refCatId\\=14 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "She appeared in the [Simple Plan](/wiki/Simple_Plan \"Simple Plan\") music video \"[I'm Just a Kid](/wiki/I%27m_Just_a_Kid \"I'm Just a Kid\")\" as the band's love interest, as well as [Nickelback](/wiki/Nickelback \"Nickelback\")'s video for \"[Rockstar](/wiki/Rockstar_%28Nickelback_song%29 \"Rockstar (Nickelback song)\")\".", "[thumb\\|left\\|Dushku at [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival \"Tribeca Film Festival\") (2007\\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_by_David_Shankbone.jpg \"Eliza Dushku by David Shankbone.jpg\")\nOn October 1, 2005, she announced at [Wizard World](/wiki/Wizard_World \"Wizard World\") Boston that shooting had begun for *[Nobel Son](/wiki/Nobel_Son \"Nobel Son\")* in which she would star with [Alan Rickman](/wiki/Alan_Rickman \"Alan Rickman\"), [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito \"Danny DeVito\"), and [Bill Pullman](/wiki/Bill_Pullman \"Bill Pullman\"). The film was released at the 2007 [Tribeca Film Festival](/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival \"Tribeca Film Festival\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/32560\\|title\\=Nobel Son review\\|publisher\\=Aintitcool.com\\|date\\=May 7, 2007\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2011\\|archive\\-date\\=May 25, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525214444/http://www.aintitcool.com/node/32560\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Another project released in 2007 was *[On Broadway](/wiki/On_Broadway_%28film%29 \"On Broadway (film)\")*, an independent film filmed in Boston. It received positive reviews,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://bostonist.com/2007/04/30/on\\_broadway\\_at\\_the\\_independent\\_film\\_festival\\_of\\_boston.php \\|title\\=On Broadway At the Independent Film Festival of Boston \\|last\\=Femia \\|first\\=Michael \\|publisher\\=Bostonist \\|date\\=2007\\-04\\-30 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612134004/http://bostonist.com/2007/04/30/on\\_broadway\\_at\\_the\\_independent\\_film\\_festival\\_of\\_boston.php \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-06\\-12}} with a few of them highlighting Dushku's performance.", "Dushku has had roles in five video games. She voiced the role of Yumi Sawamura in the English\\-language version of *[Yakuza](/wiki/Yakuza_%28video_game%29 \"Yakuza (video game)\")* for the [PlayStation 2](/wiki/PlayStation_2 \"PlayStation 2\"), which was published and developed by [Sega](/wiki/Sega \"Sega\"), and released in September 2006\\. Dushku also stars as Shaundi, one of the lead characters in *[Saints Row 2](/wiki/Saints_Row_2 \"Saints Row 2\")*, which was developed by [Volition, Inc.](/wiki/Volition_%28company%29 \"Volition (company)\") and published by [THQ](/wiki/THQ \"THQ\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://worthplaying.com/article/2008/9/12/previews/54767/\\|title\\=Saints Row 2 Singleplayer/Co\\-Op Preview\\|last\\=Pavlacka\\|first\\=Adam\\|publisher\\=WorthPlaying.com\\|date\\=September 12, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=November 30, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=September 30, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930161651/http://worthplaying.com/article/2008/9/12/previews/54767/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was released in North America on October 14, 2008, for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\") and [Xbox 360](/wiki/Xbox_360 \"Xbox 360\"). She was the voice talent for the role of Rubi Malone, the main character in the game *[WET](/wiki/WET_%28video_game%29 \"WET (video game)\")*. She appeared at Spike TV's 2008 [Video Game Awards](/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards \"Spike Video Game Awards\") in December 2008\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\\=photoGalleryAlbum\\&galleryid\\=2414โ„ด\\=2 \\|title\\=Spike TV's Video Game Awards \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414215905/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout\\=photoGalleryAlbum\\&galleryid\\=2414โ„ด\\=2 \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-14}} [Danielle Nicolet](/wiki/Danielle_Nicolet \"Danielle Nicolet\") took over the role of Shaundi in *[Saints Row: The Third](/wiki/Saints_Row:The_Third \"The Third\")*. She also voiced Megan McQueen in Champion Mode of the 2011 video game Fight Night Champion.", "*[Variety](/wiki/Variety_%28magazine%29 \"Variety (magazine)\")* announced on August 2, 2006, that Dushku would co\\-star with [Macaulay Culkin](/wiki/Macaulay_Culkin \"Macaulay Culkin\") in *[Sex and Breakfast](/wiki/Sex_and_Breakfast \"Sex and Breakfast\")*, a dark comedy written and directed by Miles Brandman. A reviewer described Dushku as \"charming\" and giving the character \"an edge\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117935547?refcatid\\=31 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|title\\=Sex and Breakfast (Review) \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=John \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=2004\\-11\\-29 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043713/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117935547?refcatid\\=31 \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-11\\-07}} The film was released in Los Angeles on November 30, 2007, and on DVD on January 22, 2008\\. She starred in *[Open Graves](/wiki/Open_Graves \"Open Graves\")*, a 2008 horror\\-thriller about a [satanic](/wiki/Satanism \"Satanism\") game co\\-starring [Mike Vogel](/wiki/Mike_Vogel \"Mike Vogel\"). She played the main character in *[The Thacker Case](/wiki/The_Thacker_Case \"The Thacker Case\")* and *[The Alphabet Killer](/wiki/The_Alphabet_Killer \"The Alphabet Killer\")*, both thrillers based on real\\-life events, one of them directed by [Rob Schmidt](/wiki/Rob_Schmidt \"Rob Schmidt\"), with whom she had worked on *Wrong Turn*. Both films were released in 2008\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/05/15/eliza\\-dushku\\-joins\\-the\\-force\\-for\\-alphabet\\-killer/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku Joins The Force For 'Alphabet Killer' \\|last\\=Jacks \\|first\\=Brian \\|publisher\\=MTV Movies Blog \\|date\\=2007\\-05\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-13 \\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501194733/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2007/05/15/eliza\\-dushku\\-joins\\-the\\-force\\-for\\-alphabet\\-killer/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-05\\-01}} *The Alphabet Killer* contains Dushku's first topless scene.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.egotastic.com/entertainment/celebrities/eliza\\-dushku/eliza\\-dushku\\-topless\\-video\\-from\\-the\\-alphabet\\-killer\\-topless\\-004259 \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku topless in The Alphabet Killer \\|publisher\\=Egotastic \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-22 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224004508/http://egotastic.com/entertainment/celebrities/eliza\\-dushku/eliza\\-dushku\\-topless\\-video\\-from\\-the\\-alphabet\\-killer\\-topless\\-004259 \\|archive\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-24}} The film earned mixed reviews, but reviewers praised Dushku's performance, commenting \"Eliza Dushku commands the screen but cannot reconcile the script's conflicted and increasingly idiotic agendas.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939227?refcatid\\=31 \\|title\\=The Alphabet Killer \\|last\\=Scheib \\|first\\=Ronnie \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|date\\=2008\\-12\\-17 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-09\\-07 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 7, 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107043805/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939227?refcatid\\=31 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She appeared in *[Bottle Shock](/wiki/Bottle_Shock \"Bottle Shock\")*, a drama about [Napa valley](/wiki/Napa_valley \"Napa valley\") wine. The film was directed by Randall Miller, who helmed *Nobel Son*.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/07/20/elisha\\-dushku\\-and\\-bill\\-pullman\\-join\\-bottle\\-shock \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku and Bill Pullman Join 'Bottle Shock' \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|last\\=Campbell \\|first\\=Christopher \\|publisher\\=Cinematical \\|date\\=2007\\-07\\-20 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-13 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725172704/http://blog.moviefone.com/2007/07/20/elisha\\-dushku\\-and\\-bill\\-pullman\\-join\\-bottle\\-shock \\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-25}}", "#### 2009โ€“present: *Dollhouse* and other work", "On August 26, 2007, Dushku signed a development deal with [Fox Broadcasting Company](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") and [20th Century Fox](/wiki/20th_Century_Fox \"20th Century Fox\"). Under the pact, the network and the studio would develop projects tailor\\-made for the actress as well as approach her with existing pitches and scripts.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content\\_display/television/news/e3i3183b40c3b46a938e4669aa95744ca66 \\|title\\=Dushku busy with Fox TV \\|last\\=Andreeva \\|first\\=Nellie \\|work\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|date\\=2007\\-08\\-27 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231821/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content\\_display/television/news/e3i3183b40c3b46a938e4669aa95744ca66 \\|archive\\-date\\=2007\\-09\\-30}}", "Subsequently, it was announced on October 31 that Dushku had lured [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon \"Joss Whedon\"), of *[Buffy the Vampire Slayer](/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\")*, back to TV, to create a television series called *[Dollhouse](/wiki/Dollhouse_%28TV_series%29 \"Dollhouse (TV series)\")*. Dushku produced the show and played the main character, '[Echo](/wiki/Echo_%28Dollhouse%29 \"Echo (Dollhouse)\")'. It aired on Fox during the [2008โ€“09 TV season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_United_States_network_television_schedule \"2008โ€“09 United States network television schedule\"). In an interview, Dushku talked about how *Dollhouse* and her reconnection with Whedon came about:", "", "> I invited [Joss Whedon](/wiki/Joss_Whedon \"Joss Whedon\") to lunch after I did the business deal with Fox. We'd had a cool relationship in the past and I so wanted to do something else, and I wanted to get back into a television show. I had him on the brain for sure but I hadn't called him yet, but I sort of took a leap of faith and set things up with Fox and then called Joss. We went to a four\\-hour lunch where I just sort of used my womanly wiles. No, we've become such good friends, kind of like brother and sister and kind of like he was my watcher, my handler from when I first moved out to L.A. when I was 17 and I was a little bit of a wild child. He's watched me and helped me and taught me over the years. I told him how bad I wanted and needed him back and he accepted and here we are.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Eliza\\+Dushku%3A\\+Dollhouse/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku: Dollhouse \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[SuicideGirls.com]] \\|date\\=2009\\-02\\-05 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-02\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207133937/http://suicidegirls.com/interviews/Eliza\\+Dushku%3A\\+Dollhouse/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "[thumb\\|Dushku at a fashion event (2009\\)](/wiki/File:Eliza_Dushku_2009.jpg \"Eliza Dushku 2009.jpg\")\nDushku described Whedon as \"my favorite genius ... favorite friend ... big brother ... and the only person out here I've ever wholeheartedly trusted, because he's never let me down.\"{{cite news \\|title\\=Joss Whedon preps Fox series \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2007/scene/features/joss\\-whedon\\-preps\\-fox\\-series\\-1117975136/ \\|date\\=2007\\-10\\-31 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|first\\=Michael \\|last\\=Schneider \\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004129/https://variety.com/2007/scene/features/joss\\-whedon\\-preps\\-fox\\-series\\-1117975136/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} *Dollhouse* was renewed for a second season. The producers cited their confidence in the strength of Whedon's fan base and high DVR numbers as their reasons for keeping the show. Fox cancelled *Dollhouse* on November 11, 2009\\. The show officially wrapped filming on the second and final season on December 16, 2009\\.", "Dushku was the voice actor for contract killer \"Rubi Malone\" in the action video game *[Wet](/wiki/Wet_%28video_game%29 \"Wet (video game)\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.gamespot.com/ps3/action/wet/news.html?sid\\=6213530\\&tag\\=topslot;thumb;1 \\|title\\=Wet Hands\\-On โ€“ PlayStation 3 Previews at GameSpot \\|last\\=Sassoon \\|first\\=Alex \\|work\\=Gamespot.com \\|date\\=2009\\-09\\-15 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-24 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 18, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918214000/https://www.gamespot.com/games/wet/news/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In 2010, Dushku provided her voice for *Noah's Ark: The New Beginning* and appeared in the film *[Locked In](/wiki/Locked_In_%282010_film%29 \"Locked In (2010 film)\")*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/17739/eliza\\-dushku\\-is\\-locked\\-in/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku is Locked In \\|publisher\\=Dreadcentral.com \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|date\\=2010\\-06\\-08 \\|first\\=Steve \\|last\\=Barton \\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004147/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/17739/eliza\\-dushku\\-is\\-locked\\-in/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} She also guest\\-starred in an episode of [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\")' comedy *[The Big Bang Theory](/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory \"The Big Bang Theory\")*{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.tvguide.com/News/Eliza\\-Dushku\\-Big\\-Bang\\-1023454\\.aspx\\|title\\=The Big Bang Theory Geeks Out for Eliza Dushku\\|work\\=\\[\\[TV Guide]]\\|access\\-date\\=September 23, 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925194316/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Eliza\\-Dushku\\-Big\\-Bang\\-1023454\\.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nwhich aired on November 4, 2010\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.etonline.com/news/102522\\_VIDEO\\_Kaley\\_Cuoco\\_s\\_First\\_ET\\_Interview\\_Since\\_Breaking\\_Her\\_Leg/ \\|title\\=Eliza guest\\-star in CBS' comedy \\|work\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Tonight]] \\|date\\=2010\\-11\\-04 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-02\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110134944/http://www.etonline.com/news/102522\\_VIDEO\\_Kaley\\_Cuoco\\_s\\_First\\_ET\\_Interview\\_Since\\_Breaking\\_Her\\_Leg/ \\|archive\\-date\\=2010\\-11\\-10}} In 2011, Dushku featured alongside Jayson Floyd in \"One Shot\", a short action clip on YouTube directed by and starring [Freddie Wong](/wiki/Freddie_Wong \"Freddie Wong\"), released on May 13, 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=e5Iey0wDqBE \\| archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211104/e5Iey0wDqBE\\| archive\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-04 \\| url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=One Shot ft. Eliza Dushku \\|publisher\\=YouTube (via Freddie Wong) \\|date\\=2011\\-05\\-13 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-05\\-13}}{{cbignore}}", "Dushku had a lead role in the online animated \"motion comic\" series *Torchwood: Web of Lies*, based on the BBC series *[Torchwood: Miracle Day](/wiki/Torchwood:Miracle_Day \"Miracle Day\")*.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/02/eliza\\-dushku\\-torchwood/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku to star in 'Torchwood' online animated series \\|last\\=Hibberd \\|first\\=James \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]] \\|date\\=2011\\-06\\-02 \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-06\\-03 \\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605160806/http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/02/eliza\\-dushku\\-torchwood/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In June 2012, Dushku starred with [Katie Cassidy](/wiki/Katie_Cassidy \"Katie Cassidy\"), [Gina Gershon](/wiki/Gina_Gershon \"Gina Gershon\") and [Michelle Trachtenberg](/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg \"Michelle Trachtenberg\") in *[The Scribbler](/wiki/The_Scribbler_%28film%29 \"The Scribbler (film)\")*, directed by John Suits and produced by [Gabriel Cowan](/wiki/Gabriel_Cowan \"Gabriel Cowan\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Fleming \\|first\\=Mike \\|url\\=https://www.deadline.com/2012/05/the\\-scribbler\\-starts\\-production\\-with\\-katie\\-cassidy\\-starring/ \\|title\\='The Scribbler' Starts Production With Katie Cassidy Starring \\|website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood\\|deadline.com]] \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-07\\-01 \\|date\\=2012\\-05\\-09 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 3, 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203032625/http://www.deadline.com/2012/05/the\\-scribbler\\-starts\\-production\\-with\\-katie\\-cassidy\\-starring/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "In 2013, she was cast as [Patricia Holm](/wiki/Patricia_Holm \"Patricia Holm\") in a pilot film for a proposed TV revival series of *[The Saint](/wiki/Simon_Templar \"Simon Templar\")*, but the series was not commissioned. In July 2017 the pilot was released on digital HD/VOD.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/All\\-New\\-Reboot\\-of\\-THE\\-SAINT\\-Arrives\\-on\\-Digital\\-HDVOD\\-on\\-711\\-20170627 \\|date\\=2014\\-06\\-27 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|first\\=Caryn \\|last\\=Robbins \\|title\\=All\\-New Reboot of THE SAINT Arrives on Digital HD/VOD on 7/11 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826004137/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/All\\-New\\-Reboot\\-of\\-THE\\-SAINT\\-Arrives\\-on\\-Digital\\-HDVOD\\-on\\-711\\-20170627 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "From 2013 to 2015, Dushku voiced the role of [She\\-Hulk](/wiki/She-Hulk \"She-Hulk\") in the [Disney XD](/wiki/Disney_XD \"Disney XD\") animated series *[Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.](/wiki/Hulk_and_the_Agents_of_S.M.A.S.H. \"Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.\")*. In 2014, it was announced that she would star in [Randall Miller](/wiki/Randall_Miller \"Randall Miller\")'s *[Midnight Rider](/wiki/Midnight_Rider_%28film%29 \"Midnight Rider (film)\")*, a biopic of [Gregg Allman](/wiki/Gregg_Allman \"Gregg Allman\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Kit\\|first\\=Borys\\|title\\=Eliza Dushku, Bradley Whitford Join Gregg Allman Biopic\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eliza\\-dushku\\-bradley\\-whitford\\-join\\-678450\\|accessdate\\=February 21, 2014\\|newspaper\\=The Hollywood Reporter\\|date\\=February 7, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=February 9, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209070602/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/eliza\\-dushku\\-bradley\\-whitford\\-join\\-678450\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2016, she was cast in a recurring role in the fourth season of the [Cinemax](/wiki/Cinemax \"Cinemax\") TV series *[Banshee](/wiki/Banshee_%28TV_series%29 \"Banshee (TV series)\")*.{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://deadline.com/2015/04/eliza\\-dushku\\-banshee\\-cinemax\\-1201405176/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku Joins Cinemax's 'Banshee' \\|last\\=Pedersen \\|first\\=Erik \\|date\\=2015\\-04\\-06 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood\\|deadline.com]] \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-09\\-26 \\|archive\\-date\\=September 26, 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926194755/https://deadline.com/2015/04/eliza\\-dushku\\-banshee\\-cinemax\\-1201405176/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2017, she had a recurring guest role in the last three episodes of the first season of the [CBS](/wiki/CBS \"CBS\") drama series *[Bull](/wiki/Bull_%282016_TV_series%29 \"Bull (2016 TV series)\")* with the option of becoming a series regular in season two.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/eliza\\-dushku\\-bull\\-cbs\\-cast\\-1202014922/ \\|title\\=Eliza Dushku Joins CBS' 'Bull' With Option to Become Series Regular in Season 2 \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|last\\=Wagmeister \\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-23 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-08\\-25 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|archive\\-date\\=December 10, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210234628/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/eliza\\-dushku\\-bull\\-cbs\\-cast\\-1202014922/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}", "" ]
Mechanism --------- In FD, the analyte is applied as a thin film directly to the emitter, or small [crystals](/wiki/Crystal "Crystal") of solid materials are placed onto the emitter. Slow heating of the emitter then begins, by passing a high current through the emitter, which is maintained at a high potential (e.g. 5 kilovolts). As heating of the emitter continues, low\-[vapor pressure](/wiki/Vapor_pressure "Vapor pressure") materials get [desorbed](/wiki/Desorption "Desorption") and ionized by [alkali metal](/wiki/Alkali_metal "Alkali metal") cation attachment. ### Ion formation mechanisms Different analytes involve different ionization mechanisms in FD\-MS, and four mechanisms are commonly observed, including field ionization, cation attachment, [thermal ionization](/wiki/Thermal_ionization "Thermal ionization"), and proton abstraction.{{Cite journal\|last\=Lattimer\|first\=Robert P.\|last2\=Schulten\|first2\=Hans Rolf\|date\=1989\-11\-01\|title\=Field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry: past, present, and future\|journal\=Analytical Chemistry\|volume\=61\|issue\=21\|pages\=1201Aโ€“1215A\|doi\=10\.1021/ac00196a001\|issn\=0003\-2700}} #### Field ionization In field ionization, electrons are removed from a species by [quantum mechanical tunneling](/wiki/Quantum_mechanical_tunneling "Quantum mechanical tunneling") in a high electric field, which results in the formation of molecular ions (M **\+ ฬ‡** in positive ion mode). This ionization method usually takes places in nonpolar or slightly polar organic compounds. #### Cation attachment In the process of cation attachment, cations (typically H\+ or Na\+) attach themselves to analyte molecules; the desorption of the cation attachment (e.g., MNa\+) can then be realized through the emitter heating and high field. The ionization of more polar organic molecules (e.g., ones with aliphatic [hydroxyl](/wiki/Hydroxy_group "Hydroxy group") or amino groups) in FD\-MS typically go through this mechanism. #### Thermal ionization In thermal ionization, the emitter is used to hold and heat the sample, and the analytes are then desorbed from the hot emitter surface. Thermal ionization of preformed ions may apply to the ionization of organic and inorganic salts in FD\-MS. #### Proton abstraction Proton abstraction is different from the three ionization methods mentioned above because negative ions (NI) are formed during the process rather than positive ions. (M\-H)โˆ’ ions are often produced in polar organics in the NI mode. The first three ionization mechanisms discussed above all have their analogues in NI\-FD\-MS. In field ionization, molecular anions (Mโˆ’ **ฬ‡** ) can be generated. Anion attachment can also lead to the formation of negative ions for some molecules, for example, (M \+ Cl)โˆ’. Thermal desorption usually produces anion (Aโˆ’) and cluster ion (e.g. CA2โˆ’) for salts.
[ "Mechanism\n---------", "In FD, the analyte is applied as a thin film directly to the emitter, or small [crystals](/wiki/Crystal \"Crystal\") of solid materials are placed onto the emitter. Slow heating of the emitter then begins, by passing a high current through the emitter, which is maintained at a high potential (e.g. 5 kilovolts). As heating of the emitter continues, low\\-[vapor pressure](/wiki/Vapor_pressure \"Vapor pressure\") materials get [desorbed](/wiki/Desorption \"Desorption\") and ionized by [alkali metal](/wiki/Alkali_metal \"Alkali metal\") cation attachment.", "### Ion formation mechanisms", "Different analytes involve different ionization mechanisms in FD\\-MS, and four mechanisms are commonly observed, including field ionization, cation attachment, [thermal ionization](/wiki/Thermal_ionization \"Thermal ionization\"), and proton abstraction.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Lattimer\\|first\\=Robert P.\\|last2\\=Schulten\\|first2\\=Hans Rolf\\|date\\=1989\\-11\\-01\\|title\\=Field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry: past, present, and future\\|journal\\=Analytical Chemistry\\|volume\\=61\\|issue\\=21\\|pages\\=1201Aโ€“1215A\\|doi\\=10\\.1021/ac00196a001\\|issn\\=0003\\-2700}}", "#### Field ionization", "In field ionization, electrons are removed from a species by [quantum mechanical tunneling](/wiki/Quantum_mechanical_tunneling \"Quantum mechanical tunneling\") in a high electric field, which results in the formation of molecular ions (M **\\+ ฬ‡** in positive ion mode). This ionization method usually takes places in nonpolar or slightly polar organic compounds.", "#### Cation attachment", "In the process of cation attachment, cations (typically H\\+ or Na\\+) attach themselves to analyte molecules; the desorption of the cation attachment (e.g., MNa\\+) can then be realized through the emitter heating and high field. The ionization of more polar organic molecules (e.g., ones with aliphatic [hydroxyl](/wiki/Hydroxy_group \"Hydroxy group\") or amino groups) in FD\\-MS typically go through this mechanism.", "#### Thermal ionization", "In thermal ionization, the emitter is used to hold and heat the sample, and the analytes are then desorbed from the hot emitter surface. Thermal ionization of preformed ions may apply to the ionization of organic and inorganic salts in FD\\-MS.", "#### Proton abstraction", "Proton abstraction is different from the three ionization methods mentioned above because negative ions (NI) are formed during the process rather than positive ions. (M\\-H)โˆ’ ions are often produced in polar organics in the NI mode.", "The first three ionization mechanisms discussed above all have their analogues in NI\\-FD\\-MS. In field ionization, molecular anions (Mโˆ’ **ฬ‡** ) can be generated. Anion attachment can also lead to the formation of negative ions for some molecules, for example, (M \\+ Cl)โˆ’. Thermal desorption usually produces anion (Aโˆ’) and cluster ion (e.g. CA2โˆ’) for salts.", "" ]
### Ion formation mechanisms Different analytes involve different ionization mechanisms in FD\-MS, and four mechanisms are commonly observed, including field ionization, cation attachment, [thermal ionization](/wiki/Thermal_ionization "Thermal ionization"), and proton abstraction.{{Cite journal\|last\=Lattimer\|first\=Robert P.\|last2\=Schulten\|first2\=Hans Rolf\|date\=1989\-11\-01\|title\=Field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry: past, present, and future\|journal\=Analytical Chemistry\|volume\=61\|issue\=21\|pages\=1201Aโ€“1215A\|doi\=10\.1021/ac00196a001\|issn\=0003\-2700}} #### Field ionization In field ionization, electrons are removed from a species by [quantum mechanical tunneling](/wiki/Quantum_mechanical_tunneling "Quantum mechanical tunneling") in a high electric field, which results in the formation of molecular ions (M **\+ ฬ‡** in positive ion mode). This ionization method usually takes places in nonpolar or slightly polar organic compounds. #### Cation attachment In the process of cation attachment, cations (typically H\+ or Na\+) attach themselves to analyte molecules; the desorption of the cation attachment (e.g., MNa\+) can then be realized through the emitter heating and high field. The ionization of more polar organic molecules (e.g., ones with aliphatic [hydroxyl](/wiki/Hydroxy_group "Hydroxy group") or amino groups) in FD\-MS typically go through this mechanism. #### Thermal ionization In thermal ionization, the emitter is used to hold and heat the sample, and the analytes are then desorbed from the hot emitter surface. Thermal ionization of preformed ions may apply to the ionization of organic and inorganic salts in FD\-MS. #### Proton abstraction Proton abstraction is different from the three ionization methods mentioned above because negative ions (NI) are formed during the process rather than positive ions. (M\-H)โˆ’ ions are often produced in polar organics in the NI mode. The first three ionization mechanisms discussed above all have their analogues in NI\-FD\-MS. In field ionization, molecular anions (Mโˆ’ **ฬ‡** ) can be generated. Anion attachment can also lead to the formation of negative ions for some molecules, for example, (M \+ Cl)โˆ’. Thermal desorption usually produces anion (Aโˆ’) and cluster ion (e.g. CA2โˆ’) for salts.
[ "### Ion formation mechanisms", "Different analytes involve different ionization mechanisms in FD\\-MS, and four mechanisms are commonly observed, including field ionization, cation attachment, [thermal ionization](/wiki/Thermal_ionization \"Thermal ionization\"), and proton abstraction.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Lattimer\\|first\\=Robert P.\\|last2\\=Schulten\\|first2\\=Hans Rolf\\|date\\=1989\\-11\\-01\\|title\\=Field ionization and field desorption mass spectrometry: past, present, and future\\|journal\\=Analytical Chemistry\\|volume\\=61\\|issue\\=21\\|pages\\=1201Aโ€“1215A\\|doi\\=10\\.1021/ac00196a001\\|issn\\=0003\\-2700}}", "#### Field ionization", "In field ionization, electrons are removed from a species by [quantum mechanical tunneling](/wiki/Quantum_mechanical_tunneling \"Quantum mechanical tunneling\") in a high electric field, which results in the formation of molecular ions (M **\\+ ฬ‡** in positive ion mode). This ionization method usually takes places in nonpolar or slightly polar organic compounds.", "#### Cation attachment", "In the process of cation attachment, cations (typically H\\+ or Na\\+) attach themselves to analyte molecules; the desorption of the cation attachment (e.g., MNa\\+) can then be realized through the emitter heating and high field. The ionization of more polar organic molecules (e.g., ones with aliphatic [hydroxyl](/wiki/Hydroxy_group \"Hydroxy group\") or amino groups) in FD\\-MS typically go through this mechanism.", "#### Thermal ionization", "In thermal ionization, the emitter is used to hold and heat the sample, and the analytes are then desorbed from the hot emitter surface. Thermal ionization of preformed ions may apply to the ionization of organic and inorganic salts in FD\\-MS.", "#### Proton abstraction", "Proton abstraction is different from the three ionization methods mentioned above because negative ions (NI) are formed during the process rather than positive ions. (M\\-H)โˆ’ ions are often produced in polar organics in the NI mode.", "The first three ionization mechanisms discussed above all have their analogues in NI\\-FD\\-MS. In field ionization, molecular anions (Mโˆ’ **ฬ‡** ) can be generated. Anion attachment can also lead to the formation of negative ions for some molecules, for example, (M \\+ Cl)โˆ’. Thermal desorption usually produces anion (Aโˆ’) and cluster ion (e.g. CA2โˆ’) for salts.", "" ]
Career ------ He worked with Franklin on several of his experiments on electricity and was a member of the [Junto](/wiki/Junto_%28club%29 "Junto (club)"). As a young [barrister](/wiki/Barrister "Barrister"), he was appointed deputy to [Charles Read](/wiki/Charles_Read_%28Philadelphia%29 "Charles Read (Philadelphia)"), Clerk of the Orphans' Court of Philadelphia. Upon his death, he was commissioned as his successor on January 20, 1736โ€“7, filling that position until November 5, 1751, when he died. On the same date, he was commissioned Master of Rolls for the city, serving until 1741\. Hopkinson held a number of legal and judicial positions, including Justice (1749\), and Judge of the Vice Admiralty of the Province (1744\-5\). He was also a member of the Provincial (1747\), and Common Councils (1741\). As a merchant, Hopkinson acted as agent for several London firms, and in partnership with [William Coleman](/wiki/William_Coleman_%28judge%29 "William Coleman (judge)"), imported and sold a wide variety of goods, including fabrics, spices, gunpowder and iron. In 1747 he was the first to detect the incursions of the Spanish into [Delaware Bay](/wiki/Delaware_Bay "Delaware Bay") and was a leader in alerting public opinion as well as raising funds for the defense of the city.Bell, Whitfield J. and Greifenstein, Charles. (1997\). *Patriot\-improvers : biographical sketches of members of the American Philosophical Society* Philadelphia : The Society. Vol. 1 1743\-1768, p. 13\. ISBN 9780871692269\. Under [James Hamilton](/wiki/James_Hamilton_%28Pennsylvania%29 "James Hamilton (Pennsylvania)"), he became Deputy Prothonotary, in 1748 becoming Prothonotary until his death. Hopkinson was a founder of both the [Library Company of Philadelphia](/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia "Library Company of Philadelphia"), as well as an original trustee of the College of Philadelphia (now the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania "University of Pennsylvania")), and served as first president of the [American Philosophical Society](/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society "American Philosophical Society"). He was also an active [Mason](/wiki/Masonry "Masonry"). He married Mary Johnson in 1736, and together they had eight children. He enrolled his son [Francis Hopkinson](/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson "Francis Hopkinson"), later a signatory of the [Declaration of Independence](/wiki/American_Declaration_of_Independence "American Declaration of Independence") in the first classes at the Academy. One of his daughters married Reverend [Jacob Duchรฉ](/wiki/Jacob_Duch%C3%A9 "Jacob Duchรฉ"), and another [Dr. John Morgan](/wiki/John_Morgan_%28physician%29 "John Morgan (physician)"). Hopkinson was an early subscriber of the [Dancing Assembly](/wiki/Dancing_Assemblies_of_Philadelphia "Dancing Assemblies of Philadelphia"). Franklin wrote about him: "The power of points to throw off electrical fire was first communicated to me by my ingenious friend, Thomas Hopkinson, since deceased, whose virtue and integrity in every station of life, public and private, will ever make his memory dear to those who knew him and knew how to value him". Hopkinson Was a Freemason. He was a member of St. John's Lodge and served as Grand Master of Pennsylvania in 1736\.
[ "Career\n------", "He worked with Franklin on several of his experiments on electricity and was a member of the [Junto](/wiki/Junto_%28club%29 \"Junto (club)\"). As a young [barrister](/wiki/Barrister \"Barrister\"), he was appointed deputy to [Charles Read](/wiki/Charles_Read_%28Philadelphia%29 \"Charles Read (Philadelphia)\"), Clerk of the Orphans' Court of Philadelphia. Upon his death, he was commissioned as his successor on January 20, 1736โ€“7, filling that position until November 5, 1751, when he died. On the same date, he was commissioned Master of Rolls for the city, serving until 1741\\.", "Hopkinson held a number of legal and judicial positions, including Justice (1749\\), and Judge of the Vice Admiralty of the Province (1744\\-5\\). He was also a member of the Provincial (1747\\), and Common Councils (1741\\). As a merchant, Hopkinson acted as agent for several London firms, and in partnership with [William Coleman](/wiki/William_Coleman_%28judge%29 \"William Coleman (judge)\"), imported and sold a wide variety of goods, including fabrics, spices, gunpowder and iron. In 1747 he was the first to detect the incursions of the Spanish into [Delaware Bay](/wiki/Delaware_Bay \"Delaware Bay\") and was a leader in alerting public opinion as well as raising funds for the defense of the city.Bell, Whitfield J. and Greifenstein, Charles. (1997\\). *Patriot\\-improvers : biographical sketches of members of the American Philosophical Society* Philadelphia : The Society. Vol. 1 1743\\-1768, p. 13\\. ISBN 9780871692269\\. Under [James Hamilton](/wiki/James_Hamilton_%28Pennsylvania%29 \"James Hamilton (Pennsylvania)\"), he became Deputy Prothonotary, in 1748 becoming Prothonotary until his death.", "Hopkinson was a founder of both the [Library Company of Philadelphia](/wiki/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia \"Library Company of Philadelphia\"), as well as an original trustee of the College of Philadelphia (now the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\")), and served as first president of the [American Philosophical Society](/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society \"American Philosophical Society\"). He was also an active [Mason](/wiki/Masonry \"Masonry\"). He married Mary Johnson in 1736, and together they had eight children. He enrolled his son [Francis Hopkinson](/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson \"Francis Hopkinson\"), later a signatory of the [Declaration of Independence](/wiki/American_Declaration_of_Independence \"American Declaration of Independence\") in the first classes at the Academy. One of his daughters married Reverend [Jacob Duchรฉ](/wiki/Jacob_Duch%C3%A9 \"Jacob Duchรฉ\"), and another [Dr. John Morgan](/wiki/John_Morgan_%28physician%29 \"John Morgan (physician)\"). Hopkinson was an early subscriber of the [Dancing Assembly](/wiki/Dancing_Assemblies_of_Philadelphia \"Dancing Assemblies of Philadelphia\").", "Franklin wrote about him: \"The power of points to throw off electrical fire was first communicated to me by my ingenious friend, Thomas Hopkinson, since deceased, whose virtue and integrity in every station of life, public and private, will ever make his memory dear to those who knew him and knew how to value him\".", "Hopkinson Was a Freemason. He was a member of St. John's Lodge and served as Grand Master of Pennsylvania in 1736\\.", "" ]
Non\-linear elastic theory for hyperelastic materials ----------------------------------------------------- The acoustoelastic effect is an effect of finite deformation of non\-linear elastic materials. A modern comprehensive account of this can be found in.Ogden, R. W., *Non\-linear elastic deformations*, Dover Publications Inc., Mineola, New York, (1984\) This book treats the application of the non\-linear elasticity theory and the analysis of the mechanical properties of solid materials capable of large elastic deformations. The special case of the acoustoelastic theory for a [compressible](/wiki/Compressible "Compressible") isotropic [hyperelastic material](/wiki/Hyperelastic_material "Hyperelastic material"), like [polycrystalline](/wiki/Polycrystalline "Polycrystalline") steel,{{cite web\|title\=Anisotropy and Isotropy\|url\=http://www.ndt\-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/anisotropy.htm\|access\-date\=2013\-12\-07\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531172526/http://www.ndt\-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/anisotropy.htm\|archive\-date\=2012\-05\-31\|url\-status\=dead}} is reproduced and shown in this text from the non\-linear elasticity theory as presented by Ogden. **Note** that the setting in this text as well as in is [isothermal](/wiki/Isothermal "Isothermal"), and no reference is made to [thermodynamics](/wiki/Thermodynamics "Thermodynamics"). ### Constitutive relation โ€“ hyperelastic materials (Stress\-strain relation) A hyperelastic material is a special case of a [Cauchy elastic material](/wiki/Cauchy_elastic_material "Cauchy elastic material") in which the stress at any point is [objective](/wiki/Material_objectivity "Material objectivity") and determined only by the current state of [deformation](/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29 "Deformation (engineering)") with respect to an arbitrary reference configuration (for more details on deformation see also the pages [Deformation (mechanics)](/wiki/Deformation_%28mechanics%29 "Deformation (mechanics)") and [Finite strain](/wiki/Finite_strain "Finite strain")). However, the work done by the stresses may depend on the path the deformation takes. Therefore, a Cauchy elastic material has a non\-conservative structure, and the stress cannot be derived from a scalar [elastic potential](/wiki/Elastic_energy "Elastic energy") function. The special case of Cauchy elastic materials where the work done by the stresses is independent of the path of deformation is referred to as a Green elastic or hyperelastic material. Such materials are conservative and the stresses in the material can be derived by a scalar elastic potential, more commonly known as the [Strain energy density function](/wiki/Strain_energy_density_function "Strain energy density function"). The constitutive relation between the stress and strain can be expressed in different forms based on the chosen stress and strain forms. Selecting the [1st Piola\-Kirchhoff stress tensor](/wiki/Stress_%28mechanics%29%23Piola%E2%80%93Kirchhoff_stress_tensor "Stress (mechanics)#Piolaโ€“Kirchhoff stress tensor") \\boldsymbol{P} (which is the [transpose](/wiki/Transpose "Transpose") of the [nominal stress tensor](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Balance_laws "Continuum mechanics#Balance laws") \\boldsymbol{P}^T\=\\boldsymbol{N}), the constitutive equation for a compressible hyper elastic material can be expressed in terms of the [Lagrangian Green strain](/wiki/Finite_strain_theory%23Finite_strain_tensors "Finite strain theory#Finite strain tensors") (\\boldsymbol{E}) as: \\boldsymbol{P} \= \\boldsymbol{F}\\cdot\\frac{\\partial W}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{E}} \\qquad \\text{or} \\qquad P\_{ij} \= F\_{ik}\~\\frac{\\partial W}{\\partial E\_{kj}}, \\qquad i,j\=1,2,3 \~, where \\boldsymbol{F} is the [deformation gradient tensor](/wiki/Finite_strain%23Deformation_gradient_tensor "Finite strain#Deformation gradient tensor"), and where the second expression uses the [Einstein summation convention](/wiki/Einstein_summation_convention "Einstein summation convention") for index notation of [tensors](/wiki/Tensors "Tensors"). W is the [strain energy density function](/wiki/Hyperelastic_material%23First_Piola.E2.80.93Kirchhoff_stress "Hyperelastic material#First Piola.E2.80.93Kirchhoff stress") for a [hyperelastic material](/wiki/Hyperelastic_material "Hyperelastic material") and have been defined per unit volume rather than per unit mass since this avoids the need of multiplying the right hand side with the [mass density](/wiki/Density "Density") \\rho\_0 of the reference configuration. Assuming that the scalar strain energy density function W(\\boldsymbol{E}) can be approximated by a [Taylor series expansion](/wiki/Taylor_series "Taylor series") in the current strain \\boldsymbol{E}, it can be expressed (in index notation) as: W \\approx C\_0 \+ C\_{ij}E\_{ij} \+ \\frac{1}{2!}C\_{ijkl}E\_{ij}E\_{kl} \+ \\frac{1}{3!}C\_{ijklmn}E\_{ij}E\_{kl}E\_{mn}\+\\cdots Imposing the restrictions that the strain energy function should be zero and have a minimum when the material is in the un\-deformed state (i.e. W(E\_{ij}\=0\)\=0) it is clear that there are no constant or linear term in the strain energy function, and thus: W \\approx \\frac{1}{2!}C\_{ijkl}E\_{ij}E\_{kl} \+ \\frac{1}{3!}C\_{ijklmn}E\_{ij}E\_{kl}E\_{mn}\+\\cdots, where C\_{ijkl} is a fourth\-order tensor of second\-order [elastic moduli](/wiki/Hooke%27s_law%23Matrix_representation_.28stiffness_tensor.29 "Hooke's law#Matrix representation .28stiffness tensor.29"), while C\_{ijklmn} is a sixth\-order tensor of third\-order elastic moduli. The symmetry of E\_{ij}\=E\_{ji} together with the scalar strain energy density function W implies that the second order moduli C\_{ijkl} have the following symmetry: C\_{ijkl}\=C\_{jikl}\=C\_{ijlk}, which reduce the number of independent elastic constants from 81 to 36\. In addition the power expansion implies that the second order moduli also have the major symmetry C\_{ijkl}\=C\_{klij}, which further reduce the number of independent elastic constants to 21\. The same arguments can be used for the third order elastic moduli C\_{ijklmn}. These symmetries also allows the elastic moduli to be expressed by the [Voigt notation](/wiki/Voigt_notation "Voigt notation") (i.e. C\_{ijkl}\=C\_{IJ} and C\_{ijklmn}\=C\_{IJK}). The deformation gradient tensor can be expressed in component form as F\_{ij}\=\\frac{\\partial u\_i}{\\partial X\_j} \+ \\delta\_{ij}, where u\_i is the displacement of a material point P from coordinate X\_i in the reference configuration to coordinate x\_i in the deformed configuration (see [Figure 2](/wiki/Finite_strain%23Deformation_gradient_tensor "Finite strain#Deformation gradient tensor") in the finite strain theory page). Including the power expansion of strain energy function in the constitutive relation and replacing the Lagrangian strain tensor E\_{kl} with the expansion given on the [finite strain tensor](/wiki/Finite_strain%23Finite_strain_tensors "Finite strain#Finite strain tensors") page yields (note that lower case u have been used in this section compared to the upper case on the [finite strain](/wiki/Finite_strain%23Finite_strain_tensors "Finite strain#Finite strain tensors") page) the **constitutive equation** P\_{ij} ``` = C_{ijkl}\frac{\partial u_k}{\partial X_l} + \frac{1}{2}M_{ijklmn}\frac{\partial u_k}{\partial X_l}\frac{\partial u_m}{\partial X_n} + \frac{1}{3}M_{ijklmnpq}\frac{\partial u_k}{\partial X_l}\frac{\partial u_m}{\partial X_n}\frac{\partial u_p}{\partial X_q}+\cdots, ``` where M\_{ijklmn} \= C\_{ijklmn} \+ C\_{ijln}\\delta\_{km} \+ C\_{jnkl}\\delta\_{im} \+ C\_{jlmn}\\delta\_{ik}, and higher order terms have been neglected{{cite book\|author\=Norris, A. N.\|chapter\=Finite\-Amplitude Waves in Solids\|title\=Nonlinear Acoustics\|publisher\=Acoustical Society of America\|year\=1997\|editor1\-first\=Mark F.\|editor1\-last\=Hamilton\|editor2\-first\=David T.\|editor2\-last\=Blackstock\|isbn\=978\-0123218605}}{{cite book\|author\=Norris, A. N.\|chapter\=Small\-on\-Large Theory with Applications to Granular Materials and Fluid/Solid Systems\|title\=Waves in Nonlinear Pre\-Stressed Materials\|volume\=495\|series\=CISM Courses and Lectures\|publisher\=Springer, Vienna\|year\=2007\|isbn\=978\-3\-211\-73572\-5\|doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-211\-73572\-5\|editor1\=M. Destrade\|editor2\=G. Saccomandi\|chapter\-url\=http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/81/1/Linear%20and%20nonlinear%20wave%20propagation%20in%20coated%20or%20uncoated%20elastic%20half\-spaces.pdf}} (see Eldevik, S., "Measurement of non\-linear acoustoelastic effect in steel using acoustic resonance", PhD Thesis, University of Bergen, (in preparation) for detailed derivations). For referenceM by neglecting higher order terms in \\partial u\_k / \\partial X\_l this expression reduce to P\_{ij} \= C\_{ijkl}\\frac{\\partial u\_k}{\\partial X\_l}, which is a version of the generalised Hooke's law where P\_{ij} is a measure of stress while \\partial u\_k / \\partial X\_l is a measure of strain, and C\_{ijkl} is the linear relation between them. ### Sound velocity Assuming that a small dynamic (acoustic) deformation disturb an already statically stressed material the acoustoelastic effect can be regarded as the effect on a small deformation superposed on a larger [finite deformation](/wiki/Finite_strain "Finite strain") (also called the small\-on\-large theory). Let us define three states of a given material point. In the reference (un\-stressed) state the point is defined by the coordinate vector \\boldsymbol{X} while the same point has the coordinate vector \\boldsymbol{x} in the static initially stressed state (i.e. under the influence of an applied pre\-stress). Finally, assume that the material point under a small dynamic disturbance (acoustic stress field) have the coordinate vector \\boldsymbol{x'}. The total displacement of the material points (under influence of both a static pre\-stress and an dynamic acoustic disturbance) can then be described by the displacement vectors \\boldsymbol{u}\=\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\)} \+ \\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\)}\=\\boldsymbol{x'}\-\\boldsymbol{X}, where \\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\)} \= \\boldsymbol{x} \- \\boldsymbol{X}, \\qquad \\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\)}\=\\boldsymbol{x'} \- \\boldsymbol{x} describes the static (Lagrangian) initial displacement due to the applied pre\-stress, and the (Eulerian) displacement due to the acoustic disturbance, respectively. [Cauchy's first law of motion](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Balance_laws "Continuum mechanics#Balance laws") (or balance of linear momentum) for the additional Eulerian disturbance \\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\)} can then be derived in terms of the intermediate Lagrangian deformation \\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\)} assuming that the small\-on\-large assumption \|\\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\)}\| \\ll \|\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\)}\| holds. Using the Lagrangian form of [Cauchy's first law of motion](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Balance_laws "Continuum mechanics#Balance laws"), where the effect of a constant body force (i.e. gravity) has been neglected, yields \\operatorname{Div} \\boldsymbol{P} \= \\rho\_0\\ddot{\\boldsymbol{x}'}. **Note** that the subscript/superscript "0" is used in this text to denote the un\-stressed reference state, and a dotted variable is as usual the [time (t) derivative](/wiki/Time_derivative "Time derivative") of the variable, and \\operatorname{Div} is the [divergence](/wiki/Divergence%23Application_in_Cartesian_coordinates "Divergence#Application in Cartesian coordinates") operator with respect to the Lagrangian coordinate system \\boldsymbol{X}. The **right hand side** (the time dependent part) of the law of motion can be expressed as \\begin{align} \\rho\_0 \\ddot{\\boldsymbol{x}'} \&\= \\rho\_0 \\frac{\\partial^2}{\\partial t^2} (\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\)} \+ \\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\)} \+ \\boldsymbol{X}) \\\\ ``` &= \rho_0 \frac{\partial^2 \boldsymbol{u}^{(1)}}{\partial t^2} ``` \\end{align} under the assumption that both the unstressed state and the initial deformation state are static and thus \\partial^2 \\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\)} / \\partial t^2 \= \\partial^2 \\boldsymbol{X} / \\partial t^2 \= 0 . For the **left hand side** (the space dependent part) the spatial [Lagrangian](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Lagrangian_description "Continuum mechanics#Lagrangian description") partial derivatives with respect to X\_j can be expanded in the [Eulerian](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Eulerian_description "Continuum mechanics#Eulerian description") x\_j by using the [chain rule](/wiki/Chain_rule "Chain rule") and changing the variables through the relation between the displacement vectors as \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial X\_j} \= \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x\_j} \+ u^{(0\)}\_{k,j} \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x\_k} \+ \\cdots where the short form u^{(0\)}\_{k,j} \\equiv \\partial u^{(0\)}\_k / \\partial x\_j has been used. Thus \\frac{\\partial P\_{ij}}{\\partial X\_j} \\approx \\frac{\\partial P\_{ij}}{\\partial x\_j} \+ u\_{p.j}^{(0\)} \\frac{\\partial P\_{ij}}{\\partial x\_p} Assuming further that the static initial deformation \\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\)} (the pre\-stressed state) is in [equilibrium](/wiki/List_of_types_of_equilibrium "List of types of equilibrium") means that \\operatorname{Div}\\boldsymbol{P}^{(0\)} \= \\boldsymbol{0}, and the law of motion can in combination with the constitutive equation given above be reduced to a linear relation (i.e. where higher order terms in u\_{m,n}^{(0\)}) between the static initial deformation \\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\)} and the additional dynamic disturbance \\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\)}(\\boldsymbol{x}, t) as (see for detailed derivations) B\_{ijkl}\\frac{\\partial^2 u\_k^{(1\)}}{\\partial x\_j \\partial x\_l} \= \\rho\_0 \\frac{\\partial^2 u\_i^{(1\)}}{\\partial t^2}, where B\_{ijkl} \= C\_{ijkl} \+ \\delta\_{ik} C\_{jlqr} u\_{q,r}^{(0\)} \+ C\_{rjkl} u\_{i,r}^{(0\)} \+ C\_{irkl} u\_{j,r}^{(0\)} \+ C\_{ijrl} u\_{k,r}^{(0\)} \+ C\_{ijkr} u\_{l,r}^{(0\)} \+ C\_{ijklmn} u\_{m,n}^{(0\)}. This expression is recognised as the [linear wave equation](/wiki/Wave_Equation "Wave Equation"). Considering a [plane wave](/wiki/Plane_wave "Plane wave") of the form \\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\)}(\\boldsymbol{x}, t) \= \\boldsymbol{m}\\, f(\\boldsymbol{N}\\cdot\\boldsymbol{x} \- ct), where \\boldsymbol{N} is a Lagrangian unit vector in the direction of propagation (i.e., parallel to the wave number \\boldsymbol{k} \= k \\boldsymbol{N} normal to the wave front), \\boldsymbol{m} is a unit vector referred to as the polarization vector (describing the direction of particle motion), c is the phase wave speed, and f is a twice [continuously differentiable function](/wiki/Differentiable_function "Differentiable function") (e.g. a [sinusoidal](/wiki/Sine_wave "Sine wave") function). Inserting this plane wave in to the linear wave equation derived above yields{{cite book\| author\=Ogden, R. W.\|chapter\=Incremental Statics and Dynamics of Pre\-Stressed Elastic Materials \|title\=Waves in Nonlinear Pre\-Stressed Materials\|volume\=495 \|series\=CISM Courses and Lectures \|publisher\=Springer, Vienna\|year\=2007 \|isbn\=978\-3\-211\-73572\-5 \|doi\=10\.1007/978\-3\-211\-73572\-5 \|editor1\=M. Destrade \|editor2\=G. Saccomandi \|chapter\-url\=http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/81/1/Linear%20and%20nonlinear%20wave%20propagation%20in%20coated%20or%20uncoated%20elastic%20half\-spaces.pdf}} \\boldsymbol{Q}(\\boldsymbol{N})\\boldsymbol{m} \= \\rho\_0 c^2 \\boldsymbol{m} where \\boldsymbol{Q}(\\boldsymbol{N}) is introduced as the acoustic tensor, and depends on \\boldsymbol{N} as \[\\boldsymbol{Q}(\\boldsymbol{N})]\_{ik} \= B\_{ijkl} N\_j N\_l. This expression is called the [propagation condition](/wiki/Linear_elasticity%23Plane_waves_and_Christoffel_equation "Linear elasticity#Plane waves and Christoffel equation") and determines for a given propagation direction \\boldsymbol{n} the velocity and polarization of possible waves corresponding to plane waves. The wave velocities can be determined by the [characteristic equation](/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial%23Characteristic_equation "Characteristic polynomial#Characteristic equation") \\det(\\boldsymbol{Q}(\\boldsymbol{N}) \- \\rho\_0 c^2 \\boldsymbol{I}) \= 0, where \\det is the [determinant](/wiki/Determinant "Determinant") and \\boldsymbol{I} is the [identity matrix](/wiki/Identity_matrix "Identity matrix"). For a hyperelastic material \\boldsymbol{Q}(\\boldsymbol{N}) is symmetric (but not in general), and the eigenvalues (\\rho\_0 c^2) are thus real. For the wave velocities to also be real the eigenvalues need to be positive. If this is the case, three mutually orthogonal real plane waves exist for the given propagation direction \\boldsymbol{N}. From the two expressions of the acoustic tensor it is clear that \\rho\_0 c^2 \= \\boldsymbol{Q}(\\boldsymbol{N}) \\boldsymbol{m} \\cdot \\boldsymbol{m} \= B\_{ijkl} N\_j N\_l m\_i m\_k, and the inequality B\_{ijkl} N\_j N\_l m\_i m\_k \> 0 (also called the strong ellipticity condition) for all non\-zero vectors \\boldsymbol{N} and \\boldsymbol{m} guarantee that the velocity of homogeneous plane waves are real. The polarization \\boldsymbol{m} \= \\boldsymbol{N} corresponds to a [longitudinal wave](/wiki/Longitudinal_wave "Longitudinal wave") where the particle motion is parallel to the propagation direction (also referred to as a compressional wave). The two polarizations where \\boldsymbol{m} \\cdot \\boldsymbol{N} \= 0 corresponds to [transverse waves](/wiki/Transverse_wave "Transverse wave") where the particle motion is orthogonal to the propagation direction (also referred to as shear waves).
[ "Non\\-linear elastic theory for hyperelastic materials\n-----------------------------------------------------", "The acoustoelastic effect is an effect of finite deformation of non\\-linear elastic materials. A modern comprehensive account of this can be found in.Ogden, R. W., *Non\\-linear elastic deformations*, Dover Publications Inc., Mineola, New York, (1984\\) This book treats the application of the non\\-linear elasticity theory and the analysis of the mechanical properties of solid materials capable of large elastic deformations. The special case of the acoustoelastic theory for a [compressible](/wiki/Compressible \"Compressible\") isotropic [hyperelastic material](/wiki/Hyperelastic_material \"Hyperelastic material\"), like [polycrystalline](/wiki/Polycrystalline \"Polycrystalline\") steel,{{cite web\\|title\\=Anisotropy and Isotropy\\|url\\=http://www.ndt\\-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/anisotropy.htm\\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-12\\-07\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531172526/http://www.ndt\\-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Structure/anisotropy.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-05\\-31\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} is reproduced and shown in this text from the non\\-linear elasticity theory as presented by Ogden.", "**Note** that the setting in this text as well as in is [isothermal](/wiki/Isothermal \"Isothermal\"), and no reference is made to [thermodynamics](/wiki/Thermodynamics \"Thermodynamics\").\n### Constitutive relation โ€“ hyperelastic materials (Stress\\-strain relation)", "A hyperelastic material is a special case of a [Cauchy elastic material](/wiki/Cauchy_elastic_material \"Cauchy elastic material\") in which the stress at any point is [objective](/wiki/Material_objectivity \"Material objectivity\") and determined only by the current state of [deformation](/wiki/Deformation_%28engineering%29 \"Deformation (engineering)\") with respect to an arbitrary reference configuration (for more details on deformation see also the pages [Deformation (mechanics)](/wiki/Deformation_%28mechanics%29 \"Deformation (mechanics)\") and [Finite strain](/wiki/Finite_strain \"Finite strain\")). However, the work done by the stresses may depend on the path the deformation takes. Therefore, a Cauchy elastic material has a non\\-conservative structure, and the stress cannot be derived from a scalar [elastic potential](/wiki/Elastic_energy \"Elastic energy\") function. The special case of Cauchy elastic materials where the work done by the stresses is independent of the path of deformation is referred to as a Green elastic or hyperelastic material. Such materials are conservative and the stresses in the material can be derived by a scalar elastic potential, more commonly known as the [Strain energy density function](/wiki/Strain_energy_density_function \"Strain energy density function\").", "The constitutive relation between the stress and strain can be expressed in different forms based on the chosen stress and strain forms. Selecting the [1st Piola\\-Kirchhoff stress tensor](/wiki/Stress_%28mechanics%29%23Piola%E2%80%93Kirchhoff_stress_tensor \"Stress (mechanics)#Piolaโ€“Kirchhoff stress tensor\") \\\\boldsymbol{P} (which is the [transpose](/wiki/Transpose \"Transpose\") of the [nominal stress tensor](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Balance_laws \"Continuum mechanics#Balance laws\") \\\\boldsymbol{P}^T\\=\\\\boldsymbol{N}), the constitutive equation for a compressible hyper elastic material can be expressed in terms of the [Lagrangian Green strain](/wiki/Finite_strain_theory%23Finite_strain_tensors \"Finite strain theory#Finite strain tensors\") (\\\\boldsymbol{E}) as:\n \\\\boldsymbol{P} \\= \\\\boldsymbol{F}\\\\cdot\\\\frac{\\\\partial W}{\\\\partial \\\\boldsymbol{E}} \\\\qquad \\\\text{or} \\\\qquad P\\_{ij} \\= F\\_{ik}\\~\\\\frac{\\\\partial W}{\\\\partial E\\_{kj}}, \\\\qquad i,j\\=1,2,3 \\~, \nwhere \\\\boldsymbol{F} is the [deformation gradient tensor](/wiki/Finite_strain%23Deformation_gradient_tensor \"Finite strain#Deformation gradient tensor\"), and where the second expression uses the [Einstein summation convention](/wiki/Einstein_summation_convention \"Einstein summation convention\") for index notation of [tensors](/wiki/Tensors \"Tensors\"). W is the [strain energy density function](/wiki/Hyperelastic_material%23First_Piola.E2.80.93Kirchhoff_stress \"Hyperelastic material#First Piola.E2.80.93Kirchhoff stress\") for a [hyperelastic material](/wiki/Hyperelastic_material \"Hyperelastic material\") and have been defined per unit volume rather than per unit mass since this avoids the need of multiplying the right hand side with the [mass density](/wiki/Density \"Density\") \\\\rho\\_0 of the reference configuration.", "Assuming that the scalar strain energy density function W(\\\\boldsymbol{E}) can be approximated by a [Taylor series expansion](/wiki/Taylor_series \"Taylor series\") in the current strain \\\\boldsymbol{E}, it can be expressed (in index notation) as:\n W \\\\approx C\\_0 \\+ C\\_{ij}E\\_{ij} \\+ \\\\frac{1}{2!}C\\_{ijkl}E\\_{ij}E\\_{kl} \\+ \\\\frac{1}{3!}C\\_{ijklmn}E\\_{ij}E\\_{kl}E\\_{mn}\\+\\\\cdots \nImposing the restrictions that the strain energy function should be zero and have a minimum when the material is in the un\\-deformed state (i.e. W(E\\_{ij}\\=0\\)\\=0) it is clear that there are no constant or linear term in the strain energy function, and thus:\n W \\\\approx \\\\frac{1}{2!}C\\_{ijkl}E\\_{ij}E\\_{kl} \\+ \\\\frac{1}{3!}C\\_{ijklmn}E\\_{ij}E\\_{kl}E\\_{mn}\\+\\\\cdots, \nwhere C\\_{ijkl} is a fourth\\-order tensor of second\\-order [elastic moduli](/wiki/Hooke%27s_law%23Matrix_representation_.28stiffness_tensor.29 \"Hooke's law#Matrix representation .28stiffness tensor.29\"), while C\\_{ijklmn} is a sixth\\-order tensor of third\\-order elastic moduli.\nThe symmetry of E\\_{ij}\\=E\\_{ji} together with the scalar strain energy density function W implies that the second order moduli C\\_{ijkl} have the following symmetry:\n C\\_{ijkl}\\=C\\_{jikl}\\=C\\_{ijlk}, \nwhich reduce the number of independent elastic constants from 81 to 36\\. In addition the power expansion implies that the second order moduli also have the major symmetry\n C\\_{ijkl}\\=C\\_{klij}, \nwhich further reduce the number of independent elastic constants to 21\\. The same arguments can be used for the third order elastic moduli C\\_{ijklmn}. These symmetries also allows the elastic moduli to be expressed by the [Voigt notation](/wiki/Voigt_notation \"Voigt notation\") (i.e. C\\_{ijkl}\\=C\\_{IJ} and C\\_{ijklmn}\\=C\\_{IJK}).", "The deformation gradient tensor can be expressed in component form as\n F\\_{ij}\\=\\\\frac{\\\\partial u\\_i}{\\\\partial X\\_j} \\+ \\\\delta\\_{ij}, \nwhere u\\_i is the displacement of a material point P from coordinate X\\_i in the reference configuration to coordinate x\\_i in the deformed configuration (see [Figure 2](/wiki/Finite_strain%23Deformation_gradient_tensor \"Finite strain#Deformation gradient tensor\") in the finite strain theory page). Including the power expansion of strain energy function in the constitutive relation and replacing the Lagrangian strain tensor E\\_{kl} with the expansion given on the [finite strain tensor](/wiki/Finite_strain%23Finite_strain_tensors \"Finite strain#Finite strain tensors\") page yields (note that lower case u have been used in this section compared to the upper case on the [finite strain](/wiki/Finite_strain%23Finite_strain_tensors \"Finite strain#Finite strain tensors\") page) the **constitutive equation**\n P\\_{ij}", "```\n= C_{ijkl}\\frac{\\partial u_k}{\\partial X_l} + \\frac{1}{2}M_{ijklmn}\\frac{\\partial u_k}{\\partial X_l}\\frac{\\partial u_m}{\\partial X_n}\n + \\frac{1}{3}M_{ijklmnpq}\\frac{\\partial u_k}{\\partial X_l}\\frac{\\partial u_m}{\\partial X_n}\\frac{\\partial u_p}{\\partial X_q}+\\cdots, \n```", "where\n M\\_{ijklmn} \\= C\\_{ijklmn} \\+ C\\_{ijln}\\\\delta\\_{km} \\+ C\\_{jnkl}\\\\delta\\_{im} \\+ C\\_{jlmn}\\\\delta\\_{ik}, \nand higher order terms have been neglected{{cite book\\|author\\=Norris, A. N.\\|chapter\\=Finite\\-Amplitude Waves in Solids\\|title\\=Nonlinear Acoustics\\|publisher\\=Acoustical Society of America\\|year\\=1997\\|editor1\\-first\\=Mark F.\\|editor1\\-last\\=Hamilton\\|editor2\\-first\\=David T.\\|editor2\\-last\\=Blackstock\\|isbn\\=978\\-0123218605}}{{cite book\\|author\\=Norris, A. N.\\|chapter\\=Small\\-on\\-Large Theory with Applications to Granular Materials and Fluid/Solid Systems\\|title\\=Waves in Nonlinear Pre\\-Stressed Materials\\|volume\\=495\\|series\\=CISM Courses and Lectures\\|publisher\\=Springer, Vienna\\|year\\=2007\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-211\\-73572\\-5\\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-211\\-73572\\-5\\|editor1\\=M. Destrade\\|editor2\\=G. Saccomandi\\|chapter\\-url\\=http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/81/1/Linear%20and%20nonlinear%20wave%20propagation%20in%20coated%20or%20uncoated%20elastic%20half\\-spaces.pdf}}\n(see Eldevik, S., \"Measurement of non\\-linear acoustoelastic effect in steel using acoustic resonance\", PhD Thesis, University of Bergen, (in preparation) for detailed derivations).\nFor referenceM by neglecting higher order terms in \\\\partial u\\_k / \\\\partial X\\_l this expression reduce to\n P\\_{ij} \\= C\\_{ijkl}\\\\frac{\\\\partial u\\_k}{\\\\partial X\\_l},\nwhich is a version of the generalised Hooke's law where P\\_{ij} is a measure of stress while \\\\partial u\\_k / \\\\partial X\\_l is a measure of strain, and C\\_{ijkl} is the linear relation between them.", "### Sound velocity", "Assuming that a small dynamic (acoustic) deformation disturb an already statically stressed material the acoustoelastic effect can be regarded as the effect on a small deformation superposed on a larger [finite deformation](/wiki/Finite_strain \"Finite strain\") (also called the small\\-on\\-large theory). Let us define three states of a given material point. In the reference (un\\-stressed) state the point is defined by the coordinate vector \\\\boldsymbol{X} while the same point has the coordinate vector \\\\boldsymbol{x} in the static initially stressed state (i.e. under the influence of an applied pre\\-stress). Finally, assume that the material point under a small dynamic disturbance (acoustic stress field) have the coordinate vector \\\\boldsymbol{x'}. The total displacement of the material points (under influence of both a static pre\\-stress and an dynamic acoustic disturbance) can then be described by the displacement vectors\n \\\\boldsymbol{u}\\=\\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\\)} \\+ \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\\)}\\=\\\\boldsymbol{x'}\\-\\\\boldsymbol{X}, \nwhere\n \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\\)} \\= \\\\boldsymbol{x} \\- \\\\boldsymbol{X}, \\\\qquad \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\\)}\\=\\\\boldsymbol{x'} \\- \\\\boldsymbol{x} \ndescribes the static (Lagrangian) initial displacement due to the applied pre\\-stress, and the (Eulerian) displacement due to the acoustic disturbance, respectively.\n[Cauchy's first law of motion](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Balance_laws \"Continuum mechanics#Balance laws\") (or balance of linear momentum) for the additional Eulerian disturbance \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\\)} can then be derived in terms of the intermediate Lagrangian deformation \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\\)} assuming that the small\\-on\\-large assumption\n \\|\\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\\)}\\| \\\\ll \\|\\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\\)}\\|\nholds.\nUsing the Lagrangian form of [Cauchy's first law of motion](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Balance_laws \"Continuum mechanics#Balance laws\"), where the effect of a constant body force (i.e. gravity) has been neglected, yields\n \\\\operatorname{Div} \\\\boldsymbol{P} \\= \\\\rho\\_0\\\\ddot{\\\\boldsymbol{x}'}. \n**Note** that the subscript/superscript \"0\" is used in this text to denote the un\\-stressed reference state, and a dotted variable is as usual the [time (t) derivative](/wiki/Time_derivative \"Time derivative\") of the variable, and \\\\operatorname{Div} is the [divergence](/wiki/Divergence%23Application_in_Cartesian_coordinates \"Divergence#Application in Cartesian coordinates\") operator with respect to the Lagrangian coordinate system \\\\boldsymbol{X}.", "The **right hand side** (the time dependent part) of the law of motion can be expressed as\n\\\\begin{align}\n\\\\rho\\_0 \\\\ddot{\\\\boldsymbol{x}'} \\&\\= \\\\rho\\_0 \\\\frac{\\\\partial^2}{\\\\partial t^2} (\\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\\)} \\+ \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\\)} \\+ \\\\boldsymbol{X}) \\\\\\\\", "```\n &= \\rho_0 \\frac{\\partial^2 \\boldsymbol{u}^{(1)}}{\\partial t^2}", "```\n\\\\end{align}\nunder the assumption that both the unstressed state and the initial deformation state are static and thus \\\\partial^2 \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\\)} / \\\\partial t^2 \\= \\\\partial^2 \\\\boldsymbol{X} / \\\\partial t^2 \\= 0 .", "For the **left hand side** (the space dependent part) the spatial [Lagrangian](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Lagrangian_description \"Continuum mechanics#Lagrangian description\") partial derivatives with respect to X\\_j can be expanded in the [Eulerian](/wiki/Continuum_mechanics%23Eulerian_description \"Continuum mechanics#Eulerian description\") x\\_j by using the [chain rule](/wiki/Chain_rule \"Chain rule\") and changing the variables through the relation between the displacement vectors as \n \\\\frac{\\\\partial}{\\\\partial X\\_j} \\= \\\\frac{\\\\partial}{\\\\partial x\\_j} \\+ u^{(0\\)}\\_{k,j} \\\\frac{\\\\partial}{\\\\partial x\\_k} \\+ \\\\cdots \nwhere the short form u^{(0\\)}\\_{k,j} \\\\equiv \\\\partial u^{(0\\)}\\_k / \\\\partial x\\_j has been used. Thus\n \\\\frac{\\\\partial P\\_{ij}}{\\\\partial X\\_j} \\\\approx \\\\frac{\\\\partial P\\_{ij}}{\\\\partial x\\_j} \\+ u\\_{p.j}^{(0\\)} \\\\frac{\\\\partial P\\_{ij}}{\\\\partial x\\_p} \nAssuming further that the static initial deformation \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\\)} (the pre\\-stressed state) is in [equilibrium](/wiki/List_of_types_of_equilibrium \"List of types of equilibrium\") means that \\\\operatorname{Div}\\\\boldsymbol{P}^{(0\\)} \\= \\\\boldsymbol{0}, and the law of motion can in combination with the constitutive equation given above be reduced to a linear relation (i.e. where higher order terms in u\\_{m,n}^{(0\\)}) between the static initial deformation \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(0\\)} and the additional dynamic disturbance \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\\)}(\\\\boldsymbol{x}, t) as (see for detailed derivations)\n B\\_{ijkl}\\\\frac{\\\\partial^2 u\\_k^{(1\\)}}{\\\\partial x\\_j \\\\partial x\\_l} \\= \\\\rho\\_0 \\\\frac{\\\\partial^2 u\\_i^{(1\\)}}{\\\\partial t^2}, \nwhere\n B\\_{ijkl} \\= C\\_{ijkl} \\+ \\\\delta\\_{ik} C\\_{jlqr} u\\_{q,r}^{(0\\)} \\+ C\\_{rjkl} u\\_{i,r}^{(0\\)} \\+ C\\_{irkl} u\\_{j,r}^{(0\\)} \\+ C\\_{ijrl} u\\_{k,r}^{(0\\)} \\+ C\\_{ijkr} u\\_{l,r}^{(0\\)} \\+ C\\_{ijklmn} u\\_{m,n}^{(0\\)}. \nThis expression is recognised as the [linear wave equation](/wiki/Wave_Equation \"Wave Equation\"). Considering a [plane wave](/wiki/Plane_wave \"Plane wave\") of the form\n \\\\boldsymbol{u}^{(1\\)}(\\\\boldsymbol{x}, t) \\= \\\\boldsymbol{m}\\\\, f(\\\\boldsymbol{N}\\\\cdot\\\\boldsymbol{x} \\- ct), \nwhere \\\\boldsymbol{N} is a Lagrangian unit vector in the direction of propagation (i.e., parallel to the wave number \\\\boldsymbol{k} \\= k \\\\boldsymbol{N} normal to the wave front), \\\\boldsymbol{m} is a unit vector referred to as the polarization vector (describing the direction of particle motion), c is the phase wave speed, and f is a twice [continuously differentiable function](/wiki/Differentiable_function \"Differentiable function\") (e.g. a [sinusoidal](/wiki/Sine_wave \"Sine wave\") function). Inserting this plane wave in to the linear wave equation derived above yields{{cite book\\| author\\=Ogden, R. W.\\|chapter\\=Incremental Statics and Dynamics of Pre\\-Stressed Elastic Materials \\|title\\=Waves in Nonlinear Pre\\-Stressed Materials\\|volume\\=495 \\|series\\=CISM Courses and Lectures \\|publisher\\=Springer, Vienna\\|year\\=2007 \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-211\\-73572\\-5 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/978\\-3\\-211\\-73572\\-5 \\|editor1\\=M. Destrade \\|editor2\\=G. Saccomandi \\|chapter\\-url\\=http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/81/1/Linear%20and%20nonlinear%20wave%20propagation%20in%20coated%20or%20uncoated%20elastic%20half\\-spaces.pdf}}\n \\\\boldsymbol{Q}(\\\\boldsymbol{N})\\\\boldsymbol{m} \\= \\\\rho\\_0 c^2 \\\\boldsymbol{m} \nwhere \\\\boldsymbol{Q}(\\\\boldsymbol{N}) is introduced as the acoustic tensor, and depends on \\\\boldsymbol{N} as\n \\[\\\\boldsymbol{Q}(\\\\boldsymbol{N})]\\_{ik} \\= B\\_{ijkl} N\\_j N\\_l. \nThis expression is called the [propagation condition](/wiki/Linear_elasticity%23Plane_waves_and_Christoffel_equation \"Linear elasticity#Plane waves and Christoffel equation\") and determines for a given propagation direction \\\\boldsymbol{n} the velocity and polarization of possible waves corresponding to plane waves. The wave velocities can be determined by the [characteristic equation](/wiki/Characteristic_polynomial%23Characteristic_equation \"Characteristic polynomial#Characteristic equation\")\n \\\\det(\\\\boldsymbol{Q}(\\\\boldsymbol{N}) \\- \\\\rho\\_0 c^2 \\\\boldsymbol{I}) \\= 0, \nwhere \\\\det is the [determinant](/wiki/Determinant \"Determinant\") and \\\\boldsymbol{I} is the [identity matrix](/wiki/Identity_matrix \"Identity matrix\").", "For a hyperelastic material \\\\boldsymbol{Q}(\\\\boldsymbol{N}) is symmetric (but not in general), and the eigenvalues (\\\\rho\\_0 c^2) are thus real. For the wave velocities to also be real the eigenvalues need to be positive. If this is the case, three mutually orthogonal real plane waves exist for the given propagation direction \\\\boldsymbol{N}. From the two expressions of the acoustic tensor it is clear that\n \\\\rho\\_0 c^2 \\= \\\\boldsymbol{Q}(\\\\boldsymbol{N}) \\\\boldsymbol{m} \\\\cdot \\\\boldsymbol{m} \\= B\\_{ijkl} N\\_j N\\_l m\\_i m\\_k, \nand the inequality B\\_{ijkl} N\\_j N\\_l m\\_i m\\_k \\> 0 (also called the strong ellipticity condition) for all non\\-zero vectors \\\\boldsymbol{N} and \\\\boldsymbol{m} guarantee that the velocity of homogeneous plane waves are real. The polarization \\\\boldsymbol{m} \\= \\\\boldsymbol{N} corresponds to a [longitudinal wave](/wiki/Longitudinal_wave \"Longitudinal wave\") where the particle motion is parallel to the propagation direction (also referred to as a compressional wave). The two polarizations where \\\\boldsymbol{m} \\\\cdot \\\\boldsymbol{N} \\= 0 corresponds to [transverse waves](/wiki/Transverse_wave \"Transverse wave\") where the particle motion is orthogonal to the propagation direction (also referred to as shear waves).", "" ]
Opposition to US presence ------------------------- ### 2003 Shortly after the US\-led coalition [ousted Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq "Invasion of Iraq") and his Ba'ath regime, al\-Sadr voiced opposition to the [Coalition Provisional Authority](/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority "Coalition Provisional Authority"). He subsequently stated that he had more legitimacy than the Coalition\-appointed [Iraqi Governing Council](/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council "Iraqi Governing Council"). He granted his first major Western television interview to [Bob Simon](/wiki/Bob_Simon "Bob Simon") of *[60 Minutes](/wiki/60_Minutes "60 Minutes")*, in which al\-Sadr famously said "Saddam was the little serpent, but America is the big serpent."{{cite web\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1694593/\|title\="60 Minutes Wednesday" Muqtada al\-Sadr's Battle Against the U.S. (TV Episode 2003\)\|publisher\=IMDb\|access\-date\=11 December 2014}} In May 2003, al\-Sadr issued a [fatwa](/wiki/Fatwa "Fatwa") that became known as the *al\-Hawasim* (meaning 'the finalists' โ€“ a term used to refer to the looters of post\-invasion Iraq) *fatwa*.Cockburn, p. 130\. The fatwa allowed theft and racketeering on the condition that the perpetrators pay the requisite [khums](/wiki/Khums "Khums") to Sadrist imams,{{cite book\|title\=Stalemate: An Anatomy of Conflicts Between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats\|date\=2010\|publisher\=ABC\-CLIO\|isbn\=978\-0\-313\-38444\-8\|page\=143 \|author\=Erik A. Claessen\|edition\=illustrated\|chapter\=6}} saying that "looters could hold on to what they had appropriated so long as they made a donation (khums) of one\-fifth of its value to their local Sadrist office." The fatwa alienated many older members of his father's movement, as well as mainstream Shiites,{{cite book\|last\=Williams\|first\=Phil\|title\=Criminals, Militias, and Insurgents: Organized Crime in Iraq\|date\=1 January 2009\|publisher\=Strategic Studies Institute\|isbn\=978\-1\-58487\-397\-6 \|page\=234\|chapter\=7}} and the Shia establishment and property\-owning classes from the Sadrists. However, the fatwa strengthened his popularity among the poorest members of society, notably in [Sadr City](/wiki/Sadr_City "Sadr City").{{cite book\|last\=Filiu\|first\=Jean\-Pierre\|title\=Apocalypse in Islam\|date\=2011\|publisher\=University of California Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-520\-26431\-1\|page\=147\|edition\=illustrated\|author\-link\=Jean\-Pierre Filiu}} It has been claimed that the original fatwa was actually issued by Sadr's advisor [Grand Ayatollah Kazem Husseini Haeri](/wiki/Kazem_al-Haeri "Kazem al-Haeri"), and that al\-Sadr was simply loyally issuing the same instruction. Al\-Sadr is suspected in [US](/wiki/United_States "United States") news media of having ordered the assassination of rival [Shia](/wiki/Shia_Islam "Shia Islam") leader [Abdul\-Majid al\-Khoei](/wiki/Abdul-Majid_al-Khoei "Abdul-Majid al-Khoei") in 2003, a charge he denies and which remains unproven.{{Cite web\|last\=Khoury\|first\=Nabeel\|date\=16 May 2018\|title\=Iraq: The reinvention of Muqtada al\-Sadr\|url\=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/iraq\-the\-reinvention\-of\-muqtada\-al\-sadr/\|access\-date\=12 October 2021\|website\=\[\[Atlantic Council]]\|language\=en\-US}} ### 2004 {{main\|Iraq spring fighting of 2004}} In his 2004 sermons and public interviews, al\-Sadr repeatedly demanded an immediate withdrawal of all US\-led coalition forces, all foreign troops under [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") control, and the establishment of a new central Iraqi government, not connected to the Ba'ath party or the [Allawi](/wiki/Ayad_Allawi "Ayad Allawi") government. In late March 2004, American authorities ([759th MP Battalion](/wiki/759th_Military_Police_Battalion "759th Military Police Battalion")) in Iraq shut down Sadr's newspaper *[al\-Hawza](/wiki/Al-Hawza "Al-Hawza")* on charges of inciting violence. Sadr's followers held demonstrations protesting the closure of the newspaper. On 4 April, fighting broke out in Najaf, Sadr City, and Basra. Sadr's Mahdi Army took over several points and attacked coalition soldiers, killing dozens of foreign soldiers, and taking many casualties of their own in the process.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/02/iraqi\-cleric\-sadr\-announces\-retirement\-20142167325224542\.html \|title\=Iraqi cleric Sadr retires from politics\|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|access\-date\=11 December 2014}} At the same time, Sunni rebels in the cities of Baghdad, [Samarra](/wiki/Samarra "Samarra"), [Ramadi](/wiki/Ramadi "Ramadi"), and, most notably, [Fallujah](/wiki/Fallujah "Fallujah"), staged uprisings as well, causing the most serious challenge to American control of Iraq up to that time. During the [first siege of Fallujah](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah "First Battle of Fallujah") in late March and April 2004, Muqtada's Sadrists sent aid convoys to the besieged Sunnis there.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.juancole.com/2007/01/muqtada\-al\-sadr\-and\-sunnis\-mickey\-kaus.html\|title\=Muqtada Al Sadr And Sunnis Mickey Kaus\|publisher\=Informed Comment\|access\-date\=11 December 2014\|date\=4 January 2007}} [Paul Bremer](/wiki/Paul_Bremer "Paul Bremer"), then the US administrator in Iraq, declared on 5 April 2004 that al\-Sadr was an outlaw and that uprisings by his followers would not be tolerated.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.middle\-east\-online.com/english/?id\=9514 \|title\=Bremer Brands Muqtada Sadr an Outlaw \|publisher\=Middle\-East\-online.com \|date\=5 April 2004 \|access\-date\=2 August 2006 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055450/http://www.middle\-east\-online.com/english/?id\=9514 \|archive\-date\=10 October 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}} That day, al\-Sadr called for a [jihad](/wiki/Jihad "Jihad") against American forces. To do this he needed to gain temporary control of [Al Kut](/wiki/Al_Kut "Al Kut"), [An Najaf](/wiki/An_Najaf "An Najaf") and the suburb of Baghdad named after his grandfather, [Sadr City](/wiki/Sadr_City "Sadr City"). On the night of 8 April, his [Mahdi Army](/wiki/Mahdi_Army "Mahdi Army") dropped eight overspans and bridges around the Convoy Support Center Scania, thus severing northbound traffic into Baghdad.{{Citation needed\|reason\=can't find this info available in the other sources linked to this article\|date\=June 2017}} The next day his militia ambushed any and every convoy trying to get in or out of [Baghdad International Airport](/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport "Baghdad International Airport"), known to the soldiers as BIAP. This led to the worst convoy ambush of the war, the [ambush of the 724th Transportation Company (POL)](/wiki/2004_Iraq_KBR_convoy_ambush "2004 Iraq KBR convoy ambush"), which resulted in eight [KBR](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 "KBR (company)") drivers killed and three soldiers killed. One was [Matt Maupin](/wiki/Matt_Maupin "Matt Maupin"), who was initially listed as the first American soldier missing in action. These series of attacks demonstrated an unexpected level of sophistication in planning. The Mahdi Army knew it could not win a head on fight with the United States military coalition and it took full advantage of a major American vulnerability by attacking convoy trucks that supplied the troops. BIAP was where the newly arrived [1st Cavalry Division](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Cavalry Division (United States)") drew its supplies. The 1st Cavalry Division was replacing the [1st Armored Division](/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_%28United_States%29 "1st Armored Division (United States)") in and around Baghdad. The 1st Armored Division had already been deployed to Iraq for a year. [CENTCOM](/wiki/United_States_Central_Command "United States Central Command") commander General [John Abizaid](/wiki/John_Abizaid "John Abizaid") decided to extend the Division beyond its 1\-year deployment, for an additional 120 days, to use in the fight against the Mahdi Army.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.stripes.com/news/1st\-armored\-division\-s\-iraq\-timeline\-1\.24297\|title\=1st Armored Division's Iraq timeline\|access\-date\=19 April 2017}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/jun/22/20040622\-113720\-3352r/?page\=all\|title\=Army unit claims victory over sheik\|work\=The Washington Times\|date\=22 June 2004\|access\-date\=19 April 2017}} On 11 April, the Mahdi Army launched an attack on the southwest wall at BIAP behind which several hundred trucks parked. By the end of April, the American 1st Armored Division had suppressed the Mahdi Army's uprising but al Sadr had achieved his goal of making it a significant resistance force fighting against the U.S. led coalition forces occupying Iraq.Donald Wright, *On Point II; Transition to the New Campaign; The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, May 2003\-January 2005*, Combat Studies Institute; Richard E. Killblane, *Road Warriors*, unpublished ### 2005โ€“2006 It is generally frowned upon in Iraq for clerics to actively participate in secular politics, and like the other leading religious figures, Muqtada al\-Sadr did not run in the [2005 Iraqi elections](/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_legislative_election "January 2005 Iraqi legislative election"). It is believed he implicitly backed the [National Independent Cadres and Elites](/wiki/National_Independent_Cadres_and_Elites "National Independent Cadres and Elites") party that was closely linked with the Mahdi Army. Many of his supporters, however, backed the far more popular [United Iraqi Alliance](/wiki/United_Iraqi_Alliance "United Iraqi Alliance") (UIA) of Grand Ayatollah Sistani. On 26 August 2005, an estimated 100,000 Iraqis marched in support of al\-Sadr and his ideals.{{cite news \|url\=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId\=14419 \|title\=Iraqi factions firm against constitution \|publisher\=Al Jazeera \|date\=26 August 2005 \|access\-date\=22 August 2007 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235814/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId\=14419 \|archive\-date\=30 September 2007}} On 25 March 2006, Sadr was in his home and escaped a [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 "Mortar (weapon)") attack; this attack was disputed, as the ordnance landed more than 50 meters from his home. Sadr's considerable leverage was apparent early in the week of 16 October 2006, when Prime Minister [Nouri al\-Maliki](/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki "Nouri al-Maliki") ordered the release of one of Sadr's senior aides. The aide had been arrested a day earlier by American troops on suspicion of participating in kidnappings and killings.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/20/world/middleeast/21iraqcnd.html?ex\=1318996800\&en\=a542d37a1dff56f9\&ei\=5088\&partner\=rssnyt\&emc\=rss \|title\=Attack on Iraqi City Shows Militia's Power \|first\=Kirk \|last\=Semple \|newspaper\=The New York Times \|date\=20 October 2006 \|access\-date\=22 October 2006}} ### 2007 On 13 February, several sources in the US government claimed that Muqtada al\-Sadr had left Iraq and fled to Iran in anticipation of the coming [security crackdown](/wiki/2007_Baghdad_crackdown "2007 Baghdad crackdown").{{cite news \|first\=Jomana \|last\=Karadsheh \|author2\=Mohammed Tawfeeq \|author3\=Barbara Starr \|title\=U.S.: Radical cleric al\-Sadr in Iran \|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/13/iraq.main/index.html \|publisher\=\[\[CNN]] \|date\=13 February 2007 \|access\-date\=14 February 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214001723/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/13/iraq.main/index.html \|archive\-date\=14 February 2007}} US military spokesman Maj. Gen. [William B. Caldwell](/wiki/William_B._Caldwell_IV "William B. Caldwell IV") reinforced this account on 14 February,{{cite news \|first\=Ernesto \|last\=Londoรฑo \|author2\=Joshua Partlow \|title\=Iraqi Militia Leader Sadr in Iran, Say U.S. Officials \|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\-dyn/content/article/2007/02/14/AR2007021400450\.html?nav\=hcmodule \|newspaper\=\[\[The Washington Post]] \|date\=14 February 2007 \|access\-date\=14 February 2007 }} but a member of Iraq's parliament and an aide to al\-Sadr have denied the claims.{{cite news \|first\=Jomana \|last\=Karadsheh \|author2\=Mohammed Tawfeeq \|author3\=Barbara Starr \|title\=U.S. insists radical cleric in Iran despite denials \|url\=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/14/iraq.main/index.html \|publisher\=CNN\|date\=14 February 2007 \|access\-date\=14 February 2007}} On 30 March it was reported that Sadr, through clerics speaking on his behalf, "delivered a searing speech ... condemning the American presence in Iraq ... \[and] call\[ing] for an anti\-occupation mass protest on April 9\."Edward Wong. ["Shiite Cleric Calls for Mass Protest Against U.S."](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/30/world/middleeast/30cnd-Iraq.html?hp), *The New York Times* (30 March 2007\) This call to protest was significant in that, since the beginning of the [American troop surge](/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007 "Iraq War troop surge of 2007") (which began on 14 February 2007\), al\-Sadr had ordered his "militia to lie low during the new Baghdad security plan so as not to provoke a direct confrontation with the Americans". In a statement stamped with Sadr's official seal and distributed in the Shiite holy city of Najaf a day before the demonstration, on Sunday, 8 April 2007, Muqtada al\-Sadr urged the Iraqi army and police to stop cooperating with the United States and told his guerilla fighters to concentrate on pushing American forces out of the country. "You, the Iraqi army and police forces, don't walk alongside the occupiers, because they are your arch\-enemy," the statement said. On 17 April 2007, several ministers loyal to al\-Sadr left the Iraqi government. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al\-Maliki stated that the withdrawal of these ministers had not weakened his government and that he would name technocrats to replace them soon.{{cite news \|first\=Kawther \|last\=Abdul\-Ameer \|author2\=Mussab Al\-Khairalla\|title\= Government not weakened by Sadr pullout \|url\=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set\_id\=1\&click\_id\=3\&art\_id\=nw20070417192855164C762706 \|work\=Independent Online (South Africa)\|date\=17 April 2007 \|access\-date\=17 April 2007}} On 25 April 2007, Sadr condemned the construction of [Azamiyah wall](/wiki/Baghdad_Wall "Baghdad Wall") around a Sunni neighbourhood in Baghdad, by calling for demonstrations against the plan as a sign of "the evil will" of American "occupiers" On 25 May 2007, Sadr delivered a sermon to an estimated 6,000 followers in [Kufa](/wiki/Kufa "Kufa"). Sadr reiterated his condemnation of the United States' occupation of Iraq and demanded the withdrawal of foreign forces, al\-Sadr's speech also contained calls for unity between Sunni and Shi'a.{{cite news \|title\=Al\-Sadr Calls for U.S. Pullout from Iraq \|url\=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007\-05/26/content\_880760\.htm \|newspaper\=China Daily \|date\=26 May 2007 \|access\-date\=27 December 2007}} In June 2007, al\-Sadr vowed to go ahead with a planned march to the devastated [Askariyya](/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque "Al-Askari Mosque") shrine in central Iraq, al\-Sadr said the march was aimed at bringing Shi'is and Sunnis closer together and breaking down the barriers imposed by the Americans and Sunni religious extremists. In a statement issued 29 August 2007, Muqtada al\-Sadr announced that an order to stand down for six months had been distributed to his loyalists following the deaths of more than 50 Shia Muslim pilgrims during [fighting in Karbala](/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_%282007%29 "Battle of Karbala (2007)") the day before. The statement issued by Sadr's office in Najaf said: "I direct the Mahdi army to suspend all its activities for six months until it is restructured in a way that helps honour the principles for which it is formed." The intention behind the ceasefire was thought in part to be to allow al\-Sadr reassert control over the movement, which is thought to have splintered. "We call on all Sadrists to observe self\-restraint, to help security forces control the situation and arrest the perpetrators and sedition mongers, and urge them to end all forms of armament in the sacred city," said the statement, referring to the 28 August clashes in Karbala. Asked if the unexpected order meant no attacks on American troops, as well as a ban on Shia infighting, a senior Sadr aide said: "All kinds of armed actions are to be frozen, without exception."{{cite news \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml\=/news/2007/08/30/wiraq130\.xml \|work\=The Daily Telegraph \|location\=London \|title\=Muqtada al\-Sadr announces ceasefire in Iraq \|first\=Damien \|last\=McElroy \|date\=30 August 2007 \|access\-date\=13 May 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317071257/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml\=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2F30%2Fwiraq130\.xml \|archive\-date\=17 March 2008}} ### 2008โ€“2011 {{main\|Siege of Sadr City}} In March 2008, during the [Battle of Basra](/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_%282008%29 "Battle of Basra (2008)"), the [Sadr Movement](/wiki/Sadr_Movement "Sadr Movement") launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across Iraq to protest raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army.{{cite news \|url\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/25/iraq.main/index.html \|title\=Peaceful Iraq protests spark clashes; 50 reported dead \|publisher\=CNN \|access\-date\=11 December 2014}} In August 2008, Sadr ordered most of his militiamen to disarm but said he will maintain elite fighting units to resist the Americans if a timetable for the withdrawal of US troops is not established. "Weapons are to be exclusively in the hands of one group, the resistance group," while another group called *Momahidoun* is to focus on social, religious and community work, Sadrist cleric Mudhafar al\-Moussawi said.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/al\-sadr\-orders\-militia\-to\-disarm/ \|title\=Al\-Sadr Orders Militia To Disarm\|date\=8 August 2008 \|publisher\=CBS News \|access\-date\=11 December 2014}} In response to [Israeli](/wiki/Israel "Israel") [attacks on Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 "Gaza War (2008โ€“09)"), al\-Sadr called for reprisals against US troops in Iraq: "I call upon the honest Iraqi resistance to carry out revenge operations against the great accomplice of the Zionist enemy." On 1 May 2009, al\-Sadr paid a surprise visit to [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara "Ankara") where, in his first public appearance for two years, he met with [Turkish President](/wiki/Turkish_President "Turkish President") [Abdullah Gรผl](/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl "Abdullah Gรผl") and [Prime Minister](/wiki/Turkish_Prime_Minister "Turkish Prime Minister") [Recep Tayyip ErdoฤŸan](/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan "Recep Tayyip ErdoฤŸan") for talks that focused on the "political process"{{cite news\|date\=2 May 2009\|title\=Iraq's Sadr Meets ErdoฤŸan\|work\=\[\[Today's Zaman]]\|first\=Servet and Sรผleyman Kurt\|last\=Yanatma}} and requested Turkey play a greater role in establishing stability in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East"). Spokesman Sheikh Salah al\-Obeidi confirmed the nature of the talks that had been requested by al\-Sadr and stated, "Turkey is a good, old friend. Trusting that, we had no hesitation in travelling here."{{cite news\|date\=4 May 2009\|title\=Iraq's Sadr Meets ErdoฤŸan\|work\=\[\[Today's Zaman]]\|first\=ร‡aฤŸri\|last\=ร‡obanoฤŸlu}} After the meeting al\-Sadr visited supporters in [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul"), where al\-Obeidi says they may open a representative office. In a press conference on 6 March 2010, ahead of the [2010 Iraqi parliamentary election](/wiki/2010_Iraqi_parliamentary_election "2010 Iraqi parliamentary election"), Sadr called on all Iraqis to participate in the election and support those who seek to [expel US troops](/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_%282007%E2%80%932011%29 "Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007โ€“2011)") out of the country. Sadr warned that any interference by the United States will be unacceptable.{{cite web \|url\=http://hamsayeh.net/hamsayehnet\_iran\-international%20news994\.htm \|title\=Iraqi Shia Leader Calls for U.S. Withdrawal From Iraq \|access\-date\=4 June 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117124604/http://hamsayeh.net/hamsayehnet\_iran\-international%20news994\.htm \|archive\-date\=17 November 2010 \|website\=hamsayeh.net \|date\=7 March 2010 }} On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned to the Iraqi city of [Najaf](/wiki/Najaf "Najaf") in order to take a more proactive and visible role in the new Iraqi government.{{cite news \|url\=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011151418794320\.html\|title\=Al\-Sadr back in Iraq stronghold\|publisher\=Al Jazeera English\|access\-date\=11 December 2014}} Three days later, thousands of Iraqis turned out in Najaf to hear his first speech since his return, in which he called the US, Israel, and the UK "common enemies" against Iraq. His speech was greeted by the crowd chanting "Yes, yes for Muqtada! Yes, yes for the leader!" while waving Iraqi flags and al\-Sadr's pictures. Subsequently, he returned to Iran to continue his studies.{{cite news \|url\=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/20111872647305497\.html\|title\=Al\-Sadr calls on Iraqis 'to resist'\|publisher\=Al Jazeera English\|access\-date\=11 December 2014}} By late 2011, it appeared that the United States would largely withdraw from Iraq, a demand that helped make Sadr a popular leader amongst supporters almost immediately following the invasion. Sadr also controlled the largest bloc of parliament, and had reached a sort of dรฉtente with prime minister Nouri al Maliki, who needed Sadrist support to retain his post.{{cite web\|url\=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/iraq\-sadr\-city\-baghdad\-sadeq\-al\-sadr\-government\|title\=Iraq: Sadr a Rising Force in Iraqi Politics \|publisher\=Pulitzer Center \|access\-date\=11 December 2014\|date\=19 October 2011 }}
[ "Opposition to US presence\n-------------------------", "### 2003", "Shortly after the US\\-led coalition [ousted Saddam Hussein](/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq \"Invasion of Iraq\") and his Ba'ath regime, al\\-Sadr voiced opposition to the [Coalition Provisional Authority](/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority \"Coalition Provisional Authority\"). He subsequently stated that he had more legitimacy than the Coalition\\-appointed [Iraqi Governing Council](/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council \"Iraqi Governing Council\"). He granted his first major Western television interview to [Bob Simon](/wiki/Bob_Simon \"Bob Simon\") of *[60 Minutes](/wiki/60_Minutes \"60 Minutes\")*, in which al\\-Sadr famously said \"Saddam was the little serpent, but America is the big serpent.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1694593/\\|title\\=\"60 Minutes Wednesday\" Muqtada al\\-Sadr's Battle Against the U.S. (TV Episode 2003\\)\\|publisher\\=IMDb\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2014}}", "In May 2003, al\\-Sadr issued a [fatwa](/wiki/Fatwa \"Fatwa\") that became known as the *al\\-Hawasim* (meaning 'the finalists' โ€“ a term used to refer to the looters of post\\-invasion Iraq) *fatwa*.Cockburn, p. 130\\. The fatwa allowed theft and racketeering on the condition that the perpetrators pay the requisite [khums](/wiki/Khums \"Khums\") to Sadrist imams,{{cite book\\|title\\=Stalemate: An Anatomy of Conflicts Between Democracies, Islamists, and Muslim Autocrats\\|date\\=2010\\|publisher\\=ABC\\-CLIO\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-313\\-38444\\-8\\|page\\=143 \\|author\\=Erik A. Claessen\\|edition\\=illustrated\\|chapter\\=6}} saying that \"looters could hold on to what they had appropriated so long as they made a donation (khums) of one\\-fifth of its value to their local Sadrist office.\" The fatwa alienated many older members of his father's movement, as well as mainstream Shiites,{{cite book\\|last\\=Williams\\|first\\=Phil\\|title\\=Criminals, Militias, and Insurgents: Organized Crime in Iraq\\|date\\=1 January 2009\\|publisher\\=Strategic Studies Institute\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-58487\\-397\\-6 \\|page\\=234\\|chapter\\=7}} and the Shia establishment and property\\-owning classes from the Sadrists. However, the fatwa strengthened his popularity among the poorest members of society, notably in [Sadr City](/wiki/Sadr_City \"Sadr City\").{{cite book\\|last\\=Filiu\\|first\\=Jean\\-Pierre\\|title\\=Apocalypse in Islam\\|date\\=2011\\|publisher\\=University of California Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-520\\-26431\\-1\\|page\\=147\\|edition\\=illustrated\\|author\\-link\\=Jean\\-Pierre Filiu}} It has been claimed that the original fatwa was actually issued by Sadr's advisor [Grand Ayatollah Kazem Husseini Haeri](/wiki/Kazem_al-Haeri \"Kazem al-Haeri\"), and that al\\-Sadr was simply loyally issuing the same instruction.", "Al\\-Sadr is suspected in [US](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") news media of having ordered the assassination of rival [Shia](/wiki/Shia_Islam \"Shia Islam\") leader [Abdul\\-Majid al\\-Khoei](/wiki/Abdul-Majid_al-Khoei \"Abdul-Majid al-Khoei\") in 2003, a charge he denies and which remains unproven.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Khoury\\|first\\=Nabeel\\|date\\=16 May 2018\\|title\\=Iraq: The reinvention of Muqtada al\\-Sadr\\|url\\=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/iraq\\-the\\-reinvention\\-of\\-muqtada\\-al\\-sadr/\\|access\\-date\\=12 October 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[Atlantic Council]]\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "### 2004", "{{main\\|Iraq spring fighting of 2004}} \nIn his 2004 sermons and public interviews, al\\-Sadr repeatedly demanded an immediate withdrawal of all US\\-led coalition forces, all foreign troops under [United Nations](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") control, and the establishment of a new central Iraqi government, not connected to the Ba'ath party or the [Allawi](/wiki/Ayad_Allawi \"Ayad Allawi\") government.", "In late March 2004, American authorities ([759th MP Battalion](/wiki/759th_Military_Police_Battalion \"759th Military Police Battalion\")) in Iraq shut down Sadr's newspaper *[al\\-Hawza](/wiki/Al-Hawza \"Al-Hawza\")* on charges of inciting violence. Sadr's followers held demonstrations protesting the closure of the newspaper. On 4 April, fighting broke out in Najaf, Sadr City, and Basra. Sadr's Mahdi Army took over several points and attacked coalition soldiers, killing dozens of foreign soldiers, and taking many casualties of their own in the process.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/02/iraqi\\-cleric\\-sadr\\-announces\\-retirement\\-20142167325224542\\.html \\|title\\=Iraqi cleric Sadr retires from politics\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2014}} At the same time, Sunni rebels in the cities of Baghdad, [Samarra](/wiki/Samarra \"Samarra\"), [Ramadi](/wiki/Ramadi \"Ramadi\"), and, most notably, [Fallujah](/wiki/Fallujah \"Fallujah\"), staged uprisings as well, causing the most serious challenge to American control of Iraq up to that time.", "During the [first siege of Fallujah](/wiki/First_Battle_of_Fallujah \"First Battle of Fallujah\") in late March and April 2004, Muqtada's Sadrists sent aid convoys to the besieged Sunnis there.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.juancole.com/2007/01/muqtada\\-al\\-sadr\\-and\\-sunnis\\-mickey\\-kaus.html\\|title\\=Muqtada Al Sadr And Sunnis Mickey Kaus\\|publisher\\=Informed Comment\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2014\\|date\\=4 January 2007}}", "[Paul Bremer](/wiki/Paul_Bremer \"Paul Bremer\"), then the US administrator in Iraq, declared on 5 April 2004 that al\\-Sadr was an outlaw and that uprisings by his followers would not be tolerated.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.middle\\-east\\-online.com/english/?id\\=9514 \\|title\\=Bremer Brands Muqtada Sadr an Outlaw \\|publisher\\=Middle\\-East\\-online.com \\|date\\=5 April 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=2 August 2006 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055450/http://www.middle\\-east\\-online.com/english/?id\\=9514 \\|archive\\-date\\=10 October 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "That day, al\\-Sadr called for a [jihad](/wiki/Jihad \"Jihad\") against American forces. To do this he needed to gain temporary control of [Al Kut](/wiki/Al_Kut \"Al Kut\"), [An Najaf](/wiki/An_Najaf \"An Najaf\") and the suburb of Baghdad named after his grandfather, [Sadr City](/wiki/Sadr_City \"Sadr City\"). On the night of 8 April, his [Mahdi Army](/wiki/Mahdi_Army \"Mahdi Army\") dropped eight overspans and bridges around the Convoy Support Center Scania, thus severing northbound traffic into Baghdad.{{Citation needed\\|reason\\=can't find this info available in the other sources linked to this article\\|date\\=June 2017}} The next day his militia ambushed any and every convoy trying to get in or out of [Baghdad International Airport](/wiki/Baghdad_International_Airport \"Baghdad International Airport\"), known to the soldiers as BIAP. This led to the worst convoy ambush of the war, the [ambush of the 724th Transportation Company (POL)](/wiki/2004_Iraq_KBR_convoy_ambush \"2004 Iraq KBR convoy ambush\"), which resulted in eight [KBR](/wiki/KBR_%28company%29 \"KBR (company)\") drivers killed and three soldiers killed. One was [Matt Maupin](/wiki/Matt_Maupin \"Matt Maupin\"), who was initially listed as the first American soldier missing in action. These series of attacks demonstrated an unexpected level of sophistication in planning. The Mahdi Army knew it could not win a head on fight with the United States military coalition and it took full advantage of a major American vulnerability by attacking convoy trucks that supplied the troops. BIAP was where the newly arrived [1st Cavalry Division](/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Cavalry Division (United States)\") drew its supplies. The 1st Cavalry Division was replacing the [1st Armored Division](/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_%28United_States%29 \"1st Armored Division (United States)\") in and around Baghdad. The 1st Armored Division had already been deployed to Iraq for a year. [CENTCOM](/wiki/United_States_Central_Command \"United States Central Command\") commander General [John Abizaid](/wiki/John_Abizaid \"John Abizaid\") decided to extend the Division beyond its 1\\-year deployment, for an additional 120 days, to use in the fight against the Mahdi Army.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.stripes.com/news/1st\\-armored\\-division\\-s\\-iraq\\-timeline\\-1\\.24297\\|title\\=1st Armored Division's Iraq timeline\\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2017}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/jun/22/20040622\\-113720\\-3352r/?page\\=all\\|title\\=Army unit claims victory over sheik\\|work\\=The Washington Times\\|date\\=22 June 2004\\|access\\-date\\=19 April 2017}} On 11 April, the Mahdi Army launched an attack on the southwest wall at BIAP behind which several hundred trucks parked. By the end of April, the American 1st Armored Division had suppressed the Mahdi Army's uprising but al Sadr had achieved his goal of making it a significant resistance force fighting against the U.S. led coalition forces occupying Iraq.Donald Wright, *On Point II; Transition to the New Campaign; The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, May 2003\\-January 2005*, Combat Studies Institute; Richard E. Killblane, *Road Warriors*, unpublished", "### 2005โ€“2006", "It is generally frowned upon in Iraq for clerics to actively participate in secular politics, and like the other leading religious figures, Muqtada al\\-Sadr did not run in the [2005 Iraqi elections](/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_legislative_election \"January 2005 Iraqi legislative election\"). It is believed he implicitly backed the [National Independent Cadres and Elites](/wiki/National_Independent_Cadres_and_Elites \"National Independent Cadres and Elites\") party that was closely linked with the Mahdi Army. Many of his supporters, however, backed the far more popular [United Iraqi Alliance](/wiki/United_Iraqi_Alliance \"United Iraqi Alliance\") (UIA) of Grand Ayatollah Sistani.", "On 26 August 2005, an estimated 100,000 Iraqis marched in support of al\\-Sadr and his ideals.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId\\=14419 \\|title\\=Iraqi factions firm against constitution \\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera \\|date\\=26 August 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=22 August 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235814/http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId\\=14419 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2007}}", "On 25 March 2006, Sadr was in his home and escaped a [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28weapon%29 \"Mortar (weapon)\") attack; this attack was disputed, as the ordnance landed more than 50 meters from his home.", "Sadr's considerable leverage was apparent early in the week of 16 October 2006, when Prime Minister [Nouri al\\-Maliki](/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki \"Nouri al-Maliki\") ordered the release of one of Sadr's senior aides. The aide had been arrested a day earlier by American troops on suspicion of participating in kidnappings and killings.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/20/world/middleeast/21iraqcnd.html?ex\\=1318996800\\&en\\=a542d37a1dff56f9\\&ei\\=5088\\&partner\\=rssnyt\\&emc\\=rss \\|title\\=Attack on Iraqi City Shows Militia's Power \\|first\\=Kirk \\|last\\=Semple \\|newspaper\\=The New York Times \\|date\\=20 October 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2006}}", "### 2007", "On 13 February, several sources in the US government claimed that Muqtada al\\-Sadr had left Iraq and fled to Iran in anticipation of the coming [security crackdown](/wiki/2007_Baghdad_crackdown \"2007 Baghdad crackdown\").{{cite news \\|first\\=Jomana \\|last\\=Karadsheh \\|author2\\=Mohammed Tawfeeq \\|author3\\=Barbara Starr \\|title\\=U.S.: Radical cleric al\\-Sadr in Iran \\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/13/iraq.main/index.html \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[CNN]] \\|date\\=13 February 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214001723/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/13/iraq.main/index.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2007}} US military spokesman Maj. Gen. [William B. Caldwell](/wiki/William_B._Caldwell_IV \"William B. Caldwell IV\") reinforced this account on 14 February,{{cite news \\|first\\=Ernesto \\|last\\=Londoรฑo \\|author2\\=Joshua Partlow \\|title\\=Iraqi Militia Leader Sadr in Iran, Say U.S. Officials \\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp\\-dyn/content/article/2007/02/14/AR2007021400450\\.html?nav\\=hcmodule \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Washington Post]] \\|date\\=14 February 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2007 }} but a member of Iraq's parliament and an aide to al\\-Sadr have denied the claims.{{cite news \\|first\\=Jomana \\|last\\=Karadsheh \\|author2\\=Mohammed Tawfeeq \\|author3\\=Barbara Starr \\|title\\=U.S. insists radical cleric in Iran despite denials \\|url\\=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/02/14/iraq.main/index.html \\|publisher\\=CNN\\|date\\=14 February 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2007}}", "On 30 March it was reported that Sadr, through clerics speaking on his behalf, \"delivered a searing speech ... condemning the American presence in Iraq ... \\[and] call\\[ing] for an anti\\-occupation mass protest on April 9\\.\"Edward Wong. [\"Shiite Cleric Calls for Mass Protest Against U.S.\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/30/world/middleeast/30cnd-Iraq.html?hp), *The New York Times* (30 March 2007\\) This call to protest was significant in that, since the beginning of the [American troop surge](/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007 \"Iraq War troop surge of 2007\") (which began on 14 February 2007\\), al\\-Sadr had ordered his \"militia to lie low during the new Baghdad security plan so as not to provoke a direct confrontation with the Americans\".", "In a statement stamped with Sadr's official seal and distributed in the Shiite holy city of Najaf a day before the demonstration, on Sunday, 8 April 2007, Muqtada al\\-Sadr urged the Iraqi army and police to stop cooperating with the United States and told his guerilla fighters to concentrate on pushing American forces out of the country. \"You, the Iraqi army and police forces, don't walk alongside the occupiers, because they are your arch\\-enemy,\" the statement said.", "On 17 April 2007, several ministers loyal to al\\-Sadr left the Iraqi government. Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al\\-Maliki stated that the withdrawal of these ministers had not weakened his government and that he would name technocrats to replace them soon.{{cite news \\|first\\=Kawther \\|last\\=Abdul\\-Ameer \\|author2\\=Mussab Al\\-Khairalla\\|title\\= Government not weakened by Sadr pullout \\|url\\=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set\\_id\\=1\\&click\\_id\\=3\\&art\\_id\\=nw20070417192855164C762706 \\|work\\=Independent Online (South Africa)\\|date\\=17 April 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=17 April 2007}}", "On 25 April 2007, Sadr condemned the construction of [Azamiyah wall](/wiki/Baghdad_Wall \"Baghdad Wall\") around a Sunni neighbourhood in Baghdad, by calling for demonstrations against the plan as a sign of \"the evil will\" of American \"occupiers\"", "On 25 May 2007, Sadr delivered a sermon to an estimated 6,000 followers in [Kufa](/wiki/Kufa \"Kufa\"). Sadr reiterated his condemnation of the United States' occupation of Iraq and demanded the withdrawal of foreign forces, al\\-Sadr's speech also contained calls for unity between Sunni and Shi'a.{{cite news \\|title\\=Al\\-Sadr Calls for U.S. Pullout from Iraq \\|url\\=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2007\\-05/26/content\\_880760\\.htm \\|newspaper\\=China Daily \\|date\\=26 May 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=27 December 2007}} In June 2007, al\\-Sadr vowed to go ahead with a planned march to the devastated [Askariyya](/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque \"Al-Askari Mosque\") shrine in central Iraq, al\\-Sadr said the march was aimed at bringing Shi'is and Sunnis closer together and breaking down the barriers imposed by the Americans and Sunni religious extremists.", "In a statement issued 29 August 2007, Muqtada al\\-Sadr announced that an order to stand down for six months had been distributed to his loyalists following the deaths of more than 50 Shia Muslim pilgrims during [fighting in Karbala](/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala_%282007%29 \"Battle of Karbala (2007)\") the day before. The statement issued by Sadr's office in Najaf said: \"I direct the Mahdi army to suspend all its activities for six months until it is restructured in a way that helps honour the principles for which it is formed.\" The intention behind the ceasefire was thought in part to be to allow al\\-Sadr reassert control over the movement, which is thought to have splintered. \"We call on all Sadrists to observe self\\-restraint, to help security forces control the situation and arrest the perpetrators and sedition mongers, and urge them to end all forms of armament in the sacred city,\" said the statement, referring to the 28 August clashes in Karbala. Asked if the unexpected order meant no attacks on American troops, as well as a ban on Shia infighting, a senior Sadr aide said: \"All kinds of armed actions are to be frozen, without exception.\"{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml\\=/news/2007/08/30/wiraq130\\.xml \\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|location\\=London \\|title\\=Muqtada al\\-Sadr announces ceasefire in Iraq \\|first\\=Damien \\|last\\=McElroy \\|date\\=30 August 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=13 May 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317071257/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml\\=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2F30%2Fwiraq130\\.xml \\|archive\\-date\\=17 March 2008}}", "### 2008โ€“2011", "{{main\\|Siege of Sadr City}} \nIn March 2008, during the [Battle of Basra](/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_%282008%29 \"Battle of Basra (2008)\"), the [Sadr Movement](/wiki/Sadr_Movement \"Sadr Movement\") launched a nationwide civil disobedience campaign across Iraq to protest raids and detentions against the Mahdi Army.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/25/iraq.main/index.html \\|title\\=Peaceful Iraq protests spark clashes; 50 reported dead \\|publisher\\=CNN \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2014}}", "In August 2008, Sadr ordered most of his militiamen to disarm but said he will maintain elite fighting units to resist the Americans if a timetable for the withdrawal of US troops is not established. \"Weapons are to be exclusively in the hands of one group, the resistance group,\" while another group called *Momahidoun* is to focus on social, religious and community work, Sadrist cleric Mudhafar al\\-Moussawi said.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/al\\-sadr\\-orders\\-militia\\-to\\-disarm/ \\|title\\=Al\\-Sadr Orders Militia To Disarm\\|date\\=8 August 2008 \\|publisher\\=CBS News \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2014}}", "In response to [Israeli](/wiki/Israel \"Israel\") [attacks on Gaza](/wiki/Gaza_War_%282008%E2%80%9309%29 \"Gaza War (2008โ€“09)\"), al\\-Sadr called for reprisals against US troops in Iraq: \"I call upon the honest Iraqi resistance to carry out revenge operations against the great accomplice of the Zionist enemy.\"", "On 1 May 2009, al\\-Sadr paid a surprise visit to [Ankara](/wiki/Ankara \"Ankara\") where, in his first public appearance for two years, he met with [Turkish President](/wiki/Turkish_President \"Turkish President\") [Abdullah Gรผl](/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl \"Abdullah Gรผl\") and [Prime Minister](/wiki/Turkish_Prime_Minister \"Turkish Prime Minister\") [Recep Tayyip ErdoฤŸan](/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan \"Recep Tayyip ErdoฤŸan\") for talks that focused on the \"political process\"{{cite news\\|date\\=2 May 2009\\|title\\=Iraq's Sadr Meets ErdoฤŸan\\|work\\=\\[\\[Today's Zaman]]\\|first\\=Servet and Sรผleyman Kurt\\|last\\=Yanatma}} and requested Turkey play a greater role in establishing stability in the [Middle East](/wiki/Middle_East \"Middle East\"). Spokesman Sheikh Salah al\\-Obeidi confirmed the nature of the talks that had been requested by al\\-Sadr and stated, \"Turkey is a good, old friend. Trusting that, we had no hesitation in travelling here.\"{{cite news\\|date\\=4 May 2009\\|title\\=Iraq's Sadr Meets ErdoฤŸan\\|work\\=\\[\\[Today's Zaman]]\\|first\\=ร‡aฤŸri\\|last\\=ร‡obanoฤŸlu}} After the meeting al\\-Sadr visited supporters in [Istanbul](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\"), where al\\-Obeidi says they may open a representative office.", "In a press conference on 6 March 2010, ahead of the [2010 Iraqi parliamentary election](/wiki/2010_Iraqi_parliamentary_election \"2010 Iraqi parliamentary election\"), Sadr called on all Iraqis to participate in the election and support those who seek to [expel US troops](/wiki/Withdrawal_of_U.S._troops_from_Iraq_%282007%E2%80%932011%29 \"Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2007โ€“2011)\") out of the country. Sadr warned that any interference by the United States will be unacceptable.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://hamsayeh.net/hamsayehnet\\_iran\\-international%20news994\\.htm \\|title\\=Iraqi Shia Leader Calls for U.S. Withdrawal From Iraq \\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117124604/http://hamsayeh.net/hamsayehnet\\_iran\\-international%20news994\\.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=17 November 2010 \\|website\\=hamsayeh.net \\|date\\=7 March 2010 }}", "On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned to the Iraqi city of [Najaf](/wiki/Najaf \"Najaf\") in order to take a more proactive and visible role in the new Iraqi government.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011151418794320\\.html\\|title\\=Al\\-Sadr back in Iraq stronghold\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2014}} Three days later, thousands of Iraqis turned out in Najaf to hear his first speech since his return, in which he called the US, Israel, and the UK \"common enemies\" against Iraq. His speech was greeted by the crowd chanting \"Yes, yes for Muqtada! Yes, yes for the leader!\" while waving Iraqi flags and al\\-Sadr's pictures. Subsequently, he returned to Iran to continue his studies.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/20111872647305497\\.html\\|title\\=Al\\-Sadr calls on Iraqis 'to resist'\\|publisher\\=Al Jazeera English\\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2014}}", "By late 2011, it appeared that the United States would largely withdraw from Iraq, a demand that helped make Sadr a popular leader amongst supporters almost immediately following the invasion. Sadr also controlled the largest bloc of parliament, and had reached a sort of dรฉtente with prime minister Nouri al Maliki, who needed Sadrist support to retain his post.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/iraq\\-sadr\\-city\\-baghdad\\-sadeq\\-al\\-sadr\\-government\\|title\\=Iraq: Sadr a Rising Force in Iraqi Politics \\|publisher\\=Pulitzer Center \\|access\\-date\\=11 December 2014\\|date\\=19 October 2011 }}", "" ]
Spartan vehicles ---------------- Launched in 1973 the main product was an open, 2\+2 seater, traditionally styled [kit car](/wiki/Kit_car "Kit car") based at first on the chassis and mechanical components of the [Triumph Herald](/wiki/Triumph_Herald "Triumph Herald") and engine from the [Triumph Spitfire](/wiki/Triumph_Spitfire "Triumph Spitfire"). A basic kit cost ยฃ250\. The kit comprised aluminium body panels to be fitted over a steel tube frame and [glass fibre](/wiki/Glass_fiber "Glass fiber") wings completed the car. Early cars then, among other parts, needed bumpers from a [Hillman Avenger](/wiki/Hillman_Avenger "Hillman Avenger") and a radiator grille from a [Wolseley 18/85](/wiki/Wolseley_18/85_%281967_to_1971%29%23Mark_II "Wolseley 18/85 (1967 to 1971)#Mark II") to be sourced. At the Custom Car show in London in December 1975 a road\-ready car was shown priced at ยฃ2365 but none were sold at that time. A 2\+2 version on a {{convert\|6\|in\|mm}} longer wheelbase was added in 1976 and other engine options were offered.{{cite book \|last\= \|first\= \| title\=Encyclopedia of the Car \|year\=1993 \|publisher\=Grange Books \|location\=London \|isbn\=1\-85627\-342\-3}} The top was of canvas, stretched over a simple tubular frame.{{cite news \| url \= https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll\=ddd\&identifier\=KBPERS01:003095002:mpeg21:a00270 \| title \= Een Spartaans bouwpakket \| trans\-title \= A Spartan building kit \| date \= 1992\-05\-02 \| first \= Niek \| last \= Schenk \| newspaper \= \[\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \| via \= Delpher \| language \= nl \| page \= 31 }} As the Triumphs became rarer, and collectable in themselves, a complete new chassis was designed beginning in 1980 to utilize components from the [Ford Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina "Ford Cortina") Mk III\-V. The new model has a re\-designed rear end, less square than the original version, and is called the Spartan Mk II. The resulting trunk space was ample for this type of car. Taillights came from either the [BMC ADO16](/wiki/BMC_ADO16 "BMC ADO16") family or from the [Ford Anglia 105E](/wiki/Ford_Anglia%23105E "Ford Anglia#105E"). The new chassis mounted the engine {{convert\|6\|in\|mm}} further back than in the Cortina donor for better weight distribution, it is {{convert\|6\|in\|mm}} wider and {{convert\|12\|in\|mm}} longer than the original. The kit included the aluminum chassis, dashboard, body parts including doors and wings, and uplholstery.{{cite news \| url \= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn\=ddd:010646550:mpeg21:a1371 \| title \= Bijzondere Britse Blitsers \| trans\-title \= Special British Showoffs \| date \= 1991\-12\-07 \| first \= Jack \| last \= Kruger \| newspaper \= \[\[De Telegraaf]] \| via \= Delpher \| language \= nl \| page \= TA15 }} In early 1992, a Dutch importer once again picked up sales of the car, which had been imported in the latter half of the 1970s by Nova Import Nederland, who had developed a Dutch language instruction manual for the Mk I.{{cite news \| url \= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn\=ddd:011200794:mpeg21:a0684 \| title \= Spartaans autorijden voor redelijke prijs \| trans\-title \= Spartan driving at a reasonable price \| date \= 1976\-05\-08 \| first \= Rob \| last \= Jager \| newspaper \= \[\[De Telegraaf]] \| via \= Delpher \| language \= nl \| page \= 41 }} By this time, the Spartan utilized numerous [Ford Sierra](/wiki/Ford_Sierra "Ford Sierra") components. Cars sold in continental Europe also depended on Ford Taunus rather than Cortina parts. In addition to kits, the Dutch importer also offered a fully built up model. A separate company "Sherwood Universal Vehicles" was formed in 1984 to make the **Sherwood** which was an [estate car](/wiki/Station_wagon "Station wagon") conversion based around the Ford Cortina MkIV but using a new chassis. The rear roof section was detachable to make the car into a pick\-up. 110 kits were sold.{{cite AV media \|people\= Steve Hole\|date\= 2024 \|title\=History File Spartan \|language\=english \|url\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=hpOSwkJxFaI\&t\=1307s\|access\-date\= 2024\-09\-08}} More unusual was the **Starcraft**, a six\-wheel [motor caravan](/wiki/Motorhome "Motorhome") conversion for the Ford Cortina Mk III to V.{{Cite book \|title\=Build Your Own Motorcaravan \|first\=John \| last \= Wickersham \|edition\=2nd \|year\=2013 \|isbn\=0857332813 \|publisher\=J H Haynes }} A new steel chassis took the Cortina's mechanical components and on this was mounted a large body shell which included an overhanging section above the driver and passenger seats. The bonnet area and doors were restyled and the centre section of the Cortina was retained including wiring, instruments and windscreen. Only one of the rear axles was driven. The caravan interior fittings and design was left up to the customer. Later versions were built on Ford Sierra donor cars.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.spartan\-oc.co.uk/ \|title\=Spartan Owners Club \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-08}} The kits were initially priced at ยฃ1995 and around 200 were sold. The **Treka** was a Jeep style car with aluminium panels over a tubular steel frame and was based on the [Ford Fiesta Mk2](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta_Mk2 "Ford Fiesta Mk2"). The final car was the **Bandit**, a [hot rod](/wiki/Hot_rod "Hot rod") with glass fibre panels on a ladder type chassis. It used a Ford Cortina as a donor car. At least 3 were made. | Models | Type | Years of production | | --- | --- | --- | | Roadster | | 1973\-1995 | | Sherwood | estate car | 1984\-1992 | | Starcraft | motor caravan | 1986\-1992 | | Treka | Jeep | 1990\-1995 | | Bandit | Hot rod | | |
[ "Spartan vehicles\n----------------", "Launched in 1973 the main product was an open, 2\\+2 seater, traditionally styled [kit car](/wiki/Kit_car \"Kit car\") based at first on the chassis and mechanical components of the [Triumph Herald](/wiki/Triumph_Herald \"Triumph Herald\") and engine from the [Triumph Spitfire](/wiki/Triumph_Spitfire \"Triumph Spitfire\"). A basic kit cost ยฃ250\\. The kit comprised aluminium body panels to be fitted over a steel tube frame and [glass fibre](/wiki/Glass_fiber \"Glass fiber\") wings completed the car. Early cars then, among other parts, needed bumpers from a [Hillman Avenger](/wiki/Hillman_Avenger \"Hillman Avenger\") and a radiator grille from a [Wolseley 18/85](/wiki/Wolseley_18/85_%281967_to_1971%29%23Mark_II \"Wolseley 18/85 (1967 to 1971)#Mark II\") to be sourced.", "At the Custom Car show in London in December 1975 a road\\-ready car was shown priced at ยฃ2365 but none were sold at that time.", "A 2\\+2 version on a {{convert\\|6\\|in\\|mm}} longer wheelbase was added in 1976 and other engine options were offered.{{cite book \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\| title\\=Encyclopedia of the Car \\|year\\=1993 \\|publisher\\=Grange Books \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=1\\-85627\\-342\\-3}} The top was of canvas, stretched over a simple tubular frame.{{cite news \\| url \\= https://www.delpher.nl/nl/kranten/view?coll\\=ddd\\&identifier\\=KBPERS01:003095002:mpeg21:a00270 \\| title \\= Een Spartaans bouwpakket \\| trans\\-title \\= A Spartan building kit \\| date \\= 1992\\-05\\-02 \\| first \\= Niek \\| last \\= Schenk \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[Algemeen Dagblad]] \\| via \\= Delpher \\| language \\= nl \\| page \\= 31 }}", "As the Triumphs became rarer, and collectable in themselves, a complete new chassis was designed beginning in 1980 to utilize components from the [Ford Cortina](/wiki/Ford_Cortina \"Ford Cortina\") Mk III\\-V. The new model has a re\\-designed rear end, less square than the original version, and is called the Spartan Mk II. The resulting trunk space was ample for this type of car. Taillights came from either the [BMC ADO16](/wiki/BMC_ADO16 \"BMC ADO16\") family or from the [Ford Anglia 105E](/wiki/Ford_Anglia%23105E \"Ford Anglia#105E\"). The new chassis mounted the engine {{convert\\|6\\|in\\|mm}} further back than in the Cortina donor for better weight distribution, it is {{convert\\|6\\|in\\|mm}} wider and {{convert\\|12\\|in\\|mm}} longer than the original. The kit included the aluminum chassis, dashboard, body parts including doors and wings, and uplholstery.{{cite news \\| url \\= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn\\=ddd:010646550:mpeg21:a1371 \\| title \\= Bijzondere Britse Blitsers \\| trans\\-title \\= Special British Showoffs \\| date \\= 1991\\-12\\-07 \\| first \\= Jack \\| last \\= Kruger \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[De Telegraaf]] \\| via \\= Delpher \\| language \\= nl \\| page \\= TA15 }} In early 1992, a Dutch importer once again picked up sales of the car, which had been imported in the latter half of the 1970s by Nova Import Nederland, who had developed a Dutch language instruction manual for the Mk I.{{cite news \\| url \\= https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn\\=ddd:011200794:mpeg21:a0684 \\| title \\= Spartaans autorijden voor redelijke prijs \\| trans\\-title \\= Spartan driving at a reasonable price \\| date \\= 1976\\-05\\-08 \\| first \\= Rob \\| last \\= Jager \\| newspaper \\= \\[\\[De Telegraaf]] \\| via \\= Delpher \\| language \\= nl \\| page \\= 41 }} By this time, the Spartan utilized numerous [Ford Sierra](/wiki/Ford_Sierra \"Ford Sierra\") components. Cars sold in continental Europe also depended on Ford Taunus rather than Cortina parts. In addition to kits, the Dutch importer also offered a fully built up model.", "A separate company \"Sherwood Universal Vehicles\" was formed in 1984 to make the **Sherwood** which was an [estate car](/wiki/Station_wagon \"Station wagon\") conversion based around the Ford Cortina MkIV but using a new chassis. The rear roof section was detachable to make the car into a pick\\-up. 110 kits were sold.{{cite AV media \\|people\\= Steve Hole\\|date\\= 2024 \\|title\\=History File Spartan \\|language\\=english \\|url\\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=hpOSwkJxFaI\\&t\\=1307s\\|access\\-date\\= 2024\\-09\\-08}}", "More unusual was the **Starcraft**, a six\\-wheel [motor caravan](/wiki/Motorhome \"Motorhome\") conversion for the Ford Cortina Mk III to V.{{Cite book\n \\|title\\=Build Your Own Motorcaravan\n \\|first\\=John \\| last \\= Wickersham \n \\|edition\\=2nd\n \\|year\\=2013\n \\|isbn\\=0857332813\n \\|publisher\\=J H Haynes\n}} A new steel chassis took the Cortina's mechanical components and on this was mounted a large body shell which included an overhanging section above the driver and passenger seats. The bonnet area and doors were restyled and the centre section of the Cortina was retained including wiring, instruments and windscreen. Only one of the rear axles was driven. The caravan interior fittings and design was left up to the customer. Later versions were built on Ford Sierra donor cars.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.spartan\\-oc.co.uk/ \\|title\\=Spartan Owners Club \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-08}} The kits were initially priced at ยฃ1995 and around 200 were sold.", "The **Treka** was a Jeep style car with aluminium panels over a tubular steel frame and was based on the [Ford Fiesta Mk2](/wiki/Ford_Fiesta_Mk2 \"Ford Fiesta Mk2\").", "The final car was the **Bandit**, a [hot rod](/wiki/Hot_rod \"Hot rod\") with glass fibre panels on a ladder type chassis. It used a Ford Cortina as a donor car. At least 3 were made.", "", "| Models | Type | Years of production |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Roadster | | 1973\\-1995 |\n| Sherwood | estate car | 1984\\-1992 |\n| Starcraft | motor caravan | 1986\\-1992 |\n| Treka | Jeep | 1990\\-1995 |\n| Bandit | Hot rod | |\n|", "" ]
History ------- ### One\-university system Established only 7 years after the province of [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba_Act "Manitoba Act") and 4 years after the city of [Winnipeg](/wiki/History_of_Winnipeg "History of Winnipeg"), the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba "University of Manitoba") (U of M), in 1877, became the first [university](/wiki/University "University") in not only Manitoba, but in all of [western Canada](/wiki/Western_Canada "Western Canada").{{Cite web\|url\=https://umanitoba.ca/about\-um\|title \= About UM \| University of Manitoba}} Founded under the *[University of Manitoba Act](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba_Act "University of Manitoba Act")*,[*University of Manitoba Act*, C.C.S.M. c. U60\.](http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/u060e.php) Retrieved on July 15, 2008 the U of M was modelled after the [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London "University of London") on the principle of a "one\-university" system, or a federation of [denominational](/wiki/Denominational_school "Denominational school") colleges, which was proposed to counteract sectarian conflicts developing in the post\-secondary systems in [eastern Canada](/wiki/Eastern_Canada "Eastern Canada").Gregor, A.D. (1997\). Higher education in Manitoba. In Jones, G.A. (Ed.), *Higher education in Canada: Different systems, different perspectives* (pp.115\-136\). New York: Garland. The original role of the University of Manitoba was to examine and confer degrees on students graduating from its three founding affiliated collegesโ€”[St. Boniface College](/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_universitaire_de_Saint-Boniface "Collรจge universitaire de Saint-Boniface") ([Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic "Roman Catholic")), [St John's](/wiki/St._John%27s_College%2C_University_of_Manitoba "St. John's College, University of Manitoba") ([Anglican](/wiki/Anglican "Anglican")), and [Manitoba College](/wiki/Manitoba_College "Manitoba College") ([Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian "Presbyterian")).[Our History: The First Years (n.d.).](http://umanitoba.ca/about/ourstory.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123053743/http://umanitoba.ca/about/ourstory.html \|date\=2019\-11\-23 }} *Our History: The First Years.* Retrieved on July 15, 2008 Consolidating other institutions was intended to strengthen the smaller, financially insecure institutions. Later, [Wesley College](/wiki/Wesley_College_%28Manitoba%29 "Wesley College (Manitoba)") ([Methodist](/wiki/Methodist "Methodist")) and [Brandon College](/wiki/Brandon_College "Brandon College") ([Baptist](/wiki/Baptists "Baptists")) joined the federation along with other colleges.{{cite encyclopedia\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=University of Manitoba\|url\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/university\-of\-manitoba\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|accessdate\=2008\-06\-15\|encyclopedia\=The Canadian Encyclopedia}} In 1880, the U of M granted its first degrees.{{cite encyclopedia\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=Music at University of Manitoba\|url\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/music\-at\-university\-of\-manitoba\-emc\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|accessdate\=2008\-06\-15\|encyclopedia\=The Canadian Encyclopedia}} In 1892, with increasing influence from other post\-secondary systems, the *University of Manitoba Act* was amended to allow for the University to instruct teachers. After growing demand for a [science curriculum](/wiki/Science_education "Science education"), a Faculty of Science was formally established in 1900, followed by the appointments of five professors in 1904, made possible due to a generous donation. By 1920, the University of Manitoba offered a wide range of undergraduate programs and several professional schools.Harris, R.S. (1976\). *A history of higher education in Canada: 1663\-1960*. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ### Community of colleges In 1942, the federal *[Vocational Training Co\-ordination Act](/wiki/Vocational_Training_Co-ordination_Act "Vocational Training Co-ordination Act")* founded three [public colleges](/wiki/Public_college "Public college") in Manitoba: [Red River Community College](/wiki/Red_River_Community_College "Red River Community College") (now Red River College), [Assiniboine Community College](/wiki/Assiniboine_Community_College "Assiniboine Community College"), and [Keewatin Community College](/wiki/Keewatin_Community_College "Keewatin Community College") (now University College of the North).Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy. (2008\). *Post\-secondary institutions*. Retrieved May 19, 2008, from <http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ael/unicoll/colleges.html> Soon after, the Mennonite Brethren Bible College (later known as Concord College) was established in 1944, followed by the [Canadian Mennonite Bible College](/wiki/Canadian_Mennonite_Bible_College "Canadian Mennonite Bible College") in 1947\."[Governance](https://www.cmu.ca/about/governance)." Canadian Mennonite University. Retrieved on February 14, 2021\.{{Cite web\|title\=About Canadian Mennonite University {{!}} CMU\|url\=https://www.cmu.ca/about\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-14\|website\=Canadian Mennonite University}} In 1967, Manitoba's public policy of a one\-university system ended with the establishment of the [University of Winnipeg](/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg "University of Winnipeg") (formerly United College, previously [Wesley College](/wiki/Wesley_College_%28Manitoba%29 "Wesley College (Manitoba)")) and [Brandon University](/wiki/Brandon_University "Brandon University") (formerly Brandon College) under the *[Universities Establishment Act](/wiki/Universities_Establishment_Act "Universities Establishment Act")*. (As colleges, prior to their incorporation as universities, these two institutions had been affiliated with the University of Manitoba.) The legislation also established its first intermediary agency, the Universities Grants Commission, to provide general oversight of the provinceโ€™s universities.[*The Universities Grants Commission Act*, RSM 1987, c U50](https://canlii.ca/t/54skl). Retrieved on 2021\-02\-14\.[https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/education/media/2015\-Browning\-Kimberly.pdf](https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/education/media/2015-Browning-Kimberly.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}} The remaining colleges still affiliated with the University of Manitoba continued developing under the new concept of a "Community of Colleges." Arts and science teaching functions were taken over by the U of M, and the colleges lost control over eligibility requirements to teach and study. This solved the classical colleges' financial concerns regarding the provision of more expensive science\-oriented curricula and allowed them to concentrate on [theological](/wiki/Theology "Theology") studies and an [interdisciplinary](/wiki/Interdisciplinarity "Interdisciplinarity") collegial environment. At the same time, this concept allowed the University to respond to [cultural diversity](/wiki/Cultural_diversity "Cultural diversity") in the province, yet honour long\-standing historical relationships with the colleges. Special arrangements were made with the [Collรจge Universitaire de Saint\-Boniface](/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Universitaire_de_Saint-Boniface "Collรจge Universitaire de Saint-Boniface") (now the Universitรฉ de Saint\-Boniface) due to its specific language and cultural mission. While answerable directly to the University of Manitoba Senate on academic matters, the Collรจge retained public funding and some administrative autonomy, including the appointment of faculty. In 1989, [Menno Simons College](/wiki/Menno_Simons_College "Menno Simons College") was established. In 1998, the Manitoba government proclaimed a new charter for the creation of a university\-level, degree\-granting federation of Mennonite colleges. The following year, the Mennonite College Federation (now [Canadian Mennonite University](/wiki/Canadian_Mennonite_University "Canadian Mennonite University")) was incorporated through the amalgamation of the existing Canadian Mennonite Bible College, Concord College, and Menno Simons College, offering joint academic programs. [Booth University College](/wiki/Booth_University_College "Booth University College") (originally Catherine Booth Bible College, and later William and Catherine Booth College) was founded by the [Salvation Army](/wiki/The_Salvation_Army "The Salvation Army") in 1982\. In November 1996, an Act of the [Manitoba Legislature](/wiki/Manitoba_Legislature "Manitoba Legislature") established the Council on Post\-Secondary Education (COPSE) to replace the Universities Grants Commission as an [armโ€™s length agency](/wiki/Arm%27s_length_body "Arm's length body") that acted as a semi\-autonomous intermediary between post\-secondary institutions and the provincial government. Beginning operations in April 1997, COPSE purposed to advise government on the financial needs of institutions, distribute annual grants authorized by the legislature to public institutions and private denominational institutions, and coordinate program and policy development.<https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ald/pdf/final_report_op_org_review.pdf> {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=March 2022}}{{Cite web\|title\=Post\-Secondary Education {{!}} Economic Development and Training\|url\=https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ald/compendium/index.html\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-14\|website\=www.edu.gov.mb.ca\|language\=en}}Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy. *Council on Post\-Secondary Education*. Retrieved November 25, 2011 from <http://www.copse.mb.ca/> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105025155/http://copse.mb.ca/ \|date\=2015\-01\-05 }} ### Recent Other special arrangements include those made with the Ukrainian Orthodox [St. Andrew's College](/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College%2C_Manitoba "St. Andrew's College, Manitoba"),[St. Andrew's College (n.d.).](http://umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_andrews/) *University of Manitoba Colleges.* Retrieved on June 20, 2015 jointly sponsoring a [Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Ukrainian_Canadian_Studies "Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies") which, although not formally linked as an institution, is located on the U of M's campus.[Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies (n.d.).](http://www.umanitoba.ca/centres/ukrainian_canadian/newsletter/index.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613065306/http://www.umanitoba.ca/centres/ukrainian\_canadian/newsletter/index.html \|date\=2007\-06\-13 }} *Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies.* Retrieved on May 15, 2008 Approved Teaching Centres have also been created to teach specific University\-approved courses that are offered by other denominational colleges. These approved courses may also be applied towards a bachelor's degree at the U of M.[The Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies (n.d.).](http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/) *The Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies.* Retrieved on July 15, 2008 Today, the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba "University of Manitoba") enrols almost 30,000 studentsโ€”25,000 [undergraduates](/wiki/Undergraduate_education "Undergraduate education") and 4,000 [graduates](/wiki/Graduate_education "Graduate education"), with 13% being international[University of Manitoba. *By the numbers*.](http://umanitoba.ca/about/factandfigures/#by-the-numbers) Retrieved June 20, 2015โ€”and offers the most comprehensive selection of degree programs, including professional and graduate, of any university in the province. In all, 100 diploma and certificate programs are offered, more than 60 of which are at the undergraduate level.[University of Manitoba (2015\). *Academic programs*.](http://umanitoba.ca/about/factandfigures/#academic-units) Retrieved June 20, 2015 The University also contributes $1\.8 billion to the social and economic fabric of the province in annual economic activity.[University of Manitoba. *More impact*.](http://umanitoba.ca/about/quick_facts/more_impact.html) Retrieved September 27, 2011 Established in 2004, [University College of the North](/wiki/University_College_of_the_North "University College of the North") is Manitoba's newest post\-secondary institution. In June 2010, [Booth University College](/wiki/Booth_University_College "Booth University College") received [university college](/wiki/University_college "University college") status from the Manitoba Legislature, making it one of the newest university colleges in Manitoba.
[ "History\n-------", "### One\\-university system", "Established only 7 years after the province of [Manitoba](/wiki/Manitoba_Act \"Manitoba Act\") and 4 years after the city of [Winnipeg](/wiki/History_of_Winnipeg \"History of Winnipeg\"), the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\") (U of M), in 1877, became the first [university](/wiki/University \"University\") in not only Manitoba, but in all of [western Canada](/wiki/Western_Canada \"Western Canada\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://umanitoba.ca/about\\-um\\|title \\= About UM \\| University of Manitoba}} Founded under the *[University of Manitoba Act](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba_Act \"University of Manitoba Act\")*,[*University of Manitoba Act*, C.C.S.M. c. U60\\.](http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/u060e.php) Retrieved on July 15, 2008 the U of M was modelled after the [University of London](/wiki/University_of_London \"University of London\") on the principle of a \"one\\-university\" system, or a federation of [denominational](/wiki/Denominational_school \"Denominational school\") colleges, which was proposed to counteract sectarian conflicts developing in the post\\-secondary systems in [eastern Canada](/wiki/Eastern_Canada \"Eastern Canada\").Gregor, A.D. (1997\\). Higher education in Manitoba. In Jones, G.A. (Ed.), *Higher education in Canada: Different systems, different perspectives* (pp.115\\-136\\). New York: Garland.", "The original role of the University of Manitoba was to examine and confer degrees on students graduating from its three founding affiliated collegesโ€”[St. Boniface College](/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_universitaire_de_Saint-Boniface \"Collรจge universitaire de Saint-Boniface\") ([Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic \"Roman Catholic\")), [St John's](/wiki/St._John%27s_College%2C_University_of_Manitoba \"St. John's College, University of Manitoba\") ([Anglican](/wiki/Anglican \"Anglican\")), and [Manitoba College](/wiki/Manitoba_College \"Manitoba College\") ([Presbyterian](/wiki/Presbyterian \"Presbyterian\")).[Our History: The First Years (n.d.).](http://umanitoba.ca/about/ourstory.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123053743/http://umanitoba.ca/about/ourstory.html \\|date\\=2019\\-11\\-23 }} *Our History: The First Years.* Retrieved on July 15, 2008 Consolidating other institutions was intended to strengthen the smaller, financially insecure institutions. Later, [Wesley College](/wiki/Wesley_College_%28Manitoba%29 \"Wesley College (Manitoba)\") ([Methodist](/wiki/Methodist \"Methodist\")) and [Brandon College](/wiki/Brandon_College \"Brandon College\") ([Baptist](/wiki/Baptists \"Baptists\")) joined the federation along with other colleges.{{cite encyclopedia\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=University of Manitoba\\|url\\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/university\\-of\\-manitoba\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-15\\|encyclopedia\\=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}", "In 1880, the U of M granted its first degrees.{{cite encyclopedia\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Music at University of Manitoba\\|url\\=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/music\\-at\\-university\\-of\\-manitoba\\-emc\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-06\\-15\\|encyclopedia\\=The Canadian Encyclopedia}} In 1892, with increasing influence from other post\\-secondary systems, the *University of Manitoba Act* was amended to allow for the University to instruct teachers. After growing demand for a [science curriculum](/wiki/Science_education \"Science education\"), a Faculty of Science was formally established in 1900, followed by the appointments of five professors in 1904, made possible due to a generous donation. By 1920, the University of Manitoba offered a wide range of undergraduate programs and several professional schools.Harris, R.S. (1976\\). *A history of higher education in Canada: 1663\\-1960*. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.", "### Community of colleges", "In 1942, the federal *[Vocational Training Co\\-ordination Act](/wiki/Vocational_Training_Co-ordination_Act \"Vocational Training Co-ordination Act\")* founded three [public colleges](/wiki/Public_college \"Public college\") in Manitoba: [Red River Community College](/wiki/Red_River_Community_College \"Red River Community College\") (now Red River College), [Assiniboine Community College](/wiki/Assiniboine_Community_College \"Assiniboine Community College\"), and [Keewatin Community College](/wiki/Keewatin_Community_College \"Keewatin Community College\") (now University College of the North).Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy. (2008\\). *Post\\-secondary institutions*. Retrieved May 19, 2008, from <http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ael/unicoll/colleges.html> Soon after, the Mennonite Brethren Bible College (later known as Concord College) was established in 1944, followed by the [Canadian Mennonite Bible College](/wiki/Canadian_Mennonite_Bible_College \"Canadian Mennonite Bible College\") in 1947\\.\"[Governance](https://www.cmu.ca/about/governance).\" Canadian Mennonite University. Retrieved on February 14, 2021\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=About Canadian Mennonite University {{!}} CMU\\|url\\=https://www.cmu.ca/about\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-14\\|website\\=Canadian Mennonite University}}", "In 1967, Manitoba's public policy of a one\\-university system ended with the establishment of the [University of Winnipeg](/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg \"University of Winnipeg\") (formerly United College, previously [Wesley College](/wiki/Wesley_College_%28Manitoba%29 \"Wesley College (Manitoba)\")) and [Brandon University](/wiki/Brandon_University \"Brandon University\") (formerly Brandon College) under the *[Universities Establishment Act](/wiki/Universities_Establishment_Act \"Universities Establishment Act\")*. (As colleges, prior to their incorporation as universities, these two institutions had been affiliated with the University of Manitoba.) The legislation also established its first intermediary agency, the Universities Grants Commission, to provide general oversight of the provinceโ€™s universities.[*The Universities Grants Commission Act*, RSM 1987, c U50](https://canlii.ca/t/54skl). Retrieved on 2021\\-02\\-14\\.[https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/education/media/2015\\-Browning\\-Kimberly.pdf](https://umanitoba.ca/faculties/education/media/2015-Browning-Kimberly.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}}", "The remaining colleges still affiliated with the University of Manitoba continued developing under the new concept of a \"Community of Colleges.\" Arts and science teaching functions were taken over by the U of M, and the colleges lost control over eligibility requirements to teach and study. This solved the classical colleges' financial concerns regarding the provision of more expensive science\\-oriented curricula and allowed them to concentrate on [theological](/wiki/Theology \"Theology\") studies and an [interdisciplinary](/wiki/Interdisciplinarity \"Interdisciplinarity\") collegial environment. At the same time, this concept allowed the University to respond to [cultural diversity](/wiki/Cultural_diversity \"Cultural diversity\") in the province, yet honour long\\-standing historical relationships with the colleges.", "Special arrangements were made with the [Collรจge Universitaire de Saint\\-Boniface](/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Universitaire_de_Saint-Boniface \"Collรจge Universitaire de Saint-Boniface\") (now the Universitรฉ de Saint\\-Boniface) due to its specific language and cultural mission. While answerable directly to the University of Manitoba Senate on academic matters, the Collรจge retained public funding and some administrative autonomy, including the appointment of faculty.", "In 1989, [Menno Simons College](/wiki/Menno_Simons_College \"Menno Simons College\") was established. In 1998, the Manitoba government proclaimed a new charter for the creation of a university\\-level, degree\\-granting federation of Mennonite colleges. The following year, the Mennonite College Federation (now [Canadian Mennonite University](/wiki/Canadian_Mennonite_University \"Canadian Mennonite University\")) was incorporated through the amalgamation of the existing Canadian Mennonite Bible College, Concord College, and Menno Simons College, offering joint academic programs.", "[Booth University College](/wiki/Booth_University_College \"Booth University College\") (originally Catherine Booth Bible College, and later William and Catherine Booth College) was founded by the [Salvation Army](/wiki/The_Salvation_Army \"The Salvation Army\") in 1982\\.", "In November 1996, an Act of the [Manitoba Legislature](/wiki/Manitoba_Legislature \"Manitoba Legislature\") established the Council on Post\\-Secondary Education (COPSE) to replace the Universities Grants Commission as an [armโ€™s length agency](/wiki/Arm%27s_length_body \"Arm's length body\") that acted as a semi\\-autonomous intermediary between post\\-secondary institutions and the provincial government. Beginning operations in April 1997, COPSE purposed to advise government on the financial needs of institutions, distribute annual grants authorized by the legislature to public institutions and private denominational institutions, and coordinate program and policy development.<https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ald/pdf/final_report_op_org_review.pdf> {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=March 2022}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Post\\-Secondary Education {{!}} Economic Development and Training\\|url\\=https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ald/compendium/index.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-14\\|website\\=www.edu.gov.mb.ca\\|language\\=en}}Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy. *Council on Post\\-Secondary Education*. Retrieved November 25, 2011 from <http://www.copse.mb.ca/> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105025155/http://copse.mb.ca/ \\|date\\=2015\\-01\\-05 }}", "### Recent", "Other special arrangements include those made with the Ukrainian Orthodox [St. Andrew's College](/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_College%2C_Manitoba \"St. Andrew's College, Manitoba\"),[St. Andrew's College (n.d.).](http://umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_andrews/) *University of Manitoba Colleges.* Retrieved on June 20, 2015 jointly sponsoring a [Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies](/wiki/Centre_for_Ukrainian_Canadian_Studies \"Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies\") which, although not formally linked as an institution, is located on the U of M's campus.[Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies (n.d.).](http://www.umanitoba.ca/centres/ukrainian_canadian/newsletter/index.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613065306/http://www.umanitoba.ca/centres/ukrainian\\_canadian/newsletter/index.html \\|date\\=2007\\-06\\-13 }} *Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies.* Retrieved on May 15, 2008 Approved Teaching Centres have also been created to teach specific University\\-approved courses that are offered by other denominational colleges. These approved courses may also be applied towards a bachelor's degree at the U of M.[The Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies (n.d.).](http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/departments/ukrainian_canadian_studies/) *The Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies.* Retrieved on July 15, 2008", "Today, the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\") enrols almost 30,000 studentsโ€”25,000 [undergraduates](/wiki/Undergraduate_education \"Undergraduate education\") and 4,000 [graduates](/wiki/Graduate_education \"Graduate education\"), with 13% being international[University of Manitoba. *By the numbers*.](http://umanitoba.ca/about/factandfigures/#by-the-numbers) Retrieved June 20, 2015โ€”and offers the most comprehensive selection of degree programs, including professional and graduate, of any university in the province. In all, 100 diploma and certificate programs are offered, more than 60 of which are at the undergraduate level.[University of Manitoba (2015\\). *Academic programs*.](http://umanitoba.ca/about/factandfigures/#academic-units) Retrieved June 20, 2015 The University also contributes $1\\.8 billion to the social and economic fabric of the province in annual economic activity.[University of Manitoba. *More impact*.](http://umanitoba.ca/about/quick_facts/more_impact.html) Retrieved September 27, 2011", "", "Established in 2004, [University College of the North](/wiki/University_College_of_the_North \"University College of the North\") is Manitoba's newest post\\-secondary institution.", "In June 2010, [Booth University College](/wiki/Booth_University_College \"Booth University College\") received [university college](/wiki/University_college \"University college\") status from the Manitoba Legislature, making it one of the newest university colleges in Manitoba.", "" ]
Internal structure and governance --------------------------------- According to the province's *Advanced Education Administration Act*, "post\-secondary education" refers to "education in programs and subjects normally offered by universities or colleges, but does not include a collegiate program or a denominational theological program described in subsection 9\.2(2\)." A major public review of higher education in Manitoba, submitted in 1973 as the *Task Force on Postsecondary Education*, more commonly known as the *Oliver Commission*, recommended closer articulation between Manitoba's universities and community colleges. The system remains a binary one, however, with few university transfer programs or college courses which can be applied towards a university degree.Gregor, A.D. (1997\). Higher education in Manitoba. In Jones, G.A. (Ed.), *Higher education in Canada: Different systems, different perspectives* (pp.115\-136\). New York: Garland In June 2011, the public college and university presidents in Manitoba signed a memorandum of understanding intended to make it easier for students to transfer credits between post\-secondary institutions and receive credit for prior learning therefore increasing student mobility. ### Universities According to the *Advanced Education Administration Act*, "university" means either (a) the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba "University of Manitoba"); (b) "a college declared to be affiliated with The University of Manitoba under *The University of Manitoba Act*;" (c) the [University of Winnipeg](/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg "University of Winnipeg"); (d) [Brandon University](/wiki/Brandon_University "Brandon University"); (e) [University College of the North](/wiki/University_College_of_the_North "University College of the North"); (f) [Universitรฉ de Saint\-Boniface](/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Saint-Boniface "Universitรฉ de Saint-Boniface"); and (g) "the corporation established by *The Mennonite College Federation Act*." As set out by their respective legislations, Brandon University, University of Winnipeg, and University of Manitoba are governed by a [bicameral system](/wiki/Bicameralism "Bicameralism"), shared between a [Board of Governors](/wiki/Board_of_Governors "Board of Governors") (or [Board of Regents](/wiki/Board_of_regents "Board of regents") for U of W), which looks after finance, overall policy, and the physical plant; and a [Senate](/wiki/Academic_senate "Academic senate"), which takes charge of academic matters (including [curriculum](/wiki/Curriculum "Curriculum") development, [academic standards](/wiki/Academic_standards "Academic standards"), student appeals, etc.).{{Cite web\|title\=Home {{!}} Board of Regents {{!}} The University of Winnipeg\|url\=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/regents/\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-14\|website\=www.uwinnipeg.ca}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://umanitoba.ca/governance/\|title \= Governance \| University of Manitoba}} In contrast, the University College of the North (UCN) has a [tricameral system](/wiki/Tri-cameral_system "Tri-cameral system") of governance: the [Governing Council](/wiki/Governing_Council "Governing Council") is the governing body; the Learning Council is the academic body; and the Council of Elders is the advisory body, providing guidance to the two other Councils and to the administration of UCN. Moreover, both the Learning Council and the Council of Elders have representation on the Governing Council.{{Cite web\|title\=UCN Governing Council\|url\=https://www.ucn.ca/sites/governance/councilgoverning/Pages/UCN\-Governing\-Council.aspx\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-14\|website\=www.ucn.ca}} UCN grants degrees, diplomas, and certificates in academic, trades, technology, vocational, and literacy training programs, as well as offering transition and preparatory programs for underprepared students. Ideally situated to reach potential students living in [northern Manitoba](/wiki/Northern_Region%2C_Manitoba "Northern Region, Manitoba"), it offers basic education upgrading and [adult literacy](/wiki/Adult_literacy "Adult literacy") programs, as well as post\-secondary transition and preparatory programs for underprepared students. It also develops academic programs in conjunction with other post\-secondary institutions in the province. Several UCN campuses in northern Manitoba serve the educational needs of [First Nations](/wiki/First_Nations_in_Manitoba "First Nations in Manitoba") and other residents of the vast geographical area.University College of the North. (2008\). *About UCN*. Retrieved May 19, 2008, from <https://www.ucn.ca/ics/Welcome/The_UCN_Community.jnz> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211442/https://www.ucn.ca/ics/Welcome/The\_UCN\_Community.jnz\|date\=2011\-07\-06}} Legally, the [Universitรฉ de Saint\-Boniface](/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Saint-Boniface "Universitรฉ de Saint-Boniface") (USB) is an affiliated college of the U of M and therefore USB students receive U of M degrees.{{Cite web\|title\=Post\-Secondary Education {{!}} Economic Development and Training\|url\=https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ald/statistics.html\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-14\|website\=www.edu.gov.mb.ca\|language\=en}} USB nevertheless retains some administrative autonomy and answers directly to the University Senate. The universities of Manitoba are currently governed by *The Brandon University Act*, *The University College of the North Act*, *The University of Winnipeg Act*, and *The University of Manitoba Act*, and *Universitรฉ de Saint\-Boniface Act*, respectively. ### Colleges and vocational schools {{Infobox legislation \| short\_title \= ''The Colleges Act'' \| legislature \= \[\[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]] \| long\_title \= \| citation \= \[https://web2\.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/c150\-1e.php C.C.S.M. c. C150\.1] \| territorial\_extent \= \| enacted\_by \= \| date\_enacted \= 2nd Session, \[\[35th Manitoba Legislature\|35th Legislature]] \| date\_assented \= July 26, 1991 \| date\_commenced \= \| bill \= Bill 49 \| bill\_citation \= \| bill\_date \= \| introduced\_by \= \| 1st\_reading \= \| 2nd\_reading \= \| 3rd\_reading \= \| amended\_by \= SM 2017, c. 19, art. 31 \| summary \= \| keywords \= \| status \= amended }} Public colleges and private denominational colleges are established by the [Lieutenant Governor in Council](/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Manitoba "Lieutenant governor of Manitoba") and have been governed by ***The Colleges Act*** since 1991\. The Act provides for a Board of Governors to run each college, thereby allowing greater institutional autonomy than the previous centralized system.Dennison, J.D., \& Gallagher, P. (1986\). *Canada's community colleges: A critical analysis*. Vancouver: University of British Columbia PressSheffield, E., Campbell, D.D., Holmes, J., Kymlicka, B.B., \& Whitelaw, J.H. (1978\). *Systems of higher education: Canada*. New York: International Council for Educational Development The mandate of the Act is "to enhance the economic and social well\-being of Manitoba through the provision of a broad range of educational opportunities." Founded in 1942, [Assiniboine Community College](/wiki/Assiniboine_Community_College "Assiniboine Community College"), [Red River College Polytechnic](/wiki/Red_River_College_Polytechnic "Red River College Polytechnic") (formerly Red River Community College), and [University College of the North](/wiki/University_College_of_the_North "University College of the North") (formerly Keewatin Community College) are public colleges that have a [vocational](/wiki/Vocational_education "Vocational education") mandate, as they are largely dependent on federal funding targeted at [occupational training](/wiki/Tradesman "Tradesman"). The [ร‰cole technique et professionnelle](/wiki/%C3%89cole_technique_et_professionnelle "ร‰cole technique et professionnelle"), which is also publicly funded, is the only francophone college in the province, and is operated under the [Universitรฉ de Saint\-Boniface](/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Saint-Boniface "Universitรฉ de Saint-Boniface"). [Canadian Mennonite University](/wiki/Canadian_Mennonite_University "Canadian Mennonite University") (CMU) is a private university in Manitoba, owned by the [Mennonite Church Canada](/wiki/Mennonite_Church_Canada "Mennonite Church Canada"), [Mennonite Brethren Church](/wiki/Canadian_Conference_of_Mennonite_Brethren_Churches "Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches") of Manitoba, and Friends of Menno Simons College. CMU was founded through *The Mennonite College Federation Act* as an amalgamation of three colleges: Concord College (originally Mennonite Brethren Bible College), Canadian Mennonite Bible College, and [Menno Simons College](/wiki/Menno_Simons_College "Menno Simons College"). The CMU is internally governed by its Senate, which is made up of administrator\-appointed faculty and the President's Council. The Council serves as an external accountability body made of up the three current owners of the University, and also elects the CMU Board of Governors. Private [vocational institutions](/wiki/Vocational_school "Vocational school") in Manitoba are registered under the *Private Vocational Institutions Act*, which "provides consumer protection and ensures that the training provides a person with skills and knowledge required to pursue employment in their chosen field;" as well as *Manitoba Regulation 237/02*.
[ "Internal structure and governance\n---------------------------------", "According to the province's *Advanced Education Administration Act*, \"post\\-secondary education\" refers to \"education in programs and subjects normally offered by universities or colleges, but does not include a collegiate program or a denominational theological program described in subsection 9\\.2(2\\).\"", "A major public review of higher education in Manitoba, submitted in 1973 as the *Task Force on Postsecondary Education*, more commonly known as the *Oliver Commission*, recommended closer articulation between Manitoba's universities and community colleges. The system remains a binary one, however, with few university transfer programs or college courses which can be applied towards a university degree.Gregor, A.D. (1997\\). Higher education in Manitoba. In Jones, G.A. (Ed.), *Higher education in Canada: Different systems, different perspectives* (pp.115\\-136\\). New York: Garland In June 2011, the public college and university presidents in Manitoba signed a memorandum of understanding intended to make it easier for students to transfer credits between post\\-secondary institutions and receive credit for prior learning therefore increasing student mobility.", "### Universities", "According to the *Advanced Education Administration Act*, \"university\" means either (a) the [University of Manitoba](/wiki/University_of_Manitoba \"University of Manitoba\"); (b) \"a college declared to be affiliated with The University of Manitoba under *The University of Manitoba Act*;\" (c) the [University of Winnipeg](/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg \"University of Winnipeg\"); (d) [Brandon University](/wiki/Brandon_University \"Brandon University\"); (e) [University College of the North](/wiki/University_College_of_the_North \"University College of the North\"); (f) [Universitรฉ de Saint\\-Boniface](/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Saint-Boniface \"Universitรฉ de Saint-Boniface\"); and (g) \"the corporation established by *The Mennonite College Federation Act*.\"", "As set out by their respective legislations, Brandon University, University of Winnipeg, and University of Manitoba are governed by a [bicameral system](/wiki/Bicameralism \"Bicameralism\"), shared between a [Board of Governors](/wiki/Board_of_Governors \"Board of Governors\") (or [Board of Regents](/wiki/Board_of_regents \"Board of regents\") for U of W), which looks after finance, overall policy, and the physical plant; and a [Senate](/wiki/Academic_senate \"Academic senate\"), which takes charge of academic matters (including [curriculum](/wiki/Curriculum \"Curriculum\") development, [academic standards](/wiki/Academic_standards \"Academic standards\"), student appeals, etc.).{{Cite web\\|title\\=Home {{!}} Board of Regents {{!}} The University of Winnipeg\\|url\\=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/regents/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-14\\|website\\=www.uwinnipeg.ca}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://umanitoba.ca/governance/\\|title \\= Governance \\| University of Manitoba}}", "In contrast, the University College of the North (UCN) has a [tricameral system](/wiki/Tri-cameral_system \"Tri-cameral system\") of governance: the [Governing Council](/wiki/Governing_Council \"Governing Council\") is the governing body; the Learning Council is the academic body; and the Council of Elders is the advisory body, providing guidance to the two other Councils and to the administration of UCN. Moreover, both the Learning Council and the Council of Elders have representation on the Governing Council.{{Cite web\\|title\\=UCN Governing Council\\|url\\=https://www.ucn.ca/sites/governance/councilgoverning/Pages/UCN\\-Governing\\-Council.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-14\\|website\\=www.ucn.ca}}", "UCN grants degrees, diplomas, and certificates in academic, trades, technology, vocational, and literacy training programs, as well as offering transition and preparatory programs for underprepared students. Ideally situated to reach potential students living in [northern Manitoba](/wiki/Northern_Region%2C_Manitoba \"Northern Region, Manitoba\"), it offers basic education upgrading and [adult literacy](/wiki/Adult_literacy \"Adult literacy\") programs, as well as post\\-secondary transition and preparatory programs for underprepared students. It also develops academic programs in conjunction with other post\\-secondary institutions in the province. Several UCN campuses in northern Manitoba serve the educational needs of [First Nations](/wiki/First_Nations_in_Manitoba \"First Nations in Manitoba\") and other residents of the vast geographical area.University College of the North. (2008\\). *About UCN*. Retrieved May 19, 2008, from\n<https://www.ucn.ca/ics/Welcome/The_UCN_Community.jnz> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706211442/https://www.ucn.ca/ics/Welcome/The\\_UCN\\_Community.jnz\\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-06}}", "Legally, the [Universitรฉ de Saint\\-Boniface](/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Saint-Boniface \"Universitรฉ de Saint-Boniface\") (USB) is an affiliated college of the U of M and therefore USB students receive U of M degrees.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Post\\-Secondary Education {{!}} Economic Development and Training\\|url\\=https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/ald/statistics.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-14\\|website\\=www.edu.gov.mb.ca\\|language\\=en}} USB nevertheless retains some administrative autonomy and answers directly to the University Senate.", "The universities of Manitoba are currently governed by *The Brandon University Act*, *The University College of the North Act*, *The University of Winnipeg Act*, and *The University of Manitoba Act*, and *Universitรฉ de Saint\\-Boniface Act*, respectively.", "### Colleges and vocational schools", "{{Infobox legislation\n\\| short\\_title \\= ''The Colleges Act''\n\\| legislature \\= \\[\\[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba]]\n\\| long\\_title \\= \n\\| citation \\= \\[https://web2\\.gov.mb.ca/laws/statutes/ccsm/c150\\-1e.php C.C.S.M. c. C150\\.1]\n\\| territorial\\_extent \\= \n\\| enacted\\_by \\= \n\\| date\\_enacted \\= 2nd Session, \\[\\[35th Manitoba Legislature\\|35th Legislature]]\n\\| date\\_assented \\= July 26, 1991\n\\| date\\_commenced \\= \n\\| bill \\= Bill 49\n\\| bill\\_citation \\= \n\\| bill\\_date \\= \n\\| introduced\\_by \\= \n\\| 1st\\_reading \\= \n\\| 2nd\\_reading \\= \n\\| 3rd\\_reading \\= \n\\| amended\\_by \\= SM 2017, c. 19, art. 31\n\\| summary \\= \n\\| keywords \\= \n\\| status \\= amended\n}}", "Public colleges and private denominational colleges are established by the [Lieutenant Governor in Council](/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Manitoba \"Lieutenant governor of Manitoba\") and have been governed by ***The Colleges Act*** since 1991\\. The Act provides for a Board of Governors to run each college, thereby allowing greater institutional autonomy than the previous centralized system.Dennison, J.D., \\& Gallagher, P. (1986\\). *Canada's community colleges: A critical analysis*. Vancouver: University of British Columbia PressSheffield, E., Campbell, D.D., Holmes, J., Kymlicka, B.B., \\& Whitelaw, J.H. (1978\\). *Systems of higher education: Canada*. New York: International Council for Educational Development The mandate of the Act is \"to enhance the economic and social well\\-being of Manitoba through the provision of a broad range of educational opportunities.\"", "Founded in 1942, [Assiniboine Community College](/wiki/Assiniboine_Community_College \"Assiniboine Community College\"), [Red River College Polytechnic](/wiki/Red_River_College_Polytechnic \"Red River College Polytechnic\") (formerly Red River Community College), and [University College of the North](/wiki/University_College_of_the_North \"University College of the North\") (formerly Keewatin Community College) are public colleges that have a [vocational](/wiki/Vocational_education \"Vocational education\") mandate, as they are largely dependent on federal funding targeted at [occupational training](/wiki/Tradesman \"Tradesman\").", "The [ร‰cole technique et professionnelle](/wiki/%C3%89cole_technique_et_professionnelle \"ร‰cole technique et professionnelle\"), which is also publicly funded, is the only francophone college in the province, and is operated under the [Universitรฉ de Saint\\-Boniface](/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Saint-Boniface \"Universitรฉ de Saint-Boniface\").", "[Canadian Mennonite University](/wiki/Canadian_Mennonite_University \"Canadian Mennonite University\") (CMU) is a private university in Manitoba, owned by the [Mennonite Church Canada](/wiki/Mennonite_Church_Canada \"Mennonite Church Canada\"), [Mennonite Brethren Church](/wiki/Canadian_Conference_of_Mennonite_Brethren_Churches \"Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches\") of Manitoba, and Friends of Menno Simons College. CMU was founded through *The Mennonite College Federation Act* as an amalgamation of three colleges: Concord College (originally Mennonite Brethren Bible College), Canadian Mennonite Bible College, and [Menno Simons College](/wiki/Menno_Simons_College \"Menno Simons College\"). The CMU is internally governed by its Senate, which is made up of administrator\\-appointed faculty and the President's Council. The Council serves as an external accountability body made of up the three current owners of the University, and also elects the CMU Board of Governors.", "Private [vocational institutions](/wiki/Vocational_school \"Vocational school\") in Manitoba are registered under the *Private Vocational Institutions Act*, which \"provides consumer protection and ensures that the training provides a person with skills and knowledge required to pursue employment in their chosen field;\" as well as *Manitoba Regulation 237/02*.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early funds After university Odey qualified as a [barrister](/wiki/Barrister "Barrister") but instead of taking up a legal career, he joined Framlington fund managers, and then left to work for [Barings International](/wiki/Barings_Bank "Barings Bank"), where he managed the Baring European Growth Trust. He ran continental European pension funds at Framlington and Barings.Blackhurst, Chris (1 April 2011\). ["The MT Interview: Crispin Odey of Odey Asset Management"](http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/features/1061079/MT-Interview-Crispin-Odey-Odey-Asset-Management/). *[Management Today](/wiki/Management_Today "Management Today")*. Retrieved 13 June 2012\.["Manager Factsheet: Crispin Odey"](http://www.trustnet.com/Managers/ManagerFactsheet.aspx?univ=U&personCode=00000083DG), Trustnet. Retrieved 13 June 2012\. ### 1991โ€“2015: Odey Asset Management founding Odey founded Odey Asset Management in 1991\. [George Soros](/wiki/George_Soros "George Soros") was one of the original investors, seeding Odey $150ย million. Odey suffered large losses in 1994 when the [Federal Reserve](/wiki/Federal_Reserve "Federal Reserve") unexpectedly lifted interest rates (one of his funds lost 44 per cent of its value), but went on to thrive, for instance by foreseeing that the value of insurers would rise after the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks "September 11 attacks") on New York in 2001\.{{cite news \|last\=Teather \|first\=David \|date\=4 August 2008 \|title\=Crispin Odey: Hedge fund manager pays himself ยฃ28m after thriving during credit crunch \|work\=The Guardian \|location\=London \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/aug/04/creditcrunch?gusrc\=rss\&feed\=uknews \|access\-date\=13 June 2012}} Through the early part of the 2000s, Odey worked closely with [Hugh Hendry](/wiki/Hugh_Hendry "Hugh Hendry"), whom he had recruited and who ran Odey's top performing Continental Europe Fund. Hendry left in 2005 to establish Eclectica Asset Management. In reference to Hendry, Odey himself said: "Odey in the 1990s was a one\-man band; Odey in the 2000s was a two\-man band". According to *The New York Times*, Odey "came to prominence during the 2008 financial crisis when he [shorted](/wiki/Short_%28finance%29 "Short (finance)") banking shares, a lucrative wager that helped him to earn almost 28ย million pounds that year". That year his return was 54\.8 per cent. He had been [bearish](/wiki/Market_sentiment "Market sentiment") about the position of banks for a number of years, [shorting](/wiki/Shorting "Shorting") [Bradford \& Bingley](/wiki/Bradford_%26_Bingley "Bradford & Bingley") as early as 2005, questioning the German [Landesbanks](/wiki/Landesbank "Landesbank") and warning consistently about the dangers of debt and inflated house prices. He continued his short positions into early 2009 but in April took longer positions as he predicted the market rally of that year. *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* newspaper selected Odey as a "Business Big Shot" in 2008\.{{cite news \|last\=Gray \|first\=Sadie \|title\=Business movers and shakers \|work\=The Times \|location\=London \|url\=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers\_and\_shakers/article4460818\.ece \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612134712/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers\_and\_shakers/article4460818\.ece \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=12 June 2011 \|access\-date\=4 March 2012}} In May 2009, Odey attracted some controversy for saying in *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* that he would leave the country to avoid paying 50% income tax.{{cite news \|last\=Gray \|first\=Sadie \|title\=Banking and finance \|work\=The Times \|location\=London \|url\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry\_sectors/banking\_and\_finance/article6256502\.ece \|access\-date\=4 March 2012}}{{dead link\|date\=September 2024\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} He was at the centre of further controversy in 2009 when it was suggested that he financially backed anti\-EU campaigners in the Irish referendum on the [Lisbon Treaty](/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty "Lisbon Treaty")Molloy, Thomas (29 September 2009\). ["Odey one of the most successful financiers in UK"](http://www.independent.ie/national-news/odey-one-of-the-most-successful-financiers-in-uk-1898845.html). *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent "Irish Independent")*. Dublin. Retrieved 13 June 2012\. while some hedge funds had taken out specific bets on the insolvency of the country in the event that the vote not be carried.{{cite news \|date\=29 September 2009 \|title\=Funding allegations dominate Lisbon debate \|newspaper\=The Irish Times \|location\=Dublin}} The Treaty passed by a margin of 67\.1 per cent to 32\.9 per cent.{{cite news \|date\=3 October 2009 \|title\=Taoiseach welcomes 'decisive step' \|publisher\=RTร‰ News \|url\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1003/eulisbonreax.html \|access\-date\=4 March 2012}} In [faxes](/wiki/Fax "Fax") sent to [RTร‰](/wiki/RT%C3%89 "RTร‰") and [TV3](/wiki/TV3_%28Ireland%29 "TV3 (Ireland)"), Odey denied that he had funded the [Libertas](/wiki/Libertas.eu "Libertas.eu") "no" campaign.["Odey denies funding Ganley no campaign"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130830170605/http://www.politics.ie/forum/lisbon-treaty/107874-odey-denies-funding-ganley-no-campaign.html), [politics.ie](/wiki/Politics.ie "Politics.ie"), 30 September 2009\. Retrieved 13 June 2012\. In May 2010, Odey Asset Management formed a new investment management firm with [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva "Geneva")'s Bruellan Wealth Management called Odey Bruellan.{{cite news \|last\=Giles \|first\=Warren \|date\=10 May 2010 \|title\=Odey Forms Joint\-Venture Firm With Geneva's Bruellan \|work\=\[\[Bloomberg L.P.\|Bloomberg]] \|location\=New York \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010\-05\-10/crispin\-odey\-forms\-swiss\-joint\-venture\-to\-target\-private\-banking\-clients \|access\-date\=8 January 2017}} In April 2011, the firm had $6\.5 to $7ย billion under management, with Odey personally running $4ย billion of assets. Odey Asset Management's Odey European Inc. fund was ranked No. 5 on Bloomberg's 2012 list of the 100 Top\-Performing Large Hedge Funds.{{cite web \|date\=3 January 2013 \|title\=The 100 Top\-Performing Large Hedge Funds \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-01\-03/the\-100\-top\-performing\-large\-hedge\-funds.html \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214120809/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\-01\-03/the\-100\-top\-performing\-large\-hedge\-funds.html \|archive\-date\=14 February 2013 \|website\=www.bloomberg.com}} ### 2016โ€“2019 In 2016, it was reported that Odey saw his personal fortune drop by ยฃ200ย million after profits at Odey Asset Management suffered a significant decline. His salary was cut because profits were down nearly 45% from the previous year.{{cite news \|date\=22 April 2016 \|title\=Hedge fund manager goes from billionaire to millionaire in profits plunge \|work\=The Guardian \|agency\=Press Association \|location\=London \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\-news/2016/apr/22/hedge\-fund\-manager\-crispin\-odey\-billionaire\-to\-millionaire\-profits\-plunge \|access\-date\=20 June 2017}}{{cite news \|last\=Bow \|first\=Michael \|date\=22 April 2016 \|title\=Crispin Odey warns of banking crisis as profits nosedive \|work\=London Evening Standard \|url\=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/crispin\-odey\-warns\-of\-banking\-crisis\-as\-profits\-nosedive\-a3231351\.html \|access\-date\=20 June 2017}} In 2016, Odey was a prominent backer of [Brexit](/wiki/Brexit "Brexit"), arguing it would allow the UK to govern itself. Later that year, his hedge fund won about 15% of its value following the results of the [Brexit referendum](/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum").{{cite news \|last\=Wainewright \|first\=Will \|date\=24 June 2016 \|title\=Crispin Odey's Main Hedge Fund Said to Gain 15% on Brexit Vote \|work\=Bloomberg \|location\=New York \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\-06\-24/\-brave\-brexit\-decision\-reflects\-disaffection\-says\-crispin\-odey\-iptisg51 \|access\-date\=24 August 2016}} He told the BBC on the morning of the result that he had made ยฃ220ย million speculating that the markets would fall, saying "'Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca' โ€“ the morning has gold in its mouth".{{cite news \|last\=Cowburn \|first\=Ashley \|date\=23 September 2016 \|title\=Hedge fund manager describes moment he won ยฃ220ย million on Brexit vote: 'The morning has gold in its mouth' \|work\=The Independent \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/hedge\-fund\-manager\-describes\-moment\-he\-won\-ps220\-million\-brexit\-vote\-the\-morning\-has\-gold\-in\-its\-mouth\-a7323626\.html \|access\-date\=13 December 2022}} Overall, his flagship fund made losses of almost 50% in 2016\. The firm's operating profits dropped from 44\.3ย million pounds to 18\.6ย million pounds in 2016\. In June 2017, *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")* reported that his fund had profited from the drop in the value of the pound that resulted from a hung parliament.{{cite news \|last\=Martin \|first\=Ben \|date\=9 June 2017 \|title\=Crispin Odey's hedge fund profits from pound's election slide \|work\=The Daily Telegraph \|location\=London \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/06/09/crispin\-odeys\-hedge\-fund\-profits\-pounds\-election\-slide/ \|access\-date\=7 January 2017}} In August 2017, he remained an investor in [Sky](/wiki/Sky_plc "Sky plc").{{cite news \|last\=Elder \|first\=Bryce \|date\=11 August 2017 \|title\=Crispin Odey digs in over his Sky stake as Murdoch circles \|work\=\[\[Financial Times]] \|location\=London \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/a7e53004\-7ea4\-11e7\-ab01\-a13271d1ee9c \|access\-date\=7 January 2017}} After initially backing the [Fox](/wiki/Twenty-First_Century_Fox "Twenty-First Century Fox") bid for [Sky](/wiki/Sky_%28company%29 "Sky (company)"), in November 2017, he opposed the bid, after Sky's financial results proved "better than people forecast."{{cite news \|last\=Martin \|first\=Ben \|date\=7 November 2017 \|title\=Sky investor Crispin Odey opposes Fox bid as Disney talks fuel uncertainty \|work\=\[\[The Globe and Mail]] \|location\=Toronto \|url\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report\-on\-business/international\-business/european\-business/sky\-investor\-crispin\-odey\-says\-he\-now\-opposes\-fox\-takeover/article36859128/ \|access\-date\=7 January 2017}} Assets under management at the fund dropped from $11\.7ย billion at the start of 2015, to $5\.5ย billion in September 2017\.{{cite news \|last\=Williams\-Grut \|first\=Oscar \|date\=1 November 2017 \|title\=Top hedge fund manager Crispin Odey: Markets are 'starting to go hyperbolic' \|work\=\[\[Business Insider]] \|url\=http://www.businessinsider.com/hedge\-fund\-manager\-crispin\-odey\-says\-his\-record\-since\-2015\-is\-not\-good\-2017\-11 \|access\-date\=7 January 2017}} Also, funds in his flagship fund, Odey European, fell from โ‚ฌ2\.5ย billion at the start of 2015 to โ‚ฌ184ย million. The *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* chalked the losses in part to "poorly timed" trades.{{cite news \|last\=Johnson \|first\=Miles \|date\=24 October 2017 \|title\=Poorly timed trades crush fund assets managed by Crispin Odey \|work\=\[\[Financial Times]] \|location\=London \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/dfeca806\-b8d3\-11e7\-8c12\-5661783e5589 \|access\-date\=7 January 2017}} On 5 January 2018, *The New York Times* reported that Odey Asset Management had lost more than a fifth of its value in 2017, dropping around 20\.5 percent. *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reported that Odey's fund's "performance has suffered heavily after he took a negative stance on the outlook for the global economy and [bearish](/wiki/Bearish "Bearish") positions against shares that have not borne fruit."{{cite news \|last1\=Martin \|first1\=Ben \|last2\=Weir \|first2\=Keith \|date\=5 January 2018 \|title\=Odey Hedge Fund Lost More Than a Fifth of Value in 2017 \|work\=The New York Times \|agency\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/01/05/business/05reuters\-odey\-fund.html \|access\-date\=6 January 2017}} He had also made "bets against the Fed", explaining to his clients that "it would certainly be simpler to follow the market. But then we would be ignoring the fundamental data". He had also assumed there would be a crash resulting from high interest rates.{{cite news \|last\=Baker \|first\=Phillip \|date\=27 October 2017 \|title\=The big mistake Crispin Odey made fighting the Fed \|work\=The Australian Financial Review \|location\=Melbourne \|url\=http://www.afr.com/markets/equity\-markets/the\-big\-mistake\-crispin\-odey\-made\-fighting\-the\-fed\-20171026\-gz99gz \|access\-date\=7 January 2017}} In February 2019, less than two months before the then Brexit date, Odey again bet against the pound.{{cite web \|date\=18 February 2019 \|title\=Crispin Odey Is Shorting the Pound Again \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019\-02\-18/brexiteer\-odey\-renews\-hedge\-fund\-s\-reviled\-bet\-on\-pound\-plunging?srnd\=premium\-europe \|access\-date\=16 March 2021 \|website\=www.bloomberg.com}} ### Since 2020: sexual assault allegations and departure from firm In May 2020, Odey was charged with indecent assault after a complaint by a woman over an incident in 1998\.{{cite news \|last\=Hardy \|first\=Jack \|date\=11 March 2021 \|title\=Hedge fund boss Crispin Odey acquitted of indecent assault \|work\=The Telegraph \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/11/hedge\-fund\-boss\-crispin\-odey\-acquitted\-indecent\-assault/ \|access\-date\=12 March 2021 \|issn\=0307\-1235}} Odey denied the charge at [Westminster Magistrates' Court](/wiki/Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court "Westminster Magistrates' Court") in September and was bailed to appear at Hendon [magistrates' court](/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_%28England_and_Wales%29 "Magistrates' court (England and Wales)") in February 2021\.{{cite news \|last\=Media \|first\=P.ย A. \|date\=28 September 2020 \|title\=Hedge fund boss Crispin Odey in court on indecent assault charge \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\-news/2020/sep/28/hedge\-fund\-boss\-crispin\-odey\-in\-court\-on\-indecent\-assault\-charge \|access\-date\=29 September 2020 \|issn\=0261\-3077}} After a trial at Westminster Magistrates' Court in March 2021, Odey was cleared of the charge.{{cite news \|date\=11 March 2021 \|title\=Crispin Odey indecent assault case: Hedge fund boss cleared \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-england\-london\-56361785 \|access\-date\=12 March 2021}}{{cite web \|date\=11 March 2021 \|title\=Hedge fund boss Crispin Odey not guilty of indecent assault, judge rules \|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/law/2021/mar/11/hedge\-fund\-boss\-crispin\-odey\-not\-guilty\-of\-indecent\-assault\-judge\-rules \|access\-date\=11 March 2021 \|website\=The Guardian}} In June 2023, the *Financial Times* reported allegations that he had sexually harassed or assaulted 13 women over 25 years.{{cite news \|title\=Odey Asset Management investigated as sexual harassment claims emerge \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\-65849544 \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|website\=\[\[BBC News]]}} Odey denied the allegations.{{cite news \|last\=Neate \|first\=Rupert \|date\=8 June 2023 \|title\=Morgan Stanley cuts ties with Crispin Odey after sexual assault allegations \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jun/08/morgan\-stanley\-cuts\-ties\-with\-crispin\-odey\-after\-sexual\-assault\-allegations \|newspaper\=The Guardian}}[How Crispin Odey evaded sexual assault allegations for decades](https://archive.today/20230608153907/https://www.ft.com/content/e5d14398-e866-44b3-8ecb-4e6371167c6d), Madison Marriage, Antonia Cundy and Paul Caruana Galizia, 8 June 2023, Financial Times Following the *Financial Times* report, it was reported that [Financial Conduct Authority](/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority "Financial Conduct Authority") was preparing to launch an investigation into Odey Asset Management regarding the allegations about Odey.{{cite news \|last\=Neate \|first\=Rupert \|date\=8 June 2023 \|title\=Financial watchdog investigating Crispin Odey after sexual assault allegations \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jun/08/morgan\-stanley\-cuts\-ties\-with\-crispin\-odey\-after\-sexual\-assault\-allegations \|access\-date\=9 June 2023 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}{{cite news \|last1\=Agnew \|first1\=Harriet \|last2\=Marriage \|first2\=Madison \|last3\=Cundy \|first3\=Antonia \|last4\=Noonan \|first4\=Laura \|date\=8 June 2023 \|title\=FCA investigates Odey Asset Management \|work\=Financial Times \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/f5a4ccf8\-07d6\-42d9\-b6a3\-1ac82231aec8 \|access\-date\=9 June 2023}} It was also announced that [Morgan Stanley](/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") and [JPMorgan Chase](/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") were cancelling their relationships with the firm.{{cite news \|last1\=Mackenzie \|first1\=Nell \|last2\=Ridley \|first2\=Kirstin \|last3\=Keidan \|first3\=Maiya \|last4\=Mandl \|first4\=Carolina \|date\=9 June 2023 \|title\=Odey's prime brokers review ties after misconduct allegations \- sources \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/morgan\-stanley\-plans\-cut\-back\-its\-prime\-broking\-relationship\-with\-odey\-asset\-2023\-06\-08/ \|access\-date\=9 June 2023}}{{cite news \|last1\=Agnew \|first1\=Harriet \|last2\=Smith \|first2\=Robert \|last3\=Dunkley \|first3\=Emma \|last4\=Noonan \|first4\=Laura \|date\=13 June 2023 \|title\=JPMorgan cuts ties with Odey Asset Management \|work\=Financial Times \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/133ff4b2\-cad0\-417e\-b024\-9f6985656c46 \|access\-date\=14 June 2023}} On 10 June, Odey Asset Management's executive committee said that Odey was no longer involved with the firm, commenting "he will no longer have any economic or personal involvement in the partnership."{{cite news \|last1\=Mandl \|first1\=Carolina \|last2\=Mackenzie \|first2\=Nell \|date\=10 June 2023 \|title\=Crispin Odey to leave hedge fund he founded after assault allegations \|work\=Reuters \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/crispin\-odey\-is\-leaving\-hedge\-fund\-he\-founded\-says\-executive\-committee\-2023\-06\-10/ \|access\-date\=10 June 2023}} The firm announced that it will now be "owned and controlled by the remaining partners and managed as an independent legal entity." Shortly after, the company announced its plan to rebrand, removing Odey's name from the firm's name.{{cite news \|last\=Neate \|first\=Rupert \|date\=12 June 2023 \|title\=Crispin Odey's name to be removed from hedge fund he founded \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jun/12/crispin\-odey\-asset\-management\-name\-removed\-hedge\-fund \|access\-date\=14 June 2023 \|issn\=0261\-3077}}
[ "Career\n------", "### Early funds", "After university Odey qualified as a [barrister](/wiki/Barrister \"Barrister\") but instead of taking up a legal career, he joined Framlington fund managers, and then left to work for [Barings International](/wiki/Barings_Bank \"Barings Bank\"), where he managed the Baring European Growth Trust. He ran continental European pension funds at Framlington and Barings.Blackhurst, Chris (1 April 2011\\). [\"The MT Interview: Crispin Odey of Odey Asset Management\"](http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/features/1061079/MT-Interview-Crispin-Odey-Odey-Asset-Management/). *[Management Today](/wiki/Management_Today \"Management Today\")*. Retrieved 13 June 2012\\.[\"Manager Factsheet: Crispin Odey\"](http://www.trustnet.com/Managers/ManagerFactsheet.aspx?univ=U&personCode=00000083DG), Trustnet. Retrieved 13 June 2012\\.", "### 1991โ€“2015: Odey Asset Management founding", "Odey founded Odey Asset Management in 1991\\. [George Soros](/wiki/George_Soros \"George Soros\") was one of the original investors, seeding Odey $150ย million. Odey suffered large losses in 1994 when the [Federal Reserve](/wiki/Federal_Reserve \"Federal Reserve\") unexpectedly lifted interest rates (one of his funds lost 44 per cent of its value), but went on to thrive, for instance by foreseeing that the value of insurers would rise after the [September 11 attacks](/wiki/September_11_attacks \"September 11 attacks\") on New York in 2001\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Teather \\|first\\=David \\|date\\=4 August 2008 \\|title\\=Crispin Odey: Hedge fund manager pays himself ยฃ28m after thriving during credit crunch \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/aug/04/creditcrunch?gusrc\\=rss\\&feed\\=uknews \\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2012}} Through the early part of the 2000s, Odey worked closely with [Hugh Hendry](/wiki/Hugh_Hendry \"Hugh Hendry\"), whom he had recruited and who ran Odey's top performing Continental Europe Fund. Hendry left in 2005 to establish Eclectica Asset Management. In reference to Hendry, Odey himself said: \"Odey in the 1990s was a one\\-man band; Odey in the 2000s was a two\\-man band\".", "According to *The New York Times*, Odey \"came to prominence during the 2008 financial crisis when he [shorted](/wiki/Short_%28finance%29 \"Short (finance)\") banking shares, a lucrative wager that helped him to earn almost 28ย million pounds that year\". That year his return was 54\\.8 per cent. He had been [bearish](/wiki/Market_sentiment \"Market sentiment\") about the position of banks for a number of years, [shorting](/wiki/Shorting \"Shorting\") [Bradford \\& Bingley](/wiki/Bradford_%26_Bingley \"Bradford & Bingley\") as early as 2005, questioning the German [Landesbanks](/wiki/Landesbank \"Landesbank\") and warning consistently about the dangers of debt and inflated house prices. He continued his short positions into early 2009 but in April took longer positions as he predicted the market rally of that year. *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* newspaper selected Odey as a \"Business Big Shot\" in 2008\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Gray \\|first\\=Sadie \\|title\\=Business movers and shakers \\|work\\=The Times \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers\\_and\\_shakers/article4460818\\.ece \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612134712/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/movers\\_and\\_shakers/article4460818\\.ece \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=12 June 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2012}}", "In May 2009, Odey attracted some controversy for saying in *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* that he would leave the country to avoid paying 50% income tax.{{cite news \\|last\\=Gray \\|first\\=Sadie \\|title\\=Banking and finance \\|work\\=The Times \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry\\_sectors/banking\\_and\\_finance/article6256502\\.ece \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2012}}{{dead link\\|date\\=September 2024\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} He was at the centre of further controversy in 2009 when it was suggested that he financially backed anti\\-EU campaigners in the Irish referendum on the [Lisbon Treaty](/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty \"Lisbon Treaty\")Molloy, Thomas (29 September 2009\\). [\"Odey one of the most successful financiers in UK\"](http://www.independent.ie/national-news/odey-one-of-the-most-successful-financiers-in-uk-1898845.html). *[Irish Independent](/wiki/Irish_Independent \"Irish Independent\")*. Dublin. Retrieved 13 June 2012\\. while some hedge funds had taken out specific bets on the insolvency of the country in the event that the vote not be carried.{{cite news \\|date\\=29 September 2009 \\|title\\=Funding allegations dominate Lisbon debate \\|newspaper\\=The Irish Times \\|location\\=Dublin}} The Treaty passed by a margin of 67\\.1 per cent to 32\\.9 per cent.{{cite news \\|date\\=3 October 2009 \\|title\\=Taoiseach welcomes 'decisive step' \\|publisher\\=RTร‰ News \\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1003/eulisbonreax.html \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2012}} In [faxes](/wiki/Fax \"Fax\") sent to [RTร‰](/wiki/RT%C3%89 \"RTร‰\") and [TV3](/wiki/TV3_%28Ireland%29 \"TV3 (Ireland)\"), Odey denied that he had funded the [Libertas](/wiki/Libertas.eu \"Libertas.eu\") \"no\" campaign.[\"Odey denies funding Ganley no campaign\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130830170605/http://www.politics.ie/forum/lisbon-treaty/107874-odey-denies-funding-ganley-no-campaign.html), [politics.ie](/wiki/Politics.ie \"Politics.ie\"), 30 September 2009\\. Retrieved 13 June 2012\\.", "In May 2010, Odey Asset Management formed a new investment management firm with [Geneva](/wiki/Geneva \"Geneva\")'s Bruellan Wealth Management called Odey Bruellan.{{cite news \\|last\\=Giles \\|first\\=Warren \\|date\\=10 May 2010 \\|title\\=Odey Forms Joint\\-Venture Firm With Geneva's Bruellan \\|work\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg L.P.\\|Bloomberg]] \\|location\\=New York \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010\\-05\\-10/crispin\\-odey\\-forms\\-swiss\\-joint\\-venture\\-to\\-target\\-private\\-banking\\-clients \\|access\\-date\\=8 January 2017}} In April 2011, the firm had $6\\.5 to $7ย billion under management, with Odey personally running $4ย billion of assets. Odey Asset Management's Odey European Inc. fund was ranked No. 5 on Bloomberg's 2012 list of the 100 Top\\-Performing Large Hedge Funds.{{cite web \\|date\\=3 January 2013 \\|title\\=The 100 Top\\-Performing Large Hedge Funds \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-01\\-03/the\\-100\\-top\\-performing\\-large\\-hedge\\-funds.html \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214120809/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013\\-01\\-03/the\\-100\\-top\\-performing\\-large\\-hedge\\-funds.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2013 \\|website\\=www.bloomberg.com}}", "### 2016โ€“2019", "In 2016, it was reported that Odey saw his personal fortune drop by ยฃ200ย million after profits at Odey Asset Management suffered a significant decline. His salary was cut because profits were down nearly 45% from the previous year.{{cite news \\|date\\=22 April 2016 \\|title\\=Hedge fund manager goes from billionaire to millionaire in profits plunge \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|agency\\=Press Association \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\\-news/2016/apr/22/hedge\\-fund\\-manager\\-crispin\\-odey\\-billionaire\\-to\\-millionaire\\-profits\\-plunge \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2017}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Bow \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=22 April 2016 \\|title\\=Crispin Odey warns of banking crisis as profits nosedive \\|work\\=London Evening Standard \\|url\\=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/crispin\\-odey\\-warns\\-of\\-banking\\-crisis\\-as\\-profits\\-nosedive\\-a3231351\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=20 June 2017}}", "In 2016, Odey was a prominent backer of [Brexit](/wiki/Brexit \"Brexit\"), arguing it would allow the UK to govern itself. Later that year, his hedge fund won about 15% of its value following the results of the [Brexit referendum](/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Wainewright \\|first\\=Will \\|date\\=24 June 2016 \\|title\\=Crispin Odey's Main Hedge Fund Said to Gain 15% on Brexit Vote \\|work\\=Bloomberg \\|location\\=New York \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\\-06\\-24/\\-brave\\-brexit\\-decision\\-reflects\\-disaffection\\-says\\-crispin\\-odey\\-iptisg51 \\|access\\-date\\=24 August 2016}} He told the BBC on the morning of the result that he had made ยฃ220ย million speculating that the markets would fall, saying \"'Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca' โ€“ the morning has gold in its mouth\".{{cite news \\|last\\=Cowburn \\|first\\=Ashley \\|date\\=23 September 2016 \\|title\\=Hedge fund manager describes moment he won ยฃ220ย million on Brexit vote: 'The morning has gold in its mouth' \\|work\\=The Independent \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/hedge\\-fund\\-manager\\-describes\\-moment\\-he\\-won\\-ps220\\-million\\-brexit\\-vote\\-the\\-morning\\-has\\-gold\\-in\\-its\\-mouth\\-a7323626\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=13 December 2022}} Overall, his flagship fund made losses of almost 50% in 2016\\. The firm's operating profits dropped from 44\\.3ย million pounds to 18\\.6ย million pounds in 2016\\.", "In June 2017, *[The Daily Telegraph](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")* reported that his fund had profited from the drop in the value of the pound that resulted from a hung parliament.{{cite news \\|last\\=Martin \\|first\\=Ben \\|date\\=9 June 2017 \\|title\\=Crispin Odey's hedge fund profits from pound's election slide \\|work\\=The Daily Telegraph \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/06/09/crispin\\-odeys\\-hedge\\-fund\\-profits\\-pounds\\-election\\-slide/ \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2017}} In August 2017, he remained an investor in [Sky](/wiki/Sky_plc \"Sky plc\").{{cite news \\|last\\=Elder \\|first\\=Bryce \\|date\\=11 August 2017 \\|title\\=Crispin Odey digs in over his Sky stake as Murdoch circles \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]] \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/a7e53004\\-7ea4\\-11e7\\-ab01\\-a13271d1ee9c \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2017}} After initially backing the [Fox](/wiki/Twenty-First_Century_Fox \"Twenty-First Century Fox\") bid for [Sky](/wiki/Sky_%28company%29 \"Sky (company)\"), in November 2017, he opposed the bid, after Sky's financial results proved \"better than people forecast.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Martin \\|first\\=Ben \\|date\\=7 November 2017 \\|title\\=Sky investor Crispin Odey opposes Fox bid as Disney talks fuel uncertainty \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Globe and Mail]] \\|location\\=Toronto \\|url\\=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report\\-on\\-business/international\\-business/european\\-business/sky\\-investor\\-crispin\\-odey\\-says\\-he\\-now\\-opposes\\-fox\\-takeover/article36859128/ \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2017}}", "Assets under management at the fund dropped from $11\\.7ย billion at the start of 2015, to $5\\.5ย billion in September 2017\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Williams\\-Grut \\|first\\=Oscar \\|date\\=1 November 2017 \\|title\\=Top hedge fund manager Crispin Odey: Markets are 'starting to go hyperbolic' \\|work\\=\\[\\[Business Insider]] \\|url\\=http://www.businessinsider.com/hedge\\-fund\\-manager\\-crispin\\-odey\\-says\\-his\\-record\\-since\\-2015\\-is\\-not\\-good\\-2017\\-11 \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2017}} Also, funds in his flagship fund, Odey European, fell from โ‚ฌ2\\.5ย billion at the start of 2015 to โ‚ฌ184ย million. The *[Financial Times](/wiki/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* chalked the losses in part to \"poorly timed\" trades.{{cite news \\|last\\=Johnson \\|first\\=Miles \\|date\\=24 October 2017 \\|title\\=Poorly timed trades crush fund assets managed by Crispin Odey \\|work\\=\\[\\[Financial Times]] \\|location\\=London \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/dfeca806\\-b8d3\\-11e7\\-8c12\\-5661783e5589 \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2017}} On 5 January 2018, *The New York Times* reported that Odey Asset Management had lost more than a fifth of its value in 2017, dropping around 20\\.5 percent.", "*[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* reported that Odey's fund's \"performance has suffered heavily after he took a negative stance on the outlook for the global economy and [bearish](/wiki/Bearish \"Bearish\") positions against shares that have not borne fruit.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Martin \\|first1\\=Ben \\|last2\\=Weir \\|first2\\=Keith \\|date\\=5 January 2018 \\|title\\=Odey Hedge Fund Lost More Than a Fifth of Value in 2017 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|agency\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2018/01/05/business/05reuters\\-odey\\-fund.html \\|access\\-date\\=6 January 2017}} He had also made \"bets against the Fed\", explaining to his clients that \"it would certainly be simpler to follow the market. But then we would be ignoring the fundamental data\". He had also assumed there would be a crash resulting from high interest rates.{{cite news \\|last\\=Baker \\|first\\=Phillip \\|date\\=27 October 2017 \\|title\\=The big mistake Crispin Odey made fighting the Fed \\|work\\=The Australian Financial Review \\|location\\=Melbourne \\|url\\=http://www.afr.com/markets/equity\\-markets/the\\-big\\-mistake\\-crispin\\-odey\\-made\\-fighting\\-the\\-fed\\-20171026\\-gz99gz \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2017}}", "In February 2019, less than two months before the then Brexit date, Odey again bet against the pound.{{cite web \\|date\\=18 February 2019 \\|title\\=Crispin Odey Is Shorting the Pound Again \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019\\-02\\-18/brexiteer\\-odey\\-renews\\-hedge\\-fund\\-s\\-reviled\\-bet\\-on\\-pound\\-plunging?srnd\\=premium\\-europe \\|access\\-date\\=16 March 2021 \\|website\\=www.bloomberg.com}}", "### Since 2020: sexual assault allegations and departure from firm", "In May 2020, Odey was charged with indecent assault after a complaint by a woman over an incident in 1998\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Hardy \\|first\\=Jack \\|date\\=11 March 2021 \\|title\\=Hedge fund boss Crispin Odey acquitted of indecent assault \\|work\\=The Telegraph \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/03/11/hedge\\-fund\\-boss\\-crispin\\-odey\\-acquitted\\-indecent\\-assault/ \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2021 \\|issn\\=0307\\-1235}} Odey denied the charge at [Westminster Magistrates' Court](/wiki/Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court \"Westminster Magistrates' Court\") in September and was bailed to appear at Hendon [magistrates' court](/wiki/Magistrates%27_court_%28England_and_Wales%29 \"Magistrates' court (England and Wales)\") in February 2021\\.{{cite news \\|last\\=Media \\|first\\=P.ย A. \\|date\\=28 September 2020 \\|title\\=Hedge fund boss Crispin Odey in court on indecent assault charge \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\\-news/2020/sep/28/hedge\\-fund\\-boss\\-crispin\\-odey\\-in\\-court\\-on\\-indecent\\-assault\\-charge \\|access\\-date\\=29 September 2020 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} After a trial at Westminster Magistrates' Court in March 2021, Odey was cleared of the charge.{{cite news \\|date\\=11 March 2021 \\|title\\=Crispin Odey indecent assault case: Hedge fund boss cleared \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-england\\-london\\-56361785 \\|access\\-date\\=12 March 2021}}{{cite web \\|date\\=11 March 2021 \\|title\\=Hedge fund boss Crispin Odey not guilty of indecent assault, judge rules \\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/law/2021/mar/11/hedge\\-fund\\-boss\\-crispin\\-odey\\-not\\-guilty\\-of\\-indecent\\-assault\\-judge\\-rules \\|access\\-date\\=11 March 2021 \\|website\\=The Guardian}}", "In June 2023, the *Financial Times* reported allegations that he had sexually harassed or assaulted 13 women over 25 years.{{cite news \\|title\\=Odey Asset Management investigated as sexual harassment claims emerge \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business\\-65849544 \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|website\\=\\[\\[BBC News]]}} Odey denied the allegations.{{cite news \\|last\\=Neate \\|first\\=Rupert \\|date\\=8 June 2023 \\|title\\=Morgan Stanley cuts ties with Crispin Odey after sexual assault allegations \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jun/08/morgan\\-stanley\\-cuts\\-ties\\-with\\-crispin\\-odey\\-after\\-sexual\\-assault\\-allegations \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian}}[How Crispin Odey evaded sexual assault allegations for decades](https://archive.today/20230608153907/https://www.ft.com/content/e5d14398-e866-44b3-8ecb-4e6371167c6d), Madison Marriage, Antonia Cundy and Paul Caruana Galizia, 8 June 2023, Financial Times Following the *Financial Times* report, it was reported that [Financial Conduct Authority](/wiki/Financial_Conduct_Authority \"Financial Conduct Authority\") was preparing to launch an investigation into Odey Asset Management regarding the allegations about Odey.{{cite news \\|last\\=Neate \\|first\\=Rupert \\|date\\=8 June 2023 \\|title\\=Financial watchdog investigating Crispin Odey after sexual assault allegations \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jun/08/morgan\\-stanley\\-cuts\\-ties\\-with\\-crispin\\-odey\\-after\\-sexual\\-assault\\-allegations \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Agnew \\|first1\\=Harriet \\|last2\\=Marriage \\|first2\\=Madison \\|last3\\=Cundy \\|first3\\=Antonia \\|last4\\=Noonan \\|first4\\=Laura \\|date\\=8 June 2023 \\|title\\=FCA investigates Odey Asset Management \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/f5a4ccf8\\-07d6\\-42d9\\-b6a3\\-1ac82231aec8 \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023}} It was also announced that [Morgan Stanley](/wiki/Morgan_Stanley \"Morgan Stanley\") and [JPMorgan Chase](/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase \"JPMorgan Chase\") were cancelling their relationships with the firm.{{cite news \\|last1\\=Mackenzie \\|first1\\=Nell \\|last2\\=Ridley \\|first2\\=Kirstin \\|last3\\=Keidan \\|first3\\=Maiya \\|last4\\=Mandl \\|first4\\=Carolina \\|date\\=9 June 2023 \\|title\\=Odey's prime brokers review ties after misconduct allegations \\- sources \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/morgan\\-stanley\\-plans\\-cut\\-back\\-its\\-prime\\-broking\\-relationship\\-with\\-odey\\-asset\\-2023\\-06\\-08/ \\|access\\-date\\=9 June 2023}}{{cite news \\|last1\\=Agnew \\|first1\\=Harriet \\|last2\\=Smith \\|first2\\=Robert \\|last3\\=Dunkley \\|first3\\=Emma \\|last4\\=Noonan \\|first4\\=Laura \\|date\\=13 June 2023 \\|title\\=JPMorgan cuts ties with Odey Asset Management \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/133ff4b2\\-cad0\\-417e\\-b024\\-9f6985656c46 \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2023}}", "On 10 June, Odey Asset Management's executive committee said that Odey was no longer involved with the firm, commenting \"he will no longer have any economic or personal involvement in the partnership.\"{{cite news \\|last1\\=Mandl \\|first1\\=Carolina \\|last2\\=Mackenzie \\|first2\\=Nell \\|date\\=10 June 2023 \\|title\\=Crispin Odey to leave hedge fund he founded after assault allegations \\|work\\=Reuters \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/crispin\\-odey\\-is\\-leaving\\-hedge\\-fund\\-he\\-founded\\-says\\-executive\\-committee\\-2023\\-06\\-10/ \\|access\\-date\\=10 June 2023}} The firm announced that it will now be \"owned and controlled by the remaining partners and managed as an independent legal entity.\" Shortly after, the company announced its plan to rebrand, removing Odey's name from the firm's name.{{cite news \\|last\\=Neate \\|first\\=Rupert \\|date\\=12 June 2023 \\|title\\=Crispin Odey's name to be removed from hedge fund he founded \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jun/12/crispin\\-odey\\-asset\\-management\\-name\\-removed\\-hedge\\-fund \\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2023 \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}", "" ]
History ------- ### Foundation and *VehicleMOD* (2000โ€“2003\) Psyonix was founded by Dave Hagewood, a native of [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"). He had started [programming](/wiki/Computer_programming "Computer programming") in 1983, at the age of eight, when he modified the dialog for a [text adventure](/wiki/Text_adventure "Text adventure") game, lending him an advantage in this field at school. In 1995, he abandoned his [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science "Computer science") degree and dropped out of [college](/wiki/College "College") to establish ArrowWeb, a [web hosting](/wiki/Web_hosting "Web hosting") company, and later WebSite Machines, which developed multimedia and Internet software. Hagewood heavily invested in the Internet industry and operated his companies out of [Satellite Beach, Florida](/wiki/Satellite_Beach%2C_Florida "Satellite Beach, Florida"), but faced great competition. In his spare time, he occasionally [modded](/wiki/Video_game_modding "Video game modding") video games, often with vehicles, but was under the impression that making games for a living was "an impossible dream". Still, in 2000, as the WebSite Machines team sought to transition to video game development, Hagewood established Psyonix with them. The company name was derived from his "fascination with the concept of intelligence and the innate powers of the human mind". Psyonix's first project was *Proteus*, a [vehicular combat game](/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game "Vehicular combat game"). Unhappy with the [game engine](/wiki/Game_engine "Game engine") chosen for the undertaking, it was quickly abandoned for the company to shift to [Unreal Engine](/wiki/Unreal_Engine "Unreal Engine"). Its first Unreal Engine game was *Vampire Hunter: The Dark Prophecy*, an [action game](/wiki/Action_game "Action game") with first\-person exploration and third\-person [melee](/wiki/Melee "Melee"). The game was announced in 2002 but soon became too large in scope for its intended budget. After the studio completed a [demo](/wiki/Game_demo "Game demo") and pitched it to potential publishers, it briefly experimented with adding vehicles to the 2002 game *[Unreal Tournament 2003](/wiki/Unreal_Tournament_2003 "Unreal Tournament 2003")*, something Hagewood felt it had been lacking. After a few weeks of development, the team felt the project had potential and shelved *Vampire Hunter* in its favor. In December 2002, after several months of work, [Mark Rein](/wiki/Mark_Rein_%28executive%29 "Mark Rein (executive)") of [Epic Games](/wiki/Epic_Games "Epic Games"), the developer of Unreal Engine and *Unreal Tournament 2003*, called Hagewood to inquire about the status of *Vampire Hunter*. Hagewood informed him about the studio's more recent work, which it called *VehicleMOD*, and Rein asked to be shown a prototype at the [Game Developers Conference](/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference "Game Developers Conference") in March 2003\. Until then, Psyonix worked to include functioning prototypes for all vehicles and [multiplayer](/wiki/Multiplayer "Multiplayer") support. Impressed with this demo, Epic Games sought further talks but wanted to see how quickly the project could progress. Psyonix worked through three weeks of [crunch](/wiki/Crunch_%28video_games%29 "Crunch (video games)") and enlisted independent modders to create three [maps](/wiki/Level_%28video_games%29 "Level (video games)") for *VehicleMOD*. Hagewood showcased the newer version at Epic Games' offices in North Carolina, and the company immediately signed Psyonix to develop this mod as a game mode for *[Unreal Tournament 2004](/wiki/Unreal_Tournament_2004 "Unreal Tournament 2004")*, which became known as *Onslaught*. Hagewood believed that working with Epic Games remotely from Florida would impact the mode's quality, so he relocated Psyonix to [Raleigh, North Carolina](/wiki/Raleigh%2C_North_Carolina "Raleigh, North Carolina"), later in 2003\. Rein paid for the moving expenses. Around the same time, Hagewood abandoned his work in web hosting. ### Contract work and first original games (2003โ€“2013\) In Raleigh, Psyonix consisted largely of Hagewood and interns hired from nearby universities. To stay afloat, the studio accepted contract work from Epic Games to help develop games in Unreal Engine, including *[Gears of War](/wiki/Gears_of_War_%28video_game%29 "Gears of War (video game)")* and *[Unreal Tournament III](/wiki/Unreal_Tournament_III "Unreal Tournament III")*. Hagewood ultimately sought to move West and create original games with Psyonix. In 2006, the team devised *Track Addict*, a vehicle [platform game](/wiki/Platform_game "Platform game") with [time trial](/wiki/Time_trial "Time trial") stages, partially inspired by the *[Tony Hawk's](/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s "Tony Hawk's")* and *[SSX](/wiki/SSX "SSX")* series of [extreme sports](/wiki/Extreme_sports "Extreme sports") video games. The studio pitched the game to various publishers and agreed with [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") to release the game on the company's [Xbox](/wiki/Xbox "Xbox") platform. During the game's development, one person put a [soccer ball](/wiki/Soccer_ball "Soccer ball") into a level, which the team enjoyed so much that they decided to design the game around that instead. Hagewood informed Microsoft about the change in direction, and the two companies parted ways. The game was ultimately released in 2008 for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 "PlayStation 3") as *[Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket\-Powered Battle\-Cars](/wiki/Supersonic_Acrobatic_Rocket-Powered_Battle-Cars "Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket-Powered Battle-Cars")*. The team chose an unusually long name hoping that it would attract attention. In the meantime, [SouthPeak Games](/wiki/SouthPeak_Games "SouthPeak Games") had contracted Psyonix to develop *[Monster Madness: Grave Danger](/wiki/Monster_Madness:Grave_Danger "Grave Danger")*, an updated [port](/wiki/Porting "Porting") of *[Monster Madness: Battle for Suburbia](/wiki/Monster_Madness:Battle_for_Suburbia "Battle for Suburbia")*, which was released for the PlayStation 3 in the same year. While *Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket\-Powered Battle\-Cars* [broke even](/wiki/Broke_even "Broke even"), it attracted fewer players than anticipated and did not bring about a significant profit, causing Psyonix to return to contract work. Still, Hagewood believed that the existing fanbase warranted Psyonix's next original game to be a [sequel](/wiki/Sequel "Sequel"). Out of 50 employees, he kept a handful working on such a title, while the rest was engaged with contract work. In December 2009, the studio and all of its employees moved from Raleigh to larger offices in [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego"), near the city's [Gaslamp Quarter](/wiki/Gaslamp_Quarter%2C_San_Diego "Gaslamp Quarter, San Diego"). Later contract projects included *Whizzle* (a [tech demo](/wiki/Tech_demo "Tech demo") for the [Unreal Development Kit](/wiki/Unreal_Development_Kit "Unreal Development Kit")) and additional work on *[Bulletstorm](/wiki/Bulletstorm "Bulletstorm")*, *[Homefront](/wiki/Homefront_%28video_game%29 "Homefront (video game)")*, *[Mass Effect 3](/wiki/Mass_Effect_3 "Mass Effect 3")*, and *[XCOM: Enemy Unknown](/wiki/XCOM:Enemy_Unknown "Enemy Unknown")*. In November 2012, Psyonix released an original mobile shooter, *[ARC Squadron](/wiki/ARC_Squadron "ARC Squadron")*, for [iOS](/wiki/IOS "IOS"). An enhanced version, *[ARC Squadron: Redux](/wiki/ARC_Squadron:Redux "Redux")*, came out for iOS and [Android](/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29 "Android (operating system)") in October 2013\. ### *Rocket League* and acquisition by Epic Games (2013โ€“present) Also in 2013, the sequel to *Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket\-Powered Battle\-Cars* entered production. With a budget of under {{US$\|2ย million}}, Psyonix developed *[Rocket League](/wiki/Rocket_League "Rocket League")* over two years. Hagewood argued that *Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket\-Powered Battle\-Cars* was "too hardcore", leading to a change of pace for *Rocket League*. The game was released to immediate success in July 2015 for [Windows](/wiki/Windows "Windows") and the [PlayStation 4](/wiki/PlayStation_4 "PlayStation 4"). It increased Psyonix's profits 100\-fold and brought in {{US$\|110ย million\|long\=no}} within one year. Psyonix quickly expanded to 70 people by December 2016 and consequently moved to a larger office in the 1 Columbia Place tower, spanning {{convert\|40000\|sqft\|m2}} across two floors. Hagewood sought to grow the tech industry in San Diego, such as through his investment in [Zesty.io](/wiki/Zesty.io "Zesty.io"). The expanded team continued to support *Rocket League* through additional content, and Psyonix partnered with [Twitch](/wiki/Twitch_%28service%29 "Twitch (service)"), a [video game livestreaming](/wiki/Video_game_livestreaming "Video game livestreaming") service, to establish the [Rocket League Championship Series](/wiki/Rocket_League_Championship_Series "Rocket League Championship Series") as the game's official [esports](/wiki/Esports "Esports") tournament. In April 2018, the studio began prototyping a mobile *Rocket League* [spin\-off](/wiki/Spin-off_%28media%29 "Spin-off (media)") ultimately named *[Rocket League Sideswipe](/wiki/Rocket_League_Sideswipe "Rocket League Sideswipe")*. On May 1, 2019, Epic Games announced its acquisition of Psyonix to undisclosed terms. At the time, the studio had 132 employees and planned to continue supporting *Rocket League*. From his proceeds of the sale, Hagewood bought the [Benetti](/wiki/Benetti "Benetti") *Galaxy*, a {{convert\|56\|m\|ft\|adj\=on}} [superyacht](/wiki/Superyacht "Superyacht"), and intended to invest in [space tourism](/wiki/Space_tourism "Space tourism"). Epic Games published *Rocket League Sideswipe* for Android and iOS in November 2021 and Psyonix's *Rocket Racing* game mode for *[Fortnite](/wiki/Fortnite "Fortnite")* in December 2023\.
[ "History\n-------", "### Foundation and *VehicleMOD* (2000โ€“2003\\)", "Psyonix was founded by Dave Hagewood, a native of [Charlotte, North Carolina](/wiki/Charlotte%2C_North_Carolina \"Charlotte, North Carolina\"). He had started [programming](/wiki/Computer_programming \"Computer programming\") in 1983, at the age of eight, when he modified the dialog for a [text adventure](/wiki/Text_adventure \"Text adventure\") game, lending him an advantage in this field at school. In 1995, he abandoned his [computer science](/wiki/Computer_science \"Computer science\") degree and dropped out of [college](/wiki/College \"College\") to establish ArrowWeb, a [web hosting](/wiki/Web_hosting \"Web hosting\") company, and later WebSite Machines, which developed multimedia and Internet software. Hagewood heavily invested in the Internet industry and operated his companies out of [Satellite Beach, Florida](/wiki/Satellite_Beach%2C_Florida \"Satellite Beach, Florida\"), but faced great competition. In his spare time, he occasionally [modded](/wiki/Video_game_modding \"Video game modding\") video games, often with vehicles, but was under the impression that making games for a living was \"an impossible dream\". Still, in 2000, as the WebSite Machines team sought to transition to video game development, Hagewood established Psyonix with them. The company name was derived from his \"fascination with the concept of intelligence and the innate powers of the human mind\".", "Psyonix's first project was *Proteus*, a [vehicular combat game](/wiki/Vehicular_combat_game \"Vehicular combat game\"). Unhappy with the [game engine](/wiki/Game_engine \"Game engine\") chosen for the undertaking, it was quickly abandoned for the company to shift to [Unreal Engine](/wiki/Unreal_Engine \"Unreal Engine\"). Its first Unreal Engine game was *Vampire Hunter: The Dark Prophecy*, an [action game](/wiki/Action_game \"Action game\") with first\\-person exploration and third\\-person [melee](/wiki/Melee \"Melee\"). The game was announced in 2002 but soon became too large in scope for its intended budget. After the studio completed a [demo](/wiki/Game_demo \"Game demo\") and pitched it to potential publishers, it briefly experimented with adding vehicles to the 2002 game *[Unreal Tournament 2003](/wiki/Unreal_Tournament_2003 \"Unreal Tournament 2003\")*, something Hagewood felt it had been lacking. After a few weeks of development, the team felt the project had potential and shelved *Vampire Hunter* in its favor.", "In December 2002, after several months of work, [Mark Rein](/wiki/Mark_Rein_%28executive%29 \"Mark Rein (executive)\") of [Epic Games](/wiki/Epic_Games \"Epic Games\"), the developer of Unreal Engine and *Unreal Tournament 2003*, called Hagewood to inquire about the status of *Vampire Hunter*. Hagewood informed him about the studio's more recent work, which it called *VehicleMOD*, and Rein asked to be shown a prototype at the [Game Developers Conference](/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference \"Game Developers Conference\") in March 2003\\. Until then, Psyonix worked to include functioning prototypes for all vehicles and [multiplayer](/wiki/Multiplayer \"Multiplayer\") support. Impressed with this demo, Epic Games sought further talks but wanted to see how quickly the project could progress. Psyonix worked through three weeks of [crunch](/wiki/Crunch_%28video_games%29 \"Crunch (video games)\") and enlisted independent modders to create three [maps](/wiki/Level_%28video_games%29 \"Level (video games)\") for *VehicleMOD*. Hagewood showcased the newer version at Epic Games' offices in North Carolina, and the company immediately signed Psyonix to develop this mod as a game mode for *[Unreal Tournament 2004](/wiki/Unreal_Tournament_2004 \"Unreal Tournament 2004\")*, which became known as *Onslaught*. Hagewood believed that working with Epic Games remotely from Florida would impact the mode's quality, so he relocated Psyonix to [Raleigh, North Carolina](/wiki/Raleigh%2C_North_Carolina \"Raleigh, North Carolina\"), later in 2003\\. Rein paid for the moving expenses. Around the same time, Hagewood abandoned his work in web hosting.", "### Contract work and first original games (2003โ€“2013\\)", "In Raleigh, Psyonix consisted largely of Hagewood and interns hired from nearby universities. To stay afloat, the studio accepted contract work from Epic Games to help develop games in Unreal Engine, including *[Gears of War](/wiki/Gears_of_War_%28video_game%29 \"Gears of War (video game)\")* and *[Unreal Tournament III](/wiki/Unreal_Tournament_III \"Unreal Tournament III\")*. Hagewood ultimately sought to move West and create original games with Psyonix. In 2006, the team devised *Track Addict*, a vehicle [platform game](/wiki/Platform_game \"Platform game\") with [time trial](/wiki/Time_trial \"Time trial\") stages, partially inspired by the *[Tony Hawk's](/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s \"Tony Hawk's\")* and *[SSX](/wiki/SSX \"SSX\")* series of [extreme sports](/wiki/Extreme_sports \"Extreme sports\") video games. The studio pitched the game to various publishers and agreed with [Microsoft](/wiki/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") to release the game on the company's [Xbox](/wiki/Xbox \"Xbox\") platform. During the game's development, one person put a [soccer ball](/wiki/Soccer_ball \"Soccer ball\") into a level, which the team enjoyed so much that they decided to design the game around that instead. Hagewood informed Microsoft about the change in direction, and the two companies parted ways. The game was ultimately released in 2008 for the [PlayStation 3](/wiki/PlayStation_3 \"PlayStation 3\") as *[Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket\\-Powered Battle\\-Cars](/wiki/Supersonic_Acrobatic_Rocket-Powered_Battle-Cars \"Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket-Powered Battle-Cars\")*. The team chose an unusually long name hoping that it would attract attention. In the meantime, [SouthPeak Games](/wiki/SouthPeak_Games \"SouthPeak Games\") had contracted Psyonix to develop *[Monster Madness: Grave Danger](/wiki/Monster_Madness:Grave_Danger \"Grave Danger\")*, an updated [port](/wiki/Porting \"Porting\") of *[Monster Madness: Battle for Suburbia](/wiki/Monster_Madness:Battle_for_Suburbia \"Battle for Suburbia\")*, which was released for the PlayStation 3 in the same year.", "While *Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket\\-Powered Battle\\-Cars* [broke even](/wiki/Broke_even \"Broke even\"), it attracted fewer players than anticipated and did not bring about a significant profit, causing Psyonix to return to contract work. Still, Hagewood believed that the existing fanbase warranted Psyonix's next original game to be a [sequel](/wiki/Sequel \"Sequel\"). Out of 50 employees, he kept a handful working on such a title, while the rest was engaged with contract work. In December 2009, the studio and all of its employees moved from Raleigh to larger offices in [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\"), near the city's [Gaslamp Quarter](/wiki/Gaslamp_Quarter%2C_San_Diego \"Gaslamp Quarter, San Diego\"). Later contract projects included *Whizzle* (a [tech demo](/wiki/Tech_demo \"Tech demo\") for the [Unreal Development Kit](/wiki/Unreal_Development_Kit \"Unreal Development Kit\")) and additional work on *[Bulletstorm](/wiki/Bulletstorm \"Bulletstorm\")*, *[Homefront](/wiki/Homefront_%28video_game%29 \"Homefront (video game)\")*, *[Mass Effect 3](/wiki/Mass_Effect_3 \"Mass Effect 3\")*, and *[XCOM: Enemy Unknown](/wiki/XCOM:Enemy_Unknown \"Enemy Unknown\")*. In November 2012, Psyonix released an original mobile shooter, *[ARC Squadron](/wiki/ARC_Squadron \"ARC Squadron\")*, for [iOS](/wiki/IOS \"IOS\"). An enhanced version, *[ARC Squadron: Redux](/wiki/ARC_Squadron:Redux \"Redux\")*, came out for iOS and [Android](/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29 \"Android (operating system)\") in October 2013\\.", "### *Rocket League* and acquisition by Epic Games (2013โ€“present)", "Also in 2013, the sequel to *Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket\\-Powered Battle\\-Cars* entered production. With a budget of under {{US$\\|2ย million}}, Psyonix developed *[Rocket League](/wiki/Rocket_League \"Rocket League\")* over two years. Hagewood argued that *Supersonic Acrobatic Rocket\\-Powered Battle\\-Cars* was \"too hardcore\", leading to a change of pace for *Rocket League*. The game was released to immediate success in July 2015 for [Windows](/wiki/Windows \"Windows\") and the [PlayStation 4](/wiki/PlayStation_4 \"PlayStation 4\"). It increased Psyonix's profits 100\\-fold and brought in {{US$\\|110ย million\\|long\\=no}} within one year. Psyonix quickly expanded to 70 people by December 2016 and consequently moved to a larger office in the 1 Columbia Place tower, spanning {{convert\\|40000\\|sqft\\|m2}} across two floors. Hagewood sought to grow the tech industry in San Diego, such as through his investment in [Zesty.io](/wiki/Zesty.io \"Zesty.io\"). The expanded team continued to support *Rocket League* through additional content, and Psyonix partnered with [Twitch](/wiki/Twitch_%28service%29 \"Twitch (service)\"), a [video game livestreaming](/wiki/Video_game_livestreaming \"Video game livestreaming\") service, to establish the [Rocket League Championship Series](/wiki/Rocket_League_Championship_Series \"Rocket League Championship Series\") as the game's official [esports](/wiki/Esports \"Esports\") tournament. In April 2018, the studio began prototyping a mobile *Rocket League* [spin\\-off](/wiki/Spin-off_%28media%29 \"Spin-off (media)\") ultimately named *[Rocket League Sideswipe](/wiki/Rocket_League_Sideswipe \"Rocket League Sideswipe\")*.", "On May 1, 2019, Epic Games announced its acquisition of Psyonix to undisclosed terms. At the time, the studio had 132 employees and planned to continue supporting *Rocket League*. From his proceeds of the sale, Hagewood bought the [Benetti](/wiki/Benetti \"Benetti\") *Galaxy*, a {{convert\\|56\\|m\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} [superyacht](/wiki/Superyacht \"Superyacht\"), and intended to invest in [space tourism](/wiki/Space_tourism \"Space tourism\"). Epic Games published *Rocket League Sideswipe* for Android and iOS in November 2021 and Psyonix's *Rocket Racing* game mode for *[Fortnite](/wiki/Fortnite \"Fortnite\")* in December 2023\\.", "" ]
Archean TTG rocks ----------------- [thumb\|343x343px\|TTG rock sample (Tsawela gneiss) with foliation from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. The white minerals are plagioclase; the light grey ones are quartz; the dark, greenish ones are biotite and hornblende, which developed foliation.Archean](/wiki/File:TtgSA.jpg "TtgSA.jpg") TTG rocks appear to be strongly deformed grey [gneiss](/wiki/Gneiss "Gneiss"), showing banding, lineation, and other [metamorphic structures](/wiki/Metamorphic_structure "Metamorphic structure"), whose [protoliths](/wiki/Protolith "Protolith") were [intrusive rocks](/wiki/Intrusive_rock "Intrusive rock"). TTG rock is one of the major rock types in [Archean](/wiki/Archean "Archean") [cratons](/wiki/Craton "Craton"). ### Geochemical features In terms of trace element characteristics, Archean TTGs exhibit high light [rare earth element](/wiki/Rare-earth_element "Rare-earth element") (LREE) content yet low heavy rare earth element (HREE) content. However, they do not show [Eu](/wiki/Europium_anomaly "Europium anomaly") and [Sr anomalies](/wiki/Strontium_anomaly "Strontium anomaly").{{Cite journal\|last\=Martin\|first\=H.\|date\=1986\-09\-01\|title\=Effect of steeper Archean geothermal gradient on geochemistry of subduction\-zone magmas\|journal\=Geology\|language\=en\|volume\=14\|issue\=9\|pages\=753\|doi\=10\.1130/0091\-7613(1986\)14\<753:eosagg\>2\.0\.co;2\|issn\=0091\-7613\|bibcode\=1986Geo....14\..753M}} These features indicate the presence of [garnet](/wiki/Garnet "Garnet") and [amphibole](/wiki/Amphibole "Amphibole"), but no plagioclase in the residual phase during [partial melting](/wiki/Partial_melting "Partial melting") or precipitation phase during [fractional crystallization](/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_%28geology%29 "Fractional crystallization (geology)"). ### Formation and classification Confirmed by geochemical modelling, TTG type magma can be generated through partial melting of hydrated meta\-[mafic rocks](/wiki/Mafic "Mafic").{{Cite journal\|last1\=Johnson\|first1\=Tim E.\|last2\=Brown\|first2\=Michael\|last3\=Kaus\|first3\=Boris J. P.\|last4\=VanTongeren\|first4\=Jill A.\|date\=2013\-12\-01\|title\=Delamination and recycling of Archaean crust caused by gravitational instabilities\|journal\=Nature Geoscience\|language\=En\|volume\=7\|issue\=1\|pages\=47โ€“52\|doi\=10\.1038/ngeo2019\|issn\=1752\-0894\|bibcode\=2014NatGe...7\...47J\|hdl\=20\.500\.11937/31170\|hdl\-access\=free}} To produce the very low HREE pattern, the melting should be conducted under a garnet\-stable pressure\-temperature field. Given that garnet stability rises dramatically with increasing pressure, strongly HREE\-depleted TTG melts are expected to form under relatively high pressure.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Foley\|first1\=Stephen\|last2\=Tiepolo\|first2\=Massimo\|last3\=Vannucci\|first3\=Riccardo\|date\=June 2002\|title\=Growth of early continental crust controlled by melting of amphibolite in subduction zones\|journal\=Nature\|language\=En\|volume\=417\|issue\=6891\|pages\=837โ€“840\|doi\=10\.1038/nature00799\|pmid\=12075348\|issn\=0028\-0836\|bibcode\=2002Natur.417\..837F\|s2cid\=4394308}} Besides the source composition and the pressure, the degree of melting and temperature also influence the melt composition. Archean TTGs are classified into three groups based on geochemical features, that are low, medium, and high pressure TTGs, although the three groups form a continuous series.{{Cite journal\|last\=Moyen\|first\=Jean\-Franรงois\|date\=April 2011\|title\=The composite Archaean grey gneisses: Petrological significance, and evidence for a non\-unique tectonic setting for Archaean crustal growth\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=123\|issue\=1โ€“4\|pages\=21โ€“36\|doi\=10\.1016/j.lithos.2010\.09\.015\|issn\=0024\-4937\|bibcode\=2011Litho.123\...21M}} The low pressure group shows relatively low [Al2O3](/wiki/Alumina "Alumina"), Na2O, [Sr](/wiki/Strontium "Strontium") content and relatively high [Y](/wiki/Yttrium "Yttrium"), [Yb](/wiki/Ytterbium "Ytterbium"), [Ta](/wiki/Tantalum "Tantalum"), and [Nb](/wiki/Niobium "Niobium") content, corresponding to melting under 10โ€“12ย [kbar](/wiki/Kbar "Kbar") with the source rock mineral assembly of plagioclase, [pyroxene](/wiki/Pyroxene "Pyroxene") and possibly amphibole or garnet. The high pressure group shows the opposite geochemical features, corresponding to melting at a pressure over 20ย kbar, with the source rock containing garnet and [rutile](/wiki/Rutile "Rutile") but no amphibole or plagioclase. The medium pressure group has transitional features between the other two groups, corresponding to melting under a pressure around 15ย kbar with the source rock containing amphibole, much garnet, but little rutile and no plagioclase. Medium pressure TTGs are the most abundant among the three groups. ### Geodynamic settings The [geodynamic setting](/wiki/Geodynamic_setting "Geodynamic setting") of the Archean TTG rock generation is currently not well understood. Competing hypotheses include subduction related generation involving plate tectonics and other non\-plate tectonic models. #### Plate tectonic setting [alt\=\|thumb\|352x352px\|Hypothesized Archean hot subduction induced Archean TTG generation model. The heavier oceanic crust sinks into the lighter mantle. The subducting slab is young and hot, thus when it is heated, it partially melts to generate TTG magmas, which rise and intrude into the continental crust. Light green: continental crust; dark green: oceanic crust; red: TTG melts; orange: mantle. Modified from Moyen \& Martin, 2012\.](/wiki/File:HotSubduction.png "HotSubduction.png") Geochemical similarity shared between TTGs and [adakites](/wiki/Adakite "Adakite")ย have long been noted by researchers.Martin, H., 1986, Effect of steeper Archean geothermal gradient on geochemistry of subduction zone\-magmas: Geology, v. 14, p. 753\-756\.Drummond, M. S. and Defant, M. J., 1990, A model for tronhjemite\-tonalite\-dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons: J. Geophysical Res., v. 95, p. 21,503 \- 21,521\.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Martin\|first1\=H.\|last2\=Smithies\|first2\=R.H.\|last3\=Rapp\|first3\=R.\|last4\=Moyen\|first4\=J.\-F.\|last5\=Champion\|first5\=D.\|date\=January 2005\|title\=An overview of adakite, tonaliteโ€“trondhjemiteโ€“granodiorite (TTG), and sanukitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=79\|issue\=1โ€“2\|pages\=1โ€“24\|doi\=10\.1016/j.lithos.2004\.04\.048\|issn\=0024\-4937\|bibcode\=2005Litho..79\....1M}} Adakites are one type of modern arc lavas, which differ from common arc lavas (mostly granitoids) in their felsic and sodic nature with high LREE but low HREE content.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Defant\|first1\=Marc J.\|last2\=Drummond\|first2\=Mark S.\|date\=October 1990\|title\=Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere\|journal\=Nature\|language\=En\|volume\=347\|issue\=6294\|pages\=662โ€“665\|doi\=10\.1038/347662a0\|issn\=0028\-0836\|bibcode\=1990Natur.347\..662D\|s2cid\=4267494}} Their production is interpreted to be the partial melting of young and hot subducting oceanic slabs with minor interaction with surrounding mantle wedges, rather than mantle wedge melts like other arc\-granitoids. Based on geochemical features (e.g. [Mg](/wiki/Magnesium "Magnesium"), [Ni](/wiki/Nickel "Nickel"), and [Cr](/wiki/Chromium "Chromium") contents), adakites can be further divided into two groups, namely high SiO2 adakites (HSA) and low SiO2 adakites (LSA). It was then noted that the Archean TTGs were geochemically almost identical to high silica adakites (HSA), but slightly different from low silica adakites (LSA). This geochemical similarity let some researchers infer that the geodynamic setting of Archean TTGs was analogous to that of modern adakites. They think that Archean TTGs were generated by hot subduction as well. Although modern adakites are rare and only found in a few localities (e.g. [Adak Island](/wiki/Adak_Island "Adak Island") in Alaska and [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao "Mindanao") in the Philippines), they argue that due to a higher mantle potential temperature of the Earth, a hotter and softer crust may have enabled intense adakite\-type subduction during Archean time. TTGs packages were then generated in such settings, with large scale proto\-continents formed by [collisions](/wiki/Continental_collision "Continental collision") at a later stage. However, other authors doubt the existence of [Archean subduction](/wiki/Archean_subduction "Archean subduction") by pointing out the absence of major plate tectonic indicators during most of the Archean Eon.Condie, K. C., \& Krรถner, A. (2008\). When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the geologic record. In *When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth* (Vol. 440, pp. 281\-294\). Geological Society of America Special Papers. It is also noted that Archean TTGs were [intrusive rocks](/wiki/Intrusive_rock "Intrusive rock") while the modern adakite is [extrusive](/wiki/Extrusive_rock "Extrusive rock") in nature, thus their magma should differ in composition, especially in water content.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Clemens\|first1\=J.D\|last2\=Droop\|first2\=G.T.R\|date\=October 1998\|title\=Fluids, Pโ€“T paths and the fates of anatectic melts in the Earth's crust\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=44\|issue\=1โ€“2\|pages\=21โ€“36\|doi\=10\.1016/s0024\-4937(98\)00020\-6\|issn\=0024\-4937\|bibcode\=1998Litho..44\...21C}} #### Non\-plate tectonic settings [alt\=\|thumb\|635x635px\|The delamination and underplating induced Archean TTG generation models. In the upper figure, heavier mafic crust [delaminates](/wiki/Delamination_%28geology%29 "Delamination (geology)") into the lighter mantle. The pressure and temperature increases induce the partial melting of the delaminated mafic block to generate TTG magma, which rises and intrudes to the crust. In the lower figure, mantle plume rises to the base of the mafic crust and thicken the crust. The partial melting of the mafic crust due to the plume heating generates TTG magma intrusions. Modified from Moyen \& Martin, 2012\.](/wiki/File:U%26d.png "U&d.png") Various evidence has shown that Archean TTG rocks were directly derived from preexisting mafic materials.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Johnson\|first1\=Tim E.\|last2\=Brown\|first2\=Michael\|last3\=Gardiner\|first3\=Nicholas J.\|last4\=Kirkland\|first4\=Christopher L.\|last5\=Smithies\|first5\=R. Hugh\|date\=2017\-02\-27\|title\=Earth's first stable continents did not form by subduction\|journal\=Nature\|volume\=543\|issue\=7644\|pages\=239โ€“242\|doi\=10\.1038/nature21383\|pmid\=28241147\|issn\=0028\-0836\|bibcode\=2017Natur.543\..239J\|s2cid\=281446}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Kemp\|first1\=A.I.S.\|last2\=Wilde\|first2\=S.A.\|last3\=Hawkesworth\|first3\=C.J.\|last4\=Coath\|first4\=C.D.\|last5\=Nemchin\|first5\=A.\|last6\=Pidgeon\|first6\=R.T.\|last7\=Vervoort\|first7\=J.D.\|last8\=DuFrane\|first8\=S.A.\|date\=July 2010\|title\=Hadean crustal evolution revisited: New constraints from Pbโ€“Hf isotope systematics of the Jack Hills zircons\|journal\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters\|volume\=296\|issue\=1โ€“2\|pages\=45โ€“56\|doi\=10\.1016/j.epsl.2010\.04\.043\|issn\=0012\-821X\|bibcode\=2010E\&PSL.296\...45K}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Moyen\|first1\=Jean\-Franรงois\|last2\=Laurent\|first2\=Oscar\|date\=March 2018\|title\=Archaean tectonic systems: A view from igneous rocks\|journal\=Lithos\|volume\=302\-303\|pages\=99โ€“125\|doi\=10\.1016/j.lithos.2017\.11\.038\|issn\=0024\-4937\|bibcode\=2018Litho.302\...99M}} The melting temperature of meta\-mafic rocks (generally between 700ย ยฐC and 1000ย ยฐC) depends primarily on their water content but only a little on pressure. Different groups of TTG should therefore have experienced distinct [geothermal gradients](/wiki/Geothermal_gradient "Geothermal gradient"), which corresponding to different geodynamic settings. The low pressure group has formed along [geotherms](/wiki/Geothermal_gradient "Geothermal gradient") around 20โ€“30ย ยฐC/km, which are comparable to those during the [underplating](/wiki/Underplating "Underplating") of plateau bases. Mantle upwellings add mafic basement to the crust and the pressure due to the cumulation thickness may reach the requirement of low pressure TTG production. The partial melting of the plateau base (which can be induced by further mantle upwelling) would then lead to low pressure TTG generation.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Smithies\|first1\=R.H.\|last2\=Champion\|first2\=D.C.\|last3\=Van Kranendonk\|first3\=M.J.\|date\=2009\-05\-15\|title\=Formation of Paleoarchean continental crust through infracrustal melting of enriched basalt\|journal\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters\|volume\=281\|issue\=3โ€“4\|pages\=298โ€“306\|doi\=10\.1016/j.epsl.2009\.03\.003\|issn\=0012\-821X\|bibcode\=2009E\&PSL.281\..298S}} The high pressure TTGs have experienced geotherms lower than 10ย ยฐC/km, which are close to modern hot subduction geotherms experienced by young slabs (but around 3ย ยฐC/km hotter than other modern subduction zones), whilst the geotherms for the most abundant TTG subseries, medium pressure group, are between 12 and 20ย ยฐC/km. Other than hot subduction, such geotherms may also be possible during the [delamination](/wiki/Delamination_%28geology%29 "Delamination (geology)") of mafic crustal base. The delamination may be attributed to [mantle downwelling](/wiki/Mantle_downwelling "Mantle downwelling"){{Cite journal\|last1\=Krรถner\|first1\=A.\|last2\=Layer\|first2\=P. W.\|date\=1992\-06\-05\|title\=Crust Formation and Plate Motion in the Early Archean\|journal\=Science\|language\=en\|volume\=256\|issue\=5062\|pages\=1405โ€“1411\|doi\=10\.1126/science.256\.5062\.1405\|issn\=0036\-8075\|pmid\=17791608\|bibcode\=1992Sci...256\.1405K\|s2cid\=35201760}} or an increase in density of the mafic crustal base due to metamorphism or [partial melt](/wiki/Partial_melting "Partial melting") extraction.{{Cite journal\|last\=Bรฉdard\|first\=Jean H.\|date\=March 2006\|title\=A catalytic delamination\-driven model for coupled genesis of Archaean crust and sub\-continental lithospheric mantle\|journal\=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta\|volume\=70\|issue\=5\|pages\=1188โ€“1214\|doi\=10\.1016/j.gca.2005\.11\.008\|issn\=0016\-7037\|bibcode\=2006GeCoA..70\.1188B}} Those delaminated meta\-mafic bodies then sink down, melt, and interact with surrounding mantle to generate TTGs. Such delamination induced TTG generation process is petrogenetically similar to that of [subduction](/wiki/Subduction "Subduction"), both of which involves deep burial of mafic rocks into the mantle.
[ "Archean TTG rocks\n-----------------", "[thumb\\|343x343px\\|TTG rock sample (Tsawela gneiss) with foliation from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. The white minerals are plagioclase; the light grey ones are quartz; the dark, greenish ones are biotite and hornblende, which developed foliation.Archean](/wiki/File:TtgSA.jpg \"TtgSA.jpg\") TTG rocks appear to be strongly deformed grey [gneiss](/wiki/Gneiss \"Gneiss\"), showing banding, lineation, and other [metamorphic structures](/wiki/Metamorphic_structure \"Metamorphic structure\"), whose [protoliths](/wiki/Protolith \"Protolith\") were [intrusive rocks](/wiki/Intrusive_rock \"Intrusive rock\"). TTG rock is one of the major rock types in [Archean](/wiki/Archean \"Archean\") [cratons](/wiki/Craton \"Craton\").", "### Geochemical features", "In terms of trace element characteristics, Archean TTGs exhibit high light [rare earth element](/wiki/Rare-earth_element \"Rare-earth element\") (LREE) content yet low heavy rare earth element (HREE) content. However, they do not show [Eu](/wiki/Europium_anomaly \"Europium anomaly\") and [Sr anomalies](/wiki/Strontium_anomaly \"Strontium anomaly\").{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Martin\\|first\\=H.\\|date\\=1986\\-09\\-01\\|title\\=Effect of steeper Archean geothermal gradient on geochemistry of subduction\\-zone magmas\\|journal\\=Geology\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=14\\|issue\\=9\\|pages\\=753\\|doi\\=10\\.1130/0091\\-7613(1986\\)14\\<753:eosagg\\>2\\.0\\.co;2\\|issn\\=0091\\-7613\\|bibcode\\=1986Geo....14\\..753M}} These features indicate the presence of [garnet](/wiki/Garnet \"Garnet\") and [amphibole](/wiki/Amphibole \"Amphibole\"), but no plagioclase in the residual phase during [partial melting](/wiki/Partial_melting \"Partial melting\") or precipitation phase during [fractional crystallization](/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_%28geology%29 \"Fractional crystallization (geology)\").", "### Formation and classification", "Confirmed by geochemical modelling, TTG type magma can be generated through partial melting of hydrated meta\\-[mafic rocks](/wiki/Mafic \"Mafic\").{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Johnson\\|first1\\=Tim E.\\|last2\\=Brown\\|first2\\=Michael\\|last3\\=Kaus\\|first3\\=Boris J. P.\\|last4\\=VanTongeren\\|first4\\=Jill A.\\|date\\=2013\\-12\\-01\\|title\\=Delamination and recycling of Archaean crust caused by gravitational instabilities\\|journal\\=Nature Geoscience\\|language\\=En\\|volume\\=7\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=47โ€“52\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/ngeo2019\\|issn\\=1752\\-0894\\|bibcode\\=2014NatGe...7\\...47J\\|hdl\\=20\\.500\\.11937/31170\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} To produce the very low HREE pattern, the melting should be conducted under a garnet\\-stable pressure\\-temperature field. Given that garnet stability rises dramatically with increasing pressure, strongly HREE\\-depleted TTG melts are expected to form under relatively high pressure.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Foley\\|first1\\=Stephen\\|last2\\=Tiepolo\\|first2\\=Massimo\\|last3\\=Vannucci\\|first3\\=Riccardo\\|date\\=June 2002\\|title\\=Growth of early continental crust controlled by melting of amphibolite in subduction zones\\|journal\\=Nature\\|language\\=En\\|volume\\=417\\|issue\\=6891\\|pages\\=837โ€“840\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/nature00799\\|pmid\\=12075348\\|issn\\=0028\\-0836\\|bibcode\\=2002Natur.417\\..837F\\|s2cid\\=4394308}} Besides the source composition and the pressure, the degree of melting and temperature also influence the melt composition.", "Archean TTGs are classified into three groups based on geochemical features, that are low, medium, and high pressure TTGs, although the three groups form a continuous series.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Moyen\\|first\\=Jean\\-Franรงois\\|date\\=April 2011\\|title\\=The composite Archaean grey gneisses: Petrological significance, and evidence for a non\\-unique tectonic setting for Archaean crustal growth\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=123\\|issue\\=1โ€“4\\|pages\\=21โ€“36\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.lithos.2010\\.09\\.015\\|issn\\=0024\\-4937\\|bibcode\\=2011Litho.123\\...21M}} The low pressure group shows relatively low [Al2O3](/wiki/Alumina \"Alumina\"), Na2O, [Sr](/wiki/Strontium \"Strontium\") content and relatively high [Y](/wiki/Yttrium \"Yttrium\"), [Yb](/wiki/Ytterbium \"Ytterbium\"), [Ta](/wiki/Tantalum \"Tantalum\"), and [Nb](/wiki/Niobium \"Niobium\") content, corresponding to melting under 10โ€“12ย [kbar](/wiki/Kbar \"Kbar\") with the source rock mineral assembly of plagioclase, [pyroxene](/wiki/Pyroxene \"Pyroxene\") and possibly amphibole or garnet. The high pressure group shows the opposite geochemical features, corresponding to melting at a pressure over 20ย kbar, with the source rock containing garnet and [rutile](/wiki/Rutile \"Rutile\") but no amphibole or plagioclase. The medium pressure group has transitional features between the other two groups, corresponding to melting under a pressure around 15ย kbar with the source rock containing amphibole, much garnet, but little rutile and no plagioclase. Medium pressure TTGs are the most abundant among the three groups.", "### Geodynamic settings", "The [geodynamic setting](/wiki/Geodynamic_setting \"Geodynamic setting\") of the Archean TTG rock generation is currently not well understood. Competing hypotheses include subduction related generation involving plate tectonics and other non\\-plate tectonic models.", "#### Plate tectonic setting", "[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|352x352px\\|Hypothesized Archean hot subduction induced Archean TTG generation model. The heavier oceanic crust sinks into the lighter mantle. The subducting slab is young and hot, thus when it is heated, it partially melts to generate TTG magmas, which rise and intrude into the continental crust. Light green: continental crust; dark green: oceanic crust; red: TTG melts; orange: mantle. Modified from Moyen \\& Martin, 2012\\.](/wiki/File:HotSubduction.png \"HotSubduction.png\")\nGeochemical similarity shared between TTGs and [adakites](/wiki/Adakite \"Adakite\")ย have long been noted by researchers.Martin, H., 1986, Effect of steeper Archean geothermal gradient on geochemistry of subduction zone\\-magmas: Geology, v. 14, p. 753\\-756\\.Drummond, M. S. and Defant, M. J., 1990, A model for tronhjemite\\-tonalite\\-dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons: J. Geophysical Res., v. 95, p. 21,503 \\- 21,521\\.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Martin\\|first1\\=H.\\|last2\\=Smithies\\|first2\\=R.H.\\|last3\\=Rapp\\|first3\\=R.\\|last4\\=Moyen\\|first4\\=J.\\-F.\\|last5\\=Champion\\|first5\\=D.\\|date\\=January 2005\\|title\\=An overview of adakite, tonaliteโ€“trondhjemiteโ€“granodiorite (TTG), and sanukitoid: relationships and some implications for crustal evolution\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=79\\|issue\\=1โ€“2\\|pages\\=1โ€“24\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.lithos.2004\\.04\\.048\\|issn\\=0024\\-4937\\|bibcode\\=2005Litho..79\\....1M}} Adakites are one type of modern arc lavas, which differ from common arc lavas (mostly granitoids) in their felsic and sodic nature with high LREE but low HREE content.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Defant\\|first1\\=Marc J.\\|last2\\=Drummond\\|first2\\=Mark S.\\|date\\=October 1990\\|title\\=Derivation of some modern arc magmas by melting of young subducted lithosphere\\|journal\\=Nature\\|language\\=En\\|volume\\=347\\|issue\\=6294\\|pages\\=662โ€“665\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/347662a0\\|issn\\=0028\\-0836\\|bibcode\\=1990Natur.347\\..662D\\|s2cid\\=4267494}} Their production is interpreted to be the partial melting of young and hot subducting oceanic slabs with minor interaction with surrounding mantle wedges, rather than mantle wedge melts like other arc\\-granitoids. Based on geochemical features (e.g. [Mg](/wiki/Magnesium \"Magnesium\"), [Ni](/wiki/Nickel \"Nickel\"), and [Cr](/wiki/Chromium \"Chromium\") contents), adakites can be further divided into two groups, namely high SiO2 adakites (HSA) and low SiO2 adakites (LSA). It was then noted that the Archean TTGs were geochemically almost identical to high silica adakites (HSA), but slightly different from low silica adakites (LSA).", "This geochemical similarity let some researchers infer that the geodynamic setting of Archean TTGs was analogous to that of modern adakites. They think that Archean TTGs were generated by hot subduction as well. Although modern adakites are rare and only found in a few localities (e.g. [Adak Island](/wiki/Adak_Island \"Adak Island\") in Alaska and [Mindanao](/wiki/Mindanao \"Mindanao\") in the Philippines), they argue that due to a higher mantle potential temperature of the Earth, a hotter and softer crust may have enabled intense adakite\\-type subduction during Archean time. TTGs packages were then generated in such settings, with large scale proto\\-continents formed by [collisions](/wiki/Continental_collision \"Continental collision\") at a later stage. However, other authors doubt the existence of [Archean subduction](/wiki/Archean_subduction \"Archean subduction\") by pointing out the absence of major plate tectonic indicators during most of the Archean Eon.Condie, K. C., \\& Krรถner, A. (2008\\). When did plate tectonics begin? Evidence from the geologic record. In *When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth* (Vol. 440, pp. 281\\-294\\). Geological Society of America Special Papers. It is also noted that Archean TTGs were [intrusive rocks](/wiki/Intrusive_rock \"Intrusive rock\") while the modern adakite is [extrusive](/wiki/Extrusive_rock \"Extrusive rock\") in nature, thus their magma should differ in composition, especially in water content.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Clemens\\|first1\\=J.D\\|last2\\=Droop\\|first2\\=G.T.R\\|date\\=October 1998\\|title\\=Fluids, Pโ€“T paths and the fates of anatectic melts in the Earth's crust\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=44\\|issue\\=1โ€“2\\|pages\\=21โ€“36\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/s0024\\-4937(98\\)00020\\-6\\|issn\\=0024\\-4937\\|bibcode\\=1998Litho..44\\...21C}}", "#### Non\\-plate tectonic settings", "[alt\\=\\|thumb\\|635x635px\\|The delamination and underplating induced Archean TTG generation models. In the upper figure, heavier mafic crust [delaminates](/wiki/Delamination_%28geology%29 \"Delamination (geology)\") into the lighter mantle. The pressure and temperature increases induce the partial melting of the delaminated mafic block to generate TTG magma, which rises and intrudes to the crust. In the lower figure, mantle plume rises to the base of the mafic crust and thicken the crust. The partial melting of the mafic crust due to the plume heating generates TTG magma intrusions. Modified from Moyen \\& Martin, 2012\\.](/wiki/File:U%26d.png \"U&d.png\")\nVarious evidence has shown that Archean TTG rocks were directly derived from preexisting mafic materials.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Johnson\\|first1\\=Tim E.\\|last2\\=Brown\\|first2\\=Michael\\|last3\\=Gardiner\\|first3\\=Nicholas J.\\|last4\\=Kirkland\\|first4\\=Christopher L.\\|last5\\=Smithies\\|first5\\=R. Hugh\\|date\\=2017\\-02\\-27\\|title\\=Earth's first stable continents did not form by subduction\\|journal\\=Nature\\|volume\\=543\\|issue\\=7644\\|pages\\=239โ€“242\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/nature21383\\|pmid\\=28241147\\|issn\\=0028\\-0836\\|bibcode\\=2017Natur.543\\..239J\\|s2cid\\=281446}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Kemp\\|first1\\=A.I.S.\\|last2\\=Wilde\\|first2\\=S.A.\\|last3\\=Hawkesworth\\|first3\\=C.J.\\|last4\\=Coath\\|first4\\=C.D.\\|last5\\=Nemchin\\|first5\\=A.\\|last6\\=Pidgeon\\|first6\\=R.T.\\|last7\\=Vervoort\\|first7\\=J.D.\\|last8\\=DuFrane\\|first8\\=S.A.\\|date\\=July 2010\\|title\\=Hadean crustal evolution revisited: New constraints from Pbโ€“Hf isotope systematics of the Jack Hills zircons\\|journal\\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters\\|volume\\=296\\|issue\\=1โ€“2\\|pages\\=45โ€“56\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.epsl.2010\\.04\\.043\\|issn\\=0012\\-821X\\|bibcode\\=2010E\\&PSL.296\\...45K}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Moyen\\|first1\\=Jean\\-Franรงois\\|last2\\=Laurent\\|first2\\=Oscar\\|date\\=March 2018\\|title\\=Archaean tectonic systems: A view from igneous rocks\\|journal\\=Lithos\\|volume\\=302\\-303\\|pages\\=99โ€“125\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.lithos.2017\\.11\\.038\\|issn\\=0024\\-4937\\|bibcode\\=2018Litho.302\\...99M}} The melting temperature of meta\\-mafic rocks (generally between 700ย ยฐC and 1000ย ยฐC) depends primarily on their water content but only a little on pressure. Different groups of TTG should therefore have experienced distinct [geothermal gradients](/wiki/Geothermal_gradient \"Geothermal gradient\"), which corresponding to different geodynamic settings.", "The low pressure group has formed along [geotherms](/wiki/Geothermal_gradient \"Geothermal gradient\") around 20โ€“30ย ยฐC/km, which are comparable to those during the [underplating](/wiki/Underplating \"Underplating\") of plateau bases. Mantle upwellings add mafic basement to the crust and the pressure due to the cumulation thickness may reach the requirement of low pressure TTG production. The partial melting of the plateau base (which can be induced by further mantle upwelling) would then lead to low pressure TTG generation.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Smithies\\|first1\\=R.H.\\|last2\\=Champion\\|first2\\=D.C.\\|last3\\=Van Kranendonk\\|first3\\=M.J.\\|date\\=2009\\-05\\-15\\|title\\=Formation of Paleoarchean continental crust through infracrustal melting of enriched basalt\\|journal\\=Earth and Planetary Science Letters\\|volume\\=281\\|issue\\=3โ€“4\\|pages\\=298โ€“306\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.epsl.2009\\.03\\.003\\|issn\\=0012\\-821X\\|bibcode\\=2009E\\&PSL.281\\..298S}}", "The high pressure TTGs have experienced geotherms lower than 10ย ยฐC/km, which are close to modern hot subduction geotherms experienced by young slabs (but around 3ย ยฐC/km hotter than other modern subduction zones), whilst the geotherms for the most abundant TTG subseries, medium pressure group, are between 12 and 20ย ยฐC/km. Other than hot subduction, such geotherms may also be possible during the [delamination](/wiki/Delamination_%28geology%29 \"Delamination (geology)\") of mafic crustal base. The delamination may be attributed to [mantle downwelling](/wiki/Mantle_downwelling \"Mantle downwelling\"){{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Krรถner\\|first1\\=A.\\|last2\\=Layer\\|first2\\=P. W.\\|date\\=1992\\-06\\-05\\|title\\=Crust Formation and Plate Motion in the Early Archean\\|journal\\=Science\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=256\\|issue\\=5062\\|pages\\=1405โ€“1411\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.256\\.5062\\.1405\\|issn\\=0036\\-8075\\|pmid\\=17791608\\|bibcode\\=1992Sci...256\\.1405K\\|s2cid\\=35201760}} or an increase in density of the mafic crustal base due to metamorphism or [partial melt](/wiki/Partial_melting \"Partial melting\") extraction.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Bรฉdard\\|first\\=Jean H.\\|date\\=March 2006\\|title\\=A catalytic delamination\\-driven model for coupled genesis of Archaean crust and sub\\-continental lithospheric mantle\\|journal\\=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta\\|volume\\=70\\|issue\\=5\\|pages\\=1188โ€“1214\\|doi\\=10\\.1016/j.gca.2005\\.11\\.008\\|issn\\=0016\\-7037\\|bibcode\\=2006GeCoA..70\\.1188B}} Those delaminated meta\\-mafic bodies then sink down, melt, and interact with surrounding mantle to generate TTGs. Such delamination induced TTG generation process is petrogenetically similar to that of [subduction](/wiki/Subduction \"Subduction\"), both of which involves deep burial of mafic rocks into the mantle.", "" ]
Early life and career --------------------- Charnett Moffett attended [Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music \& Art and Performing Arts](/wiki/Fiorello_H._LaGuardia_High_School_of_Music_%26_Art_and_Performing_Arts "Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and later studied at [Mannes College of Music](/wiki/Mannes_College_of_Music "Mannes College of Music") and the [Juilliard School of Music](/wiki/Juilliard_School_of_Music "Juilliard School of Music"). In 1983, he played on saxophonist [Branford Marsalis](/wiki/Branford_Marsalis "Branford Marsalis")' debut as a leader, *Scenes in the City*, and the following year he joined trumpeter [Wynton Marsalis](/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis "Wynton Marsalis")โ€™ quintet, appearing on 1985's [Grammy\-winning](/wiki/Grammy_Award "Grammy Award") *[Black Codes (From the Underground)](/wiki/Black_Codes_%28From_the_Underground%29 "Black Codes (From the Underground)")*. During the 1980s, Moffett also worked with [Stanley Jordan](/wiki/Stanley_Jordan "Stanley Jordan"), appearing on the guitarist's best\-selling 1985 [Blue Note](/wiki/Blue_Note_Records "Blue Note Records") debut, *[Magic Touch](/wiki/Magic_Touch_%28Stanley_Jordan_album%29 "Magic Touch (Stanley Jordan album)")*, as well as two Blue Note albums with drummer [Tony Williams](/wiki/Tony_Williams_%28drummer%29 "Tony Williams (drummer)")โ€™ quintet: 1987's *Civilization* and 1988's *Angel Street*. In 1987, Moffett signed with Blue Note and debuted as a leader that year with his first of three albums for the label, *NetMan* (1987\) which featured Michael Brecker, Kenny Kirkland and Al Foster. His second Blue Note release, *Beauty Within (1989\)* was a family affair featuring his father [Charles Moffett](/wiki/Charles_Moffett "Charles Moffett") on drums, older brothers Mondre Moffett on trumpet, Charles Moffett, Jr on tenor sax, Codaryl Moffett on drums, and his sister Charisse on vocals. Also featured were [Kenny Garrett](/wiki/Kenny_Garrett "Kenny Garrett") on alto saxophone, and [Stanley Jordan](/wiki/Stanley_Jordan "Stanley Jordan") on guitar. His third Blue Note release, *Nettwork* (1991\), produced by Kenny Kirkland, especially focused on Moffett's piccolo bass and electric bass work. In 1993, Moffett recorded *Rhythm \& Blood* for Sweet Basil's Apollon Records. A mix of jazz and pop, it placed high on the music charts in Japan. He later scored artistic triumphs on the [Evidence](/wiki/Evidence_Music "Evidence Music") label with 1994's *Planet Home* (featuring his electronically enhanced rendition of "[The Star\-Spangled Banner](/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner "The Star-Spangled Banner")" in tribute to [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix "Jimi Hendrix")'s [Woodstock](/wiki/Woodstock "Woodstock") showstopper) and 1997's *Still Life*, featuring keyboardist [Rachel Z](/wiki/Rachel_Z "Rachel Z") and drummer [Cindy Blackman](/wiki/Cindy_Blackman "Cindy Blackman"). Starting in 1993 for several years Moffett was widely acclaimed for his innovative performances as a member of Pharoah Sanders' touring band. In 1996, Moffett appeared on two simultaneous releases by [Ornette Coleman](/wiki/Ornette_Coleman "Ornette Coleman") โ€” *[Sound Museum: Hidden Man](/wiki/Sound_Museum:Hidden_Man "Hidden Man")* and *[Sound Museum: Three Women](/wiki/Sound_Museum:Three_Women "Three Women")*. Another 1997 recording, *Acoustic Trio* for [Teichiku Records](/wiki/Teichiku_Records "Teichiku Records"), showcased Moffett's acoustic bass playing. Three other '90s recordings for the Sweet Basil/Evidence label were done under the collective name of General Music Project (with saxophonist [Kenny Garrett](/wiki/Kenny_Garrett "Kenny Garrett"), pianists [Geri Allen](/wiki/Geri_Allen "Geri Allen") and [Cyrus Chestnut](/wiki/Cyrus_Chestnut "Cyrus Chestnut"), drummer Charles Moffett Sr, his father, known for his famous work with Ornette Coleman. Another recording from 1995, *Moffett \& Sons*, is a collaboration with his father. In 2001, Moffett released a tribute to the late [Jaco Pastorius](/wiki/Jaco_Pastorius "Jaco Pastorius") entitled *Mr. P*, a trio recording with pianist [Mulgrew Miller](/wiki/Mulgrew_Miller "Mulgrew Miller") and drummer [Lewis Nash](/wiki/Lewis_Nash "Lewis Nash"). He also performed on various movie soundtracks, including acclaimed ensemble cast pictures *[Glengarry Glen Ross](/wiki/Glengarry_Glen_Ross_%28film%29 "Glengarry Glen Ross (film)")* (1992\) and *The Visit* (2001\), and was a featured soloist on Howard Shore's score for *[The Score](/wiki/The_Score_%282001_film%29 "The Score (2001 film)")* (starring [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro") and [Marlon Brando](/wiki/Marlon_Brando "Marlon Brando")). ### Later career In 2008, Moffett signed with [Motรฉma Music](/wiki/Mot%C3%A9ma_Music "Motรฉma Music") releasing *The Art of Improvisation* in May 2009 and *Treasure* in June 2010\. *The Art of Improvisation* was his Motรฉma debut (and his eighth recording as a leader), overdubbing electric bass guitar, piccolo bass and acoustic upright bass. Joined by drummers [Will Calhoun](/wiki/Will_Calhoun "Will Calhoun") and [Eric McPherson](/wiki/Eric_McPherson "Eric McPherson") and Tibetan vocalist [Yungchen Lhamo](/wiki/Yungchen_Lhamo "Yungchen Lhamo"), the release references Asian and Middle Eastern influences. *Treasure* (2010\), while sharing some of the Asian and Middle Eastern influences of *The Art of Improvisation*, has an emphasis on the swing and pulse for which Moffett has become known. The release, while his second on Motรฉma, marked his eleventh as a leader. Once again on *Treasure*, he uses his three\-pointed bass method to express his distinct musicality: his upright acoustic bass, his fretless electric bass and his electric piccolo bass. *The Making of Treasure*, a documentary directed and narrated by Moffett, is included as enhanced content on the CD. *Treasure* was also released by King Records in Japan and by Membran International in the EU. Moffett worked in duo with Jana Herzen on her sophomore release *Passion of A Lonely Heart* (October 2012\), playing the upright bass and electric bass. In 2013, he released *The Bridge: Solo Bass Works* and *Spirit of Sound*, both on Motรฉma Music. To celebrate his thirtieth year as a recording artist, Moffett released his first live album, *Music From Our Soul,* also on Motรฉma, featuring his long time jazz compatriots [Pharoah Sanders](/wiki/Pharoah_Sanders "Pharoah Sanders"), [Stanley Jordan](/wiki/Stanley_Jordan "Stanley Jordan"), [Cyrus Chestnut](/wiki/Cyrus_Chestnut "Cyrus Chestnut"), [Jeff "Tain" Watts](/wiki/Jeff_%22Tain%22_Watts "Jeff "), [Victor Lewis](/wiki/Victor_Lewis "Victor Lewis") and Mike Clarke. In 2019, Moffett released *Bright New Day* in collaboration with the members of his touring band, violinist Scott Tixier, keyboardist Brian Jackson, drummer Mark Whitfield, Jr, and singer/guitarist Jana Herzen.["News \- Bright New Day"](http://charnettmoffettbass.net/), Retrieved June 23, 2019\.
[ "Early life and career\n---------------------", "Charnett Moffett attended [Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music \\& Art and Performing Arts](/wiki/Fiorello_H._LaGuardia_High_School_of_Music_%26_Art_and_Performing_Arts \"Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts\") in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and later studied at [Mannes College of Music](/wiki/Mannes_College_of_Music \"Mannes College of Music\") and the [Juilliard School of Music](/wiki/Juilliard_School_of_Music \"Juilliard School of Music\"). In 1983, he played on saxophonist [Branford Marsalis](/wiki/Branford_Marsalis \"Branford Marsalis\")' debut as a leader, *Scenes in the City*, and the following year he joined trumpeter [Wynton Marsalis](/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis \"Wynton Marsalis\")โ€™ quintet, appearing on 1985's [Grammy\\-winning](/wiki/Grammy_Award \"Grammy Award\") *[Black Codes (From the Underground)](/wiki/Black_Codes_%28From_the_Underground%29 \"Black Codes (From the Underground)\")*. During the 1980s, Moffett also worked with [Stanley Jordan](/wiki/Stanley_Jordan \"Stanley Jordan\"), appearing on the guitarist's best\\-selling 1985 [Blue Note](/wiki/Blue_Note_Records \"Blue Note Records\") debut, *[Magic Touch](/wiki/Magic_Touch_%28Stanley_Jordan_album%29 \"Magic Touch (Stanley Jordan album)\")*, as well as two Blue Note albums with drummer [Tony Williams](/wiki/Tony_Williams_%28drummer%29 \"Tony Williams (drummer)\")โ€™ quintet: 1987's *Civilization* and 1988's *Angel Street*. In 1987, Moffett signed with Blue Note and debuted as a leader that year with his first of three albums for the label, *NetMan* (1987\\) which featured Michael Brecker, Kenny Kirkland and Al Foster. His second Blue Note release, *Beauty Within (1989\\)* was a family affair featuring his father [Charles Moffett](/wiki/Charles_Moffett \"Charles Moffett\") on drums, older brothers Mondre Moffett on trumpet, Charles Moffett, Jr on tenor sax, Codaryl Moffett on drums, and his sister Charisse on vocals. Also featured were [Kenny Garrett](/wiki/Kenny_Garrett \"Kenny Garrett\") on alto saxophone, and [Stanley Jordan](/wiki/Stanley_Jordan \"Stanley Jordan\") on guitar. His third Blue Note release, *Nettwork* (1991\\), produced by Kenny Kirkland, especially focused on Moffett's piccolo bass and electric bass work.", "In 1993, Moffett recorded *Rhythm \\& Blood* for Sweet Basil's Apollon Records. A mix of jazz and pop, it placed high on the music charts in Japan. He later scored artistic triumphs on the [Evidence](/wiki/Evidence_Music \"Evidence Music\") label with 1994's *Planet Home* (featuring his electronically enhanced rendition of \"[The Star\\-Spangled Banner](/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner \"The Star-Spangled Banner\")\" in tribute to [Jimi Hendrix](/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix \"Jimi Hendrix\")'s [Woodstock](/wiki/Woodstock \"Woodstock\") showstopper) and 1997's *Still Life*, featuring keyboardist [Rachel Z](/wiki/Rachel_Z \"Rachel Z\") and drummer [Cindy Blackman](/wiki/Cindy_Blackman \"Cindy Blackman\"). Starting in 1993 for several years Moffett was widely acclaimed for his innovative performances as a member of Pharoah Sanders' touring band. In 1996, Moffett appeared on two simultaneous releases by [Ornette Coleman](/wiki/Ornette_Coleman \"Ornette Coleman\") โ€” *[Sound Museum: Hidden Man](/wiki/Sound_Museum:Hidden_Man \"Hidden Man\")* and *[Sound Museum: Three Women](/wiki/Sound_Museum:Three_Women \"Three Women\")*. Another 1997 recording, *Acoustic Trio* for [Teichiku Records](/wiki/Teichiku_Records \"Teichiku Records\"), showcased Moffett's acoustic bass playing. Three other '90s recordings for the Sweet Basil/Evidence label were done under the collective name of General Music Project (with saxophonist [Kenny Garrett](/wiki/Kenny_Garrett \"Kenny Garrett\"), pianists [Geri Allen](/wiki/Geri_Allen \"Geri Allen\") and [Cyrus Chestnut](/wiki/Cyrus_Chestnut \"Cyrus Chestnut\"), drummer Charles Moffett Sr, his father, known for his famous work with Ornette Coleman. Another recording from 1995, *Moffett \\& Sons*, is a collaboration with his father. In 2001, Moffett released a tribute to the late [Jaco Pastorius](/wiki/Jaco_Pastorius \"Jaco Pastorius\") entitled *Mr. P*, a trio recording with pianist [Mulgrew Miller](/wiki/Mulgrew_Miller \"Mulgrew Miller\") and drummer [Lewis Nash](/wiki/Lewis_Nash \"Lewis Nash\"). He also performed on various movie soundtracks, including acclaimed ensemble cast pictures *[Glengarry Glen Ross](/wiki/Glengarry_Glen_Ross_%28film%29 \"Glengarry Glen Ross (film)\")* (1992\\) and *The Visit* (2001\\), and was a featured soloist on Howard Shore's score for *[The Score](/wiki/The_Score_%282001_film%29 \"The Score (2001 film)\")* (starring [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\") and [Marlon Brando](/wiki/Marlon_Brando \"Marlon Brando\")).", "### Later career", "In 2008, Moffett signed with [Motรฉma Music](/wiki/Mot%C3%A9ma_Music \"Motรฉma Music\") releasing *The Art of Improvisation* in May 2009 and *Treasure* in June 2010\\. *The Art of Improvisation* was his Motรฉma debut (and his eighth recording as a leader), overdubbing electric bass guitar, piccolo bass and acoustic upright bass. Joined by drummers [Will Calhoun](/wiki/Will_Calhoun \"Will Calhoun\") and [Eric McPherson](/wiki/Eric_McPherson \"Eric McPherson\") and Tibetan vocalist [Yungchen Lhamo](/wiki/Yungchen_Lhamo \"Yungchen Lhamo\"), the release references Asian and Middle Eastern influences.", "*Treasure* (2010\\), while sharing some of the Asian and Middle Eastern influences of *The Art of Improvisation*, has an emphasis on the swing and pulse for which Moffett has become known. The release, while his second on Motรฉma, marked his eleventh as a leader. Once again on *Treasure*, he uses his three\\-pointed bass method to express his distinct musicality: his upright acoustic bass, his fretless electric bass and his electric piccolo bass. *The Making of Treasure*, a documentary directed and narrated by Moffett, is included as enhanced content on the CD. *Treasure* was also released by King Records in Japan and by Membran International in the EU.", "Moffett worked in duo with Jana Herzen on her sophomore release *Passion of A Lonely Heart* (October 2012\\), playing the upright bass and electric bass.", "In 2013, he released *The Bridge: Solo Bass Works* and *Spirit of Sound*, both on Motรฉma Music. To celebrate his thirtieth year as a recording artist, Moffett released his first live album, *Music From Our Soul,* also on Motรฉma, featuring his long time jazz compatriots [Pharoah Sanders](/wiki/Pharoah_Sanders \"Pharoah Sanders\"), [Stanley Jordan](/wiki/Stanley_Jordan \"Stanley Jordan\"), [Cyrus Chestnut](/wiki/Cyrus_Chestnut \"Cyrus Chestnut\"), [Jeff \"Tain\" Watts](/wiki/Jeff_%22Tain%22_Watts \"Jeff \"), [Victor Lewis](/wiki/Victor_Lewis \"Victor Lewis\") and Mike Clarke.", "In 2019, Moffett released *Bright New Day* in collaboration with the members of his touring band, violinist Scott Tixier, keyboardist Brian Jackson, drummer Mark Whitfield, Jr, and singer/guitarist Jana Herzen.[\"News \\- Bright New Day\"](http://charnettmoffettbass.net/), Retrieved June 23, 2019\\.", "" ]
History ------- On December 22, 2006, Liberty Media acquired four Fox Sports regional networks โ€“ FSN Utah, FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest and FSN Rocky Mountain โ€“ as part of a deal with [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation_%281980%E2%80%932013%29 "News Corporation (1980โ€“2013)"), which exchanged the networks and its controlling 38\.5% ownership interest in satellite provider [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV "DirecTV") for [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")550 million in cash and stock, in exchange for the 16\.3% stake in News Corporation that had been owned by Liberty.{{cite news\|title\=News Corp. Reaches Deal with Liberty Media\|url\=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/news\-corp\-reaches\-deal\-with\-liberty\-media/?\_r\=0\|newspaper\=The New York Times\|date\=December 22, 2006\|access\-date\=April 9, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416162411/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/news\-corp\-reaches\-deal\-with\-liberty\-media/?\_r\=0\|archive\-date\=2015\-04\-16\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news\|title\=Liberty Media Completes DirecTV Buyout\|url\=http://www.multichannel.com/article/132230\-FCC\_Approves\_Liberty\_Takeover\_of\_DirecTV.php\|author\=Ted Hearn\|periodical\=\[\[Multichannel News]]\|publisher\=\[\[Reed Business Information]]\|date\=February 25, 2008\|access\-date\=April 22, 2011}} These three FSN affiliates became part of the Liberty Entertainment division, which also owned a stake in the [Game Show Network](/wiki/Game_Show_Network "Game Show Network"). On May 4, 2009, DirecTV Group Inc. announced it would become a part of Liberty Entertainment, and [spin off](/wiki/Corporate_spin-off "Corporate spin-off") certain properties into a separate company under the DirecTV name, in a deal in which Liberty would increase its share in DirecTV from a minority 48% to a controlling 54%, while Liberty owner [John Malone](/wiki/John_C._Malone "John C. Malone") and his family would own a 24% interest. DirecTV would then operate the four acquired FSN\-affiliated networks through DirecTV Sports Networks,{{cite news\|title\=DirecTV, Liberty Media Announce Spin\-Off Plan\|url\=http://www.multichannel.com/news/satellite/directv\-liberty\-media\-announce\-spin\-plan/301694\|author\=Todd Spangler\|periodical\=Multichannel News\|publisher\=Reed Business Information\|date\=May 4, 2009\|access\-date\=April 18, 2015}} a new division formed on November 19, 2009, upon the spin\-off's completion.{{cite web\|title\=Liberty Sports Rebrands As DirecTV Sports Networks\|url\=http://www.multichannel.com/news/satellite/liberty\-sports\-rebrands\-directv\-sports\-networks/301653\|author\=Mike Reynolds\|periodical\=Multichannel News\|publisher\=\[\[NewBay Media]]\|date\=November 20, 2009\|access\-date\=April 18, 2015}}{{cite news\|title\=DirecTV Group to Combine With Liberty Entertainment\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=newsarchive\&sid\=auGzOOELO3\.0\|author\=Tim Mullaney\|author2\=Kelly Riddell\|agency\=\[\[Bloomberg News]]\|publisher\=\[\[Bloomberg L.P.]]\|date\=May 4, 2009\|access\-date\=April 22, 2011}} In December 2010, DirecTV announced that it would rebrand its FSN affiliates collectively under the "Root Sports" brand. The new brand was created to emphasize connections between the network and fans who passionately support (or "root" for) their local teams. The networks would, according to Mark Shuken, president and [chief executive officer](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer") of DirecTV Sports Networks at the time, have a "mindset" that "enables us to go from simply covering teams and games to providing an immersive experience as a fan and for the fan."{{cite web\|title\=Root Sports to Launch April 1\|url\=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news\-articles/root\-sports\-launch\-april\-1/111784\|author\=Tim Baysinger\|periodical\=\[\[Broadcasting \& Cable]]\|publisher\=\[\[NewBay Media]]\|date\=March 31, 2011\|access\-date\=April 1, 2011}} The introduction of Root Sports was also intended to signify a form of independence from FSN; however, the Root Sports networks will maintain their current affiliations with the group through a programming agreement.{{cite web\|title\=DIRECTV Sports Networks Will Rebrand FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest, FSN Rocky Mountain in Spring 2011\|url\=http://penguins.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\=546739\|publisher\=\[\[Pittsburgh Penguins]]\|date\=December 17, 2010\|access\-date\=March 22, 2011}}{{cite news\|title\='Root Sports' new name for sports networks\|url\=http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2010/12/17/root\-sports\-new\-name\-for\-sports.html\|newspaper\=Denver Business Journal\|publisher\=\[\[American City Business Journals]]\|date\=December 17, 2010\|access\-date\=February 5, 2011}} The Root Sports brand was phased in on the networks during the first quarter of 2011, and officially replaced the channels' FSN branding (FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest, FSN Rocky Mountain and FSN Utah) on April 1, 2011\. The launch of Root Sports coincided with the opening weekend of the [2011 Major League Baseball season](/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_season "2011 Major League Baseball season"), as Root Sports holds broadcast rights for all of the MLB teams in their respective regions. On August 6, 2014, DirecTV and [AT\&T](/wiki/AT%26T "AT&T") (which was in the process of acquiring DirecTV) acquired Comcast SportsNet Houston โ€“ which had earlier been granted a [Chapter 11 bankruptcy](/wiki/Chapter_11%2C_Title_11%2C_United_States_Code "Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code") protection placement through an involuntary petition filed by [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast "Comcast") and [NBCUniversal](/wiki/NBCUniversal "NBCUniversal") in September 2013{{cite news\|title\=Judge places Comcast SportsNet houston in bankruptcy\|url\=http://blog.chron.com/ultimateastros/2014/02/04/judge\-places\-comcast\-sportsnet\-houston\-in\-bankruptcy/\|author\=David Barron\|newspaper\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|publisher\=\[\[Hearst Corporation]]\|date\=February 4, 2014\|access\-date\=February 4, 2014}} โ€“ as a 60/40 joint venture (with DirecTV as majority owner). The network was subsequently rebranded as Root Sports Southwest on November 17, 2014,{{cite news\|title\=CSN Houston bankruptcy filing surprises Astros\|url\=http://blog.chron.com/sportsupdate/2013/09/bankruptcy\-petition\-filed\-on\-behalf\-of\-comcast\-sportsnet\-houston/\|author\=David Barron\|newspaper\=Houston Chronicle\|publisher\=Hearst Corporation\|date\=September 27, 2013\|access\-date\=April 18, 2015\|archive\-date\=August 21, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821225917/http://blog.chron.com/sportsupdate/2013/09/bankruptcy\-petition\-filed\-on\-behalf\-of\-comcast\-sportsnet\-houston/\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|title\=Root Sports Southwest channel debuts Monday\|url\=http://blog.chron.com/sportsupdate/2014/11/root\-sports\-southwest\-channel\-debuts\-monday/\|newspaper\=Houston Chronicle (Ultimate Rockets)\|publisher\=Hearst Corporation\|date\=November 17, 2014\|access\-date\=November 17, 2014}}{{cite news\|title\=AT\&T, DirecTV to take over Comcast SportsNet Houston\|url\=http://blog.chron.com/ultimateastros/2014/08/06/att\-directv\-to\-take\-over\-comcast\-sportsnet\-houston/\|author\=David Barron\|newspaper\=Houston Chronicle\|publisher\=Hearst Corporation\|date\=August 6, 2014\|access\-date\=August 7, 2014}}{{cite news\|title\=CSN Houston Chap. 11 Closing Arguments Now Oct. 30\|url\=http://www.multichannel.com/news/carriage\-deals/csn\-houston\-bankruptcy\-closing\-arguments\-pushed\-oct\-30/385107\|author\=Mike Reynolds\|periodical\=\[\[Multichannel News]]\|publisher\=\[\[NewBay Media]]\|date\=October 22, 2014\|access\-date\=November 9, 2014}} becoming the first Root Sports network to not be a rebranded Fox Sports Networks affiliate. In April 2016, following the completion of the acquisition of DirecTV by AT\&T, DirecTV Sports Networks rebranded under the AT\&T name as AT\&T Sports Networks. Following this announcement, the channels began to downplay the Root Sports brand by replacing their logo bugs with an AT\&T Sports Networks logo, restricting the Root Sports brand to [station identification](/wiki/Station_identification "Station identification") only.{{cite web\|url\=http://awfulannouncing.com/2016/root\-sports\-regional\-nets\-now\-part\-of\-att\-sports\-networks.html\|title\=Root Sports regional nets now part of AT\&T Sports Networks\|website\=Awful Announcing\|publisher\=Ken Fang\|date\=April 9, 2016\|access\-date\=April 9, 2016}} Three of the channels were re\-branded as **AT\&T SportsNet** on July 14, 2017, introducing new logos and on\-air graphics. Root Sports Northwest adopted the new AT\&T SportsNet graphics,{{Cite news\|url\=https://marinersblog.mlblogs.com/root\-sports\-nw\-debuts\-new\-graphics\-on\-mariners\-telecasts\-c56ded1d5e0\|title\=ROOT Sports NW Debuts New Graphics on Mariners Telecasts\|date\=2017\-07\-15\|work\=From the Corner of Edgar \& Dave\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-15}} but remains under the Root Sports brand; it is the only network in the group that is not majority\-owned by AT\&T.{{cite web\|title\=AT\&T Rebranding Three ROOT Sports RSNs as 'AT\&T SportsNet' in July\|url\=http://www.sportsvideo.org/2017/06/13/att\-rebranding\-three\-root\-sports\-rsns\-as\-att\-sportsnet\-in\-july/\|website\=Sports Video Group\|date\=13 June 2017 \|access\-date\=19 June 2017}}{{Cite news\|url\=http://www.chron.com/sports/astros/article/Root\-Sports\-Southwest\-is\-now\-AT\-T\-SportsNet\-11290112\.php\|title\=Root Sports Southwest is now AT\&T SportsNet Southwest\|work\=Houston Chronicle\|access\-date\=2017\-07\-15}} Following AT\&T's acquisition of [Time Warner](/wiki/WarnerMedia "WarnerMedia") in 2018, AT\&T SportsNet was moved into the WarnerMedia News \& Sports division in March 2019, alongside Time Warner's existing national sports unit [Turner Sports](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_Sports "Warner Bros. Discovery Sports").{{cite news \|last1\=Feiner \|first1\=Lauren \|title\=WarnerMedia reorganizes its leadership team after AT\&T acquisition \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/04/warnermedia\-reorganizes\-its\-leadership\-team\-after\-att\-acquisition.html \|access\-date\=March 4, 2019 \|work\=CNBC \|date\=March 4, 2019}} In February 2020, the *[New York Post](/wiki/New_York_Post "New York Post")* reported that AT\&T had abandoned a plan to divest the channels, after only receiving bids in excess of $500 million (rather than the $1 billion valuation it had expected).{{Cite web\|url\=https://nypost.com/2020/02/17/atts\-auction\-to\-sell\-four\-regional\-sports\-channels\-falls\-short/\|title\=AT\&T's auction to sell four regional sports channels falls short\|last\=Kosman\|first\=Josh\|date\=2020\-02\-18\|website\=New York Post\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2020\-02\-24}} In May 2021, it was announced that AT\&T would instead divest the entirety of WarnerMedia, and contribute it into a joint venture with [Discovery Inc.](/wiki/Discovery_Inc. "Discovery Inc."), forming a new company later announced as [Warner Bros. Discovery](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery "Warner Bros. Discovery").{{cite web \|last1\=Kovach \|first1\=Steve \|last2\=Meredith \|first2\=Sam \|date\=May 17, 2021 \|title\=AT\&T announces $43 billion deal to merge WarnerMedia with Discovery \|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/17/att\-to\-combine\-warnermedia\-and\-discovery\-assets\-to\-create\-a\-new\-standalone\-company.html \|access\-date\=June 2, 2021 \|website\=\[\[CNBC]]}} Discovery announced on April 7, 2022, that Patrick Crumb, president of AT\&T Sports Networks, would report to the yet\-to\-be\-named Chairperson for Warner Bros. Discovery Sports; Jeff Zucker departed the company upon the completion of the merger, but his successor [Chris Licht](/wiki/Chris_Licht "Chris Licht") will only oversee CNN.{{cite web \|title\=Discovery, Inc. Announces Future Leadership Team for Warner Bros. Discovery \|url\=https://corporate.discovery.com/discovery\-newsroom/discovery\-inc\-announces\-future\-leadership\-team\-for\-warner\-bros\-discovery/ \|website\=\[\[Discovery, Inc.]] \|access\-date\=April 8, 2022 \|date\=April 7, 2022}} The merger was completed the following day.{{cite news \|last\=Maas \|first\=Jennifer \|date\=April 8, 2022 \|title\=Discovery Closes $43 Billion Acquisition of AT\&T's WarnerMedia \|website\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]] \|publisher\=\[\[Penske Media Corporation]] \|url\=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/discovery\-warnermedia\-merger\-close\-warner\-bros\-discovery\-1235200983/ \|access\-date\=April 8, 2022}} During this time until closure, the networks licensed the AT\&T branding and logo. On February 24, 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery announced that it would leave the RSN business. The company also sent messages to teams it has deals with, notifying them they had until March 31 to reach an agreement to take their rights back or acquire the networks. If no deal was made before the deadline, Warner Bros. Discovery stated that the channels would go into [Chapter 7 bankruptcy](/wiki/Chapter_7_bankruptcy "Chapter 7 bankruptcy") liquidation. Those teams with deals with Root Sports Northwest are not affected because that channel already is majority\-owned by the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners "Seattle Mariners").{{Cite web \|title\=Warner Bros. Discovery tells teams it is leaving RSN business \|url\=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Daily/Closing\-Bell/2023/02/24/rsn\-breaking\-news.aspx \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-25 \|website\=Sports Business Journal \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Weprin \|first\=Alex \|date\=2023\-02\-24 \|title\=Warner Bros. Discovery Seeks to Exit Regional Sports Networks Business \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business\-news/warner\-bros\-discovery\-seeks\-exit\-rsn\-business\-att\-sportsnet\-1235333847/ \|access\-date\=2023\-02\-25 \|website\=The Hollywood Reporter \|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-02\-24 \|title\=ROOT Sports Northwest says it's not impacted by Warner Bros. Discovery exiting local sports business \|url\=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/root\-sports\-northwest\-says\-its\-not\-impacted\-by\-warner\-bros\-discovery\-exiting\-local\-sports\-business/ \|access\-date\=2023\-03\-20 \|website\=The Seattle Times \|language\=en\-US}} Despite the March 31 deadline passing, the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros "Houston Astros") and [Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets "Houston Rockets") continued to negotiate to take over [AT\&T SportsNet Southwest](/wiki/AT%26T_SportsNet_Southwest "AT&T SportsNet Southwest") from Warner Bros. Discovery,{{cite web\|last\=Barron\| first\=David\|url\=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/texas\-sports\-nation/general/article/astros\-rockets\-att\-sportsnet\-southwest\-purchase\-17838568\.php\|title\=Astros, Rockets negotiating to take over AT\&T SportsNet Southwest\|website\=\[\[Houston Chronicle]]\|date\=March 14, 2023\|accessdate\=March 14, 2023}} while Major League Baseball continued to negotiate a deal to keep all the RSNs operational through the end of the 2023 MLB season.{{cite web\|last\=Lucia\| first\=Joe\|url\=https://awfulannouncing.com/mlb/warner\-bros\-discovery\-mlb\-nearing\-deal\-to\-keep\-rsns\-running\-through\-2023\-season.html\|title\=Warner Bros. Discovery, MLB nearing deal to keep RSNs running through 2023 season\|website\=Awful Announcing\|date\=April 10, 2023\|accessdate\=April 18, 2023}} Meanwhile, the [Vegas Golden Knights](/wiki/Vegas_Golden_Knights "Vegas Golden Knights") and [Utah Jazz](/wiki/Utah_Jazz "Utah Jazz") signed deals to move on from [AT\&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain](/wiki/AT%26T_SportsNet_Rocky_Mountain "AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain") to [over\-the\-air television](/wiki/Terrestrial_television "Terrestrial television") in their home markets.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-05\-04 \|title\=Vegas Golden Knights, Scripps Sports announce 'historic' broadcast partnership \|url\=https://www.ktnv.com/news/golden\-knights/vegas\-golden\-knights\-scripps\-sports\-announce\-historic\-broadcast\-partnership \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-28 \|website\=KTNV 13 Action News Las Vegas \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Utah Jazz will air games free, sell streaming packages to fans next season \|url\=https://www.sltrib.com/sports/jazz/2023/06/20/utah\-jazz\-will\-air\-games\-free\-sell/ \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-28 \|website\=The Salt Lake Tribune \|language\=en\-US}} Then on August 28, John Ourand of the [Sports Business Journal](/wiki/Sports_Business_Journal "Sports Business Journal") reported that [Fenway Sports Group](/wiki/Fenway_Sports_Group "Fenway Sports Group"), controlling owners of the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins "Pittsburgh Penguins"), would take over [AT\&T SportsNet Pittsburgh](/wiki/AT%26T_SportsNet_Pittsburgh "AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh");{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-08\-28 \|title\=Sports Media: WBD Sports closer to exit from nearly all of its RSN business \|url\=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2023/08/28/media.aspx \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-28 \|website\=www.sportsbusinessjournal.com \|language\=en}} Three days later, Fenway and the Penguins announced that AT\&T SportsNet Pittsburgh would be rebranded to [SportsNet Pittsburgh](/wiki/SportsNet_Pittsburgh "SportsNet Pittsburgh") on October 2\.{{Cite web \|title\=Penguins Announce 'SportsNet Pittsburgh' as Regional Sports Network \|url\=https://www.nhl.com/penguins/news/penguins\-announce\-sportsnet\-pittsburgh\-as\-regional\-sports\-network/c\-345709464 \|access\-date\=2023\-08\-31 \|website\=NHL.com \|language\=en\-US}} The [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates "Pittsburgh Pirates") and [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies "Colorado Rockies") were also reported to be considering whether to assign their local telecast rights to Major League Baseball, or sign deals with SportsNet Pittsburgh or [Altitude Sports and Entertainment](/wiki/Altitude_Sports_and_Entertainment "Altitude Sports and Entertainment") respectively. On September 29, the Astros and the Rockets announced that they have closed the deal to acquire AT\&T SportsNet Southwest, and then rebranded the channel as [Space City Home Network](/wiki/Space_City_Home_Network "Space City Home Network") on October 3\.{{Cite web \|title\=ASTROS AND ROCKETS ANNOUNCE ASTROS AND ROCKETS ANNOUNCE ACQUISITION OF REGIONAL SPORTS NETWORK AT\&T SPORTSNET SOUTHWEST \|url\=https://www.nba.com/rockets/news/astros\-and\-rockets\-announce\-astros\-and\-rockets\-announce\-acquisition\-of\-regional\-sports\-network\-att\-sportsnet\-southwest \|access\-date\=2023\-09\-30 \|website\=www.nba.com \|language\=en}} On October 6, all full\-time employees of AT\&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain were laid off, with that network shutting down on October 21, ahead of their December 31 deadline.{{Cite web \|title\=AT\&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain shutting down, leaving Rockies broadcasts in limbo for 2024, sources say \|url\=https://www.denverpost.com/2023/09/05/att\-sportsnet\-rocky\-mountain\-shutting\-down\-rockies\-broadcasts/ \|website\=The Denver Post \|date\=2023\-09\-05 \|access\-date\=2023\-10\-11}} However, SportsNet Rocky Mountain would still air until that designated end date, with the channel's final 2 months on the air broadcasts airing some national and [syndicated](/wiki/Broadcast_syndication "Broadcast syndication") sports programs, including some SSN Sports shows, [Sports Stars of Tomorrow](/wiki/Sports_Stars_of_Tomorrow "Sports Stars of Tomorrow"), and the [World Poker Tour](/wiki/World_Poker_Tour "World Poker Tour"), among others. In December of that year, the *[Seattle Times](/wiki/The_Seattle_Times "The Seattle Times")* reported that the Mariners would acquire full control of Root Sports at the beginning of 2024\.{{Cite web \|date\=December 15, 2023 \|title\=Mariners to take full control of ROOT Sports NW, clouding team's financial outlook \|url\=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/mariners\-to\-take\-full\-control\-of\-root\-sports\-nw\-clouding\-teams\-financial\-outlook/ \|access\-date\=December 16, 2023 \|website\=The Seattle Times \|language\=en\-US}}
[ "History\n-------", "On December 22, 2006, Liberty Media acquired four Fox Sports regional networks โ€“ FSN Utah, FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest and FSN Rocky Mountain โ€“ as part of a deal with [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation_%281980%E2%80%932013%29 \"News Corporation (1980โ€“2013)\"), which exchanged the networks and its controlling 38\\.5% ownership interest in satellite provider [DirecTV](/wiki/DirecTV \"DirecTV\") for [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")550 million in cash and stock, in exchange for the 16\\.3% stake in News Corporation that had been owned by Liberty.{{cite news\\|title\\=News Corp. Reaches Deal with Liberty Media\\|url\\=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/news\\-corp\\-reaches\\-deal\\-with\\-liberty\\-media/?\\_r\\=0\\|newspaper\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=December 22, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416162411/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2006/12/22/news\\-corp\\-reaches\\-deal\\-with\\-liberty\\-media/?\\_r\\=0\\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-04\\-16\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news\\|title\\=Liberty Media Completes DirecTV Buyout\\|url\\=http://www.multichannel.com/article/132230\\-FCC\\_Approves\\_Liberty\\_Takeover\\_of\\_DirecTV.php\\|author\\=Ted Hearn\\|periodical\\=\\[\\[Multichannel News]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Reed Business Information]]\\|date\\=February 25, 2008\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2011}} These three FSN affiliates became part of the Liberty Entertainment division, which also owned a stake in the [Game Show Network](/wiki/Game_Show_Network \"Game Show Network\").", "On May 4, 2009, DirecTV Group Inc. announced it would become a part of Liberty Entertainment, and [spin off](/wiki/Corporate_spin-off \"Corporate spin-off\") certain properties into a separate company under the DirecTV name, in a deal in which Liberty would increase its share in DirecTV from a minority 48% to a controlling 54%, while Liberty owner [John Malone](/wiki/John_C._Malone \"John C. Malone\") and his family would own a 24% interest. DirecTV would then operate the four acquired FSN\\-affiliated networks through DirecTV Sports Networks,{{cite news\\|title\\=DirecTV, Liberty Media Announce Spin\\-Off Plan\\|url\\=http://www.multichannel.com/news/satellite/directv\\-liberty\\-media\\-announce\\-spin\\-plan/301694\\|author\\=Todd Spangler\\|periodical\\=Multichannel News\\|publisher\\=Reed Business Information\\|date\\=May 4, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2015}} a new division formed on November 19, 2009, upon the spin\\-off's completion.{{cite web\\|title\\=Liberty Sports Rebrands As DirecTV Sports Networks\\|url\\=http://www.multichannel.com/news/satellite/liberty\\-sports\\-rebrands\\-directv\\-sports\\-networks/301653\\|author\\=Mike Reynolds\\|periodical\\=Multichannel News\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NewBay Media]]\\|date\\=November 20, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2015}}{{cite news\\|title\\=DirecTV Group to Combine With Liberty Entertainment\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=newsarchive\\&sid\\=auGzOOELO3\\.0\\|author\\=Tim Mullaney\\|author2\\=Kelly Riddell\\|agency\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg News]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bloomberg L.P.]]\\|date\\=May 4, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2011}}", "In December 2010, DirecTV announced that it would rebrand its FSN affiliates collectively under the \"Root Sports\" brand. The new brand was created to emphasize connections between the network and fans who passionately support (or \"root\" for) their local teams. The networks would, according to Mark Shuken, president and [chief executive officer](/wiki/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\") of DirecTV Sports Networks at the time, have a \"mindset\" that \"enables us to go from simply covering teams and games to providing an immersive experience as a fan and for the fan.\"{{cite web\\|title\\=Root Sports to Launch April 1\\|url\\=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news\\-articles/root\\-sports\\-launch\\-april\\-1/111784\\|author\\=Tim Baysinger\\|periodical\\=\\[\\[Broadcasting \\& Cable]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NewBay Media]]\\|date\\=March 31, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=April 1, 2011}} The introduction of Root Sports was also intended to signify a form of independence from FSN; however, the Root Sports networks will maintain their current affiliations with the group through a programming agreement.{{cite web\\|title\\=DIRECTV Sports Networks Will Rebrand FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest, FSN Rocky Mountain in Spring 2011\\|url\\=http://penguins.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id\\=546739\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Pittsburgh Penguins]]\\|date\\=December 17, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=March 22, 2011}}{{cite news\\|title\\='Root Sports' new name for sports networks\\|url\\=http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2010/12/17/root\\-sports\\-new\\-name\\-for\\-sports.html\\|newspaper\\=Denver Business Journal\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[American City Business Journals]]\\|date\\=December 17, 2010\\|access\\-date\\=February 5, 2011}} The Root Sports brand was phased in on the networks during the first quarter of 2011, and officially replaced the channels' FSN branding (FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest, FSN Rocky Mountain and FSN Utah) on April 1, 2011\\. The launch of Root Sports coincided with the opening weekend of the [2011 Major League Baseball season](/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_season \"2011 Major League Baseball season\"), as Root Sports holds broadcast rights for all of the MLB teams in their respective regions.", "On August 6, 2014, DirecTV and [AT\\&T](/wiki/AT%26T \"AT&T\") (which was in the process of acquiring DirecTV) acquired Comcast SportsNet Houston โ€“ which had earlier been granted a [Chapter 11 bankruptcy](/wiki/Chapter_11%2C_Title_11%2C_United_States_Code \"Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code\") protection placement through an involuntary petition filed by [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast \"Comcast\") and [NBCUniversal](/wiki/NBCUniversal \"NBCUniversal\") in September 2013{{cite news\\|title\\=Judge places Comcast SportsNet houston in bankruptcy\\|url\\=http://blog.chron.com/ultimateastros/2014/02/04/judge\\-places\\-comcast\\-sportsnet\\-houston\\-in\\-bankruptcy/\\|author\\=David Barron\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Hearst Corporation]]\\|date\\=February 4, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=February 4, 2014}} โ€“ as a 60/40 joint venture (with DirecTV as majority owner). The network was subsequently rebranded as Root Sports Southwest on November 17, 2014,{{cite news\\|title\\=CSN Houston bankruptcy filing surprises Astros\\|url\\=http://blog.chron.com/sportsupdate/2013/09/bankruptcy\\-petition\\-filed\\-on\\-behalf\\-of\\-comcast\\-sportsnet\\-houston/\\|author\\=David Barron\\|newspaper\\=Houston Chronicle\\|publisher\\=Hearst Corporation\\|date\\=September 27, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=August 21, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821225917/http://blog.chron.com/sportsupdate/2013/09/bankruptcy\\-petition\\-filed\\-on\\-behalf\\-of\\-comcast\\-sportsnet\\-houston/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Root Sports Southwest channel debuts Monday\\|url\\=http://blog.chron.com/sportsupdate/2014/11/root\\-sports\\-southwest\\-channel\\-debuts\\-monday/\\|newspaper\\=Houston Chronicle (Ultimate Rockets)\\|publisher\\=Hearst Corporation\\|date\\=November 17, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=November 17, 2014}}{{cite news\\|title\\=AT\\&T, DirecTV to take over Comcast SportsNet Houston\\|url\\=http://blog.chron.com/ultimateastros/2014/08/06/att\\-directv\\-to\\-take\\-over\\-comcast\\-sportsnet\\-houston/\\|author\\=David Barron\\|newspaper\\=Houston Chronicle\\|publisher\\=Hearst Corporation\\|date\\=August 6, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2014}}{{cite news\\|title\\=CSN Houston Chap. 11 Closing Arguments Now Oct. 30\\|url\\=http://www.multichannel.com/news/carriage\\-deals/csn\\-houston\\-bankruptcy\\-closing\\-arguments\\-pushed\\-oct\\-30/385107\\|author\\=Mike Reynolds\\|periodical\\=\\[\\[Multichannel News]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[NewBay Media]]\\|date\\=October 22, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=November 9, 2014}} becoming the first Root Sports network to not be a rebranded Fox Sports Networks affiliate.", "In April 2016, following the completion of the acquisition of DirecTV by AT\\&T, DirecTV Sports Networks rebranded under the AT\\&T name as AT\\&T Sports Networks. Following this announcement, the channels began to downplay the Root Sports brand by replacing their logo bugs with an AT\\&T Sports Networks logo, restricting the Root Sports brand to [station identification](/wiki/Station_identification \"Station identification\") only.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://awfulannouncing.com/2016/root\\-sports\\-regional\\-nets\\-now\\-part\\-of\\-att\\-sports\\-networks.html\\|title\\=Root Sports regional nets now part of AT\\&T Sports Networks\\|website\\=Awful Announcing\\|publisher\\=Ken Fang\\|date\\=April 9, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=April 9, 2016}} Three of the channels were re\\-branded as **AT\\&T SportsNet** on July 14, 2017, introducing new logos and on\\-air graphics. Root Sports Northwest adopted the new AT\\&T SportsNet graphics,{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://marinersblog.mlblogs.com/root\\-sports\\-nw\\-debuts\\-new\\-graphics\\-on\\-mariners\\-telecasts\\-c56ded1d5e0\\|title\\=ROOT Sports NW Debuts New Graphics on Mariners Telecasts\\|date\\=2017\\-07\\-15\\|work\\=From the Corner of Edgar \\& Dave\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-15}} but remains under the Root Sports brand; it is the only network in the group that is not majority\\-owned by AT\\&T.{{cite web\\|title\\=AT\\&T Rebranding Three ROOT Sports RSNs as 'AT\\&T SportsNet' in July\\|url\\=http://www.sportsvideo.org/2017/06/13/att\\-rebranding\\-three\\-root\\-sports\\-rsns\\-as\\-att\\-sportsnet\\-in\\-july/\\|website\\=Sports Video Group\\|date\\=13 June 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=19 June 2017}}{{Cite news\\|url\\=http://www.chron.com/sports/astros/article/Root\\-Sports\\-Southwest\\-is\\-now\\-AT\\-T\\-SportsNet\\-11290112\\.php\\|title\\=Root Sports Southwest is now AT\\&T SportsNet Southwest\\|work\\=Houston Chronicle\\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-07\\-15}}", "Following AT\\&T's acquisition of [Time Warner](/wiki/WarnerMedia \"WarnerMedia\") in 2018, AT\\&T SportsNet was moved into the WarnerMedia News \\& Sports division in March 2019, alongside Time Warner's existing national sports unit [Turner Sports](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_Sports \"Warner Bros. Discovery Sports\").{{cite news \\|last1\\=Feiner \\|first1\\=Lauren \\|title\\=WarnerMedia reorganizes its leadership team after AT\\&T acquisition \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/04/warnermedia\\-reorganizes\\-its\\-leadership\\-team\\-after\\-att\\-acquisition.html \\|access\\-date\\=March 4, 2019 \\|work\\=CNBC \\|date\\=March 4, 2019}}", "In February 2020, the *[New York Post](/wiki/New_York_Post \"New York Post\")* reported that AT\\&T had abandoned a plan to divest the channels, after only receiving bids in excess of $500 million (rather than the $1 billion valuation it had expected).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://nypost.com/2020/02/17/atts\\-auction\\-to\\-sell\\-four\\-regional\\-sports\\-channels\\-falls\\-short/\\|title\\=AT\\&T's auction to sell four regional sports channels falls short\\|last\\=Kosman\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-18\\|website\\=New York Post\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-02\\-24}} In May 2021, it was announced that AT\\&T would instead divest the entirety of WarnerMedia, and contribute it into a joint venture with [Discovery Inc.](/wiki/Discovery_Inc. \"Discovery Inc.\"), forming a new company later announced as [Warner Bros. Discovery](/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery \"Warner Bros. Discovery\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Kovach \\|first1\\=Steve \\|last2\\=Meredith \\|first2\\=Sam \\|date\\=May 17, 2021 \\|title\\=AT\\&T announces $43 billion deal to merge WarnerMedia with Discovery \\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/17/att\\-to\\-combine\\-warnermedia\\-and\\-discovery\\-assets\\-to\\-create\\-a\\-new\\-standalone\\-company.html \\|access\\-date\\=June 2, 2021 \\|website\\=\\[\\[CNBC]]}} Discovery announced on April 7, 2022, that Patrick Crumb, president of AT\\&T Sports Networks, would report to the yet\\-to\\-be\\-named Chairperson for Warner Bros. Discovery Sports; Jeff Zucker departed the company upon the completion of the merger, but his successor [Chris Licht](/wiki/Chris_Licht \"Chris Licht\") will only oversee CNN.{{cite web \\|title\\=Discovery, Inc. Announces Future Leadership Team for Warner Bros. Discovery \\|url\\=https://corporate.discovery.com/discovery\\-newsroom/discovery\\-inc\\-announces\\-future\\-leadership\\-team\\-for\\-warner\\-bros\\-discovery/ \\|website\\=\\[\\[Discovery, Inc.]] \\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2022 \\|date\\=April 7, 2022}} The merger was completed the following day.{{cite news \\|last\\=Maas \\|first\\=Jennifer \\|date\\=April 8, 2022 \\|title\\=Discovery Closes $43 Billion Acquisition of AT\\&T's WarnerMedia \\|website\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Penske Media Corporation]] \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2022/tv/news/discovery\\-warnermedia\\-merger\\-close\\-warner\\-bros\\-discovery\\-1235200983/ \\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2022}} During this time until closure, the networks licensed the AT\\&T branding and logo.", "On February 24, 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery announced that it would leave the RSN business. The company also sent messages to teams it has deals with, notifying them they had until March 31 to reach an agreement to take their rights back or acquire the networks. If no deal was made before the deadline, Warner Bros. Discovery stated that the channels would go into [Chapter 7 bankruptcy](/wiki/Chapter_7_bankruptcy \"Chapter 7 bankruptcy\") liquidation. Those teams with deals with Root Sports Northwest are not affected because that channel already is majority\\-owned by the [Seattle Mariners](/wiki/Seattle_Mariners \"Seattle Mariners\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Warner Bros. Discovery tells teams it is leaving RSN business \\|url\\=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Daily/Closing\\-Bell/2023/02/24/rsn\\-breaking\\-news.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-25 \\|website\\=Sports Business Journal \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Weprin \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-24 \\|title\\=Warner Bros. Discovery Seeks to Exit Regional Sports Networks Business \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business\\-news/warner\\-bros\\-discovery\\-seeks\\-exit\\-rsn\\-business\\-att\\-sportsnet\\-1235333847/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-02\\-25 \\|website\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-02\\-24 \\|title\\=ROOT Sports Northwest says it's not impacted by Warner Bros. Discovery exiting local sports business \\|url\\=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/root\\-sports\\-northwest\\-says\\-its\\-not\\-impacted\\-by\\-warner\\-bros\\-discovery\\-exiting\\-local\\-sports\\-business/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-03\\-20 \\|website\\=The Seattle Times \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "Despite the March 31 deadline passing, the [Houston Astros](/wiki/Houston_Astros \"Houston Astros\") and [Houston Rockets](/wiki/Houston_Rockets \"Houston Rockets\") continued to negotiate to take over [AT\\&T SportsNet Southwest](/wiki/AT%26T_SportsNet_Southwest \"AT&T SportsNet Southwest\") from Warner Bros. Discovery,{{cite web\\|last\\=Barron\\| first\\=David\\|url\\=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/texas\\-sports\\-nation/general/article/astros\\-rockets\\-att\\-sportsnet\\-southwest\\-purchase\\-17838568\\.php\\|title\\=Astros, Rockets negotiating to take over AT\\&T SportsNet Southwest\\|website\\=\\[\\[Houston Chronicle]]\\|date\\=March 14, 2023\\|accessdate\\=March 14, 2023}} while Major League Baseball continued to negotiate a deal to keep all the RSNs operational through the end of the 2023 MLB season.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lucia\\| first\\=Joe\\|url\\=https://awfulannouncing.com/mlb/warner\\-bros\\-discovery\\-mlb\\-nearing\\-deal\\-to\\-keep\\-rsns\\-running\\-through\\-2023\\-season.html\\|title\\=Warner Bros. Discovery, MLB nearing deal to keep RSNs running through 2023 season\\|website\\=Awful Announcing\\|date\\=April 10, 2023\\|accessdate\\=April 18, 2023}} Meanwhile, the [Vegas Golden Knights](/wiki/Vegas_Golden_Knights \"Vegas Golden Knights\") and [Utah Jazz](/wiki/Utah_Jazz \"Utah Jazz\") signed deals to move on from [AT\\&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain](/wiki/AT%26T_SportsNet_Rocky_Mountain \"AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain\") to [over\\-the\\-air television](/wiki/Terrestrial_television \"Terrestrial television\") in their home markets.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-05\\-04 \\|title\\=Vegas Golden Knights, Scripps Sports announce 'historic' broadcast partnership \\|url\\=https://www.ktnv.com/news/golden\\-knights/vegas\\-golden\\-knights\\-scripps\\-sports\\-announce\\-historic\\-broadcast\\-partnership \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-28 \\|website\\=KTNV 13 Action News Las Vegas \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Utah Jazz will air games free, sell streaming packages to fans next season \\|url\\=https://www.sltrib.com/sports/jazz/2023/06/20/utah\\-jazz\\-will\\-air\\-games\\-free\\-sell/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-28 \\|website\\=The Salt Lake Tribune \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Then on August 28, John Ourand of the [Sports Business Journal](/wiki/Sports_Business_Journal \"Sports Business Journal\") reported that [Fenway Sports Group](/wiki/Fenway_Sports_Group \"Fenway Sports Group\"), controlling owners of the [Pittsburgh Penguins](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins \"Pittsburgh Penguins\"), would take over [AT\\&T SportsNet Pittsburgh](/wiki/AT%26T_SportsNet_Pittsburgh \"AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh\");{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-28 \\|title\\=Sports Media: WBD Sports closer to exit from nearly all of its RSN business \\|url\\=https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2023/08/28/media.aspx \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-28 \\|website\\=www.sportsbusinessjournal.com \\|language\\=en}} Three days later, Fenway and the Penguins announced that AT\\&T SportsNet Pittsburgh would be rebranded to [SportsNet Pittsburgh](/wiki/SportsNet_Pittsburgh \"SportsNet Pittsburgh\") on October 2\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Penguins Announce 'SportsNet Pittsburgh' as Regional Sports Network \\|url\\=https://www.nhl.com/penguins/news/penguins\\-announce\\-sportsnet\\-pittsburgh\\-as\\-regional\\-sports\\-network/c\\-345709464 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-08\\-31 \\|website\\=NHL.com \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The [Pittsburgh Pirates](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates \"Pittsburgh Pirates\") and [Colorado Rockies](/wiki/Colorado_Rockies \"Colorado Rockies\") were also reported to be considering whether to assign their local telecast rights to Major League Baseball, or sign deals with SportsNet Pittsburgh or [Altitude Sports and Entertainment](/wiki/Altitude_Sports_and_Entertainment \"Altitude Sports and Entertainment\") respectively. On September 29, the Astros and the Rockets announced that they have closed the deal to acquire AT\\&T SportsNet Southwest, and then rebranded the channel as [Space City Home Network](/wiki/Space_City_Home_Network \"Space City Home Network\") on October 3\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=ASTROS AND ROCKETS ANNOUNCE ASTROS AND ROCKETS ANNOUNCE ACQUISITION OF REGIONAL SPORTS NETWORK AT\\&T SPORTSNET SOUTHWEST \\|url\\=https://www.nba.com/rockets/news/astros\\-and\\-rockets\\-announce\\-astros\\-and\\-rockets\\-announce\\-acquisition\\-of\\-regional\\-sports\\-network\\-att\\-sportsnet\\-southwest \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-09\\-30 \\|website\\=www.nba.com \\|language\\=en}} On October 6, all full\\-time employees of AT\\&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain were laid off, with that network shutting down on October 21, ahead of their December 31 deadline.{{Cite web \\|title\\=AT\\&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain shutting down, leaving Rockies broadcasts in limbo for 2024, sources say \\|url\\=https://www.denverpost.com/2023/09/05/att\\-sportsnet\\-rocky\\-mountain\\-shutting\\-down\\-rockies\\-broadcasts/ \\|website\\=The Denver Post \\|date\\=2023\\-09\\-05 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-10\\-11}} However, SportsNet Rocky Mountain would still air until that designated end date, with the channel's final 2 months on the air broadcasts airing some national and [syndicated](/wiki/Broadcast_syndication \"Broadcast syndication\") sports programs, including some SSN Sports shows, [Sports Stars of Tomorrow](/wiki/Sports_Stars_of_Tomorrow \"Sports Stars of Tomorrow\"), and the [World Poker Tour](/wiki/World_Poker_Tour \"World Poker Tour\"), among others.", "In December of that year, the *[Seattle Times](/wiki/The_Seattle_Times \"The Seattle Times\")* reported that the Mariners would acquire full control of Root Sports at the beginning of 2024\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=December 15, 2023 \\|title\\=Mariners to take full control of ROOT Sports NW, clouding team's financial outlook \\|url\\=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/mariners/mariners\\-to\\-take\\-full\\-control\\-of\\-root\\-sports\\-nw\\-clouding\\-teams\\-financial\\-outlook/ \\|access\\-date\\=December 16, 2023 \\|website\\=The Seattle Times \\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "" ]
Basic concepts -------------- In statistics, every conjecture concerning the unknown [probability distribution](/wiki/Probability_distribution "Probability distribution") of a collection of random variables representing the observed data X in some study is called a *statistical hypothesis*. If we state one hypothesis only and the aim of the statistical test is to see whether this hypothesis is tenable, but not to investigate other specific hypotheses, then such a test is called a [null hypothesis test](/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing "Statistical hypothesis testing"). As our statistical hypothesis will, by definition, state some property of the distribution, the [null hypothesis](/wiki/Null_hypothesis "Null hypothesis") is the default hypothesis under which that property does not exist. The null hypothesis is typically that some parameter (such as a correlation or a difference between means) in the populations of interest is zero. Our hypothesis might specify the probability distribution of X precisely, or it might only specify that it belongs to some class of distributions. Often, we reduce the data to a single numerical statistic, e.g., T, whose marginal probability distribution is closely connected to a main question of interest in the study. The *p*\-value is used in the context of null hypothesis testing in order to quantify the [statistical significance](/wiki/Statistical_significance "Statistical significance") of a result, the result being the observed value of the chosen statistic T.{{NoteTag\|The statistical significance of a result does not imply that the result also has real\-world relevance. For instance, a medication might have a statistically significant effect that is too small to be interesting.}} The lower the *p*\-value is, the lower the probability of getting that result if the null hypothesis were true. A result is said to be *statistically significant* if it allows us to reject the null hypothesis. All other things being equal, smaller *p*\-values are taken as stronger evidence against the null hypothesis. Loosely speaking, rejection of the null hypothesis implies that there is sufficient evidence against it. As a particular example, if a null hypothesis states that a certain summary statistic T follows the standard [normal distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution "Normal distribution") \\mathcal N(0, 1\), then the rejection of this null hypothesis could mean that (i) the mean of T is not 0, or (ii) the [variance](/wiki/Variance "Variance") of T is not 1, or (iii) T is not normally distributed. Different tests of the same null hypothesis would be more or less sensitive to different alternatives. However, even if we do manage to reject the null hypothesis for all 3 alternatives, and even if we know that the distribution is normal and variance is 1, the null hypothesis test does not tell us which non\-zero values of the mean are now most plausible. The more independent observations from the same probability distribution one has, the more accurate the test will be, and the higher the precision with which one will be able to determine the mean value and show that it is not equal to zero; but this will also increase the importance of evaluating the real\-world or scientific relevance of this deviation.
[ "Basic concepts\n--------------", "In statistics, every conjecture concerning the unknown [probability distribution](/wiki/Probability_distribution \"Probability distribution\") of a collection of random variables representing the observed data X in some study is called a *statistical hypothesis*. If we state one hypothesis only and the aim of the statistical test is to see whether this hypothesis is tenable, but not to investigate other specific hypotheses, then such a test is called a [null hypothesis test](/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing \"Statistical hypothesis testing\").", "As our statistical hypothesis will, by definition, state some property of the distribution, the [null hypothesis](/wiki/Null_hypothesis \"Null hypothesis\") is the default hypothesis under which that property does not exist. The null hypothesis is typically that some parameter (such as a correlation or a difference between means) in the populations of interest is zero. Our hypothesis might specify the probability distribution of X precisely, or it might only specify that it belongs to some class of distributions. Often, we reduce the data to a single numerical statistic, e.g., T, whose marginal probability distribution is closely connected to a main question of interest in the study.", "The *p*\\-value is used in the context of null hypothesis testing in order to quantify the [statistical significance](/wiki/Statistical_significance \"Statistical significance\") of a result, the result being the observed value of the chosen statistic T.{{NoteTag\\|The statistical significance of a result does not imply that the result also has real\\-world relevance. For instance, a medication might have a statistically significant effect that is too small to be interesting.}} The lower the *p*\\-value is, the lower the probability of getting that result if the null hypothesis were true. A result is said to be *statistically significant* if it allows us to reject the null hypothesis. All other things being equal, smaller *p*\\-values are taken as stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.", "Loosely speaking, rejection of the null hypothesis implies that there is sufficient evidence against it.", "As a particular example, if a null hypothesis states that a certain summary statistic T follows the standard [normal distribution](/wiki/Normal_distribution \"Normal distribution\") \\\\mathcal N(0, 1\\), then the rejection of this null hypothesis could mean that (i) the mean of T is not 0, or (ii) the [variance](/wiki/Variance \"Variance\") of T is not 1, or (iii) T is not normally distributed. Different tests of the same null hypothesis would be more or less sensitive to different alternatives. However, even if we do manage to reject the null hypothesis for all 3 alternatives, and even if we know that the distribution is normal and variance is 1, the null hypothesis test does not tell us which non\\-zero values of the mean are now most plausible. The more independent observations from the same probability distribution one has, the more accurate the test will be, and the higher the precision with which one will be able to determine the mean value and show that it is not equal to zero; but this will also increase the importance of evaluating the real\\-world or scientific relevance of this deviation.", "" ]
Example ------- {{Main\|Checking whether a coin is fair}} ### Testing the fairness of a coin As an example of a statistical test, an experiment is performed to determine whether a [coin flip](/wiki/Coin_flipping "Coin flipping") is [fair](/wiki/Fair_coin "Fair coin") (equal chance of landing heads or tails) or unfairly biased (one outcome being more likely than the other). Suppose that the experimental results show the coin turning up heads 14 times out of 20 total flips. The full data X would be a sequence of twenty times the symbol "H" or "T". The statistic on which one might focus could be the total number T of heads. The null hypothesis is that the coin is fair, and coin tosses are independent of one another. If a right\-tailed test is considered, which would be the case if one is actually interested in the possibility that the coin is biased towards falling heads, then the *p*\-value of this result is the chance of a fair coin landing on heads *at least* 14 times out of 20 flips. That probability can be computed from [binomial coefficients](/wiki/Binomial_coefficient "Binomial coefficient") as \\begin{align} \& \\Pr(14\\text{ heads}) \+ \\Pr(15\\text{ heads}) \+ \\cdots \+ \\Pr(20\\text{ heads}) \\\\ \& \= \\frac{1}{2^{20}} \\left\[ \\binom{20}{14} \+ \\binom{20}{15} \+ \\cdots \+ \\binom{20}{20} \\right] \= \\frac{60\\,460}{1\\,048\\,576} \\approx 0\.058\. \\end{align} This probability is the *p*\-value, considering only extreme results that favor heads. This is called a [one\-tailed test](/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests "One- and two-tailed tests"). However, one might be interested in deviations in either direction, favoring either heads or tails. The two\-tailed *p*\-value, which considers deviations favoring either heads or tails, may instead be calculated. As the [binomial distribution](/wiki/Binomial_distribution "Binomial distribution") is symmetrical for a fair coin, the two\-sided *p*\-value is simply twice the above calculated single\-sided *p*\-value: the two\-sided *p*\-value is 0\.115\. In the above example: * Null hypothesis (*H*0): The coin is fair, with Pr(heads) \= 0\.5\. * Test statistic: Number of heads. * Alpha level (designated threshold of significance): 0\.05\. * Observation *O*: 14 heads out of 20 flips. * Two\-tailed *p*\-value of observation *O* given *H*0 \= 2 ร— min(Pr(no. of heads โ‰ฅย 14ย heads), Pr(no. of heads โ‰คย 14ย heads)) \= 2 ร— min(0\.058, 0\.978\) \= 2ย ร—ย 0\.058 \= 0\.115\. The Pr(no. of heads โ‰คย 14ย heads) \= 1 โˆ’ Pr(no. of heads โ‰ฅย 14ย heads) \+ Pr(no. of head \= 14\) \= 1 โˆ’ 0\.058 \+ 0\.036 \= 0\.978; however, the symmetry of this binomial distribution makes it an unnecessary computation to find the smaller of the two probabilities. Here, the calculated *p*\-value exceeds 0\.05, meaning that the data falls within the range of what would happen 95% of the time, if the coin were fair. Hence, the null hypothesis is not rejected at the 0\.05 level. However, had one more head been obtained, the resulting *p*\-value (two\-tailed) would have been 0\.0414ย (4\.14%), in which case the null hypothesis would be rejected at the 0\.05 level. #### Optional stopping {{Anchor\|Optional stopping}} The difference between the two meanings of "extreme" appear when we consider a sequential hypothesis testing, or optional stopping, for the fairness of the coin. In general, optional stopping changes how p\-value is calculated.{{Cite journal \|last\=Goodman \|first\=Steven \|date\=2008\-07\-01 \|title\=A Dirty Dozen: Twelve P\-Value Misconceptions \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037196308000620 \|journal\=Seminars in Hematology \|series\=Interpretation of Quantitative Research \|volume\=45 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=135โ€“140 \|doi\=10\.1053/j.seminhematol.2008\.04\.003 \|pmid\=18582619 \|issn\=0037\-1963}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Wagenmakers \|first\=Eric\-Jan \|date\=October 2007 \|title\=A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values \|url\=http://link.springer.com/10\.3758/BF03194105 \|journal\=Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review \|language\=en \|volume\=14 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=779โ€“804 \|doi\=10\.3758/BF03194105 \|issn\=1069\-9384}} Suppose we design the experiment as follows: * Flip the coin twice. If both comes up heads or tails, end the experiment. * Else, flip the coin 4 more times. This experiment has 7 types of outcomes: 2ย heads, 2ย tails, 5ย heads 1ย tail,ย ..., 1ย head 5ย tails. We now calculate the *p*\-value of the "3ย heads 3ย tails" outcome. If we use the test statistic \\text{heads}/\\text{tails}, then under the null hypothesis is exactly 1 for two\-sided *p*\-value, and exactly 19/32 for one\-sided left\-tail *p*\-value, and same for one\-sided right\-tail *p*\-value. If we consider every outcome that has equal or lower probability than "3ย heads 3ย tails" as "at least as extreme", then the *p*\-value is exactly 1/2\. However, suppose we have planned to simply flip the coin 6ย times no matter what happens, then the second definition of *p*\-value would mean that the *p*\-value of "3ย heads 3ย tails" is exactly 1\. Thus, the "at least as extreme" definition of *p*\-value is deeply contextual and depends on what the experimenter *planned* to do even in situations that did not occur.
[ "Example\n-------", "{{Main\\|Checking whether a coin is fair}}", "### Testing the fairness of a coin", "As an example of a statistical test, an experiment is performed to determine whether a [coin flip](/wiki/Coin_flipping \"Coin flipping\") is [fair](/wiki/Fair_coin \"Fair coin\") (equal chance of landing heads or tails) or unfairly biased (one outcome being more likely than the other).", "Suppose that the experimental results show the coin turning up heads 14 times out of 20 total flips. The full data X would be a sequence of twenty times the symbol \"H\" or \"T\". The statistic on which one might focus could be the total number T of heads. The null hypothesis is that the coin is fair, and coin tosses are independent of one another. If a right\\-tailed test is considered, which would be the case if one is actually interested in the possibility that the coin is biased towards falling heads, then the *p*\\-value of this result is the chance of a fair coin landing on heads *at least* 14 times out of 20 flips. That probability can be computed from [binomial coefficients](/wiki/Binomial_coefficient \"Binomial coefficient\") as", "\\\\begin{align}\n\\& \\\\Pr(14\\\\text{ heads}) \\+ \\\\Pr(15\\\\text{ heads}) \\+ \\\\cdots \\+ \\\\Pr(20\\\\text{ heads}) \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\= \\\\frac{1}{2^{20}} \\\\left\\[ \\\\binom{20}{14} \\+ \\\\binom{20}{15} \\+ \\\\cdots \\+ \\\\binom{20}{20} \\\\right] \\= \\\\frac{60\\\\,460}{1\\\\,048\\\\,576} \\\\approx 0\\.058\\.\n\\\\end{align}", "This probability is the *p*\\-value, considering only extreme results that favor heads. This is called a [one\\-tailed test](/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests \"One- and two-tailed tests\"). However, one might be interested in deviations in either direction, favoring either heads or tails. The two\\-tailed *p*\\-value, which considers deviations favoring either heads or tails, may instead be calculated. As the [binomial distribution](/wiki/Binomial_distribution \"Binomial distribution\") is symmetrical for a fair coin, the two\\-sided *p*\\-value is simply twice the above calculated single\\-sided *p*\\-value: the two\\-sided *p*\\-value is 0\\.115\\.", "In the above example:\n* Null hypothesis (*H*0): The coin is fair, with Pr(heads) \\= 0\\.5\\.\n* Test statistic: Number of heads.\n* Alpha level (designated threshold of significance): 0\\.05\\.\n* Observation *O*: 14 heads out of 20 flips.\n* Two\\-tailed *p*\\-value of observation *O* given *H*0 \\= 2 ร— min(Pr(no. of heads โ‰ฅย 14ย heads), Pr(no. of heads โ‰คย 14ย heads)) \\= 2 ร— min(0\\.058, 0\\.978\\) \\= 2ย ร—ย 0\\.058 \\= 0\\.115\\.", "The Pr(no. of heads โ‰คย 14ย heads) \\= 1 โˆ’ Pr(no. of heads โ‰ฅย 14ย heads) \\+ Pr(no. of head \\= 14\\) \\= 1 โˆ’ 0\\.058 \\+ 0\\.036 \\= 0\\.978; however, the symmetry of this binomial distribution makes it an unnecessary computation to find the smaller of the two probabilities. Here, the calculated *p*\\-value exceeds 0\\.05, meaning that the data falls within the range of what would happen 95% of the time, if the coin were fair. Hence, the null hypothesis is not rejected at the 0\\.05 level.", "However, had one more head been obtained, the resulting *p*\\-value (two\\-tailed) would have been 0\\.0414ย (4\\.14%), in which case the null hypothesis would be rejected at the 0\\.05 level.", "#### Optional stopping", "{{Anchor\\|Optional stopping}}", "The difference between the two meanings of \"extreme\" appear when we consider a sequential hypothesis testing, or optional stopping, for the fairness of the coin. In general, optional stopping changes how p\\-value is calculated.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Goodman \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=2008\\-07\\-01 \\|title\\=A Dirty Dozen: Twelve P\\-Value Misconceptions \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037196308000620 \\|journal\\=Seminars in Hematology \\|series\\=Interpretation of Quantitative Research \\|volume\\=45 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=135โ€“140 \\|doi\\=10\\.1053/j.seminhematol.2008\\.04\\.003 \\|pmid\\=18582619 \\|issn\\=0037\\-1963}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Wagenmakers \\|first\\=Eric\\-Jan \\|date\\=October 2007 \\|title\\=A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values \\|url\\=http://link.springer.com/10\\.3758/BF03194105 \\|journal\\=Psychonomic Bulletin \\& Review \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=779โ€“804 \\|doi\\=10\\.3758/BF03194105 \\|issn\\=1069\\-9384}} Suppose we design the experiment as follows:\n* Flip the coin twice. If both comes up heads or tails, end the experiment.\n* Else, flip the coin 4 more times.", "This experiment has 7 types of outcomes: 2ย heads, 2ย tails, 5ย heads 1ย tail,ย ..., 1ย head 5ย tails. We now calculate the *p*\\-value of the \"3ย heads 3ย tails\" outcome.", "If we use the test statistic \\\\text{heads}/\\\\text{tails}, then under the null hypothesis is exactly 1 for two\\-sided *p*\\-value, and exactly 19/32 for one\\-sided left\\-tail *p*\\-value, and same for one\\-sided right\\-tail *p*\\-value.", "If we consider every outcome that has equal or lower probability than \"3ย heads 3ย tails\" as \"at least as extreme\", then the *p*\\-value is exactly 1/2\\.", "However, suppose we have planned to simply flip the coin 6ย times no matter what happens, then the second definition of *p*\\-value would mean that the *p*\\-value of \"3ย heads 3ย tails\" is exactly 1\\.", "Thus, the \"at least as extreme\" definition of *p*\\-value is deeply contextual and depends on what the experimenter *planned* to do even in situations that did not occur.", "" ]
### Testing the fairness of a coin As an example of a statistical test, an experiment is performed to determine whether a [coin flip](/wiki/Coin_flipping "Coin flipping") is [fair](/wiki/Fair_coin "Fair coin") (equal chance of landing heads or tails) or unfairly biased (one outcome being more likely than the other). Suppose that the experimental results show the coin turning up heads 14 times out of 20 total flips. The full data X would be a sequence of twenty times the symbol "H" or "T". The statistic on which one might focus could be the total number T of heads. The null hypothesis is that the coin is fair, and coin tosses are independent of one another. If a right\-tailed test is considered, which would be the case if one is actually interested in the possibility that the coin is biased towards falling heads, then the *p*\-value of this result is the chance of a fair coin landing on heads *at least* 14 times out of 20 flips. That probability can be computed from [binomial coefficients](/wiki/Binomial_coefficient "Binomial coefficient") as \\begin{align} \& \\Pr(14\\text{ heads}) \+ \\Pr(15\\text{ heads}) \+ \\cdots \+ \\Pr(20\\text{ heads}) \\\\ \& \= \\frac{1}{2^{20}} \\left\[ \\binom{20}{14} \+ \\binom{20}{15} \+ \\cdots \+ \\binom{20}{20} \\right] \= \\frac{60\\,460}{1\\,048\\,576} \\approx 0\.058\. \\end{align} This probability is the *p*\-value, considering only extreme results that favor heads. This is called a [one\-tailed test](/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests "One- and two-tailed tests"). However, one might be interested in deviations in either direction, favoring either heads or tails. The two\-tailed *p*\-value, which considers deviations favoring either heads or tails, may instead be calculated. As the [binomial distribution](/wiki/Binomial_distribution "Binomial distribution") is symmetrical for a fair coin, the two\-sided *p*\-value is simply twice the above calculated single\-sided *p*\-value: the two\-sided *p*\-value is 0\.115\. In the above example: * Null hypothesis (*H*0): The coin is fair, with Pr(heads) \= 0\.5\. * Test statistic: Number of heads. * Alpha level (designated threshold of significance): 0\.05\. * Observation *O*: 14 heads out of 20 flips. * Two\-tailed *p*\-value of observation *O* given *H*0 \= 2 ร— min(Pr(no. of heads โ‰ฅย 14ย heads), Pr(no. of heads โ‰คย 14ย heads)) \= 2 ร— min(0\.058, 0\.978\) \= 2ย ร—ย 0\.058 \= 0\.115\. The Pr(no. of heads โ‰คย 14ย heads) \= 1 โˆ’ Pr(no. of heads โ‰ฅย 14ย heads) \+ Pr(no. of head \= 14\) \= 1 โˆ’ 0\.058 \+ 0\.036 \= 0\.978; however, the symmetry of this binomial distribution makes it an unnecessary computation to find the smaller of the two probabilities. Here, the calculated *p*\-value exceeds 0\.05, meaning that the data falls within the range of what would happen 95% of the time, if the coin were fair. Hence, the null hypothesis is not rejected at the 0\.05 level. However, had one more head been obtained, the resulting *p*\-value (two\-tailed) would have been 0\.0414ย (4\.14%), in which case the null hypothesis would be rejected at the 0\.05 level. #### Optional stopping {{Anchor\|Optional stopping}} The difference between the two meanings of "extreme" appear when we consider a sequential hypothesis testing, or optional stopping, for the fairness of the coin. In general, optional stopping changes how p\-value is calculated.{{Cite journal \|last\=Goodman \|first\=Steven \|date\=2008\-07\-01 \|title\=A Dirty Dozen: Twelve P\-Value Misconceptions \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037196308000620 \|journal\=Seminars in Hematology \|series\=Interpretation of Quantitative Research \|volume\=45 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=135โ€“140 \|doi\=10\.1053/j.seminhematol.2008\.04\.003 \|pmid\=18582619 \|issn\=0037\-1963}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Wagenmakers \|first\=Eric\-Jan \|date\=October 2007 \|title\=A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values \|url\=http://link.springer.com/10\.3758/BF03194105 \|journal\=Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review \|language\=en \|volume\=14 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=779โ€“804 \|doi\=10\.3758/BF03194105 \|issn\=1069\-9384}} Suppose we design the experiment as follows: * Flip the coin twice. If both comes up heads or tails, end the experiment. * Else, flip the coin 4 more times. This experiment has 7 types of outcomes: 2ย heads, 2ย tails, 5ย heads 1ย tail,ย ..., 1ย head 5ย tails. We now calculate the *p*\-value of the "3ย heads 3ย tails" outcome. If we use the test statistic \\text{heads}/\\text{tails}, then under the null hypothesis is exactly 1 for two\-sided *p*\-value, and exactly 19/32 for one\-sided left\-tail *p*\-value, and same for one\-sided right\-tail *p*\-value. If we consider every outcome that has equal or lower probability than "3ย heads 3ย tails" as "at least as extreme", then the *p*\-value is exactly 1/2\. However, suppose we have planned to simply flip the coin 6ย times no matter what happens, then the second definition of *p*\-value would mean that the *p*\-value of "3ย heads 3ย tails" is exactly 1\. Thus, the "at least as extreme" definition of *p*\-value is deeply contextual and depends on what the experimenter *planned* to do even in situations that did not occur.
[ "### Testing the fairness of a coin", "As an example of a statistical test, an experiment is performed to determine whether a [coin flip](/wiki/Coin_flipping \"Coin flipping\") is [fair](/wiki/Fair_coin \"Fair coin\") (equal chance of landing heads or tails) or unfairly biased (one outcome being more likely than the other).", "Suppose that the experimental results show the coin turning up heads 14 times out of 20 total flips. The full data X would be a sequence of twenty times the symbol \"H\" or \"T\". The statistic on which one might focus could be the total number T of heads. The null hypothesis is that the coin is fair, and coin tosses are independent of one another. If a right\\-tailed test is considered, which would be the case if one is actually interested in the possibility that the coin is biased towards falling heads, then the *p*\\-value of this result is the chance of a fair coin landing on heads *at least* 14 times out of 20 flips. That probability can be computed from [binomial coefficients](/wiki/Binomial_coefficient \"Binomial coefficient\") as", "\\\\begin{align}\n\\& \\\\Pr(14\\\\text{ heads}) \\+ \\\\Pr(15\\\\text{ heads}) \\+ \\\\cdots \\+ \\\\Pr(20\\\\text{ heads}) \\\\\\\\\n\\& \\= \\\\frac{1}{2^{20}} \\\\left\\[ \\\\binom{20}{14} \\+ \\\\binom{20}{15} \\+ \\\\cdots \\+ \\\\binom{20}{20} \\\\right] \\= \\\\frac{60\\\\,460}{1\\\\,048\\\\,576} \\\\approx 0\\.058\\.\n\\\\end{align}", "This probability is the *p*\\-value, considering only extreme results that favor heads. This is called a [one\\-tailed test](/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests \"One- and two-tailed tests\"). However, one might be interested in deviations in either direction, favoring either heads or tails. The two\\-tailed *p*\\-value, which considers deviations favoring either heads or tails, may instead be calculated. As the [binomial distribution](/wiki/Binomial_distribution \"Binomial distribution\") is symmetrical for a fair coin, the two\\-sided *p*\\-value is simply twice the above calculated single\\-sided *p*\\-value: the two\\-sided *p*\\-value is 0\\.115\\.", "In the above example:\n* Null hypothesis (*H*0): The coin is fair, with Pr(heads) \\= 0\\.5\\.\n* Test statistic: Number of heads.\n* Alpha level (designated threshold of significance): 0\\.05\\.\n* Observation *O*: 14 heads out of 20 flips.\n* Two\\-tailed *p*\\-value of observation *O* given *H*0 \\= 2 ร— min(Pr(no. of heads โ‰ฅย 14ย heads), Pr(no. of heads โ‰คย 14ย heads)) \\= 2 ร— min(0\\.058, 0\\.978\\) \\= 2ย ร—ย 0\\.058 \\= 0\\.115\\.", "The Pr(no. of heads โ‰คย 14ย heads) \\= 1 โˆ’ Pr(no. of heads โ‰ฅย 14ย heads) \\+ Pr(no. of head \\= 14\\) \\= 1 โˆ’ 0\\.058 \\+ 0\\.036 \\= 0\\.978; however, the symmetry of this binomial distribution makes it an unnecessary computation to find the smaller of the two probabilities. Here, the calculated *p*\\-value exceeds 0\\.05, meaning that the data falls within the range of what would happen 95% of the time, if the coin were fair. Hence, the null hypothesis is not rejected at the 0\\.05 level.", "However, had one more head been obtained, the resulting *p*\\-value (two\\-tailed) would have been 0\\.0414ย (4\\.14%), in which case the null hypothesis would be rejected at the 0\\.05 level.", "#### Optional stopping", "{{Anchor\\|Optional stopping}}", "The difference between the two meanings of \"extreme\" appear when we consider a sequential hypothesis testing, or optional stopping, for the fairness of the coin. In general, optional stopping changes how p\\-value is calculated.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Goodman \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=2008\\-07\\-01 \\|title\\=A Dirty Dozen: Twelve P\\-Value Misconceptions \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037196308000620 \\|journal\\=Seminars in Hematology \\|series\\=Interpretation of Quantitative Research \\|volume\\=45 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=135โ€“140 \\|doi\\=10\\.1053/j.seminhematol.2008\\.04\\.003 \\|pmid\\=18582619 \\|issn\\=0037\\-1963}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Wagenmakers \\|first\\=Eric\\-Jan \\|date\\=October 2007 \\|title\\=A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values \\|url\\=http://link.springer.com/10\\.3758/BF03194105 \\|journal\\=Psychonomic Bulletin \\& Review \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=779โ€“804 \\|doi\\=10\\.3758/BF03194105 \\|issn\\=1069\\-9384}} Suppose we design the experiment as follows:\n* Flip the coin twice. If both comes up heads or tails, end the experiment.\n* Else, flip the coin 4 more times.", "This experiment has 7 types of outcomes: 2ย heads, 2ย tails, 5ย heads 1ย tail,ย ..., 1ย head 5ย tails. We now calculate the *p*\\-value of the \"3ย heads 3ย tails\" outcome.", "If we use the test statistic \\\\text{heads}/\\\\text{tails}, then under the null hypothesis is exactly 1 for two\\-sided *p*\\-value, and exactly 19/32 for one\\-sided left\\-tail *p*\\-value, and same for one\\-sided right\\-tail *p*\\-value.", "If we consider every outcome that has equal or lower probability than \"3ย heads 3ย tails\" as \"at least as extreme\", then the *p*\\-value is exactly 1/2\\.", "However, suppose we have planned to simply flip the coin 6ย times no matter what happens, then the second definition of *p*\\-value would mean that the *p*\\-value of \"3ย heads 3ย tails\" is exactly 1\\.", "Thus, the \"at least as extreme\" definition of *p*\\-value is deeply contextual and depends on what the experimenter *planned* to do even in situations that did not occur.", "" ]
#### Optional stopping {{Anchor\|Optional stopping}} The difference between the two meanings of "extreme" appear when we consider a sequential hypothesis testing, or optional stopping, for the fairness of the coin. In general, optional stopping changes how p\-value is calculated.{{Cite journal \|last\=Goodman \|first\=Steven \|date\=2008\-07\-01 \|title\=A Dirty Dozen: Twelve P\-Value Misconceptions \|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037196308000620 \|journal\=Seminars in Hematology \|series\=Interpretation of Quantitative Research \|volume\=45 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=135โ€“140 \|doi\=10\.1053/j.seminhematol.2008\.04\.003 \|pmid\=18582619 \|issn\=0037\-1963}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Wagenmakers \|first\=Eric\-Jan \|date\=October 2007 \|title\=A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values \|url\=http://link.springer.com/10\.3758/BF03194105 \|journal\=Psychonomic Bulletin \& Review \|language\=en \|volume\=14 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=779โ€“804 \|doi\=10\.3758/BF03194105 \|issn\=1069\-9384}} Suppose we design the experiment as follows: * Flip the coin twice. If both comes up heads or tails, end the experiment. * Else, flip the coin 4 more times. This experiment has 7 types of outcomes: 2ย heads, 2ย tails, 5ย heads 1ย tail,ย ..., 1ย head 5ย tails. We now calculate the *p*\-value of the "3ย heads 3ย tails" outcome. If we use the test statistic \\text{heads}/\\text{tails}, then under the null hypothesis is exactly 1 for two\-sided *p*\-value, and exactly 19/32 for one\-sided left\-tail *p*\-value, and same for one\-sided right\-tail *p*\-value. If we consider every outcome that has equal or lower probability than "3ย heads 3ย tails" as "at least as extreme", then the *p*\-value is exactly 1/2\. However, suppose we have planned to simply flip the coin 6ย times no matter what happens, then the second definition of *p*\-value would mean that the *p*\-value of "3ย heads 3ย tails" is exactly 1\. Thus, the "at least as extreme" definition of *p*\-value is deeply contextual and depends on what the experimenter *planned* to do even in situations that did not occur.
[ "#### Optional stopping", "{{Anchor\\|Optional stopping}}", "The difference between the two meanings of \"extreme\" appear when we consider a sequential hypothesis testing, or optional stopping, for the fairness of the coin. In general, optional stopping changes how p\\-value is calculated.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Goodman \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=2008\\-07\\-01 \\|title\\=A Dirty Dozen: Twelve P\\-Value Misconceptions \\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0037196308000620 \\|journal\\=Seminars in Hematology \\|series\\=Interpretation of Quantitative Research \\|volume\\=45 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=135โ€“140 \\|doi\\=10\\.1053/j.seminhematol.2008\\.04\\.003 \\|pmid\\=18582619 \\|issn\\=0037\\-1963}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Wagenmakers \\|first\\=Eric\\-Jan \\|date\\=October 2007 \\|title\\=A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values \\|url\\=http://link.springer.com/10\\.3758/BF03194105 \\|journal\\=Psychonomic Bulletin \\& Review \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=14 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=779โ€“804 \\|doi\\=10\\.3758/BF03194105 \\|issn\\=1069\\-9384}} Suppose we design the experiment as follows:\n* Flip the coin twice. If both comes up heads or tails, end the experiment.\n* Else, flip the coin 4 more times.", "This experiment has 7 types of outcomes: 2ย heads, 2ย tails, 5ย heads 1ย tail,ย ..., 1ย head 5ย tails. We now calculate the *p*\\-value of the \"3ย heads 3ย tails\" outcome.", "If we use the test statistic \\\\text{heads}/\\\\text{tails}, then under the null hypothesis is exactly 1 for two\\-sided *p*\\-value, and exactly 19/32 for one\\-sided left\\-tail *p*\\-value, and same for one\\-sided right\\-tail *p*\\-value.", "If we consider every outcome that has equal or lower probability than \"3ย heads 3ย tails\" as \"at least as extreme\", then the *p*\\-value is exactly 1/2\\.", "However, suppose we have planned to simply flip the coin 6ย times no matter what happens, then the second definition of *p*\\-value would mean that the *p*\\-value of \"3ย heads 3ย tails\" is exactly 1\\.", "Thus, the \"at least as extreme\" definition of *p*\\-value is deeply contextual and depends on what the experimenter *planned* to do even in situations that did not occur.", "" ]
History ------- WDSP was founded in 1956 by W.D. "Cooter" Douglass and his wife, Marie.{{cite news \|url\=http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/398777/destin\_fla\_resident\_buys\_wgtx\_radio\_station/index.html \|work\=The Destin Log \|title\=Destin, Fla., Resident Buys WGTX Radio Station \|date\=2006\-02\-20}} After spending several years broadcasting as WGTX, the station was reassigned the WDSP call letters by the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") (FCC) in [1969](/wiki/1969_in_radio "1969 in radio"). LaVernie (Vern) Foster Jr., was hired by Mr. and Mrs. Douglas as manager of WDSP in 1957\. The studios were at 30 South 8th Street, the current location of Peck Cawthon Insurance Agency. After serving in World War II in the United States Army Air Corps, in the Chemical Corps, Vern Foster attended Trade School in Gadsden, Alabama where he received his certification in Broadcast Radio. He initially worked at WELR in [Roanoke, Alabama](/wiki/Roanoke%2C_Alabama "Roanoke, Alabama") as an announcer and technician. After moving to Florida to manage WDSP, Vern Foster became an avid golfer and was the Club Champion at the DeFuniak Springs Golf Course on more than one occasion. He was also an accomplished fisherman, hunter and marksman. During the cold war and threat of nuclear attack from the U.S.S.R. in the early 1960s, Vern oversaw the construction of a bomb shelter/civil defense broadcast center, which was located in the back yard of his residence where the transmitter and tower for WDSP was located at the intersection of South 2nd Street and Bruce Avenue. Vern Foster died in a single car crash on February 19, 1966 near the Forestry Service Fire Watch Tower located on Highway 90 about three miles east of DeFuniak Springs. Not long after his death, the radio station changed ownership and the WDSP call sign was changed to WGTX. The studio of WGTX was relocated to the bomb shelter facility in the late 1960s where it remained for years broadcasting as WGTX. The station was reassigned its original WDSP call sign by the FCC on February 25, 2006\.{{cite web \|title\=Call Sign History \|url\=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call\_hist.pl?Facility\_id\=60812\&Callsign\=DWDSP60812\|work\=FCC Media Bureau CDBS Public Access Database}} Its license was cancelled and the call sign deleted by the FCC on March 30, 2023, due to the station apparently having been [silent](/wiki/Dark_%28broadcasting%29 "Dark (broadcasting)") since June 9, 2021\.
[ "History\n-------", "WDSP was founded in 1956 by W.D. \"Cooter\" Douglass and his wife, Marie.{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/398777/destin\\_fla\\_resident\\_buys\\_wgtx\\_radio\\_station/index.html \\|work\\=The Destin Log \\|title\\=Destin, Fla., Resident Buys WGTX Radio Station \\|date\\=2006\\-02\\-20}} After spending several years broadcasting as WGTX, the station was reassigned the WDSP call letters by the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") (FCC) in [1969](/wiki/1969_in_radio \"1969 in radio\").", "LaVernie (Vern) Foster Jr., was hired by Mr. and Mrs. Douglas as manager of WDSP in 1957\\. The studios were at 30 South 8th Street, the current location of Peck Cawthon Insurance Agency.", "After serving in World War II in the United States Army Air Corps, in the Chemical Corps, Vern Foster attended Trade School in Gadsden, Alabama where he received his certification in Broadcast Radio. He initially worked at WELR in [Roanoke, Alabama](/wiki/Roanoke%2C_Alabama \"Roanoke, Alabama\") as an announcer and technician.", "After moving to Florida to manage WDSP, Vern Foster became an avid golfer and was the Club Champion at the DeFuniak Springs Golf Course on more than one occasion. He was also an accomplished fisherman, hunter and marksman.", "During the cold war and threat of nuclear attack from the U.S.S.R. in the early 1960s, Vern oversaw the construction of a bomb shelter/civil defense broadcast center, which was located in the back yard of his residence where the transmitter and tower for WDSP was located at the intersection of South 2nd Street and Bruce Avenue.", "Vern Foster died in a single car crash on February 19, 1966 near the Forestry Service Fire Watch Tower located on Highway 90 about three miles east of DeFuniak Springs. Not long after his death, the radio station changed ownership and the WDSP call sign was changed to WGTX. The studio of WGTX was relocated to the bomb shelter facility in the late 1960s where it remained for years broadcasting as WGTX.", "The station was reassigned its original WDSP call sign by the FCC on February 25, 2006\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Call Sign History \\|url\\=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\\-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call\\_hist.pl?Facility\\_id\\=60812\\&Callsign\\=DWDSP60812\\|work\\=FCC Media Bureau CDBS Public Access Database}} Its license was cancelled and the call sign deleted by the FCC on March 30, 2023, due to the station apparently having been [silent](/wiki/Dark_%28broadcasting%29 \"Dark (broadcasting)\") since June 9, 2021\\.", "" ]
History ------- ### Foundation On 8 March 1698, Rev. [Thomas Bray](/wiki/Thomas_Bray "Thomas Bray") met a small group of friends, including Sir [Humphrey Mackworth](/wiki/Humphrey_Mackworth "Humphrey Mackworth"), Colonel [Maynard Colchester](/wiki/Maynard_Colchester "Maynard Colchester"), [Lord Guilford](/wiki/Francis_North%2C_2nd_Baron_Guilford "Francis North, 2nd Baron Guilford") and [John Hooke](/wiki/John_Hooke_%28judge%29 "John Hooke (judge)") at [Lincoln's Inn](/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn "Lincoln's Inn"). These men were concerned by what they saw as the "growth in vice and immorality" in England at the time,{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/departments/manuscripts\-university\-archives/significant\-archival\-collections/society\-0\|title\=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)\|last\=Collins\|first\=Sian\|date\=16 March 2017\|website\=Cambridge University Library \|access\-date\=1 March 2019}} which they believed was owing to the "gross ignorance of the principles of the Christian religion".{{Cite book\|title\=SPCK: Past \& Present\|publisher\=SPCK\|year\=1994\|location\=London}} They were also committed to promoting "religion and learning in the plantations abroad". They resolved to meet regularly to devise strategies to increase their knowledge of Anglican Christianity. They decided that these aims could best be achieved by publishing and distributing Christian literature and encouraging Christian education at all levels. Closely connected to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England "Church of England"), the SPCK was not active in Scotland, where the [Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge](/wiki/Society_in_Scotland_for_Propagating_Christian_Knowledge "Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge") was founded in 1709\. The SPCK sought to tackle a number of social and political issues of the time. It actively campaigned for penal reform, provided for the widows and children of [clergy](/wiki/Clergy "Clergy") who died whilst overseas, and provided basic education for slaves in the Caribbean. One of the key priorities for Bray and his friends was to build libraries in market towns. In its first two hundred years, the Society founded many [charity schools](/wiki/Charity_school "Charity school") for poor children aged 7\-11\. The Society also provided [teacher training](/wiki/Teacher_training "Teacher training").{{cite web\| title \=Schooling before the 19th Century\| work \=Living Heritage\| publisher \=UK Parliament\| url \=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living\-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/school/overview/before19thcentury/\| access\-date \=1 December 2014 }} ### Evangelism overseas SPCK has worked overseas since its foundation. The initial focus was the British colonies in the Americas. Libraries were established for the use of clergy and their parishioners, and books were frequently shipped across the Atlantic throughout the 18th century. In 1709, SPCK sent a printing press and trained printer to [Tranquebar](/wiki/Tranquebar "Tranquebar") in East India to assist in the production of the first translation of the Bible into [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language"). This was accomplished by the German [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheran "Lutheran") missionaries [Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg](/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Ziegenbalg "Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg") and [Heinrich Pluetschau](/wiki/Heinrich_Pluetschau "Heinrich Pluetschau") from the [Danish\-Halle Mission](/wiki/Danish-Halle_Mission "Danish-Halle Mission"). As the British Empire grew in the 19th century, SPCK supported the planting of new churches around the world. Funds were provided for church buildings, schools, theological training colleges, and to provide chaplains for the ships taking emigrants to their new homes. While the SPCK supported the logistics of church planting and provided resources for theological learning, by the 19th century it did not often send missionaries overseas. Instead, this work was passed to other organizations such as its sister society the [United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel](/wiki/United_Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel "United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel") (USPG), which was also founded by Bray. In Ireland, the [Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge](/wiki/Association_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge "Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge") (APCK) was founded in 1792 to work alongside the Church of Ireland; in south India the Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (ISPCK) was established to support the Anglican missions in that region and is affiliated with SPCK.{{cite web\|url\=http://ispck.org.in/aboutus.php \|publisher\=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge\|title\=About\|accessdate\=26 August 2020}} During the twentieth century, SPCK's overseas mission concentrated on providing free study literature for those in a number of ministerial training colleges around the world, especially in Africa. The International Study Guide series was provided, free of charge, to [theological training colleges](/wiki/Seminaries "Seminaries") across the world. They can still be purchased from the SPCK website,{{Cite web\|url\=https://spckpublishing.co.uk/catalogsearch/result/?q\=ISG\|title\=Search results for: 'ISG'\|publisher\=SPCK Publishing\|access\-date\=13 March 2019}} although the focus of SPCK's worldwide mission is now on developing the African Theological Network Press. ### Supporting the Church of England From the late 1800s to the early 20th century, SPCK ran a Training College for Lay Workers on Commercial Road in Stepney Green, London.{{Cite web\|url\=https://spckpublishing.co.uk/blog/a\-very\-brief\-history\-of\-spck\-s\-charitable\-work.html\|title\=A Very Brief History of SPCK's Charitable Work\|publisher\=SPCK Publishing\|access\-date\=1 March 2019}} This was set up to provide a theological education for working\-class men, with the aim of better helping clergy to conduct services. It was also anticipated that with a firmer understanding of the Bible, theology and the values of the Anglican church, these men might be able to instruct their own communities. Throughout the twentieth century, the SPCK offered support to [ordinands](/wiki/Ordinands "Ordinands") in the Anglican church. These were men and women in training to become priests in the Church of England, who had fallen upon hard times and may have otherwise been unable to continue their studies. Today, this support continues through the Richards Trust{{Cite web\|url\=https://spckpublishing.co.uk/grants\|title\=Grants\|publisher\=SPCK Publishing\|access\-date\=7 March 2019}} and the Ordinands Library app.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.sonsandfriends.org.uk/ordinands/ordinand\-library/\|title\=Ordinand Library\|publisher\=Sons and Friends\|access\-date\=7 March 2019}} ### Publishing and distribution From its earliest days, the SPCK commissioned tracts and pamphlets, making it the third\-oldest publishing house in England. (Only the [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press "Oxford University Press") and [Cambridge University Presses](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press "Cambridge University Press") have existed longer.) Very early on, SPCK member [George Sale](/wiki/George_Sale "George Sale") translated *The Koran* into English and this was published in 1734 by the SPCK, much to the praise of [Voltaire](/wiki/Voltaire "Voltaire"). Throughout the 18th century, SPCK was by far the largest producer of Christian literature in Britain.{{cn\|date\=October 2023}} The range of its output was considerable \- from pamphlets aimed at specific groups such as farmers, prisoners, soldiers, seamen, servants and slave\-owners, to more general works on subjects such as baptism, confirmation, Holy Communion, the Prayer Book, and private devotion. Increasingly, more substantial books were also published, both on Christian subjects and, from the 1830s, on general educational topics as well. Depositories were established at [Great Queen Street](/wiki/Great_Queen_Street "Great Queen Street"), [Lincoln Inn's Fields](/wiki/Lincoln_Inn%27s_Fields "Lincoln Inn's Fields"), [Royal Exchange](/wiki/Royal_Exchange%2C_London "Royal Exchange, London") and [Piccadilly](/wiki/Piccadilly "Piccadilly").{{Cite book\| title\=The children of Seeligsberg\| date\=1875\| author\= BTAO}} SPCK's early publications were distributed through a network of supporters who received books and tracts to sell or give away in their own localities. Large quantities of Christian literature were provided for the Navy, and the Society actively encouraged the formation of parish libraries, to help both clergy and laity. By the 19th century, members had organized local district committees, many of which established small book depots \- which at one time numbered over four hundred. These were overseen by central committees such as the Committee of General Literature and Education. In 1875 the addresses of their "depositories" in London were given as [Great Queen Street](/wiki/Great_Queen_Street "Great Queen Street"), [Lincoln Inn's Fields](/wiki/Lincoln_Inn%27s_Fields "Lincoln Inn's Fields"), [Royal Exchange](/wiki/Royal_Exchange%2C_London "Royal Exchange, London") and [Piccadilly](/wiki/Piccadilly "Piccadilly"), by 1899 they were at [Northumberland Avenue](/wiki/Northumberland_Avenue "Northumberland Avenue"), W.C.; [Charing Cross](/wiki/Charing_Cross "Charing Cross"), W.C. and 43 [Queen Victoria Street](/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Street%2C_London "Queen Victoria Street, London"), E.C.."The Dawn of Day", 256th edition Six years later, in edition 331, the depository was closed at Charing Cross, but a new one added at 129, North Street in Brighton. In the 1930s, a centrally coordinated network of SPCK Bookshops was established, offering a wide range of books from many different publishers. At its peak, the SPCK Bookshop chain consisted of 40 shops in the UK and 20 overseas. The latter were gradually passed into local ownership during the 1960s and 1970s. [Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone](/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church%2C_Marylebone "Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone"), Westminster, London is a former Anglican church, built in 1828 by Sir [John Soane](/wiki/John_Soane "John Soane"). By the 1930s, it had fallen into disuse and in 1936 was used by the newly founded Penguin Books company to store books. A children's slide was used to deliver books from the street into the large crypt. In 1937, Penguin moved out to [Harmondsworth](/wiki/Harmondsworth "Harmondsworth"), and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge moved in. It was their headquarters until 2004, when it moved to [London Diocesan House](/wiki/Diocese_of_London "Diocese of London") in Causton Street, Pimlico. The bookshop moved to Tufton Street, Westminster, in 2003\. In 1999 the SPCK established the Assemblies website to provide resources for school assemblies.[SPCK Assemblies \- About \- How to use this site](https://www.assemblies.org.uk/about/how-to-use/), assemblies.org.uk. Retrieved 24 December 2023\. On 1 November 2006, St Stephen the Great Charitable Trust (SSG) took over the bookshops but continued to trade under the SPCK name, under licence from SPCK. That licence was withdrawn in October 2007\. However, some shops continued trading as SPCK Bookshops without licence until the SSG operation was closed down in 2009\.{{cn\|date\=October 2023}} In 2006 Alec Gilmore described what he called the "narrowing" of the SPCK's vision.Alec Gilmore, ["Before they narrowed the vision"](https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2006/22-december/comment/before-they-narrowed-the-vision), *[Church Times](/wiki/Church_Times "Church Times")*, 19 December 2023\. Retrieved 23 December 2023\. In 2019 the SPCK's "specialist medical, mental health and self\-help imprint", The Sheldon Press, was acquired by Hachette UK.Katharine Cowdrey, ["Hachette acquires SPCK's Sheldon Press"](https://www.thebookseller.com/news/spcks-sheldon-press-join-john-murray-learning-923766), *[The Bookseller](/wiki/The_Bookseller "The Bookseller")*, 3 January 2019\. Retrieved 23 December 2023\. ### SPCK's former book series Book series published over the years have included the following: * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{columns\-list\|colwidth\=30em\| \* Alcuin Club: Collections \* Ancient History from the MonumentsGeorge Forrest Browne, ''\[https://archive.org/details/alcuinyorklectu01browgoog/page/n370/mode/2up Alcuin of York: Lectures Delivered in the Cathedral Church of Bristol in 1907 and 1908]'', London: SPCK, 1908, publisher's list, p. 5\. Retrieved 19 April 2023\.Thomas Codrington, ''\[https://archive.org/details/romanroadsinbrit0000codr/page/392/mode/2up Roman Roads in Britain]'', London: SPCK, 1903 (Early Britain), publications list in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Apple Blossom Series \* The Bede Histories\[https://archive.org/details/cu31924029216708/page/n153/mode/2up Publication of the S.P.C.K. and the Sheldon Press: Books for Students and Others], in: ''St. Patrick, His Writings and Life'', London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; New York: Macmillan, 1920 (Translations of Christian Literature: Series V: Lives of the Celtic Saints), publisher's catalogue in the final pages. Retrieved 16 April 2023\. \* Bible Study Series \* Biblical Studies \* Canadian History Series \* Chit\-Chat Series\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\=%22Chit\-chat\+series%22\+%2B\+%22Society\+for\+Promoting\+Christian\+Knowledge%22 "Chit\-chat series" \+ "Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge"], worldcat.org. Retrieved 16 April 2023\. \* Chief Ancient PhilosophiesWilliam Wallace, \[https://archive.org/details/epicureanism00walluoft/page/272/mode/2up Epicurianism], London: SPCK, 1880 (Chief Ancient Philosophies), publications list in the final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Christian Knowledge Booklets\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\=se%3AChristian%20knowledge%20booklets se:Christian Knowledge Booklets], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Christian Spirituality \* The Church Historical Society Series\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\=se%3APublications%20(Church%20Historical%20Society%20(Great%20Britain)) se:Church Historical Society Series], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* The Churchman's Popular Library\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\=se%3AChurchman%27s%20popular%20library se:Churchman's Popular Library], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Colonial Church Histories \* Commentary on the Bible \* Conversion of the West \* The Dawn of European Literature \* Diocesan HistoriesEdward Symonds, ''\[https://archive.org/details/storyofaustralia00symo/page/160/mode/2up The Story of the Australian Church]'', London: SPCK, 1898 (Colonial Church Histories), publications lists in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Earth's Many Voices \* Early Britain \* Early Church Classics \* Early Chroniclers of Europe\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\=se%3AEarly%20chroniclers%20of%20Europe se:Early chroniclers of Europe], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Ecclesiastical BiographiesE. K. Sanders (Ella Katharine Sanders), ''\[https://archive.org/details/SainteChantal/page/n7/mode/2up Sainte Chantal, 1572\-1641: A Study in Vocation]'', London: SPCK, 1918 (Ecclesiastical Biographies), title page. Retrieved 21 April 2023\. \* English Theologians \* Exploring the Old Testament \* The Fathers for English Readers \* First Steps in General KnowledgeSarah Tomlinson, ''\[https://archive.org/details/vegetablekingdom00tomlrich/page/232/mode/2up The Vegetable Kingdom]'', London: SPCK, c. 1840 (First Steps in General Knowledge), series list in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Gospel and Culture \* The Heathen World and St. Paul\[\[Robert Kennaway Douglas\|Robert K. Douglas]], ''\[https://archive.org/details/confucianismtao00doug/page/n293/mode/2up Confucianism and Taouism : With a Map]'', London: SPCK, 1879 (Non\-Christian Religious Systems), publisher's advertisement in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Helps for Students of History \* Heroes of ScienceAustin Clare, ''\[https://archive.org/details/gri\_33125006029694/page/n331/mode/2up The Carved Cartoon : A Picture of the Past]'', London: SPCK, 1895, publisher's list in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\.John A. Bower, \[https://archive.org/details/cu31924003551102/page/n123/mode/2up Simple Methods for Detecting Food Adulteration], London: SPCK, 1895, publisher's advert in final pages. Retrieved 22 April 2023\. \* The Historic Monuments of England \* The History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East \* The Home LibraryJohn Langtry, ''\[https://archive.org/details/historyofthechur00languoft/page/n257/mode/2up History of the Church in Eastern Canada and Newfoundland]'', London: SPCK, 1892 (Colonial Church Histories), publisher's advertisement in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Illustrated Hand\-books of Art History \* Illustrated Notes on English Church History \* The Indian Church Commentaries \* Legends Revived \* Lessons on the Way for the Use of Inquirers and TeachersPercy Dearmner, ''\[https://archive.org/details/lessonsonwayvol20002perc/page/n3/mode/2up Belief in God and in Jesus Christ]''. Londen: SPCK and Cambridge: W. Hefner and Sons, 1936 (Lessons on the Way for the Use of Inquirers and Teachers), list in preliminary pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Library of Pastoral Care \* Little Books on Religion \* A Little Outline Of Christianity \* Manuals of Elementary ScienceRichard A. Proctor, ''\[https://archive.org/details/b28060222/page/n139/mode/2up The Spectroscope and Its Work]'', London: SPCK and New York: Pott, Young, 1877 (Manuals of Elementary Science), final page. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Manuals of Health \* Missionary Stories Series \* Natural History Rambles\[\[Peter Martin Duncan\|P. Martin Duncan]], ''\[https://archive.org/details/seashore00dunc/page/n3/mode/2up The Sea\-shore]'', London: SPCK, 1879 (Natural History Rambles). Retrieved 19 April 2023\.Rev. J. G. Wood, \[https://archive.org/details/lanefield00woodiala/page/246/mode/2up Lane and Field], London: SPCK, 1897, publisher's list, p. 1\. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* The Nature Lover's Series \* New Library of Pastoral CareMichael Butler and Ann Orbach, ''\[https://archive.org/details/beingyouragepast0000butl/page/n3/mode/2up Being Your Age : Pastoral Care for Older People]'', London: SPCK, 1993, frontispiece. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Non\-Christian Religious Systems \* The Northern Lessons Series \* Notes on Famous Churches and Abbeys \* Notes on the Cathedrals\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\=se%3ANotes%20on%20the%20cathedrals se:Notes on the Cathedrals], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* One Shilling Series \* Pages From the Past \* Pan\-Anglican Papers \* The People's Library \* Penny Library of Fiction \* Penny Pocket Library of Pure Literature \* The Picture Library \* Pioneers of Progress\[https://www.publishinghistory.com/pioneers\-of\-progress\-spck.html Pioneers of Progress (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge) \- Book Series List], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 18 April 2023\. \* Poems of Child Life and Country Life \* Romance of Science Series \* Rose Series \* The Scholar in the Pulpit \* Sermons for the People \* Sheldon Series \* Short Stories Founded on European History \* Side\-Lights of Church History \* SPCK Assemblies \* SPCK Cathedral Series \* SPCK Educational Books \* SPCK International Study Guides \* SPCK Orange Series \* The Story of The English TownsJ. S. Fletcher, ''\[https://archive.org/details/storyoftheenglis027638mbp/page/n159/mode/2up Leeds]'', London: SPCK; New York, The Macmillan Company, 1919, publisher's list on final page. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Studies in Church History \* Tales for the Nursery and the Young \* Texts for Students \* Theological CollectionsMatthew Black, \[https://archive.org/details/scrollschristian0000blac/page/n3/mode/2up The Scrolls and Christianity: Historical and Theological Significance], London: SPCK, 1968 (Theological Collections, 11\), frontispiece. Retrieved 19 April 2023\. \* Theology Occasional Papers \* Translations of Christian Literature \* Translations of Early Documents \* Uniform Library Edition of Mrs. Ewing's Works (also known as: Authorised Edition of Mrs. Ewing's Works) \* Verse Books for Children \* What is Romanism? \* White Lily Series \* The Zoo }} #### Based on lecture series * + - * + - {{columns\-list\|colwidth\=30em\| \* The Croall Lectures \* Manchester Cathedral Lectures \* Moorhouse Lectures \* The Rhind Lectures in Archaeology \* Warburton Lectures \* The White Lectures, Delivered in St. Paul's Cathedral in 1933 }} ### SPCK's former periodicals * *The Child's Pictorial: A Monthly Coloured Magazine* * *The Dawn of Day* * *Golden Sunbeams: A Church Magazine for Children* * *The Home Friend: A Weekly Miscellany of Amusement and Instruction* * *The People's Magazine: An Illustrated Miscellany for Family Reading* * *The Saturday Magazine* ### SPCK's former pedagogical aids * Atlases * Church History Cartoons * Maps, "mounted on canvas and roller, varnished"
[ "History\n-------", "### Foundation", "On 8 March 1698, Rev. [Thomas Bray](/wiki/Thomas_Bray \"Thomas Bray\") met a small group of friends, including Sir [Humphrey Mackworth](/wiki/Humphrey_Mackworth \"Humphrey Mackworth\"), Colonel [Maynard Colchester](/wiki/Maynard_Colchester \"Maynard Colchester\"), [Lord Guilford](/wiki/Francis_North%2C_2nd_Baron_Guilford \"Francis North, 2nd Baron Guilford\") and [John Hooke](/wiki/John_Hooke_%28judge%29 \"John Hooke (judge)\") at [Lincoln's Inn](/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn \"Lincoln's Inn\"). These men were concerned by what they saw as the \"growth in vice and immorality\" in England at the time,{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/departments/manuscripts\\-university\\-archives/significant\\-archival\\-collections/society\\-0\\|title\\=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK)\\|last\\=Collins\\|first\\=Sian\\|date\\=16 March 2017\\|website\\=Cambridge University Library \\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2019}} which they believed was owing to the \"gross ignorance of the principles of the Christian religion\".{{Cite book\\|title\\=SPCK: Past \\& Present\\|publisher\\=SPCK\\|year\\=1994\\|location\\=London}} They were also committed to promoting \"religion and learning in the plantations abroad\".", "They resolved to meet regularly to devise strategies to increase their knowledge of Anglican Christianity. They decided that these aims could best be achieved by publishing and distributing Christian literature and encouraging Christian education at all levels.", "Closely connected to the [Church of England](/wiki/Church_of_England \"Church of England\"), the SPCK was not active in Scotland, where the [Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge](/wiki/Society_in_Scotland_for_Propagating_Christian_Knowledge \"Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge\") was founded in 1709\\.", "The SPCK sought to tackle a number of social and political issues of the time. It actively campaigned for penal reform, provided for the widows and children of [clergy](/wiki/Clergy \"Clergy\") who died whilst overseas, and provided basic education for slaves in the Caribbean.", "One of the key priorities for Bray and his friends was to build libraries in market towns. In its first two hundred years, the Society founded many [charity schools](/wiki/Charity_school \"Charity school\") for poor children aged 7\\-11\\. The Society also provided [teacher training](/wiki/Teacher_training \"Teacher training\").{{cite web\\| title \\=Schooling before the 19th Century\\| work \\=Living Heritage\\| publisher \\=UK Parliament\\| url \\=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living\\-heritage/transformingsociety/livinglearning/school/overview/before19thcentury/\\| access\\-date \\=1 December 2014 }}", "### Evangelism overseas", "SPCK has worked overseas since its foundation. The initial focus was the British colonies in the Americas. Libraries were established for the use of clergy and their parishioners, and books were frequently shipped across the Atlantic throughout the 18th century. In 1709, SPCK sent a printing press and trained printer to [Tranquebar](/wiki/Tranquebar \"Tranquebar\") in East India to assist in the production of the first translation of the Bible into [Tamil](/wiki/Tamil_language \"Tamil language\"). This was accomplished by the German [Lutheran](/wiki/Lutheran \"Lutheran\") missionaries [Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg](/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Ziegenbalg \"Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg\") and [Heinrich Pluetschau](/wiki/Heinrich_Pluetschau \"Heinrich Pluetschau\") from the [Danish\\-Halle Mission](/wiki/Danish-Halle_Mission \"Danish-Halle Mission\").", "As the British Empire grew in the 19th century, SPCK supported the planting of new churches around the world. Funds were provided for church buildings, schools, theological training colleges, and to provide chaplains for the ships taking emigrants to their new homes. While the SPCK supported the logistics of church planting and provided resources for theological learning, by the 19th century it did not often send missionaries overseas. Instead, this work was passed to other organizations such as its sister society the [United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel](/wiki/United_Society_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Gospel \"United Society for the Propagation of the Gospel\") (USPG), which was also founded by Bray. In Ireland, the [Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge](/wiki/Association_for_Promoting_Christian_Knowledge \"Association for Promoting Christian Knowledge\") (APCK) was founded in 1792 to work alongside the Church of Ireland; in south India the Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (ISPCK) was established to support the Anglican missions in that region and is affiliated with SPCK.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://ispck.org.in/aboutus.php \\|publisher\\=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge\\|title\\=About\\|accessdate\\=26 August 2020}}", "During the twentieth century, SPCK's overseas mission concentrated on providing free study literature for those in a number of ministerial training colleges around the world, especially in Africa. The International Study Guide series was provided, free of charge, to [theological training colleges](/wiki/Seminaries \"Seminaries\") across the world. They can still be purchased from the SPCK website,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://spckpublishing.co.uk/catalogsearch/result/?q\\=ISG\\|title\\=Search results for: 'ISG'\\|publisher\\=SPCK Publishing\\|access\\-date\\=13 March 2019}} although the focus of SPCK's worldwide mission is now on developing the African Theological Network Press.", "### Supporting the Church of England", "From the late 1800s to the early 20th century, SPCK ran a Training College for Lay Workers on Commercial Road in Stepney Green, London.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://spckpublishing.co.uk/blog/a\\-very\\-brief\\-history\\-of\\-spck\\-s\\-charitable\\-work.html\\|title\\=A Very Brief History of SPCK's Charitable Work\\|publisher\\=SPCK Publishing\\|access\\-date\\=1 March 2019}} This was set up to provide a theological education for working\\-class men, with the aim of better helping clergy to conduct services. It was also anticipated that with a firmer understanding of the Bible, theology and the values of the Anglican church, these men might be able to instruct their own communities.", "Throughout the twentieth century, the SPCK offered support to [ordinands](/wiki/Ordinands \"Ordinands\") in the Anglican church. These were men and women in training to become priests in the Church of England, who had fallen upon hard times and may have otherwise been unable to continue their studies. Today, this support continues through the Richards Trust{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://spckpublishing.co.uk/grants\\|title\\=Grants\\|publisher\\=SPCK Publishing\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2019}} and the Ordinands Library app.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.sonsandfriends.org.uk/ordinands/ordinand\\-library/\\|title\\=Ordinand Library\\|publisher\\=Sons and Friends\\|access\\-date\\=7 March 2019}}", "### Publishing and distribution", "From its earliest days, the SPCK commissioned tracts and pamphlets, making it the third\\-oldest publishing house in England. (Only the [Oxford](/wiki/Oxford_University_Press \"Oxford University Press\") and [Cambridge University Presses](/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press \"Cambridge University Press\") have existed longer.) Very early on, SPCK member [George Sale](/wiki/George_Sale \"George Sale\") translated *The Koran* into English and this was published in 1734 by the SPCK, much to the praise of [Voltaire](/wiki/Voltaire \"Voltaire\").", "Throughout the 18th century, SPCK was by far the largest producer of Christian literature in Britain.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2023}} The range of its output was considerable \\- from pamphlets aimed at specific groups such as farmers, prisoners, soldiers, seamen, servants and slave\\-owners, to more general works on subjects such as baptism, confirmation, Holy Communion, the Prayer Book, and private devotion. Increasingly, more substantial books were also published, both on Christian subjects and, from the 1830s, on general educational topics as well.", "Depositories were established at [Great Queen Street](/wiki/Great_Queen_Street \"Great Queen Street\"), [Lincoln Inn's Fields](/wiki/Lincoln_Inn%27s_Fields \"Lincoln Inn's Fields\"), [Royal Exchange](/wiki/Royal_Exchange%2C_London \"Royal Exchange, London\") and [Piccadilly](/wiki/Piccadilly \"Piccadilly\").{{Cite book\\| title\\=The children of Seeligsberg\\| date\\=1875\\| author\\= BTAO}}", "SPCK's early publications were distributed through a network of supporters who received books and tracts to sell or give away in their own localities. Large quantities of Christian literature were provided for the Navy, and the Society actively encouraged the formation of parish libraries, to help both clergy and laity. By the 19th century, members had organized local district committees, many of which established small book depots \\- which at one time numbered over four hundred. These were overseen by central committees such as the Committee of General Literature and Education. In 1875 the addresses of their \"depositories\" in London were given as [Great Queen Street](/wiki/Great_Queen_Street \"Great Queen Street\"), [Lincoln Inn's Fields](/wiki/Lincoln_Inn%27s_Fields \"Lincoln Inn's Fields\"), [Royal Exchange](/wiki/Royal_Exchange%2C_London \"Royal Exchange, London\") and [Piccadilly](/wiki/Piccadilly \"Piccadilly\"), by 1899 they were at [Northumberland Avenue](/wiki/Northumberland_Avenue \"Northumberland Avenue\"), W.C.; [Charing Cross](/wiki/Charing_Cross \"Charing Cross\"), W.C. and 43 [Queen Victoria Street](/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Street%2C_London \"Queen Victoria Street, London\"), E.C..\"The Dawn of Day\", 256th edition Six years later, in edition 331, the depository was closed at Charing Cross, but a new one added at 129, North Street in Brighton.", "In the 1930s, a centrally coordinated network of SPCK Bookshops was established, offering a wide range of books from many different publishers. At its peak, the SPCK Bookshop chain consisted of 40 shops in the UK and 20 overseas. The latter were gradually passed into local ownership during the 1960s and 1970s.", "[Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone](/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church%2C_Marylebone \"Holy Trinity Church, Marylebone\"), Westminster, London is a former Anglican church, built in 1828 by Sir [John Soane](/wiki/John_Soane \"John Soane\"). By the 1930s, it had fallen into disuse and in 1936 was used by the newly founded Penguin Books company to store books. A children's slide was used to deliver books from the street into the large crypt. In 1937, Penguin moved out to [Harmondsworth](/wiki/Harmondsworth \"Harmondsworth\"), and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge moved in. It was their headquarters until 2004, when it moved to [London Diocesan House](/wiki/Diocese_of_London \"Diocese of London\") in Causton Street, Pimlico. The bookshop moved to Tufton Street, Westminster, in 2003\\.", "In 1999 the SPCK established the Assemblies website to provide resources for school assemblies.[SPCK Assemblies \\- About \\- How to use this site](https://www.assemblies.org.uk/about/how-to-use/), assemblies.org.uk. Retrieved 24 December 2023\\.", "On 1 November 2006, St Stephen the Great Charitable Trust (SSG) took over the bookshops but continued to trade under the SPCK name, under licence from SPCK. That licence was withdrawn in October 2007\\. However, some shops continued trading as SPCK Bookshops without licence until the SSG operation was closed down in 2009\\.{{cn\\|date\\=October 2023}} In 2006 Alec Gilmore described what he called the \"narrowing\" of the SPCK's vision.Alec Gilmore, [\"Before they narrowed the vision\"](https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2006/22-december/comment/before-they-narrowed-the-vision), *[Church Times](/wiki/Church_Times \"Church Times\")*, 19 December 2023\\. Retrieved 23 December 2023\\.", "In 2019 the SPCK's \"specialist medical, mental health and self\\-help imprint\", The Sheldon Press, was acquired by Hachette UK.Katharine Cowdrey, [\"Hachette acquires SPCK's Sheldon Press\"](https://www.thebookseller.com/news/spcks-sheldon-press-join-john-murray-learning-923766), *[The Bookseller](/wiki/The_Bookseller \"The Bookseller\")*, 3 January 2019\\. Retrieved 23 December 2023\\.", "### SPCK's former book series", "Book series published over the years have included the following:\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + {{columns\\-list\\|colwidth\\=30em\\|\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Alcuin Club: Collections\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Ancient History from the MonumentsGeorge Forrest Browne, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/alcuinyorklectu01browgoog/page/n370/mode/2up Alcuin of York: Lectures Delivered in the Cathedral Church of Bristol in 1907 and 1908]'', London: SPCK, 1908, publisher's list, p. 5\\. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.Thomas Codrington, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/romanroadsinbrit0000codr/page/392/mode/2up Roman Roads in Britain]'', London: SPCK, 1903 (Early Britain), publications list in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Apple Blossom Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Bede Histories\\[https://archive.org/details/cu31924029216708/page/n153/mode/2up Publication of the S.P.C.K. and the Sheldon Press: Books for Students and Others], in: ''St. Patrick, His Writings and Life'', London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; New York: Macmillan, 1920 (Translations of Christian Literature: Series V: Lives of the Celtic Saints), publisher's catalogue in the final pages. Retrieved 16 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Bible Study Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Biblical Studies\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Canadian History Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Chit\\-Chat Series\\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\\=%22Chit\\-chat\\+series%22\\+%2B\\+%22Society\\+for\\+Promoting\\+Christian\\+Knowledge%22 \"Chit\\-chat series\" \\+ \"Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge\"], worldcat.org. Retrieved 16 April 2023\\. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Chief Ancient PhilosophiesWilliam Wallace, \\[https://archive.org/details/epicureanism00walluoft/page/272/mode/2up Epicurianism], London: SPCK, 1880 (Chief Ancient Philosophies), publications list in the final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Christian Knowledge Booklets\\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\\=se%3AChristian%20knowledge%20booklets se:Christian Knowledge Booklets], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Christian Spirituality\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Church Historical Society Series\\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\\=se%3APublications%20(Church%20Historical%20Society%20(Great%20Britain)) se:Church Historical Society Series], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Churchman's Popular Library\\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\\=se%3AChurchman%27s%20popular%20library se:Churchman's Popular Library], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Colonial Church Histories\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Commentary on the Bible\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Conversion of the West\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Dawn of European Literature\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Diocesan HistoriesEdward Symonds, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/storyofaustralia00symo/page/160/mode/2up The Story of the Australian Church]'', London: SPCK, 1898 (Colonial Church Histories), publications lists in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Earth's Many Voices\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Early Britain\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Early Church Classics\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Early Chroniclers of Europe\\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\\=se%3AEarly%20chroniclers%20of%20Europe se:Early chroniclers of Europe], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Ecclesiastical BiographiesE. K. Sanders (Ella Katharine Sanders), ''\\[https://archive.org/details/SainteChantal/page/n7/mode/2up Sainte Chantal, 1572\\-1641: A Study in Vocation]'', London: SPCK, 1918 (Ecclesiastical Biographies), title page. Retrieved 21 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* English Theologians\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Exploring the Old Testament\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Fathers for English Readers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* First Steps in General KnowledgeSarah Tomlinson, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/vegetablekingdom00tomlrich/page/232/mode/2up The Vegetable Kingdom]'', London: SPCK, c. 1840 (First Steps in General Knowledge), series list in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Gospel and Culture\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Heathen World and St. Paul\\[\\[Robert Kennaway Douglas\\|Robert K. Douglas]], ''\\[https://archive.org/details/confucianismtao00doug/page/n293/mode/2up Confucianism and Taouism : With a Map]'', London: SPCK, 1879 (Non\\-Christian Religious Systems), publisher's advertisement in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Helps for Students of History\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Heroes of ScienceAustin Clare, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/gri\\_33125006029694/page/n331/mode/2up The Carved Cartoon : A Picture of the Past]'', London: SPCK, 1895, publisher's list in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.John A. Bower, \\[https://archive.org/details/cu31924003551102/page/n123/mode/2up Simple Methods for Detecting Food Adulteration], London: SPCK, 1895, publisher's advert in final pages. Retrieved 22 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Historic Monuments of England\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Home LibraryJohn Langtry, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/historyofthechur00languoft/page/n257/mode/2up History of the Church in Eastern Canada and Newfoundland]'', London: SPCK, 1892 (Colonial Church Histories), publisher's advertisement in final pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Illustrated Hand\\-books of Art History\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Illustrated Notes on English Church History\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Indian Church Commentaries\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Legends Revived\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Lessons on the Way for the Use of Inquirers and TeachersPercy Dearmner, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/lessonsonwayvol20002perc/page/n3/mode/2up Belief in God and in Jesus Christ]''. Londen: SPCK and Cambridge: W. Hefner and Sons, 1936 (Lessons on the Way for the Use of Inquirers and Teachers), list in preliminary pages. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Library of Pastoral Care\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Little Books on Religion\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* A Little Outline Of Christianity\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Manuals of Elementary ScienceRichard A. Proctor, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/b28060222/page/n139/mode/2up The Spectroscope and Its Work]'', London: SPCK and New York: Pott, Young, 1877 (Manuals of Elementary Science), final page. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Manuals of Health\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Missionary Stories Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Natural History Rambles\\[\\[Peter Martin Duncan\\|P. Martin Duncan]], ''\\[https://archive.org/details/seashore00dunc/page/n3/mode/2up The Sea\\-shore]'', London: SPCK, 1879 (Natural History Rambles). Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.Rev. J. G. Wood, \\[https://archive.org/details/lanefield00woodiala/page/246/mode/2up Lane and Field], London: SPCK, 1897, publisher's list, p. 1\\. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Nature Lover's Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* New Library of Pastoral CareMichael Butler and Ann Orbach, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/beingyouragepast0000butl/page/n3/mode/2up Being Your Age : Pastoral Care for Older People]'', London: SPCK, 1993, frontispiece. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Non\\-Christian Religious Systems\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Northern Lessons Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Notes on Famous Churches and Abbeys\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Notes on the Cathedrals\\[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q\\=se%3ANotes%20on%20the%20cathedrals se:Notes on the Cathedrals], worldcat.org. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\. \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* One Shilling Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Pages From the Past\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Pan\\-Anglican Papers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The People's Library\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Penny Library of Fiction\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Penny Pocket Library of Pure Literature\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Picture Library\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Pioneers of Progress\\[https://www.publishinghistory.com/pioneers\\-of\\-progress\\-spck.html Pioneers of Progress (Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge) \\- Book Series List], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 18 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Poems of Child Life and Country Life\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Romance of Science Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Rose Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Scholar in the Pulpit\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Sermons for the People\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Sheldon Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Short Stories Founded on European History\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Side\\-Lights of Church History\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* SPCK Assemblies\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* SPCK Cathedral Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* SPCK Educational Books\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* SPCK International Study Guides\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* SPCK Orange Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Story of The English TownsJ. S. Fletcher, ''\\[https://archive.org/details/storyoftheenglis027638mbp/page/n159/mode/2up Leeds]'', London: SPCK; New York, The Macmillan Company, 1919, publisher's list on final page. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Studies in Church History\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Tales for the Nursery and the Young\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Texts for Students\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Theological CollectionsMatthew Black, \\[https://archive.org/details/scrollschristian0000blac/page/n3/mode/2up The Scrolls and Christianity: Historical and Theological Significance], London: SPCK, 1968 (Theological Collections, 11\\), frontispiece. Retrieved 19 April 2023\\.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Theology Occasional Papers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Translations of Christian Literature\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Translations of Early Documents\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Uniform Library Edition of Mrs. Ewing's Works (also known as: Authorised Edition of Mrs. Ewing's Works)\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* Verse Books for Children\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* What is Romanism?\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* White Lily Series\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Zoo\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}}", "#### Based on lecture series", "* + - * + - {{columns\\-list\\|colwidth\\=30em\\|\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Croall Lectures\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* Manchester Cathedral Lectures\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* Moorhouse Lectures\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* The Rhind Lectures in Archaeology\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* Warburton Lectures\n\t\t\t\t\t\\* The White Lectures, Delivered in St. Paul's Cathedral in 1933\n\t\t\t\t\t}}", "### SPCK's former periodicals", "* *The Child's Pictorial: A Monthly Coloured Magazine*\n* *The Dawn of Day*\n* *Golden Sunbeams: A Church Magazine for Children*\n* *The Home Friend: A Weekly Miscellany of Amusement and Instruction*\n* *The People's Magazine: An Illustrated Miscellany for Family Reading*\n* *The Saturday Magazine*", "### SPCK's former pedagogical aids", "* Atlases\n* Church History Cartoons\n* Maps, \"mounted on canvas and roller, varnished\"" ]