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#### Rosario Walter Miranda, who had been removed as chief of the Public Morality unit following Cabrera's complaint because he had been providing protection to brothels that trafficked underage girls and foreign women, as well as extorting bribes from street\-based sex workers, continued to advance through the ranks. By 2012 he had become head of Regional Unit II, which gave him control of all provincial police forces in the city of [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe "Rosario, Santa Fe"). The brothels in the area around the bus terminal that he had been protecting were still there. During an investigation of trafficking in humans, a phone tap of one of the brothel owners recorded the owner asking how to go about selling cocaine. The answer was that he should bribe Hugo Tognoli, the highest ranking police officer in the province of [Santa Fe](/wiki/Santa_Fe_province "Santa Fe province"). Laura Cosido, a judge in the Federal Chamber of Rosario, stated that "There was never such an open relationship between narcos and police." AMMAR, Cabrera's union, complained that the drug and human trafficking networks were the same. {{cite news \\| title\= Rosario: abusos, trata, droga y complicidades \\| url\= http://www.plazademayo.com/2012/11/rosario\-abusos\-trata\-droga\-y\-complicidades \\| url\-status\= live \\| date\= 2012\-11\-01 \\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170823034011/http://www.plazademayo.com/2012/11/rosario\-abusos\-trata\-droga\-y\-complicidades \\| archive\-date\= 2017\-08\-23 }} Around the same time, Claudia Lucero was complaining that in spite of the revocation of the articles of the Misdemeanor Code that criminalized street prostitution, the police were still finding ways to extort money from street workers. {{ blockquote \\| text\= "I had to go and talk to the commissioner of the 7th precinct, after a worker was detained in the terminal area and extorted by the police. {{cite news \\| title\= Meretrices con nuevo proyecto \\| url\= https://www.pagina12\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/rosario/9\-27128\-2011\-01\-24\.html \\| url\-status\= live \\| date\= 2011\-01\-24 \\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160414003514/http://www.pagina12\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/rosario/9\-27128\-2011\-01\-24\.html \\| archive\-date\= 2016\-04\-14 }} \\| author\= Claudia Lucero }} Shortly thereafter, sex work in [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe "Rosario, Santa Fe") went through the same change in law and enforcement that the rest of Argentina experienced. The anti\-trafficking law, passed a few years earlier, began to be enforced consistently, ending the legal regulation of brothels by municipalities. One of the last cabarets in Rosario was closed when city inspectors found an entertainer performing oral sex on a customer. Announcing that they were closing the place, the inspectors were attacked by the madame and the female employees, who threw glasses and punched and kicked the inspectors. Driven into the street, they took refuge in a local bar where the women found them and again attacked, throwing and breaking tables and stealing the tape used to officially seal a closed business. Not everyone in Argentina embraced the new anti\-trafficking regime. {{cite news \\| title\= Un prostíbulo, a todas luces \\| url\= https://www.pagina12\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/rosario/9\-37782\-2013\-02\-23\.html \\| url\-status\= live \\| date\= 2013\-02\-23 \\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160413065957/https://www.pagina12\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/rosario/9\-37782\-2013\-02\-23\.html \\| archive\-date\= 2016\-04\-13 }} Some of the women who had worked in the cabarets and whiskerías that fronted for brothels moved to private apartments operated by the same type of people who had operated the brothels. {{cite news \\| title\= Prostitución en la sombra: cómo se ejerce hoy la actividad en Rosario \\| url\= http://www.rosarioplus.com/ensacoycorbata/Prostitucion\-en\-la\-sombra\-como\-se\-ejerce\-hoy\-la\-actividad\-en\-Rosario\-\-20170529\-0043\.html \\| url\-status\= live \\| date\= 2017\-05\-30 \\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010221/http://www.rosarioplus.com/ensacoycorbata/Prostitucion\-en\-la\-sombra\-como\-se\-ejerce\-hoy\-la\-actividad\-en\-Rosario\-\-20170529\-0043\.html \\| archive\-date\= 2017\-08\-30 }} The motels that once rented to independent sex workers now turn them away in order to avoid problems with the city. In response, some of the women have organized casitas, where a group of women rent a house and set aside a part of the earnings from each client session to cover the rent. Basically, women who were previously working in brothels are still working in brothels, and women who were previously independent are still independent. Georgina Orellano, secretary general of AMMAR as of 2017, says of the new legal regime that "It took all the activity to a much darker and hidden place." For the street based workers, Orellano says that since Mauricio Macri became Argentina's president, institutional violence has increased in public spaces. {{ blockquote \\| text\= We suffer more searches, more humiliation, more payment of fines and the difficulty of making use of the street. Lately, there are reports that the police drive the girls away, beat them, do not let them work, ask them for sexual favors and ask for money. \\| author\= Georgina Orellano }} Orellano says that the new prohibitionist regime recognizes only victims and pimps, and criminalizes women who enter sex work voluntarily. The current municipal law on sex work in [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe "Rosario, Santa Fe"), passed in 2013, mentions assistance and support; Orellano says that the city department responsible for implementing the assistance has helped so few women that they can be counted on the fingers of the two hands. AMMAR's last survey found one hundred women working the streets in [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe "Rosario, Santa Fe"), and it is estimated that another six hundred are working indoors. The legal and police system that Sandra Cabrera struggled with has changed. Where it once tolerated brothels it has become prohibitionist. The laws that once referred to street based sex work as "scandalous" and an "offense to modesty" now speak of assisting sex workers. The owners of regulated brothels who once assaulted independent sex workers in the streets, or paid the police to do the same, now operate illegally in private apartments, driven underground by the prohibitionist movement that currently opposes AMMAR in the media and the legislatures. The political projects of Cabrera and AMMAR's founders have been challenged by new social forces with different concepts of sex worker rights and agency. And yet street based sex workers face the same problems, including police violence and extortion. Perhaps Cabrera's most important legacy is illustrated by a little story told by Claudia Lucero a year after Cabrera's death: {{ blockquote \\| text\= A short while ago the Command \[Radio Command, a police unit] wanted to take bribes from a member \[of AMMAR], and it turns out that she is unionized. She told them to take her prisoner, but she would call her lawyer as soon as she got to the police station because she had that right. The cops wanted to arrange something, give them money, or go to jail. But when she told them that, they dropped her at a corner and left. \\| author\= Claudia Lucero }}	[ "#### Rosario", "Walter Miranda, who had been removed as chief of the Public Morality unit following Cabrera's complaint because he had been providing protection to brothels that trafficked underage girls and foreign women, as well as extorting bribes from street\\-based sex workers, continued to advance through the ranks. By 2012 he had become head of Regional Unit II, which gave him control of all provincial police forces in the city of [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe \"Rosario, Santa Fe\"). The brothels in the area around the bus terminal that he had been protecting were still there. During an investigation of trafficking in humans, a phone tap of one of the brothel owners recorded the owner asking how to go about selling cocaine. The answer was that he should bribe Hugo Tognoli, the highest ranking police officer in the province of [Santa Fe](/wiki/Santa_Fe_province \"Santa Fe province\"). Laura Cosido, a judge in the Federal Chamber of Rosario, stated that \"There was never such an open relationship between narcos and police.\" AMMAR, Cabrera's union, complained that the drug and human trafficking networks were the same.", "{{cite news\n\\\| title\\= Rosario: abusos, trata, droga y complicidades\n\\\| url\\= http://www.plazademayo.com/2012/11/rosario\\-abusos\\-trata\\-droga\\-y\\-complicidades\n\\\| url\\-status\\= live\n\\\| date\\= 2012\\-11\\-01\n\\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170823034011/http://www.plazademayo.com/2012/11/rosario\\-abusos\\-trata\\-droga\\-y\\-complicidades\n\\\| archive\\-date\\= 2017\\-08\\-23\n }}", "Around the same time, Claudia Lucero was complaining that in spite of the revocation of the articles of the Misdemeanor Code that criminalized street prostitution, the police were still finding ways to extort money from street workers.", "{{ blockquote\n\\\| text\\= \"I had to go and talk to the commissioner of the 7th precinct, after a worker was detained in the terminal area and extorted by the police.", "{{cite news\n\\\| title\\= Meretrices con nuevo proyecto\n\\\| url\\= https://www.pagina12\\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/rosario/9\\-27128\\-2011\\-01\\-24\\.html\n\\\| url\\-status\\= live\n\\\| date\\= 2011\\-01\\-24\n\\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160414003514/http://www.pagina12\\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/rosario/9\\-27128\\-2011\\-01\\-24\\.html\n\\\| archive\\-date\\= 2016\\-04\\-14\n }}\n\\\| author\\= Claudia Lucero\n}}", "Shortly thereafter, sex work in [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe \"Rosario, Santa Fe\") went through the same change in law and enforcement that the rest of Argentina experienced. The anti\\-trafficking law, passed a few years earlier, began to be enforced consistently, ending the legal regulation of brothels by municipalities. One of the last cabarets in Rosario was closed when city inspectors found an entertainer performing oral sex on a customer. Announcing that they were closing the place, the inspectors were attacked by the madame and the female employees, who threw glasses and punched and kicked the inspectors. Driven into the street, they took refuge in a local bar where the women found them and again attacked, throwing and breaking tables and stealing the tape used to officially seal a closed business. Not everyone in Argentina embraced the new anti\\-trafficking regime.", "{{cite news\n\\\| title\\= Un prostíbulo, a todas luces\n\\\| url\\= https://www.pagina12\\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/rosario/9\\-37782\\-2013\\-02\\-23\\.html\n\\\| url\\-status\\= live\n\\\| date\\= 2013\\-02\\-23\n\\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20160413065957/https://www.pagina12\\.com.ar/diario/suplementos/rosario/9\\-37782\\-2013\\-02\\-23\\.html\n\\\| archive\\-date\\= 2016\\-04\\-13\n }}", "Some of the women who had worked in the cabarets and whiskerías that fronted for brothels moved to private apartments operated by the same type of people who had operated the brothels.", "{{cite news\n\\\| title\\= Prostitución en la sombra: cómo se ejerce hoy la actividad en Rosario\n\\\| url\\= http://www.rosarioplus.com/ensacoycorbata/Prostitucion\\-en\\-la\\-sombra\\-como\\-se\\-ejerce\\-hoy\\-la\\-actividad\\-en\\-Rosario\\-\\-20170529\\-0043\\.html\n\\\| url\\-status\\= live\n\\\| date\\= 2017\\-05\\-30\n\\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170830010221/http://www.rosarioplus.com/ensacoycorbata/Prostitucion\\-en\\-la\\-sombra\\-como\\-se\\-ejerce\\-hoy\\-la\\-actividad\\-en\\-Rosario\\-\\-20170529\\-0043\\.html\n\\\| archive\\-date\\= 2017\\-08\\-30\n }} \nThe motels that once rented to independent sex workers now turn them away in order to avoid problems with the city. In response, some of the women have organized casitas, where a group of women rent a house and set aside a part of the earnings from each client session to cover the rent. Basically, women who were previously working in brothels are still working in brothels, and women who were previously independent are still independent. Georgina Orellano, secretary general of AMMAR as of 2017, says of the new legal regime that \"It took all the activity to a much darker and hidden place.\"", "For the street based workers, Orellano says that since Mauricio Macri became Argentina's president, institutional violence has increased in public spaces.", "{{ blockquote\n\\\| text\\= We suffer more searches, more humiliation, more payment of fines and the difficulty of making use of the street. Lately, there are reports that the police drive the girls away, beat them, do not let them work, ask them for sexual favors and ask for money.\n\\\| author\\= Georgina Orellano\n}}", "Orellano says that the new prohibitionist regime recognizes only victims and pimps, and criminalizes women who enter sex work voluntarily. The current municipal law on sex work in [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe \"Rosario, Santa Fe\"), passed in 2013, mentions assistance and support; Orellano says that the city department responsible for implementing the assistance has helped so few women that they can be counted on the fingers of the two hands. AMMAR's last survey found one hundred women working the streets in [Rosario](/wiki/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe \"Rosario, Santa Fe\"), and it is estimated that another six hundred are working indoors.", "The legal and police system that Sandra Cabrera struggled with has changed. Where it once tolerated brothels it has become prohibitionist. The laws that once referred to street based sex work as \"scandalous\" and an \"offense to modesty\" now speak of assisting sex workers. The owners of regulated brothels who once assaulted independent sex workers in the streets, or paid the police to do the same, now operate illegally in private apartments, driven underground by the prohibitionist movement that currently opposes AMMAR in the media and the legislatures. The political projects of Cabrera and AMMAR's founders have been challenged by new social forces with different concepts of sex worker rights and agency. And yet street based sex workers face the same problems, including police violence and extortion. Perhaps Cabrera's most important legacy is illustrated by a little story told by Claudia Lucero a year after Cabrera's death:", "{{ blockquote\n\\\| text\\= A short while ago the Command \\[Radio Command, a police unit] wanted to take bribes from a member \\[of AMMAR], and it turns out that she is unionized. She told them to take her prisoner, but she would call her lawyer as soon as she got to the police station because she had that right. The cops wanted to arrange something, give them money, or go to jail. But when she told them that, they dropped her at a corner and left.\n\\\| author\\= Claudia Lucero\n}}", "" ]
Production ---------- ### Sturges and Ophüls The saga of the making of Vendetta, which had the working titles of "Colomba" and "Our Lady of the Doves", is extensive. In 1944, after ten years, writer/director [Preston Sturges](/wiki/Preston_Sturges "Preston Sturges") left [Paramount Pictures](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures "Paramount Pictures"), where he made his most popular and successful films, including the runaway hit [The Lady Eve](/wiki/The_Lady_Eve "The Lady Eve") (1941\), and joined in a partnership with eccentric millionaire aviator [Howard Hughes](/wiki/Howard_Hughes "Howard Hughes") to create California Pictures. By September 1945, work has already begun on the new company's first picture, [The Sin of Harold Diddlebock](/wiki/The_Sin_of_Harold_Diddlebock "The Sin of Harold Diddlebock"), written and directed by Sturges, and it was announced that Sturges had completed the first draft of an adaptation of Prosper Mérimée's 1840 novella Colomba, the first time it had been used as the basis for a sound film. (It was adapted in 1920 in France as a [silent film](/wiki/Silent_film "Silent film").) Sturges began the project at the request of Hughes, who was looking for a vehicle for his protégée, [Faith Domergue](/wiki/Faith_Domergue "Faith Domergue").TCM [Notes](http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=94709&category=Notes) By July 1946, German director [Max Ophüls](/wiki/Max_Oph%C3%BCls "Max Ophüls") had been announced as the director, in what would be his American debut. Ophüls had been trying for four years to get a directing job in [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States "Cinema of the United States"), and Sturges hired him so that he could concentrate on completing ...Harold Diddlebock. Ophüls' first choices to play opposite Domergue were [James Mason](/wiki/James_Mason "James Mason") and [Madeleine Carroll](/wiki/Madeleine_Carroll "Madeleine Carroll"), but Hughes refused to pay star salaries, and worried that Domergue, who had little acting experience, would be outshone by powerful and better\-known actors. The cast that was eventually assembled under Ophüls had Domergue, [Robert Ryan](/wiki/Robert_Ryan "Robert Ryan"), [J. Carrol Naish](/wiki/J._Carrol_Naish "J. Carrol Naish"), Gregory Marshall, George Renevant, and [Fortunio Bonanova](/wiki/Fortunio_Bonanova "Fortunio Bonanova"). Principal photography began in mid\-August 1946\.TCM [Overview](http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=94709) After only a week of shooting, Hughes, who was recuperating from the [crash of an experimental reconnaissance plane](/wiki/Howard_Hughes%23Near-fatal_crash_of_the_XF-11 "Howard Hughes#Near-fatal crash of the XF-11"), complained to Sturges about the slowness of Ophüls' shooting pace and the way he handled Domergue. Saying that he did not want "foreigners" working for California Pictures, he forced Sturges to fire Ophüls; the German director later made the film [Caught](/wiki/Caught_%281949_film%29 "Caught (1949 film)") (1949\) about his experience with Hughes. Sturges took over the remainder of allotted filming, and principal photography wrapped on 29 October, with the film over both its shooting schedule and its budget. ### Stuart Heisler At this point, Hughes was still unhappy with the footage produced, so Sturges either quit the film or was fired, and his partnership with Hughes was dissolved, with both of the company's films, Vendetta and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock, seriously overbudget. Hughes bought director [Stuart Heisler](/wiki/Stuart_Heisler "Stuart Heisler") out of his contract with [Gary Cooper](/wiki/Gary_Cooper "Gary Cooper") to be the new director for Vendetta, fired at least two members of the cast, and replaced the entire production staff. He cut out one of the major characters, the son of the aristocratic English lady, because he was dissatisfied with actor Gregory Marshall's performance, and because he wanted Domergue to get more screen exposure. Principal photography began again on 8 November with Heisler directing, and with [George Dolenz](/wiki/George_Dolenz "George Dolenz") and Donald Buka as the new co\-stars, but paused again for about 10 days near the end of the month for the script to be re\-written. Filming started up again, with some new cast members, on 2 December and proceeded until 15 March 1947\. During this time, writers [W. R. Burnett](/wiki/W._R._Burnett "W. R. Burnett") and Peter O'Crotty were engaged, in January, to do more re\-writes, and director Heisler became ill for several days so that editor [Paul Weatherwax](/wiki/Paul_Weatherwax "Paul Weatherwax") had to substitute for him. By this time, the film had been shooting for 88 days. ### Mel Ferrer Hughes was dissatisfied with the result of Heisler's work and wanted a new ending for the film. He and Heisler were unable to agree, and Heisler departed in May 1947\. Hughes then brought in actor/director [Mel Ferrer](/wiki/Mel_Ferrer "Mel Ferrer"), who he borrowed from [David O. Selznick](/wiki/David_O._Selznick "David O. Selznick")'s production company in June, to finish the film, with the expectation that his assignment would last about 30 days and cost about $200,000\. Hughes also hired Wells Root to do re\-writes, and replaced the director of photography. Ferrer began shooting on 6 October 1947\. Because Hughes kept expanding what was to be re\-shot, this phase of the production ended up taking almost seven weeks and costing over $1 million. Shooting wrapped in late November, but by March 1948, Hughes wanted more changes, and Ferrer came back to do re\-shoots beginning on 27 March, with Hughes himself directing some pick\-up scenes. ### Corriganville During the course of the film's extensive shooting, much of which was done at [Samuel Goldwyn](/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn "Samuel Goldwyn") Studios, location shooting was done at the [Corriganville Movie Ranch](/wiki/Corriganville_Movie_Ranch "Corriganville Movie Ranch") in [Simi Valley, California](/wiki/Simi_Valley%2C_California "Simi Valley, California") and in [Monterey, California](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California "Monterey, California"). A village set was built in 1946 for the film with [Ray Corrigan](/wiki/Ray_Corrigan "Ray Corrigan") renaming the set "the Corsican Village". The set was used for several films but was removed after [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope "Bob Hope") took over ownership of the property in 1965, the set gone by November 1967\.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.corriganville.net/ \\|title\=Home \\|website\=corriganville.net}}	[ "Production\n----------", "### Sturges and Ophüls", "The saga of the making of Vendetta, which had the working titles of \"Colomba\" and \"Our Lady of the Doves\", is extensive. In 1944, after ten years, writer/director [Preston Sturges](/wiki/Preston_Sturges \"Preston Sturges\") left [Paramount Pictures](/wiki/Paramount_Pictures \"Paramount Pictures\"), where he made his most popular and successful films, including the runaway hit [The Lady Eve](/wiki/The_Lady_Eve \"The Lady Eve\") (1941\\), and joined in a partnership with eccentric millionaire aviator [Howard Hughes](/wiki/Howard_Hughes \"Howard Hughes\") to create California Pictures. By September 1945, work has already begun on the new company's first picture, [The Sin of Harold Diddlebock](/wiki/The_Sin_of_Harold_Diddlebock \"The Sin of Harold Diddlebock\"), written and directed by Sturges, and it was announced that Sturges had completed the first draft of an adaptation of Prosper Mérimée's 1840 novella Colomba, the first time it had been used as the basis for a sound film. (It was adapted in 1920 in France as a [silent film](/wiki/Silent_film \"Silent film\").) Sturges began the project at the request of Hughes, who was looking for a vehicle for his protégée, [Faith Domergue](/wiki/Faith_Domergue \"Faith Domergue\").TCM [Notes](http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=94709&category=Notes)", "By July 1946, German director [Max Ophüls](/wiki/Max_Oph%C3%BCls \"Max Ophüls\") had been announced as the director, in what would be his American debut. Ophüls had been trying for four years to get a directing job in [Hollywood](/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States \"Cinema of the United States\"), and Sturges hired him so that he could concentrate on completing ...Harold Diddlebock. Ophüls' first choices to play opposite Domergue were [James Mason](/wiki/James_Mason \"James Mason\") and [Madeleine Carroll](/wiki/Madeleine_Carroll \"Madeleine Carroll\"), but Hughes refused to pay star salaries, and worried that Domergue, who had little acting experience, would be outshone by powerful and better\\-known actors. The cast that was eventually assembled under Ophüls had Domergue, [Robert Ryan](/wiki/Robert_Ryan \"Robert Ryan\"), [J. Carrol Naish](/wiki/J._Carrol_Naish \"J. Carrol Naish\"), Gregory Marshall, George Renevant, and [Fortunio Bonanova](/wiki/Fortunio_Bonanova \"Fortunio Bonanova\"). Principal photography began in mid\\-August 1946\\.TCM [Overview](http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=94709)", "After only a week of shooting, Hughes, who was recuperating from the [crash of an experimental reconnaissance plane](/wiki/Howard_Hughes%23Near-fatal_crash_of_the_XF-11 \"Howard Hughes#Near-fatal crash of the XF-11\"), complained to Sturges about the slowness of Ophüls' shooting pace and the way he handled Domergue. Saying that he did not want \"foreigners\" working for California Pictures, he forced Sturges to fire Ophüls; the German director later made the film [Caught](/wiki/Caught_%281949_film%29 \"Caught (1949 film)\") (1949\\) about his experience with Hughes. Sturges took over the remainder of allotted filming, and principal photography wrapped on 29 October, with the film over both its shooting schedule and its budget.", "### Stuart Heisler", "At this point, Hughes was still unhappy with the footage produced, so Sturges either quit the film or was fired, and his partnership with Hughes was dissolved, with both of the company's films, Vendetta and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock, seriously overbudget. Hughes bought director [Stuart Heisler](/wiki/Stuart_Heisler \"Stuart Heisler\") out of his contract with [Gary Cooper](/wiki/Gary_Cooper \"Gary Cooper\") to be the new director for Vendetta, fired at least two members of the cast, and replaced the entire production staff. He cut out one of the major characters, the son of the aristocratic English lady, because he was dissatisfied with actor Gregory Marshall's performance, and because he wanted Domergue to get more screen exposure.", "Principal photography began again on 8 November with Heisler directing, and with [George Dolenz](/wiki/George_Dolenz \"George Dolenz\") and Donald Buka as the new co\\-stars, but paused again for about 10 days near the end of the month for the script to be re\\-written. Filming started up again, with some new cast members, on 2 December and proceeded until 15 March 1947\\. During this time, writers [W. R. Burnett](/wiki/W._R._Burnett \"W. R. Burnett\") and Peter O'Crotty were engaged, in January, to do more re\\-writes, and director Heisler became ill for several days so that editor [Paul Weatherwax](/wiki/Paul_Weatherwax \"Paul Weatherwax\") had to substitute for him. By this time, the film had been shooting for 88 days.", "### Mel Ferrer", "Hughes was dissatisfied with the result of Heisler's work and wanted a new ending for the film. He and Heisler were unable to agree, and Heisler departed in May 1947\\. Hughes then brought in actor/director [Mel Ferrer](/wiki/Mel_Ferrer \"Mel Ferrer\"), who he borrowed from [David O. Selznick](/wiki/David_O._Selznick \"David O. Selznick\")'s production company in June, to finish the film, with the expectation that his assignment would last about 30 days and cost about $200,000\\. Hughes also hired Wells Root to do re\\-writes, and replaced the director of photography.", "Ferrer began shooting on 6 October 1947\\. Because Hughes kept expanding what was to be re\\-shot, this phase of the production ended up taking almost seven weeks and costing over $1 million. Shooting wrapped in late November, but by March 1948, Hughes wanted more changes, and Ferrer came back to do re\\-shoots beginning on 27 March, with Hughes himself directing some pick\\-up scenes.", "### Corriganville", "During the course of the film's extensive shooting, much of which was done at [Samuel Goldwyn](/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn \"Samuel Goldwyn\") Studios, location shooting was done at the [Corriganville Movie Ranch](/wiki/Corriganville_Movie_Ranch \"Corriganville Movie Ranch\") in [Simi Valley, California](/wiki/Simi_Valley%2C_California \"Simi Valley, California\") and in [Monterey, California](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California \"Monterey, California\"). A village set was built in 1946 for the film with [Ray Corrigan](/wiki/Ray_Corrigan \"Ray Corrigan\") renaming the set \"the Corsican Village\". The set was used for several films but was removed after [Bob Hope](/wiki/Bob_Hope \"Bob Hope\") took over ownership of the property in 1965, the set gone by November 1967\\.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.corriganville.net/ \\\|title\\=Home \\\|website\\=corriganville.net}}", "" ]
Predecessor badges ------------------ ONE Programme's [Adventure Skills](/wiki/%23Adventure_Skills_Badges "#Adventure Skills Badges") and [Special Interest](/wiki/%23Special_Interest_badges "#Special Interest badges") badges (along with a set of Nautical Badges in each section to tie\-in with the [Sea Scout](/wiki/Sea_Scouts_%28Scouting_Ireland%29 "Sea Scouts (Scouting Ireland)") [symbolic framework](/wiki/Symbolic_Framework_%28Scouting%29 "Symbolic Framework (Scouting)")) replaced the legacy attainment and merit badges. ### Attainment badges Attainment badges were awards earned by youth members, based on a variety of adventurous outdoor activities. These badges were originally developed by the former [Scouting Ireland S.A.I.](/wiki/Scouting_Ireland_S.A.I. "Scouting Ireland S.A.I.") for its sectional programmes in the Scout section and the Sea Scout section. #### Badges A core of 7 attainment badges ("The Magnificent Seven") were developed by the [SAI](/wiki/Scouting_Ireland_S.A.I. "Scouting Ireland S.A.I.") which are universal across the Scout programme and the Sea Scout programme. A further 7 badges were developed by the Sea Scout team which are mostly specialist water activities badges that aid the Sea Scout programme, supplementing its primary progressive badge scheme. These badges, while developed for just one of the programmes, were open to members of both the Scout and Sea Scout section to achieve. The 14 attainment badges are listed below. \| Name \| Programme \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Backwoods \| Scouts \& Sea Scouts \| \| Camp Skills \| Scouts \& Sea Scouts \| \| Camping \| Scouts \& Sea Scouts \| \| Canoeing \| Sea Scouts \| \| Cycling \| Sea Scouts \| \| Expedition \| Scouts \& Sea Scouts \| \| First Aid \| Scouts \& Sea Scouts \| \| Hiking \| Scouts \& Sea Scouts \| \| Powerboating \| Sea Scouts \| \| Rafting \| Sea Scouts \| \| Rowing \| Sea Scouts \| \| Sailing \| Sea Scouts \| \| Survival \| Scouts \& Sea Scouts \| \| Swimming \| Sea Scouts \| ### Merit badges Merit badges were awards earned by youth members, based on activities within an area of study by completing a list of periodically updated requirements.. Merit badges were a universal award for achievement within the Scouting movement. The purpose of the merit badge programme was to allow Scouts to examine subjects to determine if they would like to further pursue them as a career or as a vocation. Originally, the programme also introduced Scouts to the life skills of contacting an adult they hadn't met before, arranging a meeting and then demonstrating their skills, similar to a job or college interview. Increasingly, though, merit badges were earned in a class setting at troop meetings and summer camps.{{citation needed\\|date\=August 2022}} Many of the badges were more advanced versions of [Cub Scout](/wiki/Cub_Scouts_%28Scouting_Ireland%29 "Cub Scouts (Scouting Ireland)") (Macaoimh) badges. \| Name \| Section \| Further reading \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Map\-maker \| [Scoutcraft](/wiki/Scoutcraft "Scoutcraft") \| [Cartography](/wiki/Cartography "Cartography") \| \| Pioneering \| [Scoutcraft](/wiki/Scoutcraft "Scoutcraft") \| [Pioneering](/wiki/Pioneering_%28Scout_Movement%29 "Pioneering (Scout Movement)") \| \| Signalling \| [Scoutcraft](/wiki/Scoutcraft "Scoutcraft") \| Signalling \| \| Camper \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping "Camping") \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping "Camping") \| \| Camp Chef \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping "Camping") \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping "Camping") \| \| Campfire Leader \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping "Camping") \| [Campfire](/wiki/Campfire "Campfire") \| \| Quartermaster \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping "Camping") \| [Quartermaster](/wiki/Quartermaster "Quartermaster") \| \| Camp Leader \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping "Camping") \| \| \| Hiker \| [Adventure](/wiki/Adventure "Adventure") \| [Hiking](/wiki/Hiking "Hiking") \| \| Hike Leader \| [Adventure](/wiki/Adventure "Adventure") \| \| \| Hill Walker \| [Adventure](/wiki/Adventure "Adventure") \| \| \| Orienteer \| Physical Ability \| [Orienteering](/wiki/Orienteering "Orienteering") \| \| Cyclist \| Physical Ability \| [Cycling](/wiki/Cycling "Cycling") \| \| Athlete \| Physical Ability \| [Athletics](/wiki/Athletics_%28sport%29 "Athletics (sport)") \| \| Sports \| Physical Ability \| [Sport](/wiki/Sport "Sport") \| \| Self Defence \| Physical Ability \| [Self Defence](/wiki/Self_Defence "Self Defence") \| \| Electrician \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics") \| \| \| Electronics \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics") \| \| \| Radio \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics") \| \| \| Computer Applications \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics") \| \| \| Computer Programmer \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics") \| \| \| Computer Skills \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics "Electronics") \| \| \| Car Mechanic \| Skills \| \| \| Home Manager \| Skills \| \| \| Metal Worker \| Skills \| \| \| Woodworker \| Skills \| \| \| Woodcarver \| Skills \| \| \| Bookbinder \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts "Crafts") \| \| \| Artist \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts "Crafts") \| \| \| Printer \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts "Crafts") \| \| \| Photographer \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts "Crafts") \| \| \| Basketry \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts "Crafts") \| \| \| Leathercraft \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts "Crafts") \| \| \| Collector \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts "Crafts") \| \| \| Equestrian \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature "Nature") \| \| \| Sea Fishing \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature "Nature") \| \| \| Pet Keeper \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature "Nature") \| \| \| Gardener \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature "Nature") \| \| \| Angler \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature "Nature") \| \| \| Archaeologist \| [Natural Sciences](/wiki/Natural_Sciences "Natural Sciences") \| \| \| Geologist \| [Natural Sciences](/wiki/Natural_Sciences "Natural Sciences") \| \| \| Farmer \| [Natural Sciences](/wiki/Natural_Sciences "Natural Sciences") \| \| \| Naturalist \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith "Faith") and [Environment](/wiki/Natural_environment "Natural environment") \| \| \| Observer \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith "Faith") and Environment \| \| \| Forester \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith "Faith") and Environment \| \| \| Civics \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith "Faith") and Environment \| \| \| Scripture \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith "Faith") and Environment \| \| \| Faith \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith "Faith") and Environment \| \| \| Bell ringer \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment "Entertainment") \| \| \| Bugler \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment "Entertainment") \| \| \| Musician \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment "Entertainment") \| \| \| Entertainer \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment "Entertainment") \| \| \| Irish Dancer \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment "Entertainment") \| \| \| Fire Safety \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Emergency \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Guide \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Interpreter \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Life Saver \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Advanced Life Saver \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Home Maintenance \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Public Health \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Public Speaking \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Consumer \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Secretary \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Librarian \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service "Community service") \| \| \| Social Awareness \| Social awareness \| \| \| World Friendship \| Social awareness \| \| \| Conservation \| Social awareness \| \| \| Gaeilge \| [Languages](/wiki/Languages "Languages") \| [Gaeilge](/wiki/Gaeilge "Gaeilge") \|	[ "Predecessor badges\n------------------", "ONE Programme's [Adventure Skills](/wiki/%23Adventure_Skills_Badges \"#Adventure Skills Badges\") and [Special Interest](/wiki/%23Special_Interest_badges \"#Special Interest badges\") badges (along with a set of Nautical Badges in each section to tie\\-in with the [Sea Scout](/wiki/Sea_Scouts_%28Scouting_Ireland%29 \"Sea Scouts (Scouting Ireland)\") [symbolic framework](/wiki/Symbolic_Framework_%28Scouting%29 \"Symbolic Framework (Scouting)\")) replaced the legacy attainment and merit badges.", "### Attainment badges", "Attainment badges were awards earned by youth members, based on a variety of adventurous outdoor activities. These badges were originally developed by the former [Scouting Ireland S.A.I.](/wiki/Scouting_Ireland_S.A.I. \"Scouting Ireland S.A.I.\") for its sectional programmes in the Scout section and the Sea Scout section.", "#### Badges", "A core of 7 attainment badges (\"The Magnificent Seven\") were developed by the [SAI](/wiki/Scouting_Ireland_S.A.I. \"Scouting Ireland S.A.I.\") which are universal across the Scout programme and the Sea Scout programme. A further 7 badges were developed by the Sea Scout team which are mostly specialist water activities badges that aid the Sea Scout programme, supplementing its primary progressive badge scheme. These badges, while developed for just one of the programmes, were open to members of both the Scout and Sea Scout section to achieve. The 14 attainment badges are listed below.", "", "\| Name \| Programme \|\n\| --- \| --- \|\n\| Backwoods \| Scouts \\& Sea Scouts \|\n\| Camp Skills \| Scouts \\& Sea Scouts \|\n\| Camping \| Scouts \\& Sea Scouts \|\n\| Canoeing \| Sea Scouts \|\n\| Cycling \| Sea Scouts \|\n\| Expedition \| Scouts \\& Sea Scouts \|\n\| First Aid \| Scouts \\& Sea Scouts \|\n\| Hiking \| Scouts \\& Sea Scouts \|\n\| Powerboating \| Sea Scouts \|\n\| Rafting \| Sea Scouts \|\n\| Rowing \| Sea Scouts \|\n\| Sailing \| Sea Scouts \|\n\| Survival \| Scouts \\& Sea Scouts \|\n\| Swimming \| Sea Scouts \|", "### Merit badges", "Merit badges were awards earned by youth members, based on activities within an area of study by completing a list of periodically updated requirements..", "Merit badges were a universal award for achievement within the Scouting movement. The purpose of the merit badge programme was to allow Scouts to examine subjects to determine if they would like to further pursue them as a career or as a vocation. Originally, the programme also introduced Scouts to the life skills of contacting an adult they hadn't met before, arranging a meeting and then demonstrating their skills, similar to a job or college interview. Increasingly, though, merit badges were earned in a class setting at troop meetings and summer camps.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=August 2022}}", "Many of the badges were more advanced versions of [Cub Scout](/wiki/Cub_Scouts_%28Scouting_Ireland%29 \"Cub Scouts (Scouting Ireland)\") (Macaoimh) badges.", "", "\| Name \| Section \| Further reading \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Map\\-maker \| [Scoutcraft](/wiki/Scoutcraft \"Scoutcraft\") \| [Cartography](/wiki/Cartography \"Cartography\") \|\n\| Pioneering \| [Scoutcraft](/wiki/Scoutcraft \"Scoutcraft\") \| [Pioneering](/wiki/Pioneering_%28Scout_Movement%29 \"Pioneering (Scout Movement)\") \|\n\| Signalling \| [Scoutcraft](/wiki/Scoutcraft \"Scoutcraft\") \| Signalling \|\n\| Camper \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping \"Camping\") \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping \"Camping\") \|\n\| Camp Chef \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping \"Camping\") \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping \"Camping\") \|\n\| Campfire Leader \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping \"Camping\") \| [Campfire](/wiki/Campfire \"Campfire\") \|\n\| Quartermaster \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping \"Camping\") \| [Quartermaster](/wiki/Quartermaster \"Quartermaster\") \|\n\| Camp Leader \| [Camping](/wiki/Camping \"Camping\") \| \|\n\| Hiker \| [Adventure](/wiki/Adventure \"Adventure\") \| [Hiking](/wiki/Hiking \"Hiking\") \|\n\| Hike Leader \| [Adventure](/wiki/Adventure \"Adventure\") \| \|\n\| Hill Walker \| [Adventure](/wiki/Adventure \"Adventure\") \| \|\n\| Orienteer \| Physical Ability \| [Orienteering](/wiki/Orienteering \"Orienteering\") \|\n\| Cyclist \| Physical Ability \| [Cycling](/wiki/Cycling \"Cycling\") \|\n\| Athlete \| Physical Ability \| [Athletics](/wiki/Athletics_%28sport%29 \"Athletics (sport)\") \|\n\| Sports \| Physical Ability \| [Sport](/wiki/Sport \"Sport\") \|\n\| Self Defence \| Physical Ability \| [Self Defence](/wiki/Self_Defence \"Self Defence\") \|\n\| Electrician \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\") \| \|\n\| Electronics \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\") \| \|\n\| Radio \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\") \| \|\n\| Computer Applications \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\") \| \|\n\| Computer Programmer \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\") \| \|\n\| Computer Skills \| [Electronics](/wiki/Electronics \"Electronics\") \| \|\n\| Car Mechanic \| Skills \| \|\n\| Home Manager \| Skills \| \|\n\| Metal Worker \| Skills \| \|\n\| Woodworker \| Skills \| \|\n\| Woodcarver \| Skills \| \|\n\| Bookbinder \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts \"Crafts\") \| \|\n\| Artist \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts \"Crafts\") \| \|\n\| Printer \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts \"Crafts\") \| \|\n\| Photographer \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts \"Crafts\") \| \|\n\| Basketry \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts \"Crafts\") \| \|\n\| Leathercraft \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts \"Crafts\") \| \|\n\| Collector \| [Crafts](/wiki/Crafts \"Crafts\") \| \|\n\| Equestrian \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature \"Nature\") \| \|\n\| Sea Fishing \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature \"Nature\") \| \|\n\| Pet Keeper \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature \"Nature\") \| \|\n\| Gardener \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature \"Nature\") \| \|\n\| Angler \| [Nature](/wiki/Nature \"Nature\") \| \|\n\| Archaeologist \| [Natural Sciences](/wiki/Natural_Sciences \"Natural Sciences\") \| \|\n\| Geologist \| [Natural Sciences](/wiki/Natural_Sciences \"Natural Sciences\") \| \|\n\| Farmer \| [Natural Sciences](/wiki/Natural_Sciences \"Natural Sciences\") \| \|\n\| Naturalist \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith \"Faith\") and [Environment](/wiki/Natural_environment \"Natural environment\") \| \|\n\| Observer \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith \"Faith\") and Environment \| \|\n\| Forester \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith \"Faith\") and Environment \| \|\n\| Civics \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith \"Faith\") and Environment \| \|\n\| Scripture \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith \"Faith\") and Environment \| \|\n\| Faith \| [Faith](/wiki/Faith \"Faith\") and Environment \| \|\n\| Bell ringer \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment \"Entertainment\") \| \|\n\| Bugler \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment \"Entertainment\") \| \|\n\| Musician \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment \"Entertainment\") \| \|\n\| Entertainer \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment \"Entertainment\") \| \|\n\| Irish Dancer \| [Entertainment](/wiki/Entertainment \"Entertainment\") \| \|\n\| Fire Safety \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Emergency \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Guide \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Interpreter \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Life Saver \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Advanced Life Saver \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Home Maintenance \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Public Health \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Public Speaking \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Consumer \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Secretary \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Librarian \| [Public Service](/wiki/Community_service \"Community service\") \| \|\n\| Social Awareness \| Social awareness \| \|\n\| World Friendship \| Social awareness \| \|\n\| Conservation \| Social awareness \| \|\n\| Gaeilge \| [Languages](/wiki/Languages \"Languages\") \| [Gaeilge](/wiki/Gaeilge \"Gaeilge\") \|", "" ]
History ------- {{Unreferenced section\\|date\=January 2015}} The geographical region of East Frisia was inhabited in Paleolithic times by reindeer hunters of the [Hamburg culture](/wiki/Hamburg_culture "Hamburg culture"). Later there were Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements of various cultures. The period after prehistory can only be reconstructed from archaeological evidence. Access to the early history of East Frisia is possible in part through archaeology and in part through the studying of external sources such as Roman documents. The first proven historical event was the arrival of a [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") [fleet](/wiki/Roman_Navy "Roman Navy") under [Drusus](/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus "Nero Claudius Drusus") in 12 BC; the ships sailed into the course of the Ems river and returned. The earlier settlements, known solely through material remnants but whose people's name for themselves remains unknown, led up to the invasion of [Germanic tribes](/wiki/Germanic_tribes "Germanic tribes") belonging to the [Ingvaeonic](/wiki/Ingvaeonic "Ingvaeonic") group. Those were [Chauci](/wiki/Chauci "Chauci") mentioned by [Tacitus](/wiki/Tacitus "Tacitus"), and [Frisians](/wiki/Frisians "Frisians"). The region between the rivers [Ems](/wiki/Ems_%28river%29 "Ems (river)") and [Weser](/wiki/Weser "Weser") was thereupon inhabited by the Chauci; however, after the second century AD there is no mention of the Chauci. They were partly displaced by Frisian expansion after about 500, and were later partially absorbed into the Frisian society. [Saxons](/wiki/Saxons "Saxons") also settled the region and the East Frisian population of medieval times is based on a mixture of Frisian and Saxon elements. Nevertheless, the Frisian element is predominant in the coastal area, while the population of the higher [Geest](/wiki/Geest "Geest") area expresses more Saxon influence. Historical information becomes clearer by early Carolingian time, when a [Frisian kingdom](/wiki/Frisian_kingdom "Frisian kingdom") united the whole area from present\-day West Frisia (the Dutch provinces of [Friesland](/wiki/Friesland "Friesland") and [Groningen](/wiki/Groningen_%28province%29 "Groningen (province)") and part of [North Holland](/wiki/North_Holland "North Holland")) throughout East Frisia up to the river [Weser](/wiki/Weser "Weser"). It was ruled by kings like the famous [Radbod](/wiki/Redbad%2C_King_of_the_Frisians "Redbad, King of the Frisians") whose known names were still mentioned in folk tales until recent times. Frisia was a short\-lived kingdom, and it was crushed by [Pippin of Herstal](/wiki/Pippin_of_Herstal "Pippin of Herstal") in 689\. East Frisia then became part of the [Frankish Empire](/wiki/Frankish_Empire "Frankish Empire"). [Charles the Great](/wiki/Charles_the_Great "Charles the Great") then divided East Frisia into two counties. At this time, [Christianization](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") by the missionaries [Liudger](/wiki/Ludger "Ludger") and [Willehad](/wiki/Willehad "Willehad") started; one part of East Frisia became a part of the [diocese of Bremen](/wiki/Diocese_of_Bremen "Diocese of Bremen"), the other the [diocese of Münster](/wiki/Diocese_of_M%C3%BCnster "Diocese of Münster"). With the decay of the Carolingian empire, East Frisia lost its former bindings, and a unity of independent self\-governed districts was established. Their elections were held every year to choose the "Redjeven" (councillors), who had to be judges as well as administrators or governors. This system prevented the establishment of a feudalistic system in East Frisia during medieval times. Frisians regarded themselves as free people not obliged to any foreign authority. This period is called the time of the "Friesische Freiheit" (Frisian freedom) and is represented by the still well\-known salute "[Eala Frya Fresena](/wiki/Eala_Frya_Fresena "Eala Frya Fresena")" (Get Up, Free Frisian!) that affirmed the non\-existence of any feudality. Frisian representatives of the many districts of the seven coastal areas of Frisia met once a year at the Upstalsboom, located at Rahe (near [Aurich](/wiki/Aurich "Aurich")). In the early Middle Ages, people could only settle on the higher situated [Geest](/wiki/Geest "Geest") areas or by erecting in the marsh\-areas "[Warften](/wiki/Artificial_dwelling_hill "Artificial dwelling hill")", artificial hills to protect the settlement, whether a single farming estate or a whole village, against the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea "North Sea") floods. In about 1000 AD the Frisians started building large dikes along the North Sea shore. This had a great effect on establishing a feeling of national identity and independence. Until the late Middle Ages Ostfriesland resisted the attempts of German states to conquer the coasts. During the 14th century adherence to the Redjeven constitution decayed. Catastrophes and epidemics such as pestilence intensified the process of destabilization. This provided an opportunity for influential family\-clans to establish a new rule. As [chieftains](/wiki/East_Frisian_chieftains "East Frisian chieftains") (in [Low German](/wiki/Low_German "Low German"): "hovedlinge"; in [standard German](/wiki/German_language "German language"): "Fürsten") they took control over villages, cities, and regions in East Frisia; however, they still did not establish a feudal system as it was known in the rest of [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). Instead, the system implemented in Frisia was a system of fellowship which has some similarity to older forms of rule known from Germanic cultures of the North. There was a specific relation of dependence between the inhabitants of the ruled area and the chieftain, but the people retained their individual freedom and could move where they wanted. [left\\|thumb\\| West bank of the Ems River in Leer.The](/wiki/File:Boat_on_Ems_in_Leer.jpg "Boat on Ems in Leer.jpg") Frisians controlled the mouth of the [Ems](/wiki/Ems_%28river%29 "Ems (river)") river and threatened the ships coming down the river. For this reason the [County of Oldenburg](/wiki/County_of_Oldenburg "County of Oldenburg") made several attempts to subjugate East Frisia during the 12th century. Thanks to the swampy terrain, the Frisian peasants defeated the Oldenburgian armies every time. In 1156 even [Henry the Lion](/wiki/Henry_the_Lion "Henry the Lion") failed to conquer the region. The conflicts lasted for the next few centuries. In the 14th century Oldenburg gave up on plans to conquer Ostfriesland, restricting their attacks to irregular invasions, killing livestock then leaving. The East Frisian chieftains used to provide shelter for pirates such as the famous [Klaus Störtebeker](/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker "Klaus Störtebeker") and [Gottfried Michaelsen](/wiki/Gottfried_Michaelsen "Gottfried Michaelsen"), who were a threat to the ships of the powerful [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League "Hanseatic League") which they attacked and robbed.{{cn\\|date\=February 2024}} In 1400 a [punitive expedition](/wiki/Punitive_expedition "Punitive expedition") of the Hanseatic League against East Frisia succeeded. The chieftains had to promise to discontinue their support for the pirates. In 1402 Störtebeker, who was not a Frisian by birth, was captured and executed in Hamburg. The range of power and influence differed between the chieftains. Some clans achieved a predominant state. One of these was the [Tom Broks](/wiki/Tom_Broks "Tom Broks") from the [Brokmerland](/wiki/Brokmerland "Brokmerland") (nowadays: [Brookmerland](/wiki/Brookmerland "Brookmerland")) who ruled a large part of Eastern Friesland over several generations until a former follower, [Focko Ukena](/wiki/Focko_Ukena "Focko Ukena") from [Leer](/wiki/Leer%2C_Lower_Saxony "Leer, Lower Saxony"), defeated the last Tom Brok. But a party of opposing chieftains under the leadership of the [Cirksenas](/wiki/Cirksena "Cirksena") from [Greetsiel](/wiki/Greetsiel "Greetsiel") defeated and expelled Fokko, who later died near Groningen. After 1465 one of the last chieftains from the house of Cirksena was made a [count](/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia "County of East Frisia") by [Emperor Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor") and accepted the sovereignty of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"). However, in 1514 the emperor ordered that a duke of [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony "Saxony") should be the heir to the count of East Frisia. [Count Edzard of East Frisia](/wiki/Edzard_I_of_East_Frisia "Edzard I of East Frisia") refused to accept this order and was outlawed. Twenty\-four German dukes and princes invaded Frisia with their armies. Despite their numerical superiority they failed to defeat Edzard, and in 1517 the emperor had to accept Edzard and his descendants as [counts of East Frisia](/wiki/Count_of_East_Frisia "Count of East Frisia"). East Frisia played an important role in the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation") period. [Menno Simons](/wiki/Menno_Simons "Menno Simons"), founder of the [Mennonite](/wiki/Mennonite "Mennonite") church, found refuge there. In 1654 the counts of East Frisia, seated at Aurich, were elevated to the rank of princes. Their power, however, remained limited because of a number of factors. Externally East Frisia became a satellite of the Netherlands, Dutch garrisons being stationed in different cities permanently. Important cities like Emden were autonomously administered by their citizens, the Prince not having much influence on them. A Frisian Parliament, the Ostfreesk Landschaft, was an assembly of different social groups of East Frisia, jealously protecting the traditional rights and freedoms of the Frisians against the Prince. East Frisian independence ended in 1744, when the region was taken over by [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") after the last Cirksena prince had died without issue. There was no resistance to this takeover, since it had been arranged by contract beforehand. Prussia respected the traditional autonomy of the Frisians, governed by the Frisian chancellor Sebastian Homfeld. In 1806 East Frisia (now called Oostfreesland) was annexed by the Napoleonic [Kingdom of Holland](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland "Kingdom of Holland") and later became part of the [French Empire](/wiki/First_French_Empire "First French Empire"). Most of East Frisia was renamed the Département Ems\-Oriental, while a small strip of land, the Rheiderland, became part of the Dutch Département Ems\-Occidental. The French [Emperor Napoléon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France "Napoleon I of France") undertook the greatest reform of Frisian society in history: He introduced mayors, where the local administration was still in the hands of autonomous groups of elders (like the Diekgreven, Kerkenolderlings etc.), introduced the Code Civil and reformed the ancient Frisian naming system by newly introducing family names in 1811\. In the following years the East Frisians registered their family names, often depending on their father's name, area or (if unfree) master. After the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") East Frisia was occupied first by Prussian and then by Russian soldiers and in 1813 was it was re\-annexed by Prussia. However, in 1815, Prussia had to cede East Frisia to the [Kingdom of Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover "Kingdom of Hanover"), which itself was annexed by Prussia in 1866\. ### Maps File:Ostfriesland um 1300\.png\\|East Frisia at the time of \[\[East Frisian chieftains]] in 1300 File:Jever\_Ostfriesland\_1500\.png\\|County of East Frisia in 1500 File:HRR 1789 EN detail.png\\|Principality of East Frisia within the Holy Roman Empire in 1789 File:Map Kingdom of Holland 1807\-en.svg\\|Royal Dutch departement of Oost Friesland (upper right) in 1807 File:Ostfriesland Verkehr\-de.svg\\|German Ostfriesland today	[ "History\n-------", "{{Unreferenced section\\\|date\\=January 2015}}", "The geographical region of East Frisia was inhabited in Paleolithic times by reindeer hunters of the [Hamburg culture](/wiki/Hamburg_culture \"Hamburg culture\"). Later there were Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements of various cultures. The period after prehistory can only be reconstructed from archaeological evidence. Access to the early history of East Frisia is possible in part through archaeology and in part through the studying of external sources such as Roman documents.\nThe first proven historical event was the arrival of a [Roman](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") [fleet](/wiki/Roman_Navy \"Roman Navy\") under [Drusus](/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus \"Nero Claudius Drusus\") in 12 BC; the ships sailed into the course of the Ems river and returned.", "The earlier settlements, known solely through material remnants but whose people's name for themselves remains unknown, led up to the invasion of [Germanic tribes](/wiki/Germanic_tribes \"Germanic tribes\") belonging to the [Ingvaeonic](/wiki/Ingvaeonic \"Ingvaeonic\") group. Those were [Chauci](/wiki/Chauci \"Chauci\") mentioned by [Tacitus](/wiki/Tacitus \"Tacitus\"), and [Frisians](/wiki/Frisians \"Frisians\"). The region between the rivers [Ems](/wiki/Ems_%28river%29 \"Ems (river)\") and [Weser](/wiki/Weser \"Weser\") was thereupon inhabited by the Chauci; however, after the second century AD there is no mention of the Chauci. They were partly displaced by Frisian expansion after about 500, and were later partially absorbed into the Frisian society.", "[Saxons](/wiki/Saxons \"Saxons\") also settled the region and the East Frisian population of medieval times is based on a mixture of Frisian and Saxon elements. Nevertheless, the Frisian element is predominant in the coastal area, while the population of the higher [Geest](/wiki/Geest \"Geest\") area expresses more Saxon influence.", "Historical information becomes clearer by early Carolingian time, when a [Frisian kingdom](/wiki/Frisian_kingdom \"Frisian kingdom\") united the whole area from present\\-day West Frisia (the Dutch provinces of [Friesland](/wiki/Friesland \"Friesland\") and [Groningen](/wiki/Groningen_%28province%29 \"Groningen (province)\") and part of [North Holland](/wiki/North_Holland \"North Holland\")) throughout East Frisia up to the river [Weser](/wiki/Weser \"Weser\"). It was ruled by kings like the famous [Radbod](/wiki/Redbad%2C_King_of_the_Frisians \"Redbad, King of the Frisians\") whose known names were still mentioned in folk tales until recent times. Frisia was a short\\-lived kingdom, and it was crushed by [Pippin of Herstal](/wiki/Pippin_of_Herstal \"Pippin of Herstal\") in 689\\. East Frisia then became part of the [Frankish Empire](/wiki/Frankish_Empire \"Frankish Empire\"). [Charles the Great](/wiki/Charles_the_Great \"Charles the Great\") then divided East Frisia into two counties. At this time, [Christianization](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") by the missionaries [Liudger](/wiki/Ludger \"Ludger\") and [Willehad](/wiki/Willehad \"Willehad\") started; one part of East Frisia became a part of the [diocese of Bremen](/wiki/Diocese_of_Bremen \"Diocese of Bremen\"), the other the [diocese of Münster](/wiki/Diocese_of_M%C3%BCnster \"Diocese of Münster\").", "With the decay of the Carolingian empire, East Frisia lost its former bindings, and a unity of independent self\\-governed districts was established. Their elections were held every year to choose the \"Redjeven\" (councillors), who had to be judges as well as administrators or governors. This system prevented the establishment of a feudalistic system in East Frisia during medieval times. Frisians regarded themselves as free people not obliged to any foreign authority. This period is called the time of the \"Friesische Freiheit\" (Frisian freedom) and is represented by the still well\\-known salute \"[Eala Frya Fresena](/wiki/Eala_Frya_Fresena \"Eala Frya Fresena\")\" (Get Up, Free Frisian!) that affirmed the non\\-existence of any feudality.\nFrisian representatives of the many districts of the seven coastal areas of Frisia met once a year at the Upstalsboom, located at Rahe (near [Aurich](/wiki/Aurich \"Aurich\")).", "In the early Middle Ages, people could only settle on the higher situated [Geest](/wiki/Geest \"Geest\") areas or by erecting in the marsh\\-areas \"[Warften](/wiki/Artificial_dwelling_hill \"Artificial dwelling hill\")\", artificial hills to protect the settlement, whether a single farming estate or a whole village, against the [North Sea](/wiki/North_Sea \"North Sea\") floods.", "In about 1000 AD the Frisians started building large dikes along the North Sea shore. This had a great effect on establishing a feeling of national identity and independence. Until the late Middle Ages Ostfriesland resisted the attempts of German states to conquer the coasts.", "During the 14th century adherence to the Redjeven constitution decayed. Catastrophes and epidemics such as pestilence intensified the process of destabilization. This provided an opportunity for influential family\\-clans to establish a new rule. As [chieftains](/wiki/East_Frisian_chieftains \"East Frisian chieftains\") (in [Low German](/wiki/Low_German \"Low German\"): \"hovedlinge\"; in [standard German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\"): \"Fürsten\") they took control over villages, cities, and regions in East Frisia; however, they still did not establish a feudal system as it was known in the rest of [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). Instead, the system implemented in Frisia was a system of fellowship which has some similarity to older forms of rule known from Germanic cultures of the North. There was a specific relation of dependence between the inhabitants of the ruled area and the chieftain, but the people retained their individual freedom and could move where they wanted.", "[left\\\|thumb\\\| West bank of the Ems River in Leer.The](/wiki/File:Boat_on_Ems_in_Leer.jpg \"Boat on Ems in Leer.jpg\") Frisians controlled the mouth of the [Ems](/wiki/Ems_%28river%29 \"Ems (river)\") river and threatened the ships coming down the river. For this reason the [County of Oldenburg](/wiki/County_of_Oldenburg \"County of Oldenburg\") made several attempts to subjugate East Frisia during the 12th century. Thanks to the swampy terrain, the Frisian peasants defeated the Oldenburgian armies every time. In 1156 even [Henry the Lion](/wiki/Henry_the_Lion \"Henry the Lion\") failed to conquer the region. The conflicts lasted for the next few centuries. In the 14th century Oldenburg gave up on plans to conquer Ostfriesland, restricting their attacks to irregular invasions, killing livestock then leaving.", "The East Frisian chieftains used to provide shelter for pirates such as the famous [Klaus Störtebeker](/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker \"Klaus Störtebeker\") and [Gottfried Michaelsen](/wiki/Gottfried_Michaelsen \"Gottfried Michaelsen\"), who were a threat to the ships of the powerful [Hanseatic League](/wiki/Hanseatic_League \"Hanseatic League\") which they attacked and robbed.{{cn\\\|date\\=February 2024}} In 1400 a [punitive expedition](/wiki/Punitive_expedition \"Punitive expedition\") of the Hanseatic League against East Frisia succeeded. The chieftains had to promise to discontinue their support for the pirates. In 1402 Störtebeker, who was not a Frisian by birth, was captured and executed in Hamburg.", "The range of power and influence differed between the chieftains. Some clans achieved a predominant state. One of these was the [Tom Broks](/wiki/Tom_Broks \"Tom Broks\") from the [Brokmerland](/wiki/Brokmerland \"Brokmerland\") (nowadays: [Brookmerland](/wiki/Brookmerland \"Brookmerland\")) who ruled a large part of Eastern Friesland over several generations until a former follower, [Focko Ukena](/wiki/Focko_Ukena \"Focko Ukena\") from [Leer](/wiki/Leer%2C_Lower_Saxony \"Leer, Lower Saxony\"), defeated the last Tom Brok. But a party of opposing chieftains under the leadership of the [Cirksenas](/wiki/Cirksena \"Cirksena\") from [Greetsiel](/wiki/Greetsiel \"Greetsiel\") defeated and expelled Fokko, who later died near Groningen.", "After 1465 one of the last chieftains from the house of Cirksena was made a [count](/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia \"County of East Frisia\") by [Emperor Frederick III](/wiki/Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor\") and accepted the sovereignty of the [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\"). However, in 1514 the emperor ordered that a duke of [Saxony](/wiki/Saxony \"Saxony\") should be the heir to the count of East Frisia. [Count Edzard of East Frisia](/wiki/Edzard_I_of_East_Frisia \"Edzard I of East Frisia\") refused to accept this order and was outlawed. Twenty\\-four German dukes and princes invaded Frisia with their armies. Despite their numerical superiority they failed to defeat Edzard, and in 1517 the emperor had to accept Edzard and his descendants as [counts of East Frisia](/wiki/Count_of_East_Frisia \"Count of East Frisia\").", "East Frisia played an important role in the [Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\") period. [Menno Simons](/wiki/Menno_Simons \"Menno Simons\"), founder of the [Mennonite](/wiki/Mennonite \"Mennonite\") church, found refuge there.", "In 1654 the counts of East Frisia, seated at Aurich, were elevated to the rank of princes. Their power, however, remained limited because of a number of factors. Externally East Frisia became a satellite of the Netherlands, Dutch garrisons being stationed in different cities permanently. Important cities like Emden were autonomously administered by their citizens, the Prince not having much influence on them. A Frisian Parliament, the Ostfreesk Landschaft, was an assembly of different social groups of East Frisia, jealously protecting the traditional rights and freedoms of the Frisians against the Prince. East Frisian independence ended in 1744, when the region was taken over by [Prussia](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") after the last Cirksena prince had died without issue. There was no resistance to this takeover, since it had been arranged by contract beforehand. Prussia respected the traditional autonomy of the Frisians, governed by the Frisian chancellor Sebastian Homfeld.", "In 1806 East Frisia (now called Oostfreesland) was annexed by the Napoleonic [Kingdom of Holland](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland \"Kingdom of Holland\") and later became part of the [French Empire](/wiki/First_French_Empire \"First French Empire\"). Most of East Frisia was renamed the Département Ems\\-Oriental, while a small strip of land, the Rheiderland, became part of the Dutch Département Ems\\-Occidental. The French [Emperor Napoléon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France \"Napoleon I of France\") undertook the greatest reform of Frisian society in history: He introduced mayors, where the local administration was still in the hands of autonomous groups of elders (like the Diekgreven, Kerkenolderlings etc.), introduced the Code Civil and reformed the ancient Frisian naming system by newly introducing family names in 1811\\. In the following years the East Frisians registered their family names, often depending on their father's name, area or (if unfree) master.", "After the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\") East Frisia was occupied first by Prussian and then by Russian soldiers and in 1813 was it was re\\-annexed by Prussia. However, in 1815, Prussia had to cede East Frisia to the [Kingdom of Hanover](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover \"Kingdom of Hanover\"), which itself was annexed by Prussia in 1866\\.", "### Maps", "", "File:Ostfriesland um 1300\\.png\\\|East Frisia at the time of \\[\\[East Frisian chieftains]] in 1300\nFile:Jever\\_Ostfriesland\\_1500\\.png\\\|County of East Frisia in 1500\nFile:HRR 1789 EN detail.png\\\|Principality of East Frisia within the Holy Roman Empire in 1789\nFile:Map Kingdom of Holland 1807\\-en.svg\\\|Royal Dutch departement of Oost Friesland (upper right) in 1807\nFile:Ostfriesland Verkehr\\-de.svg\\\|German Ostfriesland today", "", "" ]
Summary ------- "Where Love Is, God Is" is a short story about a [shoemaker](/wiki/Shoemaker "Shoemaker") named Martin Avdeitch. The story begins with a background on Martin's life. He was a fine cobbler as he did his work well and never promised to do anything that he could not do. He stayed busy with his work in his basement which had only one window. Through this window he could see only the feet of people. He was still able to recognize most people by their shoes as he had worked with most of the shoes at least once. He had a wife, but she died, and all their children had died in their infancy except a three\-year\-old son. After he thought about sending him off to live with his sister he decided to care for the child himself. Martin however, was not destined to have a child as his son died a few years later with a fever. In grief, he denied God, wondering how He could allow such a thing to happen to him. One day a [missionary](/wiki/Missionary "Missionary") visited Martin and Martin told him of his hardships. This missionary told Martin that he should live his life for God and not deny Him because God's will is the ultimate deciding factor and as humans we cannot question that. The missionary's words sank deep into Martin. After this encounter Martin went out and bought a large print Testament. He began to read the [Bible](/wiki/Bible "Bible"), at first only on holidays, but as he read more and more it became daily. His life became full with peace and joy. After his day of work he would sit down with a lamp and read. One night Martin read a passage about a Pharisee who had invited Jesus into his house, and in the house a woman anointed and washed Jesus' feet with her tears. Martin thought of himself as the Pharisee in that story as he was only living for himself. As Martin slept he thought he heard the voice of God telling him that He would visit him the next day. The next morning Martin skeptically watched out his window for God. While he was searching for God he saw Stepanitch shoveling away snow. Martin invited him in for a warm drink and they talked for a while. Martin told Stepanitch about Jesus and the Pharisee and Stepanitch was moved to tears. Stepanitch later left and thanked Martin for the food, both for the soul and body. Martin later saw a young woman outside with a baby not properly dressed for the cold. He invited her in for some food and gave her warmer clothes and money. Martin also told her about Jesus and she thanked him and left. Then he saw a young boy stealing from an older lady. He went outside and settled their argument as he extended love and compassion towards the both of them. That night while Martin wondered why God had not visited him, the three figures appeared in his home, who he had showed hospitality to that day. They said that when he helped them he was helping God. Martin then realized that God had indeed visited him, and he accepted Him well.	[ "Summary\n-------", "\"Where Love Is, God Is\" is a short story about a [shoemaker](/wiki/Shoemaker \"Shoemaker\") named Martin Avdeitch. The story begins with a background on Martin's life. He was a fine cobbler as he did his work well and never promised to do anything that he could not do. He stayed busy with his work in his basement which had only one window. Through this window he could see only the feet of people. He was still able to recognize most people by their shoes as he had worked with most of the shoes at least once. He had a wife, but she died, and all their children had died in their infancy except a three\\-year\\-old son.", "After he thought about sending him off to live with his sister he decided to care for the child himself. Martin however, was not destined to have a child as his son died a few years later with a fever. In grief, he denied God, wondering how He could allow such a thing to happen to him. One day a [missionary](/wiki/Missionary \"Missionary\") visited Martin and Martin told him of his hardships. This missionary told Martin that he should live his life for God and not deny Him because God's will is the ultimate deciding factor and as humans we cannot question that. The missionary's words sank deep into Martin. After this encounter Martin went out and bought a large print Testament.", "He began to read the [Bible](/wiki/Bible \"Bible\"), at first only on holidays, but as he read more and more it became daily. His life became full with peace and joy. After his day of work he would sit down with a lamp and read. One night Martin read a passage about a Pharisee who had invited Jesus into his house, and in the house a woman anointed and washed Jesus' feet with her tears. Martin thought of himself as the Pharisee in that story as he was only living for himself. As Martin slept he thought he heard the voice of God telling him that He would visit him the next day.", "The next morning Martin skeptically watched out his window for God. While he was searching for God he saw Stepanitch shoveling away snow. Martin invited him in for a warm drink and they talked for a while. Martin told Stepanitch about Jesus and the Pharisee and Stepanitch was moved to tears. Stepanitch later left and thanked Martin for the food, both for the soul and body.", "Martin later saw a young woman outside with a baby not properly dressed for the cold. He invited her in for some food and gave her warmer clothes and money. Martin also told her about Jesus and she thanked him and left. Then he saw a young boy stealing from an older lady. He went outside and settled their argument as he extended love and compassion towards the both of them.", "That night while Martin wondered why God had not visited him, the three figures appeared in his home, who he had showed hospitality to that day. They said that when he helped them he was helping God. Martin then realized that God had indeed visited him, and he accepted Him well.", "" ]
Adaptations ----------- The Czech composer [Bohuslav Martinů](/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF "Bohuslav Martinů") based a short opera on this story; however, he used the title of another story by Tolstoi, "What Men Live By". Libretto of this opera\-pastoral in one act (1952\) was written by the composer. The story was made into a 1977 [claymation](/wiki/Claymation "Claymation") special animated by [Will Vinton](/wiki/Will_Vinton "Will Vinton"). Vinton's recreation was a faithful adaptation of the written word to claymation, with the exception that the narrator was much more quiet and the characters were given greater realm to express themselves. It was adapted into "Pratiksha" an episode from the Indian television series, [Katha Sagar](/wiki/Katha_Sagar "Katha Sagar") (1986\). The Christmas Guest, a holiday poem written and recorded by [Grandpa Jones](/wiki/Grandpa_Jones "Grandpa Jones") and later recorded by [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash "Johnny Cash") and [Reba McEntire](/wiki/Reba_McEntire "Reba McEntire"), is based on this story. A Haitian Creole translation was produced by Haitian author, Carrié Paultre, published by the Presse Evangélique and the University of Kansas (Bryant C. Freeman). Shoemaker Martin (1997\), a children's book by Brigitte Hanhart, is based on this story. It was adapted [made\-for\-TV movie](/wiki/Made-for-TV_movie "Made-for-TV movie"), Winter Thaw{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5862454/\\|title\=Winter Thaw\\|via\=www.imdb.com}} (2016\) for [BYUTV](/wiki/BYUTV "BYUTV"), starring [John Rhys\-Davies](/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies "John Rhys-Davies"), and filmed in [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania"). The film was produced by Utah\-based [Kaleidoscope Pictures](https://kaleidoscopepictures.com/). The film was directed by Adam Thomas Anderegg and Produced by Russ Kendall. Screenplay by Joseph Clay and Russ Kendall. It was screened on BYU TV and can be viewed on demand. It received an [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award "Emmy Award") in 2017\.{{cite web \\|title\=Winter Thaw Awards\\|website\=\[\[IMDb]] \\|url\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5862454/awards \\|access\-date\=3 December 2018}}{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.byutv.org/search?q\=winter\+thaw\\|title\=Search\\|website\=BYUtv}}{{cite web \\|last1\=EHRBAR \\|first1\=NED \\|title\=With "Winter Thaw," John Rhys\-Davies takes on Tolstoy and Russia \\|website\=\[\[CBS News]] \\|url\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/with\-winter\-thaw\-john\-rhys\-davies\-takes\-on\-tolstoy\-and\-russia/ \\|access\-date\=3 December 2018 \\|language\=en \\|date\=November 23, 2016}}{{cite web \\|last1\=Nordyke \\|first1\=Kimberly \\|title\=John Rhys\-Davies Starring in TV Movie Adaptation of Leo Tolstoy Story (Exclusive) \\|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\-feed/john\-rhys\-davies\-starring\-tv\-880841 \\|website\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|access\-date\=3 December 2018 \\|language\=en \\|date\=April 5, 2016}}	[ "Adaptations\n-----------", "The Czech composer [Bohuslav Martinů](/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF \"Bohuslav Martinů\") based a short opera on this story; however, he used the title of another story by Tolstoi, \"What Men Live By\". Libretto of this opera\\-pastoral in one act (1952\\) was written by the composer.", "The story was made into a 1977 [claymation](/wiki/Claymation \"Claymation\") special animated by [Will Vinton](/wiki/Will_Vinton \"Will Vinton\"). Vinton's recreation was a faithful adaptation of the written word to claymation, with the exception that the narrator was much more quiet and the characters were given greater realm to express themselves.", "It was adapted into \"Pratiksha\" an episode from the Indian television series, [Katha Sagar](/wiki/Katha_Sagar \"Katha Sagar\") (1986\\).", "The Christmas Guest, a holiday poem written and recorded by [Grandpa Jones](/wiki/Grandpa_Jones \"Grandpa Jones\") and later recorded by [Johnny Cash](/wiki/Johnny_Cash \"Johnny Cash\") and [Reba McEntire](/wiki/Reba_McEntire \"Reba McEntire\"), is based on this story.", "A Haitian Creole translation was produced by Haitian author, Carrié Paultre, published by the Presse Evangélique and the University of Kansas (Bryant C. Freeman).", "Shoemaker Martin (1997\\), a children's book by Brigitte Hanhart, is based on this story.", "It was adapted [made\\-for\\-TV movie](/wiki/Made-for-TV_movie \"Made-for-TV movie\"), Winter Thaw{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5862454/\\\|title\\=Winter Thaw\\\|via\\=www.imdb.com}} (2016\\) for [BYUTV](/wiki/BYUTV \"BYUTV\"), starring [John Rhys\\-Davies](/wiki/John_Rhys-Davies \"John Rhys-Davies\"), and filmed in [Lithuania](/wiki/Lithuania \"Lithuania\"). The film was produced by Utah\\-based [Kaleidoscope Pictures](https://kaleidoscopepictures.com/). The film was directed by Adam Thomas Anderegg and Produced by Russ Kendall. Screenplay by Joseph Clay and Russ Kendall. It was screened on BYU TV and can be viewed on demand. It received an [Emmy Award](/wiki/Emmy_Award \"Emmy Award\") in 2017\\.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Winter Thaw Awards\\\|website\\=\\[\\[IMDb]] \\\|url\\=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5862454/awards \\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2018}}{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.byutv.org/search?q\\=winter\\+thaw\\\|title\\=Search\\\|website\\=BYUtv}}{{cite web \\\|last1\\=EHRBAR \\\|first1\\=NED \\\|title\\=With \"Winter Thaw,\" John Rhys\\-Davies takes on Tolstoy and Russia \\\|website\\=\\[\\[CBS News]] \\\|url\\=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/with\\-winter\\-thaw\\-john\\-rhys\\-davies\\-takes\\-on\\-tolstoy\\-and\\-russia/ \\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2018 \\\|language\\=en \\\|date\\=November 23, 2016}}{{cite web \\\|last1\\=Nordyke \\\|first1\\=Kimberly \\\|title\\=John Rhys\\-Davies Starring in TV Movie Adaptation of Leo Tolstoy Story (Exclusive) \\\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live\\-feed/john\\-rhys\\-davies\\-starring\\-tv\\-880841 \\\|website\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\\|access\\-date\\=3 December 2018 \\\|language\\=en \\\|date\\=April 5, 2016}}", "" ]
Career ------ Travelling with Sompa, he moved to Africa aged 19\. Originally arriving in [Congo](/wiki/Republic_of_Congo "Republic of Congo")’s [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville "Brazzaville"), his fascination of Zimbabwean mbira music led him to Zimbabwe’s capital [Harare](/wiki/Harare "Harare"), where he settled and studied under mbira master [Monderek Muchena](/wiki/Monderek_Muchena "Monderek Muchena") for ten years. Eight of these years were under the Mugabe Regime. During this tumultuous political period, Berry lived in ghettos and villages where he studied the music of the Shona people. Encouraged by his teachers to create his own compositions, he formed the band Panjea, which fused funk with elements of hip\-hop, Afro\-pop and traditional African music. The band won a talent contest and secured a record deal. They had No. 1 hits on the radio, toured Africa, and reached Platinum on an album they recorded with Zimbabwean\-based Gramma Records. Berry was warned to leave Zimbabwe due to his lyrical opposition to the government. After four of Panjea's band members succumbed to AIDS, Berry left Zimbabwe. He has since been based in Brooklyn, NY and Hawaii. Berry has toured North and Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Asia and Africa as a frontman and bandleader, and has headlined music festivals around the world. He performed the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia{{citation needed\\|date\=March 2018}}; was guest musician and composer on Paul Winter's Grammy Award Winning 2005 "Silver Solstice" Album {{cite web\\|url\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/silver\-solstice\-mw0000261226/credits\\|title\=Silver Solstice\\|work\=All Music}} Berry taught music and culture as a guest faculty member at Oberlin and Berklee Colleges of Music, University of Colorado Boulder, Williams College, Stanford University as well as his own Panjea Foundation for Cultural Education. Berry has collaborated with Steve Kimock, members of the Brazilian Girls, Baaba Maal, Thomas Mapfumo, Oliver Mutukudzi, Manu Dibango, Xavier Rudd, String Cheese Incident, Eminem, Grateful Dead drummer Bill Kreutzmann, Senegalese Afro\-pop artist Yousoou N'dour, Cuban musicians Los Munequitos de Mantanzas, jazz artist Paul Winter, Jamaican rhythm and production duo Sly and Robbie, and Fugee's producer Handel Tucker. Berry spent six months working and recording with the Central African Republic Pymies to score the soundtrack for the film "Oka!" Berry worked with Maverick label Kanaga System Krush on his album, "King Of Me", electrifying the mbira through a special bass and guitar rig; singing and playing bass, rhythm and melodies with Ivorian musician Abou Diarrassouba on drums.	[ "Career\n------", "Travelling with Sompa, he moved to Africa aged 19\\. Originally arriving in [Congo](/wiki/Republic_of_Congo \"Republic of Congo\")’s [Brazzaville](/wiki/Brazzaville \"Brazzaville\"), his fascination of Zimbabwean mbira music led him to Zimbabwe’s capital [Harare](/wiki/Harare \"Harare\"), where he settled and studied under mbira master [Monderek Muchena](/wiki/Monderek_Muchena \"Monderek Muchena\") for ten years. Eight of these years were under the Mugabe Regime. During this tumultuous political period, Berry lived in ghettos and villages where he studied the music of the Shona people.", "Encouraged by his teachers to create his own compositions, he formed the band Panjea, which fused funk with elements of hip\\-hop, Afro\\-pop and traditional African music. The band won a talent contest and secured a record deal. They had No. 1 hits on the radio, toured Africa, and reached Platinum on an album they recorded with Zimbabwean\\-based Gramma Records.", "Berry was warned to leave Zimbabwe due to his lyrical opposition to the government. After four of Panjea's band members succumbed to AIDS, Berry left Zimbabwe. He has since been based in Brooklyn, NY and Hawaii.", "Berry has toured North and Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Asia and Africa as a frontman and bandleader, and has headlined music festivals around the world. He performed the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia{{citation needed\\\|date\\=March 2018}}; was guest musician and composer on Paul Winter's Grammy Award Winning 2005 \"Silver Solstice\" Album {{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.allmusic.com/album/silver\\-solstice\\-mw0000261226/credits\\\|title\\=Silver Solstice\\\|work\\=All Music}}", "Berry taught music and culture as a guest faculty member at Oberlin and Berklee Colleges of Music, University of Colorado Boulder, Williams College, Stanford University as well as his own Panjea Foundation for Cultural Education.", "Berry has collaborated with Steve Kimock, members of the Brazilian Girls, Baaba Maal, Thomas Mapfumo, Oliver Mutukudzi, Manu Dibango, Xavier Rudd, String Cheese Incident, Eminem, Grateful Dead drummer Bill Kreutzmann, Senegalese Afro\\-pop artist Yousoou N'dour, Cuban musicians Los Munequitos de Mantanzas, jazz artist Paul Winter, Jamaican rhythm and production duo Sly and Robbie, and Fugee's producer Handel Tucker.", "Berry spent six months working and recording with the Central African Republic Pymies to score the soundtrack for the film \"Oka!\"", "Berry worked with Maverick label Kanaga System Krush on his album, \"King Of Me\", electrifying the mbira through a special bass and guitar rig; singing and playing bass, rhythm and melodies with Ivorian musician Abou Diarrassouba on drums.", "" ]
Patent caveat ------------- On 12 December 1871 Meucci set up an agreement with Angelo Zilio Grandi (Secretary of the Italian [Consulate](/wiki/Consulate "Consulate") in New York), Angelo Antonio Tremeschin ([entrepreneur](/wiki/Entrepreneur "Entrepreneur")), Sereno G.P. Breguglia Tremeschin (businessman), in order to constitute the Telettrofono Company. The constitution was notarized by Angelo Bertolino, a Notary Public of New York. Although their society funded him with $20, only $15 was needed to file for a full patent application.U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. "The Story of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office". Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. Washington:IA\-SuDocs, Rev. August 1988\. iv, 50p. MC 89\-8590\. {{OCLC\\|19213162}}. SL 89\-95\-P. S/N 003\-004\-00640\-4\. $1\.75\. C 21\.2:P 27/3/988 – – – – Note: the 1861 filing fee is listed on Pg. 11, and the 1922 filing fee is listed on page 22\.U.S.P.T.O. \& Patent Model Association. [Digital version of The Story of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office: (section) Act of 2 March 1861](http://patentmodelassociation.com/story.html), 2001; retrieved from PatentModelAssociation.com website, 25 February 2011\. The [caveat](/wiki/Patent_caveat "Patent caveat") his lawyer submitted to the US Patent Office on 28 December 1871 was numbered 3335 and titled "Sound Telegraph". The following is the text of Meucci's caveat, omitting legal details of the Petition, Oath, and Jurat:{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243716299\\|title\=Antonio Meucci, The Speaking Telegraph, and The First Telephone\\|first\=Angelo\\|last\=Campanella\\|date\=January 2007\\|website\=ResearchGate}} {{quote box \\| fontsize \= 100% \\| quote \= {{center\\| CAVEAT }} The petition of Antonio Meucci, of Clifton, in the County of Richmond and State of New York, respectfully represents: That he has made certain improvements in Sound Telegraphs, ... The following is a description of the invention, sufficiently in detail for the purposes of this caveat. I employ the well\-known conducting effect of continuous metallic conductors as a medium for sound, and increases the effect by electrically insulating both the conductor and the parties who are communicating. It forms a Speaking Telegraph, without the necessity for any hollow tube. I claim that a portion or the whole of the effect may also be realized by a corresponding arrangement with a metallic tube. I believe that some metals will serve better than others, but propose to try all kinds of metals. The system on which I propose to operate and calculate consists in isolating two persons, separated at considerable distance from each other, by placing them upon glass insulators; employing glass, for example, at the foot of the chair or bench on which each sits, and putting them in communication by means of a telegraph wire. I believe it preferable to have the wire of larger area than that ordinarily employed in the electric telegraph, but will experiment on this. Each of these persons holds to his mouth an instrument analogous to a speaking trumpet, in which the word may easily be pronounced, and the sound concentrated upon the wire. Another instrument is also applied to the ears, in order to receive the voice of the opposite party. All these, to wit, the mouth utensil and the ear instruments, communicate to the wire at a short distance from the persons. The ear utensils being of a convex form, like a clock glass, enclose the whole exterior part of the ear, and make it easy and comfortable for the operator. The object is to bring distinctly to the hearing the word of the person at the opposite end of the telegraph. To call attention, the party at the other end of the line may be warned by an electric telegraph signal, or a series of them. The apparatus for this purpose, and the skill in operating it, need be much less than for the ordinary telegraphing. When my sound telegraph is in operation, the parties should remain alone in their respective rooms, and every practicable precaution should be taken to have the surroundings perfectly quiet. The closed mouth utensil or trumpet, and the enclosing the persons also in a room alone, both tend to prevent undue publicity to the communication. I think it will be easy, by these means, to prevent the communication being understood by any but the proper persons. It may be found practicable to work with the person sending the message insulated, and with the person receiving it, in the free electrical communication with the ground. Or these conditions may possibly be reversed and still operate with some success. Both the conductors or utensils for mouth and ears should be, in fact I must say must be, metallic, and be so conditioned as to be good conductors of electricity. I claim as my invention, and desire to have considered as such, for all the purposes of this Caveat, The new invention herein set forth in all its details, combinations, and sub\-combinations. And more especially, I claim First. A continuous sound conductor electrically insulated. Second. The same adapted for telegraphing by sound or for conversation between distant parties electrically insulated. Third. The employment of a sound conductor, which is also an electrical conductor, as a means of communication by sound between distant points. Fourth. The same in combination with provisions for electrically insulating the sending and receiving parties. Fifth. The mouthpiece or speaking utensil in combination with an electrically insulating conductor. Sixth. The ear utensils or receiving vessels adapted to apply upon the ears in combination with an electrically insulating sound conductor. Seventh. The entire system, comprising the electrical and sound conductor, insulated and furnished with a mouthpiece and ear pieces at each end, adapted to serve as specified. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand in presence of two subscribing witnesses. ANTONIO MEUCCI Witnesses: Shirley McAndrew. Fred'k Harper. Endorsed: Patent Office Dec. 28, 1871 \\| source \= \\| width \= 95% \\| align \= full }} {{clear}} ### Analysis of Meucci's caveat Meucci repeatedly focused on insulating the electrical conductor and even insulating the people communicating, but does not explain why this would be desirable.Caveat, p. 17 top The mouth piece is like a "speaking trumpet" so that "the sound concentrated upon the wire" is communicated to the other person, but he does not say that the sound is converted to variable electrical conduction in the wire.Caveat p. 17 "Another instrument is also applied to the ears", but he does not say that variable electrical conduction in the wire is to be converted to sound. In the third claim, he claims "a sound conductor which is also an electrical conductor, as a means of communication by sound",Caveat p. 18 which is consistent with acoustic sound vibrations in the wire that get transmitted better if electrical conductors such as a wire or metallic tube are used."metallic tube" in Caveat, p. 16 bottom. Meucci emphasizes that the conductors "for mouth and ears ... must be metallic", but does not explain why this would be desirable.Caveat pp. 17 bottom line – 18 top line He mentions "communication with the ground"Caveat, p. 17 bottom. but does not suggest that a ground return must complete a circuit if only "the wire" (singular, not plural) is used between the sender's mouth piece and the receiver's ear piece, with one or the other person being electrically insulated from the ground by means of glass insulators ("...{{nbsp}}consists in isolating two persons ... by placing them upon glass insulators; employing glass, for example, at the foot of the chair or bench on which each sits, and putting them in communication by means of a telegraph wire").Caveat p. 17, 3rd paragraph. Robert V. Bruce, a biographer of Bell, asserted that Meucci's caveat could never have become a patent because it never described an electric telephone. ### Conflicting opinions of Meucci biographers According to Bruce, Meucci's own testimony as presented by Schiavo demonstrates that the Italian inventor "did not understand the basic principles of the telephone, either before or several years after Bell patented it."Bruce, Robert V. (1973\). Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, Cornell University Press, p. 272\. {{ISBN\\|978\-0316112512}} Other researchers{{Who\\|date\=June 2015}} have pointed to inconsistencies and inaccuracies in Bruce's account of the invention of the telephone, firstly with the name used by Meucci to describe his invention—Bruce refers to Meucci's device as a "telephone", not as the "telettrofono". Bruce's reporting of Meucci's purported relationship with Dr. Seth R. Beckwith has been deemed inaccurate. Beckwith, a former surgeon and general manager of the Overland Telephone Company of New York, "had acquired a substantial knowledge in the telephonic field and had become an admirer of Meucci".{{cite journal \\|last\=Catania \\|first\=Basilio \\|date\=December 2002 \\|title\=The U.S. Government Versus Alexander Graham Bell: An Important Acknowledgement for Antonio Meucci \\|url\=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10\.1177/0270467602238886 \\|journal\=Bulletin of Science, Technology \& Society \\|volume\=22 \\|issue\=6 \\|pages\=426–442 \\|doi\=10\.1177/0270467602238886 \\|s2cid\=144185363 \\|access\-date\=21 November 2022}} In 1885, he became general manager of the Globe Telephone Company, which had "started an action attempting to involve the government in hindering U.S. Bell's monopoly." However, Meucci and his legal representative had cautioned Beckwith against misusing Meucci's name for financial gain after Beckwith founded a company in New Jersey named the Meucci Telephone Company.{{cite book\\|title\=Sulle tracce di Antonio Meucci – Appunti di viaggio\\|first\=Basilio\\|last\=Catania\\|publisher\= L'Elettrotecnica, Vol. LXXIX, N. 10, Arti Grafiche Stefano Pinelli, Milano\\|date\=October 1992\\|pages\=973–984\\|language\=it}}[Profile](http://www.chezbasilio.org/immagini/2_sulletracce.pdf), chezbasilio.org; accessed 15 June 2015\.{{cite journal \\|quote\=It seems likely that Bruce's narrative account of Bell's invention of the telephone will—with its shading and emphasis—be the definitive one. Bruce's treatment of rival telephone inventors is less convincing, however, simply because he labels them in such an offhand fashion – Daniel Drawbaugh, the 'Charlatan', Antonio Meucci, the 'innocent', Elisha Gray, whose 'bitterness' caused him 'to lash out \[at Bell]'. \\|title\=Book Reviews: The Life and Work of Bell \\|last\=Hughes \\|first\=Thomas Parke \\|journal\=Science \\|date\=22 June 1973 \\|volume\=180 \\|issue\=4092 \\|pages\=1268–1269 \\|doi\=10\.1126/science.180\.4092\.1268}} Not only did Beckwith's Globe Telephone Company base its claims against the Bell Telephone Company on Meucci's caveat, but the claims were also supported by approximately 30 affidavits, which stated that Meucci had repeatedly built and used different types of electric telephones several years before Bell did.{{cite book\\|title\=The Telephone Claimed by Meucci, Scientific American, N. 464\\|publisher\=Blackie and Son Limited\\|date\=22 November 1884\\|page\=7407}}{{cite book\\|title\=The Telegraphic Journal \& Electrical Review: The Philadelphia Electrical Exhibition\\|publisher\=The Telegr. J. and Electr. Review\\|date\=11 October 1884\\|pages\=277–83}} English historian William Aitken does not share Bruce's viewpoint. Bruce indirectly referred to Meucci as "the silliest and weakest impostor",Bruce 1973, p. 278\. while Aitken has gone so far as to define Meucci as the first creator of an electrical telephone.{{cite book\\|title\=Who Invented The Telephone?\\|first\=William\\|last\=Aitken\\|publisher\=Blackie and Son \\|location\=London and Glasgow\\|pages\=9–12\\|year\=1939\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=jmUNAQAAIAAJ}} Other recognition of Meucci's work in the past came from the [International Telecommunication Union](/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union "International Telecommunication Union"), positing that Meucci's work was one of the four precursors to Bell's telephone,{{citation needed\\|date\=December 2013}} as well as from the [Smithsonian Institution](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution"), which listed Meucci as one of the eight most important inventors of the telephone in a 1976 exhibit.Smithsonian Institution: Person to Person – Exhibit Catalog, 100th Birthday of the Telephone, National Museum of History and Technology, December 1976\. Meucci and his business partners hired an attorney (J. D. Stetson), who filed a caveat on behalf of Meucci with the patent office. They had wanted to prepare a patent application, but the partners did not provide the $250 fee, so all that was prepared was a caveat, since the fee for that was only $20\. However, the caveat did not contain a clear description of how the asserted invention would actually function. Meucci advocates claim the attorney erased margin notes Meucci had added to the document.Nese, Marco \& Nicotra, Francesco. ["Antonio Meucci, 1808–1889"](https://books.google.com/books?id=qXYfAQAAIAAJ), Italy Magazine, Rome, 1989, p. 85\.	[ "Patent caveat\n-------------", "On 12 December 1871 Meucci set up an agreement with Angelo Zilio Grandi (Secretary of the Italian [Consulate](/wiki/Consulate \"Consulate\") in New York), Angelo Antonio Tremeschin ([entrepreneur](/wiki/Entrepreneur \"Entrepreneur\")), Sereno G.P. Breguglia Tremeschin (businessman), in order to constitute the Telettrofono Company. The constitution was notarized by Angelo Bertolino, a Notary Public of New York. Although their society funded him with $20, only $15 was needed to file for a full patent application.U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. \"The Story of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office\". Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. Washington:IA\\-SuDocs, Rev. August 1988\\. iv, 50p. MC 89\\-8590\\. {{OCLC\\\|19213162}}. SL 89\\-95\\-P. S/N 003\\-004\\-00640\\-4\\. $1\\.75\\. C 21\\.2:P 27/3/988 – – – – Note: the 1861 filing fee is listed on Pg. 11, and the 1922 filing fee is listed on page 22\\.U.S.P.T.O. \\& Patent Model Association. [Digital version of The Story of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office: (section) Act of 2 March 1861](http://patentmodelassociation.com/story.html), 2001; retrieved from PatentModelAssociation.com website, 25 February 2011\\. The [caveat](/wiki/Patent_caveat \"Patent caveat\") his lawyer submitted to the US Patent Office on 28 December 1871 was numbered 3335 and titled \"Sound Telegraph\".\nThe following is the text of Meucci's caveat, omitting legal details of the Petition, Oath, and Jurat:{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/243716299\\\|title\\=Antonio Meucci, The Speaking Telegraph, and The First Telephone\\\|first\\=Angelo\\\|last\\=Campanella\\\|date\\=January 2007\\\|website\\=ResearchGate}}", "{{quote box\n\\\| fontsize \\= 100%\n\\\| quote \\=\n{{center\\\| CAVEAT }}\nThe petition of Antonio Meucci, of Clifton, in the County of Richmond and State of New York, respectfully represents:", "That he has made certain improvements in Sound Telegraphs, ... \n \nThe following is a description of the invention, sufficiently in detail for the purposes of this caveat.\n \nI employ the well\\-known conducting effect of continuous metallic conductors as a medium for sound, and increases the effect by electrically insulating both the conductor and the parties who are communicating. It forms a Speaking Telegraph, without the necessity for any hollow tube.\n \nI claim that a portion or the whole of the effect may also be realized by a corresponding arrangement with a metallic tube. I believe that some metals will serve better than others, but propose to try all kinds of metals.\n \nThe system on which I propose to operate and calculate consists in isolating two persons, separated at considerable distance from each other, by placing them upon glass insulators; employing glass, for example, at the foot of the chair or bench on which each sits, and putting them in communication by means of a telegraph wire.\n \nI believe it preferable to have the wire of larger area than that ordinarily employed in the electric telegraph, but will experiment on this. Each of these persons holds to his mouth an instrument analogous to a speaking trumpet, in which the word may easily be pronounced, and the sound concentrated upon the wire. Another instrument is also applied to the ears, in order to receive the voice of the opposite party.\n \nAll these, to wit, the mouth utensil and the ear instruments, communicate to the wire at a short distance from the persons. The ear utensils being of a convex form, like a clock glass, enclose the whole exterior part of the ear, and make it easy and comfortable for the operator. The object is to bring distinctly to the hearing the word of the person at the opposite end of the telegraph. \n \nTo call attention, the party at the other end of the line may be warned by an electric telegraph signal, or a series of them. The apparatus for this purpose, and the skill in operating it, need be much less than for the ordinary telegraphing.\n \nWhen my sound telegraph is in operation, the parties should remain alone in their respective rooms, and every practicable precaution should be taken to have the surroundings perfectly quiet. The closed mouth utensil or trumpet, and the enclosing the persons also in a room alone, both tend to prevent undue publicity to the communication.\n \nI think it will be easy, by these means, to prevent the communication being understood by any but the proper persons.\n \nIt may be found practicable to work with the person sending the message insulated, and with the person receiving it, in the free electrical communication with the ground. Or these conditions may possibly be reversed and still operate with some success.\n \nBoth the conductors or utensils for mouth and ears should be, in fact I must say must be, metallic, and be so conditioned as to be good conductors of electricity.\n \nI claim as my invention, and desire to have considered as such, for all the purposes of this Caveat,\n \nThe new invention herein set forth in all its details, combinations, and sub\\-combinations.\n \nAnd more especially, I claim\n \nFirst. A continuous sound conductor electrically insulated.\n \nSecond. The same adapted for telegraphing by sound or for conversation between distant parties electrically insulated. \n \nThird. The employment of a sound conductor, which is also an electrical conductor, as a means of communication by sound between distant points.\n \nFourth. The same in combination with provisions for electrically insulating the sending and receiving parties.\n \nFifth. The mouthpiece or speaking utensil in combination with an electrically insulating conductor.\n \nSixth. The ear utensils or receiving vessels adapted to apply upon the ears in combination with an electrically insulating sound conductor.\n \nSeventh. The entire system, comprising the electrical and sound conductor, insulated and furnished with a mouthpiece and ear pieces at each end, adapted to serve as specified.\n \nIn testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand in presence of two subscribing witnesses.\n \nANTONIO MEUCCI", "Witnesses:", "Shirley McAndrew.", "Fred'k Harper.\n \nEndorsed:", "Patent Office", "Dec. 28, 1871\n\\\| source \\= \n\\\| width \\= 95%\n\\\| align \\= full\n}}\n{{clear}}", "### Analysis of Meucci's caveat", "Meucci repeatedly focused on insulating the electrical conductor and even insulating the people communicating, but does not explain why this would be desirable.Caveat, p. 17 top The mouth piece is like a \"speaking trumpet\" so that \"the sound concentrated upon the wire\" is communicated to the other person, but he does not say that the sound is converted to variable electrical conduction in the wire.Caveat p. 17 \"Another instrument is also applied to the ears\", but he does not say that variable electrical conduction in the wire is to be converted to sound. In the third claim, he claims \"a sound conductor which is also an electrical conductor, as a means of communication by sound\",Caveat p. 18 which is consistent with acoustic sound vibrations in the wire that get transmitted better if electrical conductors such as a wire or metallic tube are used.\"metallic tube\" in Caveat, p. 16 bottom.", "Meucci emphasizes that the conductors \"for mouth and ears ... must be metallic\", but does not explain why this would be desirable.Caveat pp. 17 bottom line – 18 top line He mentions \"communication with the ground\"Caveat, p. 17 bottom. but does not suggest that a ground return must complete a circuit if only \"the wire\" (singular, not plural) is used between the sender's mouth piece and the receiver's ear piece, with one or the other person being electrically insulated from the ground by means of glass insulators (\"...{{nbsp}}consists in isolating two persons ... by placing them upon glass insulators; employing glass, for example, at the foot of the chair or bench on which each sits, and putting them in communication by means of a telegraph wire\").Caveat p. 17, 3rd paragraph.", "Robert V. Bruce, a biographer of Bell, asserted that Meucci's caveat could never have become a patent because it never described an electric telephone.", "### Conflicting opinions of Meucci biographers", "According to Bruce, Meucci's own testimony as presented by Schiavo demonstrates that the Italian inventor \"did not understand the basic principles of the telephone, either before or several years after Bell patented it.\"Bruce, Robert V. (1973\\). Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, Cornell University Press, p. 272\\. {{ISBN\\\|978\\-0316112512}}", "Other researchers{{Who\\\|date\\=June 2015}} have pointed to inconsistencies and inaccuracies in Bruce's account of the invention of the telephone, firstly with the name used by Meucci to describe his invention—Bruce refers to Meucci's device as a \"telephone\", not as the \"telettrofono\". Bruce's reporting of Meucci's purported relationship with Dr. Seth R. Beckwith has been deemed inaccurate. Beckwith, a former surgeon and general manager of the Overland Telephone Company of New York, \"had acquired a substantial knowledge in the telephonic field and had become an admirer of Meucci\".{{cite journal \\\|last\\=Catania \\\|first\\=Basilio \\\|date\\=December 2002 \\\|title\\=The U.S. Government Versus Alexander Graham Bell: An Important Acknowledgement for Antonio Meucci \\\|url\\=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10\\.1177/0270467602238886 \\\|journal\\=Bulletin of Science, Technology \\& Society \\\|volume\\=22 \\\|issue\\=6 \\\|pages\\=426–442 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0270467602238886 \\\|s2cid\\=144185363 \\\|access\\-date\\=21 November 2022}} In 1885, he became general manager of the Globe Telephone Company, which had \"started an action attempting to involve the government in hindering U.S. Bell's monopoly.\" However, Meucci and his legal representative had cautioned Beckwith against misusing Meucci's name for financial gain after Beckwith founded a company in New Jersey named the Meucci Telephone Company.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Sulle tracce di Antonio Meucci – Appunti di viaggio\\\|first\\=Basilio\\\|last\\=Catania\\\|publisher\\= L'Elettrotecnica, Vol. LXXIX, N. 10, Arti Grafiche Stefano Pinelli, Milano\\\|date\\=October 1992\\\|pages\\=973–984\\\|language\\=it}}[Profile](http://www.chezbasilio.org/immagini/2_sulletracce.pdf), chezbasilio.org; accessed 15 June 2015\\.{{cite journal \\\|quote\\=It seems likely that Bruce's narrative account of Bell's invention of the telephone will—with its shading and emphasis—be the definitive one. Bruce's treatment of rival telephone inventors is less convincing, however, simply because he labels them in such an offhand fashion – Daniel Drawbaugh, the 'Charlatan', Antonio Meucci, the 'innocent', Elisha Gray, whose 'bitterness' caused him 'to lash out \\[at Bell]'. \\\|title\\=Book Reviews: The Life and Work of Bell \\\|last\\=Hughes \\\|first\\=Thomas Parke \\\|journal\\=Science \\\|date\\=22 June 1973 \\\|volume\\=180 \\\|issue\\=4092 \\\|pages\\=1268–1269 \\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.180\\.4092\\.1268}}", "Not only did Beckwith's Globe Telephone Company base its claims against the Bell Telephone Company on Meucci's caveat, but the claims were also supported by approximately 30 affidavits, which stated that Meucci had repeatedly built and used different types of electric telephones several years before Bell did.{{cite book\\\|title\\=The Telephone Claimed by Meucci, Scientific American, N. 464\\\|publisher\\=Blackie and Son Limited\\\|date\\=22 November 1884\\\|page\\=7407}}{{cite book\\\|title\\=The Telegraphic Journal \\& Electrical Review: The Philadelphia Electrical Exhibition\\\|publisher\\=The Telegr. J. and Electr. Review\\\|date\\=11 October 1884\\\|pages\\=277–83}}", "English historian William Aitken does not share Bruce's viewpoint. Bruce indirectly referred to Meucci as \"the silliest and weakest impostor\",Bruce 1973, p. 278\\. while Aitken has gone so far as to define Meucci as the first creator of an electrical telephone.{{cite book\\\|title\\=Who Invented The Telephone?\\\|first\\=William\\\|last\\=Aitken\\\|publisher\\=Blackie and Son \\\|location\\=London and Glasgow\\\|pages\\=9–12\\\|year\\=1939\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=jmUNAQAAIAAJ}}", "Other recognition of Meucci's work in the past came from the [International Telecommunication Union](/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union \"International Telecommunication Union\"), positing that Meucci's work was one of the four precursors to Bell's telephone,{{citation needed\\\|date\\=December 2013}} as well as from the [Smithsonian Institution](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution \"Smithsonian Institution\"), which listed Meucci as one of the eight most important inventors of the telephone in a 1976 exhibit.Smithsonian Institution: Person to Person – Exhibit Catalog, 100th Birthday of the Telephone, National Museum of History and Technology, December 1976\\.", "Meucci and his business partners hired an attorney (J. D. Stetson), who filed a caveat on behalf of Meucci with the patent office. They had wanted to prepare a patent application, but the partners did not provide the $250 fee, so all that was prepared was a caveat, since the fee for that was only $20\\. However, the caveat did not contain a clear description of how the asserted invention would actually function. Meucci advocates claim the attorney erased margin notes Meucci had added to the document.Nese, Marco \\& Nicotra, Francesco. [\"Antonio Meucci, 1808–1889\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=qXYfAQAAIAAJ), Italy Magazine, Rome, 1989, p. 85\\.", "" ]
Telettrofono Company -------------------- [thumb\\|upright\\|Meucci](/wiki/File:Antonio_Meucci_%28%3F%29._Photograph_by_L._Alman._Wellcome_V0026857.jpg "Antonio Meucci (?). Photograph by L. Alman. Wellcome V0026857.jpg") In 1872, Meucci and his friend Angelo Bertolino went to Edward B. Grant, Vice President of American District Telegraph Co. of New York (not [Western Union](/wiki/Western_Union "Western Union") as sometimes stated), to ask for help. Meucci asked him for permission to test his apparatus on the company's telegraph lines. He gave Grant a description of his prototype and a copy of his caveat. After waiting two years, Meucci went to Grant and asked for his documents back, but Grant allegedly told him they had been lost. Around 1873, a man named Bill Carroll from Boston, who had news about Meucci's invention, asked him to construct a telephone for divers. This device should allow divers to communicate with people on the surface. In Meucci's drawing, this device is essentially an electromagnetic telephone encapsulated to be waterproof. On 28 December 1874, Meucci's Telettrofono patent caveat expired. Critics dispute the claim that Meucci could not afford to file for a patent or renew his caveat, as he filed for and was granted full patents in 1872, 1873, 1875, and 1876, at the cost of $35 each, as well as one additional $10 patent caveat, all totaling $150, for inventions unrelated to the telephone.Estreich Bob. [Antonio Meucci: Twisting The Evidence](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm), BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011\. After Bell secured his patents in 1876 and subsequent years, the Bell Telephone Company filed suit in court against the Globe Telephone Company (amongst many others) for patent infringement. Purportedly too poor to hire a legal team, Meucci was represented only by lawyer Joe Melli, an orphan whom Meucci treated as his own son. While American Bell Telephone Company v. Globe Telephone Company, Antonio Meucci, et al. was still proceeding, Bell also became involved with The U.S. Government v. American Bell Telephone Company, instigated by the Pan\-Electric Telephone Company, which had secretly given [Augustus Hill Garland](/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland "Augustus Hill Garland") the [U.S. Attorney General](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General "United States Attorney General") 10% of its shares, employed him as a director, and then asked him to void Bell's patent. Had he succeeded in overturning Bell's patent, the U.S. Attorney General stood to become exceedingly rich by reason of his shares.Rockman, Howard B. ["Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists."](https://books.google.com/books?id=jCEP2MUCIKAC) IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Wiley\-IEEE, 2004, pp. 107–109; {{ISBN\\|978\-0\-471\-44998\-0}}["Augustus Hill Garland (1832–1899\)"](http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=106), Encyclopedia of Arkansas History \& Culture website; retrieved 1 May 2009\. Note: according to this article: "Garland soon found himself embroiled in scandal. While Garland was in the Senate, he had become a stockholder in, and attorney for, the Pan\-Electric Telephone Company, which was organized to form regional telephone companies using equipment developed by J. Harris Rogers. The equipment was similar to the Bell telephone, and that company soon brought suit for patent infringement. Soon after he became attorney general, Garland was asked to bring suit in the name of the United States to invalidate the Bell patent. He refused{{nbsp}}..." However, in Rockman (2004\), there is no mention of Garland refusing to do so, and moreover Garland had been given his shares in Pan\-Electric, by the company, for free.["Augustus Hill Garland (1874–1877\)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20040618124303/http://www.oldstatehouse.com/exhibits/virtual/governors/the_redeemers/garland.asp), Old Statehouse Museum website; retrieved 1 May 2009\. Note: According to this biography: "He did, however, suffer scandal involving the patent for the telephone. The Attorney General's office was intervening in a lawsuit attempting to break Bell's monopoly of telephone technology, but it had come out that Garland owned stock in one of the companies that stood to benefit. This congressional investigation received public attention for nearly a year, and caused his work as attorney general to suffer." ### Trial The Havana experiments were briefly mentioned in a letter by Meucci, published by Il Commercio di Genova of 1 December 1865 and by L'Eco d'Italia of 21 October 1865 (both existing today).[Meucci profile](http://www.chezbasilio.org/havana2.htm), www.chezbasilio.org; accessed 15 June 2015\. An important piece of evidence brought up in the trial was Meucci's Memorandum Book, which contained Meucci's noted drawings and records between 1862 and 1882\. In the trial, Antonio Meucci was accused of having produced records after Bell's invention and [back\-dated](/wiki/Back-date "Back-date") them. As proof, the prosecutor brought forward the fact that the Rider \& Clark company was founded only in 1863\. At trial, Meucci said William E. Rider himself, one of the owners, had given him a copy of the memorandum book in 1862; however, Meucci was not believed.["Antonio Meucci's Memorandum Book"](http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_mem.htm), Italian Society of Electrotechnics. {{in lang\\|it}}. {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307000604/http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam\_mem.htm \\|date\=7 March 2007 }} On 13 January 1887, the United States Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided.{{cite web\\|url\=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi\-bin/getcase.pl?court\=us\&vol\=167\&invol\=224\\|title\=FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions: ''U.S. v. American Bell Tel Co.'', 167 U.S. 224 (1897\)\\|website\=Findlaw}}[United States v. American Bell Telephone Co., 128 U.S. 315 (1888\)](http://supreme.justia.com/us/128/315/case.html), supreme.justia.com; accessed 15 June 2015\. By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465 dated 7 March 1876 and No. 186,787 dated 30 January 1877\) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a ["precedent"](/wiki/Stare_decisis "Stare decisis"). With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the U.S. Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on 30 November 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits. During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Meucci claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834\. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to lack of material evidence of his inventions as his working models were reportedly lost at the laboratory of [American District Telegraph](/wiki/ADT_Security_Services "ADT Security Services") (ADT) of New York. ADT did not merge with Western Union to become its subsidiary until 1901\.Catania, Basilio. ["Antonio Meucci – Questions and Answers: What did Meucci to bring his invention to the public?"](http://www.chezbasilio.org/meucci_faq.htm#25), Chezbasilio.org website; accessed 8 July 2009\.[History of ADT](http://www.adt.com/about_adt/company_history#1901) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730164825/http://www.adt.com/about\_adt/company\_history\#1901 \\|date\=30 July 2010 }}, ADT.com website; retrieved 8 July 2009\. Meucci's patent caveat had described a [lover's telegraph](/wiki/Tin_can_telephone "Tin can telephone"), which transmitted sound vibrations mechanically across a taut wire, a conclusion that was also noted in various reviews ("The court further held that the caveat of Meucci did not describe any elements of an electric speaking telephone{{nbsp}}...", and "The court held that Meucci's device consisted of a mechanical telephone consisting of a mouthpiece and an earpiece connected by a wire, and that beyond this the invention of Meucci was only imagination.")Rockman, Howard B.["Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists"](https://books.google.com/books?id=jCEP2MUCIKAC), IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Wiley\-IEEE, 2004, pp. 107–09; {{ISBN\\|978\-0\-471\-44998\-0}}.Grosvenor, Edwin S. "Memo on Misstatements of Fact in House Resolution 269 and Facts Relating to Antonio Meucci and the Invention of the Telephone", alecbell.org, 30 June 2002\. Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon his death.Bruce 1990 reprint \[1973], pp. 271–272\. {{ISBN\\|978\-0801496912}}	[ "Telettrofono Company\n--------------------", "[thumb\\\|upright\\\|Meucci](/wiki/File:Antonio_Meucci_%28%3F%29._Photograph_by_L._Alman._Wellcome_V0026857.jpg \"Antonio Meucci (?). Photograph by L. Alman. Wellcome V0026857.jpg\")\nIn 1872, Meucci and his friend Angelo Bertolino went to Edward B. Grant, Vice President of American District Telegraph Co. of New York (not [Western Union](/wiki/Western_Union \"Western Union\") as sometimes stated), to ask for help. Meucci asked him for permission to test his apparatus on the company's telegraph lines. He gave Grant a description of his prototype and a copy of his caveat. After waiting two years, Meucci went to Grant and asked for his documents back, but Grant allegedly told him they had been lost.", "Around 1873, a man named Bill Carroll from Boston, who had news about Meucci's invention, asked him to construct a telephone for divers. This device should allow divers to communicate with people on the surface. In Meucci's drawing, this device is essentially an electromagnetic telephone encapsulated to be waterproof.", "On 28 December 1874, Meucci's Telettrofono patent caveat expired. Critics dispute the claim that Meucci could not afford to file for a patent or renew his caveat, as he filed for and was granted full patents in 1872, 1873, 1875, and 1876, at the cost of $35 each, as well as one additional $10 patent caveat, all totaling $150, for inventions unrelated to the telephone.Estreich Bob. [Antonio Meucci: Twisting The Evidence](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm), BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011\\.", "After Bell secured his patents in 1876 and subsequent years, the Bell Telephone Company filed suit in court against the Globe Telephone Company (amongst many others) for patent infringement. Purportedly too poor to hire a legal team, Meucci was represented only by lawyer Joe Melli, an orphan whom Meucci treated as his own son. While American Bell Telephone Company v. Globe Telephone Company, Antonio Meucci, et al. was still proceeding, Bell also became involved with The U.S. Government v. American Bell Telephone Company, instigated by the Pan\\-Electric Telephone Company, which had secretly given [Augustus Hill Garland](/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland \"Augustus Hill Garland\") the [U.S. Attorney General](/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General \"United States Attorney General\") 10% of its shares, employed him as a director, and then asked him to void Bell's patent. Had he succeeded in overturning Bell's patent, the U.S. Attorney General stood to become exceedingly rich by reason of his shares.Rockman, Howard B. [\"Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists.\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=jCEP2MUCIKAC) IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Wiley\\-IEEE, 2004, pp. 107–109; {{ISBN\\\|978\\-0\\-471\\-44998\\-0}}[\"Augustus Hill Garland (1832–1899\\)\"](http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=106), Encyclopedia of Arkansas History \\& Culture website; retrieved 1 May 2009\\. \nNote: according to this article: \"Garland soon found himself embroiled in scandal. While Garland was in the Senate, he had become a stockholder in, and attorney for, the Pan\\-Electric Telephone Company, which was organized to form regional telephone companies using equipment developed by J. Harris Rogers. The equipment was similar to the Bell telephone, and that company soon brought suit for patent infringement. Soon after he became attorney general, Garland was asked to bring suit in the name of the United States to invalidate the Bell patent. He refused{{nbsp}}...\" \n However, in Rockman (2004\\), there is no mention of Garland refusing to do so, and moreover Garland had been given his shares in Pan\\-Electric, by the company, for free.[\"Augustus Hill Garland (1874–1877\\)\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20040618124303/http://www.oldstatehouse.com/exhibits/virtual/governors/the_redeemers/garland.asp), Old Statehouse Museum website; retrieved 1 May 2009\\. \nNote: According to this biography: \"He did, however, suffer scandal involving the patent for the telephone. The Attorney General's office was intervening in a lawsuit attempting to break Bell's monopoly of telephone technology, but it had come out that Garland owned stock in one of the companies that stood to benefit. This congressional investigation received public attention for nearly a year, and caused his work as attorney general to suffer.\"", "### Trial", "The Havana experiments were briefly mentioned in a letter by Meucci, published by Il Commercio di Genova of 1 December 1865 and by L'Eco d'Italia of 21 October 1865 (both existing today).[Meucci profile](http://www.chezbasilio.org/havana2.htm), www.chezbasilio.org; accessed 15 June 2015\\.", "An important piece of evidence brought up in the trial was Meucci's Memorandum Book, which contained Meucci's noted drawings and records between 1862 and 1882\\. In the trial, Antonio Meucci was accused of having produced records after Bell's invention and [back\\-dated](/wiki/Back-date \"Back-date\") them. As proof, the prosecutor brought forward the fact that the Rider \\& Clark company was founded only in 1863\\. At trial, Meucci said William E. Rider himself, one of the owners, had given him a copy of the memorandum book in 1862; however, Meucci was not believed.[\"Antonio Meucci's Memorandum Book\"](http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_mem.htm), Italian Society of Electrotechnics. {{in lang\\\|it}}. {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307000604/http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam\\_mem.htm \\\|date\\=7 March 2007 }}", "On 13 January 1887, the United States Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi\\-bin/getcase.pl?court\\=us\\&vol\\=167\\&invol\\=224\\\|title\\=FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions: ''U.S. v. American Bell Tel Co.'', 167 U.S. 224 (1897\\)\\\|website\\=Findlaw}}[United States v. American Bell Telephone Co., 128 U.S. 315 (1888\\)](http://supreme.justia.com/us/128/315/case.html), supreme.justia.com; accessed 15 June 2015\\. By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,465 dated 7 March 1876 and No. 186,787 dated 30 January 1877\\) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a [\"precedent\"](/wiki/Stare_decisis \"Stare decisis\").", "With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the U.S. Attorney General dropped the lawsuit on 30 November 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits. During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Meucci claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834\\. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to lack of material evidence of his inventions as his working models were reportedly lost at the laboratory of [American District Telegraph](/wiki/ADT_Security_Services \"ADT Security Services\") (ADT) of New York. ADT did not merge with Western Union to become its subsidiary until 1901\\.Catania, Basilio. [\"Antonio Meucci – Questions and Answers: What did Meucci to bring his invention to the public?\"](http://www.chezbasilio.org/meucci_faq.htm#25), Chezbasilio.org website; accessed 8 July 2009\\.[History of ADT](http://www.adt.com/about_adt/company_history#1901) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730164825/http://www.adt.com/about\\_adt/company\\_history\\#1901 \\\|date\\=30 July 2010 }}, ADT.com website; retrieved 8 July 2009\\.", "Meucci's patent caveat had described a [lover's telegraph](/wiki/Tin_can_telephone \"Tin can telephone\"), which transmitted sound vibrations mechanically across a taut wire, a conclusion that was also noted in various reviews (\"The court further held that the caveat of Meucci did not describe any elements of an electric speaking telephone{{nbsp}}...\", and \"The court held that Meucci's device consisted of a mechanical telephone consisting of a mouthpiece and an earpiece connected by a wire, and that beyond this the invention of Meucci was only imagination.\")Rockman, Howard B.[\"Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists\"](https://books.google.com/books?id=jCEP2MUCIKAC), IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Wiley\\-IEEE, 2004, pp. 107–09; {{ISBN\\\|978\\-0\\-471\\-44998\\-0}}.Grosvenor, Edwin S. \"Memo on Misstatements of Fact in House Resolution 269 and Facts Relating to Antonio Meucci and the Invention of the Telephone\", alecbell.org, 30 June 2002\\. Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon his death.Bruce 1990 reprint \\[1973], pp. 271–272\\. {{ISBN\\\|978\\-0801496912}}", "" ]
Invention of the telephone -------------------------- {{Main\\|Invention of the telephone}} [thumb\\|Replica of Meucci's telettrofono at the [Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Scienza_e_Tecnologia_Leonardo_da_Vinci "Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci")](/wiki/File:Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg "Telefono di Meucci - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 02148-02147 dia.jpg") [thumb\\|Monument dedicated to Meucci in [Gravesend, Brooklyn](/wiki/Gravesend%2C_Brooklyn "Gravesend, Brooklyn"), calling him "Father of the telephone"](/wiki/File:Meucci_Triangle_monument_jeh.JPG "Meucci Triangle monument jeh.JPG") There has been much dispute over who deserves recognition as the first inventor of the telephone, although Bell was credited with being the first to transmit articulate speech by undulatory currents of electricity. The [Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica](/wiki/Associazione_Elettrotecnica "Associazione Elettrotecnica") has devoted a museum to Meucci featuring a chronology of his inventing the telephone and tracing the history of the two trials opposing Meucci and Bell.[L'invenzione del telefono da parte di Meucci e la sua sventurata e ingiusta conclusione](http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_intel.htm), aei.it. {{in lang\\|it}}. {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206035330/http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam\_intel.htm \\|date\=6 December 2006 }}[Museo Storico Virtuale dell'AEIT Sala Antonio Meucci](http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_hpg1.htm), aei.it. {{in lang\\|it}}. {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510071411/http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam\_hpg1\.htm \\|date\=10 May 2006 }} They support the claim that Antonio Meucci was the real inventor of the telephone.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.chezbasilio.org/meucci\_faq.htm\#6\\|title\=Antonio Meucci – Questions and Answers\\|website\=www.chezbasilio.org}} However, some scholars outside Italy do not recognize the claims that Meucci's device had any bearing on the development of the telephone. Author Tom Farley writes that: "Nearly every scholar agrees that Bell and Watson were the first to transmit intelligible speech by electrical means. Others transmitted a sound or a click or a buzz but our boys \[Bell and Watson] were the first to transmit speech one could understand." In 1834, Meucci constructed a kind of acoustic telephone as a way to communicate between the stage and control room at the theatre "[Teatro della Pergola](/wiki/Teatro_della_Pergola "Teatro della Pergola")" in [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence"). This telephone was constructed on the model of [pipe\-telephones](/wiki/Speaking_tube "Speaking tube") on ships and is still functional.{{citation needed\\|date\=June 2015}} In 1848, Meucci developed a popular method of using electric shocks to treat [rheumatism](/wiki/Rheumatism "Rheumatism"). He used to give his patients two conductors linked to 60 Bunsen batteries and ending with a cork. He also kept two conductors linked to the same Bunsen batteries. He used to sit in his laboratory, while the Bunsen batteries were placed in a second room and his patients in a third room. In 1849 while providing a treatment to a patient with a 114V electrical discharge, in his laboratory Meucci is claimed to have heard his patient's scream through the piece of copper wire that was between them, from the conductors he was keeping near his ear. His intuition was that the "tongue" of copper wire vibrated just like a leave of an [electroscope](/wiki/Electroscope "Electroscope")—which meant there was an electrostatic effect. To continue the experiment without hurting his patient, Meucci covered the copper wire with a piece of paper. Through this device he claimed to hear an unarticulated human voice. He called this device "telegrafo parlante" (talking telegraph).{{Dead link\\|date\=July 2012}} On the basis of this prototype, some claim Meucci worked on more than 30 kinds of telephones. In the beginning, he was inspired by the telegraph. Different from other pioneers of the telephone—such as [Charles Bourseul](/wiki/Charles_Bourseul "Charles Bourseul"), [Philipp Reis](/wiki/Philipp_Reis "Philipp Reis"), [Innocenzo Manzetti](/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti "Innocenzo Manzetti"), and others—he did not think about transmitting voice by using the principle of the telegraph key (in scientific jargon, the "make\-and\-break" method). Instead, he looked for a "continuous" solution, meaning one that didn't interrupt the electric flux. In 1856, Meucci reportedly constructed the first electromagnetic telephone, made of an electromagnet with a nucleus in the shape of a horseshoe bat, a diaphragm of animal skin, stiffened with potassium [dichromate](/wiki/Dichromate "Dichromate") and a metal disk stuck in the middle. The instrument was housed in a cylindrical carton box. He purportedly constructed it to connect his second\-floor bedroom to his basement laboratory, and thus communicate with his invalid wife.{{citation needed\\|date\=June 2015}} Meucci separated the two directions of transmission to eliminate the so\-called "local effect"—using what we would call today a four\-wire\-circuit. He constructed a simple calling system with a telegraphic manipulator that short\-circuited the instrument of the calling person to make a succession of impulses (clicks) that were louder than normal conversation.{{Dubious\\|date\=January 2010}}{{Citation needed\\|date\=January 2010}} Aware that his device required a bigger band than a telegraph, he found some means to avoid the so\-called "skin effect" through superficial treatment of the conductor or by acting on the material (copper instead of iron).{{Dubious\\|date\=January 2010}} {{Citation needed\\|date\=January 2010}} In 1864, Meucci claimed to have made what he felt was his best device, using an iron diaphragm with optimized thickness and tightly clamped along its rim. The instrument was housed in a shaving\-soap box, whose cover clamped the diaphragm. In August 1870, Meucci reportedly obtained transmission of articulate human voice at a mile distance by using as a conductor a copper wire insulated by cotton. He called his device "telettrofono". Drawings and notes by Antonio Meucci with a claimed date of 27 September 1870 show that Meucci understood inductive loading on long\-distance telephone lines 30 years before any other scientists. The question of whether Bell was the true inventor of the telephone is perhaps the single most litigated fact in U.S. history, and the Bell patents were defended in some 600 cases. Meucci was a defendant in American Bell Telephone Co. v. Globe Telephone Co. and others (the court's findings, reported in 31 Fed. Rep. 729\).{{citation needed\\|date\=June 2015}} In his History of the Telephone, [Herbert Newton Casson](/wiki/Herbert_Newton_Casson "Herbert Newton Casson") wrote: {{blockquote\\|To bait the Bell Company became almost a national sport. Any sort of claimant, with any sort of wild tale of prior invention, could find a speculator to support him. On they came, a motley array, 'some in rags, some on nags, and some in velvet gowns.' One of them claimed to have done wonders with an iron hoop and a file in 1867; a second had a marvellous table with glass legs; a third swore that he had made a telephone in 1860, but did not know what it was until he saw Bell's patent; and a fourth told a vivid story of having heard a bullfrog croak via a telegraph wire which was strung into a certain cellar in Racine, in 1851\.Casson, Herbert N. \[https://archive.today/20120710010449/http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site\=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/CasTele.html "The History of the Telephone"], Chicago, IL: McClurg, 1910, pp. 96–97\.}} Judge Wallace's ruling was bitterly regarded by historian Giovanni Schiavo as a miscarriage of justice.Catania, Basilio (April 2003\). [Antonio Meucci: Una vita per la scienza e per l'Italia](http://www.docente.unicas.it/useruploads/000789/files/07-meucci.pdf) (in Italian). Istituto Superiore delle Comunicazioni e delle Tecnologie per l'Informazione. ### 2002 U.S. Congressional resolution In 2002, on the initiative of U.S. Representative [Vito Fossella](/wiki/Vito_Fossella "Vito Fossella") (R\-NY), in cooperation with an Italian\-American deputation, the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") passed United States HRes. 269 on Antonio Meucci stating "that the life and achievements of Antonio Meucci should be recognized, and his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged." According to the preamble, "if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell."[House Resolution 269](https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-resolution/269), dated 11 June 2002, written and sponsored by Rep. [Vito Fossella](/wiki/Vito_Fossella "Vito Fossella").Bellis, Mary. ["Antonio Meucci and the invention of the telephone"](http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Antonio_Meucci.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528235654/https://www.thoughtco.com/antonio\-meucci\-4071768 \\|date\=28 May 2020 }}, inventors.about.com; accessed 15 June 2015\. The resolution's sponsor described it as "a message that rings loud and clear recognizing the true inventor of the telephone, Antonio Meucci."{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.house.gov/fossella/Press/pr020611\.htm \\|title\=Rep. Fossella's Resolution Honoring True Inventor of Telephone To Pass House Tonight \\|date\=11 June 2002 \\|publisher\=Office of Congressman Vito J. Fossella \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124005929/http://www.house.gov/fossella/Press/pr020611\.htm \\|archive\-date\=24 January 2005 \\|url\-status\=unfit }} In 2002, some news articles reported that "the resolution said his 'telettrofono', demonstrated in New York in 1860, made him the inventor of the telephone in the place of Bell, who took out a patent 16 years later."{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews\\|location\=London, UK\\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\\|first\=Rory\\|last\=Carroll\\|title\=Bell did not invent telephone, US rules\\|date\=17 June 2002}}Estreich, Bob. [Antonio Meucci: The Resolution](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm); retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011\. A similar resolution was introduced to the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") but no vote was held on the resolution.United States Senate. [Senate Resolution 223, 108th Congress (2003–2004\)](https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/senate-resolution/223), 10 September 2003; retrieved 23 February 2020\.U.S. Senate. "Submission of Concurrent and Senate Resolutions – (Senate – 10 September 2003\)", U.S. Congress Thomas Website, p. S11349, 10 September 2003\.GovTrack.us. [S.Res.223 (108th Congress)](http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=sr108-223); retrieved from GovTrack.us website on 28 February 2011\. Despite the House of Representatives resolution, its interpretation as supporting Meucci's claim as the inventor of the telephone remains disputed, as the resolution only referred to "his work in the invention of" the telephone rather than a direct assertion that he was the inventor of the telephone.Estreich, Bob. [Antonio Meucci: (section) The Resolution](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm); retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011; "the text of the Resolution DOES NOT acknowledge Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. It does acknowledge his early work on the telephone, but even this is open to question."Bethune, Brian. ["Did Bell steal the idea for the phone?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811014658/http://www.macleans.ca/science/technology/article.jsp?content=20080123_5960_5960), Macleans, 23 January 2008; retrieved 30 April 2009\. The [House of Commons of Canada](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada "House of Commons of Canada") responded ten days later by unanimously passing a parliamentary motion stating that Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor of the telephone.["House of Commons of Canada, Journals No. 211, 37th Parliament, 1st Session, No. 211 transcript".](http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub=hansard&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=37&Ses=1#T1140) Hansard of the Government of Canada, 21 June 2002, p 1620/cumulative p. 13006, time mark: 1205; retrieved 29 April 2009\. {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222093046/http://www2\.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub\=hansard\&Language\=E\&Mode\=1\&Parl\=37\&Ses\=1\#T1140 \\|date\=22 December 2014 }}Fox, Jim, "Bell's Legacy Rings Out at his Homes", Globe and Mail, 17 August 2002\. The Italian newspaper [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica "La Repubblica") hailed the vote to recognize Meucci as a belated comeuppance for Bell.	[ "Invention of the telephone\n--------------------------", "{{Main\\\|Invention of the telephone}}\n[thumb\\\|Replica of Meucci's telettrofono at the [Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Scienza_e_Tecnologia_Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci\")](/wiki/File:Telefono_di_Meucci_-_Museo_scienza_tecnologia_Milano_02148-02147_dia.jpg \"Telefono di Meucci - Museo scienza tecnologia Milano 02148-02147 dia.jpg\")\n[thumb\\\|Monument dedicated to Meucci in [Gravesend, Brooklyn](/wiki/Gravesend%2C_Brooklyn \"Gravesend, Brooklyn\"), calling him \"Father of the telephone\"](/wiki/File:Meucci_Triangle_monument_jeh.JPG \"Meucci Triangle monument jeh.JPG\")\nThere has been much dispute over who deserves recognition as the first inventor of the telephone, although Bell was credited with being the first to transmit articulate speech by undulatory currents of electricity. The [Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica](/wiki/Associazione_Elettrotecnica \"Associazione Elettrotecnica\") has devoted a museum to Meucci featuring a chronology of his inventing the telephone and tracing the history of the two trials opposing Meucci and Bell.[L'invenzione del telefono da parte di Meucci e la sua sventurata e ingiusta conclusione](http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_intel.htm), aei.it. {{in lang\\\|it}}. {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206035330/http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam\\_intel.htm \\\|date\\=6 December 2006 }}[Museo Storico Virtuale dell'AEIT Sala Antonio Meucci](http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam_hpg1.htm), aei.it. {{in lang\\\|it}}. {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510071411/http://www.aei.it/ita/museo/mam\\_hpg1\\.htm \\\|date\\=10 May 2006 }} They support the claim that Antonio Meucci was the real inventor of the telephone.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.chezbasilio.org/meucci\\_faq.htm\\#6\\\|title\\=Antonio Meucci – Questions and Answers\\\|website\\=www.chezbasilio.org}} However, some scholars outside Italy do not recognize the claims that Meucci's device had any bearing on the development of the telephone. Author Tom Farley writes that: \"Nearly every scholar agrees that Bell and Watson were the first to transmit intelligible speech by electrical means. Others transmitted a sound or a click or a buzz but our boys \\[Bell and Watson] were the first to transmit speech one could understand.\"", "In 1834, Meucci constructed a kind of acoustic telephone as a way to communicate between the stage and control room at the theatre \"[Teatro della Pergola](/wiki/Teatro_della_Pergola \"Teatro della Pergola\")\" in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\"). This telephone was constructed on the model of [pipe\\-telephones](/wiki/Speaking_tube \"Speaking tube\") on ships and is still functional.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=June 2015}}", "In 1848, Meucci developed a popular method of using electric shocks to treat [rheumatism](/wiki/Rheumatism \"Rheumatism\"). He used to give his patients two conductors linked to 60 Bunsen batteries and ending with a cork. He also kept two conductors linked to the same Bunsen batteries. He used to sit in his laboratory, while the Bunsen batteries were placed in a second room and his patients in a third room. In 1849 while providing a treatment to a patient with a 114V electrical discharge, in his laboratory Meucci is claimed to have heard his patient's scream through the piece of copper wire that was between them, from the conductors he was keeping near his ear. His intuition was that the \"tongue\" of copper wire vibrated just like a leave of an [electroscope](/wiki/Electroscope \"Electroscope\")—which meant there was an electrostatic effect. To continue the experiment without hurting his patient, Meucci covered the copper wire with a piece of paper. Through this device he claimed to hear an unarticulated human voice. He called this device \"telegrafo parlante\" (talking telegraph).{{Dead link\\\|date\\=July 2012}}", "On the basis of this prototype, some claim Meucci worked on more than 30 kinds of telephones. In the beginning, he was inspired by the telegraph. Different from other pioneers of the telephone—such as [Charles Bourseul](/wiki/Charles_Bourseul \"Charles Bourseul\"), [Philipp Reis](/wiki/Philipp_Reis \"Philipp Reis\"), [Innocenzo Manzetti](/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti \"Innocenzo Manzetti\"), and others—he did not think about transmitting voice by using the principle of the telegraph key (in scientific jargon, the \"make\\-and\\-break\" method). Instead, he looked for a \"continuous\" solution, meaning one that didn't interrupt the electric flux. In 1856, Meucci reportedly constructed the first electromagnetic telephone, made of an electromagnet with a nucleus in the shape of a horseshoe bat, a diaphragm of animal skin, stiffened with potassium [dichromate](/wiki/Dichromate \"Dichromate\") and a metal disk stuck in the middle. The instrument was housed in a cylindrical carton box. He purportedly constructed it to connect his second\\-floor bedroom to his basement laboratory, and thus communicate with his invalid wife.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=June 2015}}", "Meucci separated the two directions of transmission to eliminate the so\\-called \"local effect\"—using what we would call today a four\\-wire\\-circuit. He constructed a simple calling system with a telegraphic manipulator that short\\-circuited the instrument of the calling person to make a succession of impulses (clicks) that were louder than normal conversation.{{Dubious\\\|date\\=January 2010}}{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=January 2010}} Aware that his device required a bigger band than a telegraph, he found some means to avoid the so\\-called \"skin effect\" through superficial treatment of the conductor or by acting on the material (copper instead of iron).{{Dubious\\\|date\\=January 2010}} {{Citation needed\\\|date\\=January 2010}}", "In 1864, Meucci claimed to have made what he felt was his best device, using an iron diaphragm with optimized thickness and tightly clamped along its rim. The instrument was housed in a shaving\\-soap box, whose cover clamped the diaphragm. In August 1870, Meucci reportedly obtained transmission of articulate human voice at a mile distance by using as a conductor a copper wire insulated by cotton. He called his device \"telettrofono\". Drawings and notes by Antonio Meucci with a claimed date of 27 September 1870 show that Meucci understood inductive loading on long\\-distance telephone lines 30 years before any other scientists. The question of whether Bell was the true inventor of the telephone is perhaps the single most litigated fact in U.S. history, and the Bell patents were defended in some 600 cases. Meucci was a defendant in American Bell Telephone Co. v. Globe Telephone Co. and others (the court's findings, reported in 31 Fed. Rep. 729\\).{{citation needed\\\|date\\=June 2015}}", "In his History of the Telephone, [Herbert Newton Casson](/wiki/Herbert_Newton_Casson \"Herbert Newton Casson\") wrote:", "{{blockquote\\\|To bait the Bell Company became almost a national sport. Any sort of claimant, with any sort of wild tale of prior invention, could find a speculator to support him. On they came, a motley array, 'some in rags, some on nags, and some in velvet gowns.' One of them claimed to have done wonders with an iron hoop and a file in 1867; a second had a marvellous table with glass legs; a third swore that he had made a telephone in 1860, but did not know what it was until he saw Bell's patent; and a fourth told a vivid story of having heard a bullfrog croak via a telegraph wire which was strung into a certain cellar in Racine, in 1851\\.Casson, Herbert N. \\[https://archive.today/20120710010449/http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site\\=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/CasTele.html \"The History of the Telephone\"], Chicago, IL: McClurg, 1910, pp. 96–97\\.}}", "Judge Wallace's ruling was bitterly regarded by historian Giovanni Schiavo as a miscarriage of justice.Catania, Basilio (April 2003\\). [Antonio Meucci: Una vita per la scienza e per l'Italia](http://www.docente.unicas.it/useruploads/000789/files/07-meucci.pdf) (in Italian). Istituto Superiore delle Comunicazioni e delle Tecnologie per l'Informazione.", "### 2002 U.S. Congressional resolution", "In 2002, on the initiative of U.S. Representative [Vito Fossella](/wiki/Vito_Fossella \"Vito Fossella\") (R\\-NY), in cooperation with an Italian\\-American deputation, the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") passed United States HRes. 269 on Antonio Meucci stating \"that the life and achievements of Antonio Meucci should be recognized, and his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged.\" According to the preamble, \"if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell.\"[House Resolution 269](https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-resolution/269), dated 11 June 2002, written and sponsored by Rep. [Vito Fossella](/wiki/Vito_Fossella \"Vito Fossella\").Bellis, Mary. [\"Antonio Meucci and the invention of the telephone\"](http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Antonio_Meucci.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528235654/https://www.thoughtco.com/antonio\\-meucci\\-4071768 \\\|date\\=28 May 2020 }}, inventors.about.com; accessed 15 June 2015\\. The resolution's sponsor described it as \"a message that rings loud and clear recognizing the true inventor of the telephone, Antonio Meucci.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.house.gov/fossella/Press/pr020611\\.htm \\\|title\\=Rep. Fossella's Resolution Honoring True Inventor of Telephone To Pass House Tonight \\\|date\\=11 June 2002 \\\|publisher\\=Office of Congressman Vito J. Fossella \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124005929/http://www.house.gov/fossella/Press/pr020611\\.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=24 January 2005 \\\|url\\-status\\=unfit }}", "In 2002, some news articles reported that \"the resolution said his 'telettrofono', demonstrated in New York in 1860, made him the inventor of the telephone in the place of Bell, who took out a patent 16 years later.\"{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews\\\|location\\=London, UK\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\\|first\\=Rory\\\|last\\=Carroll\\\|title\\=Bell did not invent telephone, US rules\\\|date\\=17 June 2002}}Estreich, Bob. [Antonio Meucci: The Resolution](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm); retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011\\.", "A similar resolution was introduced to the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") but no vote was held on the resolution.United States Senate. [Senate Resolution 223, 108th Congress (2003–2004\\)](https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/senate-resolution/223), 10 September 2003; retrieved 23 February 2020\\.U.S. Senate. \"Submission of Concurrent and Senate Resolutions – (Senate – 10 September 2003\\)\", U.S. Congress Thomas Website, p. S11349, 10 September 2003\\.GovTrack.us. [S.Res.223 (108th Congress)](http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=sr108-223); retrieved from GovTrack.us website on 28 February 2011\\.", "Despite the House of Representatives resolution, its interpretation as supporting Meucci's claim as the inventor of the telephone remains disputed, as the resolution only referred to \"his work in the invention of\" the telephone rather than a direct assertion that he was the inventor of the telephone.Estreich, Bob. [Antonio Meucci: (section) The Resolution](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm); retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011; \n\"the text of the Resolution DOES NOT acknowledge Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. It does acknowledge his early work on the telephone, but even this is open to question.\"Bethune, Brian. [\"Did Bell steal the idea for the phone?\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811014658/http://www.macleans.ca/science/technology/article.jsp?content=20080123_5960_5960), Macleans, 23 January 2008; retrieved 30 April 2009\\.", "The [House of Commons of Canada](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada \"House of Commons of Canada\") responded ten days later by unanimously passing a parliamentary motion stating that Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor of the telephone.[\"House of Commons of Canada, Journals No. 211, 37th Parliament, 1st Session, No. 211 transcript\".](http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub=hansard&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=37&Ses=1#T1140) Hansard of the Government of Canada, 21 June 2002, p 1620/cumulative p. 13006, time mark: 1205; retrieved 29 April 2009\\. {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222093046/http://www2\\.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub\\=hansard\\&Language\\=E\\&Mode\\=1\\&Parl\\=37\\&Ses\\=1\\#T1140 \\\|date\\=22 December 2014 }}Fox, Jim, \"Bell's Legacy Rings Out at his Homes\", Globe and Mail, 17 August 2002\\.", "The Italian newspaper [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica \"La Repubblica\") hailed the vote to recognize Meucci as a belated comeuppance for Bell.", "" ]
### 2002 U.S. Congressional resolution In 2002, on the initiative of U.S. Representative [Vito Fossella](/wiki/Vito_Fossella "Vito Fossella") (R\-NY), in cooperation with an Italian\-American deputation, the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") passed United States HRes. 269 on Antonio Meucci stating "that the life and achievements of Antonio Meucci should be recognized, and his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged." According to the preamble, "if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell."[House Resolution 269](https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-resolution/269), dated 11 June 2002, written and sponsored by Rep. [Vito Fossella](/wiki/Vito_Fossella "Vito Fossella").Bellis, Mary. ["Antonio Meucci and the invention of the telephone"](http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Antonio_Meucci.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528235654/https://www.thoughtco.com/antonio\-meucci\-4071768 \\|date\=28 May 2020 }}, inventors.about.com; accessed 15 June 2015\. The resolution's sponsor described it as "a message that rings loud and clear recognizing the true inventor of the telephone, Antonio Meucci."{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.house.gov/fossella/Press/pr020611\.htm \\|title\=Rep. Fossella's Resolution Honoring True Inventor of Telephone To Pass House Tonight \\|date\=11 June 2002 \\|publisher\=Office of Congressman Vito J. Fossella \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124005929/http://www.house.gov/fossella/Press/pr020611\.htm \\|archive\-date\=24 January 2005 \\|url\-status\=unfit }} In 2002, some news articles reported that "the resolution said his 'telettrofono', demonstrated in New York in 1860, made him the inventor of the telephone in the place of Bell, who took out a patent 16 years later."{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews\\|location\=London, UK\\|work\=\[\[The Guardian]]\\|first\=Rory\\|last\=Carroll\\|title\=Bell did not invent telephone, US rules\\|date\=17 June 2002}}Estreich, Bob. [Antonio Meucci: The Resolution](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm); retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011\. A similar resolution was introduced to the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate") but no vote was held on the resolution.United States Senate. [Senate Resolution 223, 108th Congress (2003–2004\)](https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/senate-resolution/223), 10 September 2003; retrieved 23 February 2020\.U.S. Senate. "Submission of Concurrent and Senate Resolutions – (Senate – 10 September 2003\)", U.S. Congress Thomas Website, p. S11349, 10 September 2003\.GovTrack.us. [S.Res.223 (108th Congress)](http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=sr108-223); retrieved from GovTrack.us website on 28 February 2011\. Despite the House of Representatives resolution, its interpretation as supporting Meucci's claim as the inventor of the telephone remains disputed, as the resolution only referred to "his work in the invention of" the telephone rather than a direct assertion that he was the inventor of the telephone.Estreich, Bob. [Antonio Meucci: (section) The Resolution](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm); retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011; "the text of the Resolution DOES NOT acknowledge Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. It does acknowledge his early work on the telephone, but even this is open to question."Bethune, Brian. ["Did Bell steal the idea for the phone?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811014658/http://www.macleans.ca/science/technology/article.jsp?content=20080123_5960_5960), Macleans, 23 January 2008; retrieved 30 April 2009\. The [House of Commons of Canada](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada "House of Commons of Canada") responded ten days later by unanimously passing a parliamentary motion stating that Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor of the telephone.["House of Commons of Canada, Journals No. 211, 37th Parliament, 1st Session, No. 211 transcript".](http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub=hansard&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=37&Ses=1#T1140) Hansard of the Government of Canada, 21 June 2002, p 1620/cumulative p. 13006, time mark: 1205; retrieved 29 April 2009\. {{webarchive \\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222093046/http://www2\.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub\=hansard\&Language\=E\&Mode\=1\&Parl\=37\&Ses\=1\#T1140 \\|date\=22 December 2014 }}Fox, Jim, "Bell's Legacy Rings Out at his Homes", Globe and Mail, 17 August 2002\. The Italian newspaper [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica "La Repubblica") hailed the vote to recognize Meucci as a belated comeuppance for Bell.	[ "### 2002 U.S. Congressional resolution", "In 2002, on the initiative of U.S. Representative [Vito Fossella](/wiki/Vito_Fossella \"Vito Fossella\") (R\\-NY), in cooperation with an Italian\\-American deputation, the [U.S. House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives \"United States House of Representatives\") passed United States HRes. 269 on Antonio Meucci stating \"that the life and achievements of Antonio Meucci should be recognized, and his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged.\" According to the preamble, \"if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell.\"[House Resolution 269](https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-resolution/269), dated 11 June 2002, written and sponsored by Rep. [Vito Fossella](/wiki/Vito_Fossella \"Vito Fossella\").Bellis, Mary. [\"Antonio Meucci and the invention of the telephone\"](http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Antonio_Meucci.htm) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528235654/https://www.thoughtco.com/antonio\\-meucci\\-4071768 \\\|date\\=28 May 2020 }}, inventors.about.com; accessed 15 June 2015\\. The resolution's sponsor described it as \"a message that rings loud and clear recognizing the true inventor of the telephone, Antonio Meucci.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.house.gov/fossella/Press/pr020611\\.htm \\\|title\\=Rep. Fossella's Resolution Honoring True Inventor of Telephone To Pass House Tonight \\\|date\\=11 June 2002 \\\|publisher\\=Office of Congressman Vito J. Fossella \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124005929/http://www.house.gov/fossella/Press/pr020611\\.htm \\\|archive\\-date\\=24 January 2005 \\\|url\\-status\\=unfit }}", "In 2002, some news articles reported that \"the resolution said his 'telettrofono', demonstrated in New York in 1860, made him the inventor of the telephone in the place of Bell, who took out a patent 16 years later.\"{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews\\\|location\\=London, UK\\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]\\\|first\\=Rory\\\|last\\=Carroll\\\|title\\=Bell did not invent telephone, US rules\\\|date\\=17 June 2002}}Estreich, Bob. [Antonio Meucci: The Resolution](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm); retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011\\.", "A similar resolution was introduced to the [U.S. Senate](/wiki/United_States_Senate \"United States Senate\") but no vote was held on the resolution.United States Senate. [Senate Resolution 223, 108th Congress (2003–2004\\)](https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/senate-resolution/223), 10 September 2003; retrieved 23 February 2020\\.U.S. Senate. \"Submission of Concurrent and Senate Resolutions – (Senate – 10 September 2003\\)\", U.S. Congress Thomas Website, p. S11349, 10 September 2003\\.GovTrack.us. [S.Res.223 (108th Congress)](http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=sr108-223); retrieved from GovTrack.us website on 28 February 2011\\.", "Despite the House of Representatives resolution, its interpretation as supporting Meucci's claim as the inventor of the telephone remains disputed, as the resolution only referred to \"his work in the invention of\" the telephone rather than a direct assertion that he was the inventor of the telephone.Estreich, Bob. [Antonio Meucci: (section) The Resolution](http://www.bobsoldphones.net/Pages/Essays/Meucci/Meucci.htm); retrieved from BobsOldPhones.net website, 25 February 2011; \n\"the text of the Resolution DOES NOT acknowledge Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. It does acknowledge his early work on the telephone, but even this is open to question.\"Bethune, Brian. [\"Did Bell steal the idea for the phone?\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100811014658/http://www.macleans.ca/science/technology/article.jsp?content=20080123_5960_5960), Macleans, 23 January 2008; retrieved 30 April 2009\\.", "The [House of Commons of Canada](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada \"House of Commons of Canada\") responded ten days later by unanimously passing a parliamentary motion stating that Alexander Graham Bell was the inventor of the telephone.[\"House of Commons of Canada, Journals No. 211, 37th Parliament, 1st Session, No. 211 transcript\".](http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub=hansard&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=37&Ses=1#T1140) Hansard of the Government of Canada, 21 June 2002, p 1620/cumulative p. 13006, time mark: 1205; retrieved 29 April 2009\\. {{webarchive \\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222093046/http://www2\\.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub\\=hansard\\&Language\\=E\\&Mode\\=1\\&Parl\\=37\\&Ses\\=1\\#T1140 \\\|date\\=22 December 2014 }}Fox, Jim, \"Bell's Legacy Rings Out at his Homes\", Globe and Mail, 17 August 2002\\.", "The Italian newspaper [La Repubblica](/wiki/La_Repubblica \"La Repubblica\") hailed the vote to recognize Meucci as a belated comeuppance for Bell.", "" ]
History ------- They originated in Tacoma, Washington where Ryann, Steve, and Jonah attended Charles Wright Academy, a private school in University Place. They first garnered attention in 2003, after winning second place in [Experience Music Project](/wiki/Experience_Music_Project "Experience Music Project")'s Sound Off! Competition.{{Cite web\\|last\=Seling\\|first\=Megan\\|title\=Underage\\|url\=https://www.thestranger.com/seattle/underage/Content?oid\=13591\\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-26\\|website\=The Stranger\\|language\=en}} They continued on to make a debut album, [The Funeral Sciences](/wiki/The_Funeral_Sciences "The Funeral Sciences"). 2005 saw the release of their second effort, [Fantastic Wounds](/wiki/Fantastic_Wounds "Fantastic Wounds") and a nationwide tour with [Vendetta Red](/wiki/Vendetta_Red "Vendetta Red"). They have been featured in the [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle%2C_Washington "Seattle, Washington") newspaper [The Stranger](/wiki/The_Stranger_%28newspaper%29 "The Stranger (newspaper)"). Singer Ryann Donnelly claims that the band has its roots in the year 2000, when she and the band attempted to play a cover of a [Misfits](/wiki/Misfits_%28band%29 "Misfits (band)") song, "Last Caress", but were cut off due to offensive lyricism (they were playing a Christian [Battle of the Bands](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bands "Battle of the Bands") function). The Heroes entered the studio on January 16, 2007, to record their third full\-length record, titled [Abominations](/wiki/Abominations_%28Album%29 "Abominations (Album)"). Recording wrapped on February 3, 2007, and the album was released on September 18, 2007, on a major\-label, [Stolen Transmission](/wiki/Stolen_Transmission "Stolen Transmission"), for the first time. The band announced a nationwide tour to showcase their new album. On March 20, 2007, Schoolyard Heroes debuted a song on their PureVolume music page. "Dude, Where's My Skin?" went on to become the website's most downloaded song of the day. After a short 24\-hour stint, the song was removed. In early 2008, the band completed a nationwide tour, opening for the [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle "Seattle")\-based band [Aiden](/wiki/Aiden "Aiden"). The band announced their breakup on November 20, 2009\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://lineout.thestranger.com/lineout/archives/2009/11/20/ripsyh\\|title\=R/I/P/S/Y/H\\|author\=Megan Seling\\|website\=Lineout.thestranger.com\\|date\=2009\-11\-20\\|accessdate\=2009\-11\-21}} On December 30, 2009, the band posted an announcement on their Myspace about a "new project" that they called Blood Cells.This is a band featuring both Jonah Bergman and Ryann Donnelly, as well as two new members. Their musical style is extremely similar to that of the Schoolyard Heroes, and they had announced through their email newsletter that they are working on new material, but later said it was an error.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.schoolyardheroes.com/\\|title\=School Yard Heroes' Blog\\|website\=Schoolyardheroes.com\\|accessdate\=10 September 2020}} After a handful of Blood Cells shows, Ryann returned to playing dance pop solo shows and moved to New York. She has been releasing new songs through her own label The Lonely Hearts Singles Club. In 2011, Jonah Bergman joined a resurrected [Vendetta Red](/wiki/Vendetta_Red "Vendetta Red").{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.ssgmusic.com/vendetta\-red\-announces\-new\-record/\\|title\=Vendetta Red Announces New Record\\|first\=Daniel\\|last\=Ahrendt\\|website\=Ssgmusic.com\\|date\=3 June 2011\\|accessdate\=10 September 2020}} On July 26, 2013, Jonah Bergman released "Tash Life Ep" by Trash Fire, his new band featuring Seattle area musicians such as Mark Gajadhar of [The Blood Brothers](/wiki/The_Blood_Brothers_%28band%29 "The Blood Brothers (band)") on guitar. In 2014, the Schoolyard Heroes reunited for a single show at the annual [Bumbershoot](/wiki/Bumbershoot "Bumbershoot") music festival.	[ "History\n-------", "They originated in Tacoma, Washington where Ryann, Steve, and Jonah attended Charles Wright Academy, a private school in University Place. They first garnered attention in 2003, after winning second place in [Experience Music Project](/wiki/Experience_Music_Project \"Experience Music Project\")'s Sound Off! Competition.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Seling\\\|first\\=Megan\\\|title\\=Underage\\\|url\\=https://www.thestranger.com/seattle/underage/Content?oid\\=13591\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-26\\\|website\\=The Stranger\\\|language\\=en}} They continued on to make a debut album, [The Funeral Sciences](/wiki/The_Funeral_Sciences \"The Funeral Sciences\"). 2005 saw the release of their second effort, [Fantastic Wounds](/wiki/Fantastic_Wounds \"Fantastic Wounds\") and a nationwide tour with [Vendetta Red](/wiki/Vendetta_Red \"Vendetta Red\"). They have been featured in the [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle%2C_Washington \"Seattle, Washington\") newspaper [The Stranger](/wiki/The_Stranger_%28newspaper%29 \"The Stranger (newspaper)\").", "Singer Ryann Donnelly claims that the band has its roots in the year 2000, when she and the band attempted to play a cover of a [Misfits](/wiki/Misfits_%28band%29 \"Misfits (band)\") song, \"Last Caress\", but were cut off due to offensive lyricism (they were playing a Christian [Battle of the Bands](/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bands \"Battle of the Bands\") function).", "The Heroes entered the studio on January 16, 2007, to record their third full\\-length record, titled [Abominations](/wiki/Abominations_%28Album%29 \"Abominations (Album)\"). Recording wrapped on February 3, 2007, and the album was released on September 18, 2007, on a major\\-label, [Stolen Transmission](/wiki/Stolen_Transmission \"Stolen Transmission\"), for the first time. The band announced a nationwide tour to showcase their new album.", "On March 20, 2007, Schoolyard Heroes debuted a song on their PureVolume music page. \"Dude, Where's My Skin?\" went on to become the website's most downloaded song of the day. After a short 24\\-hour stint, the song was removed.", "In early 2008, the band completed a nationwide tour, opening for the [Seattle](/wiki/Seattle \"Seattle\")\\-based band [Aiden](/wiki/Aiden \"Aiden\").", "The band announced their breakup on November 20, 2009\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://lineout.thestranger.com/lineout/archives/2009/11/20/ripsyh\\\|title\\=R/I/P/S/Y/H\\\|author\\=Megan Seling\\\|website\\=Lineout.thestranger.com\\\|date\\=2009\\-11\\-20\\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-11\\-21}}", "On December 30, 2009, the band posted an announcement on their Myspace about a \"new project\" that they called Blood Cells.This is a band featuring both Jonah Bergman and Ryann Donnelly, as well as two new members. Their musical style is extremely similar to that of the Schoolyard Heroes, and they had announced through their email newsletter that they are working on new material, but later said it was an error.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.schoolyardheroes.com/\\\|title\\=School Yard Heroes' Blog\\\|website\\=Schoolyardheroes.com\\\|accessdate\\=10 September 2020}}", "After a handful of Blood Cells shows, Ryann returned to playing dance pop solo shows and moved to New York. She has been releasing new songs through her own label The Lonely Hearts Singles Club.", "In 2011, Jonah Bergman joined a resurrected [Vendetta Red](/wiki/Vendetta_Red \"Vendetta Red\").{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.ssgmusic.com/vendetta\\-red\\-announces\\-new\\-record/\\\|title\\=Vendetta Red Announces New Record\\\|first\\=Daniel\\\|last\\=Ahrendt\\\|website\\=Ssgmusic.com\\\|date\\=3 June 2011\\\|accessdate\\=10 September 2020}}", "On July 26, 2013, Jonah Bergman released \"Tash Life Ep\" by Trash Fire, his new band featuring Seattle area musicians such as Mark Gajadhar of [The Blood Brothers](/wiki/The_Blood_Brothers_%28band%29 \"The Blood Brothers (band)\") on guitar.", "In 2014, the Schoolyard Heroes reunited for a single show at the annual [Bumbershoot](/wiki/Bumbershoot \"Bumbershoot\") music festival.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Draft and minor leagues The Indians selected Allen in the 23rd round of the [2011 MLB draft](/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_draft "2011 Major League Baseball draft").{{cite news\\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20120720\&content\_id\=35254170\&notebook\_id\=35256138\&vkey\=notebook\_cle\&c\_id\=cle\\|title\=Allen throws scoreless frame in debut\\|publisher\=Major League Baseball Advanced Media\\|access\-date\=September 29, 2012\\|date\=July 21, 2012\\|last\=Meisel\\|first\=Zack\\|work\=\[\[Mlb.com]]}} Allen signed with Cleveland and spent 2011 with four teams in the Indians' farm system, but spent the majority of the season with the [Mahoning Valley Scrappers](/wiki/Mahoning_Valley_Scrappers "Mahoning Valley Scrappers") of the [Class A\-Short Season](/wiki/Class_A-Short_Season "Class A-Short Season") [New York\-Penn League](/wiki/New_York-Penn_League "New York-Penn League"), pitching to a 3–1 [win–loss record](/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_%28pitching%29 "Win–loss record (pitching)") with a 2\.14 [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average "Earned run average") (ERA) in 14 games. Between the four teams, he was 5–1 with a 1\.65 ERA, and 75 [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeouts "Strikeouts") in 54\.2 [innings](/wiki/Inning "Inning"), averaging 12\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\=allen\-003cod\\|title\=Cody Allen Minor Leagues Statistics \& History\\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} The following year he spent most of the season with the [Columbus Clippers](/wiki/Columbus_Clippers "Columbus Clippers") of the [Class AAA](/wiki/Class_AAA "Class AAA") [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League"), going 3–2 with a 2\.27 ERA in 24 games. Pitching for three minor league teams, he was 3–2 with three [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 "Save (baseball)") and a 1\.87 ERA, and 53 strikeouts in 43\.1 innings, averaging 11\.0 strikeouts per 9 innings. He was named the Cleveland Indians' Minor League Pitcher of the Year after the season.{{cite web\\|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20121205\&content\_id\=40534634\&vkey\=pr\_cle\&c\_id\=cle \\|title\=Indians announce 2012 Minor League Awards \\| Cleveland Indians \\|publisher\=Mlb.mlb.com \\|date\=May 24, 2018 \\|access\-date\=January 21, 2019}} After the 2012 season [Baseball America](/wiki/Baseball_America "Baseball America") ranked him the 5th\-best prospect and best [curveball](/wiki/Curveball "Curveball") in the Indians organization, and the 13th best\-prospect in the International League.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/player/cody\-allen\-592102\\|title\=Cody Allen Stats, Fantasy \& News\\|website\=MLB.com}} ### Cleveland Indians (2012–2018\) On July 20, 2012, Allen made his Major League debut for the Cleveland Indians after being called up from Columbus{{cite news\\|url\=http://highpointpanthers.com/news/2012/7/20/Baseball\_0720124152\.aspx?path\=baseball\\|title\=Cody Allen promoted to the Cleveland Indians\\|access\-date\=September 29, 2012\\|date\=July 20, 2012\\|work\=Highpointpanthers.com}} He pitched an inning of relief giving up two [walks](/wiki/Base_on_balls "Base on balls"), no [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 "Run (baseball)"), no [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)"), and one strikeout.{{cite news\\|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/thome\-hits\-homer\-no\-610\-022414763\-\-mlb.html\\|title\=Thome hits homer No. 610, Orioles top Indians 10–2\\|work\=\[\[Yahoo! Sports]]\\|agency\=Associated Press\\|date\=July 20, 2012\\|access\-date\=September 29, 2012}} He struck out [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles "Baltimore Orioles") third baseman [Mark Reynolds](/wiki/Mark_Reynolds_%28baseball%29 "Mark Reynolds (baseball)") for his first career strikeout. In 2013, Allen went 6–1 with a 2\.43 ERA and 88 strikeouts in 70\.1 innings, averaging 11\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/a/allenco01\.shtml\\|title\=Cody Allen Stats\\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} His 77 games pitched was second in the [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League"), trailing only [Joel Peralta](/wiki/Joel_Peralta "Joel Peralta")'s 80 (and 2nd all\-time for any Indians pitcher), and he was 2nd in the league in [errors](/wiki/Error "Error") committed by a pitcher (3\), and 8th in [wild pitches](/wiki/Wild_pitch "Wild pitch") (9\).{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/CLE/leaders\_pitch\_season.shtml\\|title\=Cleveland Indians Top 10 Single\-Season Pitching Leaders\\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} He tied for 6th in the 2013 [BBWAA](/wiki/BBWAA "BBWAA") [AL Rookie of the Year](/wiki/AL_Rookie_of_the_Year "AL Rookie of the Year") voting. After multiple struggles by [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 "Closer (baseball)") [John Axford](/wiki/John_Axford "John Axford") early in the 2014 season, Allen was moved into the closer role.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://cleveland.cbslocal.com/2014/06/09/closer\-title\-or\-not\-indians\-reliever\-cody\-allen\-performing\-well\-in\-9th/\\|title\=Closer Title Or Not, Indians Reliever Cody Allen Performing Well In 9th\\|date\=June 9, 2014}} Allen finished the season with 76 appearances (again 2nd in the American League; tied for 4th all\-time for any Indians pitcher), a 6–4 record with a 2\.07 ERA, 91 strikeouts (8th\-most in a single\-season by an Indians reliever), and 24 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 "Save (baseball)") (9th) in {{frac\\|69\\|2\\|3}} innings, averaging 11\.8 strikeouts per 9 innings. For the 2015 season, Allen pitched in 70 games (8th in the AL), leading the American League with 58 games finished, while recording 34 saves (6th), 99 strikeouts (2nd among AL relievers), and a 2\.99 ERA in {{frac\\|69\\|1\\|3}} innings, averaging 12\.9 strikeouts per 9 innings. In 2016, he had 32 saves (7th in the AL) in 35 save opportunities, going 3–5 with a 2\.51 ERA.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player\_id\=592102\\|title\=Cody Allen Stats, Highlights, Bio \\| MiLB.com Stats \\| The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\\|website\=MiLB.com}} He struck out 87 batters (8th among AL relievers) in 68 innings, averaging 11\.5 strikeouts per 9 innings. In 2017, he had 30 saves (6th in the AL) in 34 save opportunities, finishing the season with a 3–7 record and a 2\.94 ERA. He struck out 92 batters (9th\-most by an AL reliever) in {{frac\\|67\\|1\\|3}} innings, averaging 12\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings. With his 141st career save in July 2018, Allen broke [Bob Wickman](/wiki/Bob_Wickman "Bob Wickman")'s franchise record for saves.{{cite web\\|author\=Air \\|url\=https://www.wkyc.com/article/sports/mlb/indians/cody\-allen\-grateful\-for\-faith\-of\-cleveland\-indians\-organization/95\-570972850 \\|title\=Cody Allen grateful for faith of Cleveland Indians organization \\|publisher\=wkyc.com \\|date\=July 5, 2018 \\|access\-date\=January 21, 2019}} Allen lost his closer role to [Brad Hand](/wiki/Brad_Hand "Brad Hand") after struggling in the month of August. He ended the season with 27 saves (6th in the AL) in 32 save chances in 70 appearances, as he was 4–6 with a 4\.70 ERA, with 80 strikeouts in 67 innings, averaging 10\.7 strikeouts per 9 innings. He gave up the longest home runs of any pitcher in major league baseball in 2018, at 495 feet.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/leaderboard/statcast?type\=pitcher\&year\=2018\&position\=\&team\=\&min\=1\&sort\=9\&sortDir\=desc\\|title\=Statcast Leaderboard\\|website\=baseballsavant.com}} Through 2018, his 149 career saves were 9th of all major league active pitchers, topped all major league pitchers under 30 years of age, and topped all Cleveland Indians pitchers ever.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leaders/SV\_active.shtml\\|title\=Active Leaders \& Records for Saves\\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} He became a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent") after the 2018 season. ### Los Angeles Angels (2019\) On January 20, 2019, Allen signed a one\-year, $8\.5 million contract with the [Los Angeles Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels "Los Angeles Angels").{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\_/id/25790244/angels\-reach\-one\-year\-deal\-cody\-allen\-closer\-next\-season \\|title\=Angels reach one\-year deal with Cody Allen to be closer next season \\|work\=Espn.com \\|date\=January 18, 2019 \\|access\-date\=January 21, 2019}} He began the season as the Angels closer, going 4/4 for the first couple of weeks of the season despite control issues. He was removed of the closer role on April 24 and later was placed on the injured list with a lumbar strain.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.ocregister.com/angels\-place\-cody\-allen\-on\-the\-il\-with\-stiff\-back\\|title\=Angels place Cody Allen on the IL with stiff back\\|date\=April 26, 2019}} He was [designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment "Designated for assignment") on June 15 after compiling a 6\.26 ERA in 25 games, and was released on June 18\.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/gameday/red\-sox\-vs\-orioles/2019/06/16/564967/final/box\\|title\=Red Sox vs. Orioles Box Score \\| 06/16/19\\|website\=MLB.com}} ### Later career On June 22, 2019, the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins "Minnesota Twins") signed Allen to a $500,000 minor league contract for the remainder of the 2019 season. He was released on July 31, 2019\.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.startribune.com/reliever\-cody\-allen\-released\-by\-twins\-ending\-comeback\-effort/513469172/\\|title\=Reliever Cody Allen released by Twins, ending comeback effort\\|website\=Star Tribune\\|access\-date\=2019\-08\-02}} In 11 games, two starts, 12 innings pitched between High\-A [Fort Myers Miracle](/wiki/Fort_Myers_Miracle "Fort Myers Miracle") and Triple\-A [Rochester Red Wings](/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings "Rochester Red Wings") he went 0–2 with a 2\.25 ERA and 11 strikeouts.{{cn\\|date\=June 2024}} On February 7, 2020, Allen signed a minor league deal with the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 "Texas Rangers (baseball)"). The Rangers released Allen on July 24\.{{cn\\|date\=December 2023}} On July 31, Allen signed a minor league contract with the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs"). He was released by the organization on September 3, 2020\.{{Cite tweet\\|user\=sahadevsharma\\|author\=Sahadev Sharma\\|number\=1301581542582558720\\|date\=3 September 2020\\|title\=Ian Miller and Josh Phegley clear waivers and are assigned to South Bend. A.J. Ramos and Cody Allen released, 60\-man at 59}} On February 17, 2021, Allen announced his retirement from professional baseball.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.letsgotribe.com/2021/2/17/22287276/former\-cleveland\-closer\-cody\-allen\-is\-retiring\\|title\=Former Cleveland closer Cody Allen is retiring\\|date\=February 17, 2021}}{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/02/cody\-allen\-retires.html\\|title \= Cody Allen Retires\\| date\=February 17, 2021 }}	[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Draft and minor leagues", "The Indians selected Allen in the 23rd round of the [2011 MLB draft](/wiki/2011_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"2011 Major League Baseball draft\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20120720\\&content\\_id\\=35254170\\&notebook\\_id\\=35256138\\&vkey\\=notebook\\_cle\\&c\\_id\\=cle\\\|title\\=Allen throws scoreless frame in debut\\\|publisher\\=Major League Baseball Advanced Media\\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2012\\\|date\\=July 21, 2012\\\|last\\=Meisel\\\|first\\=Zack\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Mlb.com]]}} Allen signed with Cleveland and spent 2011 with four teams in the Indians' farm system, but spent the majority of the season with the [Mahoning Valley Scrappers](/wiki/Mahoning_Valley_Scrappers \"Mahoning Valley Scrappers\") of the [Class A\\-Short Season](/wiki/Class_A-Short_Season \"Class A-Short Season\") [New York\\-Penn League](/wiki/New_York-Penn_League \"New York-Penn League\"), pitching to a 3–1 [win–loss record](/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_%28pitching%29 \"Win–loss record (pitching)\") with a 2\\.14 [earned run average](/wiki/Earned_run_average \"Earned run average\") (ERA) in 14 games. Between the four teams, he was 5–1 with a 1\\.65 ERA, and 75 [strikeouts](/wiki/Strikeouts \"Strikeouts\") in 54\\.2 [innings](/wiki/Inning \"Inning\"), averaging 12\\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id\\=allen\\-003cod\\\|title\\=Cody Allen Minor Leagues Statistics \\& History\\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}}", "The following year he spent most of the season with the [Columbus Clippers](/wiki/Columbus_Clippers \"Columbus Clippers\") of the [Class AAA](/wiki/Class_AAA \"Class AAA\") [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\"), going 3–2 with a 2\\.27 ERA in 24 games. Pitching for three minor league teams, he was 3–2 with three [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 \"Save (baseball)\") and a 1\\.87 ERA, and 53 strikeouts in 43\\.1 innings, averaging 11\\.0 strikeouts per 9 innings. He was named the Cleveland Indians' Minor League Pitcher of the Year after the season.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20121205\\&content\\_id\\=40534634\\&vkey\\=pr\\_cle\\&c\\_id\\=cle \\\|title\\=Indians announce 2012 Minor League Awards \\\| Cleveland Indians \\\|publisher\\=Mlb.mlb.com \\\|date\\=May 24, 2018 \\\|access\\-date\\=January 21, 2019}} After the 2012 season [Baseball America](/wiki/Baseball_America \"Baseball America\") ranked him the 5th\\-best prospect and best [curveball](/wiki/Curveball \"Curveball\") in the Indians organization, and the 13th best\\-prospect in the International League.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/player/cody\\-allen\\-592102\\\|title\\=Cody Allen Stats, Fantasy \\& News\\\|website\\=MLB.com}}", "### Cleveland Indians (2012–2018\\)", "On July 20, 2012, Allen made his Major League debut for the Cleveland Indians after being called up from Columbus{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://highpointpanthers.com/news/2012/7/20/Baseball\\_0720124152\\.aspx?path\\=baseball\\\|title\\=Cody Allen promoted to the Cleveland Indians\\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2012\\\|date\\=July 20, 2012\\\|work\\=Highpointpanthers.com}} He pitched an inning of relief giving up two [walks](/wiki/Base_on_balls \"Base on balls\"), no [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 \"Run (baseball)\"), no [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\"), and one strikeout.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/thome\\-hits\\-homer\\-no\\-610\\-022414763\\-\\-mlb.html\\\|title\\=Thome hits homer No. 610, Orioles top Indians 10–2\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Yahoo! Sports]]\\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\\|date\\=July 20, 2012\\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2012}} He struck out [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles \"Baltimore Orioles\") third baseman [Mark Reynolds](/wiki/Mark_Reynolds_%28baseball%29 \"Mark Reynolds (baseball)\") for his first career strikeout.", "In 2013, Allen went 6–1 with a 2\\.43 ERA and 88 strikeouts in 70\\.1 innings, averaging 11\\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/a/allenco01\\.shtml\\\|title\\=Cody Allen Stats\\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} His 77 games pitched was second in the [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\"), trailing only [Joel Peralta](/wiki/Joel_Peralta \"Joel Peralta\")'s 80 (and 2nd all\\-time for any Indians pitcher), and he was 2nd in the league in [errors](/wiki/Error \"Error\") committed by a pitcher (3\\), and 8th in [wild pitches](/wiki/Wild_pitch \"Wild pitch\") (9\\).{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/CLE/leaders\\_pitch\\_season.shtml\\\|title\\=Cleveland Indians Top 10 Single\\-Season Pitching Leaders\\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} He tied for 6th in the 2013 [BBWAA](/wiki/BBWAA \"BBWAA\") [AL Rookie of the Year](/wiki/AL_Rookie_of_the_Year \"AL Rookie of the Year\") voting.", "After multiple struggles by [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 \"Closer (baseball)\") [John Axford](/wiki/John_Axford \"John Axford\") early in the 2014 season, Allen was moved into the closer role.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://cleveland.cbslocal.com/2014/06/09/closer\\-title\\-or\\-not\\-indians\\-reliever\\-cody\\-allen\\-performing\\-well\\-in\\-9th/\\\|title\\=Closer Title Or Not, Indians Reliever Cody Allen Performing Well In 9th\\\|date\\=June 9, 2014}} Allen finished the season with 76 appearances (again 2nd in the American League; tied for 4th all\\-time for any Indians pitcher), a 6–4 record with a 2\\.07 ERA, 91 strikeouts (8th\\-most in a single\\-season by an Indians reliever), and 24 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 \"Save (baseball)\") (9th) in {{frac\\\|69\\\|2\\\|3}} innings, averaging 11\\.8 strikeouts per 9 innings.", "For the 2015 season, Allen pitched in 70 games (8th in the AL), leading the American League with 58 games finished, while recording 34 saves (6th), 99 strikeouts (2nd among AL relievers), and a 2\\.99 ERA in {{frac\\\|69\\\|1\\\|3}} innings, averaging 12\\.9 strikeouts per 9 innings.", "In 2016, he had 32 saves (7th in the AL) in 35 save opportunities, going 3–5 with a 2\\.51 ERA.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player\\_id\\=592102\\\|title\\=Cody Allen Stats, Highlights, Bio \\\| MiLB.com Stats \\\| The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\\\|website\\=MiLB.com}} He struck out 87 batters (8th among AL relievers) in 68 innings, averaging 11\\.5 strikeouts per 9 innings.", "In 2017, he had 30 saves (6th in the AL) in 34 save opportunities, finishing the season with a 3–7 record and a 2\\.94 ERA. He struck out 92 batters (9th\\-most by an AL reliever) in {{frac\\\|67\\\|1\\\|3}} innings, averaging 12\\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings.", "With his 141st career save in July 2018, Allen broke [Bob Wickman](/wiki/Bob_Wickman \"Bob Wickman\")'s franchise record for saves.{{cite web\\\|author\\=Air \\\|url\\=https://www.wkyc.com/article/sports/mlb/indians/cody\\-allen\\-grateful\\-for\\-faith\\-of\\-cleveland\\-indians\\-organization/95\\-570972850 \\\|title\\=Cody Allen grateful for faith of Cleveland Indians organization \\\|publisher\\=wkyc.com \\\|date\\=July 5, 2018 \\\|access\\-date\\=January 21, 2019}} Allen lost his closer role to [Brad Hand](/wiki/Brad_Hand \"Brad Hand\") after struggling in the month of August. He ended the season with 27 saves (6th in the AL) in 32 save chances in 70 appearances, as he was 4–6 with a 4\\.70 ERA, with 80 strikeouts in 67 innings, averaging 10\\.7 strikeouts per 9 innings. He gave up the longest home runs of any pitcher in major league baseball in 2018, at 495 feet.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/leaderboard/statcast?type\\=pitcher\\&year\\=2018\\&position\\=\\&team\\=\\&min\\=1\\&sort\\=9\\&sortDir\\=desc\\\|title\\=Statcast Leaderboard\\\|website\\=baseballsavant.com}} Through 2018, his 149 career saves were 9th of all major league active pitchers, topped all major league pitchers under 30 years of age, and topped all Cleveland Indians pitchers ever.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leaders/SV\\_active.shtml\\\|title\\=Active Leaders \\& Records for Saves\\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} He became a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\") after the 2018 season.", "### Los Angeles Angels (2019\\)", "On January 20, 2019, Allen signed a one\\-year, $8\\.5 million contract with the [Los Angeles Angels](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels \"Los Angeles Angels\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/\\_/id/25790244/angels\\-reach\\-one\\-year\\-deal\\-cody\\-allen\\-closer\\-next\\-season \\\|title\\=Angels reach one\\-year deal with Cody Allen to be closer next season \\\|work\\=Espn.com \\\|date\\=January 18, 2019 \\\|access\\-date\\=January 21, 2019}} He began the season as the Angels closer, going 4/4 for the first couple of weeks of the season despite control issues. He was removed of the closer role on April 24 and later was placed on the injured list with a lumbar strain.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.ocregister.com/angels\\-place\\-cody\\-allen\\-on\\-the\\-il\\-with\\-stiff\\-back\\\|title\\=Angels place Cody Allen on the IL with stiff back\\\|date\\=April 26, 2019}} He was [designated for assignment](/wiki/Designated_for_assignment \"Designated for assignment\") on June 15 after compiling a 6\\.26 ERA in 25 games, and was released on June 18\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/gameday/red\\-sox\\-vs\\-orioles/2019/06/16/564967/final/box\\\|title\\=Red Sox vs. Orioles Box Score \\\| 06/16/19\\\|website\\=MLB.com}}", "### Later career", "On June 22, 2019, the [Minnesota Twins](/wiki/Minnesota_Twins \"Minnesota Twins\") signed Allen to a $500,000 minor league contract for the remainder of the 2019 season. He was released on July 31, 2019\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.startribune.com/reliever\\-cody\\-allen\\-released\\-by\\-twins\\-ending\\-comeback\\-effort/513469172/\\\|title\\=Reliever Cody Allen released by Twins, ending comeback effort\\\|website\\=Star Tribune\\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-08\\-02}} In 11 games, two starts, 12 innings pitched between High\\-A [Fort Myers Miracle](/wiki/Fort_Myers_Miracle \"Fort Myers Miracle\") and Triple\\-A [Rochester Red Wings](/wiki/Rochester_Red_Wings \"Rochester Red Wings\") he went 0–2 with a 2\\.25 ERA and 11 strikeouts.{{cn\\\|date\\=June 2024}}", "On February 7, 2020, Allen signed a minor league deal with the [Texas Rangers](/wiki/Texas_Rangers_%28baseball%29 \"Texas Rangers (baseball)\"). The Rangers released Allen on July 24\\.{{cn\\\|date\\=December 2023}} On July 31, Allen signed a minor league contract with the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\"). He was released by the organization on September 3, 2020\\.{{Cite tweet\\\|user\\=sahadevsharma\\\|author\\=Sahadev Sharma\\\|number\\=1301581542582558720\\\|date\\=3 September 2020\\\|title\\=Ian Miller and Josh Phegley clear waivers and are assigned to South Bend. A.J. Ramos and Cody Allen released, 60\\-man at 59}}", "On February 17, 2021, Allen announced his retirement from professional baseball.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.letsgotribe.com/2021/2/17/22287276/former\\-cleveland\\-closer\\-cody\\-allen\\-is\\-retiring\\\|title\\=Former Cleveland closer Cody Allen is retiring\\\|date\\=February 17, 2021}}{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2021/02/cody\\-allen\\-retires.html\\\|title \\= Cody Allen Retires\\\| date\\=February 17, 2021 }}", "" ]
### Cleveland Indians (2012–2018\) On July 20, 2012, Allen made his Major League debut for the Cleveland Indians after being called up from Columbus{{cite news\\|url\=http://highpointpanthers.com/news/2012/7/20/Baseball\_0720124152\.aspx?path\=baseball\\|title\=Cody Allen promoted to the Cleveland Indians\\|access\-date\=September 29, 2012\\|date\=July 20, 2012\\|work\=Highpointpanthers.com}} He pitched an inning of relief giving up two [walks](/wiki/Base_on_balls "Base on balls"), no [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 "Run (baseball)"), no [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 "Hit (baseball)"), and one strikeout.{{cite news\\|url\=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/thome\-hits\-homer\-no\-610\-022414763\-\-mlb.html\\|title\=Thome hits homer No. 610, Orioles top Indians 10–2\\|work\=\[\[Yahoo! Sports]]\\|agency\=Associated Press\\|date\=July 20, 2012\\|access\-date\=September 29, 2012}} He struck out [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles "Baltimore Orioles") third baseman [Mark Reynolds](/wiki/Mark_Reynolds_%28baseball%29 "Mark Reynolds (baseball)") for his first career strikeout. In 2013, Allen went 6–1 with a 2\.43 ERA and 88 strikeouts in 70\.1 innings, averaging 11\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/players/a/allenco01\.shtml\\|title\=Cody Allen Stats\\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} His 77 games pitched was second in the [American League](/wiki/American_League "American League"), trailing only [Joel Peralta](/wiki/Joel_Peralta "Joel Peralta")'s 80 (and 2nd all\-time for any Indians pitcher), and he was 2nd in the league in [errors](/wiki/Error "Error") committed by a pitcher (3\), and 8th in [wild pitches](/wiki/Wild_pitch "Wild pitch") (9\).{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/teams/CLE/leaders\_pitch\_season.shtml\\|title\=Cleveland Indians Top 10 Single\-Season Pitching Leaders\\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} He tied for 6th in the 2013 [BBWAA](/wiki/BBWAA "BBWAA") [AL Rookie of the Year](/wiki/AL_Rookie_of_the_Year "AL Rookie of the Year") voting. After multiple struggles by [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 "Closer (baseball)") [John Axford](/wiki/John_Axford "John Axford") early in the 2014 season, Allen was moved into the closer role.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://cleveland.cbslocal.com/2014/06/09/closer\-title\-or\-not\-indians\-reliever\-cody\-allen\-performing\-well\-in\-9th/\\|title\=Closer Title Or Not, Indians Reliever Cody Allen Performing Well In 9th\\|date\=June 9, 2014}} Allen finished the season with 76 appearances (again 2nd in the American League; tied for 4th all\-time for any Indians pitcher), a 6–4 record with a 2\.07 ERA, 91 strikeouts (8th\-most in a single\-season by an Indians reliever), and 24 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 "Save (baseball)") (9th) in {{frac\\|69\\|2\\|3}} innings, averaging 11\.8 strikeouts per 9 innings. For the 2015 season, Allen pitched in 70 games (8th in the AL), leading the American League with 58 games finished, while recording 34 saves (6th), 99 strikeouts (2nd among AL relievers), and a 2\.99 ERA in {{frac\\|69\\|1\\|3}} innings, averaging 12\.9 strikeouts per 9 innings. In 2016, he had 32 saves (7th in the AL) in 35 save opportunities, going 3–5 with a 2\.51 ERA.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player\_id\=592102\\|title\=Cody Allen Stats, Highlights, Bio \\| MiLB.com Stats \\| The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\\|website\=MiLB.com}} He struck out 87 batters (8th among AL relievers) in 68 innings, averaging 11\.5 strikeouts per 9 innings. In 2017, he had 30 saves (6th in the AL) in 34 save opportunities, finishing the season with a 3–7 record and a 2\.94 ERA. He struck out 92 batters (9th\-most by an AL reliever) in {{frac\\|67\\|1\\|3}} innings, averaging 12\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings. With his 141st career save in July 2018, Allen broke [Bob Wickman](/wiki/Bob_Wickman "Bob Wickman")'s franchise record for saves.{{cite web\\|author\=Air \\|url\=https://www.wkyc.com/article/sports/mlb/indians/cody\-allen\-grateful\-for\-faith\-of\-cleveland\-indians\-organization/95\-570972850 \\|title\=Cody Allen grateful for faith of Cleveland Indians organization \\|publisher\=wkyc.com \\|date\=July 5, 2018 \\|access\-date\=January 21, 2019}} Allen lost his closer role to [Brad Hand](/wiki/Brad_Hand "Brad Hand") after struggling in the month of August. He ended the season with 27 saves (6th in the AL) in 32 save chances in 70 appearances, as he was 4–6 with a 4\.70 ERA, with 80 strikeouts in 67 innings, averaging 10\.7 strikeouts per 9 innings. He gave up the longest home runs of any pitcher in major league baseball in 2018, at 495 feet.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/leaderboard/statcast?type\=pitcher\&year\=2018\&position\=\&team\=\&min\=1\&sort\=9\&sortDir\=desc\\|title\=Statcast Leaderboard\\|website\=baseballsavant.com}} Through 2018, his 149 career saves were 9th of all major league active pitchers, topped all major league pitchers under 30 years of age, and topped all Cleveland Indians pitchers ever.{{Cite web\\|url\=https://www.baseball\-reference.com/leaders/SV\_active.shtml\\|title\=Active Leaders \& Records for Saves\\|website\=Baseball\-Reference.com}} He became a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent") after the 2018 season.	[ "### Cleveland Indians (2012–2018\\)", "On July 20, 2012, Allen made his Major League debut for the Cleveland Indians after being called up from Columbus{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://highpointpanthers.com/news/2012/7/20/Baseball\\_0720124152\\.aspx?path\\=baseball\\\|title\\=Cody Allen promoted to the Cleveland Indians\\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2012\\\|date\\=July 20, 2012\\\|work\\=Highpointpanthers.com}} He pitched an inning of relief giving up two [walks](/wiki/Base_on_balls \"Base on balls\"), no [runs](/wiki/Run_%28baseball%29 \"Run (baseball)\"), no [hits](/wiki/Hit_%28baseball%29 \"Hit (baseball)\"), and one strikeout.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/thome\\-hits\\-homer\\-no\\-610\\-022414763\\-\\-mlb.html\\\|title\\=Thome hits homer No. 610, Orioles top Indians 10–2\\\|work\\=\\[\\[Yahoo! Sports]]\\\|agency\\=Associated Press\\\|date\\=July 20, 2012\\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2012}} He struck out [Baltimore Orioles](/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles \"Baltimore Orioles\") third baseman [Mark Reynolds](/wiki/Mark_Reynolds_%28baseball%29 \"Mark Reynolds (baseball)\") for his first career strikeout.", "In 2013, Allen went 6–1 with a 2\\.43 ERA and 88 strikeouts in 70\\.1 innings, averaging 11\\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/players/a/allenco01\\.shtml\\\|title\\=Cody Allen Stats\\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} His 77 games pitched was second in the [American League](/wiki/American_League \"American League\"), trailing only [Joel Peralta](/wiki/Joel_Peralta \"Joel Peralta\")'s 80 (and 2nd all\\-time for any Indians pitcher), and he was 2nd in the league in [errors](/wiki/Error \"Error\") committed by a pitcher (3\\), and 8th in [wild pitches](/wiki/Wild_pitch \"Wild pitch\") (9\\).{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/teams/CLE/leaders\\_pitch\\_season.shtml\\\|title\\=Cleveland Indians Top 10 Single\\-Season Pitching Leaders\\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} He tied for 6th in the 2013 [BBWAA](/wiki/BBWAA \"BBWAA\") [AL Rookie of the Year](/wiki/AL_Rookie_of_the_Year \"AL Rookie of the Year\") voting.", "After multiple struggles by [closer](/wiki/Closer_%28baseball%29 \"Closer (baseball)\") [John Axford](/wiki/John_Axford \"John Axford\") early in the 2014 season, Allen was moved into the closer role.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://cleveland.cbslocal.com/2014/06/09/closer\\-title\\-or\\-not\\-indians\\-reliever\\-cody\\-allen\\-performing\\-well\\-in\\-9th/\\\|title\\=Closer Title Or Not, Indians Reliever Cody Allen Performing Well In 9th\\\|date\\=June 9, 2014}} Allen finished the season with 76 appearances (again 2nd in the American League; tied for 4th all\\-time for any Indians pitcher), a 6–4 record with a 2\\.07 ERA, 91 strikeouts (8th\\-most in a single\\-season by an Indians reliever), and 24 [saves](/wiki/Save_%28baseball%29 \"Save (baseball)\") (9th) in {{frac\\\|69\\\|2\\\|3}} innings, averaging 11\\.8 strikeouts per 9 innings.", "For the 2015 season, Allen pitched in 70 games (8th in the AL), leading the American League with 58 games finished, while recording 34 saves (6th), 99 strikeouts (2nd among AL relievers), and a 2\\.99 ERA in {{frac\\\|69\\\|1\\\|3}} innings, averaging 12\\.9 strikeouts per 9 innings.", "In 2016, he had 32 saves (7th in the AL) in 35 save opportunities, going 3–5 with a 2\\.51 ERA.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player\\_id\\=592102\\\|title\\=Cody Allen Stats, Highlights, Bio \\\| MiLB.com Stats \\\| The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\\\|website\\=MiLB.com}} He struck out 87 batters (8th among AL relievers) in 68 innings, averaging 11\\.5 strikeouts per 9 innings.", "In 2017, he had 30 saves (6th in the AL) in 34 save opportunities, finishing the season with a 3–7 record and a 2\\.94 ERA. He struck out 92 batters (9th\\-most by an AL reliever) in {{frac\\\|67\\\|1\\\|3}} innings, averaging 12\\.3 strikeouts per 9 innings.", "With his 141st career save in July 2018, Allen broke [Bob Wickman](/wiki/Bob_Wickman \"Bob Wickman\")'s franchise record for saves.{{cite web\\\|author\\=Air \\\|url\\=https://www.wkyc.com/article/sports/mlb/indians/cody\\-allen\\-grateful\\-for\\-faith\\-of\\-cleveland\\-indians\\-organization/95\\-570972850 \\\|title\\=Cody Allen grateful for faith of Cleveland Indians organization \\\|publisher\\=wkyc.com \\\|date\\=July 5, 2018 \\\|access\\-date\\=January 21, 2019}} Allen lost his closer role to [Brad Hand](/wiki/Brad_Hand \"Brad Hand\") after struggling in the month of August. He ended the season with 27 saves (6th in the AL) in 32 save chances in 70 appearances, as he was 4–6 with a 4\\.70 ERA, with 80 strikeouts in 67 innings, averaging 10\\.7 strikeouts per 9 innings. He gave up the longest home runs of any pitcher in major league baseball in 2018, at 495 feet.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://baseballsavant.mlb.com/leaderboard/statcast?type\\=pitcher\\&year\\=2018\\&position\\=\\&team\\=\\&min\\=1\\&sort\\=9\\&sortDir\\=desc\\\|title\\=Statcast Leaderboard\\\|website\\=baseballsavant.com}} Through 2018, his 149 career saves were 9th of all major league active pitchers, topped all major league pitchers under 30 years of age, and topped all Cleveland Indians pitchers ever.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.baseball\\-reference.com/leaders/SV\\_active.shtml\\\|title\\=Active Leaders \\& Records for Saves\\\|website\\=Baseball\\-Reference.com}} He became a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\") after the 2018 season.", "" ]
History ------- The area in and around Laupheim has been settled from very early times onwards. [Archaeological](/wiki/Archaeological "Archaeological") evidence shows that 15000 years ago [nomadic](/wiki/Nomadic "Nomadic") [tribes](/wiki/Tribe "Tribe") roamed the countryside. From ca. 2000 BCE onwards, [Celts](/wiki/Celts "Celts") inhabited this area. From the first century [CE](/wiki/Common_Era "Common Era") until around the year 260 CE, it was part of the [Roman province](/wiki/Roman_province "Roman province") of [Raetia](/wiki/Raetia "Raetia"), after which the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni "Alamanni") invaded the [Agri Decumates](/wiki/Agri_Decumates "Agri Decumates"), eventually also settling in the area that was to become Laupheim. During [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology "Archaeology") excavations in 1840\-1842 graves dating from the [Merovingian](/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty "Merovingian dynasty") period were discovered in the northern part of the town.{{in lang\\|de}} K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 179 Laupheim was first mentioned as Louphaim in a charter dated 778\.Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch, p. 21 The [charter](/wiki/Charter "Charter") is still kept in the [archives](/wiki/Archive "Archive") of the [monastery](/wiki/Monastery "Monastery") of [St Gallen](/wiki/St_Gallen "St Gallen"), Switzerland. This reference is the earliest of any city in Upper Swabia and any parish in the district of Biberach. Situated in the vicinity of two major [trade routes](/wiki/Trade_route "Trade route") between the [Lake of Constance](/wiki/Lake_of_Constance "Lake of Constance") and Ulm and the [Swabian Alb](/wiki/Swabian_Alb "Swabian Alb") and the [valley](/wiki/Valley "Valley") of the river [Iller](/wiki/Iller "Iller") respectively, Laupheim developed into a major settlement. In 853, it was elevated to the status of town when a [court](/wiki/Court "Court") responsible for the [Rammachgau](/wiki/Rammachgau "Rammachgau") (also spelled Rammagau) was set up there. During the 9th century, parts of Laupheim came into the possession of the [monastery](/wiki/Monastery "Monastery") of [Weißenburg](/wiki/Weissenburg_Abbey%2C_Alsace "Weissenburg Abbey, Alsace") which was afterwards passed on to successive minor Swabian aristocratic houses. As early as the 10th century, Laupheim possessed a [parish church](/wiki/Parish_church "Parish church") with subsidiaries. In 926, Laupheim and its surroundings were destroyed by the [Hungarians](/wiki/Hungarians%23After_900 "Hungarians#After 900"). A [castle](/wiki/Castle "Castle") is mentioned around the year 1100\. Laupheim appears to have been home of an indigenous noble family, whose members used the suffix von Laupheim. They were attested for the first time in 1110 with Landoldus de Lobhein and seemed to have been in service of the counts of [Kirchberg](/wiki/Illerkirchberg "Illerkirchberg"). The last known member of this family was Berchtolt von Laupheim who was a citizen of Ulm 1372,{{in lang\\|de}} K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 73 long after his family has lost possession of any rights in Laupheim around 1310\.{{in lang\\|de}} J.G. Brigel, Statistisch\-Geschichtliche Beschreibung..., p. 92f. After the collapse of the Empire of the [Staufers](/wiki/Hohenstaufen "Hohenstaufen") during the 13th century, the castle and parish of Laupheim came into the possession of the [Truchsessen](/wiki/Seneschal "Seneschal") von [Waldburg](/wiki/Waldburg "Waldburg") who, in 1331, sold Laupheim together with their other possessions in Upper Swabia to the [Austrian](/wiki/Austrians "Austrians") House of [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg "Habsburg"). The Habsburgs [mortgaged](/wiki/Mortgage_loan "Mortgage loan") Laupheim in 1334 to the [barons](/wiki/Freiherr "Freiherr") von Ellerbach and [enfeoffed](/wiki/Enfeoffment "Enfeoffment") this baronial family in 1407 with castle, town and [patronage](/wiki/Jus_patronatus "Jus patronatus") of the church. The village was badly affected by the crisis of the mid 14th century, caused by the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death") and other factors. The population shrunk and as a consequence the [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29 "Hamlet (place)") of [Ringelhausen](/wiki/Ringelhausen "Ringelhausen"), situated between Laupheim and [Bronnen](/wiki/Bronnen_%28Achstetten%29 "Bronnen (Achstetten)"), was abandoned and eventually lost in the 15th century.{{Citation \\| last \= Landesarchivdirektion Baden\-Württemberg in Verbindung mit dem Landkreis Biberach \\| title \= Der Landkreis Biberach \\| place \= Sigmaringen \\| publisher \= Jan Thorbecke Verlag \\| volume \= 2 \\| year \= 1990 \\| page \= 314 \\| language \= de \\| isbn \= 3\-7995\-6186\-2}} Only the name of a street and a development area in the city of Laupheim nowadays hints at the existence of this hamlet. The Herren von Ellerbach had [St Leonhard's](/wiki/Saint_Leonard_of_Noblac "Saint Leonard of Noblac") Chapel built in 1448, which soon became a place of [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage "Pilgrimage"). In 1430, Emperor [Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor") bestowed upon Burkhard von Ellerbach the right to hold regular markets, Laupheim thereby becoming a [market town](/wiki/Market_town "Market town"), and also the privilege of inflicting [high justice](/wiki/High_justice "High justice"), which gave him the right to hold a [criminal](/wiki/Criminal_law "Criminal law") court inflicting bodily punishment, including the death penalty. The local ruler was now master of life and death. Due to the weekly market and the annual [Gallus](/wiki/Saint_Gall "Saint Gall")\-market, Laupheim quickly developed into a commercial centre. During the course of the [German Peasants' War](/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War "German Peasants' War") 1525, Laupheim Castle was destroyed by the [Baltringer Haufen](/wiki/Baltringer_Haufen "Baltringer Haufen"), an army of [peasants](/wiki/Peasants "Peasants") named after the nearby village of [Baltringen](/wiki/Baltringen "Baltringen"), where approximately 12\.000 farmers gathered to form an army. After the suppression of the revolt, the peasants were forced to rebuild the castle. After the [agnatic](/wiki/Agnatic_seniority "Agnatic seniority") line of the [Ellerbach](/wiki/Ellerbach_%28disambiguation%29 "Ellerbach (disambiguation)") [dynasty](/wiki/Dynasty "Dynasty") became extinct in 1570, Laupheim passed through [Hans Pankraz von Freyberg](/wiki/Hans_Pankraz_von_Freyberg "Hans Pankraz von Freyberg") to the Herren von [Welden](/wiki/Welden_%28dynasty%29 "Welden (dynasty)") in 1582\. They turned Laupheim into their permanent [residence](/wiki/Seat_of_government "Seat of government") and established the first school in 1584\. From 1582 until 1806, Laupheim was a Lordship (Reichsritterschaft) ruled by the heir of the Welden family, whose title was "[Imperial Knight](/wiki/Imperial_Knight "Imperial Knight")" (Reichsritter). [thumb\\|right\\|Former Hospital of the Holy Spirit](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Spital.jpg "Laupheim Spital.jpg") In 1596, the right to bear a [coat of arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms "Coat of arms") was given to Laupheim, showing the colours of green, white and red together with three leaves on a three hills, thereby incorporating the coat\-of\-arms of the family of Welden with the three leaves, referring to the name of the town on the hills of the valley of the river Rottum. The last member of the House of Ellerbach, [Anna von Freyberg](/wiki/Anna_von_Freyberg "Anna von Freyberg"), founded the Hospital of the [Holy Spirit](/wiki/Holy_Spirit "Holy Spirit") in 1601, the building of which still exists and now functions as a [retirement home](/wiki/Retirement_home "Retirement home"). Between 1623 and 1661, the church St. Peter and Paul was built in the vicinity of the castle. Due to the inheritance laws of the house of Welden, the market town was divided into two different territories, Großlaupheim and Kleinlaupheim (Great Laupheim and Little Laupheim), in 1621, at the beginning of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War") (1618–1648\), each territory being ruled by its own dynasty. As a consequence economic growth slowed down. [thumb\\|right\\|Laupheim 1726 with [Großlaupheim Castle](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Flaupheim_Castle "Großlaupheim Castle") on the left and [Kleinlaupheim Castle](/wiki/Kleinlaupheim_Castle "Kleinlaupheim Castle") at the top](/wiki/File:Adel_im_Wandel52.jpg "Adel im Wandel52.jpg") During the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War"), Laupheim repeatedly fell victim to the ravages of war, mainly due to marauding troops, both [imperial](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"), that is Catholic, and [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden"), their [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant "Protestant") opponents. A massive [outbreak](/wiki/Outbreak "Outbreak") of the [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague "Bubonic plague") in 1635 further diminished the population.{{in lang\\|de}} K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 86 At the close of the Thirty Years' War, Laupheim had lost two\-thirds of its pre\-war population, so that ultimately towards the end of the 17th century, Laupheim had sunk to the status of an unimportant, impoverished village. As a consequence of the Thirty Years' War, the feudal lords attempted to increase taxation and extend the amount of socage the peasants had to do for them. This led to legal conflicts between the two parties, which lasted for decades. [thumb\\|right\\|Judenberg in Laupheim](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Judenberg_2.JPG "Laupheim Judenberg 2.JPG") In order to stimulate the local economy and income generated by taxation, [Carl Damian von Welden](/wiki/Carl_Damian_von_Welden "Carl Damian von Welden") allowed the first [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish "Jewish") families to settle in Großlaupheim in the 1720s. This which was made possible by a contract, protecting the [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews"). The Jews were made to settle in an area of the town soon to be called Judenberg (literally Jews' mountain or Jews' hill). Subsequently, a [Jewish quarter](/wiki/Jewish_quarter_%28diaspora%29 "Jewish quarter (diaspora)") evolved, with a cemetery, synagogue, school and a [Rabbi](/wiki/Rabbi "Rabbi")'s office. Georg Schenk, "Die Juden in Laupheim", in: K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 286ff {{main\\|History of the Jews in Laupheim}} During the 18th century, the Welden dynasty had the old castle, [Großlaupheim Castle](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Flaupheim_Castle "Großlaupheim Castle"), restored, and subsequently renewed in [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque")\-style in 1752\. Between 1766 and 1769, the branch of the Welden dynasty that ruled Kleinlaupheim had their residence renewed in [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque")\-style by architect [Johann Georg Specht](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Specht "Johann Georg Specht"). This castle is now called Schloss Kleinlaupheim ([Kleinlaupheim Castle](/wiki/Kleinlaupheim_Castle "Kleinlaupheim Castle")). This makes Laupheim unique in that it has two castles within its city boundaries, as a result of once having been two independent states. [thumb\\|right\\|Schranne (granary)](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Schranne.jpg "Laupheim Schranne.jpg") In 1778, a [town hall](/wiki/Town_hall "Town hall") and the [granary](/wiki/Granary "Granary") were built in the Upper Market Square. Following the [Reichsdeputationshauptschluss](/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss "Reichsdeputationshauptschluss"), the [mediatisation](/wiki/German_mediatisation "German mediatisation") and [secularisation](/wiki/Secularisation "Secularisation") of numerous secular and [ecclesiastical](/wiki/Ecclesiastical "Ecclesiastical") [principalities](/wiki/Principalities "Principalities") within the former [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire"), both parts of Laupheim were annexed by the newly formed [Kingdom of Württemberg](/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg "Kingdom of Württemberg") in 1806\. The last ruler of Laupheim was Constantin von Welden. Laupheim first became administratively part of the district of [Wiblingen](/wiki/Wiblingen "Wiblingen"), but in 1845 the district administration was moved to Laupheim, creating the district of Laupheim. The district as abolished in 1938 when Laupheim became part of the district of Biberach. Due to laws based on the ideas of the [enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment"), servitude in the Kingdom of Württemberg was abolished in 1836\. During the same period, laws forcing Jews to live in separate quarters and excluding them from most business activities were revoked. This enabled them to contribute enormously to the economic upturn Laupheim was experiencing, even though complete civil rights were not granted until 1864\. In 1848, with the arrival of civil servants from the original [Duchy of Württemberg](/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg "Duchy of Württemberg") (Altwürttemberg), a Protestant parish was founded. In 1850, a train station opened two kilometers west of Laupheim, on the [railway line Ulm\-Friedrichshafen](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28W%C3%BCrttemberg%29 "Southern Railway (Württemberg)") from [Ulm](/wiki/Ulm "Ulm") to [Friedrichshafen](/wiki/Friedrichshafen "Friedrichshafen"), this station therefore being named as [Laupheim\-West](/wiki/Laupheim-West "Laupheim-West"). In 1869, Laupheim was granted a [city charter](/wiki/City_charter "City charter") by [King Karl I. of Württemberg](/wiki/Charles%2C_King_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg "Charles, King of Württemberg"). In the same year, the first institute of further education, a [Lateinschule](/wiki/Lateinschule "Lateinschule"), was established in Laupheim. In 1871, Laupheim, being part of the Kingdom of Württemberg, was incorporated into the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire "German Empire"). [thumb\\|Laupheim, main train station ca. 1904](/wiki/File:Bahnhof-laupheim-1904.jpg "Bahnhof-laupheim-1904.jpg") During the steep economic growth of the [Gründerzeit](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit "Gründerzeit"), the period between 1871 and 1914, Laupheim had the highest density of [public houses](/wiki/Public_houses "Public houses") in the whole Kingdom of Württemberg. In 1904, the city was connected to the railway line Ulm\-Friedrichshafen by a [branch line](/wiki/Branch_line "Branch line"), linking the railway artery with the city itself. At the same time a train station was built in the city. This extension of the railway line went on for a further 16 km, terminating at the village of [Schwendi](/wiki/Schwendi%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg "Schwendi, Baden-Württemberg"). {{main\\|Railway Line Laupheim \- Schwendi}} Before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), Laupheim had one of the largest [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish "Jewish") communities in Württemberg. However, the appointment of [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler "Adolf Hitler") as [Chancellor of Germany](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_%28German_Reich%29 "Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)") in 1933 and the systematic deprivation and subsequent suppression of [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews") in Germany, also had their effects on Laupheim, culminating in the destruction by fire of the synagogue during [Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht "Kristallnacht") 1938\. Due to the programme of [aryanization](/wiki/Aryanization_%28Nazism%29 "Aryanization (Nazism)"), many businesses in Laupheim originally owned by [Jews](/wiki/Jews "Jews"), were expropriated and transferred into German ownership. 126 of 312 Jewish inhabitants of Laupheim managed to flee abroad, most of them after the so\-called [Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht "Kristallnacht"). In 1939, the remaining Jews in Laupheim were resettled within the city, only to be deported to [concentration](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps "Nazi concentration camps") and [extermination camps](/wiki/Extermination_camps_in_the_Holocaust "Extermination camps in the Holocaust") in 1941 and 1942\. After the last of four transports, the Jewish community in Laupheim ceased to exist on 19 August 1942\. Sixty\-two Jewish citizens of Laupheim were murdered in the [Shoah](/wiki/The_Holocaust "The Holocaust"), only two survived. After World War II, in the 1960s, Laupheim began to renew and modernize its appearance. New schools were built: a [grammar school](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 "Gymnasium (school)"), a [realschule](/wiki/Realschule "Realschule") and a new town hall. From the 1980s onwards, these projects were followed by a new district hospital, a public in\-doors swimming pool, a renovated stadium, named after [Gretel Bergmann](/wiki/Gretel_Bergmann "Gretel Bergmann") who was born in Laupheim, and an omnibus [interchange](/wiki/Transport_interchange "Transport interchange"). Additionally, several industrial estates on the outskirts of the city were established in order to attract trade and industry. As a consequence, companies from outside Laupheim established offices and production facilities there, as well as companies that formerly had been operating from the city centre.	[ "History\n-------", "The area in and around Laupheim has been settled from very early times onwards. [Archaeological](/wiki/Archaeological \"Archaeological\") evidence shows that 15000 years ago [nomadic](/wiki/Nomadic \"Nomadic\") [tribes](/wiki/Tribe \"Tribe\") roamed the countryside. From ca. 2000 BCE onwards, [Celts](/wiki/Celts \"Celts\") inhabited this area. From the first century [CE](/wiki/Common_Era \"Common Era\") until around the year 260 CE, it was part of the [Roman province](/wiki/Roman_province \"Roman province\") of [Raetia](/wiki/Raetia \"Raetia\"), after which the [Alamanni](/wiki/Alamanni \"Alamanni\") invaded the [Agri Decumates](/wiki/Agri_Decumates \"Agri Decumates\"), eventually also settling in the area that was to become Laupheim. During [archaeological](/wiki/Archaeology \"Archaeology\") excavations in 1840\\-1842 graves dating from the [Merovingian](/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty \"Merovingian dynasty\") period were discovered in the northern part of the town.{{in lang\\\|de}} K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 179", "Laupheim was first mentioned as Louphaim in a charter dated 778\\.Wirtembergisches Urkundenbuch, p. 21 The [charter](/wiki/Charter \"Charter\") is still kept in the [archives](/wiki/Archive \"Archive\") of the [monastery](/wiki/Monastery \"Monastery\") of [St Gallen](/wiki/St_Gallen \"St Gallen\"), Switzerland. This reference is the earliest of any city in Upper Swabia and any parish in the district of Biberach.", "Situated in the vicinity of two major [trade routes](/wiki/Trade_route \"Trade route\") between the [Lake of Constance](/wiki/Lake_of_Constance \"Lake of Constance\") and Ulm and the [Swabian Alb](/wiki/Swabian_Alb \"Swabian Alb\") and the [valley](/wiki/Valley \"Valley\") of the river [Iller](/wiki/Iller \"Iller\") respectively, Laupheim developed into a major settlement. In 853, it was elevated to the status of town when a [court](/wiki/Court \"Court\") responsible for the [Rammachgau](/wiki/Rammachgau \"Rammachgau\") (also spelled Rammagau) was set up there.", "During the 9th century, parts of Laupheim came into the possession of the [monastery](/wiki/Monastery \"Monastery\") of [Weißenburg](/wiki/Weissenburg_Abbey%2C_Alsace \"Weissenburg Abbey, Alsace\") which was afterwards passed on to successive minor Swabian aristocratic houses.", "As early as the 10th century, Laupheim possessed a [parish church](/wiki/Parish_church \"Parish church\") with subsidiaries. In 926, Laupheim and its surroundings were destroyed by the [Hungarians](/wiki/Hungarians%23After_900 \"Hungarians#After 900\"). A [castle](/wiki/Castle \"Castle\") is mentioned around the year 1100\\.", "Laupheim appears to have been home of an indigenous noble family, whose members used the suffix von Laupheim. They were attested for the first time in 1110 with Landoldus de Lobhein and seemed to have been in service of the counts of [Kirchberg](/wiki/Illerkirchberg \"Illerkirchberg\"). The last known member of this family was Berchtolt von Laupheim who was a citizen of Ulm 1372,{{in lang\\\|de}} K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 73 long after his family has lost possession of any rights in Laupheim around 1310\\.{{in lang\\\|de}} J.G. Brigel, Statistisch\\-Geschichtliche Beschreibung..., p. 92f.", "After the collapse of the Empire of the [Staufers](/wiki/Hohenstaufen \"Hohenstaufen\") during the 13th century, the castle and parish of Laupheim came into the possession of the [Truchsessen](/wiki/Seneschal \"Seneschal\") von [Waldburg](/wiki/Waldburg \"Waldburg\") who, in 1331, sold Laupheim together with their other possessions in Upper Swabia to the [Austrian](/wiki/Austrians \"Austrians\") House of [Habsburg](/wiki/Habsburg \"Habsburg\").", "The Habsburgs [mortgaged](/wiki/Mortgage_loan \"Mortgage loan\") Laupheim in 1334 to the [barons](/wiki/Freiherr \"Freiherr\") von Ellerbach and [enfeoffed](/wiki/Enfeoffment \"Enfeoffment\") this baronial family in 1407 with castle, town and [patronage](/wiki/Jus_patronatus \"Jus patronatus\") of the church.", "The village was badly affected by the crisis of the mid 14th century, caused by the [Black Death](/wiki/Black_Death \"Black Death\") and other factors. The population shrunk and as a consequence the [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28place%29 \"Hamlet (place)\") of [Ringelhausen](/wiki/Ringelhausen \"Ringelhausen\"), situated between Laupheim and [Bronnen](/wiki/Bronnen_%28Achstetten%29 \"Bronnen (Achstetten)\"), was abandoned and eventually lost in the 15th century.{{Citation \\\| last \\= Landesarchivdirektion Baden\\-Württemberg in Verbindung mit dem Landkreis Biberach \\\| title \\= Der Landkreis Biberach \\\| place \\= Sigmaringen \\\| publisher \\= Jan Thorbecke Verlag \\\| volume \\= 2 \\\| year \\= 1990 \\\| page \\= 314 \\\| language \\= de \\\| isbn \\= 3\\-7995\\-6186\\-2}} Only the name of a street and a development area in the city of Laupheim nowadays hints at the existence of this hamlet.", "The Herren von Ellerbach had [St Leonhard's](/wiki/Saint_Leonard_of_Noblac \"Saint Leonard of Noblac\") Chapel built in 1448, which soon became a place of [pilgrimage](/wiki/Pilgrimage \"Pilgrimage\").", "In 1430, Emperor [Sigismund](/wiki/Sigismund%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor\") bestowed upon Burkhard von Ellerbach the right to hold regular markets, Laupheim thereby becoming a [market town](/wiki/Market_town \"Market town\"), and also the privilege of inflicting [high justice](/wiki/High_justice \"High justice\"), which gave him the right to hold a [criminal](/wiki/Criminal_law \"Criminal law\") court inflicting bodily punishment, including the death penalty. The local ruler was now master of life and death. Due to the weekly market and the annual [Gallus](/wiki/Saint_Gall \"Saint Gall\")\\-market, Laupheim quickly developed into a commercial centre.", "During the course of the [German Peasants' War](/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War \"German Peasants' War\") 1525, Laupheim Castle was destroyed by the [Baltringer Haufen](/wiki/Baltringer_Haufen \"Baltringer Haufen\"), an army of [peasants](/wiki/Peasants \"Peasants\") named after the nearby village of [Baltringen](/wiki/Baltringen \"Baltringen\"), where approximately 12\\.000 farmers gathered to form an army. After the suppression of the revolt, the peasants were forced to rebuild the castle.", "After the [agnatic](/wiki/Agnatic_seniority \"Agnatic seniority\") line of the [Ellerbach](/wiki/Ellerbach_%28disambiguation%29 \"Ellerbach (disambiguation)\") [dynasty](/wiki/Dynasty \"Dynasty\") became extinct in 1570, Laupheim passed through [Hans Pankraz von Freyberg](/wiki/Hans_Pankraz_von_Freyberg \"Hans Pankraz von Freyberg\") to the Herren von [Welden](/wiki/Welden_%28dynasty%29 \"Welden (dynasty)\") in 1582\\. They turned Laupheim into their permanent [residence](/wiki/Seat_of_government \"Seat of government\") and established the first school in 1584\\. From 1582 until 1806, Laupheim was a Lordship (Reichsritterschaft) ruled by the heir of the Welden family, whose title was \"[Imperial Knight](/wiki/Imperial_Knight \"Imperial Knight\")\" (Reichsritter).\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Former Hospital of the Holy Spirit](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Spital.jpg \"Laupheim Spital.jpg\")", "In 1596, the right to bear a [coat of arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms \"Coat of arms\") was given to Laupheim, showing the colours of green, white and red together with three leaves on a three hills, thereby incorporating the coat\\-of\\-arms of the family of Welden with the three leaves, referring to the name of the town on the hills of the valley of the river Rottum.", "The last member of the House of Ellerbach, [Anna von Freyberg](/wiki/Anna_von_Freyberg \"Anna von Freyberg\"), founded the Hospital of the [Holy Spirit](/wiki/Holy_Spirit \"Holy Spirit\") in 1601, the building of which still exists and now functions as a [retirement home](/wiki/Retirement_home \"Retirement home\").", "Between 1623 and 1661, the church St. Peter and Paul was built in the vicinity of the castle.", "Due to the inheritance laws of the house of Welden, the market town was divided into two different territories, Großlaupheim and Kleinlaupheim (Great Laupheim and Little Laupheim), in 1621, at the beginning of the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\") (1618–1648\\), each territory being ruled by its own dynasty. As a consequence economic growth slowed down.\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Laupheim 1726 with [Großlaupheim Castle](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Flaupheim_Castle \"Großlaupheim Castle\") on the left and [Kleinlaupheim Castle](/wiki/Kleinlaupheim_Castle \"Kleinlaupheim Castle\") at the top](/wiki/File:Adel_im_Wandel52.jpg \"Adel im Wandel52.jpg\")\nDuring the [Thirty Years' War](/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War \"Thirty Years' War\"), Laupheim repeatedly fell victim to the ravages of war, mainly due to marauding troops, both [imperial](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\"), that is Catholic, and [Swedish](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\"), their [Protestant](/wiki/Protestant \"Protestant\") opponents. A massive [outbreak](/wiki/Outbreak \"Outbreak\") of the [bubonic plague](/wiki/Bubonic_plague \"Bubonic plague\") in 1635 further diminished the population.{{in lang\\\|de}} K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 86 At the close of the Thirty Years' War, Laupheim had lost two\\-thirds of its pre\\-war population, so that ultimately towards the end of the 17th century, Laupheim had sunk to the status of an unimportant, impoverished village. As a consequence of the Thirty Years' War, the feudal lords attempted to increase taxation and extend the amount of socage the peasants had to do for them. This led to legal conflicts between the two parties, which lasted for decades.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Judenberg in Laupheim](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Judenberg_2.JPG \"Laupheim Judenberg 2.JPG\")\nIn order to stimulate the local economy and income generated by taxation, [Carl Damian von Welden](/wiki/Carl_Damian_von_Welden \"Carl Damian von Welden\") allowed the first [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") families to settle in Großlaupheim in the 1720s. This which was made possible by a contract, protecting the [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\"). The Jews were made to settle in an area of the town soon to be called Judenberg (literally Jews' mountain or Jews' hill). Subsequently, a [Jewish quarter](/wiki/Jewish_quarter_%28diaspora%29 \"Jewish quarter (diaspora)\") evolved, with a cemetery, synagogue, school and a [Rabbi](/wiki/Rabbi \"Rabbi\")'s office.\nGeorg Schenk, \"Die Juden in Laupheim\", in: K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 286ff\n{{main\\\|History of the Jews in Laupheim}}\nDuring the 18th century, the Welden dynasty had the old castle, [Großlaupheim Castle](/wiki/Gro%C3%9Flaupheim_Castle \"Großlaupheim Castle\"), restored, and subsequently renewed in [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\")\\-style in 1752\\. Between 1766 and 1769, the branch of the Welden dynasty that ruled Kleinlaupheim had their residence renewed in [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\")\\-style by architect [Johann Georg Specht](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Specht \"Johann Georg Specht\"). This castle is now called Schloss Kleinlaupheim ([Kleinlaupheim Castle](/wiki/Kleinlaupheim_Castle \"Kleinlaupheim Castle\")). This makes Laupheim unique in that it has two castles within its city boundaries, as a result of once having been two independent states.\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Schranne (granary)](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Schranne.jpg \"Laupheim Schranne.jpg\")", "In 1778, a [town hall](/wiki/Town_hall \"Town hall\") and the [granary](/wiki/Granary \"Granary\") were built in the Upper Market Square.", "Following the [Reichsdeputationshauptschluss](/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss \"Reichsdeputationshauptschluss\"), the [mediatisation](/wiki/German_mediatisation \"German mediatisation\") and [secularisation](/wiki/Secularisation \"Secularisation\") of numerous secular and [ecclesiastical](/wiki/Ecclesiastical \"Ecclesiastical\") [principalities](/wiki/Principalities \"Principalities\") within the former [Holy Roman Empire](/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire \"Holy Roman Empire\"), both parts of Laupheim were annexed by the newly formed [Kingdom of Württemberg](/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Kingdom of Württemberg\") in 1806\\. The last ruler of Laupheim was Constantin von Welden. Laupheim first became administratively part of the district of [Wiblingen](/wiki/Wiblingen \"Wiblingen\"), but in 1845 the district administration was moved to Laupheim, creating the district of Laupheim. The district as abolished in 1938 when Laupheim became part of the district of Biberach.", "Due to laws based on the ideas of the [enlightenment](/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment \"Age of Enlightenment\"), servitude in the Kingdom of Württemberg was abolished in 1836\\. During the same period, laws forcing Jews to live in separate quarters and excluding them from most business activities were revoked. This enabled them to contribute enormously to the economic upturn Laupheim was experiencing, even though complete civil rights were not granted until 1864\\.", "In 1848, with the arrival of civil servants from the original [Duchy of Württemberg](/wiki/Duchy_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Duchy of Württemberg\") (Altwürttemberg), a Protestant parish was founded.", "In 1850, a train station opened two kilometers west of Laupheim, on the [railway line Ulm\\-Friedrichshafen](/wiki/Southern_Railway_%28W%C3%BCrttemberg%29 \"Southern Railway (Württemberg)\") from [Ulm](/wiki/Ulm \"Ulm\") to [Friedrichshafen](/wiki/Friedrichshafen \"Friedrichshafen\"), this station therefore being named as [Laupheim\\-West](/wiki/Laupheim-West \"Laupheim-West\").", "In 1869, Laupheim was granted a [city charter](/wiki/City_charter \"City charter\") by [King Karl I. of Württemberg](/wiki/Charles%2C_King_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Charles, King of Württemberg\"). In the same year, the first institute of further education, a [Lateinschule](/wiki/Lateinschule \"Lateinschule\"), was established in Laupheim. In 1871, Laupheim, being part of the Kingdom of Württemberg, was incorporated into the [German Empire](/wiki/German_Empire \"German Empire\").\n[thumb\\\|Laupheim, main train station ca. 1904](/wiki/File:Bahnhof-laupheim-1904.jpg \"Bahnhof-laupheim-1904.jpg\")", "During the steep economic growth of the [Gründerzeit](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit \"Gründerzeit\"), the period between 1871 and 1914, Laupheim had the highest density of [public houses](/wiki/Public_houses \"Public houses\") in the whole Kingdom of Württemberg.", "In 1904, the city was connected to the railway line Ulm\\-Friedrichshafen by a [branch line](/wiki/Branch_line \"Branch line\"), linking the railway artery with the city itself. At the same time a train station was built in the city. This extension of the railway line went on for a further 16 km, terminating at the village of [Schwendi](/wiki/Schwendi%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg \"Schwendi, Baden-Württemberg\").\n{{main\\\|Railway Line Laupheim \\- Schwendi}}", "Before [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), Laupheim had one of the largest [Jewish](/wiki/Jewish \"Jewish\") communities in Württemberg. However, the appointment of [Adolf Hitler](/wiki/Adolf_Hitler \"Adolf Hitler\") as [Chancellor of Germany](/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_%28German_Reich%29 \"Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)\") in 1933 and the systematic deprivation and subsequent suppression of [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\") in Germany, also had their effects on Laupheim, culminating in the destruction by fire of the synagogue during [Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht \"Kristallnacht\") 1938\\.", "Due to the programme of [aryanization](/wiki/Aryanization_%28Nazism%29 \"Aryanization (Nazism)\"), many businesses in Laupheim originally owned by [Jews](/wiki/Jews \"Jews\"), were expropriated and transferred into German ownership. 126 of 312 Jewish inhabitants of Laupheim managed to flee abroad, most of them after the so\\-called [Kristallnacht](/wiki/Kristallnacht \"Kristallnacht\"). In 1939, the remaining Jews in Laupheim were resettled within the city, only to be deported to [concentration](/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps \"Nazi concentration camps\") and [extermination camps](/wiki/Extermination_camps_in_the_Holocaust \"Extermination camps in the Holocaust\") in 1941 and 1942\\. After the last of four transports, the Jewish community in Laupheim ceased to exist on 19 August 1942\\.", "Sixty\\-two Jewish citizens of Laupheim were murdered in the [Shoah](/wiki/The_Holocaust \"The Holocaust\"), only two survived.", "After World War II, in the 1960s, Laupheim began to renew and modernize its appearance. New schools were built: a [grammar school](/wiki/Gymnasium_%28school%29 \"Gymnasium (school)\"), a [realschule](/wiki/Realschule \"Realschule\") and a new town hall. From the 1980s onwards, these projects were followed by a new district hospital, a public in\\-doors swimming pool, a renovated stadium, named after [Gretel Bergmann](/wiki/Gretel_Bergmann \"Gretel Bergmann\") who was born in Laupheim, and an omnibus [interchange](/wiki/Transport_interchange \"Transport interchange\").", "Additionally, several industrial estates on the outskirts of the city were established in order to attract trade and industry. As a consequence, companies from outside Laupheim established offices and production facilities there, as well as companies that formerly had been operating from the city centre.", "" ]
Population ---------- \| Year \| Population{{Cite web \\| title \= Bevölkerung im Überblick \\| work \= Landesinformationssystem \\| publisher \= Statistisches Landesamt Baden Württemberg \\| url \= http://www.statistik.baden\-wuerttemberg.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelkerung/01035010\.tab?R\=GS426070 \\| access\-date \= 2019\-05\-30}}{{in lang\\|de}} J.G. Brigel, Statistisch\-Geschichtliche Beschreibung..., p. 9 \| \| 1500 \|950 \| 1600 \|1,240 \| 1700 \|1,660 \| 1806 \|2,369 \| 1820 \|2,687 \| 1832 \|2,934 \| 1840 \|3,251 \| 1844 \|3,457 \| 1854 \|3,712 \| 1871 \|6,302 \| 1900 \|7,319 \| 1925 \|8,467 \| 1933 \|8,572 \| 1939 \|8,402 \| 1950 \|10,337 \| 1961 \|11,997 \| 1971 \|14,582 \| 1981 \|15,095 \| 1991 \|16,831 \| 2001 \|18,626 \| 2008 \|19,576 \| 2009 \|19,668 \| 2010 \|19,796 \| 2011 \|19,700 \| 2012 \|19,951 \| 2013 \|20,213 \| 2014 \|20,655 \| 2015 \|21,153 \| 2016 \|21,742 \| 2017 \|22,136 \| 2018 \|22,387 \| 2019 \|22,429 \| 2020 \|22,579 Having developed from a rural market town into a city, predominated by industry, trade and the service industries, the demographics of Laupheim have changed as well. After growing continuously from 1871 until 1933, from the [Gründerzeit](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit "Gründerzeit") until the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazis "Nazis") came to power, this development came to a halt. The stagnation and eventual decrease in population was due to increasing persecution of the Jews, as a result of which many Jewish inhabitants left Laupheim or, after 1940, were deported and subsequently murdered. Since 1945, the population of Laupheim has almost doubled. This is due to the fact that a great number of refugees from [formerly German territories](/wiki/Historical_Eastern_Germany "Historical Eastern Germany") east of the [Oder\-Neisse line](/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line "Oder-Neisse line") were settled in Laupheim. The establishment of a [German Army Aviation Corps](/wiki/Army_Aviation_Corps_%28Germany%29 "Army Aviation Corps (Germany)") airbase in 1964 further contributed to the growth in population. After the collapse of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") in 1991, an influx of [ethnic Germans](/wiki/Ethnic_German "Ethnic German") from the [Commonwealth of Independent States](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States") added to the population growth. As of 31 December 2019, the number of non\-German inhabitants of Laupheim totals 3,269 (14\.58% of the total population).{{Cite web \\| title \= Bevölkerung nach Nationalität – vierteljährlich \\| work \= Landesinformationssystem \\| publisher \= Statistisches Landesamt Baden Württemberg \\| url \= http://www.statistik.baden\-wuerttemberg.de/BevoelkGebiet/MigrNation/01035055\.tab?R\=GS426070 \\| access\-date \= 2019\-05\-30}}	[ "Population\n----------", "", "\| Year \| Population{{Cite web \\\| title \\= Bevölkerung im Überblick \\\| work \\= Landesinformationssystem \\\| publisher \\= Statistisches Landesamt Baden Württemberg \\\| url \\= http://www.statistik.baden\\-wuerttemberg.de/BevoelkGebiet/Bevoelkerung/01035010\\.tab?R\\=GS426070 \\\| access\\-date \\= 2019\\-05\\-30}}{{in lang\\\|de}} J.G. Brigel, Statistisch\\-Geschichtliche Beschreibung..., p. 9 \|", "\| 1500 \|950", "\| 1600 \|1,240", "\| 1700 \|1,660", "\| 1806 \|2,369", "\| 1820 \|2,687", "\| 1832 \|2,934", "\| 1840 \|3,251", "\| 1844 \|3,457", "\| 1854 \|3,712", "\| 1871 \|6,302", "\| 1900 \|7,319", "\| 1925 \|8,467", "\| 1933 \|8,572", "\| 1939 \|8,402", "\| 1950 \|10,337", "\| 1961 \|11,997", "\| 1971 \|14,582", "\| 1981 \|15,095", "\| 1991 \|16,831", "\| 2001 \|18,626", "\| 2008 \|19,576", "\| 2009 \|19,668", "\| 2010 \|19,796", "\| 2011 \|19,700", "\| 2012 \|19,951", "\| 2013 \|20,213", "\| 2014 \|20,655", "\| 2015 \|21,153", "\| 2016 \|21,742", "\| 2017 \|22,136", "\| 2018 \|22,387", "\| 2019 \|22,429", "\| 2020 \|22,579", "Having developed from a rural market town into a city, predominated by industry, trade and the service industries, the demographics of Laupheim have changed as well.", "After growing continuously from 1871 until 1933, from the [Gründerzeit](/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit \"Gründerzeit\") until the [Nazis](/wiki/Nazis \"Nazis\") came to power, this development came to a halt. The stagnation and eventual decrease in population was due to increasing persecution of the Jews, as a result of which many Jewish inhabitants left Laupheim or, after 1940, were deported and subsequently murdered.", "Since 1945, the population of Laupheim has almost doubled. This is due to the fact that a great number of refugees from [formerly German territories](/wiki/Historical_Eastern_Germany \"Historical Eastern Germany\") east of the [Oder\\-Neisse line](/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line \"Oder-Neisse line\") were settled in Laupheim.", "The establishment of a [German Army Aviation Corps](/wiki/Army_Aviation_Corps_%28Germany%29 \"Army Aviation Corps (Germany)\") airbase in 1964 further contributed to the growth in population.", "After the collapse of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") in 1991, an influx of [ethnic Germans](/wiki/Ethnic_German \"Ethnic German\") from the [Commonwealth of Independent States](/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\") added to the population growth.", "As of 31 December 2019, the number of non\\-German inhabitants of Laupheim totals 3,269 (14\\.58% of the total population).{{Cite web \\\| title \\= Bevölkerung nach Nationalität – vierteljährlich \\\| work \\= Landesinformationssystem \\\| publisher \\= Statistisches Landesamt Baden Württemberg \\\| url \\= http://www.statistik.baden\\-wuerttemberg.de/BevoelkGebiet/MigrNation/01035055\\.tab?R\\=GS426070 \\\| access\\-date \\= 2019\\-05\\-30}}", "" ]
Attractions ----------- ### Großlaupheim Castle [thumb\\|right\\|Großlaupheim Castle](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Schloss_Grosslaupheim.jpg "Laupheim Schloss Grosslaupheim.jpg") Großlaupheim Castle is situated on a hill on the verge of the city close to the local parish church. The existence of a castle in Laupheim was documented for the first time around the year 1100\. There is no evidence that the castle originally consisted of more than a wooden structure. This castle existed until the Peasants' War in 1525, when it was destroyed by rebellious peasants. After the end of hostilities, the peasants were forced to rebuild the castle in stone. The structure as it stands today was erected in three different phases: * The so\-called [Feudal](/wiki/Feudal "Feudal") Castle (Lehenschloss), the oldest part, dates from the middle of the 16th century. It consists of a three\-storey, square [edifice](/wiki/Edifice "Edifice") with two flanking round towers. * Adjoining it, the so\-called New Castle (Neues Schloss) (built between 1660 and 1680\) with an early [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") square flanked by [arcades](/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29 "Arcade (architecture)") and a gateway. [thumb\\|right\\|Baroque rose garden with Kleines Schlössle](/wiki/File:Laupheim_castle_Rosengarten.JPG "Laupheim castle Rosengarten.JPG") * Somewhat removed but still part of the complex, the so\-called Little Castle (Kleines Schlössle) was built in the middle of the 17th century. It was used by the Freiherren von Welden as dwelling place for the widows of former rulers of Laupheim. On a terrace below the castle buildings, a small rose garden was designed in Baroque\-style. ### Museum of the History of Christians and Jews The Museum of the History of Christians and Jews is situated in Großlaupheim Castle. It is unique in Germany in that its collection concentrates on the documentation of the relationship between Christians and Jews on a local level, using Laupheim, which once had the largest Jewish community in the Kingdom of Württemberg, as an example. The exhibition documents in chronological order all aspects of more than 200 years of Jewish life in Laupheim. ### Castle Park [thumb\\|right\\|Castle Park](/wiki/File:Laupheim_castle_park_3.JPG "Laupheim castle park 3.JPG") The park is situated at the bottom of the hill on top of which Schloss Großlaupheim lies. The castle park was designed in the [English Style](/wiki/Landscape_garden "Landscape garden") by [Kilian von Steiner](/wiki/Kilian_von_Steiner "Kilian von Steiner"). A huge number of trees, meadows and lakes created an impressive appearance. Originally, it was well known for its exotic trees and plants. Formerly, there were five lakes, which, during winter, provided a brewery with ice. During summer, the lakes were used for raising [trout](/wiki/Trout "Trout"). However, in recent times the maintenance of the ground and the lakes was neglected due to a lack of council funding. In recent years efforts have been made to restore the park, at least in parts, to its former glory. In 2011, the park was declared a "Garden Monument' by the state of Baden\-Württemberg's National Trust.{{Citation \\| last \= Ray \\| first \= Roland \\| title \= Jetzt kann die Arbeit im Schlosspark beginnen \\| newspaper \= Schwäbische Zeitung \\| date \= 7 March 2013 \\| language \= de \\| url \= http://www.schwaebische.de/region/biberach\-ulm/laupheim/stadtnachrichten\-laupheim\_artikel,\-Jetzt\-kann\-die\-Arbeit\-im\-Schlosspark\-beginnen\-\_arid,5404150\.html \\| access\-date \= 9 March 2013}} ### Kleinlaupheim Castle [thumb\\|right\\|Kleinlaupheim Castle](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Schloss_Kleinlaupheim.jpg "Laupheim Schloss Kleinlaupheim.jpg") Kleinlaupheim Castle is situated on a hill south\-west of the river Rottum within the city limits of Laupheim. In its present state it was built between 1766 and 1769 as a place of residence for the ruler of Kleinlaupheim at the time, the [Freiherr](/wiki/Freiherr "Freiherr") [Joseph Ignaz von Welden\-Kleinlaupheim](/wiki/Joseph_Ignaz_von_Welden-Kleinlaupheim "Joseph Ignaz von Welden-Kleinlaupheim") (1721–1802\). It was designed by [Johann Georg Specht](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Specht "Johann Georg Specht") of [Lindenberg](/wiki/Lindenberg_im_Allg%C3%A4u "Lindenberg im Allgäu") in Baroque\-style. It consists of a three\-storey building with a curved [mansard](/wiki/Mansard "Mansard") roof. [Pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters "Pilasters"), [cornices](/wiki/Cornices "Cornices") and [gables](/wiki/Gable "Gable") enliven the facade of the building. Inside there is a remarkable grand [staircase](/wiki/Staircase "Staircase") in the [vestibule](/wiki/Vestibule_%28Architecture%29 "Vestibule (Architecture)"). It now houses the local [police station](/wiki/Police_station "Police station") and an [art gallery](/wiki/Art_gallery "Art gallery"), Die Wache Galerie, a pun on words in that Wache can mean [police station](/wiki/Police_station "Police station") as well as alert or awake. [thumb\\|right\\|Parish Church St Peter and Paul with rectory](/wiki/File:Laupheim_St_Peter_Paul_mit_Pfarrhaus.jpg "Laupheim St Peter Paul mit Pfarrhaus.jpg") ### Parish Church St Peter and Paul The Parish Church St Peter and Paul, built between 1623 and 1661, lies in close proximity to Großlaupheim Castle. It was designed by [Martino I. Barbieri](/wiki/Martino_I._Barbieri "Martino I. Barbieri") from [Roveredo](/wiki/Roveredo "Roveredo") in Baroque\-style, showing influences of [manierism](/wiki/Manierism "Manierism").K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 160f. The interior of the church is decorated with sculptures by [Dominikus Hermenegild Herberger](/wiki/Dominikus_Hermenegild_Herberger "Dominikus Hermenegild Herberger") and paintings by [Johann Georg Bergmüller](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Bergm%C3%BCller "Johann Georg Bergmüller"). ### Planetarium and Public Observatory [thumb\\|right\\|Laupheim planetarium, view from top of the dome](/wiki/File:Planetarium_Laupheim_Kuppelsaal.jpg "Planetarium Laupheim Kuppelsaal.jpg") The [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium "Planetarium") and public [astronomical observatory](/wiki/Astronomical_observatory "Astronomical observatory") of Laupheim ({{lang\-de\\|Volkssternwarte Laupheim\\|links\=no}}) counts about 40000 visitors each year. It is run on a mostly voluntary basis by the club Volkssternwarte Laupheim e.V. (founded 1975\), providing high quality [astronomical](/wiki/Astronomy "Astronomy") education. The work of the club has been recognized by astronomer [Carolyn Shoemaker](/wiki/Carolyn_Shoemaker "Carolyn Shoemaker"), who named the asteroid [7167 Laupheim](/wiki/7167%C2%A0Laupheim "7167 Laupheim") in honour of the institution. ### The Laupheimer Kinder\- und Heimatfest The annual historical festival, the Kinder\- und Heimatfest, takes place during the last weekend of June. It consists of [processions](/wiki/Processions "Processions") and [parades](/wiki/Parades "Parades"), performed by various groups, incorporating performances in historical costumes, [concert bands](/wiki/Concert_band "Concert band") and [floats](/wiki/Float_%28parade%29 "Float (parade)"), referring to contemporary and historical events. There is also a [funfair](/wiki/Funfair "Funfair"), accompanied by several [pole marquees](/wiki/Pole_marquee "Pole marquee"), as well as much revelling in the bars, [cafes](/wiki/Coffeehouse "Coffeehouse") and [pubs](/wiki/Pub "Pub") of the city. ### Brunnenfest On the last Sunday of the summer holidays, the traditional Brunnenfest (fountain party) takes place in the city centre. A [street party](/wiki/Street_party "Street party"), it is concentrated on the Upper and Lower Market Square. The name of the event derives from the [Neptune](/wiki/Poseidon "Poseidon")\-fountain, situated in the Upper Market Square. A great number of stalls serves [Swabian](/wiki/Swabia "Swabia") and international [cuisine](/wiki/Cuisine "Cuisine") as well as a large variety of beverages. The stalls are organised and staffed by local clubs. [Concert bands](/wiki/Concert_band "Concert band"), [Jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") bands and [Volksmusik](/wiki/Volksmusik "Volksmusik") bands entertain visitors. On a stage dance and sport performances are shown. Additionally, a [flea market](/wiki/Flea_market "Flea market") is held at the same time. ### Other [thumb\\|right\\|Cafe Hermes](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Friedrich_Adler.JPG "Laupheim Friedrich Adler.JPG") * Laupheim is situated on the [Upper Swabian Baroque Route](/wiki/Upper_Swabian_Baroque_Route "Upper Swabian Baroque Route"), a touristic route along the most notable architectural remains of Baroque\-style in Upper Swabia. * [Jugendstil](/wiki/Jugendstil "Jugendstil") Cafe Hermes on Kapellenstraße, birthplace of [Friedrich Adler](/wiki/Friedrich_Adler_%28artist%29 "Friedrich Adler (artist)").	[ "Attractions\n-----------", "### Großlaupheim Castle", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Großlaupheim Castle](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Schloss_Grosslaupheim.jpg \"Laupheim Schloss Grosslaupheim.jpg\")\nGroßlaupheim Castle is situated on a hill on the verge of the city close to the local parish church.\nThe existence of a castle in Laupheim was documented for the first time around the year 1100\\. There is no evidence that the castle originally consisted of more than a wooden structure. This castle existed until the Peasants' War in 1525, when it was destroyed by rebellious peasants. After the end of hostilities, the peasants were forced to rebuild the castle in stone. The structure as it stands today was erected in three different phases:\n* The so\\-called [Feudal](/wiki/Feudal \"Feudal\") Castle (Lehenschloss), the oldest part, dates from the middle of the 16th century. It consists of a three\\-storey, square [edifice](/wiki/Edifice \"Edifice\") with two flanking round towers.\n* Adjoining it, the so\\-called New Castle (Neues Schloss) (built between 1660 and 1680\\) with an early [Baroque](/wiki/Baroque \"Baroque\") square flanked by [arcades](/wiki/Arcade_%28architecture%29 \"Arcade (architecture)\") and a gateway.\n[thumb\\\|right\\\|Baroque rose garden with Kleines Schlössle](/wiki/File:Laupheim_castle_Rosengarten.JPG \"Laupheim castle Rosengarten.JPG\")\n* Somewhat removed but still part of the complex, the so\\-called Little Castle (Kleines Schlössle) was built in the middle of the 17th century. It was used by the Freiherren von Welden as dwelling place for the widows of former rulers of Laupheim. On a terrace below the castle buildings, a small rose garden was designed in Baroque\\-style.", "### Museum of the History of Christians and Jews", "The Museum of the History of Christians and Jews is situated in Großlaupheim Castle. It is unique in Germany in that its collection concentrates on the documentation of the relationship between Christians and Jews on a local level, using Laupheim, which once had the largest Jewish community in the Kingdom of Württemberg, as an example. The exhibition documents in chronological order all aspects of more than 200 years of Jewish life in Laupheim.", "### Castle Park", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Castle Park](/wiki/File:Laupheim_castle_park_3.JPG \"Laupheim castle park 3.JPG\")\nThe park is situated at the bottom of the hill on top of which Schloss Großlaupheim lies. The castle park was designed in the [English Style](/wiki/Landscape_garden \"Landscape garden\") by [Kilian von Steiner](/wiki/Kilian_von_Steiner \"Kilian von Steiner\"). A huge number of trees, meadows and lakes created an impressive appearance. Originally, it was well known for its exotic trees and plants. Formerly, there were five lakes, which, during winter, provided a brewery with ice. During summer, the lakes were used for raising [trout](/wiki/Trout \"Trout\"). However, in recent times the maintenance of the ground and the lakes was neglected due to a lack of council funding. In recent years efforts have been made to restore the park, at least in parts, to its former glory. In 2011, the park was declared a \"Garden Monument' by the state of Baden\\-Württemberg's National Trust.{{Citation \\\| last \\= Ray \\\| first \\= Roland \\\| title \\= Jetzt kann die Arbeit im Schlosspark beginnen \\\| newspaper \\= Schwäbische Zeitung \\\| date \\= 7 March 2013 \\\| language \\= de \\\| url \\= http://www.schwaebische.de/region/biberach\\-ulm/laupheim/stadtnachrichten\\-laupheim\\_artikel,\\-Jetzt\\-kann\\-die\\-Arbeit\\-im\\-Schlosspark\\-beginnen\\-\\_arid,5404150\\.html \\\| access\\-date \\= 9 March 2013}}", "### Kleinlaupheim Castle", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Kleinlaupheim Castle](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Schloss_Kleinlaupheim.jpg \"Laupheim Schloss Kleinlaupheim.jpg\")\nKleinlaupheim Castle is situated on a hill south\\-west of the river Rottum within the city limits of Laupheim.\nIn its present state it was built between 1766 and 1769 as a place of residence for the ruler of Kleinlaupheim at the time, the [Freiherr](/wiki/Freiherr \"Freiherr\") [Joseph Ignaz von Welden\\-Kleinlaupheim](/wiki/Joseph_Ignaz_von_Welden-Kleinlaupheim \"Joseph Ignaz von Welden-Kleinlaupheim\") (1721–1802\\). It was designed by [Johann Georg Specht](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Specht \"Johann Georg Specht\") of [Lindenberg](/wiki/Lindenberg_im_Allg%C3%A4u \"Lindenberg im Allgäu\") in Baroque\\-style. It consists of a three\\-storey building with a curved [mansard](/wiki/Mansard \"Mansard\") roof. [Pilasters](/wiki/Pilasters \"Pilasters\"), [cornices](/wiki/Cornices \"Cornices\") and [gables](/wiki/Gable \"Gable\") enliven the facade of the building. Inside there is a remarkable grand [staircase](/wiki/Staircase \"Staircase\") in the [vestibule](/wiki/Vestibule_%28Architecture%29 \"Vestibule (Architecture)\").", "It now houses the local [police station](/wiki/Police_station \"Police station\") and an [art gallery](/wiki/Art_gallery \"Art gallery\"), Die Wache Galerie, a pun on words in that Wache can mean [police station](/wiki/Police_station \"Police station\") as well as alert or awake.", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Parish Church St Peter and Paul with rectory](/wiki/File:Laupheim_St_Peter_Paul_mit_Pfarrhaus.jpg \"Laupheim St Peter Paul mit Pfarrhaus.jpg\")", "### Parish Church St Peter and Paul", "The Parish Church St Peter and Paul, built between 1623 and 1661, lies in close proximity to Großlaupheim Castle. It was designed by [Martino I. Barbieri](/wiki/Martino_I._Barbieri \"Martino I. Barbieri\") from [Roveredo](/wiki/Roveredo \"Roveredo\") in Baroque\\-style, showing influences of [manierism](/wiki/Manierism \"Manierism\").K. Diemer, Laupheim, p. 160f. The interior of the church is decorated with sculptures by [Dominikus Hermenegild Herberger](/wiki/Dominikus_Hermenegild_Herberger \"Dominikus Hermenegild Herberger\") and paintings by [Johann Georg Bergmüller](/wiki/Johann_Georg_Bergm%C3%BCller \"Johann Georg Bergmüller\").", "### Planetarium and Public Observatory", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Laupheim planetarium, view from top of the dome](/wiki/File:Planetarium_Laupheim_Kuppelsaal.jpg \"Planetarium Laupheim Kuppelsaal.jpg\")\nThe [planetarium](/wiki/Planetarium \"Planetarium\") and public [astronomical observatory](/wiki/Astronomical_observatory \"Astronomical observatory\") of Laupheim ({{lang\\-de\\\|Volkssternwarte Laupheim\\\|links\\=no}}) counts about 40000 visitors each year. It is run on a mostly voluntary basis by the club Volkssternwarte Laupheim e.V. (founded 1975\\), providing high quality [astronomical](/wiki/Astronomy \"Astronomy\") education. The work of the club has been recognized by astronomer [Carolyn Shoemaker](/wiki/Carolyn_Shoemaker \"Carolyn Shoemaker\"), who named the asteroid [7167 Laupheim](/wiki/7167%C2%A0Laupheim \"7167 Laupheim\") in honour of the institution.", "### The Laupheimer Kinder\\- und Heimatfest", "The annual historical festival, the Kinder\\- und Heimatfest, takes place during the last weekend of June. It consists of [processions](/wiki/Processions \"Processions\") and [parades](/wiki/Parades \"Parades\"), performed by various groups, incorporating performances in historical costumes, [concert bands](/wiki/Concert_band \"Concert band\") and [floats](/wiki/Float_%28parade%29 \"Float (parade)\"), referring to contemporary and historical events. There is also a [funfair](/wiki/Funfair \"Funfair\"), accompanied by several [pole marquees](/wiki/Pole_marquee \"Pole marquee\"), as well as much revelling in the bars, [cafes](/wiki/Coffeehouse \"Coffeehouse\") and [pubs](/wiki/Pub \"Pub\") of the city.", "### Brunnenfest", "On the last Sunday of the summer holidays, the traditional Brunnenfest (fountain party) takes place in the city centre. A [street party](/wiki/Street_party \"Street party\"), it is concentrated on the Upper and Lower Market Square. The name of the event derives from the [Neptune](/wiki/Poseidon \"Poseidon\")\\-fountain, situated in the Upper Market Square. A great number of stalls serves [Swabian](/wiki/Swabia \"Swabia\") and international [cuisine](/wiki/Cuisine \"Cuisine\") as well as a large variety of beverages. The stalls are organised and staffed by local clubs. [Concert bands](/wiki/Concert_band \"Concert band\"), [Jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") bands and [Volksmusik](/wiki/Volksmusik \"Volksmusik\") bands entertain visitors. On a stage dance and sport performances are shown. Additionally, a [flea market](/wiki/Flea_market \"Flea market\") is held at the same time.", "### Other", "[thumb\\\|right\\\|Cafe Hermes](/wiki/File:Laupheim_Friedrich_Adler.JPG \"Laupheim Friedrich Adler.JPG\")\n* Laupheim is situated on the [Upper Swabian Baroque Route](/wiki/Upper_Swabian_Baroque_Route \"Upper Swabian Baroque Route\"), a touristic route along the most notable architectural remains of Baroque\\-style in Upper Swabia.\n* [Jugendstil](/wiki/Jugendstil \"Jugendstil\") Cafe Hermes on Kapellenstraße, birthplace of [Friedrich Adler](/wiki/Friedrich_Adler_%28artist%29 \"Friedrich Adler (artist)\").", "" ]
Career ------ Later that year, McDaniels sold his DJ equipment, after his friend [Joseph "Run" Simmons](/wiki/Joseph_Simmons "Joseph Simmons") acquired his own turntables and mixer.{{Citation needed\\|date\=May 2009}} After [Jam Master Jay](/wiki/Jam_Master_Jay "Jam Master Jay") – who had a reputation as the best young DJ in Hollis – joined the group, Run encouraged McDaniels to rap rather than DJ. Gradually, McDaniels came to prefer rapping to mixing records, and adopted the nickname of "Easy D". In 1981, he dropped the "Easy D" moniker in favor of "DMcD", the way he signed his work in school, and then to the shorter "D.M.C." This new nickname alternately stood for "Devastating Mic Control"{{cite web\\|url\=https://play.google.com/music/preview/Tnxied6epgiihh2frhideydlt5e?lyrics\=1\&pcampaignid\=kp\-lyrics\\|title\=King of Rock – RUN\-DMC\\|website\=play.google.com}} or "Darryl Mac", his nickname since childhood as referenced in the lyrics of the song "King of Rock". In 1984, the trio released their [self\-titled debut album](/wiki/Run-D.M.C._%28album%29 "Run-D.M.C. (album)") and became very successful in the hip\-hop industry. The group's success continued to grow and reached its peak with their third album [Raising Hell](/wiki/Raising_Hell_%28album%29 "Raising Hell (album)"). The album went to No. 6 on the [Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") and No. 1 on the [Top R\&B/Hip\-Hop Albums](/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums") chart, making Run\-D.M.C. the most popular hip\-hop group at the time. During this time, McDaniels began to build a reputation as a heavy drinker. He was known to drink up to eight 40\-ounce bottles of [malt liquor](/wiki/Malt_liquor "Malt liquor") a day and was arrested twice for [public intoxication](/wiki/Public_intoxication "Public intoxication") and [driving while intoxicated](/wiki/Driving_while_intoxicated "Driving while intoxicated"). In 1987 Run\-D.M.C. wrote "[Christmas in Hollis](/wiki/Christmas_in_Hollis "Christmas in Hollis")" for A Very Special Christmas. The music video for "Christmas in Hollis" was shot in Hollis, Queens. Run\-D.M.C. filmed the video during their 1987 tour. DMC's mother made a guest appearance in the video.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.avclub.com/article/we\-talk\-run\-dmcs\-christmas\-in\-hollis\-with\-dmc\-hims\-200603\\|title\=We talk Run\-DMC's "Christmas In Hollis" with DMC himself\\|website\=\[\[The A.V. Club]] \\|date\=December 10, 2013}} In 1997, McDaniels began to develop a deep [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 "Depression (mood)"). He became extremely unhappy with the rigorous routine of touring and performing, and with being away from his wife and newborn son. He began to rely heavily on [prescription drugs](/wiki/Prescription_drug "Prescription drug") and alcohol to ease the pain. While on tour, McDaniels noticed his voice was giving out. He was later diagnosed with [spasmodic dysphonia](/wiki/Spasmodic_dysphonia "Spasmodic dysphonia"), a vocal disorder which causes involuntary spasms of the [larynx](/wiki/Larynx "Larynx") muscles. He believes it was caused by the aggressive way in which he performs his lyrics compounded with the years of heavy drinking.DMC: My Adoption Journey. [VH1](/wiki/VH1 "VH1"). February 25, 2006 [thumb\\|left\\|250px\\|McDaniels performing with his backing band in 2011](/wiki/File:D.M.C._2011-12-11_02.jpg "D.M.C. 2011-12-11 02.jpg") Meanwhile, McDaniels began to have creative differences with his bandmates in Run\-D.M.C., which by then, was well past its prime as a commercially successful hip\-hop group. A longtime fan of artists such as [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles"), [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan "Bob Dylan"), and [Harry Chapin](/wiki/Harry_Chapin "Harry Chapin"), McDaniels wanted to move towards a slower, softer sound which suited his now troubled voice. Run wanted to continue with the aggressive, [hard rock](/wiki/Hard_rock "Hard rock")\-edged, sound that the group was known for. These disagreements caused McDaniels to sit out most of the recording of [Crown Royal](/wiki/Crown_Royal_%28album%29 "Crown Royal (album)") (2001\). He appeared on only three songs. Feeling depressed and suicidal, McDaniels heard [Sarah McLachlan](/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan "Sarah McLachlan")'s song "[Angel](/wiki/Angel_%28Sarah_McLachlan_song%29 "Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)")" (1997\) on the radio. The song touched McDaniels so deeply that it inspired him to reassess his life and career. He credits McLachlan and her album [Surfacing](/wiki/Surfacing_%28album%29 "Surfacing (album)") (on which "Angel" appeared) with saving his life.{{cite web\\|title\=DMC: Saved By An Angel – How Sarah McLachlan thwarted the legendary MC's suicidal tendencies.\\|url\=http://music.ign.com/articles/691/691277p1\.html\\|date\=February 24, 2006\\|publisher\=\[\[IGN]]\\|author\=D., Spence\\|access\-date\=August 7, 2008\\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025104607/http://music.ign.com/articles/691/691277p1\.html\\|archive\-date\=October 25, 2008}}{{cite news\\|work\= \[\[The Moth Radio Hour]] \\|title\=Darryl McDaniels on The Moth}} With a new outlook on life, McDaniels decided to write his autobiography. While researching his early years, his mother, Bannah, revealed a shocking secret: Darryl had been placed for adoption when he was three months old. According to Bannah, his birth mother was a woman of [Dominican](/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic") descent named Bernada Lovelace. He also learned that he was born in [Harlem, Manhattan](/wiki/Harlem%2C_Manhattan "Harlem, Manhattan"), not [Hollis, Queens](/wiki/Hollis%2C_Queens "Hollis, Queens"), as he had always believed. Even as a child, McDaniels knew he did not look like the rest of his family, and with the revelation, he finally understood why. The news inspired him to search for his birth mother. He began working with the [VH1](/wiki/VH1 "VH1") network on a documentary chronicling his quest. His autobiography, King of Rock: Respect, Responsibility, and My Life with Run\-DMC, was released in January 2001\.{{citation needed\\|date\=September 2014}} In February 2006, VH1 premiered the documentary, DMC: My Adoption Journey. The program ends with McDaniels reuniting with his birth mother, who turned out to be named Berncenia and despite previous beliefs, was not, in fact, of Dominican descent. He thanks her for her choice because had he not been placed for adoption, [Run\-D.M.C.](/wiki/Run-D.M.C. "Run-D.M.C.") would have never existed. In March 2006, McDaniels released his solo album, [Checks Thugs and Rock N Roll](/wiki/Checks_Thugs_and_Rock_N_Roll "Checks Thugs and Rock N Roll"). Produced and Music Directed by [Romeo Antonio](/wiki/Romeo_Antonio "Romeo Antonio"). The first single, "Just Like Me",{{cite web\\| url\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=CRtae4jTF4A\\|title\=DMC Darryl McDaniels ft Sarah McLachlan \- 'Just Like Me' \\|last\=OnTheNYCircuit\\|date\=March 7, 2007\\|via\=YouTube}} features an interpolation of Harry Chapin's "[Cat's in the Cradle](/wiki/Cat%27s_in_the_Cradle "Cat's in the Cradle")" (1974\) performed by McDaniels' musical savior, Sarah McLachlan. During a recording session, McLachlan revealed to McDaniels that she, too, had been adopted. McDaniels also collaborated with Adoptee Zara Philips on "I'm Legit."{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=PZbKNJUyGQ0\\|title\=I'm Legit\\|last\=TEST\_ACCOUNT\\|date\=January 17, 2010\\|via\=YouTube}}{{cite web\\|title\= Zara Phillips \- I'm Legit ft. Zara Phillips \\| via\=YouTube \\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=3TuPIC\-1Rmo}} He testified before the New Jersey State Legislature in support of legislation to restore adopted adults' access to their original birth certificates. The legislation McDaniels supported was signed by Governor Chris Christie and became effective on January 1, 2017\.{{cite web\\|title\=NJ Adoptee Rights\\|url\=http://www.nj\-care.org/\\| website\= nj\-care.org\\| publisher\= \\| date\= \\| access\-date\= }} As a New York\-born adoptee, however, McDaniels did not have access to his own original birth record; he hired a private investigator to help find his birth family in New York.{{cite web\\| url\= http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2009/04/rapper\_darryl\_dmc\_mcdaniels\_an.html\\|title\= Rapper Darryl 'DMC' McDaniels, an adoptee, pushes for open adoption\\| date\= April 25, 2009\\| first\= Margaret \\| last\= Bernstein \\| work\= \[\[Cleveland Plain Dealer]] \\|via\= cleveland.com }} McDaniels had written the first draft of his autobiography before learning he was adopted and was working on a second solo album, working titled The Next Level. Three tracks off the new album have been released{{when\\|date\=September 2014}} ("Next Level", "Hip Hop", and "Beef Eater") and can be heard on his [Myspace](/wiki/Myspace "Myspace") page.{{cite web \\|website\= Myspace.com \\|url\= http://www.myspace.com/dmc\\|title\=Darryl McDaniels}} In June 2007, McDaniels joined [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith "Aerosmith") on stage at the Hard Rock Calling festival in London, England to perform "Walk This Way".{{citation needed\\|date\=September 2014}} McDaniels is featured in the video game [Guitar Hero: Aerosmith](/wiki/Guitar_Hero:Aerosmith "Aerosmith") (2008\) singing Run\-D.M.C.'s singles "[King of Rock](/wiki/King_of_Rock "King of Rock")" and "[Walk This Way](/wiki/Walk_This_Way "Walk This Way")". He is also an unlockable guitarist in the game. In the game's trailer, it is revealed that McDaniels' son plays [Guitar Hero](/wiki/Guitar_Hero_%28series%29 "Guitar Hero (series)") for hours each day.{{Citation needed\\|date\=May 2009}} In 2009, McDaniels performed in [The People Speak](/wiki/The_People_Speak_%28film%29 "The People Speak (film)"), a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian [Howard Zinn](/wiki/Howard_Zinn "Howard Zinn")'s nonfiction book [A People's History of the United States](/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States "A People's History of the United States") (1980\).{{cite web \\| title\= Credits\\| work\= ThePeopleSpeak.com \\| url\=http://www.thepeoplespeak.com/pages/credits/ \\| url\-status\=dead \\| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713025528/http://www.thepeoplespeak.com/pages/credits/ \\| archive\-date\=July 13, 2010 \\| access\-date\=March 30, 2014}} McDaniels' second solo album, the more rock oriented The Origins Of Block Music, was due out in mid\-2010 but was delayed. In December 2010, McDaniels appeared with [Talib Kweli](/wiki/Talib_Kweli "Talib Kweli"), [Mix Master Mike](/wiki/Mix_Master_Mike "Mix Master Mike"), and [Ahmet Zappa](/wiki/Ahmet_Zappa "Ahmet Zappa") on a cover of [Frank Zappa](/wiki/Frank_Zappa "Frank Zappa")'s "[Willie the Pimp](/wiki/Willie_the_Pimp "Willie the Pimp")" for [The Frank Zappa AAAFNRAAAA Birthday Bundle 2010](/wiki/The_Frank_Zappa_AAAFNRAAAA_Birthday_Bundle_2010 "The Frank Zappa AAAFNRAAAA Birthday Bundle 2010").["The Frank Zappa Aaafnraaaa Birthday Bundle"](https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/frank-zappa-aaafnraaaa-birthday/id410582595). [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes"). Retrieved February 28, 2016\. In 2011, McDaniels joined forces with producer Wade Martin to open the record label IME Records.{{Cite web\\|title\= News Archive: October 2011 // West Coast News Network \\|url\= http://www.dubcnn.com/news/news\-archive\-10\-2011\.html\\|access\-date\=November 29, 2020\\|website\= dubcnn.com}}{{Cite web\\|date\=February 9, 2014\\|title\= Issue 24\\| work\= Highlight Magazine \\|url\=https://issuu.com/highlightmagazine/docs/issue24\\|access\-date\=November 29, 2020\\| via\=Issuu\\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\\|last\=resepkuini\\|date\=November 29, 2020\\|title\=Music Producer To The Stars Wade Martin Opens World S\\|url\=https://resepkuini.com/music\-producer\-to\-the\-stars\-wade\-martin\-opens\-world\-s/\\|access\-date\=November 29, 2020\\|website\= ResepKuini.com \\|language\=en\-US}} [thumb\\|McDaniels signs copies of his comic book, DMC \#1, at a November 6, 2014 appearance at [Midtown Comics](/wiki/Midtown_Comics "Midtown Comics") in Manhattan.](/wiki/File:11.6.14DarrylMcDanielsByLuigiNovi9.jpg "11.6.14DarrylMcDanielsByLuigiNovi9.jpg") In 2014, McDaniels ventured into the comics industry with his own publishing imprint, Darryl Makes Comics. McDaniels explains his lifelong love of the medium thus: {{cquote\\|Growing up a mild\-mannered, Catholic school kid, all I did was go to school and read comic books. I was strictly a \[\[Marvel Comics]] head; \[\[The Avengers (comic book)\\|Avengers]], \[\[Iron Man]], \[\[Captain America]], \[\[The Hulk]], \[\[Iron Fist (comics)\\|Iron Fist]], you name it. I loved Marvel because it was the city; it was all New York. The same backdrop I was living in in this universe was in the \[\[Marvel Universe]]. Comics did for me what hip hop did for me as I got older; it empowered me, inspired me and educated me. I learned about Nazis, space exploration, everything from comics.{{cite web\\| last\= Newman\\| first\= Jason \\| date\= January 23, 2014\\| url\= http://www.fuse.tv/2014/01/run\-dmc\-comic\-books \\|title\= Run\-D.M.C.'s DMC Explains Lifelong Comic Book Obsession \& Graphic Novel\\| website\= \[\[Fuse (TV channel)\\|Fuse]].tv\\| access\-date\= }}}} Darryl Makes Comics' first book is DMC, a 90\-page anthology [graphic novel](/wiki/Graphic_novel "Graphic novel") set in 1985 that features McDaniels as a superhero who confronts both criminals and other superheroes whose recklessness threatens innocent lives.McDaniels, Darryl; [Scott, Damion](/wiki/Scott%2C_Damion "Scott, Damion") (w). Various artists (a). DMC \#1 (October 2014\). Darryl Makes Comics The comic's version of DMC wears McDaniels' signature [Adidas](/wiki/Adidas "Adidas") sneakers, fedora and [rope chain](/wiki/Rope_chain "Rope chain"), along with an elongated turtleneck that masks his face. The book is written by McDaniels and [Damion Scott](/wiki/Damion_Scott "Damion Scott"), and edited by Darryl Makes Comics' Editor\-in\-Chief, [Edgardo Miranda\-Rodriguez](/wiki/Edgardo_Miranda-Rodriguez "Edgardo Miranda-Rodriguez") and Senior Editor [Rigo "Riggs" Morales](/wiki/Rigo_%22Riggs%22_Morales "Rigo "). Each chapter in the anthology is illustrated by a different artist, because, as McDaniels explained, "If DMC was really running around and bumped into four different people, they'd have four different descriptions of what he was like. We wanted each artist's work to relate to each character's view of DMC. If you saw him, you might say, "He came out of a spaceship and had all these things flying around him!" But then another dude is like, "No! He had a sword and shield!" We thought, if so many people saw something different in DMC, we'd have to have different artwork to represent their opinions on him or their interpretation on him." In addition, graffiti writers such as MARE 139 were hired to give the shots of 1985 New York City graffiti a sense of authenticity. The book features an introduction by [Greg Pak](/wiki/Greg_Pak "Greg Pak"), a cover by [Sal Buscema](/wiki/Sal_Buscema "Sal Buscema") and [Bob Wiacek](/wiki/Bob_Wiacek "Bob Wiacek") and interior pinups by [Carlos Pacheco](/wiki/Carlos_Pacheco "Carlos Pacheco"), [Chris Burnham](/wiki/Chris_Burnham "Chris Burnham"), [ChrisCross](/wiki/ChrisCross "ChrisCross"), [Dexter Vines](/wiki/Dexter_Vines "Dexter Vines"), and [Shelby Robertson](/wiki/Shelby_Robertson "Shelby Robertson"), some of which are homages to iconic comics covers that influenced the creative staff as children. DMC debuted at the [New York Comic Con](/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con "New York Comic Con") October 9–12, and was subsequently released in comics shops October 29\.{{cite web\\| last\= Phegley\\| first\= Kiel \\|date\= September 3, 2014\\| url\= http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page\=article\&id\=55871 \\|title\= 'Darryl Makes Comics' Makes Heroic Debut with 1980s NYC\-Based 'DMC'\\| website\= \[\[Comic Book Resources]]\\| access\-date\= }}{{cite news\\| last\= Sacks\\| first\= Ethan \\| date\= September 27, 2014\\| url\= http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/run\-dmc\-rapper\-darryl\-mcdaniels\-launches\-new\-comic\-book\-line\-article\-1\.1955410 \\|title\= Run\-DMC's rapper Darryl McDaniels launches new comic book line\\| work\= \[\[Daily News (New York)\\|Daily News]]\\| place\= New York\\| publisher\= \\| access\-date\= }}{{cite magazine\\| last\= Anderson\\| first\= Kyle \\|date\= October 17, 2013\\| url\= http://music\-mix.ew.com/2013/10/17/dmc\-comic\-book\-exclusive/ \\|title\= Check out Darryl 'DMC' McDaniels' new comic book \\| magazine\= \[\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\| publisher\= \\|access\-date\=}} The book received a four out of five stars rating by Tony Guerrero of Comic Vine, who lauded the charm and authenticity of the art.{{cite web\\| url\= http://comicbookroundup.com/comic\-books/reviews/darryl\-makes\-comics/dmc/1 \\|title\= DMC \#1 Reviews\\| archiveurl\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141109054121/http://comicbookroundup.com/comic\-books/reviews/darryl\-makes\-comics/dmc/1 \\|archivedate\=November 9, 2014\\| website\= Comic Book Roundup\\| access\-date\= November 8, 2014}} As of January 2015, McDaniels was working with the band [Generation Kill](/wiki/Generation_Kill_%28band%29 "Generation Kill (band)") on a project, DMC Generation Kill, to be produced by former [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses "Guns N' Roses") guitarist [Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal](/wiki/Ron_%22Bumblefoot%22_Thal "Ron ").{{cite web\\| url\= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/former\-exodus\-singer\-rob\-dukess\-generation\-kill\-recording\-album\-with\-darryl\-dmc\-mcdaniels/ \\|title\= Former EXODUS Singer ROB DUKES's GENERATION KILL Recording Album With DARRYL 'DMC' MCDANIELS \\|website\= Blabbermouth.net\\| date\= January 20, 2015}}{{cite web\\| url\= http://bravewords.com/news/generation\-kill\-team\-up\-with\-hip\-hop\-icon\-darryl\-dmc\-mcdaniels\-for\-new\-album\-to\-be\-produced\-by\-guns\-n\-roses\-guitarist\-ron\-bumblefoot\-thal\-promo\-video\-streaming\\| title\= GENERATION KILL Team Up With Hip Hop Icon DARRYL ''DMC'' MCDANIELS For New Album, To Be Produced By GUNS N' ROSES Guitarist Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal; Promo Video Streaming\\| website\= BraveWords.com\\| date\= January 20, 2015}} On the December 17, 2016 Christmas episode of [Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live "Saturday Night Live"), DMC made a cameo appearance during a parody of Run DMC's "Christmas in Hollis." During the sketch he was portrayed by musical guest [Chance the Rapper](/wiki/Chance_the_Rapper "Chance the Rapper").{{cite web\\|url\=http://consequenceofsound.net/2016/12/chance\-the\-rapper\-parodies\-run\-dmcs\-christmas\-in\-hollis\-on\-snl\-watch/\\|title\=Chance the Rapper steals the show on SNL's Christmas episode \\|website\= consequenceofsound.net \\|date\=December 18, 2016}} On February 17, 2016, heavy metal band [Solus Deus](/wiki/Solus_Deus "Solus Deus") released their EP titled The Plague. The song titled "Anacrime" features DMC on guest vocals. Starting in 2017 and continuing on an ongoing basis, DMC has joined the rock cover supergroup Royal Machines as a guest at their occasional concerts. Joining a revolving cast of celebrities in each lineup, including [Dave Navarro](/wiki/Dave_Navarro "Dave Navarro"), [Billy Morrison](/wiki/Billy_Morrison "Billy Morrison"), [Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Sebastian_Bach "Sebastian Bach"), [Macy Gray](/wiki/Macy_Gray "Macy Gray"), [Fred Durst](/wiki/Fred_Durst "Fred Durst"), DMC has performed covers of songs such as "Walk This Way", "Sweet Emotion", and "Black Betty" with the band. On September 15, 2017, Italian rapper [Caparezza](/wiki/Caparezza "Caparezza") released his studio album, Prisoner 709, which includes the track "Forever Jung" that features DMC on guest vocals. American rapper DeLiverance's 2018 single "Slave To The Rhythm" also features DMC on guest vocals. On August 13, 2018, DMC performed an encore with [O.A.R.](/wiki/O.A.R. "O.A.R."), playing "[Walk This Way](/wiki/Walk_This_Way "Walk This Way")".{{cite web\\|url\= http://www.oarsa.org/features/viewsong.php?songID\=331\\|title\= (OAR) setlist archive \\|accessdate\= February 11, 2021\\|work\= oarsa.org}} In February 2021, McDaniels released a song and animated video, "Let's All Get the Vaccine," to encourage the [COVID\-19 vaccination](/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination "COVID-19 vaccination").{{Cite web\\|date\=2021\-02\-17\\|title\=Animated Hip\-Hop Video Urges Viewers: 'Let's All Get the Vaccine' \\|url\=https://healthmatters.nyp.org/animated\-hip\-hop\-video\-urges\-viewers\-lets\-all\-get\-the\-vaccine/\\|url\-status\=live\\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-22 \\|website\= NYP.org\\| publisher\= New York\-Presbyterian\\|language\=en\-US\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221165949/https://healthmatters.nyp.org/animated\-hip\-hop\-video\-urges\-viewers\-lets\-all\-get\-the\-vaccine/ \\|archive\-date\=February 21, 2021 }} In January 2022, McDaniels released his picture book, Darryl's Dream, published by Random House.{{cite book \\|last1\=McDaniels \\|first1\=Darryl \\|title\=Darryl's dream \\|date\=2022 \\|publisher\=Random House/Nickelodeon \\|location\=New York \\|isbn\=9780593487747 \\|edition\=First \\|access\-date\=14 January 2022\\|url\=https://www.rhcbooks.com/books/704151/darryls\-dream\-by\-darryl\-dmc\-mcdaniels\-shawnee\-warfield\-johnny\-warfield\-and\-adam\-padilla\-illustrated\-by\-tristan\-tait}} In January 2024, McDaniels released a cookie brand DMC Cookies.{{cite web \\|last1\=McDaniels \\|first1\=Darryl \\|title\=Darryl's dream \\|date\=2022 \\|publisher\=RetailWire \\|access\-date\=16 January 2024\\|url\=https://retailwire.com/the\-darryl\-makes\-cookies\-brand\-by\-legendary\-hip\-hop\-icon\-from\-run\-dmc\-is\-here/}} In June 2024 a music video for [Fantastic Cat](/wiki/Fantastic_Cat "Fantastic Cat")'s "So Glad You Made It" features McDaniels acting in the role of a music producer.{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\-news/fantastic\-cat\-so\-glad\-you\-made\-it\-video\-adam\-duritz\-1235034974/?fbclid\=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2NvUhlZOysfqlhEMTN8DLuPXNdom6rKQ9jSdctDEZaaxtmXK8h\-y2Os8s\_aem\_AS3qFHnJa5OgXOsnrwUBaYzCtlvKYrKoqPm14hnQeTn\-6RLAce6B46DVw2LQUrneuFyILqDzx9MI7uFTFw7waicD \\|title\=Fantastic Cat Commit to the Bit With New Album and Video Featuring Adam Duritz \\|last\=Hudak \\|first\=Joseph \\|date\=June 7, 2024 \\|website\=rollingstone.com \\|publisher\=Rolling Stone \\|access\-date\=June 7, 2024}}	[ "Career\n------", "Later that year, McDaniels sold his DJ equipment, after his friend [Joseph \"Run\" Simmons](/wiki/Joseph_Simmons \"Joseph Simmons\") acquired his own turntables and mixer.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2009}} After [Jam Master Jay](/wiki/Jam_Master_Jay \"Jam Master Jay\") – who had a reputation as the best young DJ in Hollis – joined the group, Run encouraged McDaniels to rap rather than DJ. Gradually, McDaniels came to prefer rapping to mixing records, and adopted the nickname of \"Easy D\". In 1981, he dropped the \"Easy D\" moniker in favor of \"DMcD\", the way he signed his work in school, and then to the shorter \"D.M.C.\" This new nickname alternately stood for \"Devastating Mic Control\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://play.google.com/music/preview/Tnxied6epgiihh2frhideydlt5e?lyrics\\=1\\&pcampaignid\\=kp\\-lyrics\\\|title\\=King of Rock – RUN\\-DMC\\\|website\\=play.google.com}} or \"Darryl Mac\", his nickname since childhood as referenced in the lyrics of the song \"King of Rock\".", "In 1984, the trio released their [self\\-titled debut album](/wiki/Run-D.M.C._%28album%29 \"Run-D.M.C. (album)\") and became very successful in the hip\\-hop industry. The group's success continued to grow and reached its peak with their third album [Raising Hell](/wiki/Raising_Hell_%28album%29 \"Raising Hell (album)\"). The album went to No. 6 on the [Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") and No. 1 on the [Top R\\&B/Hip\\-Hop Albums](/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums \"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\") chart, making Run\\-D.M.C. the most popular hip\\-hop group at the time. During this time, McDaniels began to build a reputation as a heavy drinker. He was known to drink up to eight 40\\-ounce bottles of [malt liquor](/wiki/Malt_liquor \"Malt liquor\") a day and was arrested twice for [public intoxication](/wiki/Public_intoxication \"Public intoxication\") and [driving while intoxicated](/wiki/Driving_while_intoxicated \"Driving while intoxicated\"). In 1987 Run\\-D.M.C. wrote \"[Christmas in Hollis](/wiki/Christmas_in_Hollis \"Christmas in Hollis\")\" for A Very Special Christmas. The music video for \"Christmas in Hollis\" was shot in Hollis, Queens. Run\\-D.M.C. filmed the video during their 1987 tour. DMC's mother made a guest appearance in the video.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.avclub.com/article/we\\-talk\\-run\\-dmcs\\-christmas\\-in\\-hollis\\-with\\-dmc\\-hims\\-200603\\\|title\\=We talk Run\\-DMC's \"Christmas In Hollis\" with DMC himself\\\|website\\=\\[\\[The A.V. Club]] \\\|date\\=December 10, 2013}}", "In 1997, McDaniels began to develop a deep [depression](/wiki/Depression_%28mood%29 \"Depression (mood)\"). He became extremely unhappy with the rigorous routine of touring and performing, and with being away from his wife and newborn son. He began to rely heavily on [prescription drugs](/wiki/Prescription_drug \"Prescription drug\") and alcohol to ease the pain. While on tour, McDaniels noticed his voice was giving out. He was later diagnosed with [spasmodic dysphonia](/wiki/Spasmodic_dysphonia \"Spasmodic dysphonia\"), a vocal disorder which causes involuntary spasms of the [larynx](/wiki/Larynx \"Larynx\") muscles. He believes it was caused by the aggressive way in which he performs his lyrics compounded with the years of heavy drinking.DMC: My Adoption Journey. [VH1](/wiki/VH1 \"VH1\"). February 25, 2006", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|250px\\\|McDaniels performing with his backing band in 2011](/wiki/File:D.M.C._2011-12-11_02.jpg \"D.M.C. 2011-12-11 02.jpg\")\nMeanwhile, McDaniels began to have creative differences with his bandmates in Run\\-D.M.C., which by then, was well past its prime as a commercially successful hip\\-hop group. A longtime fan of artists such as [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\"), [Bob Dylan](/wiki/Bob_Dylan \"Bob Dylan\"), and [Harry Chapin](/wiki/Harry_Chapin \"Harry Chapin\"), McDaniels wanted to move towards a slower, softer sound which suited his now troubled voice. Run wanted to continue with the aggressive, [hard rock](/wiki/Hard_rock \"Hard rock\")\\-edged, sound that the group was known for. These disagreements caused McDaniels to sit out most of the recording of [Crown Royal](/wiki/Crown_Royal_%28album%29 \"Crown Royal (album)\") (2001\\). He appeared on only three songs.", "Feeling depressed and suicidal, McDaniels heard [Sarah McLachlan](/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan \"Sarah McLachlan\")'s song \"[Angel](/wiki/Angel_%28Sarah_McLachlan_song%29 \"Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)\")\" (1997\\) on the radio. The song touched McDaniels so deeply that it inspired him to reassess his life and career. He credits McLachlan and her album [Surfacing](/wiki/Surfacing_%28album%29 \"Surfacing (album)\") (on which \"Angel\" appeared) with saving his life.{{cite web\\\|title\\=DMC: Saved By An Angel – How Sarah McLachlan thwarted the legendary MC's suicidal tendencies.\\\|url\\=http://music.ign.com/articles/691/691277p1\\.html\\\|date\\=February 24, 2006\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[IGN]]\\\|author\\=D., Spence\\\|access\\-date\\=August 7, 2008\\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025104607/http://music.ign.com/articles/691/691277p1\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2008}}{{cite news\\\|work\\= \\[\\[The Moth Radio Hour]] \\\|title\\=Darryl McDaniels on The Moth}} With a new outlook on life, McDaniels decided to write his autobiography. While researching his early years, his mother, Bannah, revealed a shocking secret: Darryl had been placed for adoption when he was three months old. According to Bannah, his birth mother was a woman of [Dominican](/wiki/Dominican_Republic \"Dominican Republic\") descent named Bernada Lovelace. He also learned that he was born in [Harlem, Manhattan](/wiki/Harlem%2C_Manhattan \"Harlem, Manhattan\"), not [Hollis, Queens](/wiki/Hollis%2C_Queens \"Hollis, Queens\"), as he had always believed. Even as a child, McDaniels knew he did not look like the rest of his family, and with the revelation, he finally understood why. The news inspired him to search for his birth mother. He began working with the [VH1](/wiki/VH1 \"VH1\") network on a documentary chronicling his quest. His autobiography, King of Rock: Respect, Responsibility, and My Life with Run\\-DMC, was released in January 2001\\.{{citation needed\\\|date\\=September 2014}}", "In February 2006, VH1 premiered the documentary, DMC: My Adoption Journey. The program ends with McDaniels reuniting with his birth mother, who turned out to be named Berncenia and despite previous beliefs, was not, in fact, of Dominican descent. He thanks her for her choice because had he not been placed for adoption, [Run\\-D.M.C.](/wiki/Run-D.M.C. \"Run-D.M.C.\") would have never existed. In March 2006, McDaniels released his solo album, [Checks Thugs and Rock N Roll](/wiki/Checks_Thugs_and_Rock_N_Roll \"Checks Thugs and Rock N Roll\"). Produced and Music Directed by [Romeo Antonio](/wiki/Romeo_Antonio \"Romeo Antonio\"). The first single, \"Just Like Me\",{{cite web\\\| url\\= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=CRtae4jTF4A\\\|title\\=DMC Darryl McDaniels ft Sarah McLachlan \\- 'Just Like Me' \\\|last\\=OnTheNYCircuit\\\|date\\=March 7, 2007\\\|via\\=YouTube}} features an interpolation of Harry Chapin's \"[Cat's in the Cradle](/wiki/Cat%27s_in_the_Cradle \"Cat's in the Cradle\")\" (1974\\) performed by McDaniels' musical savior, Sarah McLachlan. During a recording session, McLachlan revealed to McDaniels that she, too, had been adopted.", "McDaniels also collaborated with Adoptee Zara Philips on \"I'm Legit.\"{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=PZbKNJUyGQ0\\\|title\\=I'm Legit\\\|last\\=TEST\\_ACCOUNT\\\|date\\=January 17, 2010\\\|via\\=YouTube}}{{cite web\\\|title\\= Zara Phillips \\- I'm Legit ft. Zara Phillips \\\| via\\=YouTube \\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=3TuPIC\\-1Rmo}} He testified before the New Jersey State Legislature in support of legislation to restore adopted adults' access to their original birth certificates. The legislation McDaniels supported was signed by Governor Chris Christie and became effective on January 1, 2017\\.{{cite web\\\|title\\=NJ Adoptee Rights\\\|url\\=http://www.nj\\-care.org/\\\| website\\= nj\\-care.org\\\| publisher\\= \\\| date\\= \\\| access\\-date\\= }} As a New York\\-born adoptee, however, McDaniels did not have access to his own original birth record; he hired a private investigator to help find his birth family in New York.{{cite web\\\| url\\= http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2009/04/rapper\\_darryl\\_dmc\\_mcdaniels\\_an.html\\\|title\\= Rapper Darryl 'DMC' McDaniels, an adoptee, pushes for open adoption\\\| date\\= April 25, 2009\\\| first\\= Margaret \\\| last\\= Bernstein \\\| work\\= \\[\\[Cleveland Plain Dealer]] \\\|via\\= cleveland.com }}", "McDaniels had written the first draft of his autobiography before learning he was adopted and was working on a second solo album, working titled The Next Level. Three tracks off the new album have been released{{when\\\|date\\=September 2014}} (\"Next Level\", \"Hip Hop\", and \"Beef Eater\") and can be heard on his [Myspace](/wiki/Myspace \"Myspace\") page.{{cite web \\\|website\\= Myspace.com \\\|url\\= http://www.myspace.com/dmc\\\|title\\=Darryl McDaniels}}", "In June 2007, McDaniels joined [Aerosmith](/wiki/Aerosmith \"Aerosmith\") on stage at the Hard Rock Calling festival in London, England to perform \"Walk This Way\".{{citation needed\\\|date\\=September 2014}}", "McDaniels is featured in the video game [Guitar Hero: Aerosmith](/wiki/Guitar_Hero:Aerosmith \"Aerosmith\") (2008\\) singing Run\\-D.M.C.'s singles \"[King of Rock](/wiki/King_of_Rock \"King of Rock\")\" and \"[Walk This Way](/wiki/Walk_This_Way \"Walk This Way\")\". He is also an unlockable guitarist in the game. In the game's trailer, it is revealed that McDaniels' son plays [Guitar Hero](/wiki/Guitar_Hero_%28series%29 \"Guitar Hero (series)\") for hours each day.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=May 2009}}", "In 2009, McDaniels performed in [The People Speak](/wiki/The_People_Speak_%28film%29 \"The People Speak (film)\"), a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian [Howard Zinn](/wiki/Howard_Zinn \"Howard Zinn\")'s nonfiction book [A People's History of the United States](/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States \"A People's History of the United States\") (1980\\).{{cite web \\\| title\\= Credits\\\| work\\= ThePeopleSpeak.com \\\| url\\=http://www.thepeoplespeak.com/pages/credits/ \\\| url\\-status\\=dead \\\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713025528/http://www.thepeoplespeak.com/pages/credits/ \\\| archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2010 \\\| access\\-date\\=March 30, 2014}}", "McDaniels' second solo album, the more rock oriented The Origins Of Block Music, was due out in mid\\-2010 but was delayed. In December 2010, McDaniels appeared with [Talib Kweli](/wiki/Talib_Kweli \"Talib Kweli\"), [Mix Master Mike](/wiki/Mix_Master_Mike \"Mix Master Mike\"), and [Ahmet Zappa](/wiki/Ahmet_Zappa \"Ahmet Zappa\") on a cover of [Frank Zappa](/wiki/Frank_Zappa \"Frank Zappa\")'s \"[Willie the Pimp](/wiki/Willie_the_Pimp \"Willie the Pimp\")\" for [The Frank Zappa AAAFNRAAAA Birthday Bundle 2010](/wiki/The_Frank_Zappa_AAAFNRAAAA_Birthday_Bundle_2010 \"The Frank Zappa AAAFNRAAAA Birthday Bundle 2010\").[\"The Frank Zappa Aaafnraaaa Birthday Bundle\"](https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/frank-zappa-aaafnraaaa-birthday/id410582595). [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\"). Retrieved February 28, 2016\\.", "In 2011, McDaniels joined forces with producer Wade Martin to open the record label IME Records.{{Cite web\\\|title\\= News Archive: October 2011 // West Coast News Network \\\|url\\= http://www.dubcnn.com/news/news\\-archive\\-10\\-2011\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2020\\\|website\\= dubcnn.com}}{{Cite web\\\|date\\=February 9, 2014\\\|title\\= Issue 24\\\| work\\= Highlight Magazine \\\|url\\=https://issuu.com/highlightmagazine/docs/issue24\\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2020\\\| via\\=Issuu\\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\\|last\\=resepkuini\\\|date\\=November 29, 2020\\\|title\\=Music Producer To The Stars Wade Martin Opens World S\\\|url\\=https://resepkuini.com/music\\-producer\\-to\\-the\\-stars\\-wade\\-martin\\-opens\\-world\\-s/\\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2020\\\|website\\= ResepKuini.com \\\|language\\=en\\-US}}", "[thumb\\\|McDaniels signs copies of his comic book, DMC \\#1, at a November 6, 2014 appearance at [Midtown Comics](/wiki/Midtown_Comics \"Midtown Comics\") in Manhattan.](/wiki/File:11.6.14DarrylMcDanielsByLuigiNovi9.jpg \"11.6.14DarrylMcDanielsByLuigiNovi9.jpg\")\nIn 2014, McDaniels ventured into the comics industry with his own publishing imprint, Darryl Makes Comics. McDaniels explains his lifelong love of the medium thus:\n{{cquote\\\|Growing up a mild\\-mannered, Catholic school kid, all I did was go to school and read comic books. I was strictly a \\[\\[Marvel Comics]] head; \\[\\[The Avengers (comic book)\\\|Avengers]], \\[\\[Iron Man]], \\[\\[Captain America]], \\[\\[The Hulk]], \\[\\[Iron Fist (comics)\\\|Iron Fist]], you name it. I loved Marvel because it was the city; it was all New York. The same backdrop I was living in in this universe was in the \\[\\[Marvel Universe]]. Comics did for me what hip hop did for me as I got older; it empowered me, inspired me and educated me. I learned about Nazis, space exploration, everything from comics.{{cite web\\\| last\\= Newman\\\| first\\= Jason \\\| date\\= January 23, 2014\\\| url\\= http://www.fuse.tv/2014/01/run\\-dmc\\-comic\\-books \\\|title\\= Run\\-D.M.C.'s DMC Explains Lifelong Comic Book Obsession \\& Graphic Novel\\\| website\\= \\[\\[Fuse (TV channel)\\\|Fuse]].tv\\\| access\\-date\\= }}}}\nDarryl Makes Comics' first book is DMC, a 90\\-page anthology [graphic novel](/wiki/Graphic_novel \"Graphic novel\") set in 1985 that features McDaniels as a superhero who confronts both criminals and other superheroes whose recklessness threatens innocent lives.McDaniels, Darryl; [Scott, Damion](/wiki/Scott%2C_Damion \"Scott, Damion\") (w). Various artists (a). DMC \\#1 (October 2014\\). Darryl Makes Comics The comic's version of DMC wears McDaniels' signature [Adidas](/wiki/Adidas \"Adidas\") sneakers, fedora and [rope chain](/wiki/Rope_chain \"Rope chain\"), along with an elongated turtleneck that masks his face. The book is written by McDaniels and [Damion Scott](/wiki/Damion_Scott \"Damion Scott\"), and edited by Darryl Makes Comics' Editor\\-in\\-Chief, [Edgardo Miranda\\-Rodriguez](/wiki/Edgardo_Miranda-Rodriguez \"Edgardo Miranda-Rodriguez\") and Senior Editor [Rigo \"Riggs\" Morales](/wiki/Rigo_%22Riggs%22_Morales \"Rigo \"). Each chapter in the anthology is illustrated by a different artist, because, as McDaniels explained, \"If DMC was really running around and bumped into four different people, they'd have four different descriptions of what he was like. We wanted each artist's work to relate to each character's view of DMC. If you saw him, you might say, \"He came out of a spaceship and had all these things flying around him!\" But then another dude is like, \"No! He had a sword and shield!\" We thought, if so many people saw something different in DMC, we'd have to have different artwork to represent their opinions on him or their interpretation on him.\" In addition, graffiti writers such as MARE 139 were hired to give the shots of 1985 New York City graffiti a sense of authenticity. The book features an introduction by [Greg Pak](/wiki/Greg_Pak \"Greg Pak\"), a cover by [Sal Buscema](/wiki/Sal_Buscema \"Sal Buscema\") and [Bob Wiacek](/wiki/Bob_Wiacek \"Bob Wiacek\") and interior pinups by [Carlos Pacheco](/wiki/Carlos_Pacheco \"Carlos Pacheco\"), [Chris Burnham](/wiki/Chris_Burnham \"Chris Burnham\"), [ChrisCross](/wiki/ChrisCross \"ChrisCross\"), [Dexter Vines](/wiki/Dexter_Vines \"Dexter Vines\"), and [Shelby Robertson](/wiki/Shelby_Robertson \"Shelby Robertson\"), some of which are homages to iconic comics covers that influenced the creative staff as children. DMC debuted at the [New York Comic Con](/wiki/New_York_Comic_Con \"New York Comic Con\") October 9–12, and was subsequently released in comics shops October 29\\.{{cite web\\\| last\\= Phegley\\\| first\\= Kiel \\\|date\\= September 3, 2014\\\| url\\= http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page\\=article\\&id\\=55871 \\\|title\\= 'Darryl Makes Comics' Makes Heroic Debut with 1980s NYC\\-Based 'DMC'\\\| website\\= \\[\\[Comic Book Resources]]\\\| access\\-date\\= }}{{cite news\\\| last\\= Sacks\\\| first\\= Ethan \\\| date\\= September 27, 2014\\\| url\\= http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/run\\-dmc\\-rapper\\-darryl\\-mcdaniels\\-launches\\-new\\-comic\\-book\\-line\\-article\\-1\\.1955410 \\\|title\\= Run\\-DMC's rapper Darryl McDaniels launches new comic book line\\\| work\\= \\[\\[Daily News (New York)\\\|Daily News]]\\\| place\\= New York\\\| publisher\\= \\\| access\\-date\\= }}{{cite magazine\\\| last\\= Anderson\\\| first\\= Kyle \\\|date\\= October 17, 2013\\\| url\\= http://music\\-mix.ew.com/2013/10/17/dmc\\-comic\\-book\\-exclusive/ \\\|title\\= Check out Darryl 'DMC' McDaniels' new comic book \\\| magazine\\= \\[\\[Entertainment Weekly]]\\\| publisher\\= \\\|access\\-date\\=}} The book received a four out of five stars rating by Tony Guerrero of Comic Vine, who lauded the charm and authenticity of the art.{{cite web\\\| url\\= http://comicbookroundup.com/comic\\-books/reviews/darryl\\-makes\\-comics/dmc/1 \\\|title\\= DMC \\#1 Reviews\\\| archiveurl\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20141109054121/http://comicbookroundup.com/comic\\-books/reviews/darryl\\-makes\\-comics/dmc/1 \\\|archivedate\\=November 9, 2014\\\| website\\= Comic Book Roundup\\\| access\\-date\\= November 8, 2014}}", "As of January 2015, McDaniels was working with the band [Generation Kill](/wiki/Generation_Kill_%28band%29 \"Generation Kill (band)\") on a project, DMC Generation Kill, to be produced by former [Guns N' Roses](/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses \"Guns N' Roses\") guitarist [Ron \"Bumblefoot\" Thal](/wiki/Ron_%22Bumblefoot%22_Thal \"Ron \").{{cite web\\\| url\\= http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/former\\-exodus\\-singer\\-rob\\-dukess\\-generation\\-kill\\-recording\\-album\\-with\\-darryl\\-dmc\\-mcdaniels/ \\\|title\\= Former EXODUS Singer ROB DUKES's GENERATION KILL Recording Album With DARRYL 'DMC' MCDANIELS \\\|website\\= Blabbermouth.net\\\| date\\= January 20, 2015}}{{cite web\\\| url\\= http://bravewords.com/news/generation\\-kill\\-team\\-up\\-with\\-hip\\-hop\\-icon\\-darryl\\-dmc\\-mcdaniels\\-for\\-new\\-album\\-to\\-be\\-produced\\-by\\-guns\\-n\\-roses\\-guitarist\\-ron\\-bumblefoot\\-thal\\-promo\\-video\\-streaming\\\| title\\= GENERATION KILL Team Up With Hip Hop Icon DARRYL ''DMC'' MCDANIELS For New Album, To Be Produced By GUNS N' ROSES Guitarist Ron 'Bumblefoot' Thal; Promo Video Streaming\\\| website\\= BraveWords.com\\\| date\\= January 20, 2015}}", "On the December 17, 2016 Christmas episode of [Saturday Night Live](/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live \"Saturday Night Live\"), DMC made a cameo appearance during a parody of Run DMC's \"Christmas in Hollis.\" During the sketch he was portrayed by musical guest [Chance the Rapper](/wiki/Chance_the_Rapper \"Chance the Rapper\").{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://consequenceofsound.net/2016/12/chance\\-the\\-rapper\\-parodies\\-run\\-dmcs\\-christmas\\-in\\-hollis\\-on\\-snl\\-watch/\\\|title\\=Chance the Rapper steals the show on SNL's Christmas episode \\\|website\\= consequenceofsound.net \\\|date\\=December 18, 2016}}", "On February 17, 2016, heavy metal band [Solus Deus](/wiki/Solus_Deus \"Solus Deus\") released their EP titled The Plague. The song titled \"Anacrime\" features DMC on guest vocals.", "Starting in 2017 and continuing on an ongoing basis, DMC has joined the rock cover supergroup Royal Machines as a guest at their occasional concerts. Joining a revolving cast of celebrities in each lineup, including [Dave Navarro](/wiki/Dave_Navarro \"Dave Navarro\"), [Billy Morrison](/wiki/Billy_Morrison \"Billy Morrison\"), [Sebastian Bach](/wiki/Sebastian_Bach \"Sebastian Bach\"), [Macy Gray](/wiki/Macy_Gray \"Macy Gray\"), [Fred Durst](/wiki/Fred_Durst \"Fred Durst\"), DMC has performed covers of songs such as \"Walk This Way\", \"Sweet Emotion\", and \"Black Betty\" with the band.", "On September 15, 2017, Italian rapper [Caparezza](/wiki/Caparezza \"Caparezza\") released his studio album, Prisoner 709, which includes the track \"Forever Jung\" that features DMC on guest vocals. American rapper DeLiverance's 2018 single \"Slave To The Rhythm\" also features DMC on guest vocals.", "On August 13, 2018, DMC performed an encore with [O.A.R.](/wiki/O.A.R. \"O.A.R.\"), playing \"[Walk This Way](/wiki/Walk_This_Way \"Walk This Way\")\".{{cite web\\\|url\\= http://www.oarsa.org/features/viewsong.php?songID\\=331\\\|title\\= (OAR) setlist archive \\\|accessdate\\= February 11, 2021\\\|work\\= oarsa.org}}", "In February 2021, McDaniels released a song and animated video, \"Let's All Get the Vaccine,\" to encourage the [COVID\\-19 vaccination](/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination \"COVID-19 vaccination\").{{Cite web\\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-17\\\|title\\=Animated Hip\\-Hop Video Urges Viewers: 'Let's All Get the Vaccine' \\\|url\\=https://healthmatters.nyp.org/animated\\-hip\\-hop\\-video\\-urges\\-viewers\\-lets\\-all\\-get\\-the\\-vaccine/\\\|url\\-status\\=live\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-22 \\\|website\\= NYP.org\\\| publisher\\= New York\\-Presbyterian\\\|language\\=en\\-US\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221165949/https://healthmatters.nyp.org/animated\\-hip\\-hop\\-video\\-urges\\-viewers\\-lets\\-all\\-get\\-the\\-vaccine/ \\\|archive\\-date\\=February 21, 2021 }}", "In January 2022, McDaniels released his picture book, Darryl's Dream, published by Random House.{{cite book \\\|last1\\=McDaniels \\\|first1\\=Darryl \\\|title\\=Darryl's dream \\\|date\\=2022 \\\|publisher\\=Random House/Nickelodeon \\\|location\\=New York \\\|isbn\\=9780593487747 \\\|edition\\=First \\\|access\\-date\\=14 January 2022\\\|url\\=https://www.rhcbooks.com/books/704151/darryls\\-dream\\-by\\-darryl\\-dmc\\-mcdaniels\\-shawnee\\-warfield\\-johnny\\-warfield\\-and\\-adam\\-padilla\\-illustrated\\-by\\-tristan\\-tait}}", "In January 2024, McDaniels released a cookie brand DMC Cookies.{{cite web \\\|last1\\=McDaniels \\\|first1\\=Darryl \\\|title\\=Darryl's dream \\\|date\\=2022 \\\|publisher\\=RetailWire \\\|access\\-date\\=16 January 2024\\\|url\\=https://retailwire.com/the\\-darryl\\-makes\\-cookies\\-brand\\-by\\-legendary\\-hip\\-hop\\-icon\\-from\\-run\\-dmc\\-is\\-here/}} In June 2024 a music video for [Fantastic Cat](/wiki/Fantastic_Cat \"Fantastic Cat\")'s \"So Glad You Made It\" features McDaniels acting in the role of a music producer.{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music\\-news/fantastic\\-cat\\-so\\-glad\\-you\\-made\\-it\\-video\\-adam\\-duritz\\-1235034974/?fbclid\\=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR2NvUhlZOysfqlhEMTN8DLuPXNdom6rKQ9jSdctDEZaaxtmXK8h\\-y2Os8s\\_aem\\_AS3qFHnJa5OgXOsnrwUBaYzCtlvKYrKoqPm14hnQeTn\\-6RLAce6B46DVw2LQUrneuFyILqDzx9MI7uFTFw7waicD \\\|title\\=Fantastic Cat Commit to the Bit With New Album and Video Featuring Adam Duritz \\\|last\\=Hudak \\\|first\\=Joseph \\\|date\\=June 7, 2024 \\\|website\\=rollingstone.com \\\|publisher\\=Rolling Stone \\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2024}}", "" ]
History ------- In July 1941, [Aleksandr Shcherbakov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Shcherbakov_%2820th-century_politician%29 "Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)") received a proposal from emigrants from Slavic countries living in the USSR to create an “All\-Slavic Committee”. This idea was approved by [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin "Joseph Stalin"). ### World War II The committee was created on October 5, 1941, at the constituent assembly of representatives of the Slavic peoples living in the USSR. The main goal of the committee during the war years was the formation of an anti\-fascist movement in the Slavic countries and the organization of its support among the Slavic communities in allied and neutral states. From 1942, the Committee published the magazine [Slavs](/wiki/Slavs_%28magazine%29 "Slavs (magazine)"). The committee's work was carried out by holding all\-Slavic anti\-fascist rallies and radio rallies (more than 70 in 1943–44\), publishing and distributing propaganda documents (more than 20,000 articles and various materials were sent abroad in 1942–46\), and organizing weekly Slavic radio broadcasts. countries, maintaining ties with Slavic organizations in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Latin America. At the end of 1945, the committee maintained ties with 130 foreign Slavic organizations. With the liberation of the Slavic countries from fascist occupation, they formed national Slavic committees.{{Cite web \\|title\=ВСЕСЛОВ'ЯНСЬКИЙ АНТИФАШИСТСЬКИЙ КОМІТЕТ \\|url\=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi\-bin/eiu/history.exe?\&I21DBN\=EIU\&P21DBN\=EIU\&S21STN\=1\&S21REF\=10\&S21FMT\=eiu\_all\&C21COM\=S\&S21CNR\=20\&S21P01\=0\&S21P02\=0\&S21P03\=TRN\=\&S21COLORTERMS\=0\&S21STR\=Vseslovianskyj\_antyfashystskyj \\|access\-date\=2022\-05\-21 \\|website\=resource.history.org.ua}} ### Post\-War In 1947 Committee was reorganized into the Slavic Committee of the USSR. In 1949, the financing of the committee was almost halved compared to 1947–1948, but in 1950 the committee was allocated more money, since a team (more than 20 people) of the anti\-Tito newspaper of Yugoslav emigrants [Za socijalističku Jugoslaviju](/wiki/Za_socijalisti%C4%8Dku_Jugoslaviju "Za socijalističku Jugoslaviju") ('For Socialist Yugoslavia') was assigned to it. Thus, the Committee became involved in the anti\-Tito [informbiro period](/wiki/Informbiro_period "Informbiro period").Зайцев А. В. Несбыточные мечты генерала Гундорова: планы строительства социализма в Восточной Европе и Славянский комитет СССР // Москва и Восточная Европа. Национальные модели социализма в странах региона (1950—1970\-е гг.). Формирование, особенности, современные оценки. In 1951, the staff of the committee were reduced. From that point the main activity of the committee was the publication of the magazine Slavs. In May 1958, the [Central Committee of the CPSU](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union "Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union") decided to close the Slavs magazine. After the closure of the magazine Slavs the staff of the committee was reduced, and its activities were reduced to the reception of foreign tourists. ### Closure In March 1962, the staff of the committee was reduced to 1 person, which in fact was its closure. Formally, the committee was not liquidated until the death of Gundorov.	[ "History\n-------", "In July 1941, [Aleksandr Shcherbakov](/wiki/Aleksandr_Shcherbakov_%2820th-century_politician%29 \"Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)\") received a proposal from emigrants from Slavic countries living in the USSR to create an “All\\-Slavic Committee”. This idea was approved by [Joseph Stalin](/wiki/Joseph_Stalin \"Joseph Stalin\").", "### World War II", "The committee was created on October 5, 1941, at the constituent assembly of representatives of the Slavic peoples living in the USSR. The main goal of the committee during the war years was the formation of an anti\\-fascist movement in the Slavic countries and the organization of its support among the Slavic communities in allied and neutral states. From 1942, the Committee published the magazine [Slavs](/wiki/Slavs_%28magazine%29 \"Slavs (magazine)\").", "The committee's work was carried out by holding all\\-Slavic anti\\-fascist rallies and radio rallies (more than 70 in 1943–44\\), publishing and distributing propaganda documents (more than 20,000 articles and various materials were sent abroad in 1942–46\\), and organizing weekly Slavic radio broadcasts. countries, maintaining ties with Slavic organizations in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Latin America. At the end of 1945, the committee maintained ties with 130 foreign Slavic organizations. With the liberation of the Slavic countries from fascist occupation, they formed national Slavic committees.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=ВСЕСЛОВ'ЯНСЬКИЙ АНТИФАШИСТСЬКИЙ КОМІТЕТ \\\|url\\=http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi\\-bin/eiu/history.exe?\\&I21DBN\\=EIU\\&P21DBN\\=EIU\\&S21STN\\=1\\&S21REF\\=10\\&S21FMT\\=eiu\\_all\\&C21COM\\=S\\&S21CNR\\=20\\&S21P01\\=0\\&S21P02\\=0\\&S21P03\\=TRN\\=\\&S21COLORTERMS\\=0\\&S21STR\\=Vseslovianskyj\\_antyfashystskyj \\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-21 \\\|website\\=resource.history.org.ua}}", "### Post\\-War", "In 1947 Committee was reorganized into the Slavic Committee of the USSR.", "In 1949, the financing of the committee was almost halved compared to 1947–1948, but in 1950 the committee was allocated more money, since a team (more than 20 people) of the anti\\-Tito newspaper of Yugoslav emigrants [Za socijalističku Jugoslaviju](/wiki/Za_socijalisti%C4%8Dku_Jugoslaviju \"Za socijalističku Jugoslaviju\") ('For Socialist Yugoslavia') was assigned to it. Thus, the Committee became involved in the anti\\-Tito [informbiro period](/wiki/Informbiro_period \"Informbiro period\").Зайцев А. В. Несбыточные мечты генерала Гундорова: планы строительства социализма в Восточной Европе и Славянский комитет СССР // Москва и Восточная Европа. Национальные модели социализма в странах региона (1950—1970\\-е гг.). Формирование, особенности, современные оценки.", "In 1951, the staff of the committee were reduced. From that point the main activity of the committee was the publication of the magazine Slavs.", "In May 1958, the [Central Committee of the CPSU](/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\") decided to close the Slavs magazine. After the closure of the magazine Slavs the staff of the committee was reduced, and its activities were reduced to the reception of foreign tourists.", "### Closure", "In March 1962, the staff of the committee was reduced to 1 person, which in fact was its closure. Formally, the committee was not liquidated until the death of Gundorov.", "" ]
Career ------ ### Television Holden's first television appearance was as a contestant on the game show [Blind Date](/wiki/Blind_Date_%28British_game_show%29 "Blind Date (British game show)") in 1991\. From 2006 to 2008, Holden appeared as Sarah Trevanian in three series of ITV's [Wild at Heart](/wiki/Wild_at_Heart_%28British_TV_series%29 "Wild at Heart (British TV series)") co\-starring [Stephen Tompkinson](/wiki/Stephen_Tompkinson "Stephen Tompkinson").{{Cite web\\|title\=Biography \- Official Amanda Holden Website\\|url\=http://www.officialamandaholden.com/biography\\|access\-date\=18 August 2020\\|website\=www.officialamandaholden.com}} In 1997, she was a cast member of pioneering Channel 5 sketch show, "We Know Where You Live" alongside [Simon Pegg](/wiki/Simon_Pegg "Simon Pegg"), [Sanjeev Bhaskar](/wiki/Sanjeev_Bhaskar "Sanjeev Bhaskar"), Ella Kenion, Fiona Allen and Jeremy Fowlds.{{Citation needed\\|date\=June 2023}} Holden's other TV credits include three series of the comedy [Kiss Me Kate](/wiki/Kiss_Me_Kate_%28TV_series%29 "Kiss Me Kate (TV series)") with [Caroline Quentin](/wiki/Caroline_Quentin "Caroline Quentin") and [Chris Langham](/wiki/Chris_Langham "Chris Langham"), three series of ITV's [The Grimleys](/wiki/The_Grimleys "The Grimleys"), one series of [Mad About Alice](/wiki/Mad_About_Alice "Mad About Alice"), Celeb with [Harry Enfield](/wiki/Harry_Enfield "Harry Enfield"), BBC series [Hearts and Bones](/wiki/Hearts_and_Bones_%28TV_series%29 "Hearts and Bones (TV series)") with [Damian Lewis](/wiki/Damian_Lewis "Damian Lewis"), the [Jonathan Creek](/wiki/Jonathan_Creek "Jonathan Creek") episode "The Problem at Gallowes Gate", and a [Boxing Day](/wiki/Boxing_Day "Boxing Day") special [Agatha Christie's Marple](/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Marple "Agatha Christie's Marple") episode "4\.50 From Paddington" opposite [Geraldine McEwan](/wiki/Geraldine_McEwan "Geraldine McEwan") and [John Hannah](/wiki/John_Hannah_%28actor%29 "John Hannah (actor)"). She co\-starred with [Bill Nighy](/wiki/Bill_Nighy "Bill Nighy") and [Tom Courtenay](/wiki/Tom_Courtenay "Tom Courtenay") in [Ready When You Are, Mr. McGill](/wiki/Ready_When_You_Are%2C_Mr._McGill "Ready When You Are, Mr. McGill"), a comedy drama by [Jack Rosenthal](/wiki/Jack_Rosenthal "Jack Rosenthal"). Holden is a judge on [Britain's Got Talent](/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent "Britain's Got Talent") along with [Simon Cowell](/wiki/Simon_Cowell "Simon Cowell"), [Bruno Tonioli](/wiki/Bruno_Tonioli "Bruno Tonioli"), and [Alesha Dixon](/wiki/Alesha_Dixon "Alesha Dixon"). She joined the show in 2007\. She has appeared on British series such as [Smack the Pony](/wiki/Smack_the_Pony "Smack the Pony"), [EastEnders](/wiki/EastEnders "EastEnders"), [Hearts and Bones](/wiki/Hearts_and_Bones_%28TV_series%29 "Hearts and Bones (TV series)"), and [Cutting It](/wiki/Cutting_It "Cutting It").{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.officialamandaholden.com/biography.aspx \\|title\=Biography \\|publisher\=Amanda Holden official website\\|access\-date\=10 May 2010}} In 2009, Holden appeared as Lizzie, the Ring Mistress, in the BBC circus sitcom [Big Top](/wiki/Big_Top_%28British_TV_series%29 "Big Top (British TV series)"). In April 2009 it was reported the US network CBS had offered Holden a job as one\-time guest presenter on [The Early Show](/wiki/The_Early_Show "The Early Show"), a daytime talk show. On 1 June 2009 she appeared with regular presenters [Harry Smith](/wiki/Harry_Smith_%28American_journalist%29 "Harry Smith (American journalist)") and [Maggie Rodriguez](/wiki/Maggie_Rodriguez "Maggie Rodriguez"). Holden has since signed with CBS as a British correspondent for The Early Show. From 2009 until 2014 Holden co\-presented [A Night of Heroes: The Sun Military Awards](/wiki/The_Sun_Military_Awards "The Sun Military Awards") annually on ITV with [Phillip Schofield](/wiki/Phillip_Schofield "Phillip Schofield"). In January 2010 she presented her own three\-part series, Amanda Holden's Fantasy Lives, in which she tried out three of her dream jobs.{{cite web\\|date\=1 October 2009\\|title\=ITV1 series to test Amanda Holden's talent in 'fantasy' jobs\\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/01/amanda\-holden\-fantasy\-lives\-itv1\\|access\-date\=5 August 2022\\|website\=theguardian.com}} In 2010, Holden co\-presented [The Door](/wiki/The_Door_%28TV_series%29 "The Door (TV series)") with [Chris Tarrant](/wiki/Chris_Tarrant "Chris Tarrant"). In 2011, Holden narrated the documentary [The Nation's Favourite Bee Gees Song](/wiki/The_Nation%27s_Favourite "The Nation's Favourite") on ITV. On 6 July 2012 Holden guest presented an episode of [Lorraine](/wiki/Lorraine_%28TV_programme%29 "Lorraine (TV programme)"), standing in for [Lorraine Kelly](/wiki/Lorraine_Kelly "Lorraine Kelly"). She returned to guest present six further episodes of the show from 4 to 8 April and on 4 July 2016\. In 2012, Holden presented talent show [Superstar](/wiki/Superstar_%28British_TV_series%29 "Superstar (British TV series)") on ITV. On 24 March 2014 she hosted an episode of the [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4") show [Dispatches](/wiki/Dispatches_%28TV_series%29 "Dispatches (TV series)") about the treatment for stillbirths and miscarriages. [thumb\\|Holden in 2012](/wiki/File:Amanda_Holden_%286745397983%29.jpg "Amanda Holden (6745397983).jpg") From 22 September to 18 December 2014, Holden filled in as a co\-host on [This Morning](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 "This Morning (TV programme)") with [Phillip Schofield](/wiki/Phillip_Schofield "Phillip Schofield") during [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby "Holly Willoughby")'s maternity leave. She took a short break in January and February 2015 to record the [Britain's Got Talent](/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent "Britain's Got Talent") auditions. [Christine Lampard](/wiki/Christine_Lampard "Christine Lampard") stood in for Holden during this time, before the latter returned to the show from 2 March until 17 July 2015\.{{cite web\\|date\=10 December 2014\\|title\=Christine Bleakley and Amanda Holden return to ITV's This Morning to co\-host with Phillip Schofield in 2015\\|url\=http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/christine\-bleakley\-and\-amanda\-holden\-return\-itvs\-morning\-co\-host\-phillip\-schofield\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228224324/http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/christine\-bleakley\-and\-amanda\-holden\-return\-itvs\-morning\-co\-host\-phillip\-schofield\\|archive\-date\=28 December 2014\\|access\-date\=5 February 2015\\|website\=ITV.com}} She returned to This Morning in 2017, to co\-present numerous episodes with [Ben Shephard](/wiki/Ben_Shephard "Ben Shephard"). Holden presented a six\-part factual series for ITV called [Give a Pet a Home](/wiki/Give_a_Pet_a_Home "Give a Pet a Home"), which worked alongside the [RSPCA](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals "Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals") finding homes for animals. The series aired in April and May 2015\.{{Cite web\\|date\=5 March 2015\\|title\=ITV joins forces with the RSPCA for a brand new show, Give A Pet A Home, hosted by Amanda Holden\\|url\=http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/itv\-joins\-forces\-rspca\-brand\-new\-show\-give\-pet\-home\-hosted\-amanda\-holden\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20150309100434/http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\-releases/itv\-joins\-forces\-rspca\-brand\-new\-show\-give\-pet\-home\-hosted\-amanda\-holden\\|archive\-date\=9 March 2015\\|website\=ITV.com}} On 18 December 2015 Holden was part of the presenting team for ITV's Christmas telethon [Text Santa](/wiki/Text_Santa "Text Santa"). In 2016 she presented [I've Got Something To Tell You](/wiki/I%27ve_Got_Something_To_Tell_You "I've Got Something To Tell You"), a factual series for the [W](/wiki/W_%28British_TV_channel%29 "W (British TV channel)") television channel.{{cite web\\|last\=Bullimore\\|first\=Emma\\|date\=30 September 2016\\|title\=Amanda Holden has something to tell you about her new show: 'I love eavesdropping!'\\|url\=https://www.whattowatch.com/news/amanda\-holden\-secrets\-eavesdropping\-418347\\|access\-date\=1 August 2021\\|website\=What to Watch}}{{cite web\\|last\=Fletcher\\|first\=Harry\\|date\=1 March 2016\\|title\=Amanda Holden to host I've Got Something to Tell You\\|url\=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a785268/amanda\-holden\-will\-get\-big\-confessions\-out\-of\-ordinary\-people\-on\-ive\-got\-something\-to\-tell\-you/\\|website\=Digital Spy}} She appeared as Miss Pentangle in [CBBC](/wiki/CBBC_%28TV_channel%29 "CBBC (TV channel)")'s [The Worst Witch](/wiki/The_Worst_Witch_%282017_TV_series%29 "The Worst Witch (2017 TV series)") in 2017\. Holden made a guest appearance in the Australian soap opera [Neighbours](/wiki/Neighbours "Neighbours") as [Harriet Wallace](/wiki/Harriet_Wallace "Harriet Wallace") in 2022\. She began filming for the show in London during October 2021\.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a37895593/neighbours\-spoilers\-amanda\-holden\-london\-harlow/\\|title\=Neighbours casts Britain's Got Talent judge Amanda Holden for special London storyline\\|last\=Lee\\|first\=Jess\\|date\=7 October 2021\\|publisher\=\[\[Digital Spy]]\\|access\-date\=8 October 2021}} In 2021, she started appearing in a new comedy mockumentary series from [Bo' Selecta!](/wiki/Bo%27_Selecta%21 "Bo' Selecta!") creator [Leigh Francis](/wiki/Leigh_Francis "Leigh Francis"). The programme was called The Holden Girls: Mandy \& Myrtle and featured Francis in drag with heavy make\-up as Amanda's nan Myrtle. The show launched on the E4 channel with 601,938 viewers and was repeated on Channel 4\. The show was axed after one series.{{Cite web \\| url\=https://www.northwalespioneer.co.uk/news/23442587\.channel\-4\-axes\-holden\-girls\-mandy\-myrtle\-one\-series/ \\| title\=Channel 4 axes Holden Girls: Mandy \& Myrtle after one series \\| date\=7 Apr 2023}} ### Theatre Holden has appeared in several stage musicals, and in 2004 was nominated for the [Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Musical "Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical") for her performance in the [West End](/wiki/West_End_theatre "West End theatre") production of [Thoroughly Modern Millie](/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie_%28musical%29 "Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)"), which closed earlier than expected in June 2004\.{{cite web\\|last\=Paddock\\|first\=Terri\\|date\=3 June 2004\\|title\=''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' Posts Closing Notices\\|url\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8821086257644/Thoroughly\+Modern\+Millie\+Posts\+Closing\+Notices.html\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615174845/http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8821086257644/Thoroughly\+Modern\+Millie\+Posts\+Closing\+Notices.html\\|archive\-date\=15 June 2011\\|access\-date\=10 May 2010\\|website\=Whatsonstage.com}}{{cite web\\|date\=10 June 2004\\|title\=''Modern Millie'' Cast Defends Holden???\\|url\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/gossip/theatre/london/E8821086888021/Modern\+Millie\+Cast\+Defends\+Holden%3F%3F%3F.html\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615174909/http://www.whatsonstage.com/gossip/theatre/london/E8821086888021/Modern\+Millie\+Cast\+Defends\+Holden%3F%3F%3F.html\\|archive\-date\=15 June 2011\\|access\-date\=10 May 2010\\|website\=Whatsonstage.com}} Holden finished playing the role [Princess Fiona](/wiki/Princess_Fiona "Princess Fiona") in the original West End production of [Shrek The Musical](/wiki/Shrek_The_Musical "Shrek The Musical"), which began on 6 May 2011\. The show opened at the [Theatre Royal, Drury Lane](/wiki/Theatre_Royal%2C_Drury_Lane "Theatre Royal, Drury Lane") on 14 June 2011\.{{cite news \\| url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\-arts\-10816624 \\|title\=Amanda Holden to star in Shrek musical \\|work\=BBC News \\|date\=30 July 2010}} She starred with [Nigel Lindsay](/wiki/Nigel_Lindsay "Nigel Lindsay"), [Richard Blackwood](/wiki/Richard_Blackwood "Richard Blackwood"), and [Nigel Harman](/wiki/Nigel_Harman "Nigel Harman"). Holden departed the show on 3 October 2011, ten weeks earlier than planned, to focus on her unborn child and was replaced by [Girls Aloud](/wiki/Girls_Aloud "Girls Aloud") singer [Kimberley Walsh](/wiki/Kimberley_Walsh "Kimberley Walsh"). For this role, Holden won the [WhatsOnStage.com Theatregoers' Choice Award for Best Actress in a Musical](/wiki/WhatsOnStage_Awards "WhatsOnStage Awards").{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8831329493377/Full\+List%3A\+2012\+Whatsonstage.com\+Award\+winners.html \\|title\=Full List: 2012 Whatsonstage.com Award winners \\|website\=Whatsonstage.com \\|date\=19 February 2012 \\|access\-date\=25 February 2012 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223125532/http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8831329493377/Full\+List:\+2012\+Whatsonstage.com\+Award\+winners.html \\|archive\-date\=23 February 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead}} In 2016 Holden starred in a West End revival of [Stepping Out](/wiki/Stepping_Out_%28play%29 "Stepping Out (play)"){{cite web\\|last\=Cole\\|first\=Emily\\|date\=11 March 2016\\|title\=Amanda Holden to lead the cast of ''Stepping Out''\\|url\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/bath\-theatre/news/amanda\-holden\-stepping\-out\_39948\.html\\|access\-date\=15 December 2016\\|website\=Whatsonstage.com}} and reprised her role when it opened at the [Vaudeville Theatre](/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre "Vaudeville Theatre") in March 2017\.{{cite web\\|last\=Packer\\|first\=Chris\\|date\=23 September 2016\\|title\=Amanda Holden and Tamzin Outhwaite in Stepping Out at the Vaudeville Theatre\\|url\=http://www.boxoffice.co.uk/news/amanda\-holden\-and\-tamzin\-outhwaite\-in\-stepping\-out\-at\-the\-vaudeville\-theatre\-1325\.aspx\\|access\-date\=15 December 2016\\|website\=Boxoffice.co.uk\\|archive\-date\=20 December 2016\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220111823/http://www.boxoffice.co.uk/news/amanda\-holden\-and\-tamzin\-outhwaite\-in\-stepping\-out\-at\-the\-vaudeville\-theatre\-1325\.aspx\\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Film In 1996, Holden played Pamela in [Intimate Relations](/wiki/Intimate_Relations_%281996_film%29 "Intimate Relations (1996 film)"). In 1999 she appeared as a shoe\-shop assistant in [Virtual Sexuality](/wiki/Virtual_Sexuality "Virtual Sexuality"). She was uncredited in the 2013 film [One Chance](/wiki/One_Chance_%28film%29 "One Chance (film)"). ### Radio In April 2019, it was announced Holden would replace [Emma Bunton](/wiki/Emma_Bunton "Emma Bunton") as co\-host of Heart Breakfast with [Jamie Theakston](/wiki/Jamie_Theakston "Jamie Theakston"), at the same time as it went national on 3 June.{{Cite web\\|date\=3 June 2019\\|title\=Join Jamie Theakston and Amanda Holden for the All New Heart Breakfast\\|url\=https://www.heart.co.uk/radio/heart\-breakfast\-jamie\-theakston\-amanda\-holden/\\|access\-date\=28 October 2020\\|website\=Heart\\|archive\-date\=24 September 2020\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924183143/https://www.heart.co.uk/radio/heart\-breakfast\-jamie\-theakston\-amanda\-holden/\\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Music In 2019, Holden signed a recording contract with [Virgin EMI Records](/wiki/Virgin_EMI_Records "Virgin EMI Records").{{Cite news\\|last\=Ingate\\|first\=Kathryn\\|date\=14 July 2019\\|title\=Amanda Holden revealed she is 'thrilled' to launch music career with HUGE record deal\\|newspaper\=\[\[Sunday Express]]\\|location\=UK\\|url\=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity\-news/1153323/Amanda\-Holden\-singing\-tightrope\-Instagram\-music\-record\-deal\-news\-latest\\|access\-date\=14 July 2019\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503210750/https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity\-news/1153323/Amanda\-Holden\-singing\-tightrope\-Instagram\-music\-record\-deal\-news\-latest\\|archive\-date\=3 May 2020}} In 2020 she released her debut studio album, [Songs from My Heart](/wiki/Songs_from_My_Heart "Songs from My Heart"), through [Universal Music](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group "Universal Music Group").{{Cite web\\|date\=2 October 2020\\|title\=Amanda Holden releases debut album Songs From My Heart\\|url\=https://www.heart.co.uk/radio/shows\-presenters/heart\-breakfast\-jamie\-theakston\-amanda\-holden/amanda\-holden\-releases\-debut\-album\-songs\-from\-my\-heart/\\|access\-date\=2 October 2020\\|website\=Heart}} It reached number four on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart "UK Albums Chart"). ### Other work In July 2009, Holden became a gossip columnist for the [News of the World](/wiki/News_of_the_World "News of the World").{{cite web\\|last\=Hyde\\|first\=Marina\\|date\=7 July 2011\\|title\=Did the News of the World target Amanda Holden before giving her a job?\\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2011/jul/07/news\-of\-world\-amanda\-holden\\|access\-date\=12 September 2013\\|work\=The Guardian}} From 2010 until 2012 Holden appeared in television commercial adverts for supermarket chain [Tesco](/wiki/Tesco "Tesco"). Since 2012 she has appeared in television commercials for [Danone](/wiki/Danone "Danone") Oykos low\-fat yoghurt. In October 2013, Amanda released her autobiography, No Holding Back,{{cite web\\|last\=Percival\\|first\=Ash\\|date\=7 November 2013\\|title\=Watch: Amanda Doesn't Hold Back\\|url\=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/11/07/amanda\-holden\-autobiography\-no\-holding\-back\_n\_4231598\.html\\|website\=HuffPost UK}} which became a [Sunday Times](/wiki/The_Sunday_Times "The Sunday Times") best seller.{{Cite web\\|title\=Brands: Amanda's Autobiography 'No Holding Back' \- Official Amanda Holden Website\\|url\=http://www.officialamandaholden.com/brands/amandas\-autobiography\-no\-holding\-back\\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-21\\|website\=www.officialamandaholden.com}} In 2015, she was the new face of the [Alpen](/wiki/Alpen_%28food%29 "Alpen (food)") Brighter Morning Challenge.{{cite web\\|title\=Welcome to Brighter Mornings with Amanda's Challenge\\|url\=http://www.alpenmornings.co.uk/amandas\-challenge.html\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527175213/http://www.alpenmornings.co.uk/amandas\-challenge.html\\|archive\-date\=27 May 2015\\|publisher\=\[\[Weetabix Ltd.]]}} In 2021, she was the British spokesperson for the [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest "Eurovision Song Contest"). She awarded UK's 12 jury points to France.	[ "Career\n------", "### Television", "Holden's first television appearance was as a contestant on the game show [Blind Date](/wiki/Blind_Date_%28British_game_show%29 \"Blind Date (British game show)\") in 1991\\. From 2006 to 2008, Holden appeared as Sarah Trevanian in three series of ITV's [Wild at Heart](/wiki/Wild_at_Heart_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Wild at Heart (British TV series)\") co\\-starring [Stephen Tompkinson](/wiki/Stephen_Tompkinson \"Stephen Tompkinson\").{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Biography \\- Official Amanda Holden Website\\\|url\\=http://www.officialamandaholden.com/biography\\\|access\\-date\\=18 August 2020\\\|website\\=www.officialamandaholden.com}}", "In 1997, she was a cast member of pioneering Channel 5 sketch show, \"We Know Where You Live\" alongside [Simon Pegg](/wiki/Simon_Pegg \"Simon Pegg\"), [Sanjeev Bhaskar](/wiki/Sanjeev_Bhaskar \"Sanjeev Bhaskar\"), Ella Kenion, Fiona Allen and Jeremy Fowlds.{{Citation needed\\\|date\\=June 2023}}", "Holden's other TV credits include three series of the comedy [Kiss Me Kate](/wiki/Kiss_Me_Kate_%28TV_series%29 \"Kiss Me Kate (TV series)\") with [Caroline Quentin](/wiki/Caroline_Quentin \"Caroline Quentin\") and [Chris Langham](/wiki/Chris_Langham \"Chris Langham\"), three series of ITV's [The Grimleys](/wiki/The_Grimleys \"The Grimleys\"), one series of [Mad About Alice](/wiki/Mad_About_Alice \"Mad About Alice\"), Celeb with [Harry Enfield](/wiki/Harry_Enfield \"Harry Enfield\"), BBC series [Hearts and Bones](/wiki/Hearts_and_Bones_%28TV_series%29 \"Hearts and Bones (TV series)\") with [Damian Lewis](/wiki/Damian_Lewis \"Damian Lewis\"), the [Jonathan Creek](/wiki/Jonathan_Creek \"Jonathan Creek\") episode \"The Problem at Gallowes Gate\", and a [Boxing Day](/wiki/Boxing_Day \"Boxing Day\") special [Agatha Christie's Marple](/wiki/Agatha_Christie%27s_Marple \"Agatha Christie's Marple\") episode \"4\\.50 From Paddington\" opposite [Geraldine McEwan](/wiki/Geraldine_McEwan \"Geraldine McEwan\") and [John Hannah](/wiki/John_Hannah_%28actor%29 \"John Hannah (actor)\"). She co\\-starred with [Bill Nighy](/wiki/Bill_Nighy \"Bill Nighy\") and [Tom Courtenay](/wiki/Tom_Courtenay \"Tom Courtenay\") in [Ready When You Are, Mr. McGill](/wiki/Ready_When_You_Are%2C_Mr._McGill \"Ready When You Are, Mr. McGill\"), a comedy drama by [Jack Rosenthal](/wiki/Jack_Rosenthal \"Jack Rosenthal\"). Holden is a judge on [Britain's Got Talent](/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent \"Britain's Got Talent\") along with [Simon Cowell](/wiki/Simon_Cowell \"Simon Cowell\"), [Bruno Tonioli](/wiki/Bruno_Tonioli \"Bruno Tonioli\"), and [Alesha Dixon](/wiki/Alesha_Dixon \"Alesha Dixon\"). She joined the show in 2007\\.", "She has appeared on British series such as [Smack the Pony](/wiki/Smack_the_Pony \"Smack the Pony\"), [EastEnders](/wiki/EastEnders \"EastEnders\"), [Hearts and Bones](/wiki/Hearts_and_Bones_%28TV_series%29 \"Hearts and Bones (TV series)\"), and [Cutting It](/wiki/Cutting_It \"Cutting It\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.officialamandaholden.com/biography.aspx \\\|title\\=Biography \\\|publisher\\=Amanda Holden official website\\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2010}}", "In 2009, Holden appeared as Lizzie, the Ring Mistress, in the BBC circus sitcom [Big Top](/wiki/Big_Top_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Big Top (British TV series)\"). In April 2009 it was reported the US network CBS had offered Holden a job as one\\-time guest presenter on [The Early Show](/wiki/The_Early_Show \"The Early Show\"), a daytime talk show. On 1 June 2009 she appeared with regular presenters [Harry Smith](/wiki/Harry_Smith_%28American_journalist%29 \"Harry Smith (American journalist)\") and [Maggie Rodriguez](/wiki/Maggie_Rodriguez \"Maggie Rodriguez\"). Holden has since signed with CBS as a British correspondent for The Early Show.", "From 2009 until 2014 Holden co\\-presented [A Night of Heroes: The Sun Military Awards](/wiki/The_Sun_Military_Awards \"The Sun Military Awards\") annually on ITV with [Phillip Schofield](/wiki/Phillip_Schofield \"Phillip Schofield\"). In January 2010 she presented her own three\\-part series, Amanda Holden's Fantasy Lives, in which she tried out three of her dream jobs.{{cite web\\\|date\\=1 October 2009\\\|title\\=ITV1 series to test Amanda Holden's talent in 'fantasy' jobs\\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/01/amanda\\-holden\\-fantasy\\-lives\\-itv1\\\|access\\-date\\=5 August 2022\\\|website\\=theguardian.com}}", "In 2010, Holden co\\-presented [The Door](/wiki/The_Door_%28TV_series%29 \"The Door (TV series)\") with [Chris Tarrant](/wiki/Chris_Tarrant \"Chris Tarrant\"). In 2011, Holden narrated the documentary [The Nation's Favourite Bee Gees Song](/wiki/The_Nation%27s_Favourite \"The Nation's Favourite\") on ITV. On 6 July 2012 Holden guest presented an episode of [Lorraine](/wiki/Lorraine_%28TV_programme%29 \"Lorraine (TV programme)\"), standing in for [Lorraine Kelly](/wiki/Lorraine_Kelly \"Lorraine Kelly\"). She returned to guest present six further episodes of the show from 4 to 8 April and on 4 July 2016\\.", "In 2012, Holden presented talent show [Superstar](/wiki/Superstar_%28British_TV_series%29 \"Superstar (British TV series)\") on ITV. On 24 March 2014 she hosted an episode of the [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\") show [Dispatches](/wiki/Dispatches_%28TV_series%29 \"Dispatches (TV series)\") about the treatment for stillbirths and miscarriages.\n[thumb\\\|Holden in 2012](/wiki/File:Amanda_Holden_%286745397983%29.jpg \"Amanda Holden (6745397983).jpg\")", "From 22 September to 18 December 2014, Holden filled in as a co\\-host on [This Morning](/wiki/This_Morning_%28TV_programme%29 \"This Morning (TV programme)\") with [Phillip Schofield](/wiki/Phillip_Schofield \"Phillip Schofield\") during [Holly Willoughby](/wiki/Holly_Willoughby \"Holly Willoughby\")'s maternity leave. She took a short break in January and February 2015 to record the [Britain's Got Talent](/wiki/Britain%27s_Got_Talent \"Britain's Got Talent\") auditions. [Christine Lampard](/wiki/Christine_Lampard \"Christine Lampard\") stood in for Holden during this time, before the latter returned to the show from 2 March until 17 July 2015\\.{{cite web\\\|date\\=10 December 2014\\\|title\\=Christine Bleakley and Amanda Holden return to ITV's This Morning to co\\-host with Phillip Schofield in 2015\\\|url\\=http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/christine\\-bleakley\\-and\\-amanda\\-holden\\-return\\-itvs\\-morning\\-co\\-host\\-phillip\\-schofield\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228224324/http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/christine\\-bleakley\\-and\\-amanda\\-holden\\-return\\-itvs\\-morning\\-co\\-host\\-phillip\\-schofield\\\|archive\\-date\\=28 December 2014\\\|access\\-date\\=5 February 2015\\\|website\\=ITV.com}} She returned to This Morning in 2017, to co\\-present numerous episodes with [Ben Shephard](/wiki/Ben_Shephard \"Ben Shephard\").", "Holden presented a six\\-part factual series for ITV called [Give a Pet a Home](/wiki/Give_a_Pet_a_Home \"Give a Pet a Home\"), which worked alongside the [RSPCA](/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals \"Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals\") finding homes for animals. The series aired in April and May 2015\\.{{Cite web\\\|date\\=5 March 2015\\\|title\\=ITV joins forces with the RSPCA for a brand new show, Give A Pet A Home, hosted by Amanda Holden\\\|url\\=http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/itv\\-joins\\-forces\\-rspca\\-brand\\-new\\-show\\-give\\-pet\\-home\\-hosted\\-amanda\\-holden\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20150309100434/http://www.itv.com/presscentre/press\\-releases/itv\\-joins\\-forces\\-rspca\\-brand\\-new\\-show\\-give\\-pet\\-home\\-hosted\\-amanda\\-holden\\\|archive\\-date\\=9 March 2015\\\|website\\=ITV.com}}", "On 18 December 2015 Holden was part of the presenting team for ITV's Christmas telethon [Text Santa](/wiki/Text_Santa \"Text Santa\"). In 2016 she presented [I've Got Something To Tell You](/wiki/I%27ve_Got_Something_To_Tell_You \"I've Got Something To Tell You\"), a factual series for the [W](/wiki/W_%28British_TV_channel%29 \"W (British TV channel)\") television channel.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Bullimore\\\|first\\=Emma\\\|date\\=30 September 2016\\\|title\\=Amanda Holden has something to tell you about her new show: 'I love eavesdropping!'\\\|url\\=https://www.whattowatch.com/news/amanda\\-holden\\-secrets\\-eavesdropping\\-418347\\\|access\\-date\\=1 August 2021\\\|website\\=What to Watch}}{{cite web\\\|last\\=Fletcher\\\|first\\=Harry\\\|date\\=1 March 2016\\\|title\\=Amanda Holden to host I've Got Something to Tell You\\\|url\\=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/news/a785268/amanda\\-holden\\-will\\-get\\-big\\-confessions\\-out\\-of\\-ordinary\\-people\\-on\\-ive\\-got\\-something\\-to\\-tell\\-you/\\\|website\\=Digital Spy}} She appeared as Miss Pentangle in [CBBC](/wiki/CBBC_%28TV_channel%29 \"CBBC (TV channel)\")'s [The Worst Witch](/wiki/The_Worst_Witch_%282017_TV_series%29 \"The Worst Witch (2017 TV series)\") in 2017\\. Holden made a guest appearance in the Australian soap opera [Neighbours](/wiki/Neighbours \"Neighbours\") as [Harriet Wallace](/wiki/Harriet_Wallace \"Harriet Wallace\") in 2022\\. She began filming for the show in London during October 2021\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/neighbours/a37895593/neighbours\\-spoilers\\-amanda\\-holden\\-london\\-harlow/\\\|title\\=Neighbours casts Britain's Got Talent judge Amanda Holden for special London storyline\\\|last\\=Lee\\\|first\\=Jess\\\|date\\=7 October 2021\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Digital Spy]]\\\|access\\-date\\=8 October 2021}}", "In 2021, she started appearing in a new comedy mockumentary series from [Bo' Selecta!](/wiki/Bo%27_Selecta%21 \"Bo' Selecta!\") creator [Leigh Francis](/wiki/Leigh_Francis \"Leigh Francis\"). The programme was called The Holden Girls: Mandy \\& Myrtle and featured Francis in drag with heavy make\\-up as Amanda's nan Myrtle. The show launched on the E4 channel with 601,938 viewers and was repeated on Channel 4\\. The show was axed after one series.{{Cite web \\\| url\\=https://www.northwalespioneer.co.uk/news/23442587\\.channel\\-4\\-axes\\-holden\\-girls\\-mandy\\-myrtle\\-one\\-series/ \\\| title\\=Channel 4 axes Holden Girls: Mandy \\& Myrtle after one series \\\| date\\=7 Apr 2023}}", "### Theatre", "Holden has appeared in several stage musicals, and in 2004 was nominated for the [Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical](/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Actress_in_a_Musical \"Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical\") for her performance in the [West End](/wiki/West_End_theatre \"West End theatre\") production of [Thoroughly Modern Millie](/wiki/Thoroughly_Modern_Millie_%28musical%29 \"Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)\"), which closed earlier than expected in June 2004\\.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Paddock\\\|first\\=Terri\\\|date\\=3 June 2004\\\|title\\=''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' Posts Closing Notices\\\|url\\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8821086257644/Thoroughly\\+Modern\\+Millie\\+Posts\\+Closing\\+Notices.html\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615174845/http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8821086257644/Thoroughly\\+Modern\\+Millie\\+Posts\\+Closing\\+Notices.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2011\\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2010\\\|website\\=Whatsonstage.com}}{{cite web\\\|date\\=10 June 2004\\\|title\\=''Modern Millie'' Cast Defends Holden???\\\|url\\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/gossip/theatre/london/E8821086888021/Modern\\+Millie\\+Cast\\+Defends\\+Holden%3F%3F%3F.html\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615174909/http://www.whatsonstage.com/gossip/theatre/london/E8821086888021/Modern\\+Millie\\+Cast\\+Defends\\+Holden%3F%3F%3F.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=15 June 2011\\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2010\\\|website\\=Whatsonstage.com}}", "Holden finished playing the role [Princess Fiona](/wiki/Princess_Fiona \"Princess Fiona\") in the original West End production of [Shrek The Musical](/wiki/Shrek_The_Musical \"Shrek The Musical\"), which began on 6 May 2011\\. The show opened at the [Theatre Royal, Drury Lane](/wiki/Theatre_Royal%2C_Drury_Lane \"Theatre Royal, Drury Lane\") on 14 June 2011\\.{{cite news \\\| url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment\\-arts\\-10816624 \\\|title\\=Amanda Holden to star in Shrek musical \\\|work\\=BBC News \\\|date\\=30 July 2010}} She starred with [Nigel Lindsay](/wiki/Nigel_Lindsay \"Nigel Lindsay\"), [Richard Blackwood](/wiki/Richard_Blackwood \"Richard Blackwood\"), and [Nigel Harman](/wiki/Nigel_Harman \"Nigel Harman\"). Holden departed the show on 3 October 2011, ten weeks earlier than planned, to focus on her unborn child and was replaced by [Girls Aloud](/wiki/Girls_Aloud \"Girls Aloud\") singer [Kimberley Walsh](/wiki/Kimberley_Walsh \"Kimberley Walsh\"). For this role, Holden won the [WhatsOnStage.com Theatregoers' Choice Award for Best Actress in a Musical](/wiki/WhatsOnStage_Awards \"WhatsOnStage Awards\").{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8831329493377/Full\\+List%3A\\+2012\\+Whatsonstage.com\\+Award\\+winners.html \\\|title\\=Full List: 2012 Whatsonstage.com Award winners \\\|website\\=Whatsonstage.com \\\|date\\=19 February 2012 \\\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2012 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223125532/http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8831329493377/Full\\+List:\\+2012\\+Whatsonstage.com\\+Award\\+winners.html \\\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} In 2016 Holden starred in a West End revival of [Stepping Out](/wiki/Stepping_Out_%28play%29 \"Stepping Out (play)\"){{cite web\\\|last\\=Cole\\\|first\\=Emily\\\|date\\=11 March 2016\\\|title\\=Amanda Holden to lead the cast of ''Stepping Out''\\\|url\\=http://www.whatsonstage.com/bath\\-theatre/news/amanda\\-holden\\-stepping\\-out\\_39948\\.html\\\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2016\\\|website\\=Whatsonstage.com}} and reprised her role when it opened at the [Vaudeville Theatre](/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre \"Vaudeville Theatre\") in March 2017\\.{{cite web\\\|last\\=Packer\\\|first\\=Chris\\\|date\\=23 September 2016\\\|title\\=Amanda Holden and Tamzin Outhwaite in Stepping Out at the Vaudeville Theatre\\\|url\\=http://www.boxoffice.co.uk/news/amanda\\-holden\\-and\\-tamzin\\-outhwaite\\-in\\-stepping\\-out\\-at\\-the\\-vaudeville\\-theatre\\-1325\\.aspx\\\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2016\\\|website\\=Boxoffice.co.uk\\\|archive\\-date\\=20 December 2016\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220111823/http://www.boxoffice.co.uk/news/amanda\\-holden\\-and\\-tamzin\\-outhwaite\\-in\\-stepping\\-out\\-at\\-the\\-vaudeville\\-theatre\\-1325\\.aspx\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Film", "In 1996, Holden played Pamela in [Intimate Relations](/wiki/Intimate_Relations_%281996_film%29 \"Intimate Relations (1996 film)\"). In 1999 she appeared as a shoe\\-shop assistant in [Virtual Sexuality](/wiki/Virtual_Sexuality \"Virtual Sexuality\"). She was uncredited in the 2013 film [One Chance](/wiki/One_Chance_%28film%29 \"One Chance (film)\").", "### Radio", "In April 2019, it was announced Holden would replace [Emma Bunton](/wiki/Emma_Bunton \"Emma Bunton\") as co\\-host of Heart Breakfast with [Jamie Theakston](/wiki/Jamie_Theakston \"Jamie Theakston\"), at the same time as it went national on 3 June.{{Cite web\\\|date\\=3 June 2019\\\|title\\=Join Jamie Theakston and Amanda Holden for the All New Heart Breakfast\\\|url\\=https://www.heart.co.uk/radio/heart\\-breakfast\\-jamie\\-theakston\\-amanda\\-holden/\\\|access\\-date\\=28 October 2020\\\|website\\=Heart\\\|archive\\-date\\=24 September 2020\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924183143/https://www.heart.co.uk/radio/heart\\-breakfast\\-jamie\\-theakston\\-amanda\\-holden/\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Music", "In 2019, Holden signed a recording contract with [Virgin EMI Records](/wiki/Virgin_EMI_Records \"Virgin EMI Records\").{{Cite news\\\|last\\=Ingate\\\|first\\=Kathryn\\\|date\\=14 July 2019\\\|title\\=Amanda Holden revealed she is 'thrilled' to launch music career with HUGE record deal\\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Sunday Express]]\\\|location\\=UK\\\|url\\=https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity\\-news/1153323/Amanda\\-Holden\\-singing\\-tightrope\\-Instagram\\-music\\-record\\-deal\\-news\\-latest\\\|access\\-date\\=14 July 2019\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503210750/https://www.express.co.uk/celebrity\\-news/1153323/Amanda\\-Holden\\-singing\\-tightrope\\-Instagram\\-music\\-record\\-deal\\-news\\-latest\\\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2020}} In 2020 she released her debut studio album, [Songs from My Heart](/wiki/Songs_from_My_Heart \"Songs from My Heart\"), through [Universal Music](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group \"Universal Music Group\").{{Cite web\\\|date\\=2 October 2020\\\|title\\=Amanda Holden releases debut album Songs From My Heart\\\|url\\=https://www.heart.co.uk/radio/shows\\-presenters/heart\\-breakfast\\-jamie\\-theakston\\-amanda\\-holden/amanda\\-holden\\-releases\\-debut\\-album\\-songs\\-from\\-my\\-heart/\\\|access\\-date\\=2 October 2020\\\|website\\=Heart}} It reached number four on the [UK Albums Chart](/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart \"UK Albums Chart\").", "### Other work", "In July 2009, Holden became a gossip columnist for the [News of the World](/wiki/News_of_the_World \"News of the World\").{{cite web\\\|last\\=Hyde\\\|first\\=Marina\\\|date\\=7 July 2011\\\|title\\=Did the News of the World target Amanda Holden before giving her a job?\\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2011/jul/07/news\\-of\\-world\\-amanda\\-holden\\\|access\\-date\\=12 September 2013\\\|work\\=The Guardian}}", "From 2010 until 2012 Holden appeared in television commercial adverts for supermarket chain [Tesco](/wiki/Tesco \"Tesco\"). Since 2012 she has appeared in television commercials for [Danone](/wiki/Danone \"Danone\") Oykos low\\-fat yoghurt.", "In October 2013, Amanda released her autobiography, No Holding Back,{{cite web\\\|last\\=Percival\\\|first\\=Ash\\\|date\\=7 November 2013\\\|title\\=Watch: Amanda Doesn't Hold Back\\\|url\\=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/11/07/amanda\\-holden\\-autobiography\\-no\\-holding\\-back\\_n\\_4231598\\.html\\\|website\\=HuffPost UK}} which became a [Sunday Times](/wiki/The_Sunday_Times \"The Sunday Times\") best seller.{{Cite web\\\|title\\=Brands: Amanda's Autobiography 'No Holding Back' \\- Official Amanda Holden Website\\\|url\\=http://www.officialamandaholden.com/brands/amandas\\-autobiography\\-no\\-holding\\-back\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-21\\\|website\\=www.officialamandaholden.com}}", "In 2015, she was the new face of the [Alpen](/wiki/Alpen_%28food%29 \"Alpen (food)\") Brighter Morning Challenge.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Welcome to Brighter Mornings with Amanda's Challenge\\\|url\\=http://www.alpenmornings.co.uk/amandas\\-challenge.html\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527175213/http://www.alpenmornings.co.uk/amandas\\-challenge.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2015\\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Weetabix Ltd.]]}}", "In 2021, she was the British spokesperson for the [Eurovision Song Contest](/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest \"Eurovision Song Contest\"). She awarded UK's 12 jury points to France.", "" ]
Office structure ---------------- The Center for Veterinary Medicine is divided into six key offices. The Office of the Director coordinates activities for the center and establishes policy in a wide variety of areas, including management, research, and [compliance](/wiki/Regulatory_compliance "Regulatory compliance").{{Cite web\\|last\=Medicine\\|first\=Center for Veterinary\\|date\=2020\-10\-07\\|title\=Office of the Director\\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/about\-fda/cvm\-offices/office\-director\\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-23\\|website\=FDA\\|language\=en}} It directs the planning, programming, budgeting, and administrative support for the center. The Office of the Director is also responsible for approving [New Animal Drug Applications](/wiki/New_Animal_Drug_Application "New Animal Drug Application") and Abbreviated New Animal Drug Applications, approving the use of animal [food additives](/wiki/Food_additive "Food additive"), and reviewing submitted New Animal Drug Applications for effects on human health. The Director serves as the spokesperson for the center's activities and is in contact with the public, industry, other government agencies, national organizations, and international organizations. The Office of Management provides customer service, guidance, and education on the activities of the center.{{Cite web\\|last\=Medicine\\|first\=Center for Veterinary\\|date\=2020\-10\-29\\|title\=Office of Management\\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/about\-fda/cvm\-offices/office\-management\\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-23\\|website\=FDA\\|language\=en}} Individuals in this office are in charge of managing [strategic planning](/wiki/Strategic_planning "Strategic planning") of the center's goals and priorities and serve as liaisons for specific facilities, programs, and services provided by the center. This office is also in charge of managing billing, information management and technology, [talent development](/wiki/Talent_development "Talent development"), and budget planning for the center. The Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation reviews information submitted by drug sponsors who are working to gain approval to manufacture and market animal drugs.{{Cite web\\|last\=Medicine\\|first\=Center for Veterinary\\|date\=2021\-02\-08\\|title\=Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation\\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/about\-fda/cvm\-offices/office\-new\-animal\-drug\-evaluation\\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-23\\|website\=FDA\\|language\=en}} This office determines if an animal drug should be approved and ensures that the new drug meets four pillars: the drug product must be safe for both animals and humans, must be effective for its intended use, must be a quality manufactured product, and must be properly labeled with how to safely use, store, and handle the drug. This office also ensures that these standards are maintained after the drug enters the marketplace. The office has eight divisions which each evaluate a different part of the drug review process. The Office of Surveillance and Compliance is in charge of regulating animal drugs and devices for their safety and effectiveness and also oversees animal food safety programs.{{Cite web\\|last\=Medicine\\|first\=Center for Veterinary\\|date\=2021\-04\-15\\|title\=Office of Surveillance and Compliance\\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/about\-fda/cvm\-offices/office\-surveillance\-and\-compliance\\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-23\\|website\=FDA\\|language\=en}} Members of this office include [veterinarians](/wiki/Veterinarian "Veterinarian"), [animal scientists](/wiki/Animal_science "Animal science"), [toxicologists](/wiki/Toxicology "Toxicology"), [consumer safety](/wiki/Consumer_protection "Consumer protection") officers, and other scientists. The Office helps inspect products, analyze samples of products, and reviews products that may be imported into the United States. The Office conducts education and outreach about compliance, helps monitor [adverse events](/wiki/Adverse_event "Adverse event") and identify safety issues with animal drugs, animal food, and animal devices. The Office works to prevent and address any animal food hazards. If any safety concerns are found, this Office can issue product safety alerts, packaging label changes, recalls, or can withdrawal a product's approval. The Office of Research helps to develop new procedures for analyzing drugs, food additives, and [contaminants](/wiki/Contaminants "Contaminants").{{Cite web\\|last\=Medicine\\|first\=Center for Veterinary\\|date\=2020\-09\-02\\|title\=Office of Research\\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/about\-fda/cvm\-offices/office\-research\\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-23\\|website\=FDA\\|language\=en}} The Office works to investigate how drugs are [absorbed](/wiki/Absorption_%28pharmacology%29 "Absorption (pharmacology)"), [distributed](/wiki/Distribution_%28pharmacology%29 "Distribution (pharmacology)"), [metabolized](/wiki/Metabolism "Metabolism"), and [excreted](/wiki/Excretion "Excretion"), and how different drugs impact the [immunology](/wiki/Immunology "Immunology") or [physiology](/wiki/Physiology "Physiology") of animals. This office also helps develop screening tests for [foodborne diseases](/wiki/Foodborne_illness "Foodborne illness") and screens for [drug residues](/wiki/Drug_residues "Drug residues") in food products. The Office is involved in many scientific areas of research including [veterinary medicine](/wiki/Veterinary_medicine "Veterinary medicine"), [animal science](/wiki/Animal_science "Animal science"), [biology](/wiki/Biology "Biology"), [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry "Chemistry"), [microbiology](/wiki/Microbiology "Microbiology"), [epidemiology](/wiki/Epidemiology "Epidemiology"), and [pharmacology](/wiki/Pharmacology "Pharmacology"). The building that houses this Office is equipped with laboratories, animal facilities, and has specialized experimental equipment to conduct research. The Office of Minor Use and Minor Species is the smallest office within the Center and handles "minor use" drugs, which are those that are intended for use in [horses](/wiki/Horse "Horse"), [dogs](/wiki/Dog "Dog"), [cats](/wiki/Cat "Cat"), [cattle](/wiki/Cattle "Cattle"), [pigs](/wiki/Pig "Pig"), [turkey](/wiki/Turkey_%28bird%29 "Turkey (bird)"), and [chickens](/wiki/Chicken "Chicken") but are for diseases that do not occur very frequently, only impact a small geographic area, or are only impacted a small number of animals each year.{{Cite web\\|last\=Medicine\\|first\=Center for Veterinary\\|date\=2021\-02\-16\\|title\=Minor Use/Minor Species\\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/animal\-veterinary/development\-approval\-process/minor\-useminor\-species\\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-23\\|website\=FDA\\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\\|last\=Medicine\\|first\=Center for Veterinary\\|date\=2021\-02\-16\\|title\=Office of Minor Use and Minor Species\\|url\=https://www.fda.gov/about\-fda/cvm\-offices/office\-minor\-use\-and\-minor\-species\\|access\-date\=2021\-05\-23\\|website\=FDA\\|language\=en}} This Office also handles issues pertaining to "minor species" which include animals such as zoo animals, [parrots](/wiki/Parrot "Parrot"), [ferrets](/wiki/Ferret "Ferret"), [guinea pigs](/wiki/Guinea_pig "Guinea pig"), [sheep](/wiki/Sheep "Sheep"), [goats](/wiki/Goat "Goat"), and [honeybees](/wiki/Honey_bee "Honey bee"). This Office establishes and maintains the Index of Legally Marketed Unapproved New Animal Drugs for Minor Species. [Outreach](/wiki/Outreach "Outreach") and education is also a significant part of this Office's activities.	[ "Office structure\n----------------", "The Center for Veterinary Medicine is divided into six key offices.", "The Office of the Director coordinates activities for the center and establishes policy in a wide variety of areas, including management, research, and [compliance](/wiki/Regulatory_compliance \"Regulatory compliance\").{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Medicine\\\|first\\=Center for Veterinary\\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-07\\\|title\\=Office of the Director\\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/about\\-fda/cvm\\-offices/office\\-director\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-23\\\|website\\=FDA\\\|language\\=en}} It directs the planning, programming, budgeting, and administrative support for the center. The Office of the Director is also responsible for approving [New Animal Drug Applications](/wiki/New_Animal_Drug_Application \"New Animal Drug Application\") and Abbreviated New Animal Drug Applications, approving the use of animal [food additives](/wiki/Food_additive \"Food additive\"), and reviewing submitted New Animal Drug Applications for effects on human health. The Director serves as the spokesperson for the center's activities and is in contact with the public, industry, other government agencies, national organizations, and international organizations.", "The Office of Management provides customer service, guidance, and education on the activities of the center.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Medicine\\\|first\\=Center for Veterinary\\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-29\\\|title\\=Office of Management\\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/about\\-fda/cvm\\-offices/office\\-management\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-23\\\|website\\=FDA\\\|language\\=en}} Individuals in this office are in charge of managing [strategic planning](/wiki/Strategic_planning \"Strategic planning\") of the center's goals and priorities and serve as liaisons for specific facilities, programs, and services provided by the center. This office is also in charge of managing billing, information management and technology, [talent development](/wiki/Talent_development \"Talent development\"), and budget planning for the center.", "The Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation reviews information submitted by drug sponsors who are working to gain approval to manufacture and market animal drugs.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Medicine\\\|first\\=Center for Veterinary\\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-08\\\|title\\=Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation\\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/about\\-fda/cvm\\-offices/office\\-new\\-animal\\-drug\\-evaluation\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-23\\\|website\\=FDA\\\|language\\=en}} This office determines if an animal drug should be approved and ensures that the new drug meets four pillars: the drug product must be safe for both animals and humans, must be effective for its intended use, must be a quality manufactured product, and must be properly labeled with how to safely use, store, and handle the drug. This office also ensures that these standards are maintained after the drug enters the marketplace. The office has eight divisions which each evaluate a different part of the drug review process.", "The Office of Surveillance and Compliance is in charge of regulating animal drugs and devices for their safety and effectiveness and also oversees animal food safety programs.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Medicine\\\|first\\=Center for Veterinary\\\|date\\=2021\\-04\\-15\\\|title\\=Office of Surveillance and Compliance\\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/about\\-fda/cvm\\-offices/office\\-surveillance\\-and\\-compliance\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-23\\\|website\\=FDA\\\|language\\=en}} Members of this office include [veterinarians](/wiki/Veterinarian \"Veterinarian\"), [animal scientists](/wiki/Animal_science \"Animal science\"), [toxicologists](/wiki/Toxicology \"Toxicology\"), [consumer safety](/wiki/Consumer_protection \"Consumer protection\") officers, and other scientists. The Office helps inspect products, analyze samples of products, and reviews products that may be imported into the United States. The Office conducts education and outreach about compliance, helps monitor [adverse events](/wiki/Adverse_event \"Adverse event\") and identify safety issues with animal drugs, animal food, and animal devices. The Office works to prevent and address any animal food hazards. If any safety concerns are found, this Office can issue product safety alerts, packaging label changes, recalls, or can withdrawal a product's approval.", "The Office of Research helps to develop new procedures for analyzing drugs, food additives, and [contaminants](/wiki/Contaminants \"Contaminants\").{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Medicine\\\|first\\=Center for Veterinary\\\|date\\=2020\\-09\\-02\\\|title\\=Office of Research\\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/about\\-fda/cvm\\-offices/office\\-research\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-23\\\|website\\=FDA\\\|language\\=en}} The Office works to investigate how drugs are [absorbed](/wiki/Absorption_%28pharmacology%29 \"Absorption (pharmacology)\"), [distributed](/wiki/Distribution_%28pharmacology%29 \"Distribution (pharmacology)\"), [metabolized](/wiki/Metabolism \"Metabolism\"), and [excreted](/wiki/Excretion \"Excretion\"), and how different drugs impact the [immunology](/wiki/Immunology \"Immunology\") or [physiology](/wiki/Physiology \"Physiology\") of animals. This office also helps develop screening tests for [foodborne diseases](/wiki/Foodborne_illness \"Foodborne illness\") and screens for [drug residues](/wiki/Drug_residues \"Drug residues\") in food products. The Office is involved in many scientific areas of research including [veterinary medicine](/wiki/Veterinary_medicine \"Veterinary medicine\"), [animal science](/wiki/Animal_science \"Animal science\"), [biology](/wiki/Biology \"Biology\"), [chemistry](/wiki/Chemistry \"Chemistry\"), [microbiology](/wiki/Microbiology \"Microbiology\"), [epidemiology](/wiki/Epidemiology \"Epidemiology\"), and [pharmacology](/wiki/Pharmacology \"Pharmacology\"). The building that houses this Office is equipped with laboratories, animal facilities, and has specialized experimental equipment to conduct research.", "The Office of Minor Use and Minor Species is the smallest office within the Center and handles \"minor use\" drugs, which are those that are intended for use in [horses](/wiki/Horse \"Horse\"), [dogs](/wiki/Dog \"Dog\"), [cats](/wiki/Cat \"Cat\"), [cattle](/wiki/Cattle \"Cattle\"), [pigs](/wiki/Pig \"Pig\"), [turkey](/wiki/Turkey_%28bird%29 \"Turkey (bird)\"), and [chickens](/wiki/Chicken \"Chicken\") but are for diseases that do not occur very frequently, only impact a small geographic area, or are only impacted a small number of animals each year.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Medicine\\\|first\\=Center for Veterinary\\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-16\\\|title\\=Minor Use/Minor Species\\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/animal\\-veterinary/development\\-approval\\-process/minor\\-useminor\\-species\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-23\\\|website\\=FDA\\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\\|last\\=Medicine\\\|first\\=Center for Veterinary\\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-16\\\|title\\=Office of Minor Use and Minor Species\\\|url\\=https://www.fda.gov/about\\-fda/cvm\\-offices/office\\-minor\\-use\\-and\\-minor\\-species\\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-05\\-23\\\|website\\=FDA\\\|language\\=en}} This Office also handles issues pertaining to \"minor species\" which include animals such as zoo animals, [parrots](/wiki/Parrot \"Parrot\"), [ferrets](/wiki/Ferret \"Ferret\"), [guinea pigs](/wiki/Guinea_pig \"Guinea pig\"), [sheep](/wiki/Sheep \"Sheep\"), [goats](/wiki/Goat \"Goat\"), and [honeybees](/wiki/Honey_bee \"Honey bee\"). This Office establishes and maintains the Index of Legally Marketed Unapproved New Animal Drugs for Minor Species. [Outreach](/wiki/Outreach \"Outreach\") and education is also a significant part of this Office's activities.", "" ]
Gameplay -------- {{Unsourced section\\|date\=March 2024}} The Age of Kings is turn\-based. As a derivative of the [Age of Empires](/wiki/Age_of_Empires "Age of Empires") series, other games of which are [real\-time strategy](/wiki/Real-time_strategy "Real-time strategy") as opposed to turn\-based strategy, The Age of Kings incorporates several features and mechanics commonly associated with real\-time strategy, including technology advancement and resource and building management. The playing field is divided into a grid, with the player having an overhead perspective of the map. Units are able to move a certain amount of spaces in the four cardinal directions, with how far they can go affected by several variables, including the unit's natural movement abilities and terrain. Each unit type is given a specific amount of spaces that it can move, with some having better movement capabilities than others. There are a variety of terrain types, such as roads, forests and grass. Roads are best for movement, while some terrains slow the player down but can provide other advantages, such as extra range or defense. Each of the five civilizations has its own hero, which is stronger than other units. The Japanese hero is [Minamoto no Yoshitsune](/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune "Minamoto no Yoshitsune"); the Saracens' hero is [Saladin](/wiki/Saladin "Saladin"); the Mongols' hero is [Genghis Khan](/wiki/Genghis_Khan "Genghis Khan"); the Franks' heroine is [Joan of Arc](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc "Joan of Arc"); and the Britons' hero is King [Richard the Lionheart](/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart "Richard the Lionheart"). Each hero has special abilities which are unique to them. Each civilization is also unique in the sense that they have different Unit Art (the [Franks](/wiki/Franks "Franks") and Britons share art, and the Mongols and the Saracens share art), different Special Units (powerful civilization\-specific units trainable from castles), and different high\- and low\-cost units. Most units are divided into four main categories: Infantry, cavalry, ranged and siege units. Infantry and cavalry units are only able to attack an enemy unit or structure in any adjacent square (with the exception of squares which are diagonally adjacent), while ranged units and some siege units are able to attack from a greater distance. Each unit has movement, attack, defense, range and vision values. Some units may have additional defensive bonuses against certain types of enemy units or abilities. There are many variables to be taken into account before battling an enemy. Before entering the battle, the game will display the statistics of both units, which consists of the units' health points, attack power, and defensive capabilities. This screen shows an adviser, who predicts the chance a given attack has of being successful. The attack power and defensive capabilities of the attacking unit vary depending on the opposing unit's special abilities. When the units enter into battle, many warriors are seen, which begin to battle each other. The attacking units usually do more damage as they get the first strike. As a unit's HP drops, their attack power does as well. The player can advance their civilization by researching new units, technologies and other advancements. Once the player advances far enough in research or completes certain conditions, a new age is made available. Players usually start in the first age, the [Dark Age](/wiki/Dark_Ages_%28historiography%29 "Dark Ages (historiography)"), and progress through later ages, including the [Feudal](/wiki/Feudalism "Feudalism"), [Castle](/wiki/Castle "Castle") and [Imperial ages](/wiki/Imperialism "Imperialism"). Advancing in age unlocks new subjects for the player to research, makes additional buildings and units available, and upgrades existing units to their equivalent in the new age. ### Campaign The Age of Kings includes a campaign divided into five sections, one for each civilization. Each section contains five or six missions. The first section of the campaign, following Joan of Arc, acts as a tutorial and educates the player about the basics of the game. Campaign missions vary widely in characteristics. Some contain a field effect known as the [fog of war](/wiki/Fog_of_war "Fog of war"), and in some missions the player starts out with some buildings while in others the player may start without any. By playing to earn "Empire Points", the player can buy powerful units to use in\-game from the Bonus Items Shop, as well as new maps to play on in Single Scenario (freeplay) mode. Each mission has main goals as well as secondary goals, the latter of which increase the number of Empire Points gained when the mission is completed. ### Multiplayer The Age of Kings contains a multiplayer mode which can support up to four players. Multiplayer can be played on a single DS in [hotseat](/wiki/Hotseat_%28multiplayer_mode%29 "Hotseat (multiplayer mode)") mode, or in wireless multi\-card mode, where each player has a DS and a copy of the game.	[ "Gameplay\n--------", "{{Unsourced section\\\|date\\=March 2024}}\nThe Age of Kings is turn\\-based. As a derivative of the [Age of Empires](/wiki/Age_of_Empires \"Age of Empires\") series, other games of which are [real\\-time strategy](/wiki/Real-time_strategy \"Real-time strategy\") as opposed to turn\\-based strategy, The Age of Kings incorporates several features and mechanics commonly associated with real\\-time strategy, including technology advancement and resource and building management.", "The playing field is divided into a grid, with the player having an overhead perspective of the map. Units are able to move a certain amount of spaces in the four cardinal directions, with how far they can go affected by several variables, including the unit's natural movement abilities and terrain. Each unit type is given a specific amount of spaces that it can move, with some having better movement capabilities than others. There are a variety of terrain types, such as roads, forests and grass. Roads are best for movement, while some terrains slow the player down but can provide other advantages, such as extra range or defense.", "Each of the five civilizations has its own hero, which is stronger than other units. The Japanese hero is [Minamoto no Yoshitsune](/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune \"Minamoto no Yoshitsune\"); the Saracens' hero is [Saladin](/wiki/Saladin \"Saladin\"); the Mongols' hero is [Genghis Khan](/wiki/Genghis_Khan \"Genghis Khan\"); the Franks' heroine is [Joan of Arc](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc \"Joan of Arc\"); and the Britons' hero is King [Richard the Lionheart](/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart \"Richard the Lionheart\"). Each hero has special abilities which are unique to them. Each civilization is also unique in the sense that they have different Unit Art (the [Franks](/wiki/Franks \"Franks\") and Britons share art, and the Mongols and the Saracens share art), different Special Units (powerful civilization\\-specific units trainable from castles), and different high\\- and low\\-cost units.", "Most units are divided into four main categories: Infantry, cavalry, ranged and siege units. Infantry and cavalry units are only able to attack an enemy unit or structure in any adjacent square (with the exception of squares which are diagonally adjacent), while ranged units and some siege units are able to attack from a greater distance. Each unit has movement, attack, defense, range and vision values. Some units may have additional defensive bonuses against certain types of enemy units or abilities.", "There are many variables to be taken into account before battling an enemy. Before entering the battle, the game will display the statistics of both units, which consists of the units' health points, attack power, and defensive capabilities. This screen shows an adviser, who predicts the chance a given attack has of being successful. The attack power and defensive capabilities of the attacking unit vary depending on the opposing unit's special abilities. When the units enter into battle, many warriors are seen, which begin to battle each other. The attacking units usually do more damage as they get the first strike. As a unit's HP drops, their attack power does as well.", "The player can advance their civilization by researching new units, technologies and other advancements. Once the player advances far enough in research or completes certain conditions, a new age is made available. Players usually start in the first age, the [Dark Age](/wiki/Dark_Ages_%28historiography%29 \"Dark Ages (historiography)\"), and progress through later ages, including the [Feudal](/wiki/Feudalism \"Feudalism\"), [Castle](/wiki/Castle \"Castle\") and [Imperial ages](/wiki/Imperialism \"Imperialism\"). Advancing in age unlocks new subjects for the player to research, makes additional buildings and units available, and upgrades existing units to their equivalent in the new age.", "### Campaign", "The Age of Kings includes a campaign divided into five sections, one for each civilization. Each section contains five or six missions. The first section of the campaign, following Joan of Arc, acts as a tutorial and educates the player about the basics of the game. Campaign missions vary widely in characteristics. Some contain a field effect known as the [fog of war](/wiki/Fog_of_war \"Fog of war\"), and in some missions the player starts out with some buildings while in others the player may start without any. By playing to earn \"Empire Points\", the player can buy powerful units to use in\\-game from the Bonus Items Shop, as well as new maps to play on in Single Scenario (freeplay) mode. Each mission has main goals as well as secondary goals, the latter of which increase the number of Empire Points gained when the mission is completed.", "### Multiplayer", "The Age of Kings contains a multiplayer mode which can support up to four players. Multiplayer can be played on a single DS in [hotseat](/wiki/Hotseat_%28multiplayer_mode%29 \"Hotseat (multiplayer mode)\") mode, or in wireless multi\\-card mode, where each player has a DS and a copy of the game.", "" ]
Sufi Orders ----------- Most of the Sufis in Jordan today come from six major orders or [tariqa](/wiki/Tariqa "Tariqa") pl. ṭuruq: [Qadiri](/wiki/Qadiriyya "Qadiriyya"), [Naqshbandi](/wiki/Naqshbandi "Naqshbandi"), [Rifa'i](/wiki/Rifa%27i "Rifa'i"), [Shadhili](/wiki/Shadhili "Shadhili"), [Khalwati](/wiki/Khalwati_order "Khalwati order"), and [Tijani](/wiki/Tijaniyyah "Tijaniyyah") They came to Jordan in myriad different ways and broke into many sub\-orders a number of which have [Silsilas](/wiki/Silsila "Silsila") extending to prominent sheikhs today. ### Shadhili The Shadhili order was the first modern Sufi order established in Jordan, between the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. In the early 1900s Sharif Muhammad al\-Amin Bin Zein al\-Qalqami, one of the men credited with bringing this particular order of Sufism to Jordan, established a zawya near Amman which was home to the Shadhili\-Ghudhu\-Qadiri sub\-order. The next Shadhili sub order to plant roots in Jordan was the Shadhili\-Yashruti Order, which was established during the 1930s. This sub\-order grew significantly after the [Nakba](/wiki/Nakba "Nakba") as many Palestinian followers permanently settled in Jordan. Today the Shadhili\-Darqawi\-Hashimi\-‘Alawi\-Filali order is considered one of the most widespread orders in Jordan. Sheikh Muhammad al\-Hashimi al\-Tilmisani who traveled to Jordan from Syria is often credited with the spread of this sub\-order. A third generation Sheikh from this order, Sheikh Abu Ghazaleh, established a school in the Husseini Mosque and a zawya nearby. This sub\-order extends all the way to Sheikh[Abd al\-Rahman al\-Shaghouri](/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Shaghouri "Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri") via Sheikh Muhammad Sa’id al\-Kurdi. ### Khalwati Sheikh Kheir al\-Din ‘Abd al\-Rahman al\-Sharif introduced the Khalwati order to Jordan, specifically the city of Kerak, in the late 1910s/ early 1920's after being exiled from [Hebron](/wiki/Hebron "Hebron") by the British authority. In 1958, after his death, his son, Sheikh Hassan al\- Sharif, traveled to Jordan and established a zawya continuing the practice his father had introduced.... ### Qadiri Sheikh Muhammad Hashim al\-Baghdadi a prominent Qadiri Sufi of the time in Palestine had a number of students come to Jordan in the 1930s/ 1940's and establish zawyas in the cities of Amman, Zarqa, Irbid and Russeifeh. One of the more important of these students was Sheikh ‘Abd al\-Halim al\-Qadiri, who came to Jordan in 1938 establishing a zawya in Shouneh, an area of Jordan proximal to the Jordan river just north of the dead sea. one of the larger Qadiri sub\-orders, The Kasnazani\-Qadiri order, made its way to Jordan from Iraq after the spike in sectarian violence following American troops entered Iraq in 2003\. This specific order has established a zawya in the northern Marka area in Amman. ### Rifa'i Several sheikhs are credited with bringing the Rifa'i order to Jordan around the same time. Two of the most notable include ‘Abd al\-Hafez al\-Nuwayhi, and ‘Umar al\-Sarafandi. Al\-Nuwayhi moved from Palestine to Jordan after the Nakba where he lived until his death in 2002\. His particular suborder was assumed by both his son, Sheikh Muhammad, and Sheikh Faris al\-Rifa’i, who has several zawaya in the cities of Amman and Jerash. Al\-Sarafandi also moved to Jordan from Palestine after the Nakba and established a zawya in the Jabal al\-Nasr neighborhood of Amman. The Rawasi\-Rifa’i Order was established in Jordan by Sheikh Ali Abu Zayd and several other sheikhs. After his death in 1997, Sheikh Abu Zayd left the leadership of the order to Sheikh Mahmud al\-Faqih, who has a zawya in the Russeifeh area, as well as Sheikh and Dr Mi’ath Sa’id Hawa. Sheikh Nasser al\-Din al\-Khatib would also invigorate the order and worked to increase its reach in Jordan after he came to Jordan from Palestine in 1967\. Sheikh Khatib would establish a mosque and zawya in Amman and would launch a Sufi satellite channel. ### Naqshbandi The Naqshbandi Order is considered the most prominent and widespread order in Central Asia. It is also one of the only Sufi orders to maintain a distinctly Sunni identity. The Naqshbandi Order in Jordan is represented by two branches: the Naqshbandi\-Haqqani Order and the Naqshbandi\-Kilani Order. In 1955 Sheikh Muhammad Nazim ‘Adel al\-Haqqani al\-Naqshbandi, or Sheikh Nazim al\-Haqqani (following the instruction of his master in Cyprus, Sheikh ‘Abd Allah Fa’ez al\-Daghastani al\-Naqshbandi) moved to Amman and went into secclusion in the Sweileh neighborhood of the city. At this time many Jordanian aspirants flocked to him drastically expanding this order. {{Quote\\|text\=After the death of Sheikh ‘Abd Allah al\-Daghastani, the affairs of the Naqshbandi Order were passed on to Sheikh Nazim al Haqqani, who, in turn, appointed several sheikhs as representatives of the order in numerous countries. The sheikh that Sheikh Haqqani appointed to manage the affairs of the order in Jordan would be Sheikh ‘Abd al\-Salam Tawfiq Ahmad Shamsi\\|source\=Hanieh p.170}}Sheikh ‘Abd al\-Salam Shamsi went on to establish a zawya in the Abu Sham Mosque in the Jabal Amman area of the city after moving to Jordan in 1998\. ### Tijani The Tijani Order is a manifestations of revivalist Sufism, established by Ahmad Tijani (d. 1230 AH/1815 AD), who came from the Tlemcen region in northwestern Algeria. Sheikh Ahmad al\-Dadisi, a teacher from the al\-Aqsa mosque in jerusalem, frequently visited Jordan semi regularly building a following of Jordanian Sufis. He died in the early 1980s, however he appointed Sheikh Muhammad Mahmud al\-Musaleh to lead this particular Tajini Sufi sub\-order in Jordan.	[ "Sufi Orders\n-----------", "Most of the Sufis in Jordan today come from six major orders or [tariqa](/wiki/Tariqa \"Tariqa\") pl. ṭuruq: [Qadiri](/wiki/Qadiriyya \"Qadiriyya\"), [Naqshbandi](/wiki/Naqshbandi \"Naqshbandi\"), [Rifa'i](/wiki/Rifa%27i \"Rifa'i\"), [Shadhili](/wiki/Shadhili \"Shadhili\"), [Khalwati](/wiki/Khalwati_order \"Khalwati order\"), and [Tijani](/wiki/Tijaniyyah \"Tijaniyyah\") They came to Jordan in myriad different ways and broke into many sub\\-orders a number of which have [Silsilas](/wiki/Silsila \"Silsila\") extending to prominent sheikhs today.", "### Shadhili", "The Shadhili order was the first modern Sufi order established in Jordan, between the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. In the early 1900s Sharif Muhammad al\\-Amin Bin Zein al\\-Qalqami, one of the men credited with bringing this particular order of Sufism to Jordan, established a zawya near Amman which was home to the Shadhili\\-Ghudhu\\-Qadiri sub\\-order. The next Shadhili sub order to plant roots in Jordan was the Shadhili\\-Yashruti Order, which was established during the 1930s. This sub\\-order grew significantly after the [Nakba](/wiki/Nakba \"Nakba\") as many Palestinian followers permanently settled in Jordan. Today the Shadhili\\-Darqawi\\-Hashimi\\-‘Alawi\\-Filali order is considered one of the most widespread orders in Jordan. Sheikh Muhammad al\\-Hashimi al\\-Tilmisani who traveled to Jordan from Syria is often credited with the spread of this sub\\-order. A third generation Sheikh from this order, Sheikh Abu Ghazaleh, established a school in the Husseini Mosque and a zawya nearby. This sub\\-order extends all the way to Sheikh[Abd al\\-Rahman al\\-Shaghouri](/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Shaghouri \"Abd al-Rahman al-Shaghouri\") via Sheikh Muhammad Sa’id al\\-Kurdi.", "### Khalwati", "Sheikh Kheir al\\-Din ‘Abd al\\-Rahman al\\-Sharif introduced the Khalwati order to Jordan, specifically the city of Kerak, in the late 1910s/ early 1920's after being exiled from [Hebron](/wiki/Hebron \"Hebron\") by the British authority. In 1958, after his death, his son, Sheikh Hassan al\\-\nSharif, traveled to Jordan and established a zawya continuing the practice his father had introduced....", "### Qadiri", "Sheikh Muhammad Hashim al\\-Baghdadi a prominent Qadiri Sufi of the time in Palestine had a number of students come to Jordan in the 1930s/ 1940's and establish zawyas in the cities of Amman, Zarqa, Irbid and Russeifeh. One of the more important of these students was Sheikh ‘Abd al\\-Halim al\\-Qadiri, who came to Jordan in 1938 establishing a zawya in Shouneh, an area of Jordan proximal to the Jordan river just north of the dead sea. one of the larger Qadiri sub\\-orders, The Kasnazani\\-Qadiri order, made its way to Jordan from Iraq after the spike in sectarian violence following American troops entered Iraq in 2003\\. This specific order has\nestablished a zawya in the northern Marka area in Amman.", "### Rifa'i", "Several sheikhs are credited with bringing the Rifa'i order to Jordan around the same time. Two of the most notable include ‘Abd al\\-Hafez al\\-Nuwayhi, and ‘Umar al\\-Sarafandi. Al\\-Nuwayhi moved from Palestine to Jordan after the Nakba where he lived until his death in 2002\\. His particular suborder was assumed by both his son, Sheikh Muhammad, and Sheikh Faris al\\-Rifa’i, who\nhas several zawaya in the cities of Amman and Jerash. Al\\-Sarafandi also moved to Jordan from Palestine after the Nakba and established a zawya in the Jabal al\\-Nasr neighborhood of Amman. \nThe Rawasi\\-Rifa’i Order was established in Jordan by Sheikh\nAli Abu Zayd and several other sheikhs. After his death in 1997,\nSheikh Abu Zayd left the leadership of the order to Sheikh Mahmud\nal\\-Faqih, who has a zawya in the Russeifeh area, as well as Sheikh\nand Dr Mi’ath Sa’id Hawa. Sheikh Nasser al\\-Din al\\-Khatib would\nalso invigorate the order and worked to increase its reach in\nJordan after he came to Jordan from Palestine in 1967\\. Sheikh\nKhatib would establish a mosque and zawya in Amman and would\nlaunch a Sufi satellite channel.", "### Naqshbandi", "The Naqshbandi Order is considered the most prominent and widespread order in Central Asia. It is also one of the only Sufi orders to maintain a distinctly Sunni identity. The Naqshbandi Order in Jordan is represented by two branches: the Naqshbandi\\-Haqqani Order and the Naqshbandi\\-Kilani Order. In 1955 Sheikh Muhammad Nazim ‘Adel al\\-Haqqani al\\-Naqshbandi, or Sheikh Nazim al\\-Haqqani (following the instruction of his master in Cyprus, Sheikh ‘Abd Allah Fa’ez al\\-Daghastani al\\-Naqshbandi) moved to Amman and went into secclusion in the Sweileh neighborhood of the city. At this time many Jordanian aspirants flocked to him drastically expanding this order. {{Quote\\\|text\\=After the death of Sheikh ‘Abd Allah al\\-Daghastani, the affairs of the Naqshbandi Order were passed on to Sheikh Nazim al Haqqani, who, in turn, appointed several sheikhs as representatives of the order in numerous countries. The sheikh that Sheikh Haqqani appointed to manage the affairs of the order in Jordan would be Sheikh ‘Abd al\\-Salam Tawfiq Ahmad Shamsi\\\|source\\=Hanieh p.170}}Sheikh ‘Abd al\\-Salam Shamsi went on to establish a zawya in the Abu Sham Mosque in the Jabal Amman area of the city after moving to Jordan in 1998\\.", "### Tijani", "The Tijani Order is a manifestations of revivalist Sufism, established by Ahmad Tijani (d. 1230 AH/1815 AD), who came from the Tlemcen region in northwestern Algeria. Sheikh Ahmad al\\-Dadisi, a teacher from the al\\-Aqsa mosque in jerusalem, frequently visited Jordan semi regularly building a following of Jordanian Sufis. He died in the early 1980s, however he appointed Sheikh Muhammad Mahmud al\\-Musaleh to lead this particular Tajini Sufi sub\\-order in Jordan.", "" ]
Service history --------------- ### World War II During the next month, she underwent training exercises in [Chesapeake Bay](/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay "Chesapeake Bay"); and, on 3 June, she departed the east coast for the [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal "Panama Canal"), California, and duty in the Pacific Fleet. By the end of July, the ARL had crossed the [International Date Line](/wiki/International_Date_Line "International Date Line"); and, on 10 August, she joined the Pacific Fleet's Amphibious Force at [Guam](/wiki/Guam "Guam"). Ten days later, she continued west in a convoy of [LSTs](/wiki/Landing_Ship%2C_Tank "Landing Ship, Tank") and [APDs](/wiki/High_speed_transport "High speed transport"), but a collision the next day sent her to [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan "Saipan") for repairs to her bow doors. Repairs were completed on 28 August. Temporary duty with Service Division 103 (ServDiv 103\) occupied the first week of September. On 10 September, she sailed for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island "Okinawa Island"), whence she continued on to Japan for occupation duty. Satyr anchored in [Tokyo Bay](/wiki/Tokyo_Bay "Tokyo Bay") off [Yokosuka](/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka "United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka") on 25 September. On 1 October, she cleared the bay, moved north to [Hokkaidō](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D "Hokkaidō"), and operated out of [Otaru](/wiki/Otaru "Otaru"), for two months. She then returned to Yokosuka where she joined ServDiv 102\. In April 1946, she shifted to the China Coast. In July, she returned to Japan; and, at mid\-month, sailed for the United States. Steaming via [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor"), Satyr arrived in California, in September, and for the next ten months, operated out of [San Pedro](/wiki/San_Pedro%2C_Los_Angeles "San Pedro, Los Angeles"), in support of various amphibious commands. On 1 August 1947, she was decommissioned and berthed with the [San Diego Group](/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets "United States Navy reserve fleets"), Pacific Reserve Fleet. ### Korean War Three years later, in June 1950, the [North Korean People's Army](/wiki/North_Korean_People%27s_Army "North Korean People's Army") crossed the [38th parallel](/wiki/38th_parallel_north "38th parallel north") and invaded the [Republic of Korea](/wiki/Republic_of_Korea "Republic of Korea"). In early August, Satyr was ordered activated. On 8 September, she was recommissioned; and, on 23 October, she assumed duties as landing craft tender at [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego "San Diego"). For the next four months, she supported units training off [southern California](/wiki/Southern_California "Southern California"); then, on 2 March 1951, she headed west toward Japan and the [Korean Peninsula](/wiki/Korean_Peninsula "Korean Peninsula"). She arrived in Yokosuka on 7 April and departed on 24 April. On 28 April, she took up duties as a landing craft tender at [Pusan](/wiki/Pusan "Pusan") and continued that service until mid\-July. She then returned to Japan where she provided similar services at [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo "Sasebo") and Yokosuka and participated in amphibious training exercises in northern [Honshū](/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB "Honshū") and Hokkaidō. On 14 December, she headed back to California, and tender duties at San Diego. After the cessation of open hostilities in Korea, Satyr returned to the [Far East](/wiki/Far_East "Far East"). Arriving in Yokosuka, on 21 September 1953, she participated in amphibious assault exercises in northern Japan, during October; provided tender services in ServDiv 31 into January 1954; participated in further exercises in the [Ryukyu](/wiki/Ryukyu "Ryukyu"), Benin, and [Volcano Islands](/wiki/Volcano_Islands "Volcano Islands") and supported [SeaBee](/wiki/SeaBee "SeaBee") operations at [Buckner Bay](/wiki/Buckner_Bay "Buckner Bay") into March. She then sailed for Yokosuka to prepare for recrossing the Pacific to California. Returning to San Diego, in early May, Satyr performed tender services there until 1 October, when she was transferred to [Long Beach](/wiki/Long_Beach_Naval_Shipyard "Long Beach Naval Shipyard"), and assigned to Amphibious Squadron 7 for operational control. On 11 October, she sailed for her new homeport, whence she operated until again ordered inactivated in January 1956\. She returned to San Diego; and, on 17 April 1956, she was again decommissioned and berthed with the Pacific Reserve Fleet. ### Vietnam War In December 1966, the ARL was ordered reactivated a second time. She spent 1967 in [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans"), for modernization. On 15 February 1968, she was recommissioned at the Naval Support Activity, [Algiers, Louisiana](/wiki/Algiers%2C_Louisiana "Algiers, Louisiana"); and, a month later, she headed for San Diego, her homeport. Refresher training was completed at the end of May. On 5 June, she sailed for the western Pacific. On 5 July, she arrived at [Subic Bay](/wiki/Subic_Bay "Subic Bay"); and, on 10 July, she anchored at [Vũng Tàu](/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u "Vũng Tàu"), [Republic of Vietnam](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam "Republic of Vietnam"). The next day, Satyr moved into the [Mekong Delta](/wiki/Mekong_Delta "Mekong Delta"); and, on 12 July, joined TF 117, the [Mobile Riverine Force](/wiki/Mobile_Riverine_Force "Mobile Riverine Force"). Based primarily at [Dong Tam Base Camp](/wiki/Dong_Tam_Base_Camp "Dong Tam Base Camp"), she operated throughout the delta area. On 25 July, she proceeded to the junction of the [Soirap](/wiki/Soirap_River "Soirap River") and [Vanco Rivers](/wiki/Vanco_River "Vanco River"), near [Nha Be](/wiki/Nha_Be "Nha Be"), where she operated for nearly two months. On 16 September, she returned to Dong Tam. In early October, she supported operations in the [Vinh Long](/wiki/Vinh_Long "Vinh Long") area; and, toward the end of the month, she entered the [Bassac River](/wiki/Bassac_River "Bassac River") and proceeded to the [Can Tho](/wiki/Can_Tho "Can Tho") area. During November, she supported units at [Long Xuyen](/wiki/Long_Xuyen "Long Xuyen"), [Dai Ngai](/wiki/Dai_Ngai "Dai Ngai"), and Can Tho. In mid\-December, she moved into the [Gulf of Thailand](/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand "Gulf of Thailand") to support units participating in [Operation Sea Lords](/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lords "Operation Sea Lords"). On 23 December, she escorted boats to [Rach Gia](/wiki/Rach_Gia "Rach Gia"), whence she returned to Can Tho, arriving on 26 December, to resume support operations for TG 117\.2\. [thumb\\|300px\\|The ex\-USS Satyr (ARL\-23\) in South Vietnamese service as RVNS Vinh Long (HQ 802\).](/wiki/Image:RVNS_Vinh_Long_HQ-802.jpg "RVNS Vinh Long HQ-802.jpg") Satyr remained in the delta area for another three months, then proceeded to Sasebo, Japan. On 15 June 1969, she returned to Dong Tam, and rejoined TP 117\. A month later, that task force was dissolved and operational control of Satyr shifted to Commander, Naval Support Activity, Saigon. In October, Satyr again moved into the Gulf of Thailand; and, from then into January 1970, she operated in the vicinity of the [Song Ong Doc](/wiki/Song_Ong_Doc "Song Ong Doc"). Ten days into the new year, she entered the Bassac River en route to [An Long](/wiki/An_Long "An Long"), where she arrived two days later and commenced support of [Operation Barrier Reef](/wiki/Operation_Barrier_Reef "Operation Barrier Reef"). In May, she moved up the [Mekong River](/wiki/Mekong_River "Mekong River") to the vicinity of the [Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia") border and, into August, supported American and Vietnamese naval and marine units involved in "[Tran Hung Dao](/wiki/Tran_Hung_Dao "Tran Hung Dao")" I, VII, XI, XVII, and XVIII. In September, she returned to Vung Tau, whence she again proceeded to Japan, for overhaul and repairs. By mid\-December, she was back in the Mekong Delta area; and, on 19 December, she arrived at [Tan Chau](/wiki/Tan_Chau%2C_An_Giang "Tan Chau, An Giang"), to resume support operations along the Cambodian border. With one run to Long Xuyen, she remained in the Tan Chau area until 15 February 1971, then returned to Long Xuyen, whence she operated until decommissioned and transferred to the [Republic of Vietnam Navy](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy "Republic of Vietnam Navy") on 30 September. She was recommissioned the same day as *RVNS Vinh Long* (HQ\-802\).Placed in the custody of the Philippines government in 1975, with the fall of the South Vietnamese Government, and she was brought to Subic Bay, Zambales, Philippines. Because there was need of a repair ship in the [Philippine Navy](/wiki/Philippine_Navy "Philippine Navy") the ship was transferred to the Philippine Government through the foreign military sales (FMS). Named BRP YAKAL (ARL\-517\)** the vessel was commissioned on 21 June 1983, and placed under the Naval Forces on 1 August 1983\. Later the bow number was changed from ARL\-517 to ARL\-617 and finally to AD\-617\. Her first commanding officer was CDR Victor Salazar, PN. She started her tour in the southern Philippines under the Commander Naval Forces Philippines on 2 November 1983\. Aside from mobile repairs rendered to the units of NAVFORSOUTH she had performed other missions. Notably, the Barrier/Negation patrol along the Philippine\-Malaysian border during the Maldanas incident in October 1985, the sealift of Filipino repatriates from Indonesia to the Philippines in February 1986, the support mission for President [Corazon C. Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_C._Aquino "Corazon C. Aquino")'s visit to Jolo, and lately, the transport of 600 Boy Scouts from [General Santos](/wiki/General_Santos "General Santos"), during the BSP National Jamboree, 11–17 November 1988, in [Zamboanga City](/wiki/Zamboanga_City "Zamboanga City"). Other missions include transport of personnel, anti\-smuggling negation patrols, and as a logistic ship for small craft. Decommissioned on 7 June 2001\. Yakal is reefed in 2004\. Satyr earned 2 [campaign stars](/wiki/Campaign_star "Campaign star") for her service during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War") and 3 for her service in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War").	[ "Service history\n---------------", "### World War II", "During the next month, she underwent training exercises in [Chesapeake Bay](/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay \"Chesapeake Bay\"); and, on 3 June, she departed the east coast for the [Panama Canal](/wiki/Panama_Canal \"Panama Canal\"), California, and duty in the Pacific Fleet. By the end of July, the ARL had crossed the [International Date Line](/wiki/International_Date_Line \"International Date Line\"); and, on 10 August, she joined the Pacific Fleet's Amphibious Force at [Guam](/wiki/Guam \"Guam\"). Ten days later, she continued west in a convoy of [LSTs](/wiki/Landing_Ship%2C_Tank \"Landing Ship, Tank\") and [APDs](/wiki/High_speed_transport \"High speed transport\"), but a collision the next day sent her to [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan \"Saipan\") for repairs to her bow doors. Repairs were completed on 28 August. Temporary duty with Service Division 103 (ServDiv 103\\) occupied the first week of September. On 10 September, she sailed for [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Island \"Okinawa Island\"), whence she continued on to Japan for occupation duty. Satyr anchored in [Tokyo Bay](/wiki/Tokyo_Bay \"Tokyo Bay\") off [Yokosuka](/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka \"United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka\") on 25 September. On 1 October, she cleared the bay, moved north to [Hokkaidō](/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D \"Hokkaidō\"), and operated out of [Otaru](/wiki/Otaru \"Otaru\"), for two months. She then returned to Yokosuka where she joined ServDiv 102\\. In April 1946, she shifted to the China Coast. In July, she returned to Japan; and, at mid\\-month, sailed for the United States.", "Steaming via [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"), Satyr arrived in California, in September, and for the next ten months, operated out of [San Pedro](/wiki/San_Pedro%2C_Los_Angeles \"San Pedro, Los Angeles\"), in support of various amphibious commands. On 1 August 1947, she was decommissioned and berthed with the [San Diego Group](/wiki/United_States_Navy_reserve_fleets \"United States Navy reserve fleets\"), Pacific Reserve Fleet.", "### Korean War", "Three years later, in June 1950, the [North Korean People's Army](/wiki/North_Korean_People%27s_Army \"North Korean People's Army\") crossed the [38th parallel](/wiki/38th_parallel_north \"38th parallel north\") and invaded the [Republic of Korea](/wiki/Republic_of_Korea \"Republic of Korea\"). In early August, Satyr was ordered activated. On 8 September, she was recommissioned; and, on 23 October, she assumed duties as landing craft tender at [San Diego](/wiki/San_Diego \"San Diego\"). For the next four months, she supported units training off [southern California](/wiki/Southern_California \"Southern California\"); then, on 2 March 1951, she headed west toward Japan and the [Korean Peninsula](/wiki/Korean_Peninsula \"Korean Peninsula\"). She arrived in Yokosuka on 7 April and departed on 24 April. On 28 April, she took up duties as a landing craft tender at [Pusan](/wiki/Pusan \"Pusan\") and continued that service until mid\\-July. She then returned to Japan where she provided similar services at [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo \"Sasebo\") and Yokosuka and participated in amphibious training exercises in northern [Honshū](/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB \"Honshū\") and Hokkaidō. On 14 December, she headed back to California, and tender duties at San Diego. After the cessation of open hostilities in Korea, Satyr returned to the [Far East](/wiki/Far_East \"Far East\"). Arriving in Yokosuka, on 21 September 1953, she participated in amphibious assault exercises in northern Japan, during October; provided tender services in ServDiv 31 into January 1954; participated in further exercises in the [Ryukyu](/wiki/Ryukyu \"Ryukyu\"), Benin, and [Volcano Islands](/wiki/Volcano_Islands \"Volcano Islands\") and supported [SeaBee](/wiki/SeaBee \"SeaBee\") operations at [Buckner Bay](/wiki/Buckner_Bay \"Buckner Bay\") into March. She then sailed for Yokosuka to prepare for recrossing the Pacific to California.", "Returning to San Diego, in early May, Satyr performed tender services there until 1 October, when she was transferred to [Long Beach](/wiki/Long_Beach_Naval_Shipyard \"Long Beach Naval Shipyard\"), and assigned to Amphibious Squadron 7 for operational control. On 11 October, she sailed for her new homeport, whence she operated until again ordered inactivated in January 1956\\. She returned to San Diego; and, on 17 April 1956, she was again decommissioned and berthed with the Pacific Reserve Fleet.", "### Vietnam War", "In December 1966, the ARL was ordered reactivated a second time. She spent 1967 in [New Orleans](/wiki/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\"), for modernization. On 15 February 1968, she was recommissioned at the Naval Support Activity, [Algiers, Louisiana](/wiki/Algiers%2C_Louisiana \"Algiers, Louisiana\"); and, a month later, she headed for San Diego, her homeport. Refresher training was completed at the end of May. On 5 June, she sailed for the western Pacific. On 5 July, she arrived at [Subic Bay](/wiki/Subic_Bay \"Subic Bay\"); and, on 10 July, she anchored at [Vũng Tàu](/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u \"Vũng Tàu\"), [Republic of Vietnam](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam \"Republic of Vietnam\"). The next day, Satyr moved into the [Mekong Delta](/wiki/Mekong_Delta \"Mekong Delta\"); and, on 12 July, joined TF 117, the [Mobile Riverine Force](/wiki/Mobile_Riverine_Force \"Mobile Riverine Force\"). Based primarily at [Dong Tam Base Camp](/wiki/Dong_Tam_Base_Camp \"Dong Tam Base Camp\"), she operated throughout the delta area. On 25 July, she proceeded to the junction of the [Soirap](/wiki/Soirap_River \"Soirap River\") and [Vanco Rivers](/wiki/Vanco_River \"Vanco River\"), near [Nha Be](/wiki/Nha_Be \"Nha Be\"), where she operated for nearly two months. On 16 September, she returned to Dong Tam. In early October, she supported operations in the [Vinh Long](/wiki/Vinh_Long \"Vinh Long\") area; and, toward the end of the month, she entered the [Bassac River](/wiki/Bassac_River \"Bassac River\") and proceeded to the [Can Tho](/wiki/Can_Tho \"Can Tho\") area. During November, she supported units at [Long Xuyen](/wiki/Long_Xuyen \"Long Xuyen\"), [Dai Ngai](/wiki/Dai_Ngai \"Dai Ngai\"), and Can Tho. In mid\\-December, she moved into the [Gulf of Thailand](/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand \"Gulf of Thailand\") to support units participating in [Operation Sea Lords](/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lords \"Operation Sea Lords\"). On 23 December, she escorted boats to [Rach Gia](/wiki/Rach_Gia \"Rach Gia\"), whence she returned to Can Tho, arriving on 26 December, to resume support operations for TG 117\\.2\\.\n[thumb\\\|300px\\\|The ex\\-USS Satyr (ARL\\-23\\) in South Vietnamese service as RVNS Vinh Long (HQ 802\\).](/wiki/Image:RVNS_Vinh_Long_HQ-802.jpg \"RVNS Vinh Long HQ-802.jpg\")", "Satyr remained in the delta area for another three months, then proceeded to Sasebo, Japan. On 15 June 1969, she returned to Dong Tam, and rejoined TP 117\\. A month later, that task force was dissolved and operational control of Satyr shifted to Commander, Naval Support Activity, Saigon. In October, Satyr again moved into the Gulf of Thailand; and, from then into January 1970, she operated in the vicinity of the [Song Ong Doc](/wiki/Song_Ong_Doc \"Song Ong Doc\"). Ten days into the new year, she entered the Bassac River en route to [An Long](/wiki/An_Long \"An Long\"), where she arrived two days later and commenced support of [Operation Barrier Reef](/wiki/Operation_Barrier_Reef \"Operation Barrier Reef\"). In May, she moved up the [Mekong River](/wiki/Mekong_River \"Mekong River\") to the vicinity of the [Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\") border and, into August, supported American and Vietnamese naval and marine units involved in \"[Tran Hung Dao](/wiki/Tran_Hung_Dao \"Tran Hung Dao\")\" I, VII, XI, XVII, and XVIII. In September, she returned to Vung Tau, whence she again proceeded to Japan, for overhaul and repairs. By mid\\-December, she was back in the Mekong Delta area; and, on 19 December, she arrived at [Tan Chau](/wiki/Tan_Chau%2C_An_Giang \"Tan Chau, An Giang\"), to resume support operations along the Cambodian border. With one run to Long Xuyen, she remained in the Tan Chau area until 15 February 1971, then returned to Long Xuyen, whence she operated until decommissioned and transferred to the [Republic of Vietnam Navy](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy \"Republic of Vietnam Navy\") on 30 September.", "She was recommissioned the same day as *RVNS Vinh Long* (HQ\\-802\\).Placed in the custody of the Philippines government in 1975, with the fall of the South Vietnamese Government, and she was brought to Subic Bay, Zambales, Philippines. Because there was need of a repair ship in the [Philippine Navy](/wiki/Philippine_Navy \"Philippine Navy\") the ship was transferred to the Philippine Government through the foreign military sales (FMS). Named BRP YAKAL (ARL\\-517\\)** the vessel was commissioned on 21 June 1983, and placed under the Naval Forces on 1 August 1983\\. Later the bow number was changed from ARL\\-517 to ARL\\-617 and finally to AD\\-617\\. Her first commanding officer was CDR Victor Salazar, PN. She started her tour in the southern Philippines under the Commander Naval Forces Philippines on 2 November 1983\\. Aside from mobile repairs rendered to the units of NAVFORSOUTH she had performed other missions. Notably, the Barrier/Negation patrol along the Philippine\\-Malaysian border during the Maldanas incident in October 1985, the sealift of Filipino repatriates from Indonesia to the Philippines in February 1986, the support mission for President [Corazon C. Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_C._Aquino \"Corazon C. Aquino\")'s visit to Jolo, and lately, the transport of 600 Boy Scouts from [General Santos](/wiki/General_Santos \"General Santos\"), during the BSP National Jamboree, 11–17 November 1988, in [Zamboanga City](/wiki/Zamboanga_City \"Zamboanga City\"). Other missions include transport of personnel, anti\\-smuggling negation patrols, and as a logistic ship for small craft. Decommissioned on 7 June 2001\\. Yakal is reefed in 2004\\.", "Satyr earned 2 [campaign stars](/wiki/Campaign_star \"Campaign star\") for her service during the [Korean War](/wiki/Korean_War \"Korean War\") and 3 for her service in the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\").", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Minnesota Vikings Mays was signed as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent "Undrafted free agent") by the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings "Minnesota Vikings") on September 10, 2003, as a [wide receiver](/wiki/Wide_receiver "Wide receiver"). On August 5, 2003, Mays switched to [cornerback](/wiki/Cornerback "Cornerback").{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-106307023\.html\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025094128/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\-106307023\.html\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=October 25, 2012\\|title\=Mays switches to cornerback\\|last\=Craig\\|first\=Mark\\|date\=August 5, 2003\\|publisher\=Star Tribune\\|access\-date\=2009\-04\-21}} Mays was assigned by the Vikings to the [Berlin Thunder](/wiki/Berlin_Thunder "Berlin Thunder") in 2004\. He helped lead the Thunder to a [World Bowl](/wiki/World_Bowl "World Bowl"). The Vikings released him on September 6, 2004\. ### Indianapolis Colts Mays was signed by the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts "Indianapolis Colts") on February 11, 2005{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.colts.com/sub.cfm?page\=bio\&player\_id\=355\\|title\=Indianapolis Colts bio\\|accessdate\=2009\-04\-22}}{{dead link\\|date\=September 2017 \\|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\-attempted\=yes }} and was assigned to the [Berlin Thunder](/wiki/Berlin_Thunder "Berlin Thunder"). He recorded 22 tackles, and scored a touchdown for 100 yards which is the league record.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.nfl.com/europa/history/8554755\\|title\=Admirals Take the Title\\|date\=June 11, 2005\\|publisher\=NFL News\\|access\-date\=2009\-04\-22\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307152210/http://www.nfl.com/europa/history/8554755\\|archive\-date\=March 7, 2009}} He was released by the Colts on September 4, 2005\.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.ktvu.com/nfl/4934192/detail.html\\|title\=Colts Release 17 Among Cut\-Day Moves\\|date\=September 3, 2005\\|publisher\=KTVU.com\\|access\-date\=2009\-04\-22\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607000739/http://www.ktvu.com/nfl/4934192/detail.html\\|archive\-date\=June 7, 2011}}{{cite news\\|url\=http://ind.scout.com/2/431081\.html\\|title\=Colts Players Missing From Practice, Likely Cuts\\|date\=August 29, 2005\\|publisher\=ColtPower.com\\|access\-date\=2009\-04\-22\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021719/http://ind.scout.com/2/431081\.html\\|archive\-date\=2011\-07\-16\\|url\-status\=dead}} ### Orlando Predators The [Orlando Predators](/wiki/Orlando_Predators "Orlando Predators") signed Mays on October 12, 2005, but did not play in any games for the Predators that season. In 2006, he started the first four games for the Predators{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.arenafan.com/news/?page\=origcol\&writer\=75\&article\=2175\\|title\=Defense Bails Out Preds\\|last\=Lucas\\|first\=Jason\\|date\=February 4, 2006\\|publisher\=ArenaFan\\|accessdate\=2009\-04\-21}} before he pulled his [hamstring](/wiki/Hamstring "Hamstring") and was traded. ### Nashville Kats Mays was traded to the [Nashville Kats](/wiki/Nashville_Kats "Nashville Kats") for future [Toronto Argonauts](/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts "Toronto Argonauts") teammate [defensive back](/wiki/Defensive_back "Defensive back") [Khalil Carter](/wiki/Khalil_Carter "Khalil Carter") on March 15, 2006\.{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.arenafan.com/news/?page\=origcol\&writer\=113\&article\=2387\\|title\=Familiar Faces Unite in New Places\\|last\=Markowitz\\|first\=Adam\\|date\=July 30, 2006\\|publisher\=ArenaFan\\|accessdate\=2009\-04\-22}} He recorded 74 tackles, two interceptions one of which he returned for a touchdown during his rookie year. ### Toronto Argonauts (first stint) Mays was signed by the [Toronto Argonauts](/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts "Toronto Argonauts") on May 12, 2006\. He played in eight games for the Argonauts, seven of which he started. Made his CFL debut against the [Hamilton Tiger\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats "Hamilton Tiger-Cats") and recorded his first interception in the CFL in the same game, picking off [Jason Maas](/wiki/Jason_Maas "Jason Maas"). In 2007, he dressed for four games with the Argonauts, but was released on August 18, 2007\.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.thestar.com/Sports/article/247839\\|title\=Argonauts sign Edwards to practice squad; Release Two\\|date\=August 19, 2007\\|publisher\=The Toronto Star\\|accessdate\=2009\-04\-22}} ### Hamilton Tiger\-Cats On March 7, 2008,{{cite news\\|url\=http://www.ticats.ca/roster/show/id/875\\|title\=Hamilton Tiger\-Cats bio\\|access\-date\=2009\-04\-22\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130115164734/http://www.ticats.ca/roster/show/id/875\\|archive\-date\=2013\-01\-15}}{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.cfl.ca/print.php/article/tiger\_cats\_sign\_three\_dbs\\|title\=Tiger\-Cats sign three DBs\\|date\=March 7, 2008\\|publisher\=CFL.ca\\|accessdate\=2009\-04\-22}} {{Dead link\\|date\=October 2010\\|bot\=H3llBot}} Mays was signed by the [Hamilton Tiger\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats "Hamilton Tiger-Cats").{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/cfl/teams/story/?id\=231486\&hubname\=cfl\-tiger\_cats\\|title\=Tiger\-Cats Add Three Defensive Backs\\|date\=March 7, 2008\\|publisher\=TSN.ca\\|accessdate\=2009\-04\-22}} However, after not playing a game for the Tiger\-Cats, he was released on July 29, 2008\. ### Toronto Argonauts (second stint) The Argonauts re\-signed Mays on October 15, 2008\. He was released on May 29, 2009\.{{cite news\\|url\=https://www.tsn.ca/cfl/story/?id\=280284\\|title\=Argonauts release Mays, add three imports\\|date\=May 29, 2009\\|publisher\=TSN.ca\\|accessdate\=2009\-05\-29}}	[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Minnesota Vikings", "Mays was signed as an [undrafted free agent](/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent \"Undrafted free agent\") by the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\") on September 10, 2003, as a [wide receiver](/wiki/Wide_receiver \"Wide receiver\"). On August 5, 2003, Mays switched to [cornerback](/wiki/Cornerback \"Cornerback\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-106307023\\.html\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025094128/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1\\-106307023\\.html\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2012\\\|title\\=Mays switches to cornerback\\\|last\\=Craig\\\|first\\=Mark\\\|date\\=August 5, 2003\\\|publisher\\=Star Tribune\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-21}}", "Mays was assigned by the Vikings to the [Berlin Thunder](/wiki/Berlin_Thunder \"Berlin Thunder\") in 2004\\. He helped lead the Thunder to a [World Bowl](/wiki/World_Bowl \"World Bowl\"). The Vikings released him on September 6, 2004\\.", "### Indianapolis Colts", "Mays was signed by the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts \"Indianapolis Colts\") on February 11, 2005{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.colts.com/sub.cfm?page\\=bio\\&player\\_id\\=355\\\|title\\=Indianapolis Colts bio\\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-22}}{{dead link\\\|date\\=September 2017 \\\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }} and was assigned to the [Berlin Thunder](/wiki/Berlin_Thunder \"Berlin Thunder\"). He recorded 22 tackles, and scored a touchdown for 100 yards which is the league record.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.nfl.com/europa/history/8554755\\\|title\\=Admirals Take the Title\\\|date\\=June 11, 2005\\\|publisher\\=NFL News\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-22\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307152210/http://www.nfl.com/europa/history/8554755\\\|archive\\-date\\=March 7, 2009}} He was released by the Colts on September 4, 2005\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.ktvu.com/nfl/4934192/detail.html\\\|title\\=Colts Release 17 Among Cut\\-Day Moves\\\|date\\=September 3, 2005\\\|publisher\\=KTVU.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-22\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607000739/http://www.ktvu.com/nfl/4934192/detail.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2011}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://ind.scout.com/2/431081\\.html\\\|title\\=Colts Players Missing From Practice, Likely Cuts\\\|date\\=August 29, 2005\\\|publisher\\=ColtPower.com\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-22\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716021719/http://ind.scout.com/2/431081\\.html\\\|archive\\-date\\=2011\\-07\\-16\\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}", "### Orlando Predators", "The [Orlando Predators](/wiki/Orlando_Predators \"Orlando Predators\") signed Mays on October 12, 2005, but did not play in any games for the Predators that season.", "In 2006, he started the first four games for the Predators{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.arenafan.com/news/?page\\=origcol\\&writer\\=75\\&article\\=2175\\\|title\\=Defense Bails Out Preds\\\|last\\=Lucas\\\|first\\=Jason\\\|date\\=February 4, 2006\\\|publisher\\=ArenaFan\\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-21}} before he pulled his [hamstring](/wiki/Hamstring \"Hamstring\") and was traded.", "### Nashville Kats", "Mays was traded to the [Nashville Kats](/wiki/Nashville_Kats \"Nashville Kats\") for future [Toronto Argonauts](/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts \"Toronto Argonauts\") teammate [defensive back](/wiki/Defensive_back \"Defensive back\") [Khalil Carter](/wiki/Khalil_Carter \"Khalil Carter\") on March 15, 2006\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.arenafan.com/news/?page\\=origcol\\&writer\\=113\\&article\\=2387\\\|title\\=Familiar Faces Unite in New Places\\\|last\\=Markowitz\\\|first\\=Adam\\\|date\\=July 30, 2006\\\|publisher\\=ArenaFan\\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-22}} He recorded 74 tackles, two interceptions one of which he returned for a touchdown during his rookie year.", "### Toronto Argonauts (first stint)", "Mays was signed by the [Toronto Argonauts](/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts \"Toronto Argonauts\") on May 12, 2006\\. He played in eight games for the Argonauts, seven of which he started. Made his CFL debut against the [Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats \"Hamilton Tiger-Cats\") and recorded his first interception in the CFL in the same game, picking off [Jason Maas](/wiki/Jason_Maas \"Jason Maas\").", "In 2007, he dressed for four games with the Argonauts, but was released on August 18, 2007\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.thestar.com/Sports/article/247839\\\|title\\=Argonauts sign Edwards to practice squad; Release Two\\\|date\\=August 19, 2007\\\|publisher\\=The Toronto Star\\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-22}}", "### Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats", "On March 7, 2008,{{cite news\\\|url\\=http://www.ticats.ca/roster/show/id/875\\\|title\\=Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats bio\\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-04\\-22\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130115164734/http://www.ticats.ca/roster/show/id/875\\\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-01\\-15}}{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.cfl.ca/print.php/article/tiger\\_cats\\_sign\\_three\\_dbs\\\|title\\=Tiger\\-Cats sign three DBs\\\|date\\=March 7, 2008\\\|publisher\\=CFL.ca\\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-22}} {{Dead link\\\|date\\=October 2010\\\|bot\\=H3llBot}} Mays was signed by the [Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats \"Hamilton Tiger-Cats\").{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/cfl/teams/story/?id\\=231486\\&hubname\\=cfl\\-tiger\\_cats\\\|title\\=Tiger\\-Cats Add Three Defensive Backs\\\|date\\=March 7, 2008\\\|publisher\\=TSN.ca\\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-04\\-22}} However, after not playing a game for the Tiger\\-Cats, he was released on July 29, 2008\\.", "### Toronto Argonauts (second stint)", "The Argonauts re\\-signed Mays on October 15, 2008\\. He was released on May 29, 2009\\.{{cite news\\\|url\\=https://www.tsn.ca/cfl/story/?id\\=280284\\\|title\\=Argonauts release Mays, add three imports\\\|date\\=May 29, 2009\\\|publisher\\=TSN.ca\\\|accessdate\\=2009\\-05\\-29}}", "" ]
Career ------ She taught at the State Normal School from 1850 to 1854 when she fell ill and resigned. After leaving Massachusetts she continued her teaching career in Ohio where she started a job as an educator, from 1857 to 1859, she was professor of mathematics and astronomy at [Antioch College](/wiki/Antioch_College "Antioch College"). The State Normal school in West Newton moved to [Framingham](/wiki/Framingham%2C_Massachusetts "Framingham, Massachusetts"), Massachusetts in 1853\. It is presently known as Framingham State College, and includes Crocker Hall, a building name in Lucretia Crocker's memory. The construction of this addition began in 1886, the year she died. In 1859, she returned to Boston to care for her parents, and become involved in educational activities there at the Newbury Street School. From 1865 for some years she assisted in selecting the [American Unitarian Association](/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association "American Unitarian Association")'s Sunday School books. From 1866 to 1875 she was a member of the [New England Freedman's Aid Society](/wiki/New_England_Freedman%27s_Aid_Society "New England Freedman's Aid Society")'s Committee on Teaching. In 1869, she toured the freedmen's schools. She was also teaching botany and mathematics in a private school at around this time. Crocker founded the [Women’s Education Association](/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_Education_Association "Women’s Education Association"), Boston, in 1872\.{{cite book\\|last\=Ohles\\|first\=John F.\\|title\=Biographical Dictionary of American Educators\\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Z5YNz\-kNZgsC\&pg\=PA332\\|year\=1978\\|publisher\=Greenwood Publishing Group\\|isbn\=978\-0\-313\-04012\-2}} She was elected to the Boston School Committee in 1873\. From 1873 to about 1876 she was head of the science department of the [Society to Encourage Studies at Home](/wiki/Society_to_Encourage_Studies_at_Home "Society to Encourage Studies at Home"), serving on the board of school supervisors from 1876 to 1886\. Crocker died October 9, 1886, in Boston. Her home is featured on the [Boston Women's Heritage Trail](/wiki/Boston_Women%27s_Heritage_Trail "Boston Women's Heritage Trail").	[ "Career\n------", "She taught at the State Normal School from 1850 to 1854 when she fell ill and resigned. After leaving Massachusetts she continued her teaching career in Ohio where she started a job as an educator, from 1857 to 1859, she was professor of mathematics and astronomy at [Antioch College](/wiki/Antioch_College \"Antioch College\").", "The State Normal school in West Newton moved to [Framingham](/wiki/Framingham%2C_Massachusetts \"Framingham, Massachusetts\"), Massachusetts in 1853\\. It is presently known as Framingham State College, and includes Crocker Hall, a building name in Lucretia Crocker's memory. The construction of this addition began in 1886, the year she died.", "In 1859, she returned to Boston to care for her parents, and become involved in educational activities there at the Newbury Street School. From 1865 for some years she assisted in selecting the [American Unitarian Association](/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association \"American Unitarian Association\")'s Sunday School books. From 1866 to 1875 she was a member of the [New England Freedman's Aid Society](/wiki/New_England_Freedman%27s_Aid_Society \"New England Freedman's Aid Society\")'s Committee on Teaching.", "In 1869, she toured the freedmen's schools. She was also teaching botany and mathematics in a private school at around this time.", "Crocker founded the [Women’s Education Association](/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_Education_Association \"Women’s Education Association\"), Boston, in 1872\\.{{cite book\\\|last\\=Ohles\\\|first\\=John F.\\\|title\\=Biographical Dictionary of American Educators\\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Z5YNz\\-kNZgsC\\&pg\\=PA332\\\|year\\=1978\\\|publisher\\=Greenwood Publishing Group\\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-313\\-04012\\-2}}\nShe was elected to the Boston School Committee in 1873\\. From 1873 to about 1876 she was head of the science department of the [Society to Encourage Studies at Home](/wiki/Society_to_Encourage_Studies_at_Home \"Society to Encourage Studies at Home\"), serving on the board of school supervisors from 1876 to 1886\\.", "Crocker died October 9, 1886, in Boston. Her home is featured on the [Boston Women's Heritage Trail](/wiki/Boston_Women%27s_Heritage_Trail \"Boston Women's Heritage Trail\").", "" ]
Career ------ Cornwall entered [Lloyd's Register](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register "Lloyd's Register") in 1794 with Johnston, master, J. Marylees, owner, and trade London–Jamaica. [Lloyd's Register (1794\), "C" Supple. pages.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281237?urlappend=%3Bseq=84%3Bownerid=13510798885719477-88) Lloyd's Register for 1797 showed Cornwall{{'}}s master changing from M. Johnston to T. Blyth, and her trade from London–Jamaica to London\-South Seas. Her owner was J. Mangles. ### Whaler #### First whaling voyage (1798–1801\) Captain Thomas Blyth acquired a [letter of marque](/wiki/Letter_of_marque "Letter of marque") on 28 November 1797\. He sailed from England in 1798, bound for the Pacific Ocean. Cornwall stopped at [Port Jackson](/wiki/Port_Jackson "Port Jackson") on 2 July. She had come via the [Cape of Good Hope](/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope "Cape of Good Hope") and stopped to refit. She left on 27 August for New Zealand.{{cite web \\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article71247621 \\|title\=Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure \\|last1\= \\|first1\= \\|last2\= \\|first2\= \\|date\= 3 January 1891\\|work\=Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.16\. \\|publisher\= \\|accessdate\=28 January 2013}} She was reported to have been on the west coast of America early 1799\. At [Cabo Blanco, Peru](/wiki/Cabo_Blanco%2C_Peru "Cabo Blanco, Peru"), she and another whaler, {{ship\\|\\|Kingston\\|1780 ship\\|2}}, assisted by Sally, captured Nostra Senora de Bethlehem, which had been sailing from Callao to Guayaquil. A prize crew from Cornwall under the command of Meather, Cornwall{{'}}s second mate, brought Nostra Senora de Bethlehem into Port Jackson on 24 April 1799\.{{sfnp\\|Collins\\|1804\\|p\=543}}{{efn\\|On 1 May 1799,Library Committee... (1914\), pp.730\-1\. the \[\[Vice admiralty court]] condemned ''Nostra Senora de Bethlehem'' and her cargo.\[https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/collections\-and\-research/guides\-and\-indexes/vice\-admiralty\-court\-nsw\-1787\-1911 NSW State Archives and Records: Vice Admiralty Court of NSW, 1787\-1911\.] Captain William Hingston, who had come to Port Jackson as master of the convict transport {{ship\\|\\|Hillsborough\\|1783 EIC ship\\|2}}, purchased her. He renamed her ''Hunter'',\[https://afloat.worldsecuresystems.com/images/magazine\-articles/MAGAZINE/2003/1003/1003\_jc\_pirates.pdf Clark, Jack (October 2003\) "Privateers \& Prizes in Sydney Harbour". ''AFLOAT'', pp.22\-24\.] and sailed her to Bengal where the authorities arrested her.}} Cornwall returned to England on 8 January 1801\. As she was 25 [leagues](/wiki/League_%28unit%29 "League (unit)") west of Scilly. on the night of 27 December she encountered a 20\-gun French privateer. In the ensuing engagement Cornwall took many shots to her hull. By the time the French privateer sailed off Cornwall had eight feet of water in her hold and was quite water\-logged. Lloyd's List reported that Cornwall had been in company with {{ship\\|\\|Resolution\\|1779 ship\\|2}}, Irish, master, and {{ship\\|\\|William\\|1770 ship\\|2}}. They had left Peru together and they arrived at Falmouth on the 28th. The engagement had lasted five hours.[Lloyd's List](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List "Lloyd's List") [№4116\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735020?urlappend=%3Bseq=9) #### Second whaling voyage (1798–1801\) Captain Blyth sailed from England on 14 April 1801 for the Brazil Banks. Cornwall was at St Helena on 19 September 1801, and off the coast of Brazil on 9 December. She called at Rio de Janeiro.{{sfnp\\|Clayton\\|2014\\|pp\=91–92}} By March 1802 she was at the Brazil Banks with 2200 barrels of whale oil. She returned to England on 20 July 1802\. #### Third whaling voyage (1802–1805\) Blythe sailed from England on 26 November 1802, bound for the Pacific. At the time shhe was valued at £8,500\.{{sfnp\\|Clayton\\|2014\\|pp\=91–92}} While Cornwall was away, [war with France](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") resumed and Blythe received a letter of marque on 29 June 1803\. In September she was in the Pacific, and in March 1804 she was "all well" there. Homeward bound, she left St Helena on 10 September 1804 in company with {{ship\\|\\|Lady Castlereagh\\|1803 EIC ship\\|2}} and the whaler {{ship\\|\\|Ocean\\|1799 ship\\|2}}.[Lloyd's List](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List "Lloyd's List") [№4501\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735021?urlappend=%3Bseq=387) She arrived back in England on 13 January 1805\. ### Merchantman The Register of Shipping for 1806 showed Cornwall with Campbell, master, and trade London–Jamaica.[Register of Shipping (1806\), Seq. №C712\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015021233542?urlappend=%3Bseq=126) In 1809, her master changed from Campbell to Peat, though her owner was still J. Mangles and her trade London–Jamaica. Captain John Peat acquired a letter of marque on 22 September 1809, and again on 13 November 1810\. In between, Captain James Shand had acquired one on 3 May 1810, indicating that either he had been briefly, or had intend to be Cornwall{{'}}s master. \| Year \| Master \| Owner \| Trade \| Notes and source \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1810 \| PeatJ. Shand \| Henry \& Co. \| London–Jamaica \| Register of Shipping (RS) \| \| 1815 \| Laughton \| Capt. \& Co. \| London–{{not a typo\\|Hayti}} \| RS \| \| 1818 \| JordaineHarris \| DunbarTruscott \| London–[Cape of Good Hope](/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope "Cape of Good Hope")London–India \| RS \| \| The British [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company "East India Company") (EIC) in 1814 lost its monopoly on the trade between Britain and India. Thereafter, non\-EIC vessels could legally trade with Mauritius and India under a license from the EIC. On 24 January 1817 a King's Yard lighter ran into Cornwall, Jordan, master, in the Gull Stream as Cornwall was setting out for [Isle of France](/wiki/Mauritius "Mauritius"). The accident caused so much damage that Cornwall had to return to the [Thames](/wiki/Thames_River "Thames River") for repairs.[Lloyd's List №5147\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735028?urlappend=%3Bseq=23) On 1 January 1818 there was a fog as Cornwall, Jordan, master, was returning to London from Isle of France. She ran on shore at Blyth Sand, 20 miles from Gravesend, but was gotten off without damage and she arrived at Gravesend on the 6th.[Lloyd's List №5243\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735028?urlappend=%3Bseq=245) On 7 June 1818, Cornwall, C. Harris, master, sailed for Bombay.[Lloyd's Register (1820\), "Licensed India Ships \- Season 1818".](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005686830?urlappend=%3Bseq=608) ### Country ship At some point in 1819 the Parsi merchant Tulsee Munchajee purchased Cornwall. It is not clear whether he appointed William Richardson Cornwall{{'}}s captain or whether Richardson was already master. Cornwall sailed from Bombay on 8 April 1819\. She was at Muscat on 26 April, where she took on a cargo. She delivered some at [Bushire](/wiki/Bushehr "Bushehr"), which she reached on 14 May, and between 23 May and 2 June she delivered 676 bags of rice to Bahrain. She was at [Matrah](/wiki/Muttrah "Muttrah") on 13 July and returned to Bombay on 24 July.{{sfnp\\|Davies\\|1997\\|p\=376 fn 120}} Captain William Richardson, Cornwall{{'}}s master, reported that at Bahrain the main topic of conversation was the expected British attack on the pirates in the Gulf.{{sfnp\\|Davies\\|1997\\|p\=204}} In late 1819 the government appointed Captain [Francis Augustus Collier](/wiki/Francis_Augustus_Collier "Francis Augustus Collier") of {{HMS\\|Liverpool\\|1814\\|6}} to command the naval portion of a joint navy\-army [punitive expedition against the Joasmi](/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf%231819%E2%80%931820 "Piracy in the Persian Gulf#1819–1820") (Al Qasimi) pirates at [Ras al\-Khaimah](/wiki/Ras_al-Khaimah "Ras al-Khaimah") in the Persian Gulf. The naval force consisted of {{HMS\\|Liverpool\\|1814\\|6}}, {{HMS\\|Eden\\|1814\\|2}}, {{HMS\\|Curlew\\|1812\\|2}}, several EIC cruisers including {{ship\\|HCS\\|Aurora\\|1809\\|6}}, and a number of gun and mortar boats.United service magazine Part 1, pp. 711–15\. Eighteen transports, most merchant vessels registered at Bombay, carried troops and supplies. Cromwell was one of the transports.{{sfnp\\|Low\\|1877\\|p\=353 fn}} {{see also\\|Transport vessels for the British campaign against the Al Qasimi pirates (1819\-20\)}} After destroying Ras al\-Khaimah, the British then spent the rest of December and early January moving up and down the coast destroying forts and vessels. On 31 December Cornwall, James Richardson, master and Tulsee Munchajee, owner, sailed to [Dwarka](/wiki/Dwarka "Dwarka"). She then carried General Lionel Smith and to embark elements of the [65th Regiment of Foot](/wiki/65th_%282nd_Yorkshire%2C_North_Riding%29_Regiment_of_Foot "65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot") to Coogeram on the Arabian coast.{{sfnp\\|Bulley\\|2000\\|pp\=70 \& 86}} The capture and destruction of the fortifications and ships at Ras al\-Khaimah was a massive blow for the pirates in the Persian Gulf region. British casualties were minimal. The India Office and Burma Office List for 1821 shows Cornwall with Wm. Richardson, master, and Tulsee Monackjee owner.The India Office and Burma Office List (1821\), p.312\. On 20 March 1823 Cornwall, Richardson, master, became stuck on a bank off Cape Aden. She was sailing from [Mocha](/wiki/Mocha%2C_Yemen "Mocha, Yemen") to England with a cargo of coffee. She sustained considerable damage and put into Bombay on 25 May to refit.[Lloyd's List №5485\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735033?urlappend=%3Bseq=333)	[ "Career\n------", "Cornwall entered [Lloyd's Register](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register \"Lloyd's Register\") in 1794 with Johnston, master, J. Marylees, owner, and trade London–Jamaica. [Lloyd's Register (1794\\), \"C\" Supple. pages.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281237?urlappend=%3Bseq=84%3Bownerid=13510798885719477-88) Lloyd's Register for 1797 showed Cornwall{{'}}s master changing from M. Johnston to T. Blyth, and her trade from London–Jamaica to London\\-South Seas. Her owner was J. Mangles.", "### Whaler", "#### First whaling voyage (1798–1801\\)", "Captain Thomas Blyth acquired a [letter of marque](/wiki/Letter_of_marque \"Letter of marque\") on 28 November 1797\\. He sailed from England in 1798, bound for the Pacific Ocean. Cornwall stopped at [Port Jackson](/wiki/Port_Jackson \"Port Jackson\") on 2 July. She had come via the [Cape of Good Hope](/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope \"Cape of Good Hope\") and stopped to refit. She left on 27 August for New Zealand.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article71247621 \\\|title\\=Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure \\\|last1\\= \\\|first1\\= \\\|last2\\= \\\|first2\\= \\\|date\\= 3 January 1891\\\|work\\=Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.16\\. \\\|publisher\\= \\\|accessdate\\=28 January 2013}}", "She was reported to have been on the west coast of America early 1799\\. At [Cabo Blanco, Peru](/wiki/Cabo_Blanco%2C_Peru \"Cabo Blanco, Peru\"), she and another whaler, {{ship\\\|\\\|Kingston\\\|1780 ship\\\|2}}, assisted by Sally, captured Nostra Senora de Bethlehem, which had been sailing from Callao to Guayaquil. A prize crew from Cornwall under the command of Meather, Cornwall{{'}}s second mate, brought Nostra Senora de Bethlehem into Port Jackson on 24 April 1799\\.{{sfnp\\\|Collins\\\|1804\\\|p\\=543}}{{efn\\\|On 1 May 1799,Library Committee... (1914\\), pp.730\\-1\\. the \\[\\[Vice admiralty court]] condemned ''Nostra Senora de Bethlehem'' and her cargo.\\[https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/archives/collections\\-and\\-research/guides\\-and\\-indexes/vice\\-admiralty\\-court\\-nsw\\-1787\\-1911 NSW State Archives and Records: Vice Admiralty Court of NSW, 1787\\-1911\\.] Captain William Hingston, who had come to Port Jackson as master of the convict transport {{ship\\\|\\\|Hillsborough\\\|1783 EIC ship\\\|2}}, purchased her. He renamed her ''Hunter'',\\[https://afloat.worldsecuresystems.com/images/magazine\\-articles/MAGAZINE/2003/1003/1003\\_jc\\_pirates.pdf Clark, Jack (October 2003\\) \"Privateers \\& Prizes in Sydney Harbour\". ''AFLOAT'', pp.22\\-24\\.] and sailed her to Bengal where the authorities arrested her.}}", "Cornwall returned to England on 8 January 1801\\. As she was 25 [leagues](/wiki/League_%28unit%29 \"League (unit)\") west of Scilly. on the night of 27 December she encountered a 20\\-gun French privateer. In the ensuing engagement Cornwall took many shots to her hull. By the time the French privateer sailed off Cornwall had eight feet of water in her hold and was quite water\\-logged. Lloyd's List reported that Cornwall had been in company with {{ship\\\|\\\|Resolution\\\|1779 ship\\\|2}}, Irish, master, and {{ship\\\|\\\|William\\\|1770 ship\\\|2}}. They had left Peru together and they arrived at Falmouth on the 28th. The engagement had lasted five hours.[Lloyd's List](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List \"Lloyd's List\") [№4116\\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735020?urlappend=%3Bseq=9)", "#### Second whaling voyage (1798–1801\\)", "Captain Blyth sailed from England on 14 April 1801 for the Brazil Banks. Cornwall was at St Helena on 19 September 1801, and off the coast of Brazil on 9 December. She called at Rio de Janeiro.{{sfnp\\\|Clayton\\\|2014\\\|pp\\=91–92}} By March 1802 she was at the Brazil Banks with 2200 barrels of whale oil. She returned to England on 20 July 1802\\.", "#### Third whaling voyage (1802–1805\\)", "Blythe sailed from England on 26 November 1802, bound for the Pacific. At the time shhe was valued at £8,500\\.{{sfnp\\\|Clayton\\\|2014\\\|pp\\=91–92}} While Cornwall was away, [war with France](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\") resumed and Blythe received a letter of marque on 29 June 1803\\. In September she was in the Pacific, and in March 1804 she was \"all well\" there. Homeward bound, she left St Helena on 10 September 1804 in company with {{ship\\\|\\\|Lady Castlereagh\\\|1803 EIC ship\\\|2}} and the whaler {{ship\\\|\\\|Ocean\\\|1799 ship\\\|2}}.[Lloyd's List](/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List \"Lloyd's List\") [№4501\\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735021?urlappend=%3Bseq=387) She arrived back in England on 13 January 1805\\.", "### Merchantman", "The Register of Shipping for 1806 showed Cornwall with Campbell, master, and trade London–Jamaica.[Register of Shipping (1806\\), Seq. №C712\\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015021233542?urlappend=%3Bseq=126) In 1809, her master changed from Campbell to Peat, though her owner was still J. Mangles and her trade London–Jamaica. Captain John Peat acquired a letter of marque on 22 September 1809, and again on 13 November 1810\\. In between, Captain James Shand had acquired one on 3 May 1810, indicating that either he had been briefly, or had intend to be Cornwall{{'}}s master.", "", "\| Year \| Master \| Owner \| Trade \| Notes and source \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| 1810 \| PeatJ. Shand \| Henry \\& Co. \| London–Jamaica \| Register of Shipping (RS) \|\n\| 1815 \| Laughton \| Capt. \\& Co. \| London–{{not a typo\\\|Hayti}} \| RS \|\n\| 1818 \| JordaineHarris \| DunbarTruscott \| London–[Cape of Good Hope](/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope \"Cape of Good Hope\")London–India \| RS \|\n\|", "The British [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\") (EIC) in 1814 lost its monopoly on the trade between Britain and India. Thereafter, non\\-EIC vessels could legally trade with Mauritius and India under a license from the EIC.", "On 24 January 1817 a King's Yard lighter ran into Cornwall, Jordan, master, in the Gull Stream as Cornwall was setting out for [Isle of France](/wiki/Mauritius \"Mauritius\"). The accident caused so much damage that Cornwall had to return to the [Thames](/wiki/Thames_River \"Thames River\") for repairs.[Lloyd's List №5147\\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735028?urlappend=%3Bseq=23) On 1 January 1818 there was a fog as Cornwall, Jordan, master, was returning to London from Isle of France. She ran on shore at Blyth Sand, 20 miles from Gravesend, but was gotten off without damage and she arrived at Gravesend on the 6th.[Lloyd's List №5243\\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735028?urlappend=%3Bseq=245)", "On 7 June 1818, Cornwall, C. Harris, master, sailed for Bombay.[Lloyd's Register (1820\\), \"Licensed India Ships \\- Season 1818\".](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005686830?urlappend=%3Bseq=608)", "### Country ship", "At some point in 1819 the Parsi merchant Tulsee Munchajee purchased Cornwall. It is not clear whether he appointed William Richardson Cornwall{{'}}s captain or whether Richardson was already master.", "Cornwall sailed from Bombay on 8 April 1819\\. She was at Muscat on 26 April, where she took on a cargo. She delivered some at [Bushire](/wiki/Bushehr \"Bushehr\"), which she reached on 14 May, and between 23 May and 2 June she delivered 676 bags of rice to Bahrain. She was at [Matrah](/wiki/Muttrah \"Muttrah\") on 13 July and returned to Bombay on 24 July.{{sfnp\\\|Davies\\\|1997\\\|p\\=376 fn 120}} Captain William Richardson, Cornwall{{'}}s master, reported that at Bahrain the main topic of conversation was the expected British attack on the pirates in the Gulf.{{sfnp\\\|Davies\\\|1997\\\|p\\=204}}", "In late 1819 the government appointed Captain [Francis Augustus Collier](/wiki/Francis_Augustus_Collier \"Francis Augustus Collier\") of {{HMS\\\|Liverpool\\\|1814\\\|6}} to command the naval portion of a joint navy\\-army [punitive expedition against the Joasmi](/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf%231819%E2%80%931820 \"Piracy in the Persian Gulf#1819–1820\") (Al Qasimi) pirates at [Ras al\\-Khaimah](/wiki/Ras_al-Khaimah \"Ras al-Khaimah\") in the Persian Gulf. The naval force consisted of {{HMS\\\|Liverpool\\\|1814\\\|6}}, {{HMS\\\|Eden\\\|1814\\\|2}}, {{HMS\\\|Curlew\\\|1812\\\|2}}, several EIC cruisers including {{ship\\\|HCS\\\|Aurora\\\|1809\\\|6}}, and a number of gun and mortar boats.United service magazine Part 1, pp. 711–15\\. Eighteen transports, most merchant vessels registered at Bombay, carried troops and supplies. Cromwell was one of the transports.{{sfnp\\\|Low\\\|1877\\\|p\\=353 fn}}", "{{see also\\\|Transport vessels for the British campaign against the Al Qasimi pirates (1819\\-20\\)}}", "After destroying Ras al\\-Khaimah, the British then spent the rest of December and early January moving up and down the coast destroying forts and vessels. On 31 December Cornwall, James Richardson, master and Tulsee Munchajee, owner, sailed to [Dwarka](/wiki/Dwarka \"Dwarka\"). She then carried General Lionel Smith and to embark elements of the [65th Regiment of Foot](/wiki/65th_%282nd_Yorkshire%2C_North_Riding%29_Regiment_of_Foot \"65th (2nd Yorkshire, North Riding) Regiment of Foot\") to Coogeram on the Arabian coast.{{sfnp\\\|Bulley\\\|2000\\\|pp\\=70 \\& 86}} The capture and destruction of the fortifications and ships at Ras al\\-Khaimah was a massive blow for the pirates in the Persian Gulf region. British casualties were minimal.", "The India Office and Burma Office List for 1821 shows Cornwall with Wm. Richardson, master, and Tulsee Monackjee owner.The India Office and Burma Office List (1821\\), p.312\\.", "On 20 March 1823 Cornwall, Richardson, master, became stuck on a bank off Cape Aden. She was sailing from [Mocha](/wiki/Mocha%2C_Yemen \"Mocha, Yemen\") to England with a cargo of coffee. She sustained considerable damage and put into Bombay on 25 May to refit.[Lloyd's List №5485\\.](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735033?urlappend=%3Bseq=333)", "" ]
Oceanographic survey operations 1948\-1970 ------------------------------------------ Rehoboth commenced conversion to an oceanographic survey ship in 1948\. She recommissioned on 2 September 1948, and commenced oceanographic survey work under the direction of the Navy [Hydrographic Office](/wiki/Hydrographic_Office "Hydrographic Office"), predecessor of the [Naval Oceanographic Office](/wiki/Naval_Oceanographic_Office "Naval Oceanographic Office"), being redesignated AGS\-50 in August 1949\. Equipped with a small [laboratory](/wiki/Laboratory "Laboratory") and machinery to take [Nansen casts](/wiki/Nansen_cast "Nansen cast"), which provide the [oceanographer](/wiki/Oceanographer "Oceanographer") with the [temperature](/wiki/Temperature "Temperature") and samples of [sea water](/wiki/Sea_water "Sea water") at different depths, and to drill for core samples, she traveled over {{convert\\|300,000\\|nmi\\|km}} in the [North Atlantic](/wiki/North_Atlantic "North Atlantic") and adjacent seas during her first six years of operation. [thumb\\|300px\\|left\\|Rehoboth (AGS\-50\) as an [oceanographic](/wiki/Oceanography "Oceanography") survey ship in the 1960s](/wiki/Image:USS_Rehoboth_%28AGS-50%29.jpg "USS Rehoboth (AGS-50).jpg") In February 1952, while crossing the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic "Atlantic"), Rehoboth discovered and accurately positioned an underwater [mountain](/wiki/Mountain "Mountain") range with heights up to {{convert\\|12,000\\|ft\\|m}} above the [ocean](/wiki/Ocean "Ocean") floor. In March 1952 she discovered and charted a {{convert\\|7,000\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\=on}} undersea mountain near [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda "Bermuda") and in August 1953 she became the first ship to anchor in over {{convert\\|2\+1/2\\|mi\\|m}}This metric conversion assumes the use of [statute miles](/wiki/Statute_mile "Statute mile") rather than nautical miles for depth; if nautical miles are used for depth, the conversion is 4,630 meters of water. Employed on special projects in 1953 and 1954, she returned to oceanographic survey work in the Atlantic and [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") in 1955\. Transferred to the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific "Pacific") in 1956, Rehoboth departed Philadelphia on 15 February 1956\. Transiting the Panama Canal on 22 February 1956, she was diverted to an area northwest of the [Galapagos Islands](/wiki/Galapagos_Islands "Galapagos Islands") to search for the raft Cantuta, which she found after four days. On 9 March 1956 Rehoboth reached [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California "San Francisco, California"), California, and for the next year operated off the [United States West Coast](/wiki/United_States_West_Coast "United States West Coast"). On 4 March 1957 she proceeded to Pearl Harbor for three months of work in [Hawaiian](/wiki/Hawaii "Hawaii") waters. For the next nine months she operated in the [eastern Pacific](/wiki/Eastern_Pacific "Eastern Pacific"). In April 1958 she extended her range to the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands") and in 1960 to the [Western Pacific](/wiki/Western_Pacific_Ocean "Western Pacific Ocean"). In October 1960 she also added operations off the coast of [South America](/wiki/South_America "South America"). For the next four years her missions spanned the Pacific from [equatorial](/wiki/Equator "Equator") to [arctic](/wiki/Arctic "Arctic") climes. In August 1963, Rehoboth sailed from [Adak, Alaska](/wiki/Adak%2C_Alaska "Adak, Alaska") for a three\-month oceanographic survey of the [North Pacific](/wiki/North_Pacific "North Pacific") off both coasts of the [Kamchatka](/wiki/Kamchatka "Kamchatka") peninsula. This included a rare visit by a U.S. Navy vessel to the [Sea of Okhotsk](/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk "Sea of Okhotsk"). On August 21, 1963, while undertaking deep\-sea oceanographic operations (and therefore unable to get underway), Rehoboth inadvertently drifted into (or was overtaken by) a Soviet naval exercise. A Soviet warship (following naval protocol) informed Rehoboth that she had drifted into a dangerous area and requested that she depart the area. As soon as the oceanographic equipment had been recovered and was on deck, Rehoboth complied. In November 1963, after a port call in [Yokosuka](/wiki/Yokosuka "Yokosuka") Japan, Rehoboth paid a three\-day good\-will visit to the city of [Nakhodka](/wiki/Nakhodka "Nakhodka") in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"). It was reportedly the first U.S.\-flagged vessel ever to visit that city. In September 1965, Rehoboth completed operations in the northern Pacific and in November 1965 commenced survey operations in the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea"), conducting in December 1965 a [hydrographic](/wiki/Hydrography "Hydrography") survey of the coast of [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam "South Vietnam") from the [Mekong Delta](/wiki/Mekong_Delta "Mekong Delta") to [Cape Padaran](/wiki/Cape_Padaran "Cape Padaran"). After completing survey operations in the South China Sea in February 1966, Rehoboth sailed east, arriving at San Francisco on 23 March 1966\. [Overhaul](/wiki/wikt:Overhaul "Overhaul") and United States West Coast operations followed. In 1967 she conducted operations in the northern and western Pacific. In California waters from December 1967 until 14 March 1968, she then departed San Francisco for [Yokosuka](/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka "United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka"), Japan. She undertook survey operations in the [Philippine Sea](/wiki/Philippine_Sea "Philippine Sea") until August 1968, returning to San Francisco on 26 September 1968, where she remained for the balance of the year. She operated off the California coast in early 1969 until deploying to the [Far East](/wiki/Far_East "Far East") in August 1969, returning in December 1969 to San Francisco.	[ "Oceanographic survey operations 1948\\-1970\n------------------------------------------", "Rehoboth commenced conversion to an oceanographic survey ship in 1948\\. She recommissioned on 2 September 1948, and commenced oceanographic survey work under the direction of the Navy [Hydrographic Office](/wiki/Hydrographic_Office \"Hydrographic Office\"), predecessor of the [Naval Oceanographic Office](/wiki/Naval_Oceanographic_Office \"Naval Oceanographic Office\"), being redesignated AGS\\-50 in August 1949\\. Equipped with a small [laboratory](/wiki/Laboratory \"Laboratory\") and machinery to take [Nansen casts](/wiki/Nansen_cast \"Nansen cast\"), which provide the [oceanographer](/wiki/Oceanographer \"Oceanographer\") with the [temperature](/wiki/Temperature \"Temperature\") and samples of [sea water](/wiki/Sea_water \"Sea water\") at different depths, and to drill for core samples, she traveled over {{convert\\\|300,000\\\|nmi\\\|km}} in the [North Atlantic](/wiki/North_Atlantic \"North Atlantic\") and adjacent seas during her first six years of operation.", "[thumb\\\|300px\\\|left\\\|Rehoboth (AGS\\-50\\) as an [oceanographic](/wiki/Oceanography \"Oceanography\") survey ship in the 1960s](/wiki/Image:USS_Rehoboth_%28AGS-50%29.jpg \"USS Rehoboth (AGS-50).jpg\")", "In February 1952, while crossing the [Atlantic](/wiki/Atlantic \"Atlantic\"), Rehoboth discovered and accurately positioned an underwater [mountain](/wiki/Mountain \"Mountain\") range with heights up to {{convert\\\|12,000\\\|ft\\\|m}} above the [ocean](/wiki/Ocean \"Ocean\") floor. In March 1952 she discovered and charted a {{convert\\\|7,000\\\|ft\\\|m\\\|adj\\=on}} undersea mountain near [Bermuda](/wiki/Bermuda \"Bermuda\") and in August 1953 she became the first ship to anchor in over {{convert\\\|2\\+1/2\\\|mi\\\|m}}This metric conversion assumes the use of [statute miles](/wiki/Statute_mile \"Statute mile\") rather than nautical miles for depth; if nautical miles are used for depth, the conversion is 4,630 meters of water.", "Employed on special projects in 1953 and 1954, she returned to oceanographic survey work in the Atlantic and [Caribbean](/wiki/Caribbean \"Caribbean\") in 1955\\.", "Transferred to the [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific \"Pacific\") in 1956, Rehoboth departed Philadelphia on 15 February 1956\\. Transiting the Panama Canal on 22 February 1956, she was diverted to an area northwest of the [Galapagos Islands](/wiki/Galapagos_Islands \"Galapagos Islands\") to search for the raft Cantuta, which she found after four days. On 9 March 1956 Rehoboth reached [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\"), California, and for the next year operated off the [United States West Coast](/wiki/United_States_West_Coast \"United States West Coast\"). On 4 March 1957 she proceeded to Pearl Harbor for three months of work in [Hawaiian](/wiki/Hawaii \"Hawaii\") waters. For the next nine months she operated in the [eastern Pacific](/wiki/Eastern_Pacific \"Eastern Pacific\"). In April 1958 she extended her range to the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\") and in 1960 to the [Western Pacific](/wiki/Western_Pacific_Ocean \"Western Pacific Ocean\"). In October 1960 she also added operations off the coast of [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\"). For the next four years her missions spanned the Pacific from [equatorial](/wiki/Equator \"Equator\") to [arctic](/wiki/Arctic \"Arctic\") climes.", "In August 1963, Rehoboth sailed from [Adak, Alaska](/wiki/Adak%2C_Alaska \"Adak, Alaska\") for a three\\-month oceanographic survey of the [North Pacific](/wiki/North_Pacific \"North Pacific\") off both coasts of the [Kamchatka](/wiki/Kamchatka \"Kamchatka\") peninsula. This included a rare visit by a U.S. Navy vessel to the [Sea of Okhotsk](/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk \"Sea of Okhotsk\"). On August 21, 1963, while undertaking deep\\-sea oceanographic operations (and therefore unable to get underway), Rehoboth inadvertently drifted into (or was overtaken by) a Soviet naval exercise. A Soviet warship (following naval protocol) informed Rehoboth that she had drifted into a dangerous area and requested that she depart the area. As soon as the oceanographic equipment had been recovered and was on deck, Rehoboth complied.", "In November 1963, after a port call in [Yokosuka](/wiki/Yokosuka \"Yokosuka\") Japan, Rehoboth paid a three\\-day good\\-will visit to the city of [Nakhodka](/wiki/Nakhodka \"Nakhodka\") in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"). It was reportedly the first U.S.\\-flagged vessel ever to visit that city.", "In September 1965, Rehoboth completed operations in the northern Pacific and in November 1965 commenced survey operations in the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\"), conducting in December 1965 a [hydrographic](/wiki/Hydrography \"Hydrography\") survey of the coast of [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam \"South Vietnam\") from the [Mekong Delta](/wiki/Mekong_Delta \"Mekong Delta\") to [Cape Padaran](/wiki/Cape_Padaran \"Cape Padaran\").", "After completing survey operations in the South China Sea in February 1966, Rehoboth sailed east, arriving at San Francisco on 23 March 1966\\. [Overhaul](/wiki/wikt:Overhaul \"Overhaul\") and United States West Coast operations followed. In 1967 she conducted operations in the northern and western Pacific. In California waters from December 1967 until 14 March 1968, she then departed San Francisco for [Yokosuka](/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka \"United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka\"), Japan. She undertook survey operations in the [Philippine Sea](/wiki/Philippine_Sea \"Philippine Sea\") until August 1968, returning to San Francisco on 26 September 1968, where she remained for the balance of the year. She operated off the California coast in early 1969 until deploying to the [Far East](/wiki/Far_East \"Far East\") in August 1969, returning in December 1969 to San Francisco.", "" ]
Professional career ------------------- ### Washington Bullets (1995–1996\) As a rookie with the Bullets, Wallace played in 65 games, of which he started 51 for the injured [Chris Webber](/wiki/Chris_Webber "Chris Webber"). Wallace was selected to the rookie team for the All\-Star Weekend. Late that year, he fractured his left thumb during a game against Orlando and did not return until the following season. En route to being named to the [NBA All\-Rookie Second Team](/wiki/NBA_All-Rookie_Second_Team "NBA All-Rookie Second Team"), Wallace averaged 10\.1 points, 4\.7 rebounds, and 3\.4 assists.{{cite web \\|title\=Rasheed Wallace Per Game Averages \\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/players/w/wallara01\.html\#per\_game \\|website\=Basketball Reference}} In total, Wallace scored 655 points and played 1,788 minutes during his rookie season in Washington. ### Portland Trail Blazers (1996–2004\) After the season, Wallace was traded to the [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers "Portland Trail Blazers"), along with [Mitchell Butler](/wiki/Mitchell_Butler "Mitchell Butler") in exchange for [Rod Strickland](/wiki/Rod_Strickland "Rod Strickland") and [Harvey Grant](/wiki/Harvey_Grant "Harvey Grant"). This move proved beneficial for both sides: Strickland averaged 17\.2 ppg and 8\.9 apg after the trade, helping the Bullets make the playoffs in 1997 for the first time in eight seasons, and upped those stats to 17\.8 ppg and a league\-leading 10\.5 apg the following year. Meanwhile, Wallace ranked third in the league in field goal percentage.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nba.com/history/fgp/19961997\.html \\|title\=Field Goal Percentage – 1996–97 \\|work\=NBA.com }} However, just as his season was gaining momentum, Wallace again broke his left thumb and was forced to miss the next month of the season,{{cite news \\|url\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\=9D06E5DF1430F934A15751C1A960958260 \\|title\=Blazers' Wallace Out at Least Four Weeks \\|date\= December 27, 1996\\|work\=New York Times }} but he returned in time for a strong performance in the first round playoff series against the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers"), which the Trail Blazers lost. Next season, Wallace signed a long\-term contract to stay with the Trail Blazers. He began extending himself into the community more than ever, most notably with his Rasheed Wallace Foundation, but his career suffered from numerous missteps on and off the court. He set an NBA record with 38 [technical fouls](/wiki/Technical_foul "Technical foul") for the season.{{cite news \\|url\=http://sportsline.com/nba/gamecenter/recap/NBA\_20070311\_DET@LAC \\|title\=Pistons fine without 'Sheed, beat Clippers behind Rip's 23 points \\|publisher\=CBSSports.com \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313201510/http://www.sportsline.com/nba/gamecenter/recap/NBA\_20070311\_DET@LAC \\|archive\-date\=March 13, 2007 }} However, he would be fifth in the league in [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28basketball%29 "Field goal (basketball)") percentage.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.nba.com/statistics/1999/default\_regular\_season\_leaders/LeagueLeadersFGPQuery.html?topic\=0\&stat\=6 \\|title\= Regular Season Field Goals Percentage \\|work\=NBA.com }} The following year, he broke his own record with 40 technicals. Wallace was also suspended by the NBA for seven games for threatening then\-referee [Tim Donaghy](/wiki/Tim_Donaghy "Tim Donaghy") on an arena loading dock after a home game in 2003\. That was the league's longest suspension for an offense that did not involve violence or substance abuse.{{cite news \\|url\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si\_online/news/2003/01/28/nba/ \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201083250/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si\_online/news/2003/01/28/nba/ \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=February 1, 2003 \\|title\=Despite his latest screwup, many teams still covet Rasheed Wallace \\|last\=Thomsen \\|first\=Ian \\|publisher\=CNNSI.com }} Wallace was far from the only perceived trouble maker on Portland at the time, his teammates, [Bonzi Wells](/wiki/Bonzi_Wells "Bonzi Wells"), [Damon Stoudamire](/wiki/Damon_Stoudamire "Damon Stoudamire"), and [Zach Randolph](/wiki/Zach_Randolph "Zach Randolph") for instance, were also frequently criticized by media and fans for off\-court outbursts and legal incidents, leading to the team often being referred to as The Jail Blazers.{{cite web \\|title\=Thugs "R" Us: Looking Back at the Infamous Portland Jail Blazers Era \\|url\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/299192\-thugs\-r\-us\-looking\-back\-at\-the\-infamous\-portland\-jail\-blazers\-era \\|website\=Bleacher Report}}{{cite web \\|title\=Portland Wronged The Jail Blazers More Than The Jail Blazers Wronged Portland \\|url\=https://deadspin.com/portland\-wronged\-the\-jail\-blazers\-more\-than\-the\-jail\-bl\-1834341801 \\|website\=Deadspin}}{{cite book \\|last1\=Eggers \\|first1\=Kenny \\|title\=Jail Blazers: How the Portland Trail Blazers Became the Bad Boys of Basketball \\|date\=November 20, 2018 \\|publisher\=Sports Publishing \\|isbn\=978\-1683582601}} Wallace was named an [NBA All\-Star](/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game "NBA All-Star Game") in 2000 and 2001\. On February 20, 2001, he scored a career best 42 points in a 104\-94 victory over the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets "Denver Nuggets").{{cite web \\|title\=Rasheed Wallace Career High 42 Points \\|url\=https://www.statmuse.com/nba/ask/rasheed\-wallace\-highest\-scoring\-game \\|website\=Statmuse}} In the postseason, Wallace led the Trail Blazers to the Western Conference Finals back to back in 1999 and 2000, losing to the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs "San Antonio Spurs") and the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers"), respectively. Both teams would go on to win the [NBA Finals](/wiki/NBA_Finals "NBA Finals"). The 2000 series against the Lakers was alleged by some to have one\-sided officiating in favor of the Lakers, with the Trail Blazers squandering a 15\-point lead going into the fourth quarter of Game 7\. Two years later, during the [2002 NBA Playoffs](/wiki/2002_NBA_Playoffs "2002 NBA Playoffs"), despite Wallace posting career high postseason averages of 25\.3 points and 12\.3 rebounds per game,{{cite web \\|title\=Rasheed Wallace Per Game Playoff Averages \\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/players/w/wallara01\.html\#playoffs\_per\_game::29 \\|website\=Basketball Reference}} Portland was again eliminated by the eventual champion Lakers.{{cite web \\|title\=2002 NBA Western Conference First Round \\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/playoffs/2002\-nba\-western\-conference\-first\-round\-trail\-blazers\-vs\-lakers.html \\|website\=Basketball Reference}} ### Atlanta Hawks (2004\) On February 9, 2004, just before the [2004 NBA All\-Star Game](/wiki/2004_NBA_All-Star_Game "2004 NBA All-Star Game"), Wallace was traded to the [Atlanta Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks "Atlanta Hawks") along with [Wesley Person](/wiki/Wesley_Person "Wesley Person") for [Shareef Abdur\-Rahim](/wiki/Shareef_Abdur-Rahim "Shareef Abdur-Rahim"), [Theo Ratliff](/wiki/Theo_Ratliff "Theo Ratliff") and [Dan Dickau](/wiki/Dan_Dickau "Dan Dickau").{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/basketball/blazers\-trade\-wallace\-to\-hawks\-1\.468019 \\|title\=Blazers trade Wallace to Hawks \\|date\=February 11, 2004 \\|work\=CBC.ca \\|access\-date\=June 15, 2013}} Wallace played only one game for the Hawks, on February 18, scoring 20 points through three quarters. He also had six rebounds, five blocks, two assists and a steal in a close loss on the road against the [New Jersey Nets](/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets "New Jersey Nets"), though he did not score in the fourth quarter.{{cite web \\|url\=http://scores.espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId\=240218017 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232441/http://scores.espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId\=240218017 \\|url\-status\=dead \\|archive\-date\=December 30, 2013 \\|title\=Frank has best start ever for NBA coach \\|date\=February 18, 2004 \\|publisher\=ESPN \\|access\-date\=June 15, 2013}} ### Detroit Pistons (2004–2009\) [thumb\\|upright\=0\.8\\|Wallace in a game against the [Golden State Warriors](/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors "Golden State Warriors")](/wiki/File:Sheed01.jpg "Sheed01.jpg") #### Championship and consecutive Finals appearances (2004–2005\) Wallace was again traded, in a deal that saw him go from the Hawks along with guard [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1975%29 "Mike James (basketball, born 1975)") from the Celtics to the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons "Detroit Pistons"). In turn, Detroit sent guards [Chucky Atkins](/wiki/Chucky_Atkins "Chucky Atkins"), [Lindsey Hunter](/wiki/Lindsey_Hunter "Lindsey Hunter") and a first\-round draft pick to Boston and guard [Bob Sura](/wiki/Bob_Sura "Bob Sura"), center [Željko Rebrača](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Rebra%C4%8Da "Željko Rebrača") and a first\-round draft pick to Atlanta. Boston also sent forward [Chris Mills](/wiki/Chris_Mills_%28basketball%29 "Chris Mills (basketball)") to Atlanta to complete the deal.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id\=1739128 \\|title\=Wallace lands in Detroit in three\-team deal \\|date\=February 20, 2004 \\|publisher\=ESPN \\|access\-date\=June 15, 2013}} On February 23, 2004, in his first road game with the Pistons, Wallace recorded 10 points, 11 rebounds and 4 blocks in a 76–66 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/200402230PHI.html\\|title\=Detroit Pistons at Philadelphia 76ers Box Score, February 23, 2004\\|publisher\=Basketball\-Reference\\|access\-date\=November 12, 2019}} After falling behind against the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers "Indiana Pacers") in the 2004 Eastern Conference Finals, he stated boldly in an interview that "We will win Game 2,"{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2004\-05\-23\-wallace\-guarantee\_x.htm \\|title\=Once again, Rasheed guarantees Game 2 victory \\|date\=May 23, 2004 \\|publisher\=USATODAY.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} a promise he helped fulfill.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.nba.com/games/20040524/DETIND/recap.html \\|title\=Pistons Swat Pacers, Snag Series Tie \\|date\=May 24, 2004 \\|work\=NBA.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} In Game 4 of the [2004 NBA Finals](/wiki/2004_NBA_Finals "2004 NBA Finals"), Wallace recorded 26 points, 13 rebounds and 2 assists in an 88–80 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. The Detroit Pistons were up 3–1 in that occasion.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/200406130DET.html\\|title\=Los Angeles Lakers at Detroit Pistons Box Score, June 13, 2004\\|publisher\=Basketball\-Reference\\|access\-date\=November 12, 2019}} Wallace helped the Pistons win an unexpected NBA title, beating the heavily favored Lakers four games to one.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.nba.com/games/20040615/LALDET/recap.html \\|title\=Pistons Send Lakers Packing, Win Third NBA Title \\|date\=June 15, 2004 \\|work\=NBA.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} After the championship season, he paid for replica [WWE World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_%28WWE%2C_2002%E2%80%932013%29 "World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)") belts to be made for each of his teammates and presented them as gifts when the 2004–05 regular season started.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=280867 \\|title\=Former Pistons get their hands on title belts \\|last\=Enlund \\|first\=Tom \\|date\=December 4, 2004 \\|publisher\=JS Online \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008 \\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013142654/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=280867 \\|archive\-date \= October 13, 2007}} In the off\-season following the Pistons' championship win, Wallace signed a five\-year, $57 million contract to remain with Detroit.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2004\-07\-21\-rasheed\-stays\_x.htm \\|title\=Rasheed Wallace signs five\-year, $57M deal with Pistons \\|last\=Lage \\|first\=Larry \\|date\=July 21, 2004 \\|publisher\=USATODAY.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} He also changed the number of his jersey from \#30 to \#36\. Throughout the [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NBA_season "2004–05 NBA season"), Wallace often carried the belt into his locker before games to inspire the Pistons' title defense. However, early in the season, the Pistons had a [fight](/wiki/Malice_at_the_Palace "Malice at the Palace") with the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers "Indiana Pacers"), which resulted into several suspensions for players putting the team into a temporary setback. Several months later, had several notable moments in the playoffs. After the second\-round elimination of the Pacers, Wallace played his best series of the postseason in the Eastern Conference finals against the top\-seeded [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat "Miami Heat"). After falling behind again, he again "guaranteed success". He shot a 50% field goal percentage and averaged 14\.5 points per game in the series' seven games, and saved his hottest\-shooting night to help the Pistons beat the Heat 88–82 in Game 7 on the road in Miami. Against the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs "San Antonio Spurs") in the NBA Finals, Wallace was criticized for leaving [Robert Horry](/wiki/Robert_Horry "Robert Horry") open for the game\-winning three\-pointer in Game 5\. Wallace's defense and clutch shooting helped the Pistons to split the series 3–3,{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2005\-06\-22\-rasheed\-atones\_x.htm \\|title\=Rasheed Wallace atones for Game 5 miscue \\|last\=Nance \\|first\=Roscoe \\|date\=June 22, 2005 \\|publisher\=USATODAY.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} but in the final game, the Pistons lost 81–74\. #### All\-Star appearances and final years in Detroit (2005–2009\) In the 2005–06 season, he helped lead them to a 64–18 record, and the top seed in the Eastern Conference for the playoffs. The Pistons beat the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks "Milwaukee Bucks"), 4–1 in the first round and then beat the Cleveland Cavaliers 4–3 in the second round of the playoffs. In the Eastern Conference Finals, the Pistons played the Heat in a rematch of the previous year's Conference Finals. The Pistons lost in six games to the Miami Heat, who went on to capture their first NBA title. [thumb\\|left\\|Wallace preparing to take a free\-throw](/wiki/File:Rasheed_Wallace.jpg "Rasheed Wallace.jpg") On March 26, 2007, in a game against the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets "Denver Nuggets"), Wallace threw up a 60\-foot shot off a stolen inbound pass with 1\.5 seconds remaining and banked it in from just behind halfcourt to force overtime letting out a huge roar from what was left of the Palace crowd.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=pXnNZjM9BRc\\|title\=Rasheed Wallace's Buzzer\-Beater From Beyond Halfcourt\\|publisher\=YouTube\\|author\=NBA\\|date\=April 2, 2007\\|access\-date\=January 16, 2017}} The Pistons went on to win the game, 113–109\.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.nba.com/games/20070326/DENDET/recap.html \\|title\=Wallace Hits Midcourt Shot to Force OT in Pistons Win \\|date\=March 27, 2007 \\|work\=NBA.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} On June 2, 2007, Wallace fouled out of Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals after committing a foul on [LeBron James](/wiki/LeBron_James "LeBron James") and then received two technical fouls, resulting in an automatic ejection, for arguing with a referee.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/2007\-06\-02\-361103860\_x.htm \\|title\=Pistons' Wallace ejected from Game 6 \\|date\=June 3, 2007 \\|publisher\=USATODAY.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} Prior to the [2007–08 NBA season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NBA_season "2007–08 NBA season"), the Pistons would not re\-sign [Chris Webber](/wiki/Chris_Webber "Chris Webber"), and putting [Antonio McDyess](/wiki/Antonio_McDyess "Antonio McDyess") as a starting power forward, put Wallace at center. On February 10, 2008, it was announced that Wallace would be replacing Boston Celtics' injured forward Kevin Garnett in the [2008 NBA All\-Star Game](/wiki/2008_NBA_All-Star_Game "2008 NBA All-Star Game") in New Orleans.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id\=3239663 \\|title\=Pistons' Wallace replaces gimpy Garnett in All\-Star Game \\|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]] \\|date\=February 11, 2008 \\|access\-date\=February 24, 2008}} The decision was made by NBA commissioner [David Stern](/wiki/David_Stern "David Stern"). This was Wallace's fourth All\-Star appearance. In the 2008 Eastern Conference Finals, the Pistons played Garnett and the Celtics. This marked the sixth consecutive time that the Pistons had made it to this point, and five times they had gotten there with Wallace in the lineup. Still, Detroit lost a third consecutive year in the Conference Finals, losing to Boston 4–2 as Wallace played poorly. After the game, Wallace reportedly told reporters, without taking any questions, "It's over, man", perhaps indicating that Pistons' General Manager [Joe Dumars](/wiki/Joe_Dumars "Joe Dumars") would break up the core of the team following the defeat. He changed his number from 36 back to his original 30, perhaps to change his and the team's fortunes, but sure enough, Dumars did indeed break up the core: at the beginning of the 2008–09 season, Dumars traded longtime starting point guard and 2004 Finals MVP [Chauncey Billups](/wiki/Chauncey_Billups "Chauncey Billups") to Denver. It was to be Wallace's last year with the team; after the season came to a close, Wallace and the Pistons decided to part ways. ### Boston Celtics (2009–2010\) Wallace signed a three\-year contract with the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics "Boston Celtics") on July 8, 2009\.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.nba.com/celtics/news/press\_release/press070809\-rasheed\-wallace.html\\|title\=Celtics Sign Rasheed Wallace – The Official Site of the BOSTON CELTICS\\|website\=\[\[NBA.com]] }} During the regular season, Wallace struggled, averaging career lows in points per game and rebounds per game in addition to shooting only 28% on three\-pointers and 40% from the field. The Celtics reached the [NBA Finals in 2010](/wiki/2010_NBA_Finals "2010 NBA Finals") but lost the series to the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers "Los Angeles Lakers") four games to three. In Game 6 of the Finals, the Celtics' starting center [Kendrick Perkins](/wiki/Kendrick_Perkins "Kendrick Perkins") injured his right knee, so Wallace started Game 7\. Wallace scored 11 points and was 5 of 11 from the field in the loss.{{cite web\\|title\=Boston Celtics vs. Los Angeles\- Box Score\\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nba/boxscore?gameId\=300617013}} Wallace's agent Bill Strickland announced on June 25, 2010, that Wallace would likely retire from the NBA,{{cite news\\|last\=Benbow\\|first\=Julian\\|title\=Agent believes Wallace is done\\|url\=http://www.boston.com/sports/basketball/celtics/articles/2010/06/25/agent\_believes\_wallace\_is\_done/\\|work\=The Boston Globe\\|access\-date\=June 26, 2010\\|date\=June 25, 2010}} which was made official on August 10, following the buyout of his contract by the Celtics.{{cite web\\|url\=http://www.nesn.com/2010/08/celtics\-officially\-waive\-rasheed\-wallace.html\\|title\=Celtics Officially Waive Rasheed Wallace\\|date\=August 11, 2010}} ### New York Knicks (2012–2013\) On October 3, 2012, Wallace came out of retirement, and signed with the [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks "New York Knicks").{{cite web \\| title\= Knicks sign Rasheed Wallace \\| work\= knicksnow.com \\| url\= http://knicksnow.com/posts/1721/knicks\-sign\-rasheed\-wallace \\| access\-date\= October 3, 2012 \\| url\-status\= dead \\| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121006195949/http://knicksnow.com/posts/1721/knicks\-sign\-rasheed\-wallace \\| archive\-date\= October 6, 2012 }} On February 27, 2013, Wallace announced that he had a broken left foot and was expected to miss eight weeks. He was scheduled for surgery.{{cite web\\|title\=Rasheed Wallace Has Broken Bone In Left Foot, Will Miss Another 8 Weeks\\|url\=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/02/27/rasheed\-wallace\-has\-broken\-bone\-in\-left\-foot\-will\-miss\-another\-8\-weeks/\\|publisher\=CBS News New York\\|access\-date\=February 27, 2013}} He returned for a final game on April 15, 2013, playing three minutes off the bench. On April 17, 2013, after a short return, Wallace announced his second retirement.{{cite web\\|title\=Foot injury forces Knicks veteran Wallace to retire\\|url\=http://www.nba.com/2013/news/04/17/knicks\-wallace\-retires.ap/index.html\\|work\=NBA.com\\|date\=April 17, 2013\\|access\-date\=April 17, 2013}}	[ "Professional career\n-------------------", "### Washington Bullets (1995–1996\\)", "As a rookie with the Bullets, Wallace played in 65 games, of which he started 51 for the injured [Chris Webber](/wiki/Chris_Webber \"Chris Webber\"). Wallace was selected to the rookie team for the All\\-Star Weekend. Late that year, he fractured his left thumb during a game against Orlando and did not return until the following season. En route to being named to the [NBA All\\-Rookie Second Team](/wiki/NBA_All-Rookie_Second_Team \"NBA All-Rookie Second Team\"), Wallace averaged 10\\.1 points, 4\\.7 rebounds, and 3\\.4 assists.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace Per Game Averages \\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/players/w/wallara01\\.html\\#per\\_game \\\|website\\=Basketball Reference}} In total, Wallace scored 655 points and played 1,788 minutes during his rookie season in Washington.", "### Portland Trail Blazers (1996–2004\\)", "After the season, Wallace was traded to the [Portland Trail Blazers](/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers \"Portland Trail Blazers\"), along with [Mitchell Butler](/wiki/Mitchell_Butler \"Mitchell Butler\") in exchange for [Rod Strickland](/wiki/Rod_Strickland \"Rod Strickland\") and [Harvey Grant](/wiki/Harvey_Grant \"Harvey Grant\"). This move proved beneficial for both sides: Strickland averaged 17\\.2 ppg and 8\\.9 apg after the trade, helping the Bullets make the playoffs in 1997 for the first time in eight seasons, and upped those stats to 17\\.8 ppg and a league\\-leading 10\\.5 apg the following year.", "Meanwhile, Wallace ranked third in the league in field goal percentage.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/history/fgp/19961997\\.html \\\|title\\=Field Goal Percentage – 1996–97 \\\|work\\=NBA.com }} However, just as his season was gaining momentum, Wallace again broke his left thumb and was forced to miss the next month of the season,{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res\\=9D06E5DF1430F934A15751C1A960958260 \\\|title\\=Blazers' Wallace Out at Least Four Weeks \\\|date\\= December 27, 1996\\\|work\\=New York Times }} but he returned in time for a strong performance in the first round playoff series against the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\"), which the Trail Blazers lost.", "Next season, Wallace signed a long\\-term contract to stay with the Trail Blazers. He began extending himself into the community more than ever, most notably with his Rasheed Wallace Foundation, but his career suffered from numerous missteps on and off the court. He set an NBA record with 38 [technical fouls](/wiki/Technical_foul \"Technical foul\") for the season.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://sportsline.com/nba/gamecenter/recap/NBA\\_20070311\\_DET@LAC \\\|title\\=Pistons fine without 'Sheed, beat Clippers behind Rip's 23 points \\\|publisher\\=CBSSports.com \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313201510/http://www.sportsline.com/nba/gamecenter/recap/NBA\\_20070311\\_DET@LAC \\\|archive\\-date\\=March 13, 2007 }} However, he would be fifth in the league in [field goal](/wiki/Field_goal_%28basketball%29 \"Field goal (basketball)\") percentage.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/statistics/1999/default\\_regular\\_season\\_leaders/LeagueLeadersFGPQuery.html?topic\\=0\\&stat\\=6 \\\|title\\= Regular Season Field Goals Percentage \\\|work\\=NBA.com }} The following year, he broke his own record with 40 technicals. Wallace was also suspended by the NBA for seven games for threatening then\\-referee [Tim Donaghy](/wiki/Tim_Donaghy \"Tim Donaghy\") on an arena loading dock after a home game in 2003\\. That was the league's longest suspension for an offense that did not involve violence or substance abuse.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si\\_online/news/2003/01/28/nba/ \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201083250/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/si\\_online/news/2003/01/28/nba/ \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=February 1, 2003 \\\|title\\=Despite his latest screwup, many teams still covet Rasheed Wallace \\\|last\\=Thomsen \\\|first\\=Ian \\\|publisher\\=CNNSI.com }} Wallace was far from the only perceived trouble maker on Portland at the time, his teammates, [Bonzi Wells](/wiki/Bonzi_Wells \"Bonzi Wells\"), [Damon Stoudamire](/wiki/Damon_Stoudamire \"Damon Stoudamire\"), and [Zach Randolph](/wiki/Zach_Randolph \"Zach Randolph\") for instance, were also frequently criticized by media and fans for off\\-court outbursts and legal incidents, leading to the team often being referred to as The Jail Blazers.{{cite web \\\|title\\=Thugs \"R\" Us: Looking Back at the Infamous Portland Jail Blazers Era \\\|url\\=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/299192\\-thugs\\-r\\-us\\-looking\\-back\\-at\\-the\\-infamous\\-portland\\-jail\\-blazers\\-era \\\|website\\=Bleacher Report}}{{cite web \\\|title\\=Portland Wronged The Jail Blazers More Than The Jail Blazers Wronged Portland \\\|url\\=https://deadspin.com/portland\\-wronged\\-the\\-jail\\-blazers\\-more\\-than\\-the\\-jail\\-bl\\-1834341801 \\\|website\\=Deadspin}}{{cite book \\\|last1\\=Eggers \\\|first1\\=Kenny \\\|title\\=Jail Blazers: How the Portland Trail Blazers Became the Bad Boys of Basketball \\\|date\\=November 20, 2018 \\\|publisher\\=Sports Publishing \\\|isbn\\=978\\-1683582601}}", "Wallace was named an [NBA All\\-Star](/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game \"NBA All-Star Game\") in 2000 and 2001\\. On February 20, 2001, he scored a career best 42 points in a 104\\-94 victory over the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets \"Denver Nuggets\").{{cite web \\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace Career High 42 Points \\\|url\\=https://www.statmuse.com/nba/ask/rasheed\\-wallace\\-highest\\-scoring\\-game \\\|website\\=Statmuse}} In the postseason, Wallace led the Trail Blazers to the Western Conference Finals back to back in 1999 and 2000, losing to the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs \"San Antonio Spurs\") and the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\"), respectively. Both teams would go on to win the [NBA Finals](/wiki/NBA_Finals \"NBA Finals\"). The 2000 series against the Lakers was alleged by some to have one\\-sided officiating in favor of the Lakers, with the Trail Blazers squandering a 15\\-point lead going into the fourth quarter of Game 7\\. Two years later, during the [2002 NBA Playoffs](/wiki/2002_NBA_Playoffs \"2002 NBA Playoffs\"), despite Wallace posting career high postseason averages of 25\\.3 points and 12\\.3 rebounds per game,{{cite web \\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace Per Game Playoff Averages \\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/players/w/wallara01\\.html\\#playoffs\\_per\\_game::29 \\\|website\\=Basketball Reference}} Portland was again eliminated by the eventual champion Lakers.{{cite web \\\|title\\=2002 NBA Western Conference First Round \\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/playoffs/2002\\-nba\\-western\\-conference\\-first\\-round\\-trail\\-blazers\\-vs\\-lakers.html \\\|website\\=Basketball Reference}}", "### Atlanta Hawks (2004\\)", "On February 9, 2004, just before the [2004 NBA All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2004_NBA_All-Star_Game \"2004 NBA All-Star Game\"), Wallace was traded to the [Atlanta Hawks](/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks \"Atlanta Hawks\") along with [Wesley Person](/wiki/Wesley_Person \"Wesley Person\") for [Shareef Abdur\\-Rahim](/wiki/Shareef_Abdur-Rahim \"Shareef Abdur-Rahim\"), [Theo Ratliff](/wiki/Theo_Ratliff \"Theo Ratliff\") and [Dan Dickau](/wiki/Dan_Dickau \"Dan Dickau\").{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/basketball/blazers\\-trade\\-wallace\\-to\\-hawks\\-1\\.468019 \\\|title\\=Blazers trade Wallace to Hawks \\\|date\\=February 11, 2004 \\\|work\\=CBC.ca \\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2013}} Wallace played only one game for the Hawks, on February 18, scoring 20 points through three quarters. He also had six rebounds, five blocks, two assists and a steal in a close loss on the road against the [New Jersey Nets](/wiki/New_Jersey_Nets \"New Jersey Nets\"), though he did not score in the fourth quarter.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://scores.espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId\\=240218017 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232441/http://scores.espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId\\=240218017 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead \\\|archive\\-date\\=December 30, 2013 \\\|title\\=Frank has best start ever for NBA coach \\\|date\\=February 18, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=ESPN \\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2013}}", "### Detroit Pistons (2004–2009\\)", "[thumb\\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\\|Wallace in a game against the [Golden State Warriors](/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors \"Golden State Warriors\")](/wiki/File:Sheed01.jpg \"Sheed01.jpg\")", "#### Championship and consecutive Finals appearances (2004–2005\\)", "Wallace was again traded, in a deal that saw him go from the Hawks along with guard [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1975%29 \"Mike James (basketball, born 1975)\") from the Celtics to the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons \"Detroit Pistons\"). In turn, Detroit sent guards [Chucky Atkins](/wiki/Chucky_Atkins \"Chucky Atkins\"), [Lindsey Hunter](/wiki/Lindsey_Hunter \"Lindsey Hunter\") and a first\\-round draft pick to Boston and guard [Bob Sura](/wiki/Bob_Sura \"Bob Sura\"), center [Željko Rebrača](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Rebra%C4%8Da \"Željko Rebrača\") and a first\\-round draft pick to Atlanta. Boston also sent forward [Chris Mills](/wiki/Chris_Mills_%28basketball%29 \"Chris Mills (basketball)\") to Atlanta to complete the deal.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id\\=1739128 \\\|title\\=Wallace lands in Detroit in three\\-team deal \\\|date\\=February 20, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=ESPN \\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2013}}", "On February 23, 2004, in his first road game with the Pistons, Wallace recorded 10 points, 11 rebounds and 4 blocks in a 76–66 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/200402230PHI.html\\\|title\\=Detroit Pistons at Philadelphia 76ers Box Score, February 23, 2004\\\|publisher\\=Basketball\\-Reference\\\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2019}}", "After falling behind against the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers \"Indiana Pacers\") in the 2004 Eastern Conference Finals, he stated boldly in an interview that \"We will win Game 2,\"{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2004\\-05\\-23\\-wallace\\-guarantee\\_x.htm \\\|title\\=Once again, Rasheed guarantees Game 2 victory \\\|date\\=May 23, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=USATODAY.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}} a promise he helped fulfill.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/games/20040524/DETIND/recap.html \\\|title\\=Pistons Swat Pacers, Snag Series Tie \\\|date\\=May 24, 2004 \\\|work\\=NBA.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}}", "In Game 4 of the [2004 NBA Finals](/wiki/2004_NBA_Finals \"2004 NBA Finals\"), Wallace recorded 26 points, 13 rebounds and 2 assists in an 88–80 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. The Detroit Pistons were up 3–1 in that occasion.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/200406130DET.html\\\|title\\=Los Angeles Lakers at Detroit Pistons Box Score, June 13, 2004\\\|publisher\\=Basketball\\-Reference\\\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2019}} Wallace helped the Pistons win an unexpected NBA title, beating the heavily favored Lakers four games to one.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/games/20040615/LALDET/recap.html \\\|title\\=Pistons Send Lakers Packing, Win Third NBA Title \\\|date\\=June 15, 2004 \\\|work\\=NBA.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}} After the championship season, he paid for replica [WWE World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_%28WWE%2C_2002%E2%80%932013%29 \"World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)\") belts to be made for each of his teammates and presented them as gifts when the 2004–05 regular season started.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=280867 \\\|title\\=Former Pistons get their hands on title belts \\\|last\\=Enlund \\\|first\\=Tom \\\|date\\=December 4, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=JS Online \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008 \\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013142654/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=280867 \\\|archive\\-date \\= October 13, 2007}}", "In the off\\-season following the Pistons' championship win, Wallace signed a five\\-year, $57 million contract to remain with Detroit.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2004\\-07\\-21\\-rasheed\\-stays\\_x.htm \\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace signs five\\-year, $57M deal with Pistons \\\|last\\=Lage \\\|first\\=Larry \\\|date\\=July 21, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=USATODAY.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}} He also changed the number of his jersey from \\#30 to \\#36\\.", "Throughout the [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NBA_season \"2004–05 NBA season\"), Wallace often carried the belt into his locker before games to inspire the Pistons' title defense. However, early in the season, the Pistons had a [fight](/wiki/Malice_at_the_Palace \"Malice at the Palace\") with the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers \"Indiana Pacers\"), which resulted into several suspensions for players putting the team into a temporary setback.", "Several months later, had several notable moments in the playoffs. After the second\\-round elimination of the Pacers, Wallace played his best series of the postseason in the Eastern Conference finals against the top\\-seeded [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat \"Miami Heat\"). After falling behind again, he again \"guaranteed success\". He shot a 50% field goal percentage and averaged 14\\.5 points per game in the series' seven games, and saved his hottest\\-shooting night to help the Pistons beat the Heat 88–82 in Game 7 on the road in Miami. Against the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs \"San Antonio Spurs\") in the NBA Finals, Wallace was criticized for leaving [Robert Horry](/wiki/Robert_Horry \"Robert Horry\") open for the game\\-winning three\\-pointer in Game 5\\. Wallace's defense and clutch shooting helped the Pistons to split the series 3–3,{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2005\\-06\\-22\\-rasheed\\-atones\\_x.htm \\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace atones for Game 5 miscue \\\|last\\=Nance \\\|first\\=Roscoe \\\|date\\=June 22, 2005 \\\|publisher\\=USATODAY.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}} but in the final game, the Pistons lost 81–74\\.", "#### All\\-Star appearances and final years in Detroit (2005–2009\\)", "In the 2005–06 season, he helped lead them to a 64–18 record, and the top seed in the Eastern Conference for the playoffs. The Pistons beat the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks \"Milwaukee Bucks\"), 4–1 in the first round and then beat the Cleveland Cavaliers 4–3 in the second round of the playoffs. In the Eastern Conference Finals, the Pistons played the Heat in a rematch of the previous year's Conference Finals. The Pistons lost in six games to the Miami Heat, who went on to capture their first NBA title.\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Wallace preparing to take a free\\-throw](/wiki/File:Rasheed_Wallace.jpg \"Rasheed Wallace.jpg\")\nOn March 26, 2007, in a game against the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets \"Denver Nuggets\"), Wallace threw up a 60\\-foot shot off a stolen inbound pass with 1\\.5 seconds remaining and banked it in from just behind halfcourt to force overtime letting out a huge roar from what was left of the Palace crowd.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=pXnNZjM9BRc\\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace's Buzzer\\-Beater From Beyond Halfcourt\\\|publisher\\=YouTube\\\|author\\=NBA\\\|date\\=April 2, 2007\\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2017}} The Pistons went on to win the game, 113–109\\.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/games/20070326/DENDET/recap.html \\\|title\\=Wallace Hits Midcourt Shot to Force OT in Pistons Win \\\|date\\=March 27, 2007 \\\|work\\=NBA.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}}", "On June 2, 2007, Wallace fouled out of Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals after committing a foul on [LeBron James](/wiki/LeBron_James \"LeBron James\") and then received two technical fouls, resulting in an automatic ejection, for arguing with a referee.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/2007\\-06\\-02\\-361103860\\_x.htm \\\|title\\=Pistons' Wallace ejected from Game 6 \\\|date\\=June 3, 2007 \\\|publisher\\=USATODAY.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}}", "Prior to the [2007–08 NBA season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NBA_season \"2007–08 NBA season\"), the Pistons would not re\\-sign [Chris Webber](/wiki/Chris_Webber \"Chris Webber\"), and putting [Antonio McDyess](/wiki/Antonio_McDyess \"Antonio McDyess\") as a starting power forward, put Wallace at center. On February 10, 2008, it was announced that Wallace would be replacing Boston Celtics' injured forward Kevin Garnett in the [2008 NBA All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2008_NBA_All-Star_Game \"2008 NBA All-Star Game\") in New Orleans.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id\\=3239663 \\\|title\\=Pistons' Wallace replaces gimpy Garnett in All\\-Star Game \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\\|date\\=February 11, 2008 \\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2008}} The decision was made by NBA commissioner [David Stern](/wiki/David_Stern \"David Stern\"). This was Wallace's fourth All\\-Star appearance.", "In the 2008 Eastern Conference Finals, the Pistons played Garnett and the Celtics. This marked the sixth consecutive time that the Pistons had made it to this point, and five times they had gotten there with Wallace in the lineup. Still, Detroit lost a third consecutive year in the Conference Finals, losing to Boston 4–2 as Wallace played poorly. After the game, Wallace reportedly told reporters, without taking any questions, \"It's over, man\", perhaps indicating that Pistons' General Manager [Joe Dumars](/wiki/Joe_Dumars \"Joe Dumars\") would break up the core of the team following the defeat. He changed his number from 36 back to his original 30, perhaps to change his and the team's fortunes, but sure enough, Dumars did indeed break up the core: at the beginning of the 2008–09 season, Dumars traded longtime starting point guard and 2004 Finals MVP [Chauncey Billups](/wiki/Chauncey_Billups \"Chauncey Billups\") to Denver. It was to be Wallace's last year with the team; after the season came to a close, Wallace and the Pistons decided to part ways.", "### Boston Celtics (2009–2010\\)", "Wallace signed a three\\-year contract with the [Boston Celtics](/wiki/Boston_Celtics \"Boston Celtics\") on July 8, 2009\\.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/celtics/news/press\\_release/press070809\\-rasheed\\-wallace.html\\\|title\\=Celtics Sign Rasheed Wallace – The Official Site of the BOSTON CELTICS\\\|website\\=\\[\\[NBA.com]] }} During the regular season, Wallace struggled, averaging career lows in points per game and rebounds per game in addition to shooting only 28% on three\\-pointers and 40% from the field. The Celtics reached the [NBA Finals in 2010](/wiki/2010_NBA_Finals \"2010 NBA Finals\") but lost the series to the [Los Angeles Lakers](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers \"Los Angeles Lakers\") four games to three. In Game 6 of the Finals, the Celtics' starting center [Kendrick Perkins](/wiki/Kendrick_Perkins \"Kendrick Perkins\") injured his right knee, so Wallace started Game 7\\. Wallace scored 11 points and was 5 of 11 from the field in the loss.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Boston Celtics vs. Los Angeles\\- Box Score\\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nba/boxscore?gameId\\=300617013}} Wallace's agent Bill Strickland announced on June 25, 2010, that Wallace would likely retire from the NBA,{{cite news\\\|last\\=Benbow\\\|first\\=Julian\\\|title\\=Agent believes Wallace is done\\\|url\\=http://www.boston.com/sports/basketball/celtics/articles/2010/06/25/agent\\_believes\\_wallace\\_is\\_done/\\\|work\\=The Boston Globe\\\|access\\-date\\=June 26, 2010\\\|date\\=June 25, 2010}} which was made official on August 10, following the buyout of his contract by the Celtics.{{cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.nesn.com/2010/08/celtics\\-officially\\-waive\\-rasheed\\-wallace.html\\\|title\\=Celtics Officially Waive Rasheed Wallace\\\|date\\=August 11, 2010}}", "### New York Knicks (2012–2013\\)", "On October 3, 2012, Wallace came out of retirement, and signed with the [New York Knicks](/wiki/New_York_Knicks \"New York Knicks\").{{cite web \\\| title\\= Knicks sign Rasheed Wallace \\\| work\\= knicksnow.com \\\| url\\= http://knicksnow.com/posts/1721/knicks\\-sign\\-rasheed\\-wallace \\\| access\\-date\\= October 3, 2012 \\\| url\\-status\\= dead \\\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20121006195949/http://knicksnow.com/posts/1721/knicks\\-sign\\-rasheed\\-wallace \\\| archive\\-date\\= October 6, 2012 }}", "On February 27, 2013, Wallace announced that he had a broken left foot and was expected to miss eight weeks. He was scheduled for surgery.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace Has Broken Bone In Left Foot, Will Miss Another 8 Weeks\\\|url\\=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/02/27/rasheed\\-wallace\\-has\\-broken\\-bone\\-in\\-left\\-foot\\-will\\-miss\\-another\\-8\\-weeks/\\\|publisher\\=CBS News New York\\\|access\\-date\\=February 27, 2013}} He returned for a final game on April 15, 2013, playing three minutes off the bench. On April 17, 2013, after a short return, Wallace announced his second retirement.{{cite web\\\|title\\=Foot injury forces Knicks veteran Wallace to retire\\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/2013/news/04/17/knicks\\-wallace\\-retires.ap/index.html\\\|work\\=NBA.com\\\|date\\=April 17, 2013\\\|access\\-date\\=April 17, 2013}}", "" ]
### Detroit Pistons (2004–2009\) [thumb\\|upright\=0\.8\\|Wallace in a game against the [Golden State Warriors](/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors "Golden State Warriors")](/wiki/File:Sheed01.jpg "Sheed01.jpg") #### Championship and consecutive Finals appearances (2004–2005\) Wallace was again traded, in a deal that saw him go from the Hawks along with guard [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1975%29 "Mike James (basketball, born 1975)") from the Celtics to the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons "Detroit Pistons"). In turn, Detroit sent guards [Chucky Atkins](/wiki/Chucky_Atkins "Chucky Atkins"), [Lindsey Hunter](/wiki/Lindsey_Hunter "Lindsey Hunter") and a first\-round draft pick to Boston and guard [Bob Sura](/wiki/Bob_Sura "Bob Sura"), center [Željko Rebrača](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Rebra%C4%8Da "Željko Rebrača") and a first\-round draft pick to Atlanta. Boston also sent forward [Chris Mills](/wiki/Chris_Mills_%28basketball%29 "Chris Mills (basketball)") to Atlanta to complete the deal.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id\=1739128 \\|title\=Wallace lands in Detroit in three\-team deal \\|date\=February 20, 2004 \\|publisher\=ESPN \\|access\-date\=June 15, 2013}} On February 23, 2004, in his first road game with the Pistons, Wallace recorded 10 points, 11 rebounds and 4 blocks in a 76–66 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/200402230PHI.html\\|title\=Detroit Pistons at Philadelphia 76ers Box Score, February 23, 2004\\|publisher\=Basketball\-Reference\\|access\-date\=November 12, 2019}} After falling behind against the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers "Indiana Pacers") in the 2004 Eastern Conference Finals, he stated boldly in an interview that "We will win Game 2,"{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2004\-05\-23\-wallace\-guarantee\_x.htm \\|title\=Once again, Rasheed guarantees Game 2 victory \\|date\=May 23, 2004 \\|publisher\=USATODAY.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} a promise he helped fulfill.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.nba.com/games/20040524/DETIND/recap.html \\|title\=Pistons Swat Pacers, Snag Series Tie \\|date\=May 24, 2004 \\|work\=NBA.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} In Game 4 of the [2004 NBA Finals](/wiki/2004_NBA_Finals "2004 NBA Finals"), Wallace recorded 26 points, 13 rebounds and 2 assists in an 88–80 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. The Detroit Pistons were up 3–1 in that occasion.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.basketball\-reference.com/boxscores/200406130DET.html\\|title\=Los Angeles Lakers at Detroit Pistons Box Score, June 13, 2004\\|publisher\=Basketball\-Reference\\|access\-date\=November 12, 2019}} Wallace helped the Pistons win an unexpected NBA title, beating the heavily favored Lakers four games to one.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.nba.com/games/20040615/LALDET/recap.html \\|title\=Pistons Send Lakers Packing, Win Third NBA Title \\|date\=June 15, 2004 \\|work\=NBA.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} After the championship season, he paid for replica [WWE World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_%28WWE%2C_2002%E2%80%932013%29 "World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)") belts to be made for each of his teammates and presented them as gifts when the 2004–05 regular season started.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=280867 \\|title\=Former Pistons get their hands on title belts \\|last\=Enlund \\|first\=Tom \\|date\=December 4, 2004 \\|publisher\=JS Online \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008 \\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013142654/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\=280867 \\|archive\-date \= October 13, 2007}} In the off\-season following the Pistons' championship win, Wallace signed a five\-year, $57 million contract to remain with Detroit.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2004\-07\-21\-rasheed\-stays\_x.htm \\|title\=Rasheed Wallace signs five\-year, $57M deal with Pistons \\|last\=Lage \\|first\=Larry \\|date\=July 21, 2004 \\|publisher\=USATODAY.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} He also changed the number of his jersey from \#30 to \#36\. Throughout the [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NBA_season "2004–05 NBA season"), Wallace often carried the belt into his locker before games to inspire the Pistons' title defense. However, early in the season, the Pistons had a [fight](/wiki/Malice_at_the_Palace "Malice at the Palace") with the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers "Indiana Pacers"), which resulted into several suspensions for players putting the team into a temporary setback. Several months later, had several notable moments in the playoffs. After the second\-round elimination of the Pacers, Wallace played his best series of the postseason in the Eastern Conference finals against the top\-seeded [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat "Miami Heat"). After falling behind again, he again "guaranteed success". He shot a 50% field goal percentage and averaged 14\.5 points per game in the series' seven games, and saved his hottest\-shooting night to help the Pistons beat the Heat 88–82 in Game 7 on the road in Miami. Against the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs "San Antonio Spurs") in the NBA Finals, Wallace was criticized for leaving [Robert Horry](/wiki/Robert_Horry "Robert Horry") open for the game\-winning three\-pointer in Game 5\. Wallace's defense and clutch shooting helped the Pistons to split the series 3–3,{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2005\-06\-22\-rasheed\-atones\_x.htm \\|title\=Rasheed Wallace atones for Game 5 miscue \\|last\=Nance \\|first\=Roscoe \\|date\=June 22, 2005 \\|publisher\=USATODAY.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} but in the final game, the Pistons lost 81–74\. #### All\-Star appearances and final years in Detroit (2005–2009\) In the 2005–06 season, he helped lead them to a 64–18 record, and the top seed in the Eastern Conference for the playoffs. The Pistons beat the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks "Milwaukee Bucks"), 4–1 in the first round and then beat the Cleveland Cavaliers 4–3 in the second round of the playoffs. In the Eastern Conference Finals, the Pistons played the Heat in a rematch of the previous year's Conference Finals. The Pistons lost in six games to the Miami Heat, who went on to capture their first NBA title. [thumb\\|left\\|Wallace preparing to take a free\-throw](/wiki/File:Rasheed_Wallace.jpg "Rasheed Wallace.jpg") On March 26, 2007, in a game against the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets "Denver Nuggets"), Wallace threw up a 60\-foot shot off a stolen inbound pass with 1\.5 seconds remaining and banked it in from just behind halfcourt to force overtime letting out a huge roar from what was left of the Palace crowd.{{cite web\\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=pXnNZjM9BRc\\|title\=Rasheed Wallace's Buzzer\-Beater From Beyond Halfcourt\\|publisher\=YouTube\\|author\=NBA\\|date\=April 2, 2007\\|access\-date\=January 16, 2017}} The Pistons went on to win the game, 113–109\.{{cite news \\|url\=http://www.nba.com/games/20070326/DENDET/recap.html \\|title\=Wallace Hits Midcourt Shot to Force OT in Pistons Win \\|date\=March 27, 2007 \\|work\=NBA.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} On June 2, 2007, Wallace fouled out of Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals after committing a foul on [LeBron James](/wiki/LeBron_James "LeBron James") and then received two technical fouls, resulting in an automatic ejection, for arguing with a referee.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/2007\-06\-02\-361103860\_x.htm \\|title\=Pistons' Wallace ejected from Game 6 \\|date\=June 3, 2007 \\|publisher\=USATODAY.com \\|access\-date\=February 23, 2008}} Prior to the [2007–08 NBA season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NBA_season "2007–08 NBA season"), the Pistons would not re\-sign [Chris Webber](/wiki/Chris_Webber "Chris Webber"), and putting [Antonio McDyess](/wiki/Antonio_McDyess "Antonio McDyess") as a starting power forward, put Wallace at center. On February 10, 2008, it was announced that Wallace would be replacing Boston Celtics' injured forward Kevin Garnett in the [2008 NBA All\-Star Game](/wiki/2008_NBA_All-Star_Game "2008 NBA All-Star Game") in New Orleans.{{cite news \\|url\=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id\=3239663 \\|title\=Pistons' Wallace replaces gimpy Garnett in All\-Star Game \\|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]] \\|date\=February 11, 2008 \\|access\-date\=February 24, 2008}} The decision was made by NBA commissioner [David Stern](/wiki/David_Stern "David Stern"). This was Wallace's fourth All\-Star appearance. In the 2008 Eastern Conference Finals, the Pistons played Garnett and the Celtics. This marked the sixth consecutive time that the Pistons had made it to this point, and five times they had gotten there with Wallace in the lineup. Still, Detroit lost a third consecutive year in the Conference Finals, losing to Boston 4–2 as Wallace played poorly. After the game, Wallace reportedly told reporters, without taking any questions, "It's over, man", perhaps indicating that Pistons' General Manager [Joe Dumars](/wiki/Joe_Dumars "Joe Dumars") would break up the core of the team following the defeat. He changed his number from 36 back to his original 30, perhaps to change his and the team's fortunes, but sure enough, Dumars did indeed break up the core: at the beginning of the 2008–09 season, Dumars traded longtime starting point guard and 2004 Finals MVP [Chauncey Billups](/wiki/Chauncey_Billups "Chauncey Billups") to Denver. It was to be Wallace's last year with the team; after the season came to a close, Wallace and the Pistons decided to part ways.	[ "### Detroit Pistons (2004–2009\\)", "[thumb\\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\\|Wallace in a game against the [Golden State Warriors](/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors \"Golden State Warriors\")](/wiki/File:Sheed01.jpg \"Sheed01.jpg\")", "#### Championship and consecutive Finals appearances (2004–2005\\)", "Wallace was again traded, in a deal that saw him go from the Hawks along with guard [Mike James](/wiki/Mike_James_%28basketball%2C_born_1975%29 \"Mike James (basketball, born 1975)\") from the Celtics to the [Detroit Pistons](/wiki/Detroit_Pistons \"Detroit Pistons\"). In turn, Detroit sent guards [Chucky Atkins](/wiki/Chucky_Atkins \"Chucky Atkins\"), [Lindsey Hunter](/wiki/Lindsey_Hunter \"Lindsey Hunter\") and a first\\-round draft pick to Boston and guard [Bob Sura](/wiki/Bob_Sura \"Bob Sura\"), center [Željko Rebrača](/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Rebra%C4%8Da \"Željko Rebrača\") and a first\\-round draft pick to Atlanta. Boston also sent forward [Chris Mills](/wiki/Chris_Mills_%28basketball%29 \"Chris Mills (basketball)\") to Atlanta to complete the deal.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id\\=1739128 \\\|title\\=Wallace lands in Detroit in three\\-team deal \\\|date\\=February 20, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=ESPN \\\|access\\-date\\=June 15, 2013}}", "On February 23, 2004, in his first road game with the Pistons, Wallace recorded 10 points, 11 rebounds and 4 blocks in a 76–66 win over the Philadelphia 76ers.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/200402230PHI.html\\\|title\\=Detroit Pistons at Philadelphia 76ers Box Score, February 23, 2004\\\|publisher\\=Basketball\\-Reference\\\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2019}}", "After falling behind against the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers \"Indiana Pacers\") in the 2004 Eastern Conference Finals, he stated boldly in an interview that \"We will win Game 2,\"{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2004\\-05\\-23\\-wallace\\-guarantee\\_x.htm \\\|title\\=Once again, Rasheed guarantees Game 2 victory \\\|date\\=May 23, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=USATODAY.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}} a promise he helped fulfill.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/games/20040524/DETIND/recap.html \\\|title\\=Pistons Swat Pacers, Snag Series Tie \\\|date\\=May 24, 2004 \\\|work\\=NBA.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}}", "In Game 4 of the [2004 NBA Finals](/wiki/2004_NBA_Finals \"2004 NBA Finals\"), Wallace recorded 26 points, 13 rebounds and 2 assists in an 88–80 win over the Los Angeles Lakers. The Detroit Pistons were up 3–1 in that occasion.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.basketball\\-reference.com/boxscores/200406130DET.html\\\|title\\=Los Angeles Lakers at Detroit Pistons Box Score, June 13, 2004\\\|publisher\\=Basketball\\-Reference\\\|access\\-date\\=November 12, 2019}} Wallace helped the Pistons win an unexpected NBA title, beating the heavily favored Lakers four games to one.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/games/20040615/LALDET/recap.html \\\|title\\=Pistons Send Lakers Packing, Win Third NBA Title \\\|date\\=June 15, 2004 \\\|work\\=NBA.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}} After the championship season, he paid for replica [WWE World Heavyweight Championship](/wiki/World_Heavyweight_Championship_%28WWE%2C_2002%E2%80%932013%29 \"World Heavyweight Championship (WWE, 2002–2013)\") belts to be made for each of his teammates and presented them as gifts when the 2004–05 regular season started.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=280867 \\\|title\\=Former Pistons get their hands on title belts \\\|last\\=Enlund \\\|first\\=Tom \\\|date\\=December 4, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=JS Online \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008 \\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20071013142654/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id\\=280867 \\\|archive\\-date \\= October 13, 2007}}", "In the off\\-season following the Pistons' championship win, Wallace signed a five\\-year, $57 million contract to remain with Detroit.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2004\\-07\\-21\\-rasheed\\-stays\\_x.htm \\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace signs five\\-year, $57M deal with Pistons \\\|last\\=Lage \\\|first\\=Larry \\\|date\\=July 21, 2004 \\\|publisher\\=USATODAY.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}} He also changed the number of his jersey from \\#30 to \\#36\\.", "Throughout the [2004–05 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NBA_season \"2004–05 NBA season\"), Wallace often carried the belt into his locker before games to inspire the Pistons' title defense. However, early in the season, the Pistons had a [fight](/wiki/Malice_at_the_Palace \"Malice at the Palace\") with the [Indiana Pacers](/wiki/Indiana_Pacers \"Indiana Pacers\"), which resulted into several suspensions for players putting the team into a temporary setback.", "Several months later, had several notable moments in the playoffs. After the second\\-round elimination of the Pacers, Wallace played his best series of the postseason in the Eastern Conference finals against the top\\-seeded [Miami Heat](/wiki/Miami_Heat \"Miami Heat\"). After falling behind again, he again \"guaranteed success\". He shot a 50% field goal percentage and averaged 14\\.5 points per game in the series' seven games, and saved his hottest\\-shooting night to help the Pistons beat the Heat 88–82 in Game 7 on the road in Miami. Against the [San Antonio Spurs](/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs \"San Antonio Spurs\") in the NBA Finals, Wallace was criticized for leaving [Robert Horry](/wiki/Robert_Horry \"Robert Horry\") open for the game\\-winning three\\-pointer in Game 5\\. Wallace's defense and clutch shooting helped the Pistons to split the series 3–3,{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/nba/pistons/2005\\-06\\-22\\-rasheed\\-atones\\_x.htm \\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace atones for Game 5 miscue \\\|last\\=Nance \\\|first\\=Roscoe \\\|date\\=June 22, 2005 \\\|publisher\\=USATODAY.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}} but in the final game, the Pistons lost 81–74\\.", "#### All\\-Star appearances and final years in Detroit (2005–2009\\)", "In the 2005–06 season, he helped lead them to a 64–18 record, and the top seed in the Eastern Conference for the playoffs. The Pistons beat the [Milwaukee Bucks](/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks \"Milwaukee Bucks\"), 4–1 in the first round and then beat the Cleveland Cavaliers 4–3 in the second round of the playoffs. In the Eastern Conference Finals, the Pistons played the Heat in a rematch of the previous year's Conference Finals. The Pistons lost in six games to the Miami Heat, who went on to capture their first NBA title.\n[thumb\\\|left\\\|Wallace preparing to take a free\\-throw](/wiki/File:Rasheed_Wallace.jpg \"Rasheed Wallace.jpg\")\nOn March 26, 2007, in a game against the [Denver Nuggets](/wiki/Denver_Nuggets \"Denver Nuggets\"), Wallace threw up a 60\\-foot shot off a stolen inbound pass with 1\\.5 seconds remaining and banked it in from just behind halfcourt to force overtime letting out a huge roar from what was left of the Palace crowd.{{cite web\\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=pXnNZjM9BRc\\\|title\\=Rasheed Wallace's Buzzer\\-Beater From Beyond Halfcourt\\\|publisher\\=YouTube\\\|author\\=NBA\\\|date\\=April 2, 2007\\\|access\\-date\\=January 16, 2017}} The Pistons went on to win the game, 113–109\\.{{cite news \\\|url\\=http://www.nba.com/games/20070326/DENDET/recap.html \\\|title\\=Wallace Hits Midcourt Shot to Force OT in Pistons Win \\\|date\\=March 27, 2007 \\\|work\\=NBA.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}}", "On June 2, 2007, Wallace fouled out of Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals after committing a foul on [LeBron James](/wiki/LeBron_James \"LeBron James\") and then received two technical fouls, resulting in an automatic ejection, for arguing with a referee.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/2007\\-06\\-02\\-361103860\\_x.htm \\\|title\\=Pistons' Wallace ejected from Game 6 \\\|date\\=June 3, 2007 \\\|publisher\\=USATODAY.com \\\|access\\-date\\=February 23, 2008}}", "Prior to the [2007–08 NBA season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_NBA_season \"2007–08 NBA season\"), the Pistons would not re\\-sign [Chris Webber](/wiki/Chris_Webber \"Chris Webber\"), and putting [Antonio McDyess](/wiki/Antonio_McDyess \"Antonio McDyess\") as a starting power forward, put Wallace at center. On February 10, 2008, it was announced that Wallace would be replacing Boston Celtics' injured forward Kevin Garnett in the [2008 NBA All\\-Star Game](/wiki/2008_NBA_All-Star_Game \"2008 NBA All-Star Game\") in New Orleans.{{cite news \\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/nba/news/story?id\\=3239663 \\\|title\\=Pistons' Wallace replaces gimpy Garnett in All\\-Star Game \\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\\|date\\=February 11, 2008 \\\|access\\-date\\=February 24, 2008}} The decision was made by NBA commissioner [David Stern](/wiki/David_Stern \"David Stern\"). This was Wallace's fourth All\\-Star appearance.", "In the 2008 Eastern Conference Finals, the Pistons played Garnett and the Celtics. This marked the sixth consecutive time that the Pistons had made it to this point, and five times they had gotten there with Wallace in the lineup. Still, Detroit lost a third consecutive year in the Conference Finals, losing to Boston 4–2 as Wallace played poorly. After the game, Wallace reportedly told reporters, without taking any questions, \"It's over, man\", perhaps indicating that Pistons' General Manager [Joe Dumars](/wiki/Joe_Dumars \"Joe Dumars\") would break up the core of the team following the defeat. He changed his number from 36 back to his original 30, perhaps to change his and the team's fortunes, but sure enough, Dumars did indeed break up the core: at the beginning of the 2008–09 season, Dumars traded longtime starting point guard and 2004 Finals MVP [Chauncey Billups](/wiki/Chauncey_Billups \"Chauncey Billups\") to Denver. It was to be Wallace's last year with the team; after the season came to a close, Wallace and the Pistons decided to part ways.", "" ]
Life and career --------------- Born as Walter Howard Kirby in [Omaha](/wiki/Omaha "Omaha"), [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska "Nebraska"), Bowart was [adopted](/wiki/Adopted "Adopted") as a newborn by Walter and Fenna Bowart. He was raised in [Enid](/wiki/Enid%2C_Oklahoma "Enid, Oklahoma"), [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma "Oklahoma"), and won a McMahon Scholarship in journalism to the [University of Oklahoma](/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma "University of Oklahoma"). In the early 1960s Bowart moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to pursue his interest in painting, there he met his first wife Linda Dugmore, daughter of [abstract expressionist](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism "Abstract expressionism") [Edward Dugmore](/wiki/Edward_Dugmore "Edward Dugmore"), with whom he had his first son [Wolfe](/wiki/Wolfe_Bowart "Wolfe Bowart"). In 1965, Bowart, along with [Ishmael Reed](/wiki/Ishmael_Reed "Ishmael Reed"), who named the paper, Sherry Needham, Allen Katzman, and [Dan Rattiner](/wiki/Dan_Rattiner "Dan Rattiner") founded the [East Village Other](/wiki/East_Village_Other "East Village Other") (EVO). [EVO](/wiki/East_Village_Other "East Village Other") offered a newsprint medium for the rants, artwork, poetry and comics of such 1960s icons as [Timothy Leary](/wiki/Timothy_Leary "Timothy Leary"), [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg "Allen Ginsberg"), [Abbie Hoffman](/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman "Abbie Hoffman"), [Robert Crumb](/wiki/Robert_Crumb "Robert Crumb"), [Marshall McLuhan](/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan "Marshall McLuhan"), [Spain Rodriguez](/wiki/Spain_Rodriguez "Spain Rodriguez"), and [The Fugs](/wiki/The_Fugs "The Fugs"). In 1966, Bowart testified before the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency about banning [LSD](/wiki/LSD "LSD"). He drew national attention with his recommendations. Through his connection with ex\-Harvard professor [Timothy Leary](/wiki/Timothy_Leary "Timothy Leary"), Walter met his second wife, Peggy Hitchcock. They moved to [Tucson](/wiki/Tucson "Tucson"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona") in 1968 where Bowart founded Omen Press, a publishing house for metaphysical books. Among other books, Omen Press published This Is The New Age In Person by ["Sufi Sam"](/wiki/Samuel_L._Lewis "Samuel L. Lewis"), for which Bowart wrote the foreword.Lewis, Samuel L. (1972\). [This Is The New Age In Person.](http://www.gnostic.org/murshidsam/forward.htm) Tucson, Ariz.: Omen Press. Bowart and Peggy Hitchcock had two daughters, Sophia and Nuria. In 1973, Bowart located and reconnected with his biological parents, Thomas J. Kirby and Patricia J. Dooley, and discovered he had three younger sisters, Janet, Nancy and Kathy. His adoption had a profound impact on Bowart and he later published various articles under the names of his biological parents. During this period Bowart wrote the book that was to become his seminal work, Operation Mind Control. Published by [Dell](/wiki/Dell_Publishing "Dell Publishing") in 1978 with a foreword by [The Manchurian Candidate](/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate "The Manchurian Candidate") author [Richard Condon](/wiki/Richard_Condon "Richard Condon"), Operation Mind Control was a 317\-page investigative report into government [mind control](/wiki/Brainwashing "Brainwashing") through the use of drugs such as [LSD](/wiki/LSD "LSD"), [behavior modification](/wiki/Behavior_modification "Behavior modification"), [hypnosis](/wiki/Hypnosis "Hypnosis"), and other "psycho\-weapons". Following a [European](/wiki/Europe "Europe") promotional tour, Bowart moved to [Aspen](/wiki/Aspen%2C_Colorado "Aspen, Colorado"), [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado"), where he continued his research, became a contributor to the [Aspen Daily News](/wiki/Aspen_Daily_News "Aspen Daily News"), and met Margo Jordan, his third wife. In the early 1980s, Bowart created and published the Port Townsend Daily News in [Port Townsend](/wiki/Port_Townsend "Port Townsend"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28U.S._state%29 "Washington (U.S. state)"), where he met and married Rebecca Fullerton and had his fourth child, Wythe. In the late 1980s, Walter moved to [Palm Springs](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California "Palm Springs, California"), [California](/wiki/California "California") to become the editor of Palm Springs Life Magazine[Palm Springs Life Magazine \\| Palm Springs California.](https://www.palmspringslife.com/) Palm Springs Life. where he published articles under the name Thomas Kirby, Tom Kirby, and Tom J. Kirby as well as W.H. Bowart.Kirby, Thomas (Mar. 1985\). ["The Statue Of Liberty: Selling Lady Liberty's Hand\-me\-downs."](http://www.palmspringslife.com/media/Palm-Springs-Life/March-1985/) Palm Springs Life, vol. 27, no. 7, p. 219\. In Bowart's later years, he researched and wrote prolifically. He created The Freedom of Thought Foundation, a non\-profit organization dedicated to the education of the public about [mind control](/wiki/Brainwashing "Brainwashing"). He was a frequently invited guest speaker at forums and conferences around the country. Bowart died of [colon cancer](/wiki/Colorectal_cancer "Colorectal cancer") at his sister's home in [Inchelium](/wiki/Inchelium "Inchelium"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28U.S._state%29 "Washington (U.S. state)") on December 18, 2007\. At the time of his death, Bowart was working on several screenplays and novels, including The Other Crusades, which was about [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") in the early 1960s.	[ "Life and career\n---------------", "Born as Walter Howard Kirby in [Omaha](/wiki/Omaha \"Omaha\"), [Nebraska](/wiki/Nebraska \"Nebraska\"), Bowart was [adopted](/wiki/Adopted \"Adopted\") as a newborn by Walter and Fenna Bowart. He was raised in [Enid](/wiki/Enid%2C_Oklahoma \"Enid, Oklahoma\"), [Oklahoma](/wiki/Oklahoma \"Oklahoma\"), and won a McMahon Scholarship in journalism to the [University of Oklahoma](/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma \"University of Oklahoma\"). In the early 1960s Bowart moved to [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") to pursue his interest in painting, there he met his first wife Linda Dugmore, daughter of [abstract expressionist](/wiki/Abstract_expressionism \"Abstract expressionism\") [Edward Dugmore](/wiki/Edward_Dugmore \"Edward Dugmore\"), with whom he had his first son [Wolfe](/wiki/Wolfe_Bowart \"Wolfe Bowart\").", "In 1965, Bowart, along with [Ishmael Reed](/wiki/Ishmael_Reed \"Ishmael Reed\"), who named the paper, Sherry Needham, Allen Katzman, and [Dan Rattiner](/wiki/Dan_Rattiner \"Dan Rattiner\") founded the [East Village Other](/wiki/East_Village_Other \"East Village Other\") (EVO). [EVO](/wiki/East_Village_Other \"East Village Other\") offered a newsprint medium for the rants, artwork, poetry and comics of such 1960s icons as [Timothy Leary](/wiki/Timothy_Leary \"Timothy Leary\"), [Allen Ginsberg](/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg \"Allen Ginsberg\"), [Abbie Hoffman](/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman \"Abbie Hoffman\"), [Robert Crumb](/wiki/Robert_Crumb \"Robert Crumb\"), [Marshall McLuhan](/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan \"Marshall McLuhan\"), [Spain Rodriguez](/wiki/Spain_Rodriguez \"Spain Rodriguez\"), and [The Fugs](/wiki/The_Fugs \"The Fugs\"). In 1966, Bowart testified before the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency about banning [LSD](/wiki/LSD \"LSD\"). He drew national attention with his recommendations.", "Through his connection with ex\\-Harvard professor [Timothy Leary](/wiki/Timothy_Leary \"Timothy Leary\"), Walter met his second wife, Peggy Hitchcock. They moved to [Tucson](/wiki/Tucson \"Tucson\"), [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\") in 1968 where Bowart founded Omen Press, a publishing house for metaphysical books. Among other books, Omen Press published This Is The New Age In Person by [\"Sufi Sam\"](/wiki/Samuel_L._Lewis \"Samuel L. Lewis\"), for which Bowart wrote the foreword.Lewis, Samuel L. (1972\\). [This Is The New Age In Person.](http://www.gnostic.org/murshidsam/forward.htm) Tucson, Ariz.: Omen Press. Bowart and Peggy Hitchcock had two daughters, Sophia and Nuria.", "In 1973, Bowart located and reconnected with his biological parents, Thomas J. Kirby and Patricia J. Dooley, and discovered he had three younger sisters, Janet, Nancy and Kathy. His adoption had a profound impact on Bowart and he later published various articles under the names of his biological parents.", "During this period Bowart wrote the book that was to become his seminal work, Operation Mind Control. Published by [Dell](/wiki/Dell_Publishing \"Dell Publishing\") in 1978 with a foreword by [The Manchurian Candidate](/wiki/The_Manchurian_Candidate \"The Manchurian Candidate\") author [Richard Condon](/wiki/Richard_Condon \"Richard Condon\"), Operation Mind Control was a 317\\-page investigative report into government [mind control](/wiki/Brainwashing \"Brainwashing\") through the use of drugs such as [LSD](/wiki/LSD \"LSD\"), [behavior modification](/wiki/Behavior_modification \"Behavior modification\"), [hypnosis](/wiki/Hypnosis \"Hypnosis\"), and other \"psycho\\-weapons\".", "Following a [European](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\") promotional tour, Bowart moved to [Aspen](/wiki/Aspen%2C_Colorado \"Aspen, Colorado\"), [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\"), where he continued his research, became a contributor to the [Aspen Daily News](/wiki/Aspen_Daily_News \"Aspen Daily News\"), and met Margo Jordan, his third wife.", "In the early 1980s, Bowart created and published the Port Townsend Daily News in [Port Townsend](/wiki/Port_Townsend \"Port Townsend\"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28U.S._state%29 \"Washington (U.S. state)\"), where he met and married Rebecca Fullerton and had his fourth child, Wythe. In the late 1980s, Walter moved to [Palm Springs](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California \"Palm Springs, California\"), [California](/wiki/California \"California\") to become the editor of Palm Springs Life Magazine[Palm Springs Life Magazine \\\| Palm Springs California.](https://www.palmspringslife.com/) Palm Springs Life. where he published articles under the name Thomas Kirby, Tom Kirby, and Tom J. Kirby as well as W.H. Bowart.Kirby, Thomas (Mar. 1985\\). [\"The Statue Of Liberty: Selling Lady Liberty's Hand\\-me\\-downs.\"](http://www.palmspringslife.com/media/Palm-Springs-Life/March-1985/) Palm Springs Life, vol. 27, no. 7, p. 219\\.", "In Bowart's later years, he researched and wrote prolifically. He created The Freedom of Thought Foundation, a non\\-profit organization dedicated to the education of the public about [mind control](/wiki/Brainwashing \"Brainwashing\"). He was a frequently invited guest speaker at forums and conferences around the country.", "Bowart died of [colon cancer](/wiki/Colorectal_cancer \"Colorectal cancer\") at his sister's home in [Inchelium](/wiki/Inchelium \"Inchelium\"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28U.S._state%29 \"Washington (U.S. state)\") on December 18, 2007\\. At the time of his death, Bowart was working on several screenplays and novels, including The Other Crusades, which was about [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") in the early 1960s.", "" ]
Biography --------- He was born in [Pamplona, Navarre](/wiki/Pamplona%2C_Navarre "Pamplona, Navarre"). He finished his pre\-university studies in [Donostia\-San Sebastián](/wiki/Donostia-San_Sebasti%C3%A1n "Donostia-San Sebastián"). He then began university studies in law, where he began to work with university school groups. He left university to work in the theater. After working as a [dubbing actor](/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29 "Dubbing (filmmaking)") for a short time in the 1950s, he debuted with his first considerable role in film in [José María Forqué](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Forqu%C3%A9 "José María Forqué")'s [Atraco a las tres](/wiki/Atraco_a_las_tres "Atraco a las tres") in 1962\. When dictator [Franco](/wiki/Francisco_Franco "Francisco Franco") died in 1975, censorship began to disappear. This led to the growth of erotic comedies in Spanish cinema. Landa became the "sexually repressed" role of that trend, especially under directors [Mariano Ozores](/wiki/Mariano_Ozores "Mariano Ozores") and [Pedro Lazaga](/wiki/Pedro_Lazaga "Pedro Lazaga"). He even created his own trend, that some people called landismo. Afterwards, Landa changed his image, taking much deeper roles, like his bandit in [El Bosque animado](/wiki/El_Bosque_animado "El Bosque animado").{{Cite news \\|title\=Alfredo Landa, Goya de Honor por su carrera artística \\|newspaper\=\[\[20 minutos]] \\|location\=\[\[Madrid]] \\|date\=13 November 2007 \\|url\=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/305471/0/Alfredo/landa/goya/ \\|access\-date\=12 June 2010 \\|language\=es}} Landa, along with [Francisco Rabal](/wiki/Francisco_Rabal "Francisco Rabal"), won the [Best Actor award](/wiki/Best_Actor_Award_%28Cannes_Film_Festival%29 "Best Actor Award (Cannes Film Festival)") at 1984 [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival "Cannes Film Festival") for his memorable performance in [Los santos inocentes](/wiki/Los_santos_inocentes "Los santos inocentes"). He is now widely recognized as a great dramatic actor. After a career with more than one hundred and twenty movies, one dozen of television series, and several stage successes, with a great amount of Spanish and European awards, 74\-year\-old Landa announced his retirement at the X Festival de Cine de [Málaga](/wiki/M%C3%A1laga "Málaga") (10th Movie Festival of Málaga) while receiving a new award. Landa died on May 9, 2013, following complications from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 80\.	[ "Biography\n---------", "He was born in [Pamplona, Navarre](/wiki/Pamplona%2C_Navarre \"Pamplona, Navarre\"). He finished his pre\\-university studies in [Donostia\\-San Sebastián](/wiki/Donostia-San_Sebasti%C3%A1n \"Donostia-San Sebastián\"). He then began university studies in law, where he began to work with university school groups. He left university to work in the theater.", "After working as a [dubbing actor](/wiki/Dubbing_%28filmmaking%29 \"Dubbing (filmmaking)\") for a short time in the 1950s, he debuted with his first considerable role in film in [José María Forqué](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Forqu%C3%A9 \"José María Forqué\")'s [Atraco a las tres](/wiki/Atraco_a_las_tres \"Atraco a las tres\") in 1962\\.", "When dictator [Franco](/wiki/Francisco_Franco \"Francisco Franco\") died in 1975, censorship began to disappear. This led to the growth of erotic comedies in Spanish cinema. Landa became the \"sexually repressed\" role of that trend, especially under directors [Mariano Ozores](/wiki/Mariano_Ozores \"Mariano Ozores\") and [Pedro Lazaga](/wiki/Pedro_Lazaga \"Pedro Lazaga\"). He even created his own trend, that some people called landismo.", "Afterwards, Landa changed his image, taking much deeper roles, like his bandit in [El Bosque animado](/wiki/El_Bosque_animado \"El Bosque animado\").{{Cite news \\\|title\\=Alfredo Landa, Goya de Honor por su carrera artística \\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[20 minutos]] \\\|location\\=\\[\\[Madrid]] \\\|date\\=13 November 2007 \\\|url\\=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/305471/0/Alfredo/landa/goya/ \\\|access\\-date\\=12 June 2010 \\\|language\\=es}}", "Landa, along with [Francisco Rabal](/wiki/Francisco_Rabal \"Francisco Rabal\"), won the [Best Actor award](/wiki/Best_Actor_Award_%28Cannes_Film_Festival%29 \"Best Actor Award (Cannes Film Festival)\") at 1984 [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival \"Cannes Film Festival\") for his memorable performance in [Los santos inocentes](/wiki/Los_santos_inocentes \"Los santos inocentes\").", "He is now widely recognized as a great dramatic actor.", "After a career with more than one hundred and twenty movies, one dozen of television series, and several stage successes, with a great amount of Spanish and European awards, 74\\-year\\-old Landa announced his retirement at the X Festival de Cine de [Málaga](/wiki/M%C3%A1laga \"Málaga\") (10th Movie Festival of Málaga) while receiving a new award.", "Landa died on May 9, 2013, following complications from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 80\\.", "" ]
GENIBO QD --------- The Genibo QD is an autonomous pet robot, similar in concept to Sony's 'ERS\-7' [Aibo](/wiki/Aibo "Aibo"), but was created to be much more dog\-like in appearance and behavior. Modeled to resemble a [Bull Terrier](/wiki/Bull_Terrier "Bull Terrier"), the Genibo QD can identify itself and the surroundings using its sensors, camera, and voice commands and share feelings with the user. With input information, it forms 'Emotion/Mood/Intelligence/Character/Intimacy' to feature unique character and AI. The Genibo QD is capable of understanding over 100 voice commands (such as "sit", "come here" and "do a headstand") and has the ability to praise or scold the dog using the touch sensors located on its head, back and flank. The dogs mood will change according to user interaction and can express happiness, pleasure, sadness, surprise, anger, boredom and sleepiness.as cited on the Genibo promotional brochure \& manual. The Genibo QD comes with PC Control Manager software that allows you to see a live view of what the dog is seeing, take photos, create skits/dance routines, record voice memos, MP3 playback, and set alarms. Genibo was originally released as a prototype in 2006 and was made available to the public in 2008 for about US$1500\. The newer 2009 Genibo QD robots come with English computer software and remote as well as the ability to understand English voice commands as where the previous models could only understand Korean.	[ "GENIBO QD\n---------", "The Genibo QD is an autonomous pet robot, similar in concept to Sony's 'ERS\\-7' [Aibo](/wiki/Aibo \"Aibo\"), but was created to be much more dog\\-like in appearance and behavior.", "Modeled to resemble a [Bull Terrier](/wiki/Bull_Terrier \"Bull Terrier\"), the Genibo QD can identify itself and the surroundings using its sensors, camera, and voice commands and share feelings with the user. With input information, it forms 'Emotion/Mood/Intelligence/Character/Intimacy' to feature unique character and AI.", "The Genibo QD is capable of understanding over 100 voice commands (such as \"sit\", \"come here\" and \"do a headstand\") and has the ability to praise or scold the dog using the touch sensors located on its head, back and flank. The dogs mood will change according to user interaction and can express happiness, pleasure, sadness, surprise, anger, boredom and sleepiness.as cited on the Genibo promotional brochure \\& manual.", "The Genibo QD comes with PC Control Manager software that allows you to see a live view of what the dog is seeing, take photos, create skits/dance routines, record voice memos, MP3 playback, and set alarms.", "Genibo was originally released as a prototype in 2006 and was made available to the public in 2008 for about US$1500\\. The newer 2009 Genibo QD robots come with English computer software and remote as well as the ability to understand English voice commands as where the previous models could only understand Korean.", "" ]
History ------- On 1 December 1997, BRTN 2 was replaced by [Canvas](/wiki/VRT_Canvas "VRT Canvas") and Ketnet. From the start of the channel, the program offering from Flemish soil has been diversified. The best\-known and/or longest\-running titles are [Amika](/wiki/Amika_%28televisieserie%29 "Amika (televisieserie)"), [Dag Sinterklaas](/wiki/Dag_Sinterklaas "Dag Sinterklaas"), [De Boomhut](/wiki/De_Boomhut "De Boomhut"), [Karrewiet](/wiki/Karrewiet "Karrewiet"), [Kulderzipken](/wiki/Kulderzipken "Kulderzipken"), [Mega Mindy](/wiki/Mega_Mindy "Mega Mindy"), [Samson en Gert](/wiki/Samson_en_Gert_%28TV_series%29 "Samson en Gert (TV series)"), [Spring](/wiki/Spring_%28television_soap%29 "Spring (television soap)"), and [W817](/wiki/W817_%28televisieserie%29 "W817 (televisieserie)"). In addition, various foreign series are also purchased. Ketnet started as a channel for 4 to 15\-year\-olds. Programs were broadcast to young teenagers such as Studio.Ket, [King of the Hill](/wiki/King_of_the_Hill "King of the Hill"), [NBA Jam](/wiki/NBA_Jam_%28series%29 "NBA Jam (series)"), [Ultratop](/wiki/Ultratop_50_Singles_%28Vlaanderen%29 "Ultratop 50 Singles (Vlaanderen)"), Ready or Not and [Married... with Children](/wiki/Married..._with_Children "Married... with Children"), among others. In September 1999, the target group was changed to 4 to 12\-year\-olds, and no new teenage programs were purchased.{{Cite web \\|date\=2000\-09\-16 \\|title\=Ketnet voelt hete adem van VT 4 in de nek \\|url\=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst16092000\_045 \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \\|website\=De Standaard \\|language\=nl\-BE}} Ultratop was last broadcast on 31 December 2000{{Cite web \\|date\=2000\-12\-30 \\|title\=Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant {{!}} 30 december 2000 {{!}} pagina 10 \\|url\=https://krantenbankzeeland.nl/issue/pzc/2000\-12\-30/edition/null/page/10 \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \\|website\=Krantenbank Zeeland \\|language\=nl}} and King of the Hill on 12 January 2001\.{{Cite web \\|title\=TV BUITENLAND \- NDC mediagroep \- De Krant van Toen \\|url\=https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?code\=LC\&date\=20010112\&v2\=true\&id\=LC\-20010112\-19005 \\|access\-date\=2024\-04\-07 \\|website\=www.dekrantvantoen.nl}} Nowadays Ketnet broadcasts for 2 to 12\-year\-olds. Since Ketnet underwent a major renewal operation in April 2006, many old (regular) programs have disappeared from the programming, including [Zorro](/wiki/Zorro_%281957_TV_series%29 "Zorro (1957 TV series)"), [Skippy](/wiki/Skippy_the_Bush_Kangaroo "Skippy the Bush Kangaroo"), [Tintin](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin_%28TV_series%29 "The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)"), [Once Upon a Time...](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time... "Once Upon a Time..."), [The Busy World of Richard Scarry](/wiki/The_Busy_World_of_Richard_Scarry "The Busy World of Richard Scarry"), [Tik Tak](/wiki/Tik_Tak "Tik Tak"), [Bassie and Adriaan](/wiki/Bassie_%26_Adriaan "Bassie & Adriaan"), [Allemaal beestjes](/wiki/Allemaal_beestjes_%28televisieprogramma%29 "Allemaal beestjes (televisieprogramma)"), [Alfred J. Kwak](/wiki/Alfred_J._Kwak "Alfred J. Kwak"), [Hey Arnold!](/wiki/Hey_Arnold%21 "Hey Arnold!"), [Liegebeest](/wiki/Het_Liegebeest "Het Liegebeest"), [Postbus X](/wiki/Postbus_X "Postbus X") and [Pingu](/wiki/Pingu "Pingu"). Many of these programs were also broadcast by the predecessor [BRTN TV2](/wiki/BRTN_TV2 "BRTN TV2") before the creation of Ketnet. On 1 May 2012, Ketnet has been moved on a new channel, timesharing with [OP12](/wiki/OP12 "OP12"). OP12 closed on 31 December 2014\.{{Cite web\\|url\=http://www.vrt.be/nieuws/2014/12/op\-31\-december\-verdween\-op12\\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430033325/http://www.vrt.be/nieuws/2014/12/op\-31\-december\-verdween\-op12\\|url\-status\=dead\\|archive\-date\=2016\-04\-30\\|title\=Op 31 december verdween OP12 {{!}} VRT\\|date\=2016\-04\-30\\|access\-date\=2020\-04\-20}} The preschool programmes are broadcast on Ketnet Junior between 10 am to 7 pm on [VRT Canvas](/wiki/VRT_Canvas "VRT Canvas"). Its French\-language counterpart is {{ill\\|Auvio Kids TV\\|fr}} on [La Trois](/wiki/La_Trois "La Trois").	[ "History\n-------", "On 1 December 1997, BRTN 2 was replaced by [Canvas](/wiki/VRT_Canvas \"VRT Canvas\") and Ketnet. From the start of the channel, the program offering from Flemish soil has been diversified. The best\\-known and/or longest\\-running titles are [Amika](/wiki/Amika_%28televisieserie%29 \"Amika (televisieserie)\"), [Dag Sinterklaas](/wiki/Dag_Sinterklaas \"Dag Sinterklaas\"), [De Boomhut](/wiki/De_Boomhut \"De Boomhut\"), [Karrewiet](/wiki/Karrewiet \"Karrewiet\"), [Kulderzipken](/wiki/Kulderzipken \"Kulderzipken\"), [Mega Mindy](/wiki/Mega_Mindy \"Mega Mindy\"), [Samson en Gert](/wiki/Samson_en_Gert_%28TV_series%29 \"Samson en Gert (TV series)\"), [Spring](/wiki/Spring_%28television_soap%29 \"Spring (television soap)\"), and [W817](/wiki/W817_%28televisieserie%29 \"W817 (televisieserie)\"). In addition, various foreign series are also purchased.", "Ketnet started as a channel for 4 to 15\\-year\\-olds. Programs were broadcast to young teenagers such as Studio.Ket, [King of the Hill](/wiki/King_of_the_Hill \"King of the Hill\"), [NBA Jam](/wiki/NBA_Jam_%28series%29 \"NBA Jam (series)\"), [Ultratop](/wiki/Ultratop_50_Singles_%28Vlaanderen%29 \"Ultratop 50 Singles (Vlaanderen)\"), Ready or Not and [Married... with Children](/wiki/Married..._with_Children \"Married... with Children\"), among others. In September 1999, the target group was changed to 4 to 12\\-year\\-olds, and no new teenage programs were purchased.{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2000\\-09\\-16 \\\|title\\=Ketnet voelt hete adem van VT 4 in de nek \\\|url\\=https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dst16092000\\_045 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\\|website\\=De Standaard \\\|language\\=nl\\-BE}} Ultratop was last broadcast on 31 December 2000{{Cite web \\\|date\\=2000\\-12\\-30 \\\|title\\=Provinciale Zeeuwse Courant {{!}} 30 december 2000 {{!}} pagina 10 \\\|url\\=https://krantenbankzeeland.nl/issue/pzc/2000\\-12\\-30/edition/null/page/10 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\\|website\\=Krantenbank Zeeland \\\|language\\=nl}} and King of the Hill on 12 January 2001\\.{{Cite web \\\|title\\=TV BUITENLAND \\- NDC mediagroep \\- De Krant van Toen \\\|url\\=https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?code\\=LC\\&date\\=20010112\\&v2\\=true\\&id\\=LC\\-20010112\\-19005 \\\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\\|website\\=www.dekrantvantoen.nl}} Nowadays Ketnet broadcasts for 2 to 12\\-year\\-olds.", "Since Ketnet underwent a major renewal operation in April 2006, many old (regular) programs have disappeared from the programming, including [Zorro](/wiki/Zorro_%281957_TV_series%29 \"Zorro (1957 TV series)\"), [Skippy](/wiki/Skippy_the_Bush_Kangaroo \"Skippy the Bush Kangaroo\"), [Tintin](/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin_%28TV_series%29 \"The Adventures of Tintin (TV series)\"), [Once Upon a Time...](/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time... \"Once Upon a Time...\"), [The Busy World of Richard Scarry](/wiki/The_Busy_World_of_Richard_Scarry \"The Busy World of Richard Scarry\"), [Tik Tak](/wiki/Tik_Tak \"Tik Tak\"), [Bassie and Adriaan](/wiki/Bassie_%26_Adriaan \"Bassie & Adriaan\"), [Allemaal beestjes](/wiki/Allemaal_beestjes_%28televisieprogramma%29 \"Allemaal beestjes (televisieprogramma)\"), [Alfred J. Kwak](/wiki/Alfred_J._Kwak \"Alfred J. Kwak\"), [Hey Arnold!](/wiki/Hey_Arnold%21 \"Hey Arnold!\"), [Liegebeest](/wiki/Het_Liegebeest \"Het Liegebeest\"), [Postbus X](/wiki/Postbus_X \"Postbus X\") and [Pingu](/wiki/Pingu \"Pingu\"). Many of these programs were also broadcast by the predecessor [BRTN TV2](/wiki/BRTN_TV2 \"BRTN TV2\") before the creation of Ketnet.", "On 1 May 2012, Ketnet has been moved on a new channel, timesharing with [OP12](/wiki/OP12 \"OP12\"). OP12 closed on 31 December 2014\\.{{Cite web\\\|url\\=http://www.vrt.be/nieuws/2014/12/op\\-31\\-december\\-verdween\\-op12\\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430033325/http://www.vrt.be/nieuws/2014/12/op\\-31\\-december\\-verdween\\-op12\\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-04\\-30\\\|title\\=Op 31 december verdween OP12 {{!}} VRT\\\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-30\\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-04\\-20}}", "The preschool programmes are broadcast on Ketnet Junior between 10 am to 7 pm on [VRT Canvas](/wiki/VRT_Canvas \"VRT Canvas\").", "Its French\\-language counterpart is {{ill\\\|Auvio Kids TV\\\|fr}} on [La Trois](/wiki/La_Trois \"La Trois\").", "" ]
Career ------ ### Early career and World Cup debut Holzer started biathlon when she was nine years old after she had participated in a try out course at her local ski club. She won 29 races at the biathlon Student's Cup of the [German Ski Association](/wiki/German_Ski_Association "German Ski Association") (DSV), claiming the overall title in her respective age\-group for four years in a row from 1999 to 2002\. After finishing school, Holzer joined the [German Customs Administration](/wiki/Bundeszollverwaltung "Bundeszollverwaltung") in August 2003 to become a member in the government\-supported Customs\-Ski\-Team (Zoll\-Ski\-Team). She officially holds the rank of Erste Zollhauptwachtmeisterin (first head customs officer),German Federal Ministry of Finance. [Magdalena Neuner](http://www.zoll.de/DE/Der-Zoll/Zollskiteam/Unser-Team/Biathlon/Magdalena-Neuner/magdalena-neuner_node.html) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402171339/http://www.zoll.de/DE/Der\-Zoll/Zollskiteam/Unser\-Team/Biathlon/Magdalena\-Neuner/magdalena\-neuner\_node.html \\|date\=2 April 2012 }}. Zoll.de. Retrieved 20 September 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} although she is a full\-time professional athlete with no customs obligations. One of her team mates is alpine skiing world champion [Maria Höfl\-Riesch](/wiki/Maria_H%C3%B6fl-Riesch "Maria Höfl-Riesch").German Federal Ministry of Finance. [Maria Höfl\-Riesch](http://www.zoll.de/DE/Der-Zoll/Zollskiteam/Unser-Team/Alpin/Maria-H%C3%B6fl-Riesch/maria-h%C3%B6fl-riesch.html). Zoll.de. Retrieved 20 September 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} In December 2003, Holzer won the German Cup for 17\-year\-olds, which led to her appointment for the 2003–04 European Cup competition for juniors. With four wins at European level, Holzer qualified for the 2004 Junior/Youth World Championships in [Haute Maurienne](/wiki/Maurienne "Maurienne"), France, where she won the sprint and relay events, as well as silver in the pursuit. One year later at the [2005 Junior/Youth World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_Junior_World_Championships_2005 "Biathlon Junior World Championships 2005") in [Kontiolahti](/wiki/Kontiolahti "Kontiolahti"), Finland, she claimed two silver medals (pursuit and relay), and again won the sprint discipline. With her success at junior level, Holzer at 18 years old, was considered one of Germany's biggest biathlon talents ever. Even before achieving any results at senior level, she had signed a sponsorship deal.Kreisl, Volker. [Die Stubenmusik ist vorbei](http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/biathlon-die-stubenmusik-ist-vorbei-1.864442). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 8 December 2006\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} [thumb\\|alt\=A young woman in multicoloured winter sportswear and with the number 19 on her jersey smiles into the camera, standing in a field covered with snow. A forest and many onlookers can be seen in the background. She holds ski poles in her right hand and has a rifle on her back.\\|Holzer at the World Cup in [Antholz](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz"), January 2006](/wiki/File:Magdalena_Neuner.jpg "Magdalena Neuner.jpg") \|[2005–06 World Cup season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Biathlon_World_Cup "2005–06 Biathlon World Cup") results \| \| \| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| \| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| – \| 41 \| 21 \| – \| DNS \| \| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") \| – \| 19 \| 11 \| DNS \| – \| \| [x16px\\|link\=Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/File:Olympic_rings.svg "Olympic rings.svg") \| [Turin, Italy](/wiki/Turin "Turin") \| Not nominated \| \| \| \| \| \| 7 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka") \| – \| DNS \| DNS \| – \| – \| \| 8 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti "Kontiolahti") \| – \| 4 \| 20 \| 9 \| – \| \| 9 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway "Oslo, Norway") \| – \| 18 \| 13 \| 25 \| – \| \| Key:"—" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| During the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Biathlon_World_Cup "2005–06 Biathlon World Cup"), Neuner made her first appearances in the [Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup "Biathlon World Cup"). Germany's women's national coach Uwe Müßiggang had already considered her for the team two years earlier, however, her parents and her hometown coaches Bernhard Kröll and Herbert Mayer were reluctant to let her start prematurely. On 13 January 2006, Neuner made her debut in the World Cup sprint race in [Ruhpolding](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding"), Germany, where she substituted for the injured [Uschi Disl](/wiki/Uschi_Disl "Uschi Disl"). Although her first appearance ended unsuccessfully, coming in 41st place,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 5 – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0506SWRLCP05SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. she was appointed for nine more World Cup races for the remainder of the season. Neuner returned as one of the favourites at the 2006 Junior/Youth World Championships in [Presque Isle, Maine](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine "Presque Isle, Maine"), United States, where she won two more titles (pursuit and relay) in addition to a silver medal in the sprint race. She did not participate in the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics "2006 Winter Olympics") for the German team. At the World Cup in Kontiolahti in March 2006, Neuner achieved her first top ten finishes: she was fourth in the sprint and came in ninth in the mass start race.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Kontiolahti (FIN) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0506SWRLCP08SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Kontiolahti (FIN) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0506SWRLCP08SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. ### Three world championship titles (2006–07 season) \|[2006–07 World Cup season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Biathlon_World_Cup "2006–07 Biathlon World Cup") results \| \| \| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \| \| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund") \| 33 \| 15 \| 7 \| – \| – \| – \| \| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| – \| 27 \| 8 \| – \| 2 \| – \| \| 3 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| DNS \| 9 \| – \| – \| DNS \| – \| \| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany") \| – \| 1 \| 3 \| – \| DNS \| – \| \| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| – \| 16 \| – \| 15 \| 2 \| – \| \| 6 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka") \| – \| 10 \| 9 \| DNS \| – \| – \| \| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007 "Biathlon World Championships 2007") \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") \| DNS \| 1 \| 1 \| 14 \| 1 \| DNS \| \| 7 \| [Lahti, Finland](/wiki/Lahti "Lahti") \| 6 \| 24 \| 40 \| – \| – \| – \| \| 8 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway "Oslo, Norway") \| – \| 3 \| 1 \| 1 \| – \| – \| \| 9 \| [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") \| – \| 1 \| 1 \| 8 \| – \| – \| \| Key:"—" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| While she had only competed in ten races during her first World Cup winter, Neuner became a fixture in the German team in the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Biathlon_World_Cup "2006–07 Biathlon World Cup"). She proved to be one of the fastest [cross\-country skiers](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_%28sport%29 "Cross-country skiing (sport)") in biathlon, and at 19 years old, regularly set the fastest course times.Blume, Klaus. [Fräulein Neuner und das erstaunliche Gespür für Schnee](http://www.kicker.de/mehrsport/startseite/artikel/358710). kicker online. 7 December 2006\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}}{{ref label\\|skiing\\|note a\\|a}} On 5 January 2007, Neuner won her first World Cup event, the sprint race in [Oberhof](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany"), Germany.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 4 – Oberhof (GER) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP04SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Her victory on home soil, before a crowd of 19,000 people, received considerable media attention and put her into the national spotlight for the first time.Ruwald, Helen. [„Ich dachte, ich fliege“](http://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/ich-dachte-ich-fliege/795162.html). Der Tagesspiegel. 6 January 2007\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Two days later at the pursuit race, she forgot to reload her rifle after a warm\-up. She was handed a new magazine during the prone shooting and managed to finish third despite a total of six [shooting errors](/wiki/Shooting_errors "Shooting errors").Sport\-Informations\-Dienst. [Grubben und Bailly jagen Neuner erfolgreich](http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon-weltcup-grubben-und-bailly-jagen-neuner-erfolgreich_aid_293323.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326033842/http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon\-weltcup\-grubben\-und\-bailly\-jagen\-neuner\-erfolgreich\_aid\_293323\.html \\|date\=26 March 2012 }}. FOCUS Online. 7 January 2007\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Neuner was scheduled to compete at the junior world championships in 2007\. However, following her first World Cup win, she was instead appointed for the senior [World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007 "Biathlon World Championships 2007") in [Antholz](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz"), Italy.Grätz, Harald. [Magdalena Neuner (Archived)](https://web.archive.org/web/20081008005213/http://de.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1201643202/Magdalena_Neuner.html). Microsoft Encarta. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.{{in lang\\|de}}. On 3 February 2007, she won gold in the sprint, beating [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden")'s [Anna Carin Olofsson](/wiki/Anna_Carin_Olofsson "Anna Carin Olofsson") by 2\.3 seconds.International Biathlon Union. [Biathlon World Championships – Antholz\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCH__SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. It was her first world championship event ever and only her second victory at senior level.{{ref label\\|WCH\\|note b\\|b}} One day later, she also claimed the pursuit title, in spite of four shooting errors.International Biathlon Union. [Biathlon World Championships – Antholz\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCH__SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Following a 14th place in the mass start, Neuner, alongside [Martina Beck](/wiki/Martina_Beck "Martina Beck"), [Andrea Henkel](/wiki/Andrea_Henkel "Andrea Henkel") and [Kati Wilhelm](/wiki/Kati_Wilhelm "Kati Wilhelm"), also won gold in the relay race on 11 February 2007\.International Biathlon Union. [Biathlon World Championships – Antholz\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCH__SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. With three titles, she was the championship's most successful athlete and became the youngest triple world champion. At the end of the season, she continued her successful run with four more World Cup wins. In March 2007, Neuner won the pursuit and mass start races at [Holmenkollen](/wiki/Holmenkollen_ski_jump "Holmenkollen ski jump") in Oslo, Norway,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP08SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP08SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. and she won the sprint and pursuit events at the season final in [Khanty\-Mansiysk](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk"), Russia,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 9 – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP09SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 9 – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP09SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. giving her seven career World Cup wins. She ended her first complete season fourth in the Overall World Cup standings and finished second in the pursuit discipline. In the course of three months, Neuner had emerged from anonymity to become one of Germany's most popular female athletes. At the end of 2007, she had earned an estimated 1\.3 million euros through sponsorship and endorsement deals. ### Overall World Cup winner (2007–08 season) \|[2007–08 World Cup season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup "2007–08 Biathlon World Cup") results \| \| \| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \| \| 1 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti "Kontiolahti") \| 30 \| 7 \| 17 \| – \| – \| – \| \| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| – \| 13 \| 4 \| – \| DNS \| – \| \| 3 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka") \| 7 \| 3 \| – \| – \| 1 \| – \| \| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany") \| – \| 3 \| – \| 1 \| DNS \| – \| \| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| – \| 11 \| 16 \| – \| 1 \| – \| \| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") \| – \| 8 \| 4 \| 4 \| – \| – \| \| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2008 "Biathlon World Championships 2008") \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund") \| DNS \| 17 \| 6 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 7 \| [Pyeongchang, South Korea](/wiki/Pyeongchang "Pyeongchang") \| – \| 1 \| 6 \| – \| – \| – \| \| 8 \| [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") \| – \| 1 \| 5 \| 2 \| – \| – \| \| 9 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway "Oslo, Norway") \| – \| 7 \| 7 \| 9 \| – \| – \| \| Key:"—" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [thumb\\|left\\|upright\\|alt\=A woman cross country skis uphill towards the camera, holding a red ski pole in each hand. She wears black winter sportswear, a red cap and a yellow jersey with the number 7\. A second skier behind her can be seen on the left.\\|Neuner in the yellow bib of the Overall World Cup leader, March 2008](/wiki/File:Neuner-Oslo08-1.jpg "Neuner-Oslo08-1.jpg") After missing the podium at the [2007–08 season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup "2007–08 Biathlon World Cup")'s first two World Cups, Neuner was part of Germany's winning relay team in [Pokljuka](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka"), Slovenia in December 2007\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 3 – Pokljuka (SLO) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP03SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. She claimed her eighth World Cup win at the mass start in Oberhof in January 2008,International Biathlon Union. [E:ON Ruhrgas World Cup 4 – Oberhof (GER) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP04SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. and later that month won the relay race in Ruhpolding with the German team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 5 – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP05SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Shortly before her 21st birthday, Neuner decided to again compete at the Junior/Youth World Championships, held in Ruhpolding in January 2008—the last time she was eligible to enter. She won gold in the sprint and the pursuit, but withdrew from the individual race to prepare for the senior world championships alongside her German team mates. Leading up to the [2008 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2008 "Biathlon World Championships 2008") in [Östersund](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund"), Sweden, Neuner tried to lower expectations, stating a repeat of last year's performance would be impossible.Gross, Alexandra. [Magdalena Neuner und ihre schwierigste Saison](https://www.welt.de/sport/article1419999/Magdalena_Neuner_und_ihre_schwierigste_Saison.html). Die Welt. 1 Dezember 2007\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} She failed to defend her titles in the sprint and pursuit races, with shooting errors preventing better results; she finished 17th and sixth respectively. On 12 February 2008, she won the mixed relay with [Sabrina Buchholz](/wiki/Sabrina_Buchholz "Sabrina Buchholz"), [Andreas Birnbacher](/wiki/Andreas_Birnbacher "Andreas Birnbacher") and [Michael Greis](/wiki/Michael_Greis "Michael Greis") to claim her first gold medal.International Biathlon Union. [World Championships – Oestersund (SWE) – Mixed 2 × 6 \+ 2 x 7\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCH__MXRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Four days later, she won her second title in the mass start, beating Norway's [Tora Berger](/wiki/Tora_Berger "Tora Berger") by 3\.0 seconds.International Biathlon Union. [World Championships – Oestersund (SWE) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCH__SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. She had four shooting errors compared to Berger's one and skied side by side with the Norwegian for most of the last lap, in what she later described as her hardest fought victory ever.Deutsche Presse\-Agentur. [Die schnellste Maus von Östersund](https://www.faz.net/artikel/S30910/gold-fuer-lena-neuner-die-schnellste-maus-von-oestersund-30231059.html). Frankfurter Allgemeine. 16 February 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Alongside Martina Beck, Andrea Henkel and Kati Wilhelm, Neuner also claimed gold in the relay race on 17 February 2008\.International Biathlon Union. [World Championships – Oestersund (SWE) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCH__SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. By winning three more titles, she became the youngest six\-time world champion, solidifying her status as Germany's biggest biathlon star.Dunker, Robert. [Magdalena Neuner ist der Liebling der Sponsoren](https://www.welt.de/sport/article1810302/Magdalena_Neuner_ist_der_Liebling_der_Sponsoren.html). Die Welt. 17 March 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} In the following World Cups, she won the sprint races in [Pyeongchang](/wiki/Pyeongchang "Pyeongchang"), South Korea, and in Khanty\-Mansiysk—her tenth and eleventh World Cup victories.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 7 – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP07SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP08SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. With a second\-place finish in the penultimate mass start race of the season, Neuner won the 2007–08 Mass start World Cup.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP08SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. At the season final in Oslo, she also claimed the season's Sprint World Cup and took over the yellow bib of the Overall World Cup leader for the first time in her career.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 9 – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP09SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. In the last race of the season, a ninth place in the mass start ensured Neuner the [2007–08 Overall Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup "2007–08 Biathlon World Cup") victory.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 9 – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP09SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. She was the youngest Overall World Cup winner since the [International Biathlon Union](/wiki/International_Biathlon_Union "International Biathlon Union") was established in 1993\.Associated Press. [World Cup Affects an American Accent](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/16/AR2008031602513_pf.html). The Washington Post. 17 March 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.{{ref label\\|winner\\|note c\\|c}} ### First setbacks (2008–09 season) \|[2008–09 World Cup season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Biathlon_World_Cup "2008–09 Biathlon World Cup") results \| \| \| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \| \| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund") \| 3 \| 3 \| 17 \| – \| – \| – \| \| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| – \| 21 \| 29 \| – \| DNS \| – \| \| 3 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| 6 \| 5 \| – \| – \| 1 \| – \| \| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany") \| – \| 11 \| – \| 4 \| DNS \| – \| \| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| – \| 1 \| 1 \| – \| 1 \| – \| \| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") \| – \| 14 \| 8 \| 6 \| – \| – \| \| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009 "Biathlon World Championships 2009") \| [Pyeongchang, South Korea](/wiki/Pyeongchang "Pyeongchang") \| DNS \| 8 \| 11 \| 7 \| 2 \| DNS \| \| 7 \| [Vancouver, Canada](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") \| 4 \| 2 \| – \| – \| 1 \| – \| \| 8 \| [Trondheim, Norway](/wiki/Trondheim "Trondheim") \| – \| 25 \| 18 \| 14 \| – \| – \| \| 9 \| [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") \| – \| 4 \| 1 \| 12 \| – \| – \| \| Key:"—" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Neuner's preparation for the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Biathlon_World_Cup "2008–09 Biathlon World Cup") was affected by several illnesses. In the summer, she battled an intestinal fungus which forced her to pause training for seven weeks;Klein, Tom. [German men are trim, women ailing](http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=127) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805180557/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press\_releases.html/do/detail?presse\=127 \\|date\=5 August 2011 }}. Biathlonworld. 25 November 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. she later attributed it to pressure of public expectations.Wolfsgruber, Axel. [„An Pleiten wächst man“](http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon-wm-2009/magdalena-neuner-an-pleiten-waechst-man_aid_369187.html). Focus. 9 February 2009\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} In October 2008, she contracted influenza and in November, a bacterial infection caused her to miss two weeks of training.Rheinische Post. [Magdalena Neuner fährt nicht ins Trainingslager](http://www.rp-online.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon/Magdalena-Neuner-faehrt-nicht-ins-Trainingslager_aid_640210.html). RP Online. 19 November 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Subsequently, her ski speed saw a substantial drop at the start of the season. In the first four World Cups, Neuner only achieved two individual podiums; atypically courtesy of good shooting performances, not her skiing.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP01SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Women 15 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP01SWIN). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. [thumb\\|alt\=A woman on cross country skies wearing a red cap, a white jersey with the number 15 and black trousers skies away from a shooting range covered in snow. Half a dozen people in the background are shooting while lying on the ground.\\|Neuner leaves the shooting range at the World Cup in [Antholz](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz"), January 2009](/wiki/File:Neuner-Antholz09-3.png "Neuner-Antholz09-3.png") Following the Christmas break, her skiing times had improved. In Ruhpolding in January 2009, Neuner was part of the winning German relay team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP05SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. She beat team mate Kati Wilhelm by 0\.2 seconds in the Ruhpolding sprint and also won the following pursuit event, which marked her World Cup wins twelve and thirteen.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP05SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP05SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Neuner again missed the podium in Antholz. She was leading the mass start by 53\.6 seconds before the final shooting, in which she missed all five targets, eventually finishing sixth.Palme, Jürgen. [Iourieva profits from Neuner´s disaster](http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=352) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805174618/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press\_releases.html/do/detail?presse\=352 \\|date\=5 August 2011 }}. Biathlonworld. 25 January 2009\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. This result received much public attention. She later described it as a pivotal moment in her career and called it the "total end of the world".Mey, Alexander. [Neuner: "Das war totaler Weltuntergang"](http://www.spox.com/de/sport/mehrsport/wintersport/0902/Artikel/magdalena-neuner-interview-vor-wm.html). Spox.com. 9 February 2009\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Neuner suffered further setbacks at the [2009 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009 "Biathlon World Championships 2009") in Pyeongchang, where she struggled with a cold and a high number of shooting errors.Deutsche Presse\-Agentur. [Bangen um Biathlon\-Star: "Schnupfennase" stoppt Neuner](http://www.fr-online.de/sport/-schnupfennase--stoppt-neuner/-/1472784/3390344/-/index.html). Frankfurter Rundschau. 19 February 2009\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} She finished eighth in the sprint, in which she crashed on a downhill slope,International Biathlon Union. [IBU Biathlon World Championships – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCH__SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. and came in eleventh in the pursuit race.International Biathlon Union. [IBU Biathlon World Championships – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCH__SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. She was not appointed for the individual race and could not start in the mixed relay due to her cold. On 21 February 2009, Neuner claimed silver as part Germany's women's relay team, alongside Martina Beck, Andrea Henkel and Kati Wilhelm.International Biathlon Union. [IBU Biathlon World Championships – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCH__SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. On the last day of the championships, she came in seventh in the mass start race.International Biathlon Union. [IBU Biathlon World Championships – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCH__SWMS) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305002053/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT0809SWRLCH\_\_SWMS \\|date\= 5 March 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. At the Olympic rehearsal in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), Canada, in March 2009, Neuner claimed the 2008–09 Individual World Cup, despite never having won a race in that discipline.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Vancouver (CAN) – Women's 15 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP07SWIN). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. She also won the Vancouver relay race with the German team,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Vancouver (CAN) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP07SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. and was second in the sprint, 0\.7 seconds behind Sweden's [Helena Ekholm](/wiki/Helena_Ekholm "Helena Ekholm").International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Vancouver (CAN) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP07SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. At the season final in Khanty\-Mansiysk, Neuner won the pursuit race—her 14th World Cup win.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP09SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. She ended the season fourth in the Overall Biathlon World Cup, which was generally considered disappointing in the media. Neuner later revealed that due to public expectations and constant media attention, the 2008–09 season had been extremely difficult for her psychologically, and she even briefly contemplated retirement.Dunker, Robert. [Silber in der Tasche, Gold im Blick](https://www.welt.de/die-welt/sport/article6399977/Silber-in-der-Tasche-Gold-im-Blick.html). Die Welt. 15 February 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} She started working with a psychologist and cut down her media appearances as much as possible in the summer.Futterman, Matthew. [The Skier Who Can't Shoot Straight](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704431404575067551470214036?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines). The Wall Street Journal. 16 February 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. ### Double Olympic champion (2009–10 season) \|[2009–10 World Cup season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup "2009–10 Biathlon World Cup") results \| \| \| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \| \| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund") \| DNS \| DNS \| – \| – \| DNS \| – \| \| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| – \| 29 \| 28 \| – \| DNS \| – \| \| 3 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka") \| 18 \| 3 \| 2 \| – \| – \| – \| \| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany") \| – \| DNS \| – \| DNS \| DNS \| – \| \| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| – \| 3 \| – \| 3 \| 4 \| – \| \| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| – \| – \| – \| \| [x16px\\|link\=Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/File:Olympic_rings.svg "Olympic rings.svg") \| [Vancouver, Canada](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") \| 10 \| 2 \| 1 \| 1 \| DNS \| – \| \| 7 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti "Kontiolahti") \| – \| 5 \| 2 \| – \| – \| 2 \| \| 8 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway "Oslo, Norway") \| – \| 6 \| 8 \| 3 \| – \| – \| \| 9 \| [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") \| – \| 8 \| – \| 1 \| – \| 1 \| \| Key:"—" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Neuner competed at the Summer Biathlon World Championships for the first time in September 2009 when they were held in Oberhof. She only reluctantly agreed to interrupt training and participate in the summer event, which is contested on [roller ski](/wiki/Roller_ski "Roller ski"), however she went on to win gold in all three competitions (sprint, pursuit and mixed relay).Deutsche Presse\-Agentur. [Neuner mit Titel\-Hattrick bei Sommer\-WM](http://www.sport1.de/de/wintersport/win_biathlon/artikel_156557.html). Sport1\.de. 27\. September 2009\. 11 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Neuner missed the first World Cup of the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup "2009–10 Biathlon World Cup") due to a cold in December 2009\. She returned at the following races in Hochfilzen, but was still affected by her cold and finished outside the top 20\. Her first podiums of the winter came in Pokljuka, finishing third in the sprint and second in the pursuit race.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Pokljuka (SLO) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP03SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Pokljuka (SLO) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP03SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Thereby she secured her Olympic qualification within the German team.Deutsche Presse\-Agentur. [Endlich oben](http://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/endlich-oben/1651498.html). Der Tagesspiegel. 20 December 2009\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} [thumb\\|left\\|alt\= A woman in multicoloured winter sportswear which features the Olympic rings on her cheast and the number 2 in the center, moves twoards the camera. She is pictured in an area covered in snow. A second person can be seen in the background to her right. An out of focus red\-and\-white flag covers the upper parts of the image. \\|Neuner shortly before crossing the finish line during the [Olympic mass start race](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's mass start")](/wiki/File:Neuner-Vancouver-MassStart-cropped.jpg "Neuner-Vancouver-MassStart-cropped.jpg") Shortly before the Oberhof sprint in January 2010, Neuner injured her back during warm\-up and had to withdraw.Deutsche Presse\-Agentur. [Neuner wieder fit – Biathleten heiß auf Ruhpolding](https://archive.today/20120804140137/http://www.mopo.de/news/neuner-wieder-fit---biathleten-heiss-auf-ruhpolding/-/5066732/5090898/-/index.html). Hamburger Morgenpost. 12 January 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} She returned in Ruhpolding where she came in third in both the sprint and the mass start race.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP05SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP05SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. In her first relay of the season, she dealt a blow to the German team by incurring two penalty loops, with Germany finishing fourth eventually.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 4 × 6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP05SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. With some top competitors missing in Antholz at the last World Cup before the [2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics"), Neuner won two events—the first individual race of her career as well as the sprint, giving her 16 career World Cup wins.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Antholz\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 15 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP06SWIN). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Antholz\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP06SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. She also came in second in the pursuit, which marked her seventh consecutive podium finish.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Antholz\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP06SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Neuner went into her first Winter Olympics in Vancouver with the declared aim of winning a gold medal. On 13 February 2010, she participated in the opening [sprint](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_sprint "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's sprint"), which was contested at [Whistler Olympic Park](/wiki/Whistler_Olympic_Park "Whistler Olympic Park") in rainy conditions. With one shooting error, Neuner claimed the silver medal, finishing 1\.5 seconds behind [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia")'s [Anastasiya Kuzmina](/wiki/Anastasiya_Kuzmina "Anastasiya Kuzmina").Agence France\-Press. [Biathlon: Unheralded Kuzmina makes Slovakia breakthrough](http://en.olympic.cn/news/sports_news/2010-02-14/1970801.html), International Olympic Committee.cn. 13 February 2010\. Retrieved 11 August 2011\. She uncharacteristically lost five seconds against the unheralded Slovak on the cross\-country course, which led to speculation of inferior ski preparation in the German media.Dunker, Robert. [Hat das deutsche Team Neuners Gold verwachst?](https://www.welt.de/sport/olympia/article6388014/Hat-das-deutsche-Team-Neuners-Gold-verwachst.html). Die Welt. 14 February 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Three days later, Neuner won gold in the subsequent [pursuit race](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's pursuit"). Despite missing two targets in the standing position, she beat sprint winner Kuzmina by 12\.3 seconds.Futterman, Matthew. [Germany's Neuner Wins Women's Biathlon Pursuit](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704804204575069592391382752). The Wall Street Journal. 16 February 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. In her third Olympic event, she finished tenth in the [individual](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's individual"). She had three shooting mistakes and said it had been difficult for her to immediately get her concentration back after winning her first gold medal. On 21 February 2010, Neuner claimed her second gold of the Games in the [mass start](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's mass start"). After missing two targets, she had been trailing by as much as 29 seconds, but she pushed the pace and a clean final standing shoot allowed her to overtake Russia's [Olga Zaitseva](/wiki/Olga_Zaitseva "Olga Zaitseva") on the last lap.Karen, Mattas. [Neuner wins women's 12\.5K mass start at Olympics](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sports/2011148092_apolybiawomensmassstart.html). The Seattle Times. 21 February 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. After the race, Neuner made the announcement not to participate in the [relay](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_relay "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's relay"), citing mental exhaustion and her desire to give all of her team mates the chance to win a medal. Her withdrawal allowed her friend [Martina Beck](/wiki/Martina_Beck "Martina Beck") a start in her last Olympic Games.Vignal, Patrick. [Olympics – Biathlon – Germany's Neuner skips treble chance](https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-46382720100223). Reuters. 22 February 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Neuner was Germany's most successful athlete in Vancouver and was chosen to carry the [German flag](/wiki/German_flag "German flag") at the [closing ceremony](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_closing_ceremony "2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony").Sport\-Informations\-Dienst. [Magdalena Neuner trägt die deutsche Fahne](http://www.focus.de/sport/olympia-2010/deutsche-athleten/olympia-vancouver-magdalena-neuner-traegt-die-deutsche-fahne_aid_485087.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011080358/http://www.focus.de/sport/olympia\-2010/deutsche\-athleten/olympia\-vancouver\-magdalena\-neuner\-traegt\-die\-deutsche\-fahne\_aid\_485087\.html \\|date\=11 October 2012 }}. Focus Online. 27 February 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Following her Olympic success, Neuner continued her good form at the season's remaining three World Cups, finishing all races in the top ten. She came in second in the Kontiolahti pursuit,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Kontiolahti (FIN) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP07SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. and third in Oslo's mass start race,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP08SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. which increased her World Cup lead after taking over the yellow bib in Vancouver. Neuner ended the season with her 19th World Cup win in Khanty\-Mansiysk's mass start,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP09SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. which ensured her the [2009–10 Overall World Cup](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Overall_Women "2009–10 Biathlon World Cup – Overall Women"), making her the first German woman to win the [Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup "Biathlon World Cup") for a second time. She also won the pursuit and mass start discipline World Cups. In the last event of the winter, the [Mixed Relay World Championship](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2010 "Biathlon World Championships 2010"), she won gold, alongside [Simone Hauswald](/wiki/Simone_Hauswald "Simone Hauswald"), [Simon Schempp](/wiki/Simon_Schempp "Simon Schempp") and [Arnd Peiffer](/wiki/Arnd_Peiffer "Arnd Peiffer"), to claim her seventh world title.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Mixed 2 × 6 \+ 2 x 7\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP09MXRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. ### Record world champion (2010–11 season) \|[2010–11 World Cup season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup "2010–11 Biathlon World Cup") results \| \| \| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \| \| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund") \| DNS \| DNS \| DNS \| – \| – \| – \| \| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| – \| 7 \| 7 \| – \| 1 \| – \| \| 3 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka") \| 8 \| 1 \| – \| – \| – \| DNS \| \| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany") \| – \| 2 \| – \| 9 \| 6 \| – \| \| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| 16 \| 3 \| 8 \| – \| – \| – \| \| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") \| – \| DNS \| – \| 6 \| DNS \| – \| \| 7 \| [Presque Isle, United States](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine "Presque Isle, Maine") \| – \| 6 \| 4 \| – \| – \| 1 \| \| 8 \| [Fort Kent, United States](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine "Fort Kent, Maine") \| – \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 \| – \| – \| \| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 "Biathlon World Championships 2011") \| [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") \| 5 \| 1 \| 2 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| \| 9 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway "Oslo, Norway") \| – \| 1 \| DNS \| 6 \| – \| – \| \| Key:"—" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| During the summer, Neuner admitted struggling for motivation for the upcoming season, having won every title in the sport at only 23 years old. However, she vowed to continue her career at least until the 2012 world championships in Ruhpolding.AFP. [Biathlon heroine Neuner takes aim at home glory](https://archive.today/20130124164124/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j_nZkFUkvD68Jn-9AteoXPAqkYqQ?docId=CNG.f4b8f8621b4af01e00ed9997660b0ca4.5b1). Google News. 25 November 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. In December 2010 she suffered from a cold, missing the season's first World Cup in Östersund for the second year in a row. She started the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup "2010–11 Biathlon World Cup") in Hochfilzen, where she managed two seventh\-place finishes, and was part of the winning German relay team. At the third stop of the season in Pokljuka, she won the sprint race in spite of two shooting errors, claiming her 20th career victory.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Pokljuka (SLO) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP03SWSP) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218065352/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP03SWSP \\|date\=18 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. [thumb\\|upright\\|alt\=A blonde woman, wearing a predominately black jacket and blue jeans, stands in front of a large poster of a winter landscape, smiles and looks to the right. She holds a microphone in her right hand and several gold medals in her left hand. \\|left\\|Neuner with her ten [Biathlon World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships "Biathlon World Championships") gold medals](/wiki/File:Magdalena_Neuner_Wallgau_2011.jpg "Magdalena Neuner Wallgau 2011.jpg") Neuner continued the winter with mixed results in January 2011\. She reached the podium in the sprints of Oberhof and Ruhpolding, coming in second and third respectively.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oberhof (GER) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP04SWSP) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111065121/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP04SWSP \\|date\=11 January 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP05SWSP) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117043828/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP05SWSP \\|date\=17 January 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. In the relay in Oberhof, Neuner was part of Germany's team coming in sixth place, the team's worst result since 2005\.Deutsche Presse\-Agentur. [Frauen\-Staffel enttäuscht auf Platz sechs](http://www.spiegel.de/sport/wintersport/0,1518,738218,00.html). Der Spiegel. 6 January 2011\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} She also had her worst personal result in 13 months, finishing in 16th place in the Ruhpolding individual race, which ended her streak of 24 consecutive top ten finishes (including 15 podiums and 6 wins).International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 15 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP05SWIN) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114031656/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP05SWIN \\|date\=14 January 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. At the World Cup in Antholz, Neuner again struggled with illness. She only participated in the concluding mass start, coming in 6th place.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Antholz\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP06SWMS) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122052302/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP06SWMS \\|date\=22 January 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. At the World Cup stops in February in the United States, Neuner returned to good health and showed more consistency; her worst result was a 6th\-place finish. In [Presque Isle, Maine](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine "Presque Isle, Maine"), she won the mixed relay as part of the German team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Presque Isle, ME (USA) – Mixed 2x6 \+ 2x7\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP07MXRL) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207020025/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP07MXRL \\|date\=7 February 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. On week later in [Fort Kent, Maine](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine "Fort Kent, Maine"), Neuner finished all three races on the podium. She came in third in the sprint,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SWSP) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182629/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP08SWSP \\|date\=11 February 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. second in the pursuit,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SWPU) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182620/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP08SWPU \\|date\=11 February 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. and claimed her 21st World Cup win in the mass start—the last race before the world championships.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SWMS) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182615/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP08SWMS \\|date\=11 February 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. At the [2011 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 "Biathlon World Championships 2011") in Khanty\-Mansiysk, Neuner won three gold and two silver medals. She claimed silver, alongside Andrea Henkel, Arnd Peiffer and Michael Greis, in the opening [mixed relay](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Mixed_relay "Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Mixed relay"). On 5 March 2011, Neuner won the [sprint race](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_sprint "Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's sprint") courtesy of a clean shooting performance.International Biathlon Union. [IBU World Championships – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SWSP) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706144656/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCH\_\_SWSP \\|date\= 6 July 2015 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. She finished second in the [pursuit](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit "Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's pursuit") and fifth in the [individual](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual "Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's individual") subsequently. On 12 March 2011, Neuner won her second title in the [mass start](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start "Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's mass start") despite four shooting errors.International Biathlon Union. [IBU World Championships – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. The following day she also claimed gold in the [women's relay](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_relay "Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's relay"), together with Andrea Henkel, [Miriam Gössner](/wiki/Miriam_G%C3%B6ssner "Miriam Gössner") and [Tina Bachmann](/wiki/Tina_Bachmann "Tina Bachmann"). Running the last leg for Germany, Neuner started in fourth, 67\.5 seconds off the lead, but she pulled back the entire time and moved in front on the last lap.International Biathlon Union. [IBU World Championships – Khanty\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 4 × 6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Her five medals made her the most successful female athlete in the history of [Biathlon World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships "Biathlon World Championships").Berg, Markus. [Neuner und der Goldrausch in Sibirien](https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/sport/article12809967/Neuner-und-der-Goldrausch-in-Sibirien.html). Die Welt. 14 March 2011\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} The season ended in disappointment for Neuner in Oslo. After claiming her 24th career win in the sprint, she had moved into second place in the Overall World Cup ranking.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP09SWSP) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320194009/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1011SWRLCP09SWSP \\|date\=20 March 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. However, she again suffered from a cold and had to pull out of the penultimate race of the winter, the pursuit in which she would have started 31 seconds in front. This effectively ended her hopes of retaining the World Cup crown. She eventually finished fifth in the overall standings, having missed five of the season's 26 races. ### Final World Cup winter (2011–12 season) \|[2011–12 World Cup season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Biathlon_World_Cup "2011–12 Biathlon World Cup") results \| \| \| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \| \| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund") \| 3 1 3 – \| – \| – \| \| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| – \| 1 \| 3 \| – \| 6 \| – \| \| 3 \| Hochfilzen, Austria \| – \| 4 \| 12 \| – \| – \| DNS \| \| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany") \| – \| 1 \| – \| 1 \| 4 \| – \| \| 5 \| [Nové Město, Czech Republic](/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_M%C4%9Bsto_na_Morav%C4%9B "Nové Město na Moravě") \| 3 \| 3 \| 7 \| – \| – \| – \| \| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") \| – \| 1 \| – \| 3 \| 6 \| – \| \| 7 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway "Oslo, Norway") \| – \| 1 \| 1 \| DNS \| – \| – \| \| 8 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti "Kontiolahti") \| – \| 1 \| 2 \| – \| – \| DNS \| \| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012 "Biathlon World Championships 2012") \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| 23 \| 1 \| 2 \| 10 \| 1 \| 3 \| \| 9 \| [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") \| – \| 1 4 \| 6 \| – \| – \| \| Key:"—" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Before the start of the [2011–12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Biathlon_World_Cup "2011–12 Biathlon World Cup"), Neuner hinted the upcoming season might be her last. She began the winter in Östersund with the best season start of her career, beating Tora Berger by 0\.2 seconds in the sprint to claim her 25th World Cup win.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Östersund (SWE) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP01SWSP) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107054517/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1112SWRLCP01SWSP \\|date\=7 January 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 6 December 2011\. She also came third in the individual and the pursuit, and took the yellow bib of the Overall World Cup leader. On 6 December 2011, Neuner announced her retirement from biathlon by the end of the season on her homepage. She explained her early departure from the sport (at age 25\) with a lack of motivation and her desire for a normal life.{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.magdalena\-neuner.de/cms/website.php?id\=/de/news/news/news\_061211\.htm\&sid\=95208abcaba607a0106f25dd3625dd5b \\|title\=Nach dieser Saison ist Schluss! \\|date\=6 December 2011 \\|publisher\=Magdalena\-neuner.de \\|access\-date\=7 December 2011 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107214405/http://www.magdalena\-neuner.de/cms/website.php?id\=%2Fde%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fnews\_061211\.htm\&sid\=377518ae85484a58c15aa703bd725eb9 \\|archive\-date\=7 January 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web \\|url\=https://news.yahoo.com/olympic\-champion\-neuner\-retire\-season\-103321372\.html \\|title\=Olympic champion Neuner to retire after season \\|date\=6 December 2011 \\|publisher\=Yahoo! Sports \\|access\-date\=7 December 2011}}{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press\_releases/do/detail.html?presse\=1403 \\|title\=Magdalena Neuner to Retire at Season's End \\|date\=6 December 2011 \\|publisher\=IBU \\|access\-date\=7 December 2011 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107095053/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press\_releases/do/detail.html?presse\=1403 \\|archive\-date\=7 November 2012 \\|url\-status\=dead}} Neuner nonetheless continued her good form in Hochfilzen, where she claimed her 26th World Cup win in the sprint. After Christmas, Neuner won both individual races in Oberhof – her World Cup wins 27 and 28\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oberhof (GER) – Women 7\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP04SWSP) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109013843/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1112SWRLCP04SWSP \\|date\= 9 January 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 1 February 2012\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oberhof (GER) – Women 12\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP04SWMS) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112171456/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1112SWRLCP04SWMS \\|date\=12 January 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 1 February 2012\. In the women's relay, she incurred 4 penalties in the final shooting, which foiled a likely German victory.International Biathlon Union.[E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oberhof (GER) – Women 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP04SWRL) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126071942/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\=BT1112SWRLCP04SWRL \\|date\=26 January 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 1 February 2012\. Neuner suffered one of the biggest mishaps of her career, when she fired on the wrong targets in the Nove Mesto pursuit, dropping from first to seventh place.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Nove Mesto (CZE) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP05SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 1 February 2012\. She recovered quickly by winning the sprint race in Antholz one week later. In February, Neuner claimed a double sprint and pursuit victory in Oslo despite suffering from a cold, which forced her to withdraw from the mass start. At the last World Cup stop before the world championships in Kontiolahti, she reached her sixth sprint win of the season, and extended her World Cup lead over [Darya Domracheva](/wiki/Darya_Domracheva "Darya Domracheva"). At the [2012 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012 "Biathlon World Championships 2012") in Ruhpolding, Neuner won bronze in the opening [mixed relay](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Mixed_relay "Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Mixed relay"), alongside Andrea Henkel, Andreas Birnbacher and Arnd Peiffer. On 3 March 2012, she claimed her 11th world title in the [sprint race](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_sprint "Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's sprint") courtesy of her clean shooting. Neuner dropped to second place one day later in the [pursuit](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit "Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's pursuit"), in which Domracheva overtook her at the final shooting bout. During the second week of the championships, Neuner often struggled with her shooting. She only reached 23rd place in the [individual](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual "Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's individual") – her worst world championships result ever. With Tina Bachmann, Miriam Gössner and Andrea Henkel she won her second gold medal in Ruhpolding in the [women's relay](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_relay "Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's relay") on 10 March 2012, despite incurring a penalty loop. In the concluding [mass start](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start "Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's mass start"), Neuner came in tenth place, with six shooting mistakes in total. Her 12th gold medal made her the [second most successful biathlete of all time at world championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships%23Multiple_medallist "Biathlon World Championships#Multiple medallist"), behind male record holder [Ole Einar Bjørndalen](/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bj%C3%B8rndalen "Ole Einar Bjørndalen"). Having led the standings uninterruptedly since the second race of the winter, Neuner won her third Overall World Cup title at the season final in Russia, where she claimed her 34th and final World Cup win in the sprint. Neuner also won the 2011–12 Sprint World Cup thanks to an unprecedented eight out of ten sprint wins. With ten victories in total, her final World Cup season was the most successful in her career. She also became only the second woman after [Magdalena Forsberg](/wiki/Magdalena_Forsberg "Magdalena Forsberg") to win the overall title more than twice. On 18 March 2012, Neuner ended her biathlon career with a sixth place in the Khanty\-Mansiysk mass start.	[ "Career\n------", "### Early career and World Cup debut", "Holzer started biathlon when she was nine years old after she had participated in a try out course at her local ski club. She won 29 races at the biathlon Student's Cup of the [German Ski Association](/wiki/German_Ski_Association \"German Ski Association\") (DSV), claiming the overall title in her respective age\\-group for four years in a row from 1999 to 2002\\. After finishing school, Holzer joined the [German Customs Administration](/wiki/Bundeszollverwaltung \"Bundeszollverwaltung\") in August 2003 to become a member in the government\\-supported Customs\\-Ski\\-Team (Zoll\\-Ski\\-Team). She officially holds the rank of Erste Zollhauptwachtmeisterin (first head customs officer),German Federal Ministry of Finance. [Magdalena Neuner](http://www.zoll.de/DE/Der-Zoll/Zollskiteam/Unser-Team/Biathlon/Magdalena-Neuner/magdalena-neuner_node.html) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402171339/http://www.zoll.de/DE/Der\\-Zoll/Zollskiteam/Unser\\-Team/Biathlon/Magdalena\\-Neuner/magdalena\\-neuner\\_node.html \\\|date\\=2 April 2012 }}. Zoll.de. Retrieved 20 September 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} although she is a full\\-time professional athlete with no customs obligations. One of her team mates is alpine skiing world champion [Maria Höfl\\-Riesch](/wiki/Maria_H%C3%B6fl-Riesch \"Maria Höfl-Riesch\").German Federal Ministry of Finance. [Maria Höfl\\-Riesch](http://www.zoll.de/DE/Der-Zoll/Zollskiteam/Unser-Team/Alpin/Maria-H%C3%B6fl-Riesch/maria-h%C3%B6fl-riesch.html). Zoll.de. Retrieved 20 September 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}", "In December 2003, Holzer won the German Cup for 17\\-year\\-olds, which led to her appointment for the 2003–04 European Cup competition for juniors. With four wins at European level, Holzer qualified for the 2004 Junior/Youth World Championships in [Haute Maurienne](/wiki/Maurienne \"Maurienne\"), France, where she won the sprint and relay events, as well as silver in the pursuit. One year later at the [2005 Junior/Youth World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_Junior_World_Championships_2005 \"Biathlon Junior World Championships 2005\") in [Kontiolahti](/wiki/Kontiolahti \"Kontiolahti\"), Finland, she claimed two silver medals (pursuit and relay), and again won the sprint discipline. With her success at junior level, Holzer at 18 years old, was considered one of Germany's biggest biathlon talents ever. Even before achieving any results at senior level, she had signed a sponsorship deal.Kreisl, Volker. [Die Stubenmusik ist vorbei](http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/biathlon-die-stubenmusik-ist-vorbei-1.864442). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 8 December 2006\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}", "[thumb\\\|alt\\=A young woman in multicoloured winter sportswear and with the number 19 on her jersey smiles into the camera, standing in a field covered with snow. A forest and many onlookers can be seen in the background. She holds ski poles in her right hand and has a rifle on her back.\\\|Holzer at the World Cup in [Antholz](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\"), January 2006](/wiki/File:Magdalena_Neuner.jpg \"Magdalena Neuner.jpg\")", "", "\|[2005–06 World Cup season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2005–06 Biathlon World Cup\") results", "\| \|\n\| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \|\n\| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| – \| 41 \| 21 \| – \| DNS \|\n\| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") \| – \| 19 \| 11 \| DNS \| – \|\n\| [x16px\\\|link\\=Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/File:Olympic_rings.svg \"Olympic rings.svg\") \| [Turin, Italy](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\") \| Not nominated \| \| \| \| \|\n\| 7 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\") \| – \| DNS \| DNS \| – \| – \|\n\| 8 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti \"Kontiolahti\") \| – \| 4 \| 20 \| 9 \| – \|\n\| 9 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway \"Oslo, Norway\") \| – \| 18 \| 13 \| 25 \| – \|\n\| Key:\"—\" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "During the [2005–06 season](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2005–06 Biathlon World Cup\"), Neuner made her first appearances in the [Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup \"Biathlon World Cup\"). Germany's women's national coach Uwe Müßiggang had already considered her for the team two years earlier, however, her parents and her hometown coaches Bernhard Kröll and Herbert Mayer were reluctant to let her start prematurely. On 13 January 2006, Neuner made her debut in the World Cup sprint race in [Ruhpolding](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\"), Germany, where she substituted for the injured [Uschi Disl](/wiki/Uschi_Disl \"Uschi Disl\"). Although her first appearance ended unsuccessfully, coming in 41st place,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 5 – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0506SWRLCP05SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. she was appointed for nine more World Cup races for the remainder of the season.", "Neuner returned as one of the favourites at the 2006 Junior/Youth World Championships in [Presque Isle, Maine](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine \"Presque Isle, Maine\"), United States, where she won two more titles (pursuit and relay) in addition to a silver medal in the sprint race. She did not participate in the [2006 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics \"2006 Winter Olympics\") for the German team. At the World Cup in Kontiolahti in March 2006, Neuner achieved her first top ten finishes: she was fourth in the sprint and came in ninth in the mass start race.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Kontiolahti (FIN) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0506SWRLCP08SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Kontiolahti (FIN) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0506SWRLCP08SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.", "### Three world championship titles (2006–07 season)", "", "\|[2006–07 World Cup season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2006–07 Biathlon World Cup\") results", "\| \|\n\| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \|\n\| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\") \| 33 \| 15 \| 7 \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| – \| 27 \| 8 \| – \| 2 \| – \|\n\| 3 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| DNS \| 9 \| – \| – \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\") \| – \| 1 \| 3 \| – \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| – \| 16 \| – \| 15 \| 2 \| – \|\n\| 6 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\") \| – \| 10 \| 9 \| DNS \| – \| – \|\n\| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007 \"Biathlon World Championships 2007\") \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") \| DNS \| 1 \| 1 \| 14 \| 1 \| DNS \|\n\| 7 \| [Lahti, Finland](/wiki/Lahti \"Lahti\") \| 6 \| 24 \| 40 \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| 8 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway \"Oslo, Norway\") \| – \| 3 \| 1 \| 1 \| – \| – \|\n\| 9 \| [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") \| – \| 1 \| 1 \| 8 \| – \| – \|\n\| Key:\"—\" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "While she had only competed in ten races during her first World Cup winter, Neuner became a fixture in the German team in the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2006–07 Biathlon World Cup\"). She proved to be one of the fastest [cross\\-country skiers](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_%28sport%29 \"Cross-country skiing (sport)\") in biathlon, and at 19 years old, regularly set the fastest course times.Blume, Klaus. [Fräulein Neuner und das erstaunliche Gespür für Schnee](http://www.kicker.de/mehrsport/startseite/artikel/358710). kicker online. 7 December 2006\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}{{ref label\\\|skiing\\\|note a\\\|a}} On 5 January 2007, Neuner won her first World Cup event, the sprint race in [Oberhof](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\"), Germany.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 4 – Oberhof (GER) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP04SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. Her victory on home soil, before a crowd of 19,000 people, received considerable media attention and put her into the national spotlight for the first time.Ruwald, Helen. [„Ich dachte, ich fliege“](http://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/ich-dachte-ich-fliege/795162.html). Der Tagesspiegel. 6 January 2007\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} Two days later at the pursuit race, she forgot to reload her rifle after a warm\\-up. She was handed a new magazine during the prone shooting and managed to finish third despite a total of six [shooting errors](/wiki/Shooting_errors \"Shooting errors\").Sport\\-Informations\\-Dienst. [Grubben und Bailly jagen Neuner erfolgreich](http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon-weltcup-grubben-und-bailly-jagen-neuner-erfolgreich_aid_293323.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326033842/http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon\\-weltcup\\-grubben\\-und\\-bailly\\-jagen\\-neuner\\-erfolgreich\\_aid\\_293323\\.html \\\|date\\=26 March 2012 }}. FOCUS Online. 7 January 2007\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}", "Neuner was scheduled to compete at the junior world championships in 2007\\. However, following her first World Cup win, she was instead appointed for the senior [World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007 \"Biathlon World Championships 2007\") in [Antholz](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\"), Italy.Grätz, Harald. [Magdalena Neuner (Archived)](https://web.archive.org/web/20081008005213/http://de.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1201643202/Magdalena_Neuner.html). Microsoft Encarta. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.{{in lang\\\|de}}. On 3 February 2007, she won gold in the sprint, beating [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\")'s [Anna Carin Olofsson](/wiki/Anna_Carin_Olofsson \"Anna Carin Olofsson\") by 2\\.3 seconds.International Biathlon Union. [Biathlon World Championships – Antholz\\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCH__SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. It was her first world championship event ever and only her second victory at senior level.{{ref label\\\|WCH\\\|note b\\\|b}} One day later, she also claimed the pursuit title, in spite of four shooting errors.International Biathlon Union. [Biathlon World Championships – Antholz\\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCH__SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. Following a 14th place in the mass start, Neuner, alongside [Martina Beck](/wiki/Martina_Beck \"Martina Beck\"), [Andrea Henkel](/wiki/Andrea_Henkel \"Andrea Henkel\") and [Kati Wilhelm](/wiki/Kati_Wilhelm \"Kati Wilhelm\"), also won gold in the relay race on 11 February 2007\\.International Biathlon Union. [Biathlon World Championships – Antholz\\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCH__SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. With three titles, she was the championship's most successful athlete and became the youngest triple world champion.", "At the end of the season, she continued her successful run with four more World Cup wins. In March 2007, Neuner won the pursuit and mass start races at [Holmenkollen](/wiki/Holmenkollen_ski_jump \"Holmenkollen ski jump\") in Oslo, Norway,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP08SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP08SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. and she won the sprint and pursuit events at the season final in [Khanty\\-Mansiysk](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\"), Russia,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 9 – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP09SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 9 – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0607SWRLCP09SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. giving her seven career World Cup wins. She ended her first complete season fourth in the Overall World Cup standings and finished second in the pursuit discipline. In the course of three months, Neuner had emerged from anonymity to become one of Germany's most popular female athletes. At the end of 2007, she had earned an estimated 1\\.3 million euros through sponsorship and endorsement deals.", "### Overall World Cup winner (2007–08 season)", "", "\|[2007–08 World Cup season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2007–08 Biathlon World Cup\") results", "\| \|\n\| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \|\n\| 1 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti \"Kontiolahti\") \| 30 \| 7 \| 17 \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| – \| 13 \| 4 \| – \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 3 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\") \| 7 \| 3 \| – \| – \| 1 \| – \|\n\| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\") \| – \| 3 \| – \| 1 \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| – \| 11 \| 16 \| – \| 1 \| – \|\n\| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") \| – \| 8 \| 4 \| 4 \| – \| – \|\n\| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2008 \"Biathlon World Championships 2008\") \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\") \| DNS \| 17 \| 6 \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \|\n\| 7 \| [Pyeongchang, South Korea](/wiki/Pyeongchang \"Pyeongchang\") \| – \| 1 \| 6 \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| 8 \| [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") \| – \| 1 \| 5 \| 2 \| – \| – \|\n\| 9 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway \"Oslo, Norway\") \| – \| 7 \| 7 \| 9 \| – \| – \|\n\| Key:\"—\" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|upright\\\|alt\\=A woman cross country skis uphill towards the camera, holding a red ski pole in each hand. She wears black winter sportswear, a red cap and a yellow jersey with the number 7\\. A second skier behind her can be seen on the left.\\\|Neuner in the yellow bib of the Overall World Cup leader, March 2008](/wiki/File:Neuner-Oslo08-1.jpg \"Neuner-Oslo08-1.jpg\")", "After missing the podium at the [2007–08 season](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2007–08 Biathlon World Cup\")'s first two World Cups, Neuner was part of Germany's winning relay team in [Pokljuka](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\"), Slovenia in December 2007\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 3 – Pokljuka (SLO) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP03SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. She claimed her eighth World Cup win at the mass start in Oberhof in January 2008,International Biathlon Union. [E:ON Ruhrgas World Cup 4 – Oberhof (GER) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP04SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. and later that month won the relay race in Ruhpolding with the German team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 5 – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP05SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. Shortly before her 21st birthday, Neuner decided to again compete at the Junior/Youth World Championships, held in Ruhpolding in January 2008—the last time she was eligible to enter. She won gold in the sprint and the pursuit, but withdrew from the individual race to prepare for the senior world championships alongside her German team mates.", "Leading up to the [2008 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2008 \"Biathlon World Championships 2008\") in [Östersund](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\"), Sweden, Neuner tried to lower expectations, stating a repeat of last year's performance would be impossible.Gross, Alexandra. [Magdalena Neuner und ihre schwierigste Saison](https://www.welt.de/sport/article1419999/Magdalena_Neuner_und_ihre_schwierigste_Saison.html). Die Welt. 1 Dezember 2007\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} She failed to defend her titles in the sprint and pursuit races, with shooting errors preventing better results; she finished 17th and sixth respectively. On 12 February 2008, she won the mixed relay with [Sabrina Buchholz](/wiki/Sabrina_Buchholz \"Sabrina Buchholz\"), [Andreas Birnbacher](/wiki/Andreas_Birnbacher \"Andreas Birnbacher\") and [Michael Greis](/wiki/Michael_Greis \"Michael Greis\") to claim her first gold medal.International Biathlon Union. [World Championships – Oestersund (SWE) – Mixed 2 × 6 \\+ 2 x 7\\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCH__MXRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. Four days later, she won her second title in the mass start, beating Norway's [Tora Berger](/wiki/Tora_Berger \"Tora Berger\") by 3\\.0 seconds.International Biathlon Union. [World Championships – Oestersund (SWE) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCH__SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. She had four shooting errors compared to Berger's one and skied side by side with the Norwegian for most of the last lap, in what she later described as her hardest fought victory ever.Deutsche Presse\\-Agentur. [Die schnellste Maus von Östersund](https://www.faz.net/artikel/S30910/gold-fuer-lena-neuner-die-schnellste-maus-von-oestersund-30231059.html). Frankfurter Allgemeine. 16 February 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} Alongside Martina Beck, Andrea Henkel and Kati Wilhelm, Neuner also claimed gold in the relay race on 17 February 2008\\.International Biathlon Union. [World Championships – Oestersund (SWE) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCH__SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. By winning three more titles, she became the youngest six\\-time world champion, solidifying her status as Germany's biggest biathlon star.Dunker, Robert. [Magdalena Neuner ist der Liebling der Sponsoren](https://www.welt.de/sport/article1810302/Magdalena_Neuner_ist_der_Liebling_der_Sponsoren.html). Die Welt. 17 March 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}", "In the following World Cups, she won the sprint races in [Pyeongchang](/wiki/Pyeongchang \"Pyeongchang\"), South Korea, and in Khanty\\-Mansiysk—her tenth and eleventh World Cup victories.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 7 – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP07SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP08SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. With a second\\-place finish in the penultimate mass start race of the season, Neuner won the 2007–08 Mass start World Cup.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 8 – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP08SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. At the season final in Oslo, she also claimed the season's Sprint World Cup and took over the yellow bib of the Overall World Cup leader for the first time in her career.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 9 – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP09SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. In the last race of the season, a ninth place in the mass start ensured Neuner the [2007–08 Overall Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2007–08 Biathlon World Cup\") victory.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas World Cup 9 – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0708SWRLCP09SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. She was the youngest Overall World Cup winner since the [International Biathlon Union](/wiki/International_Biathlon_Union \"International Biathlon Union\") was established in 1993\\.Associated Press. [World Cup Affects an American Accent](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/16/AR2008031602513_pf.html). The Washington Post. 17 March 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.{{ref label\\\|winner\\\|note c\\\|c}}", "### First setbacks (2008–09 season)", "", "\|[2008–09 World Cup season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2008–09 Biathlon World Cup\") results", "\| \|\n\| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \|\n\| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\") \| 3 \| 3 \| 17 \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| – \| 21 \| 29 \| – \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 3 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| 6 \| 5 \| – \| – \| 1 \| – \|\n\| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\") \| – \| 11 \| – \| 4 \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| – \| 1 \| 1 \| – \| 1 \| – \|\n\| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") \| – \| 14 \| 8 \| 6 \| – \| – \|\n\| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009 \"Biathlon World Championships 2009\") \| [Pyeongchang, South Korea](/wiki/Pyeongchang \"Pyeongchang\") \| DNS \| 8 \| 11 \| 7 \| 2 \| DNS \|\n\| 7 \| [Vancouver, Canada](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\") \| 4 \| 2 \| – \| – \| 1 \| – \|\n\| 8 \| [Trondheim, Norway](/wiki/Trondheim \"Trondheim\") \| – \| 25 \| 18 \| 14 \| – \| – \|\n\| 9 \| [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") \| – \| 4 \| 1 \| 12 \| – \| – \|\n\| Key:\"—\" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "Neuner's preparation for the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2008–09 Biathlon World Cup\") was affected by several illnesses. In the summer, she battled an intestinal fungus which forced her to pause training for seven weeks;Klein, Tom. [German men are trim, women ailing](http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=127) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805180557/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press\\_releases.html/do/detail?presse\\=127 \\\|date\\=5 August 2011 }}. Biathlonworld. 25 November 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. she later attributed it to pressure of public expectations.Wolfsgruber, Axel. [„An Pleiten wächst man“](http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon-wm-2009/magdalena-neuner-an-pleiten-waechst-man_aid_369187.html). Focus. 9 February 2009\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} In October 2008, she contracted influenza and in November, a bacterial infection caused her to miss two weeks of training.Rheinische Post. [Magdalena Neuner fährt nicht ins Trainingslager](http://www.rp-online.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon/Magdalena-Neuner-faehrt-nicht-ins-Trainingslager_aid_640210.html). RP Online. 19 November 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} Subsequently, her ski speed saw a substantial drop at the start of the season. In the first four World Cups, Neuner only achieved two individual podiums; atypically courtesy of good shooting performances, not her skiing.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP01SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oestersund (SWE) – Women 15 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP01SWIN). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.", "[thumb\\\|alt\\=A woman on cross country skies wearing a red cap, a white jersey with the number 15 and black trousers skies away from a shooting range covered in snow. Half a dozen people in the background are shooting while lying on the ground.\\\|Neuner leaves the shooting range at the World Cup in [Antholz](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\"), January 2009](/wiki/File:Neuner-Antholz09-3.png \"Neuner-Antholz09-3.png\")", "Following the Christmas break, her skiing times had improved. In Ruhpolding in January 2009, Neuner was part of the winning German relay team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP05SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. She beat team mate Kati Wilhelm by 0\\.2 seconds in the Ruhpolding sprint and also won the following pursuit event, which marked her World Cup wins twelve and thirteen.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP05SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP05SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. Neuner again missed the podium in Antholz. She was leading the mass start by 53\\.6 seconds before the final shooting, in which she missed all five targets, eventually finishing sixth.Palme, Jürgen. [Iourieva profits from Neuner´s disaster](http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=352) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805174618/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press\\_releases.html/do/detail?presse\\=352 \\\|date\\=5 August 2011 }}. Biathlonworld. 25 January 2009\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. This result received much public attention. She later described it as a pivotal moment in her career and called it the \"total end of the world\".Mey, Alexander. [Neuner: \"Das war totaler Weltuntergang\"](http://www.spox.com/de/sport/mehrsport/wintersport/0902/Artikel/magdalena-neuner-interview-vor-wm.html). Spox.com. 9 February 2009\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}", "Neuner suffered further setbacks at the [2009 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009 \"Biathlon World Championships 2009\") in Pyeongchang, where she struggled with a cold and a high number of shooting errors.Deutsche Presse\\-Agentur. [Bangen um Biathlon\\-Star: \"Schnupfennase\" stoppt Neuner](http://www.fr-online.de/sport/-schnupfennase--stoppt-neuner/-/1472784/3390344/-/index.html). Frankfurter Rundschau. 19 February 2009\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} She finished eighth in the sprint, in which she crashed on a downhill slope,International Biathlon Union. [IBU Biathlon World Championships – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCH__SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. and came in eleventh in the pursuit race.International Biathlon Union. [IBU Biathlon World Championships – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCH__SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. She was not appointed for the individual race and could not start in the mixed relay due to her cold. On 21 February 2009, Neuner claimed silver as part Germany's women's relay team, alongside Martina Beck, Andrea Henkel and Kati Wilhelm.International Biathlon Union. [IBU Biathlon World Championships – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCH__SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. On the last day of the championships, she came in seventh in the mass start race.International Biathlon Union. [IBU Biathlon World Championships – Pyeong Chang (KOR) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCH__SWMS) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305002053/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT0809SWRLCH\\_\\_SWMS \\\|date\\= 5 March 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.", "At the Olympic rehearsal in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\"), Canada, in March 2009, Neuner claimed the 2008–09 Individual World Cup, despite never having won a race in that discipline.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Vancouver (CAN) – Women's 15 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP07SWIN). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. She also won the Vancouver relay race with the German team,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Vancouver (CAN) – Women's 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP07SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. and was second in the sprint, 0\\.7 seconds behind Sweden's [Helena Ekholm](/wiki/Helena_Ekholm \"Helena Ekholm\").International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Vancouver (CAN) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP07SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. At the season final in Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Neuner won the pursuit race—her 14th World Cup win.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0809SWRLCP09SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. She ended the season fourth in the Overall Biathlon World Cup, which was generally considered disappointing in the media.", "Neuner later revealed that due to public expectations and constant media attention, the 2008–09 season had been extremely difficult for her psychologically, and she even briefly contemplated retirement.Dunker, Robert. [Silber in der Tasche, Gold im Blick](https://www.welt.de/die-welt/sport/article6399977/Silber-in-der-Tasche-Gold-im-Blick.html). Die Welt. 15 February 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} She started working with a psychologist and cut down her media appearances as much as possible in the summer.Futterman, Matthew. [The Skier Who Can't Shoot Straight](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704431404575067551470214036?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines). The Wall Street Journal. 16 February 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.", "### Double Olympic champion (2009–10 season)", "", "\|[2009–10 World Cup season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2009–10 Biathlon World Cup\") results", "\| \|\n\| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \|\n\| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\") \| DNS \| DNS \| – \| – \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| – \| 29 \| 28 \| – \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 3 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\") \| 18 \| 3 \| 2 \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\") \| – \| DNS \| – \| DNS \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| – \| 3 \| – \| 3 \| 4 \| – \|\n\| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| [x16px\\\|link\\=Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/File:Olympic_rings.svg \"Olympic rings.svg\") \| [Vancouver, Canada](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\") \| 10 \| 2 \| 1 \| 1 \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 7 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti \"Kontiolahti\") \| – \| 5 \| 2 \| – \| – \| 2 \|\n\| 8 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway \"Oslo, Norway\") \| – \| 6 \| 8 \| 3 \| – \| – \|\n\| 9 \| [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") \| – \| 8 \| – \| 1 \| – \| 1 \|\n\| Key:\"—\" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "Neuner competed at the Summer Biathlon World Championships for the first time in September 2009 when they were held in Oberhof. She only reluctantly agreed to interrupt training and participate in the summer event, which is contested on [roller ski](/wiki/Roller_ski \"Roller ski\"), however she went on to win gold in all three competitions (sprint, pursuit and mixed relay).Deutsche Presse\\-Agentur. [Neuner mit Titel\\-Hattrick bei Sommer\\-WM](http://www.sport1.de/de/wintersport/win_biathlon/artikel_156557.html). Sport1\\.de. 27\\. September 2009\\. 11 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} Neuner missed the first World Cup of the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2009–10 Biathlon World Cup\") due to a cold in December 2009\\. She returned at the following races in Hochfilzen, but was still affected by her cold and finished outside the top 20\\. Her first podiums of the winter came in Pokljuka, finishing third in the sprint and second in the pursuit race.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Pokljuka (SLO) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP03SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Pokljuka (SLO) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP03SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. Thereby she secured her Olympic qualification within the German team.Deutsche Presse\\-Agentur. [Endlich oben](http://www.tagesspiegel.de/sport/endlich-oben/1651498.html). Der Tagesspiegel. 20 December 2009\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}", "[thumb\\\|left\\\|alt\\= A woman in multicoloured winter sportswear which features the Olympic rings on her cheast and the number 2 in the center, moves twoards the camera. She is pictured in an area covered in snow. A second person can be seen in the background to her right. An out of focus red\\-and\\-white flag covers the upper parts of the image. \\\|Neuner shortly before crossing the finish line during the [Olympic mass start race](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's mass start\")](/wiki/File:Neuner-Vancouver-MassStart-cropped.jpg \"Neuner-Vancouver-MassStart-cropped.jpg\")", "Shortly before the Oberhof sprint in January 2010, Neuner injured her back during warm\\-up and had to withdraw.Deutsche Presse\\-Agentur. [Neuner wieder fit – Biathleten heiß auf Ruhpolding](https://archive.today/20120804140137/http://www.mopo.de/news/neuner-wieder-fit---biathleten-heiss-auf-ruhpolding/-/5066732/5090898/-/index.html). Hamburger Morgenpost. 12 January 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} She returned in Ruhpolding where she came in third in both the sprint and the mass start race.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP05SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP05SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. In her first relay of the season, she dealt a blow to the German team by incurring two penalty loops, with Germany finishing fourth eventually.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 4 × 6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP05SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. With some top competitors missing in Antholz at the last World Cup before the [2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics \"2010 Winter Olympics\"), Neuner won two events—the first individual race of her career as well as the sprint, giving her 16 career World Cup wins.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Antholz\\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 15 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP06SWIN). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Antholz\\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP06SWSP). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. She also came in second in the pursuit, which marked her seventh consecutive podium finish.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Antholz\\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP06SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.", "Neuner went into her first Winter Olympics in Vancouver with the declared aim of winning a gold medal. On 13 February 2010, she participated in the opening [sprint](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_sprint \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's sprint\"), which was contested at [Whistler Olympic Park](/wiki/Whistler_Olympic_Park \"Whistler Olympic Park\") in rainy conditions. With one shooting error, Neuner claimed the silver medal, finishing 1\\.5 seconds behind [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\")'s [Anastasiya Kuzmina](/wiki/Anastasiya_Kuzmina \"Anastasiya Kuzmina\").Agence France\\-Press. [Biathlon: Unheralded Kuzmina makes Slovakia breakthrough](http://en.olympic.cn/news/sports_news/2010-02-14/1970801.html), International Olympic Committee.cn. 13 February 2010\\. Retrieved 11 August 2011\\. She uncharacteristically lost five seconds against the unheralded Slovak on the cross\\-country course, which led to speculation of inferior ski preparation in the German media.Dunker, Robert. [Hat das deutsche Team Neuners Gold verwachst?](https://www.welt.de/sport/olympia/article6388014/Hat-das-deutsche-Team-Neuners-Gold-verwachst.html). Die Welt. 14 February 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} Three days later, Neuner won gold in the subsequent [pursuit race](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's pursuit\"). Despite missing two targets in the standing position, she beat sprint winner Kuzmina by 12\\.3 seconds.Futterman, Matthew. [Germany's Neuner Wins Women's Biathlon Pursuit](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704804204575069592391382752). The Wall Street Journal. 16 February 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. In her third Olympic event, she finished tenth in the [individual](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's individual\"). She had three shooting mistakes and said it had been difficult for her to immediately get her concentration back after winning her first gold medal. On 21 February 2010, Neuner claimed her second gold of the Games in the [mass start](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's mass start\"). After missing two targets, she had been trailing by as much as 29 seconds, but she pushed the pace and a clean final standing shoot allowed her to overtake Russia's [Olga Zaitseva](/wiki/Olga_Zaitseva \"Olga Zaitseva\") on the last lap.Karen, Mattas. [Neuner wins women's 12\\.5K mass start at Olympics](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/sports/2011148092_apolybiawomensmassstart.html). The Seattle Times. 21 February 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. After the race, Neuner made the announcement not to participate in the [relay](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_relay \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's relay\"), citing mental exhaustion and her desire to give all of her team mates the chance to win a medal. Her withdrawal allowed her friend [Martina Beck](/wiki/Martina_Beck \"Martina Beck\") a start in her last Olympic Games.Vignal, Patrick. [Olympics – Biathlon – Germany's Neuner skips treble chance](https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-46382720100223). Reuters. 22 February 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. Neuner was Germany's most successful athlete in Vancouver and was chosen to carry the [German flag](/wiki/German_flag \"German flag\") at the [closing ceremony](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_closing_ceremony \"2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony\").Sport\\-Informations\\-Dienst. [Magdalena Neuner trägt die deutsche Fahne](http://www.focus.de/sport/olympia-2010/deutsche-athleten/olympia-vancouver-magdalena-neuner-traegt-die-deutsche-fahne_aid_485087.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011080358/http://www.focus.de/sport/olympia\\-2010/deutsche\\-athleten/olympia\\-vancouver\\-magdalena\\-neuner\\-traegt\\-die\\-deutsche\\-fahne\\_aid\\_485087\\.html \\\|date\\=11 October 2012 }}. Focus Online. 27 February 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}", "Following her Olympic success, Neuner continued her good form at the season's remaining three World Cups, finishing all races in the top ten. She came in second in the Kontiolahti pursuit,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Kontiolahti (FIN) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP07SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. and third in Oslo's mass start race,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP08SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. which increased her World Cup lead after taking over the yellow bib in Vancouver. Neuner ended the season with her 19th World Cup win in Khanty\\-Mansiysk's mass start,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP09SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. which ensured her the [2009–10 Overall World Cup](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Overall_Women \"2009–10 Biathlon World Cup – Overall Women\"), making her the first German woman to win the [Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup \"Biathlon World Cup\") for a second time. She also won the pursuit and mass start discipline World Cups. In the last event of the winter, the [Mixed Relay World Championship](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2010 \"Biathlon World Championships 2010\"), she won gold, alongside [Simone Hauswald](/wiki/Simone_Hauswald \"Simone Hauswald\"), [Simon Schempp](/wiki/Simon_Schempp \"Simon Schempp\") and [Arnd Peiffer](/wiki/Arnd_Peiffer \"Arnd Peiffer\"), to claim her seventh world title.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Mixed 2 × 6 \\+ 2 x 7\\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT0910SWRLCP09MXRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.", "### Record world champion (2010–11 season)", "", "\|[2010–11 World Cup season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2010–11 Biathlon World Cup\") results", "\| \|\n\| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \|\n\| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\") \| DNS \| DNS \| DNS \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| – \| 7 \| 7 \| – \| 1 \| – \|\n\| 3 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\") \| 8 \| 1 \| – \| – \| – \| DNS \|\n\| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\") \| – \| 2 \| – \| 9 \| 6 \| – \|\n\| 5 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| 16 \| 3 \| 8 \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") \| – \| DNS \| – \| 6 \| DNS \| – \|\n\| 7 \| [Presque Isle, United States](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine \"Presque Isle, Maine\") \| – \| 6 \| 4 \| – \| – \| 1 \|\n\| 8 \| [Fort Kent, United States](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine \"Fort Kent, Maine\") \| – \| 3 \| 2 \| 1 \| – \| – \|\n\| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 \"Biathlon World Championships 2011\") \| [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") \| 5 \| 1 \| 2 \| 1 \| 1 \| 2 \|\n\| 9 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway \"Oslo, Norway\") \| – \| 1 \| DNS \| 6 \| – \| – \|\n\| Key:\"—\" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "During the summer, Neuner admitted struggling for motivation for the upcoming season, having won every title in the sport at only 23 years old. However, she vowed to continue her career at least until the 2012 world championships in Ruhpolding.AFP. [Biathlon heroine Neuner takes aim at home glory](https://archive.today/20130124164124/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j_nZkFUkvD68Jn-9AteoXPAqkYqQ?docId=CNG.f4b8f8621b4af01e00ed9997660b0ca4.5b1). Google News. 25 November 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. In December 2010 she suffered from a cold, missing the season's first World Cup in Östersund for the second year in a row. She started the [2010–11 season](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2010–11 Biathlon World Cup\") in Hochfilzen, where she managed two seventh\\-place finishes, and was part of the winning German relay team. At the third stop of the season in Pokljuka, she won the sprint race in spite of two shooting errors, claiming her 20th career victory.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Pokljuka (SLO) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP03SWSP) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218065352/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP03SWSP \\\|date\\=18 December 2010 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.", "[thumb\\\|upright\\\|alt\\=A blonde woman, wearing a predominately black jacket and blue jeans, stands in front of a large poster of a winter landscape, smiles and looks to the right. She holds a microphone in her right hand and several gold medals in her left hand. \\\|left\\\|Neuner with her ten [Biathlon World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships \"Biathlon World Championships\") gold medals](/wiki/File:Magdalena_Neuner_Wallgau_2011.jpg \"Magdalena Neuner Wallgau 2011.jpg\")", "Neuner continued the winter with mixed results in January 2011\\. She reached the podium in the sprints of Oberhof and Ruhpolding, coming in second and third respectively.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oberhof (GER) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP04SWSP) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111065121/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP04SWSP \\\|date\\=11 January 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP05SWSP) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117043828/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP05SWSP \\\|date\\=17 January 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. In the relay in Oberhof, Neuner was part of Germany's team coming in sixth place, the team's worst result since 2005\\.Deutsche Presse\\-Agentur. [Frauen\\-Staffel enttäuscht auf Platz sechs](http://www.spiegel.de/sport/wintersport/0,1518,738218,00.html). Der Spiegel. 6 January 2011\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} She also had her worst personal result in 13 months, finishing in 16th place in the Ruhpolding individual race, which ended her streak of 24 consecutive top ten finishes (including 15 podiums and 6 wins).International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Ruhpolding (GER) – Women 15 km Individual](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP05SWIN) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114031656/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP05SWIN \\\|date\\=14 January 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. At the World Cup in Antholz, Neuner again struggled with illness. She only participated in the concluding mass start, coming in 6th place.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Antholz\\-Anterselva (ITA) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP06SWMS) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122052302/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP06SWMS \\\|date\\=22 January 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.", "At the World Cup stops in February in the United States, Neuner returned to good health and showed more consistency; her worst result was a 6th\\-place finish. In [Presque Isle, Maine](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine \"Presque Isle, Maine\"), she won the mixed relay as part of the German team.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Presque Isle, ME (USA) – Mixed 2x6 \\+ 2x7\\.5 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP07MXRL) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207020025/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP07MXRL \\\|date\\=7 February 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. On week later in [Fort Kent, Maine](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine \"Fort Kent, Maine\"), Neuner finished all three races on the podium. She came in third in the sprint,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SWSP) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182629/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP08SWSP \\\|date\\=11 February 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. second in the pursuit,International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SWPU) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182620/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP08SWPU \\\|date\\=11 February 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. and claimed her 21st World Cup win in the mass start—the last race before the world championships.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Fort Kent, ME (USA) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP08SWMS) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211182615/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP08SWMS \\\|date\\=11 February 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.", "At the [2011 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 \"Biathlon World Championships 2011\") in Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Neuner won three gold and two silver medals. She claimed silver, alongside Andrea Henkel, Arnd Peiffer and Michael Greis, in the opening [mixed relay](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Mixed_relay \"Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Mixed relay\"). On 5 March 2011, Neuner won the [sprint race](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_sprint \"Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's sprint\") courtesy of a clean shooting performance.International Biathlon Union. [IBU World Championships – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SWSP) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706144656/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCH\\_\\_SWSP \\\|date\\= 6 July 2015 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. She finished second in the [pursuit](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit \"Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's pursuit\") and fifth in the [individual](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual \"Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's individual\") subsequently. On 12 March 2011, Neuner won her second title in the [mass start](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start \"Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's mass start\") despite four shooting errors.International Biathlon Union. [IBU World Championships – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SWMS). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. The following day she also claimed gold in the [women's relay](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_relay \"Biathlon World Championships 2011 – Women's relay\"), together with Andrea Henkel, [Miriam Gössner](/wiki/Miriam_G%C3%B6ssner \"Miriam Gössner\") and [Tina Bachmann](/wiki/Tina_Bachmann \"Tina Bachmann\"). Running the last leg for Germany, Neuner started in fourth, 67\\.5 seconds off the lead, but she pulled back the entire time and moved in front on the last lap.International Biathlon Union. [IBU World Championships – Khanty\\-Mansiysk (RUS) – Women 4 × 6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCH__SWRL). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. Her five medals made her the most successful female athlete in the history of [Biathlon World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships \"Biathlon World Championships\").Berg, Markus. [Neuner und der Goldrausch in Sibirien](https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/sport/article12809967/Neuner-und-der-Goldrausch-in-Sibirien.html). Die Welt. 14 March 2011\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}", "The season ended in disappointment for Neuner in Oslo. After claiming her 24th career win in the sprint, she had moved into second place in the Overall World Cup ranking.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oslo Holmenkollen (NOR) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1011SWRLCP09SWSP) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320194009/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1011SWRLCP09SWSP \\\|date\\=20 March 2011 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. However, she again suffered from a cold and had to pull out of the penultimate race of the winter, the pursuit in which she would have started 31 seconds in front. This effectively ended her hopes of retaining the World Cup crown. She eventually finished fifth in the overall standings, having missed five of the season's 26 races.", "### Final World Cup winter (2011–12 season)", "", "\|[2011–12 World Cup season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2011–12 Biathlon World Cup\") results", "\| \|\n\| No. \| World Cup location \| \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \|\n\| 1 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\") \| 3 1 3 – \| – \| – \|\n\| 2 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| – \| 1 \| 3 \| – \| 6 \| – \|\n\| 3 \| Hochfilzen, Austria \| – \| 4 \| 12 \| – \| – \| DNS \|\n\| 4 \| [Oberhof, Germany](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\") \| – \| 1 \| – \| 1 \| 4 \| – \|\n\| 5 \| [Nové Město, Czech Republic](/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_M%C4%9Bsto_na_Morav%C4%9B \"Nové Město na Moravě\") \| 3 \| 3 \| 7 \| – \| – \| – \|\n\| 6 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") \| – \| 1 \| – \| 3 \| 6 \| – \|\n\| 7 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway \"Oslo, Norway\") \| – \| 1 \| 1 \| DNS \| – \| – \|\n\| 8 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti \"Kontiolahti\") \| – \| 1 \| 2 \| – \| – \| DNS \|\n\| [WCH](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012 \"Biathlon World Championships 2012\") \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| 23 \| 1 \| 2 \| 10 \| 1 \| 3 \|\n\| 9 \| [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") \| – \| 1 4 \| 6 \| – \| – \|\n\| Key:\"—\" denotes discipline not held; DNS—Did not start; WCH—World Championships \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|", "Before the start of the [2011–12 season](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2011–12 Biathlon World Cup\"), Neuner hinted the upcoming season might be her last. She began the winter in Östersund with the best season start of her career, beating Tora Berger by 0\\.2 seconds in the sprint to claim her 25th World Cup win.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Östersund (SWE) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP01SWSP) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107054517/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1112SWRLCP01SWSP \\\|date\\=7 January 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 6 December 2011\\. She also came third in the individual and the pursuit, and took the yellow bib of the Overall World Cup leader. On 6 December 2011, Neuner announced her retirement from biathlon by the end of the season on her homepage. She explained her early departure from the sport (at age 25\\) with a lack of motivation and her desire for a normal life.{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.magdalena\\-neuner.de/cms/website.php?id\\=/de/news/news/news\\_061211\\.htm\\&sid\\=95208abcaba607a0106f25dd3625dd5b \\\|title\\=Nach dieser Saison ist Schluss! \\\|date\\=6 December 2011 \\\|publisher\\=Magdalena\\-neuner.de \\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2011 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107214405/http://www.magdalena\\-neuner.de/cms/website.php?id\\=%2Fde%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fnews\\_061211\\.htm\\&sid\\=377518ae85484a58c15aa703bd725eb9 \\\|archive\\-date\\=7 January 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://news.yahoo.com/olympic\\-champion\\-neuner\\-retire\\-season\\-103321372\\.html \\\|title\\=Olympic champion Neuner to retire after season \\\|date\\=6 December 2011 \\\|publisher\\=Yahoo! Sports \\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2011}}{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press\\_releases/do/detail.html?presse\\=1403 \\\|title\\=Magdalena Neuner to Retire at Season's End \\\|date\\=6 December 2011 \\\|publisher\\=IBU \\\|access\\-date\\=7 December 2011 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107095053/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press\\_releases/do/detail.html?presse\\=1403 \\\|archive\\-date\\=7 November 2012 \\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Neuner nonetheless continued her good form in Hochfilzen, where she claimed her 26th World Cup win in the sprint.", "After Christmas, Neuner won both individual races in Oberhof – her World Cup wins 27 and 28\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oberhof (GER) – Women 7\\.5 km Sprint](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP04SWSP) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109013843/http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1112SWRLCP04SWSP \\\|date\\= 9 January 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 1 February 2012\\.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oberhof (GER) – Women 12\\.5 km Mass Start](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP04SWMS) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112171456/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1112SWRLCP04SWMS \\\|date\\=12 January 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 1 February 2012\\. In the women's relay, she incurred 4 penalties in the final shooting, which foiled a likely German victory.International Biathlon Union.[E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Oberhof (GER) – Women 4x6 km Relay](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP04SWRL) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126071942/http://services.biathlonresults.com/results.aspx?RaceId\\=BT1112SWRLCP04SWRL \\\|date\\=26 January 2012 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 1 February 2012\\. Neuner suffered one of the biggest mishaps of her career, when she fired on the wrong targets in the Nove Mesto pursuit, dropping from first to seventh place.International Biathlon Union. [E.ON Ruhrgas IBU World Cup – Nove Mesto (CZE) – Women 10 km Pursuit](http://services.biathlonresults.com/Results.aspx?RaceId=BT1112SWRLCP05SWPU). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 1 February 2012\\. She recovered quickly by winning the sprint race in Antholz one week later. In February, Neuner claimed a double sprint and pursuit victory in Oslo despite suffering from a cold, which forced her to withdraw from the mass start. At the last World Cup stop before the world championships in Kontiolahti, she reached her sixth sprint win of the season, and extended her World Cup lead over [Darya Domracheva](/wiki/Darya_Domracheva \"Darya Domracheva\").", "At the [2012 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012 \"Biathlon World Championships 2012\") in Ruhpolding, Neuner won bronze in the opening [mixed relay](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Mixed_relay \"Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Mixed relay\"), alongside Andrea Henkel, Andreas Birnbacher and Arnd Peiffer. On 3 March 2012, she claimed her 11th world title in the [sprint race](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_sprint \"Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's sprint\") courtesy of her clean shooting. Neuner dropped to second place one day later in the [pursuit](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit \"Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's pursuit\"), in which Domracheva overtook her at the final shooting bout. During the second week of the championships, Neuner often struggled with her shooting. She only reached 23rd place in the [individual](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_individual \"Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's individual\") – her worst world championships result ever. With Tina Bachmann, Miriam Gössner and Andrea Henkel she won her second gold medal in Ruhpolding in the [women's relay](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_relay \"Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's relay\") on 10 March 2012, despite incurring a penalty loop. In the concluding [mass start](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start \"Biathlon World Championships 2012 – Women's mass start\"), Neuner came in tenth place, with six shooting mistakes in total. Her 12th gold medal made her the [second most successful biathlete of all time at world championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships%23Multiple_medallist \"Biathlon World Championships#Multiple medallist\"), behind male record holder [Ole Einar Bjørndalen](/wiki/Ole_Einar_Bj%C3%B8rndalen \"Ole Einar Bjørndalen\").", "Having led the standings uninterruptedly since the second race of the winter, Neuner won her third Overall World Cup title at the season final in Russia, where she claimed her 34th and final World Cup win in the sprint. Neuner also won the 2011–12 Sprint World Cup thanks to an unprecedented eight out of ten sprint wins. With ten victories in total, her final World Cup season was the most successful in her career. She also became only the second woman after [Magdalena Forsberg](/wiki/Magdalena_Forsberg \"Magdalena Forsberg\") to win the overall title more than twice. On 18 March 2012, Neuner ended her biathlon career with a sixth place in the Khanty\\-Mansiysk mass start.", "" ]
Record ------ ### Olympic Games [thumb\\|upright\\|alt\=A woman, wearing a predominately yellow and pink jacket and a black cap, stands in front of a blue background, looking to the right. She hold flowers in her hands and has a gold medal around her neck. \\|Neuner accepting her Olympic gold medal for the [pursuit race](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's pursuit")](/wiki/File:Neuner-Vancouver-MedalCeremony-cropped.jpg "Neuner-Vancouver-MedalCeremony-cropped.jpg") Neuner has won two gold medals and one silver medal at the Winter Olympic Games. At her only appearance at the [2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics "2010 Winter Olympics") in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), Canada, she won gold in the [pursuit](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's pursuit") and the [mass start event](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's mass start"). She also claimed silver in the opening [sprint](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_sprint "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's sprint"). After winning three medals, she decided not to participate in the concluding relay race. \| Event \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| {{nowrap\\|Mass start}} \| Relay \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [2010 Winter Olympics, Vancouver](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics "Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics") \| 10th \| Silver \| Gold \| Gold \| — \| ### World championships Neuner is the most successful female biathlete in the history of [Biathlon World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships "Biathlon World Championships").Clarey, Christopher. [No Shortage of Winter Winners](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/sports/26iht-WINTER26.html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times. 25 March 2011\. Retrieved 19 August 2011\. She has won seventeen medals, twelve gold, four silver and one bronze. At her debut during the [2007 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007 "Biathlon World Championships 2007") in [Antholz](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz"), Italy, Neuner won three titles (sprint, pursuit and relay). One year later at the [2008 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2008 "Biathlon World Championships 2008") in [Östersund](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund"), Sweden, she again claimed three gold medals, winning the mass start, relay and mixed relay events. Neuner did not win a title at the [2009 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009 "Biathlon World Championships 2009") in [Pyeongchang](/wiki/Pyeongchang "Pyeongchang"), South Korea; her best result was the silver medal in the relay event. She won her second mixed relay gold in [Khanty\-Mansiysk](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk"), Russia, in 2010\. At the [2011 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 "Biathlon World Championships 2011"), she won three more titles (sprint, mass start, relay) and two silver medals (pursuit and mixed relay). At her [final championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012 "Biathlon World Championships 2012") in 2012, Neuner won her world titles eleven (sprint) and twelve (relay), as well as her fourth silver (pursuit) and her first bronze medal (mixed relay). \| Event \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| {{nowrap\\|Mass start}} \| Relay \| {{nowrap\\|Mixed relay}} \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| [2007 Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007 "Biathlon World Championships 2007") \| — \| Gold \| Gold \| 14th \| Gold \| — \| \| [2008 Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2008 "Biathlon World Championships 2008") \| — \| 17th \| 6th \| Gold \| Gold \| Gold \| \| [2009 Pyeongchang, South Korea](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009 "Biathlon World Championships 2009") \| — \| 8th \| 11th \| 7th \| Silver \| — \| \| [2010 Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2010 "Biathlon World Championships 2010") \| Not held in an Olympic season \| \| \| \| \| Gold \| \|[2011 Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 "Biathlon World Championships 2011") 5th \| Gold \| Silver \| Gold \| Gold \| Silver \| \| [2012 Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012 "Biathlon World Championships 2012") \| 23rd \| Gold \| Silver \| 10th \| Gold \| Bronze \| ### World Cup During her first World Cup season, Neuner only appeared in ten races, finishing 34th in the overall standings. In the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Biathlon_World_Cup "2006–07 Biathlon World Cup"), she became a regular in the German team and ended the season in fourth place. Neuner won the [Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup "Biathlon World Cup") for the first time in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup "2007–08 Biathlon World Cup"); she also won the sprint and mass start disciplines. She finished the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Biathlon_World_Cup "2008–09 Biathlon World Cup") fourth, winning the individual discipline that year. In the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup "2009–10 Biathlon World Cup"), Neuner won the overall World Cup for a second time; by winning the pursuit and mass start scores as well, she has claimed each World Cup title at least once. In [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup "2010–11 Biathlon World Cup"), she won the sprint discipline for a second time and finished fifth in the season ranking. In her final World Cup season in [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Biathlon_World_Cup "2011–12 Biathlon World Cup"), Neuner won her third Overall World Cup title, as well as the sprint discipline. \| Season \| Individual \| \| \| Sprint \| \| \| Pursuit \| \| \| Mass start \| \| \| Overall \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Races \| Points \| Position \| Races \| Points \| Position \| Races \| Points \| Position \| Races \| Points \| Position \| Races \| Points \| Position \| \| [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Biathlon_World_Cup "2005–06 Biathlon World Cup") \| 0/3 \| – \| – \| 4/10 \| 65 \| 33rd \| 4/8 \| 65 \| 30th \| 2/5 \| 34 \| 30th \| 10/26 \| 164 \| 34th \| \| [2006–07](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Biathlon_World_Cup "2006–07 Biathlon World Cup") \| 2/4 \| 34 \| 25th \| 10/10 \| 285 \| 4th \| 8/8 \| 283 \| 2nd \| 4/5 \| 114 \| 10th \| 24/27 \| 720 \| 4th \| \| [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup "2007–08 Biathlon World Cup") \| 2/3 \| 33 \| 20th \| 10/10 \| 326 \| 1st \| 8/8 \| 232 \| 5th \| 5/5 \| 186 \| 1st \| 25/26 \| 818 \| 1st \| \| [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Biathlon_World_Cup "2008–09 Biathlon World Cup") \| 3/4 \| 129 \| 1st \| 10/10 \| 358 \| 2nd \| 7/7 \| 231 \| 5th \| 5/5 \| 146 \| 8th \| 25/26 \| 891 \| 4th \| \| [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup "2009–10 Biathlon World Cup") \| 3/4 \| 114 \| 6th \| 8/10 \| 334 \| 2nd \| 6/6 \| 256 \| 1st \| 4/5 \| 216 \| 1st \| 21/25 \| 933 \| 1st \| \| [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup "2010–11 Biathlon World Cup") \| 3/4 \| 99 \| 14th \| 8/10 \| 404 \| 1st \| 5/7 \| 221 \| 6th \| 4/5 \| 228 \| 2nd \| 21/26 \| 952 \| 5th \| \| [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Biathlon_World_Cup "2011–12 Biathlon World Cup") \| 3/3 \| 114 \| 4th \| 10/10 \| 571 \| 1st \| 8/8 \| 372 \| 2nd 4/5 \| 177 \| 7th \| 25/26 \| 1216 \| 1st \| \Key:Races—number of entered races/all races; Points—won World Cup points; Position—World Cup season ranking.* \Statistics as of 18 March 2012\.'#### World Cup wins Over the course of seven seasons, Neuner has reached 34 personal World Cup wins. In the history of the [International Biathlon Union](/wiki/International_Biathlon_Union "International Biathlon Union") she is ranked second behind [Magdalena Forsberg](/wiki/Magdalena_Forsberg "Magdalena Forsberg") (42\), with [Uschi Disl](/wiki/Uschi_Disl "Uschi Disl") (30\) third, for all\-time career victories.International Biathlon Union. [Magdalena Forsberg](http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTSWE22507196701) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128042211/http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId\=BTSWE22507196701 \\|date\=28 November 2014 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.International Biathlon Union. [Uschi Disl](http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTGER21511197001). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. In addition, she has won nine relay races and three mixed relay events as part of the German World Cup team. Neuner has often started slowly at the beginning of a winter season and has claimed only three of her individual victories before Christmas. Consequently, 18 of her 47 wins came in the month of March. Geographically most of her wins occurred in [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") (10\), followed by [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") (6\) and [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") (6\). \| \| \+ Individual wins (34\) \| \| --- \| \| No. \| Date \| Location \| Discipline \| \| 1 \| 5 January 2007 \| [Oberhof](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany "Oberhof, Germany"), Germany \| Sprint \| \| 2 \| 3 March 2007 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") (WCH) \| Sprint \| \| 3 \| 4 March 2007 \| Antholz, Italy (WCH) \| Pursuit \| \| 4 \| 10 March 2007 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway "Oslo, Norway") \| Pursuit \| \| 5 \| 11 March 2007 \| Oslo, Norway \| Mass start \| \| 6 \| 15 March 2007 \| [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") \| Sprint \| \| 7 \| 17 March 2007 \| Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Pursuit \| \| 8 \| 6 January 2008 \| Oberhof, Germany \| Mass start \| \| 9 \| 16 February 2008 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund") (WCH) \| Mass start \| \| 10 \| 28 February 2008 \| [Pyeongchang, South Korea](/wiki/Pyeongchang_County "Pyeongchang County") \| Sprint \| \| 11 \| 6 March 2008 \| Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Sprint \| \| 12 \| 16 January 2009 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| Sprint \| \| 13 \| 18 January 2009 \| Ruhpolding, Germany \| Pursuit \| \| 14 \| 28 March 2009 \| Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Pursuit \| \| 15 \| 20 January 2010 \| Antholz, Italy \| Individual \| \| 16 \| 22 January 2010 \| Antholz, Italy \| Sprint \| \| 17 \| 17 February 2010 \| [Vancouver, Canada](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") (OG) \| Pursuit \| \| 18 \| 21 February 2010 \| Vancouver, Canada (OG) \| Mass start \| \| 19 \| 27 March 2010 \| Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Mass start \| \| 20 \| 18 December 2010 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka") \| Sprint \| \| 21 \| 13 February 2011 \| [Fort Kent, United States](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine "Fort Kent, Maine") \| Mass start \| \| 22 \| 5 March 2011 \| Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia (WCH) \| Sprint \| \| 23 \| 12 March 2011 \| Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia (WCH) \| Mass start \| \| 24 \| 17 March 2011 \| Oslo, Norway \| Sprint \| \| 25 \| 3 December 2011 \| Östersund, Sweden \| Sprint \| \| 26 \| 9 December 2011 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| Sprint \| \| 27 \| 6 January 2012 \| Oberhof, Germany \| Sprint \| \| 28 \| 8 January 2012 \| Oberhof, Germany \| Mass start \| \| 29 \| 19 January 2012 \| Antholz, Italy \| Sprint \| \| 30 \| 2 February 2012 \| Oslo, Norway \| Sprint \| \| 31 \| 4 February 2012 \| Oslo, Norway \| Pursuit \| \| 32 \| 11 February 2012 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti "Kontiolahti") \| Sprint \| \| 33 \| 3 March 2012 \| Ruhpolding, Germany (WCH) \| Sprint \| \| 34 \| 16 March 2012 \| Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Sprint \| \| \| \+ Relay wins (13\) \| \| --- \| \| No. \| Date \| Location \| Discipline \| \| 1 \| 11 February 2007 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz "Rasen-Antholz") (WCH) \| Relay \| \| 2 \| 16 December 2007 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka "Pokljuka") \| Relay \| \| 3 \| 9 January 2008 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| Relay \| \| 4 \| 12 February 2008 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund "Östersund") (WCH) \| Mixed relay \| \| 5 \| 17 February 2008 \| Östersund, Sweden (WCH) \| Relay \| \| 6 \| 21 December 2008 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen "Hochfilzen") \| Relay \| \| 7 \| 14 January 2009 \| Ruhpolding, Germany \| Relay \| \| 8 \| 14 March 2009 \| [Vancouver, Canada](/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver") \| Relay \| \| 9 \| 28 March 2010 \| [Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk "Khanty-Mansiysk") (WCH) \| Mixed relay \| \| 10 \| 11 December 2010 \| Hochfilzen, Austria \| Relay \| \| 11 \| 5 February 2011 \| [Presque Isle, United States](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine "Presque Isle, Maine") \| Mixed relay \| \| 12 \| 13 March 2011 \| Khanty\-Mansiysk, Russia (WCH) \| Relay \| \| 13 \| 10 March 2012 \| Ruhpolding, Germany (WCH) \| Relay \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \Key:WCH—World Championships; OG—Olympic Games. Statistics as of 18 March 2012\. ### Overall record During her seven season on the World Cup tour, Neuner had competed in a total of 175 races, winning 47 of them (a 26\.86 win percentage). She has claimed at least one win in each discipline of biathlon and has scored World Cup points in all but three of her races.{{ref label\\|WCH\\|note b\\|g}} Neuner has reached a total of 82 World Cup podiums (63 in individual races and 19 in team events). In addition, she has achieved 137 top ten finishes—78\.29 per cent of all the races she has entered. \| Result \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \| Total \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1st Place \| 1 \| 18 \| 7 \| 8 \| 10 \| 3 \| 47 \| \| 2nd Place \| – \| 3 \| 6 \| 1 \| 3 \| 2 \| 16 \| \| 3rd Place \| 3 \| 9 \| 3 \| 3 \| – \| 1 \| 19 \| \| Top 10 \| 11 \| 45 \| 33 \| 24 \| 18 \| 6 \| 137 \| \| Points \| 15 \| 59 \| 45 \| 29 \| 18 \| 6 \| 172 \| \| Other \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| – \| – \| – \| 3 \| \| Starts \| 16 \| 60 \| 46 \| 29 \| 18 \| 6 \| 175 \| \Results in all IBU World Cup races including relay events. Statistics as of 18 March 2012\.* ### Junior/Youth World Championships Neuner has won seven gold and four silver medals at the Biathlon Junior/Youth World Championships. With the exception of the individual discipline, she has won a medal in every race she entered. In 2004, at her first junior world championships in [Haute Maurienne](/wiki/Maurienne "Maurienne"), France, Neuner won two titles (sprint and relay). One year later, she claimed gold in the sprint race in [Kontiolahti](/wiki/Kontiolahti "Kontiolahti"), Finland, and in 2006, she again won two titles (pursuit and relay) in [Presque Isle, Maine](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine "Presque Isle, Maine"), United States. Neuner did not participate in the 2007 event. She returned to the junior world championships in 2008 when they were held in [Ruhpolding](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding"), Germany, winning two more gold medals (sprint and pursuit). \| Event \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Relay \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2004 [Haute Maurienne, France](/wiki/Maurienne "Maurienne") \| — \| Gold \| Silver \| Gold \| \| [2005 Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Biathlon_Junior_World_Championships_2005 "Biathlon Junior World Championships 2005") \| 4th \| Gold \| Silver \| Silver \| \| 2006 [Presque Isle, United States](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine "Presque Isle, Maine") \| 7th \| Silver \| Gold \| Gold \| \| 2008 [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding "Ruhpolding") \| — \| Gold \| Gold \| — \| Achievements and honours ------------------------ {{multiple image \\| align \= right \\| footer \= Several of Neuner's trophies on temporary display at \[\[Wallgau]]'s town hall (from left to right): 2007 German Sportswoman of the Year award, 2007–08 and 2009–10 Overall World Cup crystal globes, 2011 World Championships sprint gold medal \\| image1 \= Neuner Sportswoman of the Year Award 2007\.jpg \\| width1 \={{\#expr: (200 \* 1450 / 3100\) round 0}} \\| alt1 \= A shiny golden statue, which is shaped abstractly in human form, is pictured in front of a blue background. \\| image2 \= Neuner Overall World Cup Trophies.jpg \\| width2 \={{\#expr: (200 \* 2592 / 3456\) round 0}} \\| alt2 \= Two identical trophies, glass columns with globes on top, the left one closer to the camera, are pictured in front of a blue background. \\| image3 \= Neuner Gold Medal Sprint 2011\.jpg \\| width3 \= {{\#expr: (200 \* 2592 / 3456\) round 0}} \\| alt3 \= A golden medal is pictured in front of a grey background. The medal has a multi\-colored ribbon on it. }} International titlesWinter Olympic Games – 2 gold medals 2010: Pursuit, Mass start Overall [Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup "Biathlon World Cup") winner – 2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–2012 Individual World Cup winner – 2008–09 Sprint World Cup winner – 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–2012 Pursuit World Cup winner – 2009–10 Mass start World Cup winner – 2007–08, 2009–10 [Biathlon World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships "Biathlon World Championships") – 12 gold medals 2007: Sprint, Pursuit, Relay 2008: Mass start, Relay, Mixed relay 2010: Mixed Relay 2011: Sprint, Mass start, Relay 2012: Sprint, Relay Biathlon Junior/Youth World Championships – 7 gold medalsAwards*[German Sportswoman of the Year](/wiki/German_Sportspersonality_of_the_year "German Sportspersonality of the year") – 2007,Sportlerin des Jahres. [Sportler des Jahres: Sportlerinnen des Jahres seit 1947](http://www.sportler-des-jahres.de/2-wahl/sportlerinnen-des-jahres-seit-1947) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220062339/http://www.sportler\-des\-jahres.de/2\-wahl/sportlerinnen\-des\-jahres\-seit\-1947 \\|date\=20 December 2014 }}. Sportler\-des\-Jahres.de. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} 2011{{cite web \\|url\=http://www.dw\-world.de/dw/article/0,,15611888,00\.html \\|title\=Nowitzki, Neuner named Germany's athletes of the year \\|date\=19 December 2011 \\|publisher\=Dw\-world.de \\|access\-date\=19 December 2011}}{{cite web \\|url\=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/sportler\-des\-jahres\-2011\-neuner\-nowitzki\-dortmund\-11570421\.html \\|title\=Neuner, Nowitzki, Dortmund \\|date\=18 December 2011 \\|work\=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung \\|language\=de \\|access\-date\=19 December 2011}} Biathlon Award for Female Newcomer of the Year – 2007Franke, Viktoria. [Biathlon\-Award 2008: Sieger stehen bereits fest](http://www.biathlon-online.de/specials-und-interviews-218/biathlon-saison-205/weltcup-in-oberhof-206/3038/). Biathlon\-online.de. 12 December 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Biathlon Award for Female Athlete of the Year – 2007, 2008 Goldener Ski of the [DSV](/wiki/German_Ski_Association "German Ski Association") – 2007, 2008, 2010Deutscher Skiverband. [Magdalena Neuner](http://www.deutscherskiverband.de/detail_athleten_de,1073,165882,liste.html?filter_athleten_betreuer_disziplinen=1069). Ski\-online.de. 21 October 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Biathlete of the Year of the Forum Nordicum – 2008, 2010Deutsche Presse\-Agentur. [Neuner Biathletin des Jahres – Ammann Ski\-König](http://www.ftd.de/sport/nachrichten/wintersport/biathlon/:neuner-biathletin-des-jahres-ammann-ski-koenig/50103180.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402180436/http://www.ftd.de/sport/nachrichten/wintersport/biathlon/:neuner\-biathletin\-des\-jahres\-ammann\-ski\-koenig/50103180\.html \\|date\=2 April 2012 }}. Financial Times Deutschland. 20 April 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} [Silbernes Lorbeerblatt](/wiki/Silbernes_Lorbeerblatt "Silbernes Lorbeerblatt") – 2010Deutsche Presse\-Agentur. [Olympioniken erhalten höchste Ehrung](http://www.fr-online.de/sport/olympioniken-erhalten-hoechste-ehrung/-/1472784/2715472/-/index.html). Frankfurter Rundschau. 30 April 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}}Notes ----- {{refbegin}} a. {{note label\\|skiing\\|a\\|a}}{{note label\\|skiing\\|f\\|f}}Course times are a measure for a biathlete's skiing performance. They indicate the net skiing time (sum of all lap times), excluding time spent at the shooting range, in the penalty loop or time penalties (individual discipline only).International Biathlon Union. [IBU Event and Competition Rules](http://www.biathlonworld.com/media/download/Handbook_event_and_competition_rules.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184852/http://www.biathlonworld.com/media/download/Handbook\_event\_and\_competition\_rules.pdf \\|date\=23 September 2015 }}. Biathlonworld. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.b. {{note label\\|WCH\\|b\\|b}}{{note label\\|WCH\\|g\\|g}}World Championship and Olympic results are included in Biathlon World Cup scores; gold medals are recognised as World Cup wins.c. {{note label\\|winner\\|c\\|c}}Jirina Pelcová was six months younger when she won the Overall World Cup in 1990 still under the UIPMB, not recognised by the IBU.International Biathlon Union. [Jirina Pelcova](http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTCZE22211196901). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.{{refend}} References ---------- {{reflist\\|colwidth\=30em}} Further reading --------------- EnglishKlein, Tom \& Palme, Jürgen. [Interview with Magdalena Neuner](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805174406/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=27). Biathlonworld. 16 March 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Klein, Tom. [Magdalena Neuner wins overall World Cup at age 21](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805174428/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=29). Biathlonworld. 16 March 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Palme, Jürgen. ["We're pretty drained anyways" – Interview with Magdalena Neuner](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805180609/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=328). Biathlonworld. 21 January 2009\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Agence France\-Press. [Biathlon: Vancouver 2010 ones to watch – Magdalena Neuner](https://web.archive.org/web/20110706191453/http://2010.olympicsinfo.ca/biathlon-vancouver-2010-ones-to-watch-magdalena-neuner). Olympicsinfo.ca. 24 January 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. The New York Times Company. [Magdalena Neuner – Athlete Biography](http://2010games.nytimes.com/athletes/magdalena-neuner-deu.html). NYTimes.com. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. Futterman, Matthew. [The Skier Who Can't Shoot Straight](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704431404575067551470214036?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines). Wall Street Journal. 16 February 2010\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\.German''' Blume, Klaus. [Fräulein Neuner und das erstaunliche Gespür für Schnee](http://www.kicker.de/mehrsport/startseite/artikel/358710). kicker online. 7 December 2006\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Zeilmann, Kathrin. [Magdalena Neuner. Ein strickender Winterstar](http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon/magdalena-neuner_aid_227576.html). Focus Online. 29 November 2007\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Wiedemann, Roland. [Magdalena Neuner, Biathlon\-Star und Profi\-Strickerin](http://www.spiegel.de/schulspiegel/leben/0,1518,519086,00.html). Spiegel Online. 30 November 2007\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Wolfsgruber, Axel. [„Wie eine echte Königin“](http://www.focus.de/sport/mehrsport/biathlon-wie-eine-echte-koenigin_aid_228104.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326033902/http://www.focus.de/sport/mehrsport/biathlon\-wie\-eine\-echte\-koenigin\_aid\_228104\.html \\|date\=26 March 2012 }}. + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - Focus. 49/2007\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Stracke, Peter. [Magdalena Neuner im Porträt](http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/magdalena-neuner-im-portraet-juengste-dreifach-weltmeisterin-im-biathlon-1.339063). sueddeutsche.de. 22 December 2007\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Bellstedt, Klaus. [Powerfrau mit Zitterarm](http://www.stern.de/sport/sportwelt/biathlon-starlet-neuner-powerfrau-mit-zitterarm-610350.html?id=610350&coldark=%23F58C02&l1name=Sport). stern.de. 8 February 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Hacke, Detlef. [Lenas heile Welt](http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-55668219.html). * + - Der Spiegel. 6/2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Dunker, Robert. [Magdalena Neuner ist der Liebling der Sponsoren](https://www.welt.de/sport/article1810302/Magdalena_Neuner_ist_der_Liebling_der_Sponsoren.html). WELT Online. 17 March 2008\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}} Kreisl, Volker. [Suche nach dem Nichts](http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/biathlon-magdalena-neuner-suche-nach-dem-nichts-1.134438). + Süddeutsche Zeitung''. 11 December 2009\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\. {{in lang\\|de}}	[ "Record\n------", "### Olympic Games", "[thumb\\\|upright\\\|alt\\=A woman, wearing a predominately yellow and pink jacket and a black cap, stands in front of a blue background, looking to the right. She hold flowers in her hands and has a gold medal around her neck. \\\|Neuner accepting her Olympic gold medal for the [pursuit race](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's pursuit\")](/wiki/File:Neuner-Vancouver-MedalCeremony-cropped.jpg \"Neuner-Vancouver-MedalCeremony-cropped.jpg\")", "Neuner has won two gold medals and one silver medal at the Winter Olympic Games. At her only appearance at the [2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics \"2010 Winter Olympics\") in [Vancouver](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\"), Canada, she won gold in the [pursuit](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_pursuit \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's pursuit\") and the [mass start event](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_mass_start \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's mass start\"). She also claimed silver in the opening [sprint](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics%C2%A0%E2%80%93_Women%27s_sprint \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women's sprint\"). After winning three medals, she decided not to participate in the concluding relay race.", "", "\| Event \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| {{nowrap\\\|Mass start}} \| Relay \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| [2010 Winter Olympics, Vancouver](/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics \"Biathlon at the 2010 Winter Olympics\") \| 10th \| Silver \| Gold \| Gold \| — \|", "### World championships", "Neuner is the most successful female biathlete in the history of [Biathlon World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships \"Biathlon World Championships\").Clarey, Christopher. [No Shortage of Winter Winners](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/sports/26iht-WINTER26.html?pagewanted=all). The New York Times. 25 March 2011\\. Retrieved 19 August 2011\\. She has won seventeen medals, twelve gold, four silver and one bronze. At her debut during the [2007 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007 \"Biathlon World Championships 2007\") in [Antholz](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\"), Italy, Neuner won three titles (sprint, pursuit and relay). One year later at the [2008 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2008 \"Biathlon World Championships 2008\") in [Östersund](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\"), Sweden, she again claimed three gold medals, winning the mass start, relay and mixed relay events. Neuner did not win a title at the [2009 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009 \"Biathlon World Championships 2009\") in [Pyeongchang](/wiki/Pyeongchang \"Pyeongchang\"), South Korea; her best result was the silver medal in the relay event. She won her second mixed relay gold in [Khanty\\-Mansiysk](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\"), Russia, in 2010\\. At the [2011 World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 \"Biathlon World Championships 2011\"), she won three more titles (sprint, mass start, relay) and two silver medals (pursuit and mixed relay). At her [final championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012 \"Biathlon World Championships 2012\") in 2012, Neuner won her world titles eleven (sprint) and twelve (relay), as well as her fourth silver (pursuit) and her first bronze medal (mixed relay).", "", "\| Event \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| {{nowrap\\\|Mass start}} \| Relay \| {{nowrap\\\|Mixed relay}} \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| [2007 Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007 \"Biathlon World Championships 2007\") \| — \| Gold \| Gold \| 14th \| Gold \| — \|\n\| [2008 Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2008 \"Biathlon World Championships 2008\") \| — \| 17th \| 6th \| Gold \| Gold \| Gold \|\n\| [2009 Pyeongchang, South Korea](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2009 \"Biathlon World Championships 2009\") \| — \| 8th \| 11th \| 7th \| Silver \| — \|\n\| [2010 Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2010 \"Biathlon World Championships 2010\") \| Not held in an Olympic season \| \| \| \| \| Gold \|\n\|[2011 Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2011 \"Biathlon World Championships 2011\")", "5th \|\n Gold \|\n Silver \|\n Gold \|\n Gold \|\n Silver \|\n\| [2012 Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2012 \"Biathlon World Championships 2012\") \| 23rd \| Gold \| Silver \| 10th \| Gold \| Bronze \|", "### World Cup", "During her first World Cup season, Neuner only appeared in ten races, finishing 34th in the overall standings. In the [2006–07 season](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2006–07 Biathlon World Cup\"), she became a regular in the German team and ended the season in fourth place. Neuner won the [Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup \"Biathlon World Cup\") for the first time in [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2007–08 Biathlon World Cup\"); she also won the sprint and mass start disciplines. She finished the [2008–09 season](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2008–09 Biathlon World Cup\") fourth, winning the individual discipline that year. In the [2009–10 season](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2009–10 Biathlon World Cup\"), Neuner won the overall World Cup for a second time; by winning the pursuit and mass start scores as well, she has claimed each World Cup title at least once. In [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2010–11 Biathlon World Cup\"), she won the sprint discipline for a second time and finished fifth in the season ranking. In her final World Cup season in [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2011–12 Biathlon World Cup\"), Neuner won her third Overall World Cup title, as well as the sprint discipline.", "", "\| Season \| Individual \| \| \| Sprint \| \| \| Pursuit \| \| \| Mass start \| \| \| Overall \| \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| Races \| Points \| Position \| Races \| Points \| Position \| Races \| Points \| Position \| Races \| Points \| Position \| Races \| Points \| Position \|\n\| [2005–06](/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2005–06 Biathlon World Cup\") \| 0/3 \| – \| – \| 4/10 \| 65 \| 33rd \| 4/8 \| 65 \| 30th \| 2/5 \| 34 \| 30th \| 10/26 \| 164 \| 34th \|\n\| [2006–07](/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2006–07 Biathlon World Cup\") \| 2/4 \| 34 \| 25th \| 10/10 \| 285 \| 4th \| 8/8 \| 283 \| 2nd \| 4/5 \| 114 \| 10th \| 24/27 \| 720 \| 4th \|\n\| [2007–08](/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2007–08 Biathlon World Cup\") \| 2/3 \| 33 \| 20th \| 10/10 \| 326 \| 1st \| 8/8 \| 232 \| 5th \| 5/5 \| 186 \| 1st \| 25/26 \| 818 \| 1st \|\n\| [2008–09](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2008–09 Biathlon World Cup\") \| 3/4 \| 129 \| 1st \| 10/10 \| 358 \| 2nd \| 7/7 \| 231 \| 5th \| 5/5 \| 146 \| 8th \| 25/26 \| 891 \| 4th \|\n\| [2009–10](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2009–10 Biathlon World Cup\") \| 3/4 \| 114 \| 6th \| 8/10 \| 334 \| 2nd \| 6/6 \| 256 \| 1st \| 4/5 \| 216 \| 1st \| 21/25 \| 933 \| 1st \|\n\| [2010–11](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2010–11 Biathlon World Cup\") \| 3/4 \| 99 \| 14th \| 8/10 \| 404 \| 1st \| 5/7 \| 221 \| 6th \| 4/5 \| 228 \| 2nd \| 21/26 \| 952 \| 5th \|\n\| [2011–12](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Biathlon_World_Cup \"2011–12 Biathlon World Cup\") \| 3/3 \| 114 \| 4th \| 10/10 \| 571 \| 1st \| 8/8 \| 372 \| 2nd 4/5 \| 177 \| 7th \| 25/26 \| 1216 \| 1st \|", "\\Key:Races—number of entered races/all races; Points—won World Cup points; Position—World Cup season ranking.\n\\Statistics as of 18 March 2012\\.'#### World Cup wins", "Over the course of seven seasons, Neuner has reached 34 personal World Cup wins. In the history of the [International Biathlon Union](/wiki/International_Biathlon_Union \"International Biathlon Union\") she is ranked second behind [Magdalena Forsberg](/wiki/Magdalena_Forsberg \"Magdalena Forsberg\") (42\\), with [Uschi Disl](/wiki/Uschi_Disl \"Uschi Disl\") (30\\) third, for all\\-time career victories.International Biathlon Union. [Magdalena Forsberg](http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTSWE22507196701) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128042211/http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId\\=BTSWE22507196701 \\\|date\\=28 November 2014 }}. IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.International Biathlon Union. [Uschi Disl](http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTGER21511197001). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. In addition, she has won nine relay races and three mixed relay events as part of the German World Cup team. Neuner has often started slowly at the beginning of a winter season and has claimed only three of her individual victories before Christmas. Consequently, 18 of her 47 wins came in the month of March. Geographically most of her wins occurred in [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") (10\\), followed by [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") (6\\) and [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") (6\\).", "\| \| \\+ Individual wins (34\\) \| \| --- \| \| No. \| Date \| Location \| Discipline \| \| 1 \| 5 January 2007 \| [Oberhof](/wiki/Oberhof%2C_Germany \"Oberhof, Germany\"), Germany \| Sprint \| \| 2 \| 3 March 2007 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") (WCH) \| Sprint \| \| 3 \| 4 March 2007 \| Antholz, Italy (WCH) \| Pursuit \| \| 4 \| 10 March 2007 \| [Oslo, Norway](/wiki/Oslo%2C_Norway \"Oslo, Norway\") \| Pursuit \| \| 5 \| 11 March 2007 \| Oslo, Norway \| Mass start \| \| 6 \| 15 March 2007 \| [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") \| Sprint \| \| 7 \| 17 March 2007 \| Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Pursuit \| \| 8 \| 6 January 2008 \| Oberhof, Germany \| Mass start \| \| 9 \| 16 February 2008 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\") (WCH) \| Mass start \| \| 10 \| 28 February 2008 \| [Pyeongchang, South Korea](/wiki/Pyeongchang_County \"Pyeongchang County\") \| Sprint \| \| 11 \| 6 March 2008 \| Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Sprint \| \| 12 \| 16 January 2009 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| Sprint \| \| 13 \| 18 January 2009 \| Ruhpolding, Germany \| Pursuit \| \| 14 \| 28 March 2009 \| Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Pursuit \| \| 15 \| 20 January 2010 \| Antholz, Italy \| Individual \| \| 16 \| 22 January 2010 \| Antholz, Italy \| Sprint \| \| 17 \| 17 February 2010 \| [Vancouver, Canada](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\") (OG) \| Pursuit \| \| 18 \| 21 February 2010 \| Vancouver, Canada (OG) \| Mass start \| \| 19 \| 27 March 2010 \| Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Mass start \| \| 20 \| 18 December 2010 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\") \| Sprint \| \| 21 \| 13 February 2011 \| [Fort Kent, United States](/wiki/Fort_Kent%2C_Maine \"Fort Kent, Maine\") \| Mass start \| \| 22 \| 5 March 2011 \| Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia (WCH) \| Sprint \| \| 23 \| 12 March 2011 \| Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia (WCH) \| Mass start \| \| 24 \| 17 March 2011 \| Oslo, Norway \| Sprint \| \| 25 \| 3 December 2011 \| Östersund, Sweden \| Sprint \| \| 26 \| 9 December 2011 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| Sprint \| \| 27 \| 6 January 2012 \| Oberhof, Germany \| Sprint \| \| 28 \| 8 January 2012 \| Oberhof, Germany \| Mass start \| \| 29 \| 19 January 2012 \| Antholz, Italy \| Sprint \| \| 30 \| 2 February 2012 \| Oslo, Norway \| Sprint \| \| 31 \| 4 February 2012 \| Oslo, Norway \| Pursuit \| \| 32 \| 11 February 2012 \| [Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Kontiolahti \"Kontiolahti\") \| Sprint \| \| 33 \| 3 March 2012 \| Ruhpolding, Germany (WCH) \| Sprint \| \| 34 \| 16 March 2012 \| Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia \| Sprint \| \| \| \\+ Relay wins (13\\) \| \| --- \| \| No. \| Date \| Location \| Discipline \| \| 1 \| 11 February 2007 \| [Antholz, Italy](/wiki/Rasen-Antholz \"Rasen-Antholz\") (WCH) \| Relay \| \| 2 \| 16 December 2007 \| [Pokljuka, Slovenia](/wiki/Pokljuka \"Pokljuka\") \| Relay \| \| 3 \| 9 January 2008 \| [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| Relay \| \| 4 \| 12 February 2008 \| [Östersund, Sweden](/wiki/%C3%96stersund \"Östersund\") (WCH) \| Mixed relay \| \| 5 \| 17 February 2008 \| Östersund, Sweden (WCH) \| Relay \| \| 6 \| 21 December 2008 \| [Hochfilzen, Austria](/wiki/Hochfilzen \"Hochfilzen\") \| Relay \| \| 7 \| 14 January 2009 \| Ruhpolding, Germany \| Relay \| \| 8 \| 14 March 2009 \| [Vancouver, Canada](/wiki/Vancouver \"Vancouver\") \| Relay \| \| 9 \| 28 March 2010 \| [Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia](/wiki/Khanty-Mansiysk \"Khanty-Mansiysk\") (WCH) \| Mixed relay \| \| 10 \| 11 December 2010 \| Hochfilzen, Austria \| Relay \| \| 11 \| 5 February 2011 \| [Presque Isle, United States](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine \"Presque Isle, Maine\") \| Mixed relay \| \| 12 \| 13 March 2011 \| Khanty\\-Mansiysk, Russia (WCH) \| Relay \| \| 13 \| 10 March 2012 \| Ruhpolding, Germany (WCH) \| Relay \| \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|", "\\Key:WCH—World Championships; OG—Olympic Games. Statistics as of 18 March 2012\\.\n### Overall record", "During her seven season on the World Cup tour, Neuner had competed in a total of 175 races, winning 47 of them (a 26\\.86 win percentage). She has claimed at least one win in each discipline of biathlon and has scored World Cup points in all but three of her races.{{ref label\\\|WCH\\\|note b\\\|g}} Neuner has reached a total of 82 World Cup podiums (63 in individual races and 19 in team events). In addition, she has achieved 137 top ten finishes—78\\.29 per cent of all the races she has entered.", "\| Result \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Mass start \| Relay \| Mixed relay \| Total \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| 1st Place \| 1 \| 18 \| 7 \| 8 \| 10 \| 3 \| 47* \|\n\| 2nd Place \| – \| 3 \| 6 \| 1 \| 3 \| 2 \| 16 \|\n\| 3rd Place \| 3 \| 9 \| 3 \| 3 \| – \| 1 \| 19 \|\n\| Top 10 \| 11 \| 45 \| 33 \| 24 \| 18 \| 6 \| 137 \|\n\| Points \| 15 \| 59 \| 45 \| 29 \| 18 \| 6 \| 172 \|\n\| Other \| 1 \| 1 \| 1 \| – \| – \| – \| 3 \|\n\| Starts \| 16 \| 60 \| 46 \| 29 \| 18 \| 6 \| 175 \|", "\\Results in all IBU World Cup races including relay events. Statistics as of 18 March 2012\\.\n### Junior/Youth World Championships", "Neuner has won seven gold and four silver medals at the Biathlon Junior/Youth World Championships. With the exception of the individual discipline, she has won a medal in every race she entered. In 2004, at her first junior world championships in [Haute Maurienne](/wiki/Maurienne \"Maurienne\"), France, Neuner won two titles (sprint and relay). One year later, she claimed gold in the sprint race in [Kontiolahti](/wiki/Kontiolahti \"Kontiolahti\"), Finland, and in 2006, she again won two titles (pursuit and relay) in [Presque Isle, Maine](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine \"Presque Isle, Maine\"), United States. Neuner did not participate in the 2007 event. She returned to the junior world championships in 2008 when they were held in [Ruhpolding](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\"), Germany, winning two more gold medals (sprint and pursuit).", "\| Event \| Individual \| Sprint \| Pursuit \| Relay \|\n\| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \|\n\| 2004 [Haute Maurienne, France](/wiki/Maurienne \"Maurienne\") \| — \| Gold* \| Silver \| Gold \|\n\| [2005 Kontiolahti, Finland](/wiki/Biathlon_Junior_World_Championships_2005 \"Biathlon Junior World Championships 2005\") \| 4th \| Gold \| Silver \| Silver \|\n\| 2006 [Presque Isle, United States](/wiki/Presque_Isle%2C_Maine \"Presque Isle, Maine\") \| 7th \| Silver \| Gold \| Gold \|\n\| 2008 [Ruhpolding, Germany](/wiki/Ruhpolding \"Ruhpolding\") \| — \| Gold \| Gold \| — \|", "Achievements and honours\n------------------------", "{{multiple image\n \\\| align \\= right\n \\\| footer \\= Several of Neuner's trophies on temporary display at \\[\\[Wallgau]]'s town hall (from left to right): 2007 German Sportswoman of the Year award, 2007–08 and 2009–10 Overall World Cup crystal globes, 2011 World Championships sprint gold medal\n \\\| image1 \\= Neuner Sportswoman of the Year Award 2007\\.jpg\n \\\| width1 \\={{\\#expr: (200 \\* 1450 / 3100\\) round 0}}\n \\\| alt1 \\= A shiny golden statue, which is shaped abstractly in human form, is pictured in front of a blue background.\n \\\| image2 \\= Neuner Overall World Cup Trophies.jpg\n \\\| width2 \\={{\\#expr: (200 \\* 2592 / 3456\\) round 0}}\n \\\| alt2 \\= Two identical trophies, glass columns with globes on top, the left one closer to the camera, are pictured in front of a blue background.\n \\\| image3 \\= Neuner Gold Medal Sprint 2011\\.jpg\n \\\| width3 \\= {{\\#expr: (200 \\* 2592 / 3456\\) round 0}}\n \\\| alt3 \\= A golden medal is pictured in front of a grey background. The medal has a multi\\-colored ribbon on it.\n}}\nInternational titlesWinter Olympic Games – 2 gold medals\n 2010: Pursuit, Mass start\n Overall [Biathlon World Cup](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup \"Biathlon World Cup\") winner – 2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–2012\n Individual World Cup winner – 2008–09\n Sprint World Cup winner – 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–2012\n Pursuit World Cup winner – 2009–10\n Mass start World Cup winner – 2007–08, 2009–10\n[Biathlon World Championships](/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships \"Biathlon World Championships\") – 12 gold medals\n 2007: Sprint, Pursuit, Relay\n 2008: Mass start, Relay, Mixed relay\n 2010: Mixed Relay\n 2011: Sprint, Mass start, Relay\n 2012: Sprint, Relay\n Biathlon Junior/Youth World Championships – 7 gold medalsAwards*[German Sportswoman of the Year](/wiki/German_Sportspersonality_of_the_year \"German Sportspersonality of the year\") – 2007,Sportlerin des Jahres. [Sportler des Jahres: Sportlerinnen des Jahres seit 1947](http://www.sportler-des-jahres.de/2-wahl/sportlerinnen-des-jahres-seit-1947) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220062339/http://www.sportler\\-des\\-jahres.de/2\\-wahl/sportlerinnen\\-des\\-jahres\\-seit\\-1947 \\\|date\\=20 December 2014 }}. Sportler\\-des\\-Jahres.de. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} 2011{{cite web \\\|url\\=http://www.dw\\-world.de/dw/article/0,,15611888,00\\.html \\\|title\\=Nowitzki, Neuner named Germany's athletes of the year \\\|date\\=19 December 2011 \\\|publisher\\=Dw\\-world.de \\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2011}}{{cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/sportler\\-des\\-jahres\\-2011\\-neuner\\-nowitzki\\-dortmund\\-11570421\\.html \\\|title\\=Neuner, Nowitzki, Dortmund \\\|date\\=18 December 2011 \\\|work\\=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung \\\|language\\=de \\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2011}}\n Biathlon Award for Female Newcomer of the Year – 2007Franke, Viktoria. [Biathlon\\-Award 2008: Sieger stehen bereits fest](http://www.biathlon-online.de/specials-und-interviews-218/biathlon-saison-205/weltcup-in-oberhof-206/3038/). Biathlon\\-online.de. 12 December 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n Biathlon Award for Female Athlete of the Year – 2007, 2008\n Goldener Ski of the [DSV](/wiki/German_Ski_Association \"German Ski Association\") – 2007, 2008, 2010Deutscher Skiverband. [Magdalena Neuner](http://www.deutscherskiverband.de/detail_athleten_de,1073,165882,liste.html?filter_athleten_betreuer_disziplinen=1069). Ski\\-online.de. 21 October 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n Biathlete of the Year of the Forum Nordicum – 2008, 2010Deutsche Presse\\-Agentur. [Neuner Biathletin des Jahres – Ammann Ski\\-König](http://www.ftd.de/sport/nachrichten/wintersport/biathlon/:neuner-biathletin-des-jahres-ammann-ski-koenig/50103180.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402180436/http://www.ftd.de/sport/nachrichten/wintersport/biathlon/:neuner\\-biathletin\\-des\\-jahres\\-ammann\\-ski\\-koenig/50103180\\.html \\\|date\\=2 April 2012 }}. Financial Times Deutschland. 20 April 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n[Silbernes Lorbeerblatt](/wiki/Silbernes_Lorbeerblatt \"Silbernes Lorbeerblatt\") – 2010Deutsche Presse\\-Agentur. [Olympioniken erhalten höchste Ehrung](http://www.fr-online.de/sport/olympioniken-erhalten-hoechste-ehrung/-/1472784/2715472/-/index.html). Frankfurter Rundschau. 30 April 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}Notes\n-----", "{{refbegin}}\na. {{note label\\\|skiing\\\|a\\\|a}}{{note label\\\|skiing\\\|f\\\|f}}Course times are a measure for a biathlete's skiing performance. They indicate the net skiing time (sum of all lap times), excluding time spent at the shooting range, in the penalty loop or time penalties (individual discipline only).International Biathlon Union. [IBU Event and Competition Rules](http://www.biathlonworld.com/media/download/Handbook_event_and_competition_rules.pdf) {{webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184852/http://www.biathlonworld.com/media/download/Handbook\\_event\\_and\\_competition\\_rules.pdf \\\|date\\=23 September 2015 }}. Biathlonworld. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.b. {{note label\\\|WCH\\\|b\\\|b}}{{note label\\\|WCH\\\|g\\\|g}}World Championship and Olympic results are included in Biathlon World Cup scores; gold medals are recognised as World Cup wins.c. {{note label\\\|winner\\\|c\\\|c}}Jirina Pelcová was six months younger when she won the Overall World Cup in 1990 still under the UIPMB, not recognised by the IBU.International Biathlon Union. [Jirina Pelcova](http://services.biathlonresults.com/athletes.aspx?IbuId=BTCZE22211196901). IBU Datacenter. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.{{refend}}\nReferences\n----------", "{{reflist\\\|colwidth\\=30em}}\nFurther reading\n---------------", "EnglishKlein, Tom \\& Palme, Jürgen. [Interview with Magdalena Neuner](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805174406/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=27). Biathlonworld. 16 March 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.\nKlein, Tom. [Magdalena Neuner wins overall World Cup at age 21](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805174428/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=29). Biathlonworld. 16 March 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.\nPalme, Jürgen. [\"We're pretty drained anyways\" – Interview with Magdalena Neuner](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805180609/http://www.biathlonworld.com/en/press_releases.html/do/detail?presse=328). Biathlonworld. 21 January 2009\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.\nAgence France\\-Press. [Biathlon: Vancouver 2010 ones to watch – Magdalena Neuner](https://web.archive.org/web/20110706191453/http://2010.olympicsinfo.ca/biathlon-vancouver-2010-ones-to-watch-magdalena-neuner). Olympicsinfo.ca. 24 January 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.\nThe New York Times Company. [Magdalena Neuner – Athlete Biography](http://2010games.nytimes.com/athletes/magdalena-neuner-deu.html). NYTimes.com. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.\nFutterman, Matthew. [The Skier Who Can't Shoot Straight](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704431404575067551470214036?mod=WSJ_latestheadlines). Wall Street Journal. 16 February 2010\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\.German'''\n Blume, Klaus. [Fräulein Neuner und das erstaunliche Gespür für Schnee](http://www.kicker.de/mehrsport/startseite/artikel/358710). kicker online. 7 December 2006\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n Zeilmann, Kathrin. [Magdalena Neuner. Ein strickender Winterstar](http://www.focus.de/sport/wintersport/biathlon/magdalena-neuner_aid_227576.html). Focus Online. 29 November 2007\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n Wiedemann, Roland. [Magdalena Neuner, Biathlon\\-Star und Profi\\-Strickerin](http://www.spiegel.de/schulspiegel/leben/0,1518,519086,00.html). Spiegel Online. 30 November 2007\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n Wolfsgruber, Axel. [„Wie eine echte Königin“](http://www.focus.de/sport/mehrsport/biathlon-wie-eine-echte-koenigin_aid_228104.html) {{Webarchive\\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326033902/http://www.focus.de/sport/mehrsport/biathlon\\-wie\\-eine\\-echte\\-koenigin\\_aid\\_228104\\.html \\\|date\\=26 March 2012 }}. + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - * + - Focus. 49/2007\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}} Stracke, Peter. [Magdalena Neuner im Porträt](http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/magdalena-neuner-im-portraet-juengste-dreifach-weltmeisterin-im-biathlon-1.339063). sueddeutsche.de. 22 December 2007\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Bellstedt, Klaus. [Powerfrau mit Zitterarm](http://www.stern.de/sport/sportwelt/biathlon-starlet-neuner-powerfrau-mit-zitterarm-610350.html?id=610350&coldark=%23F58C02&l1name=Sport). stern.de. 8 February 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Hacke, Detlef. [Lenas heile Welt](http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-55668219.html).\n* + - Der Spiegel. 6/2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n\t\t Dunker, Robert. [Magdalena Neuner ist der Liebling der Sponsoren](https://www.welt.de/sport/article1810302/Magdalena_Neuner_ist_der_Liebling_der_Sponsoren.html). WELT Online. 17 March 2008\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}\n\t\t Kreisl, Volker. [Suche nach dem Nichts](http://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/biathlon-magdalena-neuner-suche-nach-dem-nichts-1.134438).\n\t+ Süddeutsche Zeitung''. 11 December 2009\\. Retrieved 12 August 2011\\. {{in lang\\\|de}}" ]
History ------- [Richard Windeyer](/wiki/Richard_Windeyer "Richard Windeyer") (1806–1847\), journalist, barrister, agriculturist and politician, was born on 10 August 1806 in [London](/wiki/London "London"), the eldest child of parliamentary reporter for "[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")", [Charles Windeyer](/wiki/Charles_Windeyer "Charles Windeyer") and his wife Ann Mary, née Rudd.Jose \& Carter, 1926, 62 He remained in England when in 1828 his parents with the rest of their family migrated to New South Wales. He was admitted as a student in the [Middle Temple](/wiki/Middle_Temple "Middle Temple"), London in March 1829 and called to the Bar on 23 May 1834\. In the meantime, as a journalist and parliamentary reporter like his father, he was connected with The Times, [The Morning Chronicle](/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle "The Morning Chronicle"), The Sun and The Mirror, and in 1834 was London correspondent for [The Australian](/wiki/The_Australian_%281824_newspaper%29 "The Australian (1824 newspaper)"), using the initials "W.R.". He assisted Dodd in compiling the Parliamentary Pocket Companion, and was associated with Colonel [Thomas Perronet Thompson](/wiki/Thomas_Perronet_Thompson "Thomas Perronet Thompson") in the early anti\-[Corn Law](/wiki/Corn_Laws "Corn Laws") movement.Jose \& Carter, 1926, 672 On 26 April 1832 he married Maria, daughter of William Camfield of [Groombridge Place](/wiki/Groombridge_Place "Groombridge Place") and Burswood, [Kent](/wiki/Kent "Kent"). Their only child, William Charles, was born on 29 September 1834\. Although he always intended to follow his parents and their family to [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), Windeyer's departure from England was hastened by a letter from his father, saying that 'Dr [Robert Wardell](/wiki/Robert_Wardell "Robert Wardell")'s death and [Wentworth](/wiki/William_Wentworth "William Wentworth")'s expected departure and the division of the Bar makes the moment particularly favourable for your debut'. He set out with his wife and infant son arriving at Sydney on 28 November 1835\. Windeyer soon gained a considerable legal practice and became a leader of the bar. Even Rev. [John Dunmore Lang](/wiki/John_Dunmore_Lang "John Dunmore Lang") described him as "a barrister of superior abilities" In July 1846 Windeyer and [Robert Lowe](/wiki/Robert_Lowe "Robert Lowe") appeared for the defendant in Attorney\-General v. Brown, concerning the right of the Crown to grant the [Australian Agricultural Company](/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company "Australian Agricultural Company") (the AA Co.) the sole right to mine coal near [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales "Newcastle, New South Wales"). The arguments for the defendants failed, but enabled Windeyer to array much legal and historical learning in support of the political view that the lands of the colony should be in the control of the colonists, not in the grant of the Crown. Windeyer's legal work was a small part of his activities in the colony. In February 1838 he bought his first land at Tomago in the Hunter Valley, not far from his father's farm at Tillegrah on the [Williams River](/wiki/Williams_River_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Williams River (New South Wales)"). By 1842 he held about {{convert\\|30000\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}}. Vast sums of money were spent, especially on draining extensive swamp lands in the vicinity of Graham's Town, building a homestead at Tomago and on other improvements, but with little return. He planted {{convert\\|30\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}} of vines, imported a German vine\-dresser from [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide "Adelaide"), made his first wine in 1845 and received permission to import seven vine\-dressers and one wine\-cooper from Europe.Windeyer, 1967, edited, Stuart Read, 28 December 2008 The vineyard was established with plantings from James King of Irrawang, who was known to be producing good wines by 1840\.{{Cite web \\|url\=https://www.nsw.nationaltrust.org.au/properties/tomago/default.asp \\|title\=National Trust Properties \- Tomago House \\|access\-date\=26 July 2018 \\|archive\-date\=15 November 2009 \\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115144934/http://www.nsw.nationaltrust.org.au/properties/tomago/default.asp \\|url\-status\=dead }} Windeyer was one of the first successful vignerons on the Hunter. Windeyer commenced building Tomago house in 1840\. Its design is attributed to [New South Wales Colonial Architect](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Architect "New South Wales Government Architect"), Mortimer Lewis.Broadbent, 1997, 221–6 Lewis' private commissions show a dependence on published sources, identified in recent years by architectural historian James Broadbent. "Fernhill" and "Tomago" boast separate entrance and garden fronts at right angles to each other, the garden fronts marked by bay windows. Their plants are probably adapted from the British architect [William Wilkins](/wiki/William_Wilkins_%28architect%29 "William Wilkins (architect)")' design for "Oxberton House", Nottinghamshire, as published by George Richardson in the "New Vitruvius Britannicus" (1802–08\). The financial crisis of 1842 affected Windeyer severely. In 1842 Windeyer was present at the meeting at Sydney College at which petitions for representative government in the colony were adopted. In 1843 at the first elections for the [New South Wales Legislative Council](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council "New South Wales Legislative Council") he stood for [Durham County](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_County_of_Durham "Electoral district of County of Durham") successfully. Windeyer at once took a prominent part in the affairs of the council. In 1843 he introduced his monetary confidence bill. Believing that the current depression was aggravated by a decrease of currency in circulation, and a lack of confidence and credit, he proposed a solution based on the Prussian [Pfandbrief](/wiki/Pfandbrief "Pfandbrief") scheme as outlined by [Thomas Holt](/wiki/Thomas_Holt_%28Australian_politician%29 "Thomas Holt (Australian politician)") before a select committee: the government was to give credit in the form of pledge certificates, or Pfandbriefe, on the security of land. The bill passed the council, but [Governor Gipps](/wiki/George_Gipps "George Gipps") withheld his assent. Windeyer's main interest in economic matters was directed at effective supervision and control by the council of revenue and expenditure. He worked so persistently for retrenchment that Lang described him as "the [Joseph Hume](/wiki/Joseph_Hume "Joseph Hume") of the Council". As a believer in free trade and the representative of an agricultural county, Windeyer worked to open the [Van Diemen's Land](/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land "Van Diemen's Land") market to tobacco from New South Wales and the United Kingdom market to the colony's wheat. In the debate on the tariff bill of 1843, however, he voted for an import duty of 1s. a bushel on foreign wheat but explained that he considered it a revenue not a protective duty. Always interested in education, Windeyer set up a school on his estate, was on the committees of the [Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts](/wiki/Sydney_Mechanics%27_School_of_Arts "Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts") and the Australian School Society, and prominent in the education debates. He was a member of the Aborigines Protection Society. His attention had been attracted to their legal disadvantages in the trial of an Aboriginal, Murrell, and the trials arising out of the [Myall Creek massacre](/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre "Myall Creek massacre") in which he had appeared. As the law stood, Aboriginals were not allowed to give evidence in the courts because they could not understand the nature of an oath. Windeyer supported proposals, later adopted, that they should be allowed to make unsworn statements. On his motion a select committee was appointed in 1845 to consider Aboriginal welfare, but it ceased work with his death. In his political activities Windeyer was no friend of Governor Gipps. In the disputes arising from Gipps's squatting regulations of 1844 he took a middle line between squatters and the executive. He condemned the squatters as "cormorants" and "robbers", but he also opposed the regulations, as he objected to the executive powers on which they were supposedly based. He, with Lang, Lowe and [William Bland](/wiki/William_Bland "William Bland"), led a "constitutional" party who sought to secure control of the land revenue for the colonial legislature. It was not as an advocate of squatting interests, but rather because of his insistence on what he asserted was correct constitutional doctrine, that he became a member of the committee of the Pastoral Association. In the Legislative Council he worked hard for what he believed were the interests of the colony and after each session he made a point of touring his electorate to give an account of his stewardship. Windeyer at Tomago ran cattle, horses and pigs, tried growing sugar\-cane and wheat, and in 1846 with Reynolds, president of the local agricultural society, he imported the colony's first reaping machine from [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia "South Australia"). Despite all his expensive improvements and mechanized farming the one prize he won was for pumpkins. However, after his death wine from Tomago won a certificate of merit at Paris in 1855\. Progress on Tomago House was slow, hampered by the 1840s depression. It seems likely that the house was fit for habitation by 1847\.National Trust, 2000, 1 The house formed the nucleus of what was, in the mid\-19th century, a vast agricultural estate and the country residence of one of the nation's leading politico\-legal figures. The house comprises two distinct buildings to which some modern structures have been added. The first phase was between 1842 and 1847, construction of the main stone house. Clear evidence exists to confirm that the house was originally constructed with a slate roof.National Trust, 1993 Little is known of the early form of the gardens at Tomago, though a sundial pedestal is mentioned in 1848\.National Trust, 1987, 17 When in 1843 Windeyer added to his farm management and his immense legal practice the cares of a legislator in the Legislative Council, his health broke down and he was compelled to retire. Ill from overwork, financial worries and some internal disease, Windeyer died on a holiday near [Launceston](/wiki/Launceston%2C_Tasmania "Launceston, Tasmania"), 2 December 1847, when his role was far from completed. But his private affairs had suffered. His optimism and enterprise had led him to entertain projects that he could not afford and to incur large debts. From this cause and the economic depression of the 1840s, he died impoverished. His widow, a woman of remarkable character and determination, was enabled by money received from her family to retain a part of Tomago, where she lived, devoting herself to the prudent management of the property, the welfare of her infant son and local affairs. Although most of the {{convert\\|30000\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}} holding passed out of family ownership his widow Maria was able to retain the house and {{convert\\|850\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}}. The estate included a range of outbuildings comprising a gatehouse, stables and dairy. Maria was left to complete the property, refinance it and maintain viability. This she did, adding to it with a Chapel built in 1860–1861\. Maria Windeyer was determined not to return to Sydney as she had grown to love Tomago.Armstrong, 2008, 81 Her interest in the property is thought to have continued after her death, with inexplicable sightings of an elderly woman rocking in her chair on the verandah, and keeping a watchful eye in the cellars. Little is known of the early form of the gardens at Tomago, though a sundial pedestal is mentioned in 1848\. Windeyer's untimely death and his wife's, initially, straitened circumstances have led to the assumption that the house had little or no gardens. Photographic and documentary evidence, and the bones of earlier planting strongly suggest that by the early 20th century there was a well developed landscape at Tomago. This included tree\-lined drives, a pleasure garden located in the adjoining wetlands which were drained by a series of canals, a stone weir, an orchard and a kitchen garden. According to the 1846 memoirs of Margaret Traill Bartlett the gardens and orchards were "extensive and lovely, there was a lovers" walk, great magnolia trees at the side of the house, orchards made up of date palms, love apples, lemon and other citrus trees, mulberries and other fruit. The flower gardens were on one side terraced down to the river.'. The garden retains some venerable trees and other plants, such as stone pines ([Pinus pinea](/wiki/Pinus_pinea "Pinus pinea")), evergreen or Southern magnolia/bull bay ([Magnolia grandiflora](/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora "Magnolia grandiflora")), giant bamboo ([Bambusa balcooa](/wiki/Bambusa_balcooa "Bambusa balcooa")) etc. Between 1850 and 1880 a second stage of construction occurred – of a brick caretaker's cottage. This was originally a two storeyed building. It was reduced to a single storey cottage around 1950 when its brickwork was considered unsafe. Tomago House is noted for its fine verandahs looking over pastoral land; underground cellars were completed in time for the 1868 harvest; remnants of the 19th\-century pleasure gardens; interiors which reflect the lives and times of a family of status and a social history which spans three generations of one of Australia's most distinguished families. In 1944 Tomago House was purchased by the British textile firm of [Courtaulds](/wiki/Courtaulds "Courtaulds"). The house was renovated for use as a manager's residence. The modern structures on site date from the 1940s or 1950s and include the enclosure of the south\-east verandah, a brick garage and laundry on the west corner of the caretaker's cottage and a timber garage on the north\-east side of the caretaker's cottage. In {{circa}} 1970 it was acquired by a Mrs James as her residence and she installed a swimming pool (since filled in).National Trust, 2002, 26 In the 1980s the estate was held by two owners. When the [Tomago aluminium smelter](/wiki/Tomago_aluminium_smelter "Tomago aluminium smelter") was established, the firm acquired Tomago House as part of the buffer zone established around the facility. In 1988 [Tomago Aluminium](/wiki/Tomago_Aluminium "Tomago Aluminium") gave {{convert\\|5\\|ha\\|acre\\|0\\|abbr\=on}} with the house to the National Trust of Australia (NSW).Armstrong, 2008, 81–2 Le Seuer cites the date of this gift as 1986\.Le Seuer, 2015, 7 The site of Tomago Aluminium smelter is rich in industrial history. A coal mine was established here in the early 19th century. Later the Courtaulds Textile Factory was here until 1976\. In 1981 Tomago Aluminium began construction, In September 1983 aluminium production started. At that time Tomago Aluminium was the first large scale AP18 plant to be built in the world. Annual production capacity was 250,000 tonnes a year. It has since expanded to produce 525,000 tonnes per year – the largest aluminium smelter in Australia. In 1986 to celebrate it bicentenary Tomago Aluminium donated five hectares of land which included the house to the national trust.{{Cite web\\|last\=\\|first\=\\|date\=25 November 2018\\|title\=A long history with Tomago House\\|url\=http://www.tomago.com.au/news/2018/a\-long\-history\-with\-tomago\-house\\|archive\-url\=\\|archive\-date\=\\|access\-date\=9 September 2020\\|website\=Tomago Aluminium}} In 1998 the National Trust reconstructed the picket fence of the chapel (on a different boundary line to the original and to a different design) and replanted the avenue linking the chapel and the house but with a different tree species. The National Trust currently uses the property as a function centre. The Friends of Tomago House have managed the estate since 1997\. An October 2013 bushfire came within 20m of the house but it was secured thanks to volunteers and the [New South Wales Rural Fire Service](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rural_Fire_Service "New South Wales Rural Fire Service"), with no damage. The annual Camellia Festival and All Italian Day have become signature events.Silink \& Hayes, 2014 In April 2015 severe storms led to extensive damage to a number of mature trees at Tomago House, involving many collapsing, damaging other trees, structures and in part the house. This devastation closed the property down for about 6 months, while it could be made safe for caretaker and visitor access and use again. Hunter Horticultural Services has assessed the damage and in two stages removed the worst\-affected trees that could not be saved, and other damaged trees beyond repair and likely to fail in the future. In addition a condition audit was done on all remaining trees on the site. The National Trust is commissioning a landscape plan for the property including proposed future plantings in accordance with the site's conservation management plan.	[ "History\n-------", "[Richard Windeyer](/wiki/Richard_Windeyer \"Richard Windeyer\") (1806–1847\\), journalist, barrister, agriculturist and politician, was born on 10 August 1806 in [London](/wiki/London \"London\"), the eldest child of parliamentary reporter for \"[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")\", [Charles Windeyer](/wiki/Charles_Windeyer \"Charles Windeyer\") and his wife Ann Mary, née Rudd.Jose \\& Carter, 1926, 62 He remained in England when in 1828 his parents with the rest of their family migrated to New South Wales. He was admitted as a student in the [Middle Temple](/wiki/Middle_Temple \"Middle Temple\"), London in March 1829 and called to the Bar on 23 May 1834\\. In the meantime, as a journalist and parliamentary reporter like his father, he was connected with The Times, [The Morning Chronicle](/wiki/The_Morning_Chronicle \"The Morning Chronicle\"), The Sun and The Mirror, and in 1834 was London correspondent for [The Australian](/wiki/The_Australian_%281824_newspaper%29 \"The Australian (1824 newspaper)\"), using the initials \"W.R.\". He assisted Dodd in compiling the Parliamentary Pocket Companion, and was associated with Colonel [Thomas Perronet Thompson](/wiki/Thomas_Perronet_Thompson \"Thomas Perronet Thompson\") in the early anti\\-[Corn Law](/wiki/Corn_Laws \"Corn Laws\") movement.Jose \\& Carter, 1926, 672", "On 26 April 1832 he married Maria, daughter of William Camfield of [Groombridge Place](/wiki/Groombridge_Place \"Groombridge Place\") and Burswood, [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\"). Their only child, William Charles, was born on 29 September 1834\\. Although he always intended to follow his parents and their family to [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\"), Windeyer's departure from England was hastened by a letter from his father, saying that 'Dr [Robert Wardell](/wiki/Robert_Wardell \"Robert Wardell\")'s death and [Wentworth](/wiki/William_Wentworth \"William Wentworth\")'s expected departure and the division of the Bar makes the moment particularly favourable for your debut'. He set out with his wife and infant son arriving at Sydney on 28 November 1835\\.", "Windeyer soon gained a considerable legal practice and became a leader of the bar. Even Rev. [John Dunmore Lang](/wiki/John_Dunmore_Lang \"John Dunmore Lang\") described him as \"a barrister of superior abilities\" In July 1846 Windeyer and [Robert Lowe](/wiki/Robert_Lowe \"Robert Lowe\") appeared for the defendant in Attorney\\-General v. Brown, concerning the right of the Crown to grant the [Australian Agricultural Company](/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company \"Australian Agricultural Company\") (the AA Co.) the sole right to mine coal near [Newcastle](/wiki/Newcastle%2C_New_South_Wales \"Newcastle, New South Wales\"). The arguments for the defendants failed, but enabled Windeyer to array much legal and historical learning in support of the political view that the lands of the colony should be in the control of the colonists, not in the grant of the Crown.", "Windeyer's legal work was a small part of his activities in the colony. In February 1838 he bought his first land at Tomago in the Hunter Valley, not far from his father's farm at Tillegrah on the [Williams River](/wiki/Williams_River_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Williams River (New South Wales)\"). By 1842 he held about {{convert\\\|30000\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}}. Vast sums of money were spent, especially on draining extensive swamp lands in the vicinity of Graham's Town, building a homestead at Tomago and on other improvements, but with little return.", "He planted {{convert\\\|30\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}} of vines, imported a German vine\\-dresser from [Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide \"Adelaide\"), made his first wine in 1845 and received permission to import seven vine\\-dressers and one wine\\-cooper from Europe.Windeyer, 1967, edited, Stuart Read, 28 December 2008 The vineyard was established with plantings from James King of Irrawang, who was known to be producing good wines by 1840\\.{{Cite web \\\|url\\=https://www.nsw.nationaltrust.org.au/properties/tomago/default.asp \\\|title\\=National Trust Properties \\- Tomago House \\\|access\\-date\\=26 July 2018 \\\|archive\\-date\\=15 November 2009 \\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115144934/http://www.nsw.nationaltrust.org.au/properties/tomago/default.asp \\\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Windeyer was one of the first successful vignerons on the Hunter.", "Windeyer commenced building Tomago house in 1840\\. Its design is attributed to [New South Wales Colonial Architect](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Government_Architect \"New South Wales Government Architect\"), Mortimer Lewis.Broadbent, 1997, 221–6 Lewis' private commissions show a dependence on published sources, identified in recent years by architectural historian James Broadbent. \"Fernhill\" and \"Tomago\" boast separate entrance and garden fronts at right angles to each other, the garden fronts marked by bay windows. Their plants are probably adapted from the British architect [William Wilkins](/wiki/William_Wilkins_%28architect%29 \"William Wilkins (architect)\")' design for \"Oxberton House\", Nottinghamshire, as published by George Richardson in the \"New Vitruvius Britannicus\" (1802–08\\). The financial crisis of 1842 affected Windeyer severely.", "In 1842 Windeyer was present at the meeting at Sydney College at which petitions for representative government in the colony were adopted. In 1843 at the first elections for the [New South Wales Legislative Council](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council \"New South Wales Legislative Council\") he stood for [Durham County](/wiki/Electoral_district_of_County_of_Durham \"Electoral district of County of Durham\") successfully.", "Windeyer at once took a prominent part in the affairs of the council. In 1843 he introduced his monetary confidence bill. Believing that the current depression was aggravated by a decrease of currency in circulation, and a lack of confidence and credit, he proposed a solution based on the Prussian [Pfandbrief](/wiki/Pfandbrief \"Pfandbrief\") scheme as outlined by [Thomas Holt](/wiki/Thomas_Holt_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Thomas Holt (Australian politician)\") before a select committee: the government was to give credit in the form of pledge certificates, or Pfandbriefe, on the security of land. The bill passed the council, but [Governor Gipps](/wiki/George_Gipps \"George Gipps\") withheld his assent.", "Windeyer's main interest in economic matters was directed at effective supervision and control by the council of revenue and expenditure. He worked so persistently for retrenchment that Lang described him as \"the [Joseph Hume](/wiki/Joseph_Hume \"Joseph Hume\") of the Council\". As a believer in free trade and the representative of an agricultural county, Windeyer worked to open the [Van Diemen's Land](/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land \"Van Diemen's Land\") market to tobacco from New South Wales and the United Kingdom market to the colony's wheat. In the debate on the tariff bill of 1843, however, he voted for an import duty of 1s. a bushel on foreign wheat but explained that he considered it a revenue not a protective duty.", "Always interested in education, Windeyer set up a school on his estate, was on the committees of the [Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts](/wiki/Sydney_Mechanics%27_School_of_Arts \"Sydney Mechanics' School of Arts\") and the Australian School Society, and prominent in the education debates. He was a member of the Aborigines Protection Society. His attention had been attracted to their legal disadvantages in the trial of an Aboriginal, Murrell, and the trials arising out of the [Myall Creek massacre](/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre \"Myall Creek massacre\") in which he had appeared. As the law stood, Aboriginals were not allowed to give evidence in the courts because they could not understand the nature of an oath. Windeyer supported proposals, later adopted, that they should be allowed to make unsworn statements. On his motion a select committee was appointed in 1845 to consider Aboriginal welfare, but it ceased work with his death.", "In his political activities Windeyer was no friend of Governor Gipps. In the disputes arising from Gipps's squatting regulations of 1844 he took a middle line between squatters and the executive. He condemned the squatters as \"cormorants\" and \"robbers\", but he also opposed the regulations, as he objected to the executive powers on which they were supposedly based. He, with Lang, Lowe and [William Bland](/wiki/William_Bland \"William Bland\"), led a \"constitutional\" party who sought to secure control of the land revenue for the colonial legislature. It was not as an advocate of squatting interests, but rather because of his insistence on what he asserted was correct constitutional doctrine, that he became a member of the committee of the Pastoral Association. In the Legislative Council he worked hard for what he believed were the interests of the colony and after each session he made a point of touring his electorate to give an account of his stewardship.", "Windeyer at Tomago ran cattle, horses and pigs, tried growing sugar\\-cane and wheat, and in 1846 with Reynolds, president of the local agricultural society, he imported the colony's first reaping machine from [South Australia](/wiki/South_Australia \"South Australia\"). Despite all his expensive improvements and mechanized farming the one prize he won was for pumpkins. However, after his death wine from Tomago won a certificate of merit at Paris in 1855\\.", "Progress on Tomago House was slow, hampered by the 1840s depression. It seems likely that the house was fit for habitation by 1847\\.National Trust, 2000, 1 The house formed the nucleus of what was, in the mid\\-19th century, a vast agricultural estate and the country residence of one of the nation's leading politico\\-legal figures.", "The house comprises two distinct buildings to which some modern structures have been added. The first phase was between 1842 and 1847, construction of the main stone house. Clear evidence exists to confirm that the house was originally constructed with a slate roof.National Trust, 1993 Little is known of the early form of the gardens at Tomago, though a sundial pedestal is mentioned in 1848\\.National Trust, 1987, 17", "When in 1843 Windeyer added to his farm management and his immense legal practice the cares of a legislator in the Legislative Council, his health broke down and he was compelled to retire. Ill from overwork, financial worries and some internal disease, Windeyer died on a holiday near [Launceston](/wiki/Launceston%2C_Tasmania \"Launceston, Tasmania\"), 2 December 1847, when his role was far from completed. But his private affairs had suffered. His optimism and enterprise had led him to entertain projects that he could not afford and to incur large debts. From this cause and the economic depression of the 1840s, he died impoverished. His widow, a woman of remarkable character and determination, was enabled by money received from her family to retain a part of Tomago, where she lived, devoting herself to the prudent management of the property, the welfare of her infant son and local affairs.", "Although most of the {{convert\\\|30000\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}} holding passed out of family ownership his widow Maria was able to retain the house and {{convert\\\|850\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}}. The estate included a range of outbuildings comprising a gatehouse, stables and dairy. Maria was left to complete the property, refinance it and maintain viability. This she did, adding to it with a Chapel built in 1860–1861\\.", "Maria Windeyer was determined not to return to Sydney as she had grown to love Tomago.Armstrong, 2008, 81 Her interest in the property is thought to have continued after her death, with inexplicable sightings of an elderly woman rocking in her chair on the verandah, and keeping a watchful eye in the cellars.", "Little is known of the early form of the gardens at Tomago, though a sundial pedestal is mentioned in 1848\\. Windeyer's untimely death and his wife's, initially, straitened circumstances have led to the assumption that the house had little or no gardens. Photographic and documentary evidence, and the bones of earlier planting strongly suggest that by the early 20th century there was a well developed landscape at Tomago. This included tree\\-lined drives, a pleasure garden located in the adjoining wetlands which were drained by a series of canals, a stone weir, an orchard and a kitchen garden. According to the 1846 memoirs of Margaret Traill Bartlett the gardens and orchards were \"extensive and lovely, there was a lovers\" walk, great magnolia trees at the side of the house, orchards made up of date palms, love apples, lemon and other citrus trees, mulberries and other fruit. The flower gardens were on one side terraced down to the river.'. The garden retains some venerable trees and other plants, such as stone pines ([Pinus pinea](/wiki/Pinus_pinea \"Pinus pinea\")), evergreen or Southern magnolia/bull bay ([Magnolia grandiflora](/wiki/Magnolia_grandiflora \"Magnolia grandiflora\")), giant bamboo ([Bambusa balcooa](/wiki/Bambusa_balcooa \"Bambusa balcooa\")) etc.", "Between 1850 and 1880 a second stage of construction occurred – of a brick caretaker's cottage. This was originally a two storeyed building. It was reduced to a single storey cottage around 1950 when its brickwork was considered unsafe.", "Tomago House is noted for its fine verandahs looking over pastoral land; underground cellars were completed in time for the 1868 harvest; remnants of the 19th\\-century pleasure gardens; interiors which reflect the lives and times of a family of status and a social history which spans three generations of one of Australia's most distinguished families.", "In 1944 Tomago House was purchased by the British textile firm of [Courtaulds](/wiki/Courtaulds \"Courtaulds\"). The house was renovated for use as a manager's residence.", "The modern structures on site date from the 1940s or 1950s and include the enclosure of the south\\-east verandah, a brick garage and laundry on the west corner of the caretaker's cottage and a timber garage on the north\\-east side of the caretaker's cottage.", "In {{circa}} 1970 it was acquired by a Mrs James as her residence and she installed a swimming pool (since filled in).National Trust, 2002, 26", "In the 1980s the estate was held by two owners. When the [Tomago aluminium smelter](/wiki/Tomago_aluminium_smelter \"Tomago aluminium smelter\") was established, the firm acquired Tomago House as part of the buffer zone established around the facility. In 1988 [Tomago Aluminium](/wiki/Tomago_Aluminium \"Tomago Aluminium\") gave {{convert\\\|5\\\|ha\\\|acre\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on}} with the house to the National Trust of Australia (NSW).Armstrong, 2008, 81–2 Le Seuer cites the date of this gift as 1986\\.Le Seuer, 2015, 7", "The site of Tomago Aluminium smelter is rich in industrial history. A coal mine was established here in the early 19th century. Later the Courtaulds Textile Factory was here until 1976\\. In 1981 Tomago Aluminium began construction, In September 1983 aluminium production started. At that time Tomago Aluminium was the first large scale AP18 plant to be built in the world. Annual production capacity was 250,000 tonnes a year. It has since expanded to produce 525,000 tonnes per year – the largest aluminium smelter in Australia. In 1986 to celebrate it bicentenary Tomago Aluminium donated five hectares of land which included the house to the national trust.{{Cite web\\\|last\\=\\\|first\\=\\\|date\\=25 November 2018\\\|title\\=A long history with Tomago House\\\|url\\=http://www.tomago.com.au/news/2018/a\\-long\\-history\\-with\\-tomago\\-house\\\|archive\\-url\\=\\\|archive\\-date\\=\\\|access\\-date\\=9 September 2020\\\|website\\=Tomago Aluminium}}", "In 1998 the National Trust reconstructed the picket fence of the chapel (on a different boundary line to the original and to a different design) and replanted the avenue linking the chapel and the house but with a different tree species. The National Trust currently uses the property as a function centre.", "The Friends of Tomago House have managed the estate since 1997\\.", "An October 2013 bushfire came within 20m of the house but it was secured thanks to volunteers and the [New South Wales Rural Fire Service](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Rural_Fire_Service \"New South Wales Rural Fire Service\"), with no damage. The annual Camellia Festival and All Italian Day have become signature events.Silink \\& Hayes, 2014", "In April 2015 severe storms led to extensive damage to a number of mature trees at Tomago House, involving many collapsing, damaging other trees, structures and in part the house. This devastation closed the property down for about 6 months, while it could be made safe for caretaker and visitor access and use again. Hunter Horticultural Services has assessed the damage and in two stages removed the worst\\-affected trees that could not be saved, and other damaged trees beyond repair and likely to fail in the future. In addition a condition audit was done on all remaining trees on the site. The National Trust is commissioning a landscape plan for the property including proposed future plantings in accordance with the site's conservation management plan.", "" ]
Description ----------- ### Estate and grounds The present estate is {{convert\\|5\\|ha\\|acre\\|0\\|abbr\=on}} of parkland. Once it was {{convert\\|5000\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}}, and the house was accessed primarily from the Hunter River, walking up to the house which stands on a small knoll with expansive views to and from it. The house was oriented for vistas to Mt. Sugarloaf although these are today blocked by trees. The {{convert\\|30\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}} vineyard was established, with plantings from James King of Irrawang, who was known to be producing good wines by 1840\. Tomago House retains the core of a once larger rural estate, with its sweeping entrance carriage drives off Tomago Road approaching the house from the north\-west, and another drive towards the chapel to the west. The drive is lined with jacarandas ([Jacaranda mimosifolia](/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia "Jacaranda mimosifolia")), an evergreen magnolia / bull [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") (M.grandiflora) and lemon\-scented gums ([Corymbia citriodora](/wiki/Corymbia_citriodora "Corymbia citriodora")). The grounds are fairly thickly planted with mature coniferous trees reflecting the fashion for pineta or conifer collections in the 19th century – these comprise predominantly exotic pine species including Mediterranean stone pine (Pinus pinea), Monterey pine (California: [Pinus radiata](/wiki/Pinus_radiata "Pinus radiata")), Bunya pine (Queensland: [Araucaria bidwillii](/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii "Araucaria bidwillii")), Norfolk Island pine ([Araucaria heterophylla](/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla "Araucaria heterophylla")) and hoop pine trees (Northern NSW/ Queensland: [Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii "Araucaria cunninghamii")).Stuart Read, pers.comm., 23 January 2015 Other major trees include a number of large old Moreton Bay figs ([Ficus macrophylla](/wiki/Ficus_macrophylla "Ficus macrophylla")), locally\-native turpentines ([Syncarpia glomulifera](/wiki/Syncarpia_glomulifera "Syncarpia glomulifera")), 20th\-century plantings of jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia), Qld. lemon\-scented gums (Corymbia citriodora) on both carriage loops and a large 19th\-century mature bull bay / evergreen or Southern magnolia (M.grandiflora) south of the house towards the river terrace. Another unusual tree here is the South African Cape chestnut (Cupania capensis), north of the house. Large clumps of Mauritius hemp ([Furcraea](/wiki/Furcraea "Furcraea") selloa) remain underneath the trees north of the house. Two large clumps of giant bamboo ([Bambusa balcooa](/wiki/Bambusa_balcooa "Bambusa balcooa")) are on the terrace south of the house and in the ephemeral lagoon area to the south, in the vicinity of the (lost) pleasure garden there. A solitary date palm ([Phoenix dactylifera](/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera "Phoenix dactylifera")) is north\-west of the house on the grass terrace and several tall old specimens of locally\-native cabbage palms ([Livistona australis](/wiki/Livistona_australis "Livistona australis")) remain in the lagoon area south of the house, probably predating it. A number of Qld. silky oaks ([Grevillea robusta](/wiki/Grevillea_robusta "Grevillea robusta")), Northern\-NSW/Qld. brush box ([Lophostemon confertus](/wiki/Lophostemon_confertus "Lophostemon confertus")), locally\-native red ash ([Alphitonia excelsa](/wiki/Alphitonia_excelsa "Alphitonia excelsa")), American sweet gum ([Liquidambar styraciflua](/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua "Liquidambar styraciflua")) trees are also in the grounds. Near the front door of the house on the northern side a large orchid tree ([Bauhinia variegata](/wiki/Bauhinia_variegata "Bauhinia variegata") cv.) is covered with staghorn ferns. Other native species include smooth\-barked apple/Sydney red gum ([Angophora costata](/wiki/Angophora_costata "Angophora costata")), native peach ([Breynia oblongifolia](/wiki/Breynia_oblongifolia "Breynia oblongifolia")), Qld. lacebark ([Brachychiton discolor](/wiki/Brachychiton_discolor "Brachychiton discolor")), Qld. black bean/native chestnut ([Castanospermum australe](/wiki/Castanospermum_australe "Castanospermum australe")); tuckeroo ([Cupaniopsis anacardioides](/wiki/Cupaniopsis_anacardioides "Cupaniopsis anacardioides")); corkwood ([Endiandra sieberi](/wiki/Endiandra_sieberi "Endiandra sieberi")); bangalay ([Eucalyptus botryoides](/wiki/Eucalyptus_botryoides "Eucalyptus botryoides")); W.A. yellow bloodwood ([Corymbia eximia](/wiki/Corymbia_eximia "Corymbia eximia")); flooded gum (E.grandis); tallowood (E.microcorys); blackbutt (E.pilularis); white mahogany (E. spp. (?E.acmenioides)); cheese tree ([Glochidion ferdinandi](/wiki/Glochidion_ferdinandi "Glochidion ferdinandi")); broad\-leaved paperbark ([Melaleuca quinquenervia](/wiki/Melaleuca_quinquenervia "Melaleuca quinquenervia")); white cedar ([Melia azedarach](/wiki/Melia_azedarach "Melia azedarach")); tree broom/heath ([Monotoca elliptica](/wiki/Monotoca_elliptica "Monotoca elliptica")); Qld./N.NSW firewheel tree ([Stenocarpus sinuatus](/wiki/Stenocarpus_sinuatus "Stenocarpus sinuatus")); magenta lily pilly ([Syzygium paniculatum](/wiki/Syzygium_paniculatum "Syzygium paniculatum")); red cedar ([Toona ciliata](/wiki/Toona_ciliata "Toona ciliata")) and woody pear ([Xylomelum pyriforme](/wiki/Xylomelum_pyriforme "Xylomelum pyriforme")); Darling or river lily ([Crinum](/wiki/Crinum "Crinum") sp.); she oak ([Casuarina](/wiki/Casuarina "Casuarina") sp.).Doran, 1999 Other exotic species include Cape chestnut ([Calodendrum capense](/wiki/Calodendrum_capense "Calodendrum capense")); Atlas cedar ([Cedrus atlantica](/wiki/Cedrus_atlantica "Cedrus atlantica")); camphor laurel ([Cinnamomum camphora](/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora "Cinnamomum camphora")); Monterey cypress ([Hesperocyparis macrocarpa](/wiki/Hesperocyparis_macrocarpa "Hesperocyparis macrocarpa")); cockspur coral tree ([Erythrina crista\-galli](/wiki/Erythrina_crista-galli "Erythrina crista-galli")); crepe myrtle ([Lagerstroemia indica](/wiki/Lagerstroemia_indica "Lagerstroemia indica") cv.); Hupeh crab apple ([Malus hupehensis](/wiki/Malus_hupehensis "Malus hupehensis")); oleander ([Nerium](/wiki/Nerium "Nerium") oleander cv.); avocado ([Persea americana](/wiki/Persea_americana "Persea americana") cv.); Mexican weeping pine ([Pinus patula](/wiki/Pinus_patula "Pinus patula")); Eastern cottonwood ([Populus deltoides](/wiki/Populus_deltoides "Populus deltoides")), Lombardy poplar (P.nigra 'Italica'); plum (Prunus domestica cv.); peach (P.persica cv.); pear (Pyrus communis cv.); cherry guava ([Psidium cattleyanum](/wiki/Psidium_cattleyanum "Psidium cattleyanum")); tree gardenia ([Rothmannia globosa](/wiki/Rothmannia_globosa "Rothmannia globosa")); pepper tree ([Schinus molle](/wiki/Schinus_molle "Schinus molle")); [Camellia japonica](/wiki/Camellia_japonica "Camellia japonica") cv. shrubs; autumn camellias ([Camellia sasanqua](/wiki/Camellia_sasanqua "Camellia sasanqua") cv.s); oranges ([Citrus sinensis](/wiki/Citrus_sinensis "Citrus sinensis") cv.); [Hibiscus](/wiki/Hibiscus "Hibiscus") spp.; French lavender ([Lavandula dentata](/wiki/Lavandula_dentata "Lavandula dentata")); Cocos Island palm ([Syagrus romanzoffiana](/wiki/Syagrus_romanzoffiana "Syagrus romanzoffiana")); star jasmine ([Trachelospermum jasminoides](/wiki/Trachelospermum_jasminoides "Trachelospermum jasminoides")); laurustinus ([Viburnum tinus](/wiki/Viburnum_tinus "Viburnum tinus")); London or hybrid plane (Platanus x acerifolia); and Chinese wisteria ([Wisteria sinensis](/wiki/Wisteria_sinensis "Wisteria sinensis")). ### Other structures The estate included a range of outbuildings comprising a gatehouse, stables and dairy. A Chapel was added in 1860–1861 west of the house in paddock surroundings.S. Read, pers.comm., visit of 7/2006 A caretaker's cottage was added between 1850s–1880s – originally two storeys, in brick. This was reduced to a single storey cottage in the 1950s. ### House Built by barrister [Richard Windeyer](/wiki/Richard_Windeyer "Richard Windeyer"), Tomago House formed the nucleus of what was, in the mid\-19th century, a vast agricultural estate and the country residence of one of the nation's leading politico\-legal figures. Work on the house started in the early 1840s. The house comprises two distinct buildings to which some modern structures have been added. The first phase was between 1842 and 1847, construction of the main stone house. Clear evidence exists to confirm that the house was originally constructed with a slate roof. Tomago House is noted for its fine [verandas](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda") looking over pastoral land; underground cellars completed in time for the 1868 harvest, remnants of the 19th\-century pleasure grounds; interiors which reflected the lives and times of a family of status and a social history which [spans](/wiki/Span_%28architecture%29 "Span (architecture)") three generations. Between 1850 and 1880 a second stage of construction occurred – of a brick caretaker's cottage. This was originally a two storeyed building. It was reduced to a single storey cottage around 1950 when its [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork") was considered unsafe. The modern structures date from the 1940s or 1950s and include the enclosure of the south\-east verandah, a brick garage and laundry on the west corner of the caretaker's cottage and a timber garage on the north\-east side of the caretaker's cottage. ### Condition The building in its present form represents an 1840s building much altered during its history. Apart from the polished cedar joinery and plaster ceilings its present decoration is the result of the 1950s occupation by Courtaulds. The Monterey pines (Pinus radiata) are ailing which could be due to age (this species generally lives to around 100 years although it can survive to 140 years in NSW) or possibly be due to aluminium smelter development nearby and high fluoride issues. Cows in nearby paddocks show fluoride levels are excessive – in their teeth. Needle rot (Cyclaneusma and Sphaeropsis fungi spread by windborne spores in spring and warm, humid summers are also a cause of problems. Their decline could also possibly be due to salinity as the site is only between 5 and 2\.5 m above sea level.Hunter Heritage Network meeting, 28 July 2006 ### Modifications and dates * {{circa\\|1847}}: {{convert\\|30000\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}} reduced to {{convert\\|850\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}} estate * {{circa\\|1848}}: mention of a [sundial](/wiki/Sundial "Sundial") [pedestal](/wiki/Pedestal "Pedestal") in the garden * 1861 chapel added. * {{circa\\|1868}}: cellars in use. * 1850–1880: a second stage of construction occurred – of a brick caretaker's cottage. This was originally a two storeyed building. * 1879\+: Justice W. C. Windeyer added the [corrugated iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron "Corrugated galvanised iron") and cast iron columned verandah and barrel roofed [clerestory](/wiki/Clerestory "Clerestory"), changing the form of the roof. The main feature – the semi\-circular bays – was changed to 7 sided pillar [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof "Hipped roof") roofs. ALso the re\-cladding altered the [eaves](/wiki/Eaves "Eaves"). * 1890s: original slate roof was by now a metal roof (unpainted) with the clerestory roof painted in alternating stripes (photographic evidence). * 1944: sold to Courtaulds (British textile firm) for use as manager's house * {{circa\\|1950}}: caretaker's 2 storey building reduced to a single storey cottage * 1952: alterations by Courtaulds to upgrade the house. Kitchen established in its present location and the dining room moved to the main hall. The former dining room became a billiard room, the former study became a bedroom with ensuite, and a second bathroom was added in the east verandah, plaster ceilings throughout were strengthened with timber [battens](/wiki/Batten "Batten") and new fireplace surrounds introduced. The former kitchen building was converted into a self\-contained cottage. * {{circa\\|1970}}: sold to Mrs James who added a swimming pool (since filled in) * 1986: donated to [National Trust of Australia](/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia "National Trust of Australia") (NSW) who have since used it as a function centre. * 1998: reconstructed picket fence of the chapel on a different boundary line and to a different design; replanted the avenue from the house to the chapel with a different species. * February 2008: very large Stone Pine at the entrance rolled out of the ground – storm damaged in 2007 * 2015: severe April storms led to the necessity to remove a number of fallen, damaged, dead or dangerous trees to make the site safe to access and use, including opening it back to the public. Stage one tree removals were four trees along the northern boundary fence and 11 chiefly south of the southernmost drive. These were mainly stone pines (Pinus pinea), as well as tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys), jacaranda (J.mimosifolia). Stage two tree removals were more generally arrayed to the north, west and south\-west of the house. These were largely Monterey pines (Pinus radiata) and lemon\-scented gums (Corymbia citriodora). Other trees removed were stone pines, brush box (Lophostemon confertus), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), tallowwood, bangalay (E.botryoides), Sydney red gum/smooth\-barked apple (Angophora costata), an Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica), jacaranda, camphor laurel (Cinnamommum camphora), silky oak (Grevillea robusta), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), cottonwood (Populus deltoides),.Hunter Horticultural Services, 2015	[ "Description\n-----------", "### Estate and grounds", "The present estate is {{convert\\\|5\\\|ha\\\|acre\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on}} of parkland. Once it was {{convert\\\|5000\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}}, and the house was accessed primarily from the Hunter River, walking up to the house which stands on a small knoll with expansive views to and from it. The house was oriented for vistas to Mt. Sugarloaf although these are today blocked by trees. The {{convert\\\|30\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}} vineyard was established, with plantings from James King of Irrawang, who was known to be producing good wines by 1840\\.", "Tomago House retains the core of a once larger rural estate, with its sweeping entrance carriage drives off Tomago Road approaching the house from the north\\-west, and another drive towards the chapel to the west. The drive is lined with jacarandas ([Jacaranda mimosifolia](/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia \"Jacaranda mimosifolia\")), an evergreen magnolia / bull [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") (M.grandiflora) and lemon\\-scented gums ([Corymbia citriodora](/wiki/Corymbia_citriodora \"Corymbia citriodora\")).", "The grounds are fairly thickly planted with mature coniferous trees reflecting the fashion for pineta or conifer collections in the 19th century – these comprise predominantly exotic pine species including Mediterranean stone pine (Pinus pinea), Monterey pine (California: [Pinus radiata](/wiki/Pinus_radiata \"Pinus radiata\")), Bunya pine (Queensland: [Araucaria bidwillii](/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii \"Araucaria bidwillii\")), Norfolk Island pine ([Araucaria heterophylla](/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla \"Araucaria heterophylla\")) and hoop pine trees (Northern NSW/ Queensland: [Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii \"Araucaria cunninghamii\")).Stuart Read, pers.comm., 23 January 2015", "Other major trees include a number of large old Moreton Bay figs ([Ficus macrophylla](/wiki/Ficus_macrophylla \"Ficus macrophylla\")), locally\\-native turpentines ([Syncarpia glomulifera](/wiki/Syncarpia_glomulifera \"Syncarpia glomulifera\")), 20th\\-century plantings of jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia), Qld. lemon\\-scented gums (Corymbia citriodora) on both carriage loops and a large 19th\\-century mature bull bay / evergreen or Southern magnolia (M.grandiflora) south of the house towards the river terrace. Another unusual tree here is the South African Cape chestnut (Cupania capensis), north of the house. Large clumps of Mauritius hemp ([Furcraea](/wiki/Furcraea \"Furcraea\") selloa) remain underneath the trees north of the house. Two large clumps of giant bamboo ([Bambusa balcooa](/wiki/Bambusa_balcooa \"Bambusa balcooa\")) are on the terrace south of the house and in the ephemeral lagoon area to the south, in the vicinity of the (lost) pleasure garden there. A solitary date palm ([Phoenix dactylifera](/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera \"Phoenix dactylifera\")) is north\\-west of the house on the grass terrace and several tall old specimens of locally\\-native cabbage palms ([Livistona australis](/wiki/Livistona_australis \"Livistona australis\")) remain in the lagoon area south of the house, probably predating it. A number of Qld. silky oaks ([Grevillea robusta](/wiki/Grevillea_robusta \"Grevillea robusta\")), Northern\\-NSW/Qld. brush box ([Lophostemon confertus](/wiki/Lophostemon_confertus \"Lophostemon confertus\")), locally\\-native red ash ([Alphitonia excelsa](/wiki/Alphitonia_excelsa \"Alphitonia excelsa\")), American sweet gum ([Liquidambar styraciflua](/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua \"Liquidambar styraciflua\")) trees are also in the grounds.", "Near the front door of the house on the northern side a large orchid tree ([Bauhinia variegata](/wiki/Bauhinia_variegata \"Bauhinia variegata\") cv.) is covered with staghorn ferns.", "Other native species include smooth\\-barked apple/Sydney red gum ([Angophora costata](/wiki/Angophora_costata \"Angophora costata\")), native peach ([Breynia oblongifolia](/wiki/Breynia_oblongifolia \"Breynia oblongifolia\")), Qld. lacebark ([Brachychiton discolor](/wiki/Brachychiton_discolor \"Brachychiton discolor\")), Qld. black bean/native chestnut ([Castanospermum australe](/wiki/Castanospermum_australe \"Castanospermum australe\")); tuckeroo ([Cupaniopsis anacardioides](/wiki/Cupaniopsis_anacardioides \"Cupaniopsis anacardioides\")); corkwood ([Endiandra sieberi](/wiki/Endiandra_sieberi \"Endiandra sieberi\")); bangalay ([Eucalyptus botryoides](/wiki/Eucalyptus_botryoides \"Eucalyptus botryoides\")); W.A. yellow bloodwood ([Corymbia eximia](/wiki/Corymbia_eximia \"Corymbia eximia\")); flooded gum (E.grandis); tallowood (E.microcorys); blackbutt (E.pilularis); white mahogany (E. spp. (?E.acmenioides)); cheese tree ([Glochidion ferdinandi](/wiki/Glochidion_ferdinandi \"Glochidion ferdinandi\")); broad\\-leaved paperbark ([Melaleuca quinquenervia](/wiki/Melaleuca_quinquenervia \"Melaleuca quinquenervia\")); white cedar ([Melia azedarach](/wiki/Melia_azedarach \"Melia azedarach\")); tree broom/heath ([Monotoca elliptica](/wiki/Monotoca_elliptica \"Monotoca elliptica\")); Qld./N.NSW firewheel tree ([Stenocarpus sinuatus](/wiki/Stenocarpus_sinuatus \"Stenocarpus sinuatus\")); magenta lily pilly ([Syzygium paniculatum](/wiki/Syzygium_paniculatum \"Syzygium paniculatum\")); red cedar ([Toona ciliata](/wiki/Toona_ciliata \"Toona ciliata\")) and woody pear ([Xylomelum pyriforme](/wiki/Xylomelum_pyriforme \"Xylomelum pyriforme\")); Darling or river lily ([Crinum](/wiki/Crinum \"Crinum\") sp.); she oak ([Casuarina](/wiki/Casuarina \"Casuarina\") sp.).Doran, 1999", "Other exotic species include Cape chestnut ([Calodendrum capense](/wiki/Calodendrum_capense \"Calodendrum capense\")); Atlas cedar ([Cedrus atlantica](/wiki/Cedrus_atlantica \"Cedrus atlantica\")); camphor laurel ([Cinnamomum camphora](/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora \"Cinnamomum camphora\")); Monterey cypress ([Hesperocyparis macrocarpa](/wiki/Hesperocyparis_macrocarpa \"Hesperocyparis macrocarpa\")); cockspur coral tree ([Erythrina crista\\-galli](/wiki/Erythrina_crista-galli \"Erythrina crista-galli\")); crepe myrtle ([Lagerstroemia indica](/wiki/Lagerstroemia_indica \"Lagerstroemia indica\") cv.); Hupeh crab apple ([Malus hupehensis](/wiki/Malus_hupehensis \"Malus hupehensis\")); oleander ([Nerium](/wiki/Nerium \"Nerium\") oleander cv.); avocado ([Persea americana](/wiki/Persea_americana \"Persea americana\") cv.); Mexican weeping pine ([Pinus patula](/wiki/Pinus_patula \"Pinus patula\")); Eastern cottonwood ([Populus deltoides](/wiki/Populus_deltoides \"Populus deltoides\")), Lombardy poplar (P.nigra 'Italica'); plum (Prunus domestica cv.); peach (P.persica cv.); pear (Pyrus communis cv.); cherry guava ([Psidium cattleyanum](/wiki/Psidium_cattleyanum \"Psidium cattleyanum\")); tree gardenia ([Rothmannia globosa](/wiki/Rothmannia_globosa \"Rothmannia globosa\")); pepper tree ([Schinus molle](/wiki/Schinus_molle \"Schinus molle\")); [Camellia japonica](/wiki/Camellia_japonica \"Camellia japonica\") cv. shrubs; autumn camellias ([Camellia sasanqua](/wiki/Camellia_sasanqua \"Camellia sasanqua\") cv.s); oranges ([Citrus sinensis](/wiki/Citrus_sinensis \"Citrus sinensis\") cv.); [Hibiscus](/wiki/Hibiscus \"Hibiscus\") spp.; French lavender ([Lavandula dentata](/wiki/Lavandula_dentata \"Lavandula dentata\")); Cocos Island palm ([Syagrus romanzoffiana](/wiki/Syagrus_romanzoffiana \"Syagrus romanzoffiana\")); star jasmine ([Trachelospermum jasminoides](/wiki/Trachelospermum_jasminoides \"Trachelospermum jasminoides\")); laurustinus ([Viburnum tinus](/wiki/Viburnum_tinus \"Viburnum tinus\")); London or hybrid plane (Platanus x acerifolia); and Chinese wisteria ([Wisteria sinensis](/wiki/Wisteria_sinensis \"Wisteria sinensis\")).", "### Other structures", "The estate included a range of outbuildings comprising a gatehouse, stables and dairy. A Chapel was added in 1860–1861 west of the house in paddock surroundings.S. Read, pers.comm., visit of 7/2006 A caretaker's cottage was added between 1850s–1880s – originally two storeys, in brick. This was reduced to a single storey cottage in the 1950s.", "### House", "Built by barrister [Richard Windeyer](/wiki/Richard_Windeyer \"Richard Windeyer\"), Tomago House formed the nucleus of what was, in the mid\\-19th century, a vast agricultural estate and the country residence of one of the nation's leading politico\\-legal figures.", "Work on the house started in the early 1840s. The house comprises two distinct buildings to which some modern structures have been added. The first phase was between 1842 and 1847, construction of the main stone house. Clear evidence exists to confirm that the house was originally constructed with a slate roof.", "Tomago House is noted for its fine [verandas](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\") looking over pastoral land; underground cellars completed in time for the 1868 harvest, remnants of the 19th\\-century pleasure grounds; interiors which reflected the lives and times of a family of status and a social history which [spans](/wiki/Span_%28architecture%29 \"Span (architecture)\") three generations.", "Between 1850 and 1880 a second stage of construction occurred – of a brick caretaker's cottage. This was originally a two storeyed building. It was reduced to a single storey cottage around 1950 when its [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\") was considered unsafe.", "The modern structures date from the 1940s or 1950s and include the enclosure of the south\\-east verandah, a brick garage and laundry on the west corner of the caretaker's cottage and a timber garage on the north\\-east side of the caretaker's cottage.", "### Condition", "The building in its present form represents an 1840s building much altered during its history. Apart from the polished cedar joinery and plaster ceilings its present decoration is the result of the 1950s occupation by Courtaulds.", "The Monterey pines (Pinus radiata) are ailing which could be due to age (this species generally lives to around 100 years although it can survive to 140 years in NSW) or possibly be due to aluminium smelter development nearby and high fluoride issues. Cows in nearby paddocks show fluoride levels are excessive – in their teeth. Needle rot (Cyclaneusma and Sphaeropsis fungi spread by windborne spores in spring and warm, humid summers are also a cause of problems. Their decline could also possibly be due to salinity as the site is only between 5 and 2\\.5 m above sea level.Hunter Heritage Network meeting, 28 July 2006", "### Modifications and dates", "* {{circa\\\|1847}}: {{convert\\\|30000\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}} reduced to {{convert\\\|850\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}} estate\n* {{circa\\\|1848}}: mention of a [sundial](/wiki/Sundial \"Sundial\") [pedestal](/wiki/Pedestal \"Pedestal\") in the garden\n* 1861 chapel added.\n* {{circa\\\|1868}}: cellars in use.\n* 1850–1880: a second stage of construction occurred – of a brick caretaker's cottage. This was originally a two storeyed building.\n* 1879\\+: Justice W. C. Windeyer added the [corrugated iron](/wiki/Corrugated_galvanised_iron \"Corrugated galvanised iron\") and cast iron columned verandah and barrel roofed [clerestory](/wiki/Clerestory \"Clerestory\"), changing the form of the roof. The main feature – the semi\\-circular bays – was changed to 7 sided pillar [hipped](/wiki/Hipped_roof \"Hipped roof\") roofs. ALso the re\\-cladding altered the [eaves](/wiki/Eaves \"Eaves\").\n* 1890s: original slate roof was by now a metal roof (unpainted) with the clerestory roof painted in alternating stripes (photographic evidence).\n* 1944: sold to Courtaulds (British textile firm) for use as manager's house\n* {{circa\\\|1950}}: caretaker's 2 storey building reduced to a single storey cottage\n* 1952: alterations by Courtaulds to upgrade the house. Kitchen established in its present location and the dining room moved to the main hall. The former dining room became a billiard room, the former study became a bedroom with ensuite, and a second bathroom was added in the east verandah, plaster ceilings throughout were strengthened with timber [battens](/wiki/Batten \"Batten\") and new fireplace surrounds introduced. The former kitchen building was converted into a self\\-contained cottage.\n* {{circa\\\|1970}}: sold to Mrs James who added a swimming pool (since filled in)\n* 1986: donated to [National Trust of Australia](/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia \"National Trust of Australia\") (NSW) who have since used it as a function centre.\n* 1998: reconstructed picket fence of the chapel on a different boundary line and to a different design; replanted the avenue from the house to the chapel with a different species.\n* February 2008: very large Stone Pine at the entrance rolled out of the ground – storm damaged in 2007\n* 2015: severe April storms led to the necessity to remove a number of fallen, damaged, dead or dangerous trees to make the site safe to access and use, including opening it back to the public. Stage one tree removals were four trees along the northern boundary fence and 11 chiefly south of the southernmost drive. These were mainly stone pines (Pinus pinea), as well as tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys), jacaranda (J.mimosifolia). Stage two tree removals were more generally arrayed to the north, west and south\\-west of the house. These were largely Monterey pines (Pinus radiata) and lemon\\-scented gums (Corymbia citriodora). Other trees removed were stone pines, brush box (Lophostemon confertus), blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis), tallowwood, bangalay (E.botryoides), Sydney red gum/smooth\\-barked apple (Angophora costata), an Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica), jacaranda, camphor laurel (Cinnamommum camphora), silky oak (Grevillea robusta), turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera), cottonwood (Populus deltoides),.Hunter Horticultural Services, 2015" ]
### Estate and grounds The present estate is {{convert\\|5\\|ha\\|acre\\|0\\|abbr\=on}} of parkland. Once it was {{convert\\|5000\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}}, and the house was accessed primarily from the Hunter River, walking up to the house which stands on a small knoll with expansive views to and from it. The house was oriented for vistas to Mt. Sugarloaf although these are today blocked by trees. The {{convert\\|30\\|acre\\|ha\\|0\\|abbr\=on\\|disp\=flip}} vineyard was established, with plantings from James King of Irrawang, who was known to be producing good wines by 1840\. Tomago House retains the core of a once larger rural estate, with its sweeping entrance carriage drives off Tomago Road approaching the house from the north\-west, and another drive towards the chapel to the west. The drive is lined with jacarandas ([Jacaranda mimosifolia](/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia "Jacaranda mimosifolia")), an evergreen magnolia / bull [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 "Bay (architecture)") (M.grandiflora) and lemon\-scented gums ([Corymbia citriodora](/wiki/Corymbia_citriodora "Corymbia citriodora")). The grounds are fairly thickly planted with mature coniferous trees reflecting the fashion for pineta or conifer collections in the 19th century – these comprise predominantly exotic pine species including Mediterranean stone pine (Pinus pinea), Monterey pine (California: [Pinus radiata](/wiki/Pinus_radiata "Pinus radiata")), Bunya pine (Queensland: [Araucaria bidwillii](/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii "Araucaria bidwillii")), Norfolk Island pine ([Araucaria heterophylla](/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla "Araucaria heterophylla")) and hoop pine trees (Northern NSW/ Queensland: [Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii "Araucaria cunninghamii")).Stuart Read, pers.comm., 23 January 2015 Other major trees include a number of large old Moreton Bay figs ([Ficus macrophylla](/wiki/Ficus_macrophylla "Ficus macrophylla")), locally\-native turpentines ([Syncarpia glomulifera](/wiki/Syncarpia_glomulifera "Syncarpia glomulifera")), 20th\-century plantings of jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia), Qld. lemon\-scented gums (Corymbia citriodora) on both carriage loops and a large 19th\-century mature bull bay / evergreen or Southern magnolia (M.grandiflora) south of the house towards the river terrace. Another unusual tree here is the South African Cape chestnut (Cupania capensis), north of the house. Large clumps of Mauritius hemp ([Furcraea](/wiki/Furcraea "Furcraea") selloa) remain underneath the trees north of the house. Two large clumps of giant bamboo ([Bambusa balcooa](/wiki/Bambusa_balcooa "Bambusa balcooa")) are on the terrace south of the house and in the ephemeral lagoon area to the south, in the vicinity of the (lost) pleasure garden there. A solitary date palm ([Phoenix dactylifera](/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera "Phoenix dactylifera")) is north\-west of the house on the grass terrace and several tall old specimens of locally\-native cabbage palms ([Livistona australis](/wiki/Livistona_australis "Livistona australis")) remain in the lagoon area south of the house, probably predating it. A number of Qld. silky oaks ([Grevillea robusta](/wiki/Grevillea_robusta "Grevillea robusta")), Northern\-NSW/Qld. brush box ([Lophostemon confertus](/wiki/Lophostemon_confertus "Lophostemon confertus")), locally\-native red ash ([Alphitonia excelsa](/wiki/Alphitonia_excelsa "Alphitonia excelsa")), American sweet gum ([Liquidambar styraciflua](/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua "Liquidambar styraciflua")) trees are also in the grounds. Near the front door of the house on the northern side a large orchid tree ([Bauhinia variegata](/wiki/Bauhinia_variegata "Bauhinia variegata") cv.) is covered with staghorn ferns. Other native species include smooth\-barked apple/Sydney red gum ([Angophora costata](/wiki/Angophora_costata "Angophora costata")), native peach ([Breynia oblongifolia](/wiki/Breynia_oblongifolia "Breynia oblongifolia")), Qld. lacebark ([Brachychiton discolor](/wiki/Brachychiton_discolor "Brachychiton discolor")), Qld. black bean/native chestnut ([Castanospermum australe](/wiki/Castanospermum_australe "Castanospermum australe")); tuckeroo ([Cupaniopsis anacardioides](/wiki/Cupaniopsis_anacardioides "Cupaniopsis anacardioides")); corkwood ([Endiandra sieberi](/wiki/Endiandra_sieberi "Endiandra sieberi")); bangalay ([Eucalyptus botryoides](/wiki/Eucalyptus_botryoides "Eucalyptus botryoides")); W.A. yellow bloodwood ([Corymbia eximia](/wiki/Corymbia_eximia "Corymbia eximia")); flooded gum (E.grandis); tallowood (E.microcorys); blackbutt (E.pilularis); white mahogany (E. spp. (?E.acmenioides)); cheese tree ([Glochidion ferdinandi](/wiki/Glochidion_ferdinandi "Glochidion ferdinandi")); broad\-leaved paperbark ([Melaleuca quinquenervia](/wiki/Melaleuca_quinquenervia "Melaleuca quinquenervia")); white cedar ([Melia azedarach](/wiki/Melia_azedarach "Melia azedarach")); tree broom/heath ([Monotoca elliptica](/wiki/Monotoca_elliptica "Monotoca elliptica")); Qld./N.NSW firewheel tree ([Stenocarpus sinuatus](/wiki/Stenocarpus_sinuatus "Stenocarpus sinuatus")); magenta lily pilly ([Syzygium paniculatum](/wiki/Syzygium_paniculatum "Syzygium paniculatum")); red cedar ([Toona ciliata](/wiki/Toona_ciliata "Toona ciliata")) and woody pear ([Xylomelum pyriforme](/wiki/Xylomelum_pyriforme "Xylomelum pyriforme")); Darling or river lily ([Crinum](/wiki/Crinum "Crinum") sp.); she oak ([Casuarina](/wiki/Casuarina "Casuarina") sp.).Doran, 1999 Other exotic species include Cape chestnut ([Calodendrum capense](/wiki/Calodendrum_capense "Calodendrum capense")); Atlas cedar ([Cedrus atlantica](/wiki/Cedrus_atlantica "Cedrus atlantica")); camphor laurel ([Cinnamomum camphora](/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora "Cinnamomum camphora")); Monterey cypress ([Hesperocyparis macrocarpa](/wiki/Hesperocyparis_macrocarpa "Hesperocyparis macrocarpa")); cockspur coral tree ([Erythrina crista\-galli](/wiki/Erythrina_crista-galli "Erythrina crista-galli")); crepe myrtle ([Lagerstroemia indica](/wiki/Lagerstroemia_indica "Lagerstroemia indica") cv.); Hupeh crab apple ([Malus hupehensis](/wiki/Malus_hupehensis "Malus hupehensis")); oleander ([Nerium](/wiki/Nerium "Nerium") oleander cv.); avocado ([Persea americana](/wiki/Persea_americana "Persea americana") cv.); Mexican weeping pine ([Pinus patula](/wiki/Pinus_patula "Pinus patula")); Eastern cottonwood ([Populus deltoides](/wiki/Populus_deltoides "Populus deltoides")), Lombardy poplar (P.nigra 'Italica'); plum (Prunus domestica cv.); peach (P.persica cv.); pear (Pyrus communis cv.); cherry guava ([Psidium cattleyanum](/wiki/Psidium_cattleyanum "Psidium cattleyanum")); tree gardenia ([Rothmannia globosa](/wiki/Rothmannia_globosa "Rothmannia globosa")); pepper tree ([Schinus molle](/wiki/Schinus_molle "Schinus molle")); [Camellia japonica](/wiki/Camellia_japonica "Camellia japonica") cv. shrubs; autumn camellias ([Camellia sasanqua](/wiki/Camellia_sasanqua "Camellia sasanqua") cv.s); oranges ([Citrus sinensis](/wiki/Citrus_sinensis "Citrus sinensis") cv.); [Hibiscus](/wiki/Hibiscus "Hibiscus") spp.; French lavender ([Lavandula dentata](/wiki/Lavandula_dentata "Lavandula dentata")); Cocos Island palm ([Syagrus romanzoffiana](/wiki/Syagrus_romanzoffiana "Syagrus romanzoffiana")); star jasmine ([Trachelospermum jasminoides](/wiki/Trachelospermum_jasminoides "Trachelospermum jasminoides")); laurustinus ([Viburnum tinus](/wiki/Viburnum_tinus "Viburnum tinus")); London or hybrid plane (Platanus x acerifolia); and Chinese wisteria ([Wisteria sinensis](/wiki/Wisteria_sinensis "Wisteria sinensis")).	[ "### Estate and grounds", "The present estate is {{convert\\\|5\\\|ha\\\|acre\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on}} of parkland. Once it was {{convert\\\|5000\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}}, and the house was accessed primarily from the Hunter River, walking up to the house which stands on a small knoll with expansive views to and from it. The house was oriented for vistas to Mt. Sugarloaf although these are today blocked by trees. The {{convert\\\|30\\\|acre\\\|ha\\\|0\\\|abbr\\=on\\\|disp\\=flip}} vineyard was established, with plantings from James King of Irrawang, who was known to be producing good wines by 1840\\.", "Tomago House retains the core of a once larger rural estate, with its sweeping entrance carriage drives off Tomago Road approaching the house from the north\\-west, and another drive towards the chapel to the west. The drive is lined with jacarandas ([Jacaranda mimosifolia](/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia \"Jacaranda mimosifolia\")), an evergreen magnolia / bull [bay](/wiki/Bay_%28architecture%29 \"Bay (architecture)\") (M.grandiflora) and lemon\\-scented gums ([Corymbia citriodora](/wiki/Corymbia_citriodora \"Corymbia citriodora\")).", "The grounds are fairly thickly planted with mature coniferous trees reflecting the fashion for pineta or conifer collections in the 19th century – these comprise predominantly exotic pine species including Mediterranean stone pine (Pinus pinea), Monterey pine (California: [Pinus radiata](/wiki/Pinus_radiata \"Pinus radiata\")), Bunya pine (Queensland: [Araucaria bidwillii](/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii \"Araucaria bidwillii\")), Norfolk Island pine ([Araucaria heterophylla](/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla \"Araucaria heterophylla\")) and hoop pine trees (Northern NSW/ Queensland: [Araucaria cunninghamii](/wiki/Araucaria_cunninghamii \"Araucaria cunninghamii\")).Stuart Read, pers.comm., 23 January 2015", "Other major trees include a number of large old Moreton Bay figs ([Ficus macrophylla](/wiki/Ficus_macrophylla \"Ficus macrophylla\")), locally\\-native turpentines ([Syncarpia glomulifera](/wiki/Syncarpia_glomulifera \"Syncarpia glomulifera\")), 20th\\-century plantings of jacarandas (Jacaranda mimosifolia), Qld. lemon\\-scented gums (Corymbia citriodora) on both carriage loops and a large 19th\\-century mature bull bay / evergreen or Southern magnolia (M.grandiflora) south of the house towards the river terrace. Another unusual tree here is the South African Cape chestnut (Cupania capensis), north of the house. Large clumps of Mauritius hemp ([Furcraea](/wiki/Furcraea \"Furcraea\") selloa) remain underneath the trees north of the house. Two large clumps of giant bamboo ([Bambusa balcooa](/wiki/Bambusa_balcooa \"Bambusa balcooa\")) are on the terrace south of the house and in the ephemeral lagoon area to the south, in the vicinity of the (lost) pleasure garden there. A solitary date palm ([Phoenix dactylifera](/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera \"Phoenix dactylifera\")) is north\\-west of the house on the grass terrace and several tall old specimens of locally\\-native cabbage palms ([Livistona australis](/wiki/Livistona_australis \"Livistona australis\")) remain in the lagoon area south of the house, probably predating it. A number of Qld. silky oaks ([Grevillea robusta](/wiki/Grevillea_robusta \"Grevillea robusta\")), Northern\\-NSW/Qld. brush box ([Lophostemon confertus](/wiki/Lophostemon_confertus \"Lophostemon confertus\")), locally\\-native red ash ([Alphitonia excelsa](/wiki/Alphitonia_excelsa \"Alphitonia excelsa\")), American sweet gum ([Liquidambar styraciflua](/wiki/Liquidambar_styraciflua \"Liquidambar styraciflua\")) trees are also in the grounds.", "Near the front door of the house on the northern side a large orchid tree ([Bauhinia variegata](/wiki/Bauhinia_variegata \"Bauhinia variegata\") cv.) is covered with staghorn ferns.", "Other native species include smooth\\-barked apple/Sydney red gum ([Angophora costata](/wiki/Angophora_costata \"Angophora costata\")), native peach ([Breynia oblongifolia](/wiki/Breynia_oblongifolia \"Breynia oblongifolia\")), Qld. lacebark ([Brachychiton discolor](/wiki/Brachychiton_discolor \"Brachychiton discolor\")), Qld. black bean/native chestnut ([Castanospermum australe](/wiki/Castanospermum_australe \"Castanospermum australe\")); tuckeroo ([Cupaniopsis anacardioides](/wiki/Cupaniopsis_anacardioides \"Cupaniopsis anacardioides\")); corkwood ([Endiandra sieberi](/wiki/Endiandra_sieberi \"Endiandra sieberi\")); bangalay ([Eucalyptus botryoides](/wiki/Eucalyptus_botryoides \"Eucalyptus botryoides\")); W.A. yellow bloodwood ([Corymbia eximia](/wiki/Corymbia_eximia \"Corymbia eximia\")); flooded gum (E.grandis); tallowood (E.microcorys); blackbutt (E.pilularis); white mahogany (E. spp. (?E.acmenioides)); cheese tree ([Glochidion ferdinandi](/wiki/Glochidion_ferdinandi \"Glochidion ferdinandi\")); broad\\-leaved paperbark ([Melaleuca quinquenervia](/wiki/Melaleuca_quinquenervia \"Melaleuca quinquenervia\")); white cedar ([Melia azedarach](/wiki/Melia_azedarach \"Melia azedarach\")); tree broom/heath ([Monotoca elliptica](/wiki/Monotoca_elliptica \"Monotoca elliptica\")); Qld./N.NSW firewheel tree ([Stenocarpus sinuatus](/wiki/Stenocarpus_sinuatus \"Stenocarpus sinuatus\")); magenta lily pilly ([Syzygium paniculatum](/wiki/Syzygium_paniculatum \"Syzygium paniculatum\")); red cedar ([Toona ciliata](/wiki/Toona_ciliata \"Toona ciliata\")) and woody pear ([Xylomelum pyriforme](/wiki/Xylomelum_pyriforme \"Xylomelum pyriforme\")); Darling or river lily ([Crinum](/wiki/Crinum \"Crinum\") sp.); she oak ([Casuarina](/wiki/Casuarina \"Casuarina\") sp.).Doran, 1999", "Other exotic species include Cape chestnut ([Calodendrum capense](/wiki/Calodendrum_capense \"Calodendrum capense\")); Atlas cedar ([Cedrus atlantica](/wiki/Cedrus_atlantica \"Cedrus atlantica\")); camphor laurel ([Cinnamomum camphora](/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora \"Cinnamomum camphora\")); Monterey cypress ([Hesperocyparis macrocarpa](/wiki/Hesperocyparis_macrocarpa \"Hesperocyparis macrocarpa\")); cockspur coral tree ([Erythrina crista\\-galli](/wiki/Erythrina_crista-galli \"Erythrina crista-galli\")); crepe myrtle ([Lagerstroemia indica](/wiki/Lagerstroemia_indica \"Lagerstroemia indica\") cv.); Hupeh crab apple ([Malus hupehensis](/wiki/Malus_hupehensis \"Malus hupehensis\")); oleander ([Nerium](/wiki/Nerium \"Nerium\") oleander cv.); avocado ([Persea americana](/wiki/Persea_americana \"Persea americana\") cv.); Mexican weeping pine ([Pinus patula](/wiki/Pinus_patula \"Pinus patula\")); Eastern cottonwood ([Populus deltoides](/wiki/Populus_deltoides \"Populus deltoides\")), Lombardy poplar (P.nigra 'Italica'); plum (Prunus domestica cv.); peach (P.persica cv.); pear (Pyrus communis cv.); cherry guava ([Psidium cattleyanum](/wiki/Psidium_cattleyanum \"Psidium cattleyanum\")); tree gardenia ([Rothmannia globosa](/wiki/Rothmannia_globosa \"Rothmannia globosa\")); pepper tree ([Schinus molle](/wiki/Schinus_molle \"Schinus molle\")); [Camellia japonica](/wiki/Camellia_japonica \"Camellia japonica\") cv. shrubs; autumn camellias ([Camellia sasanqua](/wiki/Camellia_sasanqua \"Camellia sasanqua\") cv.s); oranges ([Citrus sinensis](/wiki/Citrus_sinensis \"Citrus sinensis\") cv.); [Hibiscus](/wiki/Hibiscus \"Hibiscus\") spp.; French lavender ([Lavandula dentata](/wiki/Lavandula_dentata \"Lavandula dentata\")); Cocos Island palm ([Syagrus romanzoffiana](/wiki/Syagrus_romanzoffiana \"Syagrus romanzoffiana\")); star jasmine ([Trachelospermum jasminoides](/wiki/Trachelospermum_jasminoides \"Trachelospermum jasminoides\")); laurustinus ([Viburnum tinus](/wiki/Viburnum_tinus \"Viburnum tinus\")); London or hybrid plane (Platanus x acerifolia); and Chinese wisteria ([Wisteria sinensis](/wiki/Wisteria_sinensis \"Wisteria sinensis\")).", "" ]
### House Built by barrister [Richard Windeyer](/wiki/Richard_Windeyer "Richard Windeyer"), Tomago House formed the nucleus of what was, in the mid\-19th century, a vast agricultural estate and the country residence of one of the nation's leading politico\-legal figures. Work on the house started in the early 1840s. The house comprises two distinct buildings to which some modern structures have been added. The first phase was between 1842 and 1847, construction of the main stone house. Clear evidence exists to confirm that the house was originally constructed with a slate roof. Tomago House is noted for its fine [verandas](/wiki/Veranda "Veranda") looking over pastoral land; underground cellars completed in time for the 1868 harvest, remnants of the 19th\-century pleasure grounds; interiors which reflected the lives and times of a family of status and a social history which [spans](/wiki/Span_%28architecture%29 "Span (architecture)") three generations. Between 1850 and 1880 a second stage of construction occurred – of a brick caretaker's cottage. This was originally a two storeyed building. It was reduced to a single storey cottage around 1950 when its [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork "Brickwork") was considered unsafe. The modern structures date from the 1940s or 1950s and include the enclosure of the south\-east verandah, a brick garage and laundry on the west corner of the caretaker's cottage and a timber garage on the north\-east side of the caretaker's cottage.	[ "### House", "Built by barrister [Richard Windeyer](/wiki/Richard_Windeyer \"Richard Windeyer\"), Tomago House formed the nucleus of what was, in the mid\\-19th century, a vast agricultural estate and the country residence of one of the nation's leading politico\\-legal figures.", "Work on the house started in the early 1840s. The house comprises two distinct buildings to which some modern structures have been added. The first phase was between 1842 and 1847, construction of the main stone house. Clear evidence exists to confirm that the house was originally constructed with a slate roof.", "Tomago House is noted for its fine [verandas](/wiki/Veranda \"Veranda\") looking over pastoral land; underground cellars completed in time for the 1868 harvest, remnants of the 19th\\-century pleasure grounds; interiors which reflected the lives and times of a family of status and a social history which [spans](/wiki/Span_%28architecture%29 \"Span (architecture)\") three generations.", "Between 1850 and 1880 a second stage of construction occurred – of a brick caretaker's cottage. This was originally a two storeyed building. It was reduced to a single storey cottage around 1950 when its [brickwork](/wiki/Brickwork \"Brickwork\") was considered unsafe.", "The modern structures date from the 1940s or 1950s and include the enclosure of the south\\-east verandah, a brick garage and laundry on the west corner of the caretaker's cottage and a timber garage on the north\\-east side of the caretaker's cottage.", "" ]