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Economics of Xiamen (Post\-1980\)
---------------------------------
In October 1980, the State Council of the People’s Republic China approved the establishment of the Xiamen Special Economic Zone, designating 2\.5 square kilometers of land in the Huli area in the northwest of Xiamen Island.{{Cite web \|title\=未登录 \|url\=http://data.people.com.cn/rmrb/pd.html?qs\=%7B%22cds%22:%5B%7B%22cdr%22:%22AND%22,%22cds%22:%5B%7B%22fld%22:%22contentText%22,%22cdr%22:%22OR%22,%22hlt%22:%22true%22,%22vlr%22:%22OR%22,%22val%22:%22%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA%22%7D%5D%7D%5D,%22obs%22:%5B%7B%22fld%22:%22dataTime%22,%22drt%22:%22ASC%22%7D%5D%7D\&tr\=A\&pageNo\=1\&pageSize\=20\&position\=0 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-30 \|website\=data.people.com.cn}} Xiamen was one of five Special Economic Zones designated in 1980\.
Continuing from its dynastic period, Xiamen became an important maritime cargo and container port to allow shipping from major world ports into China. The Xiamen Special Economic Zone has expanded to cover the entire Xiamen Island, including [Gulangyu Island](/wiki/Gulangyu "Gulangyu"), with a total area of 131 square kilometers in 1985\.{{Cite web \|title\=未登录 \|url\=http://data.people.com.cn/rmrb/pd.html?qs\=%7B%22cds%22%3A%5B%7B%22cdr%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22cds%22%3A%5B%7B%22fld%22%3A%22contentText%22%2C%22cdr%22%3A%22OR%22%2C%22hlt%22%3A%22true%22%2C%22vlr%22%3A%22OR%22%2C%22val%22%3A%22%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%B8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%22%7D%5D%7D%5D%2C%22obs%22%3A%5B%7B%22fld%22%3A%22dataTime%22%2C%22drt%22%3A%22ASC%22%7D%5D%7D\&tr\=A\&pageNo\=2\&pageSize\=20\&position\=3 \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-30 \|website\=data.people.com.cn}} In 1988, the State Council approved the establishment of Xiamen as a planned city, giving it economic management authority equivalent to that of a province. In 1989 and 1992, the State Council approved the establishment of three Taiwan investment zones, namely [Haicang](/wiki/Haicang_District "Haicang District"), Xinglin and [Jimei](/wiki/Jimei_District "Jimei District"), with investments in the zones being handled in accordance with the current special economic zone policies.
Fujian is responsible for 32\.1% of all Taiwanese funds in the mainland. Xiamen's gross national product increased by 4\.9 times over the 10 years since it opened in 1980 to 5\.016 billion RMB. Other statistical increases include a 6\.3 times increase in industrial and agricultural output value and per capita income increased from 631 RMB to 3720 RMB over the same 10 year span.
In November 1992, the State Council approved the establishment of Xiangyu Free Trade Zone in Xiamen. In February 1994, the Central Government determined Xiamen as a [sub\-provincial city](/wiki/Sub-provincial_division "Sub-provincial division").
In March 1994, the Second Session of the Eighth National People's Congress granted Xiamen the power to make laws and regulations within the scope of the Special Economic Zone. In June 2010, the State Council approved the expansion of the Xiamen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) to the whole city of Xiamen, and the inclusion of four districts outside the island, namely Jimei, Haicang, Tongan and Xiangan, into the SEZ, making the Xiamen SEZ 12 times larger.
Xiamen has entered a new stage of integrated development within and outside the island. On March 8, 2011, the State Council officially approved the "Economic Zone Development Plan for the West Coast of the Taiwan Strait". This Plan clearly states that Xiamen should be supported to establish a regional financial service center across the Taiwan Strait, expand pilot financial reforms, and take the lead in experimenting with Taiwan's offshore finance and fund clearing.
Xiamen continues to enjoy benefits from being an early SEZ with it being known as a center for international trade. Xiamen’s GDP growth rate as of 2019 was 7\.9% which outpaces almost all other Chinese cities.{{Cite web \|last\=Consulting \|first\=Daxue \|date\=2020\-08\-23 \|title\=Why Xiamen's economy is outpacing most Chinese cities {{!}} What foreign companies should know \|url\=https://daxueconsulting.com/xiamen\-economy/ \|access\-date\=2023\-04\-30 \|website\=Daxue Consulting \- Market Research China \|language\=en\-US}} Xiamen’s GDP also passed Taiwans in 2020\.
|
[
"Economics of Xiamen (Post\\-1980\\)\n---------------------------------",
"In October 1980, the State Council of the People’s Republic China approved the establishment of the Xiamen Special Economic Zone, designating 2\\.5 square kilometers of land in the Huli area in the northwest of Xiamen Island.{{Cite web \\|title\\=未登录 \\|url\\=http://data.people.com.cn/rmrb/pd.html?qs\\=%7B%22cds%22:%5B%7B%22cdr%22:%22AND%22,%22cds%22:%5B%7B%22fld%22:%22contentText%22,%22cdr%22:%22OR%22,%22hlt%22:%22true%22,%22vlr%22:%22OR%22,%22val%22:%22%E5%8E%A6%E9%97%A8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA%22%7D%5D%7D%5D,%22obs%22:%5B%7B%22fld%22:%22dataTime%22,%22drt%22:%22ASC%22%7D%5D%7D\\&tr\\=A\\&pageNo\\=1\\&pageSize\\=20\\&position\\=0 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-30 \\|website\\=data.people.com.cn}} Xiamen was one of five Special Economic Zones designated in 1980\\.",
"Continuing from its dynastic period, Xiamen became an important maritime cargo and container port to allow shipping from major world ports into China. The Xiamen Special Economic Zone has expanded to cover the entire Xiamen Island, including [Gulangyu Island](/wiki/Gulangyu \"Gulangyu\"), with a total area of 131 square kilometers in 1985\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=未登录 \\|url\\=http://data.people.com.cn/rmrb/pd.html?qs\\=%7B%22cds%22%3A%5B%7B%22cdr%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22cds%22%3A%5B%7B%22fld%22%3A%22contentText%22%2C%22cdr%22%3A%22OR%22%2C%22hlt%22%3A%22true%22%2C%22vlr%22%3A%22OR%22%2C%22val%22%3A%22%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E8%A5%BF%E5%B2%B8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92%22%7D%5D%7D%5D%2C%22obs%22%3A%5B%7B%22fld%22%3A%22dataTime%22%2C%22drt%22%3A%22ASC%22%7D%5D%7D\\&tr\\=A\\&pageNo\\=2\\&pageSize\\=20\\&position\\=3 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-30 \\|website\\=data.people.com.cn}} In 1988, the State Council approved the establishment of Xiamen as a planned city, giving it economic management authority equivalent to that of a province. In 1989 and 1992, the State Council approved the establishment of three Taiwan investment zones, namely [Haicang](/wiki/Haicang_District \"Haicang District\"), Xinglin and [Jimei](/wiki/Jimei_District \"Jimei District\"), with investments in the zones being handled in accordance with the current special economic zone policies.",
"Fujian is responsible for 32\\.1% of all Taiwanese funds in the mainland. Xiamen's gross national product increased by 4\\.9 times over the 10 years since it opened in 1980 to 5\\.016 billion RMB. Other statistical increases include a 6\\.3 times increase in industrial and agricultural output value and per capita income increased from 631 RMB to 3720 RMB over the same 10 year span.",
"In November 1992, the State Council approved the establishment of Xiangyu Free Trade Zone in Xiamen. In February 1994, the Central Government determined Xiamen as a [sub\\-provincial city](/wiki/Sub-provincial_division \"Sub-provincial division\").",
"In March 1994, the Second Session of the Eighth National People's Congress granted Xiamen the power to make laws and regulations within the scope of the Special Economic Zone. In June 2010, the State Council approved the expansion of the Xiamen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) to the whole city of Xiamen, and the inclusion of four districts outside the island, namely Jimei, Haicang, Tongan and Xiangan, into the SEZ, making the Xiamen SEZ 12 times larger.",
"Xiamen has entered a new stage of integrated development within and outside the island. On March 8, 2011, the State Council officially approved the \"Economic Zone Development Plan for the West Coast of the Taiwan Strait\". This Plan clearly states that Xiamen should be supported to establish a regional financial service center across the Taiwan Strait, expand pilot financial reforms, and take the lead in experimenting with Taiwan's offshore finance and fund clearing.",
"Xiamen continues to enjoy benefits from being an early SEZ with it being known as a center for international trade. Xiamen’s GDP growth rate as of 2019 was 7\\.9% which outpaces almost all other Chinese cities.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Consulting \\|first\\=Daxue \\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-23 \\|title\\=Why Xiamen's economy is outpacing most Chinese cities {{!}} What foreign companies should know \\|url\\=https://daxueconsulting.com/xiamen\\-economy/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-30 \\|website\\=Daxue Consulting \\- Market Research China \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Xiamen’s GDP also passed Taiwans in 2020\\.",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Two weeks before Christmas in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"), Duncan Wagner, a lone down\-and\-outer who has been
living in self\-imposed exile for several years, kidnaps Gabriel Booker, the eleven\-year\-old
son of State Representative Winthrop Booker. Wagner takes the child to his apartment and
ties him to a chair in front of the television, then leaves for work as a self\-employed
charity Santa Claus. When Wagner returns to his apartment, Gabriel is no longer in the
chair. Thinking the boy has fled, Wagner goes into his room and finds him sleeping on the
bed.
In spite of a lingering edginess, the two grow more cordial toward each other. Wagner
locks Gabriel's ankle to a long chain to make sure he doesn't run away. Gabriel hounds
Wagner to supply him with Christmas decorations and other goodies to help pass the time.
Wagner awkwardly complies. Gabriel turns out to be a vegetarian. And a [bed wetter](/wiki/Bed_wetter "Bed wetter").
After a day, Wagner makes a ransom demand for one hundred thousand dollars from
Representative Booker. Almost immediately the missing child case turns into an
[Amber Alert](/wiki/Amber_Alert "Amber Alert") and dominates news headlines.
One night Wagner, bothered by the clinking sound of the chain, unlocks Gabriel's ankle
in order to have a decent sleep. In the morning, Gabriel is gone and with him, all Duncan's
charity money. Duncan goes to town in his Santa suit, hoping to elude hordes of police he
is sure will swarm to his apartment. While in town, he helps a street artist, Martina,
whose purse is being rifled by a pair of thieves. He realizes Martina has an eye for his
Santa character, though he also realizes that by kidnapping Gabriel, he has imprisoned
himself as well.
Back at his apartment there are no police. Later on, Gabriel shows up in disguise after spending the day exploring Boston and buying money orders with Duncan's cash. The friendship is solidified, although the ransom deal seems to be going sour...
The real story is the relationship between Duncan and Gabriel, which takes surprising but endearing turns.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Two weeks before Christmas in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), Duncan Wagner, a lone down\\-and\\-outer who has been \nliving in self\\-imposed exile for several years, kidnaps Gabriel Booker, the eleven\\-year\\-old\nson of State Representative Winthrop Booker. Wagner takes the child to his apartment and \nties him to a chair in front of the television, then leaves for work as a self\\-employed \ncharity Santa Claus. When Wagner returns to his apartment, Gabriel is no longer in the \nchair. Thinking the boy has fled, Wagner goes into his room and finds him sleeping on the \nbed.",
"In spite of a lingering edginess, the two grow more cordial toward each other. Wagner \nlocks Gabriel's ankle to a long chain to make sure he doesn't run away. Gabriel hounds \nWagner to supply him with Christmas decorations and other goodies to help pass the time. \nWagner awkwardly complies. Gabriel turns out to be a vegetarian. And a [bed wetter](/wiki/Bed_wetter \"Bed wetter\").",
"After a day, Wagner makes a ransom demand for one hundred thousand dollars from \nRepresentative Booker. Almost immediately the missing child case turns into an \n[Amber Alert](/wiki/Amber_Alert \"Amber Alert\") and dominates news headlines.",
"One night Wagner, bothered by the clinking sound of the chain, unlocks Gabriel's ankle \nin order to have a decent sleep. In the morning, Gabriel is gone and with him, all Duncan's \ncharity money. Duncan goes to town in his Santa suit, hoping to elude hordes of police he \nis sure will swarm to his apartment. While in town, he helps a street artist, Martina, \nwhose purse is being rifled by a pair of thieves. He realizes Martina has an eye for his \nSanta character, though he also realizes that by kidnapping Gabriel, he has imprisoned \nhimself as well.",
"Back at his apartment there are no police. Later on, Gabriel shows up in disguise after spending the day exploring Boston and buying money orders with Duncan's cash. The friendship is solidified, although the ransom deal seems to be going sour...",
"The real story is the relationship between Duncan and Gabriel, which takes surprising but endearing turns.",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Minor leagues
The [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds "Cincinnati Reds") selected Wood 60th overall in the [2005 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2005_Major_League_Baseball_draft "2005 Major League Baseball draft") out of [Bryant High School](/wiki/Bryant_High_School_%28Arkansas%29 "Bryant High School (Arkansas)"). He chose not to attend college and went straight to professional baseball.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2017}} Wood's first season as a professional was split between the Reds' [Rookie Class](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball "Minor League Baseball") teams, the [Gulf Coast League Reds](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Reds "Gulf Coast League Reds") and the [Billings Mustangs](/wiki/Billings_Mustangs "Billings Mustangs"). He went a combined 2–0 with a 1\.29 ERA in 14 games, including 11 starts. Wood held batters to a .166 batting average, struck out 67, and pitched {{frac\|47\|2\|3}} innings, including {{frac\|17\|2\|3}} scoreless over his first six appearances.
[thumb\|left\|220px\|Wood pitching for the [Dayton Dragons](/wiki/Dayton_Dragons "Dayton Dragons") in 2006](/wiki/File:Travis_Wood_2006.jpg "Travis Wood 2006.jpg")
Wood spent all of 2006 with the Class\-A [Dayton Dragons](/wiki/Dayton_Dragons "Dayton Dragons"). He started 27 games and compiled a 10–5 record and a 3\.66 ERA. Wood fanned 133 batters and held opponents to a .215 batting average. He was named [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League "Midwest League") Pitcher of the Week for May 15–21, going 2–0 in 10\.1 innings, striking out 13, and allowing one earned. Wood allowed only two runs in 26 innings pitched, while striking out 14 in his final four starts of the season.
Wood was placed on the disabled list on July 10 and stayed there until September 14\. In 12 starts for the [Sarasota Reds](/wiki/Sarasota_Reds "Sarasota Reds") of the [Class A\-Advanced](/wiki/Class_A-Advanced "Class A-Advanced") [Florida State League](/wiki/Florida_State_League "Florida State League"), he went 3–2 with a 4\.86 ERA. In 46\.1 innings, Wood allowed 49 hits and 27 walks, striking out 54, and opponents batted .268 off him. Wood began the 2008 season in Sarasota, and went 3–4 with a 2\.70 ERA in nine starts. He held batters to a .222 average while with the team. He earned Pitcher of the Week of the [Florida State League](/wiki/Florida_State_League "Florida State League") for the week of 4/28\-5/4, going 2–0 with a 1\.38 ERA in 13 innings over the stretch, allowing two runs and striking out nine. Wood earned a promotion to the [Chattanooga Lookouts](/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts "Chattanooga Lookouts") of the [Class AA](/wiki/Class_AA "Class AA") [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%932020%29 "Southern League (1964–2020)") on May 25\. He struggled in 17 starts, going 4–9 with a 7\.09 ERA. In 80 innings, Wood allowed 91 hits, 67 runs (63 earned), nine home runs, walked 48 and fanned 58\.
Wood started the 2009 season with the [Carolina Mudcats](/wiki/Carolina_Mudcats "Carolina Mudcats"), the Reds new Southern League affiliate. That time around, he improved drastically over his previous season in Double\-A. Wood pitched 119 innings over 19 starts, going 9–3 with a 1\.21 ERA. Allowing just 16 earned runs on 78 hits and 37 walks, he also stuck out 103 batters and hitters batted only .189 off the lefty. Earning a call\-up to the [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats "Louisville Bats") of the [Class AAA](/wiki/Class_AAA "Class AAA") [International League](/wiki/International_League "International League"), Wood went 4–2 in 48\.2 innings for the Bats. He allowed 43 hits over eight starts, walking 16 and striking out 32\. The Reds added Wood to their [40\-man roster](/wiki/40-man_roster "40-man roster") after the 2009 season to protect him from the [Rule 5 Draft](/wiki/Rule_5_Draft "Rule 5 Draft").{{cite web \|last\=Sheldon \|first\=Mark \|url\=http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20091120\&content\_id\=7695098\&vkey\=news\_cin\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=cin \|title\=Reds make moves, fill out roster \|publisher\=Cincinnati.reds.mlb.com \|date\=January 20, 2016 \|access\-date\=July 24, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614220355/http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20091120\&content\_id\=7695098\&vkey\=news\_cin\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=cin \|archive\-date\=June 14, 2011 }} Wood was one of the last players cut from the Reds' roster in [Spring Training](/wiki/Spring_Training "Spring Training"), and was one of many competing for the Reds' fifth starter spot. In a crowded race featuring veterans [Mike Lincoln](/wiki/Mike_Lincoln "Mike Lincoln") and [Justin Lehr](/wiki/Justin_Lehr "Justin Lehr"), young arms [Micah Owings](/wiki/Micah_Owings "Micah Owings") and [Matt Maloney](/wiki/Matt_Maloney_%28baseball%29 "Matt Maloney (baseball)"), and prospects [Sam LeCure](/wiki/Sam_LeCure "Sam LeCure"), [Aroldis Chapman](/wiki/Aroldis_Chapman "Aroldis Chapman"), and [Mike Leake](/wiki/Mike_Leake "Mike Leake"), Wood came down to the last two but was cut in favor of Leake. He started the season in Louisville.
### Cincinnati Reds
#### 2010
On June 30, Wood was called up from Triple\-A [Louisville](/wiki/Louisville_Bats "Louisville Bats") replacing [Daniel Ray Herrera](/wiki/Daniel_Ray_Herrera "Daniel Ray Herrera") on the Reds active roster {{cite web \|url\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\=20100630\&content\_id\=11759142\¬ebook\_id\=11767676\&vkey\=notebook\_cin\&fext\=.jsp\&c\_id\=cin \|title\=Herrera sent down to make room for Wood \| MLB.com \|publisher\=Mlb.mlb.com \|date\=January 20, 2016 \|access\-date\=July 24, 2017}} Wood made his major league debut on July 1, 2010, versus the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs") at [Wrigley Field](/wiki/Wrigley_Field "Wrigley Field"), getting a [no decision](/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_%28pitching%29 "Win–loss record (pitching)") in an eventual 3–2 Reds victory.
In his third career start, versus the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies "Philadelphia Phillies") at [Citizens Bank Park](/wiki/Citizens_Bank_Park "Citizens Bank Park") on July 10, 2010, Wood flirted with a [perfect game](/wiki/Perfect_game_%28baseball%29 "Perfect game (baseball)"), pitching eight flawless innings before surrendering a [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 "Double (baseball)") to Phillies [catcher](/wiki/Catcher "Catcher") [Carlos Ruiz](/wiki/Carlos_Ruiz_%28baseball%29 "Carlos Ruiz (baseball)") in the bottom of the ninth inning. Regardless, Wood actually could not have finished the perfect game in the ninth inning, because Phillies ace [Roy Halladay](/wiki/Roy_Halladay "Roy Halladay"), who himself had thrown a perfect game earlier in the 2010 season, also was pitching a shutout through nine innings. Wood exited after nine innings of one\-hit ball, and the Reds would later lose the game 1–0 in 11 innings, with Ruiz scoring the winning run. Wood hit his first career [home run](/wiki/Home_run "Home run") on September 4, 2010, off [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals")' [Adam Wainwright](/wiki/Adam_Wainwright "Adam Wainwright"). Wood finished the 2010 season 5–4 with a 3\.51 ERA in 17 starts.
#### 2011
Wood went 6–6 with a 4\.84 ERA in 22 games (18 starts) during the 2011 season.
### Chicago Cubs
[280px\|thumb\|Wood pitching for the [Chicago Cubs in 2012](/wiki/2012_Chicago_Cubs_season "2012 Chicago Cubs season")](/wiki/File:20120801_Travis_Wood_pitching_cropped.jpg "20120801 Travis Wood pitching cropped.jpg")
On December 21, 2011, Wood was traded to the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs "Chicago Cubs"), along with outfielder [Dave Sappelt](/wiki/Dave_Sappelt "Dave Sappelt") and a minor league second baseman [Ronald Torreyes](/wiki/Ronald_Torreyes "Ronald Torreyes") in exchange for left\-handed reliever [Sean Marshall](/wiki/Sean_Marshall_%28baseball%29 "Sean Marshall (baseball)").[Sean Marshall trade to Reds official](https://www.espn.com/chicago/mlb/story/_/id/7383879/chicago-cubs-trade-sean-marshall-cincinnati-reds-travis-wood-others) Wood was called up to the major league club in early May 2012 after [Chris Volstad](/wiki/Chris_Volstad "Chris Volstad") was demoted to Iowa because of his 0–6 start. Wood went 6–13 with a 4\.27 ERA in his first year as a Cub.
On May 19, 2013, Wood became the first Cub since [Mordecai Brown](/wiki/Mordecai_Brown "Mordecai Brown") to start a season with 9 straight quality starts. On May 30, 2013, Wood hit his first career [grand slam](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 "Grand slam (baseball)") off of [Jake Peavy](/wiki/Jake_Peavy "Jake Peavy") in an 8–3 victory over the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox "Chicago White Sox"). On July 6, 2013, Wood was named to his first All\-Star selection.
In 2014, Wood hit his 9th career homerun off of [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals "St. Louis Cardinals") pitcher [Adam Wainwright](/wiki/Adam_Wainwright "Adam Wainwright"). Wood struggled in 2014, with a 5\.03 ERA in 31 starts. After struggling in the rotation to start the 2015 season, Wood was moved to the bullpen. Wood fared much better as a reliever, posting a 2\.95 ERA and 4 saves in relief. Overall, he finished the season with a 3\.84 ERA in 54 games (9 starts). Working out of the bullpen in 2016, Wood posted a 4–0 record with a 2\.95 ERA in 77 appearances. In Game 2 of the [NLDS](/wiki/2016_National_League_Division_Series "2016 National League Division Series"), Wood hit a home run off of [Giants'](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants "San Francisco Giants") reliever [George Kontos](/wiki/George_Kontos "George Kontos"). He became the second relief pitcher to homer in a postseason game, after [Rosy Ryan](/wiki/Rosy_Ryan "Rosy Ryan") in Game 3 of the [1924 World Series](/wiki/1924_World_Series "1924 World Series"). Wood won a [World Series ring](/wiki/World_Series_ring "World Series ring") with the Cubs. He became a free agent following the 2016 season.
### Kansas City Royals
On February 15, 2017, Wood signed a two\-year, $12 million contract with the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals "Kansas City Royals"). The contract includes a mutual option for the 2019 season.{{cite web\|url\=http://m.royals.mlb.com/news/article/215910470/travis\-wood\-royals\-reportedly\-agree\-to\-deal/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214002922/http://m.royals.mlb.com/news/article/215910470/travis\-wood\-royals\-reportedly\-agree\-to\-deal/\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=February 14, 2017\|title\=Wood joins Royals on 2\-year deal\|last\=Flanagan\|first\=Jeffrey\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=February 15, 2017\|access\-date\=February 15, 2017}} Wood competed in spring training for a rotation spot but was ultimately moved to the bullpen to begin the season. At the beginning of July, Wood was moved to the starting rotation. Wood's overall numbers for the Royals were disappointing, sporting a career worst 6\.91 ERA in 31 total appearances for the Royals.
### San Diego Padres
On July 24, 2017, the Royals traded Wood, [Matt Strahm](/wiki/Matt_Strahm "Matt Strahm"), and [Esteury Ruiz](/wiki/Esteury_Ruiz "Esteury Ruiz") to the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres "San Diego Padres") for [Trevor Cahill](/wiki/Trevor_Cahill "Trevor Cahill"), [Ryan Buchter](/wiki/Ryan_Buchter "Ryan Buchter"), and [Brandon Maurer](/wiki/Brandon_Maurer "Brandon Maurer").{{cite web\|author\=7:00p ET \|url\=http://www.foxsports.com/san\-diego/story/padres\-acquire\-strahm\-and\-wood\-from\-royals\-072417 \|title\=Padres acquire Strahm and Wood from Royals \|work\=FOX Sports \|date\=July 3, 2015 \|access\-date\=July 24, 2017}} Wood was designated for assignment by the Padres on December 17, 2017,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mlb.com/padres/news/padres\-sign\-jordan\-lyles\-to\-1\-year\-deal/c\-263697282\|title\=Padres sign pitcher Lyles to 1\-year deal\|last\=Thornburg\|first\=Chad\|work\=MLB.com\|date\=December 17, 2017\|access\-date\=December 17, 2017}} and released on December 20\.{{cite web\|url\=https://twitter.com/Padres/status/943647206082355200\|title\=San Diego Padres on Twitter\|work\=\[\[Twitter]]\|date\=December 20, 2017\|access\-date\=December 20, 2017}}
### Detroit Tigers
On January 29, 2018, Wood signed a minor league contract with the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers "Detroit Tigers").{{cite web\|author\=Fenech, Anthony\|website\=freep.com\|url\=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2018/01/29/detroit\-tigers\-sign\-travis\-wood/1076407001/\|date\=January 29, 2018\|title\=Detroit Tigers sign lefty Travis Wood to minor league deal}} However, Wood tore his [ACL](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament "Anterior cruciate ligament") in spring training and the Tigers released him on March 8\.{{Cite web \| url\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/03/tigers\-release\-travis\-wood.html \|title \= Tigers Release Travis Wood}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Minor leagues",
"The [Cincinnati Reds](/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds \"Cincinnati Reds\") selected Wood 60th overall in the [2005 Major League Baseball draft](/wiki/2005_Major_League_Baseball_draft \"2005 Major League Baseball draft\") out of [Bryant High School](/wiki/Bryant_High_School_%28Arkansas%29 \"Bryant High School (Arkansas)\"). He chose not to attend college and went straight to professional baseball.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2017}} Wood's first season as a professional was split between the Reds' [Rookie Class](/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball \"Minor League Baseball\") teams, the [Gulf Coast League Reds](/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Reds \"Gulf Coast League Reds\") and the [Billings Mustangs](/wiki/Billings_Mustangs \"Billings Mustangs\"). He went a combined 2–0 with a 1\\.29 ERA in 14 games, including 11 starts. Wood held batters to a .166 batting average, struck out 67, and pitched {{frac\\|47\\|2\\|3}} innings, including {{frac\\|17\\|2\\|3}} scoreless over his first six appearances.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|Wood pitching for the [Dayton Dragons](/wiki/Dayton_Dragons \"Dayton Dragons\") in 2006](/wiki/File:Travis_Wood_2006.jpg \"Travis Wood 2006.jpg\")\nWood spent all of 2006 with the Class\\-A [Dayton Dragons](/wiki/Dayton_Dragons \"Dayton Dragons\"). He started 27 games and compiled a 10–5 record and a 3\\.66 ERA. Wood fanned 133 batters and held opponents to a .215 batting average. He was named [Midwest League](/wiki/Midwest_League \"Midwest League\") Pitcher of the Week for May 15–21, going 2–0 in 10\\.1 innings, striking out 13, and allowing one earned. Wood allowed only two runs in 26 innings pitched, while striking out 14 in his final four starts of the season.",
"Wood was placed on the disabled list on July 10 and stayed there until September 14\\. In 12 starts for the [Sarasota Reds](/wiki/Sarasota_Reds \"Sarasota Reds\") of the [Class A\\-Advanced](/wiki/Class_A-Advanced \"Class A-Advanced\") [Florida State League](/wiki/Florida_State_League \"Florida State League\"), he went 3–2 with a 4\\.86 ERA. In 46\\.1 innings, Wood allowed 49 hits and 27 walks, striking out 54, and opponents batted .268 off him. Wood began the 2008 season in Sarasota, and went 3–4 with a 2\\.70 ERA in nine starts. He held batters to a .222 average while with the team. He earned Pitcher of the Week of the [Florida State League](/wiki/Florida_State_League \"Florida State League\") for the week of 4/28\\-5/4, going 2–0 with a 1\\.38 ERA in 13 innings over the stretch, allowing two runs and striking out nine. Wood earned a promotion to the [Chattanooga Lookouts](/wiki/Chattanooga_Lookouts \"Chattanooga Lookouts\") of the [Class AA](/wiki/Class_AA \"Class AA\") [Southern League](/wiki/Southern_League_%281964%E2%80%932020%29 \"Southern League (1964–2020)\") on May 25\\. He struggled in 17 starts, going 4–9 with a 7\\.09 ERA. In 80 innings, Wood allowed 91 hits, 67 runs (63 earned), nine home runs, walked 48 and fanned 58\\.",
"Wood started the 2009 season with the [Carolina Mudcats](/wiki/Carolina_Mudcats \"Carolina Mudcats\"), the Reds new Southern League affiliate. That time around, he improved drastically over his previous season in Double\\-A. Wood pitched 119 innings over 19 starts, going 9–3 with a 1\\.21 ERA. Allowing just 16 earned runs on 78 hits and 37 walks, he also stuck out 103 batters and hitters batted only .189 off the lefty. Earning a call\\-up to the [Louisville Bats](/wiki/Louisville_Bats \"Louisville Bats\") of the [Class AAA](/wiki/Class_AAA \"Class AAA\") [International League](/wiki/International_League \"International League\"), Wood went 4–2 in 48\\.2 innings for the Bats. He allowed 43 hits over eight starts, walking 16 and striking out 32\\. The Reds added Wood to their [40\\-man roster](/wiki/40-man_roster \"40-man roster\") after the 2009 season to protect him from the [Rule 5 Draft](/wiki/Rule_5_Draft \"Rule 5 Draft\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Sheldon \\|first\\=Mark \\|url\\=http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20091120\\&content\\_id\\=7695098\\&vkey\\=news\\_cin\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=cin \\|title\\=Reds make moves, fill out roster \\|publisher\\=Cincinnati.reds.mlb.com \\|date\\=January 20, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614220355/http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20091120\\&content\\_id\\=7695098\\&vkey\\=news\\_cin\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=cin \\|archive\\-date\\=June 14, 2011 }} Wood was one of the last players cut from the Reds' roster in [Spring Training](/wiki/Spring_Training \"Spring Training\"), and was one of many competing for the Reds' fifth starter spot. In a crowded race featuring veterans [Mike Lincoln](/wiki/Mike_Lincoln \"Mike Lincoln\") and [Justin Lehr](/wiki/Justin_Lehr \"Justin Lehr\"), young arms [Micah Owings](/wiki/Micah_Owings \"Micah Owings\") and [Matt Maloney](/wiki/Matt_Maloney_%28baseball%29 \"Matt Maloney (baseball)\"), and prospects [Sam LeCure](/wiki/Sam_LeCure \"Sam LeCure\"), [Aroldis Chapman](/wiki/Aroldis_Chapman \"Aroldis Chapman\"), and [Mike Leake](/wiki/Mike_Leake \"Mike Leake\"), Wood came down to the last two but was cut in favor of Leake. He started the season in Louisville.",
"### Cincinnati Reds",
"#### 2010",
"On June 30, Wood was called up from Triple\\-A [Louisville](/wiki/Louisville_Bats \"Louisville Bats\") replacing [Daniel Ray Herrera](/wiki/Daniel_Ray_Herrera \"Daniel Ray Herrera\") on the Reds active roster {{cite web \\|url\\=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd\\=20100630\\&content\\_id\\=11759142\\¬ebook\\_id\\=11767676\\&vkey\\=notebook\\_cin\\&fext\\=.jsp\\&c\\_id\\=cin \\|title\\=Herrera sent down to make room for Wood \\| MLB.com \\|publisher\\=Mlb.mlb.com \\|date\\=January 20, 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2017}} Wood made his major league debut on July 1, 2010, versus the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\") at [Wrigley Field](/wiki/Wrigley_Field \"Wrigley Field\"), getting a [no decision](/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_%28pitching%29 \"Win–loss record (pitching)\") in an eventual 3–2 Reds victory.",
"In his third career start, versus the [Philadelphia Phillies](/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies \"Philadelphia Phillies\") at [Citizens Bank Park](/wiki/Citizens_Bank_Park \"Citizens Bank Park\") on July 10, 2010, Wood flirted with a [perfect game](/wiki/Perfect_game_%28baseball%29 \"Perfect game (baseball)\"), pitching eight flawless innings before surrendering a [double](/wiki/Double_%28baseball%29 \"Double (baseball)\") to Phillies [catcher](/wiki/Catcher \"Catcher\") [Carlos Ruiz](/wiki/Carlos_Ruiz_%28baseball%29 \"Carlos Ruiz (baseball)\") in the bottom of the ninth inning. Regardless, Wood actually could not have finished the perfect game in the ninth inning, because Phillies ace [Roy Halladay](/wiki/Roy_Halladay \"Roy Halladay\"), who himself had thrown a perfect game earlier in the 2010 season, also was pitching a shutout through nine innings. Wood exited after nine innings of one\\-hit ball, and the Reds would later lose the game 1–0 in 11 innings, with Ruiz scoring the winning run. Wood hit his first career [home run](/wiki/Home_run \"Home run\") on September 4, 2010, off [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\")' [Adam Wainwright](/wiki/Adam_Wainwright \"Adam Wainwright\"). Wood finished the 2010 season 5–4 with a 3\\.51 ERA in 17 starts.",
"#### 2011",
"Wood went 6–6 with a 4\\.84 ERA in 22 games (18 starts) during the 2011 season.",
"### Chicago Cubs",
"[280px\\|thumb\\|Wood pitching for the [Chicago Cubs in 2012](/wiki/2012_Chicago_Cubs_season \"2012 Chicago Cubs season\")](/wiki/File:20120801_Travis_Wood_pitching_cropped.jpg \"20120801 Travis Wood pitching cropped.jpg\")\nOn December 21, 2011, Wood was traded to the [Chicago Cubs](/wiki/Chicago_Cubs \"Chicago Cubs\"), along with outfielder [Dave Sappelt](/wiki/Dave_Sappelt \"Dave Sappelt\") and a minor league second baseman [Ronald Torreyes](/wiki/Ronald_Torreyes \"Ronald Torreyes\") in exchange for left\\-handed reliever [Sean Marshall](/wiki/Sean_Marshall_%28baseball%29 \"Sean Marshall (baseball)\").[Sean Marshall trade to Reds official](https://www.espn.com/chicago/mlb/story/_/id/7383879/chicago-cubs-trade-sean-marshall-cincinnati-reds-travis-wood-others) Wood was called up to the major league club in early May 2012 after [Chris Volstad](/wiki/Chris_Volstad \"Chris Volstad\") was demoted to Iowa because of his 0–6 start. Wood went 6–13 with a 4\\.27 ERA in his first year as a Cub.",
"On May 19, 2013, Wood became the first Cub since [Mordecai Brown](/wiki/Mordecai_Brown \"Mordecai Brown\") to start a season with 9 straight quality starts. On May 30, 2013, Wood hit his first career [grand slam](/wiki/Grand_slam_%28baseball%29 \"Grand slam (baseball)\") off of [Jake Peavy](/wiki/Jake_Peavy \"Jake Peavy\") in an 8–3 victory over the [Chicago White Sox](/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox \"Chicago White Sox\"). On July 6, 2013, Wood was named to his first All\\-Star selection.",
"In 2014, Wood hit his 9th career homerun off of [St. Louis Cardinals](/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals \"St. Louis Cardinals\") pitcher [Adam Wainwright](/wiki/Adam_Wainwright \"Adam Wainwright\"). Wood struggled in 2014, with a 5\\.03 ERA in 31 starts. After struggling in the rotation to start the 2015 season, Wood was moved to the bullpen. Wood fared much better as a reliever, posting a 2\\.95 ERA and 4 saves in relief. Overall, he finished the season with a 3\\.84 ERA in 54 games (9 starts). Working out of the bullpen in 2016, Wood posted a 4–0 record with a 2\\.95 ERA in 77 appearances. In Game 2 of the [NLDS](/wiki/2016_National_League_Division_Series \"2016 National League Division Series\"), Wood hit a home run off of [Giants'](/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants \"San Francisco Giants\") reliever [George Kontos](/wiki/George_Kontos \"George Kontos\"). He became the second relief pitcher to homer in a postseason game, after [Rosy Ryan](/wiki/Rosy_Ryan \"Rosy Ryan\") in Game 3 of the [1924 World Series](/wiki/1924_World_Series \"1924 World Series\"). Wood won a [World Series ring](/wiki/World_Series_ring \"World Series ring\") with the Cubs. He became a free agent following the 2016 season.",
"### Kansas City Royals",
"On February 15, 2017, Wood signed a two\\-year, $12 million contract with the [Kansas City Royals](/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals \"Kansas City Royals\"). The contract includes a mutual option for the 2019 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://m.royals.mlb.com/news/article/215910470/travis\\-wood\\-royals\\-reportedly\\-agree\\-to\\-deal/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214002922/http://m.royals.mlb.com/news/article/215910470/travis\\-wood\\-royals\\-reportedly\\-agree\\-to\\-deal/\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=February 14, 2017\\|title\\=Wood joins Royals on 2\\-year deal\\|last\\=Flanagan\\|first\\=Jeffrey\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=February 15, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=February 15, 2017}} Wood competed in spring training for a rotation spot but was ultimately moved to the bullpen to begin the season. At the beginning of July, Wood was moved to the starting rotation. Wood's overall numbers for the Royals were disappointing, sporting a career worst 6\\.91 ERA in 31 total appearances for the Royals.",
"### San Diego Padres",
"On July 24, 2017, the Royals traded Wood, [Matt Strahm](/wiki/Matt_Strahm \"Matt Strahm\"), and [Esteury Ruiz](/wiki/Esteury_Ruiz \"Esteury Ruiz\") to the [San Diego Padres](/wiki/San_Diego_Padres \"San Diego Padres\") for [Trevor Cahill](/wiki/Trevor_Cahill \"Trevor Cahill\"), [Ryan Buchter](/wiki/Ryan_Buchter \"Ryan Buchter\"), and [Brandon Maurer](/wiki/Brandon_Maurer \"Brandon Maurer\").{{cite web\\|author\\=7:00p ET \\|url\\=http://www.foxsports.com/san\\-diego/story/padres\\-acquire\\-strahm\\-and\\-wood\\-from\\-royals\\-072417 \\|title\\=Padres acquire Strahm and Wood from Royals \\|work\\=FOX Sports \\|date\\=July 3, 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=July 24, 2017}} Wood was designated for assignment by the Padres on December 17, 2017,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mlb.com/padres/news/padres\\-sign\\-jordan\\-lyles\\-to\\-1\\-year\\-deal/c\\-263697282\\|title\\=Padres sign pitcher Lyles to 1\\-year deal\\|last\\=Thornburg\\|first\\=Chad\\|work\\=MLB.com\\|date\\=December 17, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2017}} and released on December 20\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://twitter.com/Padres/status/943647206082355200\\|title\\=San Diego Padres on Twitter\\|work\\=\\[\\[Twitter]]\\|date\\=December 20, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2017}}",
"### Detroit Tigers",
"On January 29, 2018, Wood signed a minor league contract with the [Detroit Tigers](/wiki/Detroit_Tigers \"Detroit Tigers\").{{cite web\\|author\\=Fenech, Anthony\\|website\\=freep.com\\|url\\=https://www.freep.com/story/sports/mlb/tigers/2018/01/29/detroit\\-tigers\\-sign\\-travis\\-wood/1076407001/\\|date\\=January 29, 2018\\|title\\=Detroit Tigers sign lefty Travis Wood to minor league deal}} However, Wood tore his [ACL](/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament \"Anterior cruciate ligament\") in spring training and the Tigers released him on March 8\\.{{Cite web \\| url\\=https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2018/03/tigers\\-release\\-travis\\-wood.html \\|title \\= Tigers Release Travis Wood}}",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1860\= 2616
\|1870\= 7054
\|1880\= 15105
\|1890\= 13963
\|1900\= 15722
\|1910\= 16429
\|1920\= 12630
\|1930\= 13024
\|1940\= 12648
\|1950\= 12792
\|1960\= 12529
\|1970\= 12565
\|1980\= 11407
\|1990\= 10656
\|2000\= 10232
\|2010\= 11021
\|2020\= 10885
\|estyear\=
\|estimate\=
\|estref\=
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|author\=United States Census Bureau\|author\-link\=United States Census Bureau\|access\-date\=November 29, 2014}}
2010\-2020
}}
### 2020 census
The [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census") counted 10,885 people, 3,871 households, and 2,255 families in Atchison.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20p16\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}} The population density was 1,358\.4 per square mile (524\.5/km{{sup\|2}}). There were 4,361 housing units at an average density of 544\.2 per square mile (210\.1/km{{sup\|2}}).{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020\.DP1?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \|title\=Gazetteer Files \|url\=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference\-files/2020/geo/gazetter\-file.html \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-30 \|website\=Census.gov}} The racial makeup was 82\.33% (8,962\) [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") or [European American](/wiki/European_American "European American") (80\.89% [non\-Hispanic white](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White "Non-Hispanic White")), 6\.84% (745\) [black](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") or [African\-American](/wiki/African_American "African American"), 0\.55% (60\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native "Alaska Native"), 0\.71% (77\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.06% (6\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)") or [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian "Native Hawaiian"), 2\.26% (246\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 7\.25% (789\) from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans "Multiracial Americans").{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P1?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20p1\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}} [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race was 4\.69% (511\) of the population.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\.P2?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20p2\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}}
Of the 3,871 households, 28\.7% had children under the age of 18; 39\.2% were married couples living together; 32\.1% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 36\.4% of households consisted of individuals and 14\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.4 and the average family size was 3\.0\.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1101?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}} The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 15\.8% of the population.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1501?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}}
22\.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 20\.4% from 18 to 24, 21\.3% from 25 to 44, 20\.5% from 45 to 64, and 15\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31\.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 109\.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 112\.4 males.
The 2016\-2020 5\-year [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey "American Community Survey") estimates show that the median household income was $47,742 (with a margin of error of \+/\- $3,419\) and the median family income was $60,939 (\+/\- $2,957\).{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1903?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}} Males had a median income of $30,093 (\+/\- $6,798\) versus $12,464 (\+/\- $4,601\) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $17,399 (\+/\- $8,087\).{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S2001?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}} Approximately, 13\.0% of families and 16\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 12\.7% of those under the age of 18 and 11\.4% of those ages 65 or over.{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1701?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \|title\=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES \|url\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\.S1702?q\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702\&y\=2020 \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-31 \|website\=data.census.gov}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census"){{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-07\-06}} of 2010, there were 11,021 people, 3,933 households, and 2,447 families residing in the city.{{cite web\|title\=2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status \|url\=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid\=DEC\_10\_PL\_GCTPL2\.ST13\&prodType\=table \|publisher\=U.S. Census Bureau \|access\-date\=March 6, 2011 }}{{dead link\|bot\=medic\|date\=April 2020}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}} The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1407\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 4,442 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|567\.3\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 87\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 7\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 0\.7% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 3\.1% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 2\.7% of the population.
There were 3,933 households, of which 33\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 13\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37\.8% were non\-families. 31\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.45 and the average family size was 3\.08\.
The median age in the city was 31\.6 years. 23\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 18\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\.9% were from 25 to 44; 22\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 14\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\.2% male and 52\.8% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [U.S. Census in 2000](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census "2000 United States Census"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov \|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]] \|access\-date\=2008\-01\-31 \|title\=U.S. Census website }} there were 10,232 people, 3,863 households, and 2,437 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,498\.2\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 4,220 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|617\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)") of the city was 88\.56% [White](/wiki/White_American "White American"), 7\.80% [Black](/wiki/Black_American "Black American") or [African American](/wiki/African_American "African American"), 0\.51% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.41% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American "Asian American"), 0\.09% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American "Pacific Islander American"), 0\.65% from other races, and 1\.99% from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial "Multiracial"). [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans") of any race were 2\.58% of the population.
There were 3,863 [households](/wiki/Household "Household"), out of which 30\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\.8% were married couples living together, 12\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36\.9% were non\-families. 32\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.39 and the average family size was 3\.00\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\.7% under the age of 18, 13\.8% from 18 to 24, 23\.5% from 25 to 44, 19\.5% from 45 to 64, and 17\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 88\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83\.3 males.
The [median income for a household](/wiki/Median_household_income "Median household income") in the city was $31,109, and the median income for a family was $37,100\. Males had a median income of $31,027 versus $20,262 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $14,441\. About 9\.5% of families and 17\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 17\.4% of those under age 18 and 22\.0% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1860\\= 2616\n\\|1870\\= 7054\n\\|1880\\= 15105\n\\|1890\\= 13963\n\\|1900\\= 15722\n\\|1910\\= 16429\n\\|1920\\= 12630\n\\|1930\\= 13024\n\\|1940\\= 12648\n\\|1950\\= 12792\n\\|1960\\= 12529\n\\|1970\\= 12565\n\\|1980\\= 11407\n\\|1990\\= 10656\n\\|2000\\= 10232\n\\|2010\\= 11021\n\\|2020\\= 10885\n\\|estyear\\=\n\\|estimate\\=\n\\|estref\\=\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|author\\=United States Census Bureau\\|author\\-link\\=United States Census Bureau\\|access\\-date\\=November 29, 2014}} \n2010\\-2020\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"The [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\") counted 10,885 people, 3,871 households, and 2,255 families in Atchison.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20p16\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} The population density was 1,358\\.4 per square mile (524\\.5/km{{sup\\|2}}). There were 4,361 housing units at an average density of 544\\.2 per square mile (210\\.1/km{{sup\\|2}}).{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020\\.DP1?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Gazetteer Files \\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference\\-files/2020/geo/gazetter\\-file.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-30 \\|website\\=Census.gov}} The racial makeup was 82\\.33% (8,962\\) [white](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") or [European American](/wiki/European_American \"European American\") (80\\.89% [non\\-Hispanic white](/wiki/Non-Hispanic_White \"Non-Hispanic White\")), 6\\.84% (745\\) [black](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") or [African\\-American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\"), 0\\.55% (60\\) [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\") or [Alaska Native](/wiki/Alaska_Native \"Alaska Native\"), 0\\.71% (77\\) [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.06% (6\\) [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\") or [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian \"Native Hawaiian\"), 2\\.26% (246\\) from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 7\\.25% (789\\) from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_Americans \"Multiracial Americans\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P1?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20p1\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race was 4\\.69% (511\\) of the population.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20p2\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}",
"Of the 3,871 households, 28\\.7% had children under the age of 18; 39\\.2% were married couples living together; 32\\.1% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 36\\.4% of households consisted of individuals and 14\\.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.4 and the average family size was 3\\.0\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1101?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 15\\.8% of the population.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1501?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}",
"22\\.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 20\\.4% from 18 to 24, 21\\.3% from 25 to 44, 20\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 15\\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31\\.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 109\\.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 112\\.4 males.",
"The 2016\\-2020 5\\-year [American Community Survey](/wiki/American_Community_Survey \"American Community Survey\") estimates show that the median household income was $47,742 (with a margin of error of \\+/\\- $3,419\\) and the median family income was $60,939 (\\+/\\- $2,957\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1903?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} Males had a median income of $30,093 (\\+/\\- $6,798\\) versus $12,464 (\\+/\\- $4,601\\) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $17,399 (\\+/\\- $8,087\\).{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION\\-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S2001?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}} Approximately, 13\\.0% of families and 16\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 12\\.7% of those under the age of 18 and 11\\.4% of those ages 65 or over.{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1701?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES \\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020\\.S1702?q\\=Atchison%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702\\&y\\=2020 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-31 \\|website\\=data.census.gov}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\"){{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-07\\-06}} of 2010, there were 11,021 people, 3,933 households, and 2,447 families residing in the city.{{cite web\\|title\\=2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status \\|url\\=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid\\=DEC\\_10\\_PL\\_GCTPL2\\.ST13\\&prodType\\=table \\|publisher\\=U.S. Census Bureau \\|access\\-date\\=March 6, 2011 }}{{dead link\\|bot\\=medic\\|date\\=April 2020}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}} The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1407\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 4,442 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|567\\.3\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 87\\.9% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 7\\.2% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.6% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.5% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.1% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.7% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 3\\.1% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 2\\.7% of the population.",
"There were 3,933 households, of which 33\\.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\\.0% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 13\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37\\.8% were non\\-families. 31\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.45 and the average family size was 3\\.08\\.",
"The median age in the city was 31\\.6 years. 23\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 18\\.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20\\.9% were from 25 to 44; 22\\.2% were from 45 to 64; and 14\\.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47\\.2% male and 52\\.8% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [U.S. Census in 2000](/wiki/2000_United_States_Census \"2000 United States Census\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]] \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-01\\-31 \\|title\\=U.S. Census website }} there were 10,232 people, 3,863 households, and 2,437 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,498\\.2\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 4,220 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|617\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The [racial makeup](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\") of the city was 88\\.56% [White](/wiki/White_American \"White American\"), 7\\.80% [Black](/wiki/Black_American \"Black American\") or [African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\"), 0\\.51% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.41% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_American \"Asian American\"), 0\\.09% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American \"Pacific Islander American\"), 0\\.65% from other races, and 1\\.99% from [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial \"Multiracial\"). [Hispanic or Latino](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\") of any race were 2\\.58% of the population.",
"There were 3,863 [households](/wiki/Household \"Household\"), out of which 30\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46\\.8% were married couples living together, 12\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36\\.9% were non\\-families. 32\\.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.39 and the average family size was 3\\.00\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 25\\.7% under the age of 18, 13\\.8% from 18 to 24, 23\\.5% from 25 to 44, 19\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 17\\.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 88\\.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83\\.3 males.",
"The [median income for a household](/wiki/Median_household_income \"Median household income\") in the city was $31,109, and the median income for a family was $37,100\\. Males had a median income of $31,027 versus $20,262 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $14,441\\. About 9\\.5% of families and 17\\.0% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 17\\.4% of those under age 18 and 22\\.0% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Krzysztof Zamasz is a graduate of Marketing Management and Foreign Languages in Katowice and the College of Controlling in Katowice.{{cite web\|title\=Krzysztof Zamasz z Tauronu nowym prezesem Enei – Serwis informacyjny\|url\=https://www.cire.pl/item,68883,1,0,0,0,0,0,krzysztof\-zamasz\-z\-tauronu\-nowym\-prezesem\-enei.html\|agency\=www.cire.pl\|accessdate\=2018\-07\-03}} He acquired his PhD in Economics from the [University of Economics in Katowice](/wiki/University_of_Economics_in_Katowice "University of Economics in Katowice") in 2007\. In 2016, he was awarded his PhD *habilitated* degree (dr hab.) at the [University of Szczecin](/wiki/Uniwersytet_Szczeci%C5%84ski "Uniwersytet Szczeciński"). He is currently Associate Professor of Management, Administration and Logistics at the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice{{Cite web \|title\=Pracownicy katedry {{!}} Katedra Zarządzania i Logistyki \|url\=https://roz4\.polsl.pl/pracownicy \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|language\=pl\-PL}} and Associate Professor as well as Director of the Institute of Energy Transformation at the WSB University in Dąbrowa Górnicza.
He has been working for power and extraction companies for 25 years, focusing on energy transition projects. In 1999 he was appointed to the Management Board of the Tychy Heat and Power Company [Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej Tychy](/wiki/Tauron_Polska "Tauron Polska") (PEC Tychy). He was responsible for attracting a strategic investor, Południowy Koncern Energetyczny S.A., to sign an investment agreement with PEC Tychy worth EUR 7\.5 million. At PEC Tychy, Krzysztof Zamasz also initiated a EUR 1\.5 million project to replace coal\-fired boilers with low\-emission retort burners. This initiative was financed entirely with external funds.
Between 2007 and 2008 he was President of the Management Board of the Tychy Combined Heat and Power Plant (Elektrociepłownia Tychy), a member of the [TAURON Group.](/wiki/Tauron_Polska "Tauron Polska")
In 2008, Krzysztof Zamasz became Vice President of the Management Board for Commercial Affairs of TAURON Polska Energia S.A. During his four years on the board, he IPO'd the company, expanded its operations to Central and Eastern European markets and developed a new [business model](/wiki/Business_model "Business model") model for the Group's entire value chain. He participated in the process of transforming the TAURON Group model from a financial holding to an operational holding, in which the parent company assumes responsibility for setting up strategic objectives for the subsidiaries as well as coordinating and implementing key functions within the Group. TAURON Polska Energia launched new products on the market, including TAURON EKO Premium,{{Cite web\|url\=https://media.tauron.pl/pr/162098/tauron\-wprowadza\-oferte\-sprzedazy\-ekologicznej\-energii\-162098\|title\=Tauron wprowadza ofertę sprzedaży ekologicznej energii\|website\=media.tauron.pl\|date\=17 May 2010 \|language\=pl\|access\-date\=2019\-05\-24}} i.e. energy from 100% renewable sources, in particular small hydroelectric power plants and wind farms, certified by the Polish Association for Energy Certification. TAURON EKO Premium won the EKOLAUR award by the Polish Chamber of Ecology.{{cite web\|title\=TAURON nagrodzony za najlepszy ekologiczny produkt dekady\|date\=27 June 2011 \|url\=http://media.tauron.pl/pr/194576/tauron\-nagrodzony\-za\-najlepszy\-ekologiczny\-produkt\-dekady\|accessdate\=2018\-07\-12\|language\=pl}} i.e. energy from 100% renewable sources, in particular small hydroelectric power plants and wind farms, certified by the Polish Association for Energy Certification. TAURON EKO Premium won the EKOLAUR award by the Polish Chamber of Ecology.{{Cite web \|title\=K. Zamasz, Tauron: klienci GZE nie stracą na naszym przejęciu \|url\=https://www.wnp.pl/energetyka/k\-zamasz\-tauron\-klienci\-gze\-nie\-straca\-na\-naszym\-przejeciu,149283\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=wnp.pl \|language\=pl}} Thanks to the successful integration, the company acquired more than 1 million individual and corporate customers.{{Cite web \|title\=Tauron wziął GZE \- transakcja sfinalizowana \|url\=https://www.forbes.pl/wiadomosci/tauron\-sfinalizowal\-przejecie\-gze/pvpb395 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=Forbes.pl \|language\=pl}}
In 2013, Krzysztof Zamasz was appointed CEO of ENEA S.A.{{Cite web \|title\=Jest nowy prezes Enei \|url\=https://www.forbes.pl/wiadomosci/jest\-nowy\-prezes\-enei/b1p5j5y \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=Forbes.pl \|language\=pl}} He held this position for three years and during his tenure he increased the company's EBITDA from EUR 375 million in 2012 to EUR 507 million in 2015\.{{Cite web \|date\=2018\-07\-19 \|title\=2015 {{!}} Relacje inwestorskie {{!}} Enea \|url\=https://ir.enea.pl/pl/ir/relacje\-inwestorskie/informacje\-ekonomiczno\-finansowe\-gk\-enea/dane\-finansowe\-i\-operacyjne/2015\- \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|archive\-date\=2018\-07\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233812/https://ir.enea.pl/pl/ir/relacje\-inwestorskie/informacje\-ekonomiczno\-finansowe\-gk\-enea/dane\-finansowe\-i\-operacyjne/2015\- \|url\-status\=dead }} He was also responsible for the construction of the EUR 1\.4 billion 175 MW coal\-fired unit {{Cite web \|title\=Nowy blok 1075 MW w Kozienicach. Dzisiaj uroczyste oddanie do użytku \|url\=https://www.wnp.pl/energetyka/nowy\-blok\-1075\-mw\-w\-kozienicach\-dzisiaj\-uroczyste\-oddanie\-do\-uzytku,313502\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=wnp.pl \|language\=pl}} and the introduction of corporate governance in the group, as well as the implementation of restructuring and optimization processes that led to savings of EUR143\.8 million between 2014 and 2015\. He also set up a venture capital fund within the ENEA Group,{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-11\-17 \|title\=Enea staje się nowoczesną grupą paliwowo\-energetyczną \|url\=https://ir.enea.pl/pr/303924/enea\-staje\-sie\-nowoczesna\-grupa\-paliwowo\-energetyczna \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=ir.enea.pl \|language\=pl}} with the State Treasury as the majority shareholder. He expanded and strengthened the Group's value chain through two major projects: the development of the Group's district heating business through the acquisition of 85% of MPEC Białystok S.A.{{Cite web \|date\=2014\-05\-26 \|title\=Elektrociepłownia Białystok łączy się z MPEC Białystok \|url\=https://media.enea.pl/pr/289967/elektrocieplownia\-bialystok\-laczy\-sie\-z\-mpec\-bialystok \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=media.enea.pl \|language\=pl}} by way of a tender offer worth EUR 62 million, and the development of the extraction business through the tender offer for the sale of 64\.57% of LW Bogdanka coal mine,{{Cite web \|title\=Wyborcza.pl \|url\=https://wyborcza.biz/biznes/7,100969,19112094,enea\-kupila\-64\-57\-akcji\-lw\-bogdanka\-za\-laczna\-kwote\-1\-48\-mld.html?disableRedirects\=true \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=wyborcza.biz}} listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange, which was the fourth largest transaction on the Polish market at the time at EUR €352\.4 million.{{Cite web \|last\=Wschodni \|first\=Dziennik \|title\=Enea i Bogdanka razem. UOKiK zgodził się na przejęcie \|url\=https://www.dziennikwschodni.pl/leczna/enea\-i\-bogdanka\-razem\-uokik\-zgodzil\-sie\-na\-przejecie,n,1000169327\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=Dziennik Wschodni \|language\=pl}}
From 2017 to 25 June 2018,{{Cite web \|last\=Załęski \|first\=Mateusz \|date\=2018\-06\-25 \|title\=Zmiany w zarządzie metropolii. Aneta Moczkowska nową wiceprzewodniczącą zarządu \|url\=https://twojezaglebie.pl/aneta\-moczkowska\-wiceprzewodniczaca/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=Twoje Zagłębie \|language\=pl\-PL}} Krzysztof Zamasz was a member of the Board of Directors of the Upper Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis (GZM),{{Cite web \|title\=Z zarządu Taurona i Enei do Metropolii Górnośląsko\-Zagłębiowskiej \|url\=https://www.wnp.pl/energetyka/z\-zarzadu\-taurona\-i\-enei\-do\-metropolii\-gornoslasko\-zaglebiowskiej,305940\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=wnp.pl \|language\=pl}} where he was responsible for socio\-economic development, international cooperation, project management, and investment. He was involved in talks with representatives of the Chinese government to launch transport from Sławków (Silesia) to China via the Trans\-Caspian route. The aim of the project was to improve and speed up cargo deliveries between Europe and China, as well as to include Silesia in the strategic transcontinental transport route. Sławków is currently the westernmost reloading terminal of the international Trans\-Caspian transport route.
After leaving the Board of the Metropolis, he became the GZM's Plenipotentiary for Cooperation with Africa,{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-02\-20 \|title\=Metropolia ma swojego wysłannika w Afryce \|url\=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/slask/slask\-metropolia\-chce\-nawiazac\-kontakty\-z\-panstwami\-afrykanskimi/wj4ew1y \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=Onet Wiadomości \|language\=pl}} in charge of supporting the strategic goals of the Metropolis by developing business contacts with African countries.
In 2018, Krzysztof Zamasz took on the role of CEO of LuNa Smelter Ltd. in Rwanda{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-03\-07 \|title\=Krzysztof Zamasz \- LuNa Smelter \|url\=http://lunasmelter.com/team/krzysztof\-zamasz/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|archive\-date\=2019\-03\-07 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307175826/http://lunasmelter.com/team/krzysztof\-zamasz/ \|url\-status\=dead }} on behalf of Luma Holding, a European investment fund, where he was responsible for strategic exploration and mining projects in sub\-Saharan Africa. The entire investment portfolio he oversaw was worth EUR 40 million. From March 2019 to August 2019, he was a board member of the Luma Holding fund,{{Cite web \|date\=2019\-05\-24 \|title\=Dr hab. Krzysztof Zamasz — Zespół — Luma Holding — Inwestujemy w Polsce i Europie Środkowo\-Wschodniej \|url\=http://lumainvestment.eu/zespol/dr\-hab\-\-krzysztof\-zamasz \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|archive\-date\=2019\-05\-24 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194520/http://lumainvestment.eu/zespol/dr\-hab\-\-krzysztof\-zamasz \|url\-status\=dead }} responsible for global business development and oversight of mining and metallurgical projects in sub\-Saharan Africa.
On 1 August 2019, Krzysztof Zamasz took up the position of Advisor to the CEO on the development of the Veolia Group in Poland,{{Cite web \|title\=Krzysztof Zamasz doradcą prezesa Veolia Energia Polska \|url\=https://www.wnp.pl/energetyka/krzysztof\-zamasz\-doradca\-prezesa\-veolia\-energia\-polska,350761\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=wnp.pl \|language\=pl}} and in June 2020 he became Commercial Director, member of the Management Board of the Veolia Group in Poland, where he is responsible for the development of business lines in the energy, water and waste management sectors, and for the implementation of local heating and power generation projects.
Within the Veolia Group, he oversees the coal and biomass supply chain for the Łódź and Poznań power plants as well as 40 small and medium\-sized heating plants (2 million tonnes of coal consumption per year). He was also in charge of imports during the 2022 energy crisis.
Krzysztof Zamasz is responsible for mergers and acquisitions in the Veolia Group Poland, as well as supporting and advising on strategic investments and projects worth over EUR 1\.2 billion, including the replacement of coal\-fired units in Łódź and Poznań with new gas\-fired units (CCGT) (Łódź \- 250 MWt and 200 MWe, Poznań \- 214 MWt and 114 MWe), and the waste\-to\-energy plant in Łódź (one of the most advanced RDF / pre\-RDF projects in Poland).
As regards waste management projects, in September 2020 he was appointed President of the Management Board of the special purpose vehicle Veolia Nowa Energia,{{Cite web \|title\=Strona główna \|url\=https://nowaenergiadlalodzi.pl/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=Nowa Energia dla Łodzi \|language\=pl\-PL}} where he is responsible for the expansion of the Łódź EC4 CHP plant with an energy recovery plant (ZOE), which will be powered by 200,000 tonnes of pre\-RDF waste sourced from municipal waste per year.
In November 2020, Krzysztof Zamasz was one of the initiators and then the first CEO{{Cite web \|title\=Veolia uruchomiła spółkę obrotu \|url\=http://www.kierunekenergetyka.pl/artykul,82865,veolia\-uruchomila\-spolke\-obrotu.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=www.kierunekenergetyka.pl \|language\=pl}} of Veolia Energy Contracting Poland, a multi\-commodity trading company for the Veolia Group in Poland (electricity, heat, gas, fuels, CO2, property rights). During his tenure as CEO of Veolia Energy Contracting Poland \[28], he became a member of the Polish Power Exchange and won two major tenders for the supply of electricity to the national railway operator PKP PLK and the City of Gdańsk.{{Cite web \|title\=Veolia uruchomiła spółkę obrotu \|url\=http://www.kierunekenergetyka.pl/artykul,82865,veolia\-uruchomila\-spolke\-obrotu.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=www.kierunekenergetyka.pl \|language\=pl}}
Krzysztof Zamasz actively participates in the economic and social life of Silesia. He has originated and co\-organised a series of industry conferences hosted by the WSB University in Dąbrowa Górnicza under the title "Regulated markets \- legal, financial and competitive aspects of the energy, heat, water and waste market".{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-11\-08 \|title\=W dobie kryzysu energetycznego nie stać nas na marnowanie zasobów. Odpady to także paliwo \|url\=https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/gospodarka\-komunalna/w\-dobie\-kryzysu\-energetycznego\-nie\-stac\-nas\-na\-marnowanie\-zasobow\-odpady\-to\-takze\-paliwo,502310\.html \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=www.portalsamorzadowy.pl \|language\=pl}} More than 350 participants have attended the 4 conferences organized so far, including practitioners from the industry, CEOs and board members of the largest companies in the power and fuel sector, as well as established experts and academics from the fields of law, finance and management.
He is also one of the initiators and a content supervisor / lecturer on the MBA course on Power and Digital Transformation at the Silesian University of Technology{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-02\-08 \|title\=Największe zagęszczenie top menedżerów na metr kwadratowy \- zapraszamy na studia MBA na Politechnice Śląskiej \|url\=https://www.pb.pl/najwieksze\-zageszczenie\-top\-menedzerow\-na\-metr\-kwadratowy\-zapraszamy\-na\-studia\-mba\-na\-politechnice\-slaskiej\-1205499 \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|website\=pb.pl \|language\=pl\-PL}} with Veolia Polska as a strategic partner.
Krzysztof Zamasz is also a Representative of the National Chamber of Commerce for cooperation with Central and Eastern Africa, member of the International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE), member the International Council for the School of Business at the Silesian University of Technology, member of the Wielkopolska Hydrogen Platform,{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-07\-09 \|title\=Nowi członkowie Wielkopolskiej Platformy Wodorowej – innowacyjna wielkopolska \|url\=http://iw.org.pl/nowi\-czlonkowie\-wielkopolskiej\-platformy\-wodorowej\-5/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-08 \|language\=pl\-PL}} expert and advisor to the local government of Wielkopolska on low\- and zero emission technologies , including hydrogen.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Krzysztof Zamasz is a graduate of Marketing Management and Foreign Languages in Katowice and the College of Controlling in Katowice.{{cite web\\|title\\=Krzysztof Zamasz z Tauronu nowym prezesem Enei – Serwis informacyjny\\|url\\=https://www.cire.pl/item,68883,1,0,0,0,0,0,krzysztof\\-zamasz\\-z\\-tauronu\\-nowym\\-prezesem\\-enei.html\\|agency\\=www.cire.pl\\|accessdate\\=2018\\-07\\-03}} He acquired his PhD in Economics from the [University of Economics in Katowice](/wiki/University_of_Economics_in_Katowice \"University of Economics in Katowice\") in 2007\\. In 2016, he was awarded his PhD *habilitated* degree (dr hab.) at the [University of Szczecin](/wiki/Uniwersytet_Szczeci%C5%84ski \"Uniwersytet Szczeciński\"). He is currently Associate Professor of Management, Administration and Logistics at the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice{{Cite web \\|title\\=Pracownicy katedry {{!}} Katedra Zarządzania i Logistyki \\|url\\=https://roz4\\.polsl.pl/pracownicy \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|language\\=pl\\-PL}} and Associate Professor as well as Director of the Institute of Energy Transformation at the WSB University in Dąbrowa Górnicza.",
"He has been working for power and extraction companies for 25 years, focusing on energy transition projects. In 1999 he was appointed to the Management Board of the Tychy Heat and Power Company [Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej Tychy](/wiki/Tauron_Polska \"Tauron Polska\") (PEC Tychy). He was responsible for attracting a strategic investor, Południowy Koncern Energetyczny S.A., to sign an investment agreement with PEC Tychy worth EUR 7\\.5 million. At PEC Tychy, Krzysztof Zamasz also initiated a EUR 1\\.5 million project to replace coal\\-fired boilers with low\\-emission retort burners. This initiative was financed entirely with external funds.",
"Between 2007 and 2008 he was President of the Management Board of the Tychy Combined Heat and Power Plant (Elektrociepłownia Tychy), a member of the [TAURON Group.](/wiki/Tauron_Polska \"Tauron Polska\")",
"In 2008, Krzysztof Zamasz became Vice President of the Management Board for Commercial Affairs of TAURON Polska Energia S.A. During his four years on the board, he IPO'd the company, expanded its operations to Central and Eastern European markets and developed a new [business model](/wiki/Business_model \"Business model\") model for the Group's entire value chain. He participated in the process of transforming the TAURON Group model from a financial holding to an operational holding, in which the parent company assumes responsibility for setting up strategic objectives for the subsidiaries as well as coordinating and implementing key functions within the Group. TAURON Polska Energia launched new products on the market, including TAURON EKO Premium,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://media.tauron.pl/pr/162098/tauron\\-wprowadza\\-oferte\\-sprzedazy\\-ekologicznej\\-energii\\-162098\\|title\\=Tauron wprowadza ofertę sprzedaży ekologicznej energii\\|website\\=media.tauron.pl\\|date\\=17 May 2010 \\|language\\=pl\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-24}} i.e. energy from 100% renewable sources, in particular small hydroelectric power plants and wind farms, certified by the Polish Association for Energy Certification. TAURON EKO Premium won the EKOLAUR award by the Polish Chamber of Ecology.{{cite web\\|title\\=TAURON nagrodzony za najlepszy ekologiczny produkt dekady\\|date\\=27 June 2011 \\|url\\=http://media.tauron.pl/pr/194576/tauron\\-nagrodzony\\-za\\-najlepszy\\-ekologiczny\\-produkt\\-dekady\\|accessdate\\=2018\\-07\\-12\\|language\\=pl}} i.e. energy from 100% renewable sources, in particular small hydroelectric power plants and wind farms, certified by the Polish Association for Energy Certification. TAURON EKO Premium won the EKOLAUR award by the Polish Chamber of Ecology.{{Cite web \\|title\\=K. Zamasz, Tauron: klienci GZE nie stracą na naszym przejęciu \\|url\\=https://www.wnp.pl/energetyka/k\\-zamasz\\-tauron\\-klienci\\-gze\\-nie\\-straca\\-na\\-naszym\\-przejeciu,149283\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=wnp.pl \\|language\\=pl}} Thanks to the successful integration, the company acquired more than 1 million individual and corporate customers.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tauron wziął GZE \\- transakcja sfinalizowana \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.pl/wiadomosci/tauron\\-sfinalizowal\\-przejecie\\-gze/pvpb395 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=Forbes.pl \\|language\\=pl}}",
"In 2013, Krzysztof Zamasz was appointed CEO of ENEA S.A.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Jest nowy prezes Enei \\|url\\=https://www.forbes.pl/wiadomosci/jest\\-nowy\\-prezes\\-enei/b1p5j5y \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=Forbes.pl \\|language\\=pl}} He held this position for three years and during his tenure he increased the company's EBITDA from EUR 375 million in 2012 to EUR 507 million in 2015\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2018\\-07\\-19 \\|title\\=2015 {{!}} Relacje inwestorskie {{!}} Enea \\|url\\=https://ir.enea.pl/pl/ir/relacje\\-inwestorskie/informacje\\-ekonomiczno\\-finansowe\\-gk\\-enea/dane\\-finansowe\\-i\\-operacyjne/2015\\- \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|archive\\-date\\=2018\\-07\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233812/https://ir.enea.pl/pl/ir/relacje\\-inwestorskie/informacje\\-ekonomiczno\\-finansowe\\-gk\\-enea/dane\\-finansowe\\-i\\-operacyjne/2015\\- \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} He was also responsible for the construction of the EUR 1\\.4 billion 175 MW coal\\-fired unit {{Cite web \\|title\\=Nowy blok 1075 MW w Kozienicach. Dzisiaj uroczyste oddanie do użytku \\|url\\=https://www.wnp.pl/energetyka/nowy\\-blok\\-1075\\-mw\\-w\\-kozienicach\\-dzisiaj\\-uroczyste\\-oddanie\\-do\\-uzytku,313502\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=wnp.pl \\|language\\=pl}} and the introduction of corporate governance in the group, as well as the implementation of restructuring and optimization processes that led to savings of EUR143\\.8 million between 2014 and 2015\\. He also set up a venture capital fund within the ENEA Group,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-17 \\|title\\=Enea staje się nowoczesną grupą paliwowo\\-energetyczną \\|url\\=https://ir.enea.pl/pr/303924/enea\\-staje\\-sie\\-nowoczesna\\-grupa\\-paliwowo\\-energetyczna \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=ir.enea.pl \\|language\\=pl}} with the State Treasury as the majority shareholder. He expanded and strengthened the Group's value chain through two major projects: the development of the Group's district heating business through the acquisition of 85% of MPEC Białystok S.A.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2014\\-05\\-26 \\|title\\=Elektrociepłownia Białystok łączy się z MPEC Białystok \\|url\\=https://media.enea.pl/pr/289967/elektrocieplownia\\-bialystok\\-laczy\\-sie\\-z\\-mpec\\-bialystok \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=media.enea.pl \\|language\\=pl}} by way of a tender offer worth EUR 62 million, and the development of the extraction business through the tender offer for the sale of 64\\.57% of LW Bogdanka coal mine,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Wyborcza.pl \\|url\\=https://wyborcza.biz/biznes/7,100969,19112094,enea\\-kupila\\-64\\-57\\-akcji\\-lw\\-bogdanka\\-za\\-laczna\\-kwote\\-1\\-48\\-mld.html?disableRedirects\\=true \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=wyborcza.biz}} listed on Warsaw Stock Exchange, which was the fourth largest transaction on the Polish market at the time at EUR €352\\.4 million.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Wschodni \\|first\\=Dziennik \\|title\\=Enea i Bogdanka razem. UOKiK zgodził się na przejęcie \\|url\\=https://www.dziennikwschodni.pl/leczna/enea\\-i\\-bogdanka\\-razem\\-uokik\\-zgodzil\\-sie\\-na\\-przejecie,n,1000169327\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=Dziennik Wschodni \\|language\\=pl}}",
"From 2017 to 25 June 2018,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Załęski \\|first\\=Mateusz \\|date\\=2018\\-06\\-25 \\|title\\=Zmiany w zarządzie metropolii. Aneta Moczkowska nową wiceprzewodniczącą zarządu \\|url\\=https://twojezaglebie.pl/aneta\\-moczkowska\\-wiceprzewodniczaca/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=Twoje Zagłębie \\|language\\=pl\\-PL}} Krzysztof Zamasz was a member of the Board of Directors of the Upper Silesian and Zagłębie Metropolis (GZM),{{Cite web \\|title\\=Z zarządu Taurona i Enei do Metropolii Górnośląsko\\-Zagłębiowskiej \\|url\\=https://www.wnp.pl/energetyka/z\\-zarzadu\\-taurona\\-i\\-enei\\-do\\-metropolii\\-gornoslasko\\-zaglebiowskiej,305940\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=wnp.pl \\|language\\=pl}} where he was responsible for socio\\-economic development, international cooperation, project management, and investment. He was involved in talks with representatives of the Chinese government to launch transport from Sławków (Silesia) to China via the Trans\\-Caspian route. The aim of the project was to improve and speed up cargo deliveries between Europe and China, as well as to include Silesia in the strategic transcontinental transport route. Sławków is currently the westernmost reloading terminal of the international Trans\\-Caspian transport route.",
"After leaving the Board of the Metropolis, he became the GZM's Plenipotentiary for Cooperation with Africa,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-02\\-20 \\|title\\=Metropolia ma swojego wysłannika w Afryce \\|url\\=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/slask/slask\\-metropolia\\-chce\\-nawiazac\\-kontakty\\-z\\-panstwami\\-afrykanskimi/wj4ew1y \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=Onet Wiadomości \\|language\\=pl}} in charge of supporting the strategic goals of the Metropolis by developing business contacts with African countries.",
"In 2018, Krzysztof Zamasz took on the role of CEO of LuNa Smelter Ltd. in Rwanda{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|title\\=Krzysztof Zamasz \\- LuNa Smelter \\|url\\=http://lunasmelter.com/team/krzysztof\\-zamasz/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-03\\-07 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307175826/http://lunasmelter.com/team/krzysztof\\-zamasz/ \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} on behalf of Luma Holding, a European investment fund, where he was responsible for strategic exploration and mining projects in sub\\-Saharan Africa. The entire investment portfolio he oversaw was worth EUR 40 million. From March 2019 to August 2019, he was a board member of the Luma Holding fund,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-24 \\|title\\=Dr hab. Krzysztof Zamasz — Zespół — Luma Holding — Inwestujemy w Polsce i Europie Środkowo\\-Wschodniej \\|url\\=http://lumainvestment.eu/zespol/dr\\-hab\\-\\-krzysztof\\-zamasz \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|archive\\-date\\=2019\\-05\\-24 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194520/http://lumainvestment.eu/zespol/dr\\-hab\\-\\-krzysztof\\-zamasz \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} responsible for global business development and oversight of mining and metallurgical projects in sub\\-Saharan Africa.",
"On 1 August 2019, Krzysztof Zamasz took up the position of Advisor to the CEO on the development of the Veolia Group in Poland,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Krzysztof Zamasz doradcą prezesa Veolia Energia Polska \\|url\\=https://www.wnp.pl/energetyka/krzysztof\\-zamasz\\-doradca\\-prezesa\\-veolia\\-energia\\-polska,350761\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=wnp.pl \\|language\\=pl}} and in June 2020 he became Commercial Director, member of the Management Board of the Veolia Group in Poland, where he is responsible for the development of business lines in the energy, water and waste management sectors, and for the implementation of local heating and power generation projects.",
"Within the Veolia Group, he oversees the coal and biomass supply chain for the Łódź and Poznań power plants as well as 40 small and medium\\-sized heating plants (2 million tonnes of coal consumption per year). He was also in charge of imports during the 2022 energy crisis.",
"Krzysztof Zamasz is responsible for mergers and acquisitions in the Veolia Group Poland, as well as supporting and advising on strategic investments and projects worth over EUR 1\\.2 billion, including the replacement of coal\\-fired units in Łódź and Poznań with new gas\\-fired units (CCGT) (Łódź \\- 250 MWt and 200 MWe, Poznań \\- 214 MWt and 114 MWe), and the waste\\-to\\-energy plant in Łódź (one of the most advanced RDF / pre\\-RDF projects in Poland).",
"As regards waste management projects, in September 2020 he was appointed President of the Management Board of the special purpose vehicle Veolia Nowa Energia,{{Cite web \\|title\\=Strona główna \\|url\\=https://nowaenergiadlalodzi.pl/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=Nowa Energia dla Łodzi \\|language\\=pl\\-PL}} where he is responsible for the expansion of the Łódź EC4 CHP plant with an energy recovery plant (ZOE), which will be powered by 200,000 tonnes of pre\\-RDF waste sourced from municipal waste per year.",
"In November 2020, Krzysztof Zamasz was one of the initiators and then the first CEO{{Cite web \\|title\\=Veolia uruchomiła spółkę obrotu \\|url\\=http://www.kierunekenergetyka.pl/artykul,82865,veolia\\-uruchomila\\-spolke\\-obrotu.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=www.kierunekenergetyka.pl \\|language\\=pl}} of Veolia Energy Contracting Poland, a multi\\-commodity trading company for the Veolia Group in Poland (electricity, heat, gas, fuels, CO2, property rights). During his tenure as CEO of Veolia Energy Contracting Poland \\[28], he became a member of the Polish Power Exchange and won two major tenders for the supply of electricity to the national railway operator PKP PLK and the City of Gdańsk.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Veolia uruchomiła spółkę obrotu \\|url\\=http://www.kierunekenergetyka.pl/artykul,82865,veolia\\-uruchomila\\-spolke\\-obrotu.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=www.kierunekenergetyka.pl \\|language\\=pl}}",
"Krzysztof Zamasz actively participates in the economic and social life of Silesia. He has originated and co\\-organised a series of industry conferences hosted by the WSB University in Dąbrowa Górnicza under the title \"Regulated markets \\- legal, financial and competitive aspects of the energy, heat, water and waste market\".{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-11\\-08 \\|title\\=W dobie kryzysu energetycznego nie stać nas na marnowanie zasobów. Odpady to także paliwo \\|url\\=https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/gospodarka\\-komunalna/w\\-dobie\\-kryzysu\\-energetycznego\\-nie\\-stac\\-nas\\-na\\-marnowanie\\-zasobow\\-odpady\\-to\\-takze\\-paliwo,502310\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=www.portalsamorzadowy.pl \\|language\\=pl}} More than 350 participants have attended the 4 conferences organized so far, including practitioners from the industry, CEOs and board members of the largest companies in the power and fuel sector, as well as established experts and academics from the fields of law, finance and management.",
"He is also one of the initiators and a content supervisor / lecturer on the MBA course on Power and Digital Transformation at the Silesian University of Technology{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|title\\=Największe zagęszczenie top menedżerów na metr kwadratowy \\- zapraszamy na studia MBA na Politechnice Śląskiej \\|url\\=https://www.pb.pl/najwieksze\\-zageszczenie\\-top\\-menedzerow\\-na\\-metr\\-kwadratowy\\-zapraszamy\\-na\\-studia\\-mba\\-na\\-politechnice\\-slaskiej\\-1205499 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|website\\=pb.pl \\|language\\=pl\\-PL}} with Veolia Polska as a strategic partner.",
"Krzysztof Zamasz is also a Representative of the National Chamber of Commerce for cooperation with Central and Eastern Africa, member of the International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE), member the International Council for the School of Business at the Silesian University of Technology, member of the Wielkopolska Hydrogen Platform,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-09 \\|title\\=Nowi członkowie Wielkopolskiej Platformy Wodorowej – innowacyjna wielkopolska \\|url\\=http://iw.org.pl/nowi\\-czlonkowie\\-wielkopolskiej\\-platformy\\-wodorowej\\-5/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-08 \\|language\\=pl\\-PL}} expert and advisor to the local government of Wielkopolska on low\\- and zero emission technologies , including hydrogen.",
""
] |
Video game industry awards
--------------------------
{{inc\-vg\|date\=October 2021}}
### Czech Game of the Year Awards
The **[Czech Game of the Year Awards](/wiki/Czech_Game_of_the_Year_Awards "Czech Game of the Year Awards")** were established in 2010, originally as part of the [Gameday Festival](/wiki/Anifilm "Anifilm") to recognize video game achievement for those within [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"). Through 2017, these awards also recognized contributions from [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia"), but these were split out into the separate [Slovak Game of the Year Awards](/wiki/Slovak_Game_of_the_Year_Awards "Slovak Game of the Year Awards").
### D.I.C.E. Awards
The [Academy of Interactive Arts \& Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences "Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences") (AIAS) is a non\-profit group with membership made up of developers, artists, and other professional in the video game industry. They launched the Interactive Achievement Awards in 1998, and in 2002, after establishing the annual D.I.C.E. Summit (D.I.C.E. as a [backronym](/wiki/Backronym "Backronym") for "Design Innovate Communicate Entertain"), renamed these as the **[D.I.C.E. Awards](/wiki/D.I.C.E._Awards "D.I.C.E. Awards")**. Each year, the award nominees are selected by a panel of AIAS members, and winners are voted on by the full AIAS body. Among these awards includes induction of select individuals into the AIAS Hall of Fame, as well as recognition for Lifetime Achievement and Pioneer awards. Based on the Academy membership and voting methodology, the D.I.C.E. Awards is considered the main peer\-based recognition within the video games industry compared to other major awards.
### Deutscher Computerspielpreis
The **[Deutscher Computerspielpreis](/wiki/Deutscher_Computerspielpreis "Deutscher Computerspielpreis")** (*German computer games award*) was established in 2009 to recognize video game achievement for games developed within Germany.
### The Game Awards
**[The Game Awards](/wiki/The_Game_Awards "The Game Awards")** were created in 2014 by [Geoff Keighley](/wiki/Geoff_Keighley "Geoff Keighley"), following the cancellation of the [Spike Video Game Awards](/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards "Spike Video Game Awards"). Keighley desired to make an awards ceremony comparable to the [Oscars](/wiki/Oscars "Oscars") for the video game industry, and worked with industry partners to establish the annual show. The show features not only awards but also several video game announcements and other entertainment, such as a live orchestra. The Game Awards are managed by an advisory panel made up from video game hardware manufacturers, and video game developers and publishers. Each year the panel selects a number of global video game magazines and website to participate in the voting process. These journalists provide their nominees for each award category which are then tallied by the advisory committee. The journalists then vote from the nominees. There is also a 10% contribution for each category from online fan voting, held in the weeks prior to the ceremony.
### Game Critics Awards
The **[Game Critics Awards](/wiki/Game_Critics_Awards "Game Critics Awards")** are awarded to games shown during the annual [E3](/wiki/E3 "E3") event, chosen by a panel of video game journalists but otherwise having no association with E3 or its organizers the [Entertainment Software Association](/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association "Entertainment Software Association"). These awards are based on the state of games shown during E3 which may not be ready for release, and generally reflect those games that have the most promise as judged by the journalists. Since the cancellation of E3 in 2020, the event was not held again.{{Cite web \|last\=Kim \|first\=Matt \|date\=2020\-03\-11 \|title\=E3 2020 Officially Canceled Over Coronavirus Concerns \|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/e3\-officially\-canceled \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-30 \|website\=IGN \|language\=en}}
### Game Developers Choice Awards
The [Game Developers Conference](/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference "Game Developers Conference") (GDC) was established in 1988 as more of a [professional conference](/wiki/Professional_conference "Professional conference") for game developers to present talks and sessions on their development work, and since has become closely associated with the [International Game Developers Association](/wiki/International_Game_Developers_Association "International Game Developers Association") which uses the annual conference for its own annual meetings. The conference itself is currently run by [Informa](/wiki/Informa "Informa"). The **[Spotlight Awards](/wiki/Spotlight_Awards "Spotlight Awards")** were first introduced in 1997, but after 1999, these were transitioned to the **[Game Developers Choice Awards](/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Awards "Game Developers Choice Awards")** (GDCA) with the first ceremony at the 2001 GDC conference. Nominees are selected by the 500\-some members of the International Choice Awards Network (ICAN), an invite\-only group of leading game creators, as well as by the editors of the video game industry website *[Gamasutra](/wiki/Gamasutra "Gamasutra")*; members are not to nominate games they are personally involved in. The top nominees in each category are then voted on by the whole of ICAN. The awards are given at a ceremony during the GDC conference. Recent years have also introduced an Audience award, with games nominated and voted on by attendees of the GDC. Among its awards include the [GDCA Game of the Year](/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Award_for_Game_of_the_Year "Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year") award.
In addition to games and developers the GDCA may also award individuals its Lifetime Achievement Award, its Pioneer Award for early contributions that have impacted the video game industry, or its Ambassador Award for contributions to improve the community for video game development.
### Golden Joystick Awards
The **[Golden Joystick Awards](/wiki/Golden_Joystick_Awards "Golden Joystick Awards")** were established by a number of video game magazines in 1983 to hold an open public voting for winners in each category. Though initially only for British video game players, it later opened to voting from the global community through online voting. The winners are announced through a ceremony located in a London venue each year. Nominees for the award are selected by the awards' managing partners from games released in that year. These nominees are narrowed down to a shortlist which is then put up for public voting. Winners are selected directly from the results of this voting period.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.gamesradar.com/golden\-joystick\-awards\-2019/ \| title\=Golden Joystick Awards 2021: Everything you need to know \| date\=18 November 2021 }}
### Independent Games Festival
A separate event at the Game Developers Conference is the **[Independent Games Festival](/wiki/Independent_Games_Festival "Independent Games Festival")** (IGF) which highlights games produced from [independent video game development](/wiki/Independent_video_game_development "Independent video game development"), which also includes games developed by students in video game development programs at universities. Independent developers can submit their game, at any state of development as long as it is playable, for consideration to the IGF with a small fee. A committee of about 300 members selected from the video game industry then review the submitted games and provide nominations to the various categories. A smaller committee of about fifteen members then create a shortlist of nominees for each category, including honorable mentions. These nominees are then expected to present at booth space for the IGF during the GDC event, with the developers given discounts for attending the conference. A separate jury uses the IGF event to make their final selection of the winner. The IGF winners are announced during the GDC, typically right before the GDCA awards. Among its awards include the [Seumas McNally Grand Prize](/wiki/Seumas_McNally_Grand_Prize "Seumas McNally Grand Prize"), the top prize named after [Seumas McNally](/wiki/Seumas_McNally "Seumas McNally"), and which includes a {{USD\|30,000}} for the winning game.
### International Mobile Gaming Awards
The **[International Mobile Gaming Awards](/wiki/International_Mobile_Gaming_Awards "International Mobile Gaming Awards")** were established in 2004 to recognize achievement in [mobile video games](/wiki/Mobile_video_game "Mobile video game"). To date, The 16th award ceremony, held in 2020, has currently been the last official event.{{Cite web \|title\=Winners and nominees Games \|url\=https://www.imgawards.com/awards/winners\-nominees/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-30 \|website\=International Mobile Gaming Awards}}
### Japan Game Awards
Launched in 1996 as the [Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association](/wiki/Computer_Entertainment_Supplier%27s_Association "Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association") (CESA) Awards, the **[Japan Game Awards](/wiki/Japan_Game_Awards "Japan Game Awards")** became the awards vehicle for the Japanese government's [Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy%2C_Trade_and_Industry "Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry") since 2006 to recognize video game achievement in Japan. Potential winners are not limited to Japanese\-developed games.
### NAVGTR Awards
The National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR), a 500\-member body of video game journalists, established the **NAVGTR Awards** in 2001 to award the best games of the year in several categories as determined by members of NAVGTR.
### New York Game Awards
The [New York Game Awards](/wiki/New_York_Game_Awards "New York Game Awards") were established in 2011 by the non\-profit organization, the New York Videogame Critics Circle established by both mainstream and industry\-specific journalists in New York City that cover video games.
### Pégases
The Pégases awards are organized by French trade organization *Syndicat national du jeu vidéo* (SNJV) since 2019\.{{cite web \|title\=Pégases 2020 : La liste des vainqueurs par catégorie \|url\=https://www.jeuxvideo.com/news/1191577/pegases\-2020\-la\-liste\-des\-vainqueurs\-par\-categorie.htm \|website\=Jeuxvideo.com \|language\=fr}}
### Slovak Game of the Year Awards
The **[Slovak Game of the Year Awards](/wiki/Slovak_Game_of_the_Year_Awards "Slovak Game of the Year Awards")** were established in 2017 as a separate event from the Czech Game of the Year Awards, to recognize achievement in video games for those specifically from [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia").
### Steam Awards
The **[Steam Awards](/wiki/Steam_Awards "Steam Awards")** are organized by [Valve](/wiki/Valve_Corporation "Valve Corporation") as part of the [Steam](/wiki/Steam_%28service%29 "Steam (service)") storefront since 2016\. Valve allows users to nominate any game for the categories, and then complies the shortlist of nominees in each entry which are then presented to users for voting.
### Swedish Game Awards
The **[Swedish Game Awards](/wiki/Swedish_Game_Awards "Swedish Game Awards")** were established in 2002 by a non\-profit organization based at [KTH Royal Institute of Technology](/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology "KTH Royal Institute of Technology") to recognize the best Swedish\-made video games.
### The Independent Game Developers' Association Awards
[The Independent Game Developers' Association](/wiki/The_Independent_Game_Developers%27_Association "The Independent Game Developers' Association") (TIGA) is a United Kingdom\-based organization promoting independently developed games. Since 2011, it has run **The Independent Game Developers' Association Awards** or **TIGA Awards** for independent games. Most categories are open to any independent game, while some categories are limited to games developed by members of TIGA.
|
[
"Video game industry awards\n--------------------------",
"{{inc\\-vg\\|date\\=October 2021}}",
"### Czech Game of the Year Awards",
"The **[Czech Game of the Year Awards](/wiki/Czech_Game_of_the_Year_Awards \"Czech Game of the Year Awards\")** were established in 2010, originally as part of the [Gameday Festival](/wiki/Anifilm \"Anifilm\") to recognize video game achievement for those within [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\"). Through 2017, these awards also recognized contributions from [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\"), but these were split out into the separate [Slovak Game of the Year Awards](/wiki/Slovak_Game_of_the_Year_Awards \"Slovak Game of the Year Awards\").",
"### D.I.C.E. Awards",
"The [Academy of Interactive Arts \\& Sciences](/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences \"Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences\") (AIAS) is a non\\-profit group with membership made up of developers, artists, and other professional in the video game industry. They launched the Interactive Achievement Awards in 1998, and in 2002, after establishing the annual D.I.C.E. Summit (D.I.C.E. as a [backronym](/wiki/Backronym \"Backronym\") for \"Design Innovate Communicate Entertain\"), renamed these as the **[D.I.C.E. Awards](/wiki/D.I.C.E._Awards \"D.I.C.E. Awards\")**. Each year, the award nominees are selected by a panel of AIAS members, and winners are voted on by the full AIAS body. Among these awards includes induction of select individuals into the AIAS Hall of Fame, as well as recognition for Lifetime Achievement and Pioneer awards. Based on the Academy membership and voting methodology, the D.I.C.E. Awards is considered the main peer\\-based recognition within the video games industry compared to other major awards.",
"### Deutscher Computerspielpreis",
"The **[Deutscher Computerspielpreis](/wiki/Deutscher_Computerspielpreis \"Deutscher Computerspielpreis\")** (*German computer games award*) was established in 2009 to recognize video game achievement for games developed within Germany.",
"### The Game Awards",
"**[The Game Awards](/wiki/The_Game_Awards \"The Game Awards\")** were created in 2014 by [Geoff Keighley](/wiki/Geoff_Keighley \"Geoff Keighley\"), following the cancellation of the [Spike Video Game Awards](/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards \"Spike Video Game Awards\"). Keighley desired to make an awards ceremony comparable to the [Oscars](/wiki/Oscars \"Oscars\") for the video game industry, and worked with industry partners to establish the annual show. The show features not only awards but also several video game announcements and other entertainment, such as a live orchestra. The Game Awards are managed by an advisory panel made up from video game hardware manufacturers, and video game developers and publishers. Each year the panel selects a number of global video game magazines and website to participate in the voting process. These journalists provide their nominees for each award category which are then tallied by the advisory committee. The journalists then vote from the nominees. There is also a 10% contribution for each category from online fan voting, held in the weeks prior to the ceremony.",
"### Game Critics Awards",
"The **[Game Critics Awards](/wiki/Game_Critics_Awards \"Game Critics Awards\")** are awarded to games shown during the annual [E3](/wiki/E3 \"E3\") event, chosen by a panel of video game journalists but otherwise having no association with E3 or its organizers the [Entertainment Software Association](/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association \"Entertainment Software Association\"). These awards are based on the state of games shown during E3 which may not be ready for release, and generally reflect those games that have the most promise as judged by the journalists. Since the cancellation of E3 in 2020, the event was not held again.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kim \\|first\\=Matt \\|date\\=2020\\-03\\-11 \\|title\\=E3 2020 Officially Canceled Over Coronavirus Concerns \\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/e3\\-officially\\-canceled \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-30 \\|website\\=IGN \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Game Developers Choice Awards",
"The [Game Developers Conference](/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference \"Game Developers Conference\") (GDC) was established in 1988 as more of a [professional conference](/wiki/Professional_conference \"Professional conference\") for game developers to present talks and sessions on their development work, and since has become closely associated with the [International Game Developers Association](/wiki/International_Game_Developers_Association \"International Game Developers Association\") which uses the annual conference for its own annual meetings. The conference itself is currently run by [Informa](/wiki/Informa \"Informa\"). The **[Spotlight Awards](/wiki/Spotlight_Awards \"Spotlight Awards\")** were first introduced in 1997, but after 1999, these were transitioned to the **[Game Developers Choice Awards](/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Awards \"Game Developers Choice Awards\")** (GDCA) with the first ceremony at the 2001 GDC conference. Nominees are selected by the 500\\-some members of the International Choice Awards Network (ICAN), an invite\\-only group of leading game creators, as well as by the editors of the video game industry website *[Gamasutra](/wiki/Gamasutra \"Gamasutra\")*; members are not to nominate games they are personally involved in. The top nominees in each category are then voted on by the whole of ICAN. The awards are given at a ceremony during the GDC conference. Recent years have also introduced an Audience award, with games nominated and voted on by attendees of the GDC. Among its awards include the [GDCA Game of the Year](/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Award_for_Game_of_the_Year \"Game Developers Choice Award for Game of the Year\") award.",
"In addition to games and developers the GDCA may also award individuals its Lifetime Achievement Award, its Pioneer Award for early contributions that have impacted the video game industry, or its Ambassador Award for contributions to improve the community for video game development.",
"### Golden Joystick Awards",
"The **[Golden Joystick Awards](/wiki/Golden_Joystick_Awards \"Golden Joystick Awards\")** were established by a number of video game magazines in 1983 to hold an open public voting for winners in each category. Though initially only for British video game players, it later opened to voting from the global community through online voting. The winners are announced through a ceremony located in a London venue each year. Nominees for the award are selected by the awards' managing partners from games released in that year. These nominees are narrowed down to a shortlist which is then put up for public voting. Winners are selected directly from the results of this voting period.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.gamesradar.com/golden\\-joystick\\-awards\\-2019/ \\| title\\=Golden Joystick Awards 2021: Everything you need to know \\| date\\=18 November 2021 }}",
"### Independent Games Festival",
"A separate event at the Game Developers Conference is the **[Independent Games Festival](/wiki/Independent_Games_Festival \"Independent Games Festival\")** (IGF) which highlights games produced from [independent video game development](/wiki/Independent_video_game_development \"Independent video game development\"), which also includes games developed by students in video game development programs at universities. Independent developers can submit their game, at any state of development as long as it is playable, for consideration to the IGF with a small fee. A committee of about 300 members selected from the video game industry then review the submitted games and provide nominations to the various categories. A smaller committee of about fifteen members then create a shortlist of nominees for each category, including honorable mentions. These nominees are then expected to present at booth space for the IGF during the GDC event, with the developers given discounts for attending the conference. A separate jury uses the IGF event to make their final selection of the winner. The IGF winners are announced during the GDC, typically right before the GDCA awards. Among its awards include the [Seumas McNally Grand Prize](/wiki/Seumas_McNally_Grand_Prize \"Seumas McNally Grand Prize\"), the top prize named after [Seumas McNally](/wiki/Seumas_McNally \"Seumas McNally\"), and which includes a {{USD\\|30,000}} for the winning game.",
"### International Mobile Gaming Awards",
"The **[International Mobile Gaming Awards](/wiki/International_Mobile_Gaming_Awards \"International Mobile Gaming Awards\")** were established in 2004 to recognize achievement in [mobile video games](/wiki/Mobile_video_game \"Mobile video game\"). To date, The 16th award ceremony, held in 2020, has currently been the last official event.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Winners and nominees Games \\|url\\=https://www.imgawards.com/awards/winners\\-nominees/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-30 \\|website\\=International Mobile Gaming Awards}}",
"### Japan Game Awards",
"Launched in 1996 as the [Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association](/wiki/Computer_Entertainment_Supplier%27s_Association \"Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association\") (CESA) Awards, the **[Japan Game Awards](/wiki/Japan_Game_Awards \"Japan Game Awards\")** became the awards vehicle for the Japanese government's [Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry](/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy%2C_Trade_and_Industry \"Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry\") since 2006 to recognize video game achievement in Japan. Potential winners are not limited to Japanese\\-developed games.",
"### NAVGTR Awards",
"The National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR), a 500\\-member body of video game journalists, established the **NAVGTR Awards** in 2001 to award the best games of the year in several categories as determined by members of NAVGTR.",
"### New York Game Awards",
"The [New York Game Awards](/wiki/New_York_Game_Awards \"New York Game Awards\") were established in 2011 by the non\\-profit organization, the New York Videogame Critics Circle established by both mainstream and industry\\-specific journalists in New York City that cover video games.",
"### Pégases",
"The Pégases awards are organized by French trade organization *Syndicat national du jeu vidéo* (SNJV) since 2019\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Pégases 2020 : La liste des vainqueurs par catégorie \\|url\\=https://www.jeuxvideo.com/news/1191577/pegases\\-2020\\-la\\-liste\\-des\\-vainqueurs\\-par\\-categorie.htm \\|website\\=Jeuxvideo.com \\|language\\=fr}}",
"### Slovak Game of the Year Awards",
"The **[Slovak Game of the Year Awards](/wiki/Slovak_Game_of_the_Year_Awards \"Slovak Game of the Year Awards\")** were established in 2017 as a separate event from the Czech Game of the Year Awards, to recognize achievement in video games for those specifically from [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\").",
"### Steam Awards",
"The **[Steam Awards](/wiki/Steam_Awards \"Steam Awards\")** are organized by [Valve](/wiki/Valve_Corporation \"Valve Corporation\") as part of the [Steam](/wiki/Steam_%28service%29 \"Steam (service)\") storefront since 2016\\. Valve allows users to nominate any game for the categories, and then complies the shortlist of nominees in each entry which are then presented to users for voting.",
"### Swedish Game Awards",
"The **[Swedish Game Awards](/wiki/Swedish_Game_Awards \"Swedish Game Awards\")** were established in 2002 by a non\\-profit organization based at [KTH Royal Institute of Technology](/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology \"KTH Royal Institute of Technology\") to recognize the best Swedish\\-made video games.",
"### The Independent Game Developers' Association Awards",
"[The Independent Game Developers' Association](/wiki/The_Independent_Game_Developers%27_Association \"The Independent Game Developers' Association\") (TIGA) is a United Kingdom\\-based organization promoting independently developed games. Since 2011, it has run **The Independent Game Developers' Association Awards** or **TIGA Awards** for independent games. Most categories are open to any independent game, while some categories are limited to games developed by members of TIGA.",
""
] |
Other media awards
------------------
### Annie Awards
The [Annie Awards](/wiki/Annie_Awards "Annie Awards"), managed by the non\-profit group [ASIFA\-Hollywood](/wiki/ASIFA-Hollywood "ASIFA-Hollywood"), celebrate achievement in animation. The awards added the **[Annie Award for Best Animated Video Game](/wiki/Annie_Award_for_Best_Animated_Video_Game "Annie Award for Best Animated Video Game")** category in 2005 to recognized animation achievement in video games.
### Apple Design Awards
The **[Apple Design Awards](/wiki/Apple_Design_Awards "Apple Design Awards")** are award by [Apple, Inc.](/wiki/Apple%2C_Inc. "Apple, Inc.") for [mobile apps](/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app") on its iOS family of devices to recognize the most innovative apps developed from independent firms and which make best use of their hardware. These awards include productivity and other applications in addition to mobile video games.
### ATOM Awards
The [Australian Teachers of Media](/wiki/Australian_Teachers_of_Media "Australian Teachers of Media") (ATOM) established the **[ATOM Awards](/wiki/ATOM_Awards "ATOM Awards")** in 1982 to recognize works in media from professionals, educators, and students in Australia and New Zealand. Any developer from these countries can submit a game for consideration, with winners selected by a panel of judges of ATOM members. The awards added categories for interactive works including video games in 2007\.
### British Academy of Film and Television Arts
The [British Academy of Film and Television Arts](/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts "British Academy of Film and Television Arts") (BAFTA) originally ran the **[BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards](/wiki/BAFTA_Interactive_Entertainment_Awards "BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards")** from 1998 to 2003\.*[Multimedia's best in Bafta battle](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3253818.stm)* (BBC News, 1 December 2003\) The awards were reorganized into two separate groups starting in 2004: the **[BAFTA Interactive Awards](/wiki/BAFTA_Interactive_Awards "BAFTA Interactive Awards")** for interactive works, which ran for only two years to 2005, and the ongoing **[British Academy Games Awards](/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Awards "British Academy Games Awards")** for video games.{{cite web \|url\=http://awards.bafta.org/sites/default/files/images/2015\_british\_academy\_games\_awards\_rule\_book\_5\.pdf \|title\=British Academy Games Awards: Rules and Guidelines 2015 \|publisher\=\[\[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] \|access\-date\=15 March 2015 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501002926/http://awards.bafta.org/sites/default/files/images/2015\_british\_academy\_games\_awards\_rule\_book\_5\.pdf \|archive\-date\=1 May 2015 }} The British Academy Games Awards recognize works from across the global video game industry, but includes specific achievements for British\-based games and developers.
BAFTA will also recognize individuals in the video game industry through a **[BAFTA Fellowship](/wiki/BAFTA_Fellowship "BAFTA Fellowship")** for "outstanding achievement in the art forms of the moving image".
### GLAAD Media Awards
The [GLAAD Media Awards](/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Awards "GLAAD Media Awards") are given to works and people that have helped to positively present [LGBTQ](/wiki/LGBTQ "LGBTQ") issues. In 2018, GLAAD added a [Media Award for Outstanding Video Game](/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award_for_Outstanding_Video_Game "GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Video Game") to recognize positive LGBTQ representation in video games.{{Cite web \| url \= https://www.polygon.com/2018/9/27/17909964/glaad\-media\-awards\-video\-game\-category \| title \= GLAAD awards will spotlight video games for the first time \| first\= Owen \| last \=Good \| date \= September 27, 2018 \| access\-date \= September 28, 2018 \| work \= \[\[Polygon (website)\|Polygon]] }}
### Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
The **[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards](/wiki/Nickelodeon_Kids%27_Choice_Awards "Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards")** established a [Favorite Video Game](/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Video_Game "Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Video Game") award in 1995 as part of their program. Like the other awards in this ceremony, the winner is selected by open polling from children from a poll of nominees created by the Nickelodeon network.
### Satellite Awards
The **[Satellite Awards](/wiki/Satellite_Awards "Satellite Awards")** are given by the [International Press Academy](/wiki/International_Press_Academy "International Press Academy") made up from members from entertainment journalism to recognize the best works in film and television. The awards were expanded in 2004 to include interactive works, which included video games.
### SXSW Gaming Awards
The annual [South by Southwest](/wiki/South_by_Southwest "South by Southwest") (SXSW) event in Austin, Texas celebrates several forms of art across concurrent conferences arranged around film, music, and other media. While video games had been part of the SXSW Interactive tracts earlier, a dedicated SXSW Gaming tract was added in 2013, and in the following year, establishment of the [SXSW Gaming Awards](/wiki/SXSW_Gaming_Awards "SXSW Gaming Awards") similar to awards in the other media tracts. Developers and publishers can submit their games that had been released in final retail or online form in the prior year to the SXSW event organizers. The organizers along with a panel of video game industry advisers create nominee shortlists from these submitted games, which are then subsequently voted on by attendees of the SXSW Gaming tract and online voting. The winners are named at the end of the SXSW event.
### Writers Guild of America Awards
The **[Writers Guild of America Awards](/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards "Writers Guild of America Awards")** are awarded by the [Writers Guild of America](/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America "Writers Guild of America") to various forms of media based on excellence in the work's writing. An Outstanding Achievement in Video Game Writing award was created as part of this in 2008\.
|
[
"Other media awards\n------------------",
"### Annie Awards",
"The [Annie Awards](/wiki/Annie_Awards \"Annie Awards\"), managed by the non\\-profit group [ASIFA\\-Hollywood](/wiki/ASIFA-Hollywood \"ASIFA-Hollywood\"), celebrate achievement in animation. The awards added the **[Annie Award for Best Animated Video Game](/wiki/Annie_Award_for_Best_Animated_Video_Game \"Annie Award for Best Animated Video Game\")** category in 2005 to recognized animation achievement in video games.",
"### Apple Design Awards",
"The **[Apple Design Awards](/wiki/Apple_Design_Awards \"Apple Design Awards\")** are award by [Apple, Inc.](/wiki/Apple%2C_Inc. \"Apple, Inc.\") for [mobile apps](/wiki/Mobile_app \"Mobile app\") on its iOS family of devices to recognize the most innovative apps developed from independent firms and which make best use of their hardware. These awards include productivity and other applications in addition to mobile video games.",
"### ATOM Awards",
"The [Australian Teachers of Media](/wiki/Australian_Teachers_of_Media \"Australian Teachers of Media\") (ATOM) established the **[ATOM Awards](/wiki/ATOM_Awards \"ATOM Awards\")** in 1982 to recognize works in media from professionals, educators, and students in Australia and New Zealand. Any developer from these countries can submit a game for consideration, with winners selected by a panel of judges of ATOM members. The awards added categories for interactive works including video games in 2007\\.",
"### British Academy of Film and Television Arts",
"The [British Academy of Film and Television Arts](/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts \"British Academy of Film and Television Arts\") (BAFTA) originally ran the **[BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards](/wiki/BAFTA_Interactive_Entertainment_Awards \"BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards\")** from 1998 to 2003\\.*[Multimedia's best in Bafta battle](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/3253818.stm)* (BBC News, 1 December 2003\\) The awards were reorganized into two separate groups starting in 2004: the **[BAFTA Interactive Awards](/wiki/BAFTA_Interactive_Awards \"BAFTA Interactive Awards\")** for interactive works, which ran for only two years to 2005, and the ongoing **[British Academy Games Awards](/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Awards \"British Academy Games Awards\")** for video games.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://awards.bafta.org/sites/default/files/images/2015\\_british\\_academy\\_games\\_awards\\_rule\\_book\\_5\\.pdf \\|title\\=British Academy Games Awards: Rules and Guidelines 2015 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]] \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501002926/http://awards.bafta.org/sites/default/files/images/2015\\_british\\_academy\\_games\\_awards\\_rule\\_book\\_5\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=1 May 2015 }} The British Academy Games Awards recognize works from across the global video game industry, but includes specific achievements for British\\-based games and developers.",
"BAFTA will also recognize individuals in the video game industry through a **[BAFTA Fellowship](/wiki/BAFTA_Fellowship \"BAFTA Fellowship\")** for \"outstanding achievement in the art forms of the moving image\".",
"### GLAAD Media Awards",
"The [GLAAD Media Awards](/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Awards \"GLAAD Media Awards\") are given to works and people that have helped to positively present [LGBTQ](/wiki/LGBTQ \"LGBTQ\") issues. In 2018, GLAAD added a [Media Award for Outstanding Video Game](/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award_for_Outstanding_Video_Game \"GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Video Game\") to recognize positive LGBTQ representation in video games.{{Cite web \\| url \\= https://www.polygon.com/2018/9/27/17909964/glaad\\-media\\-awards\\-video\\-game\\-category \\| title \\= GLAAD awards will spotlight video games for the first time \\| first\\= Owen \\| last \\=Good \\| date \\= September 27, 2018 \\| access\\-date \\= September 28, 2018 \\| work \\= \\[\\[Polygon (website)\\|Polygon]] }}",
"### Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards",
"The **[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards](/wiki/Nickelodeon_Kids%27_Choice_Awards \"Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards\")** established a [Favorite Video Game](/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Award_for_Favorite_Video_Game \"Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Video Game\") award in 1995 as part of their program. Like the other awards in this ceremony, the winner is selected by open polling from children from a poll of nominees created by the Nickelodeon network.",
"### Satellite Awards",
"The **[Satellite Awards](/wiki/Satellite_Awards \"Satellite Awards\")** are given by the [International Press Academy](/wiki/International_Press_Academy \"International Press Academy\") made up from members from entertainment journalism to recognize the best works in film and television. The awards were expanded in 2004 to include interactive works, which included video games.",
"### SXSW Gaming Awards",
"The annual [South by Southwest](/wiki/South_by_Southwest \"South by Southwest\") (SXSW) event in Austin, Texas celebrates several forms of art across concurrent conferences arranged around film, music, and other media. While video games had been part of the SXSW Interactive tracts earlier, a dedicated SXSW Gaming tract was added in 2013, and in the following year, establishment of the [SXSW Gaming Awards](/wiki/SXSW_Gaming_Awards \"SXSW Gaming Awards\") similar to awards in the other media tracts. Developers and publishers can submit their games that had been released in final retail or online form in the prior year to the SXSW event organizers. The organizers along with a panel of video game industry advisers create nominee shortlists from these submitted games, which are then subsequently voted on by attendees of the SXSW Gaming tract and online voting. The winners are named at the end of the SXSW event.",
"### Writers Guild of America Awards",
"The **[Writers Guild of America Awards](/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_Awards \"Writers Guild of America Awards\")** are awarded by the [Writers Guild of America](/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America \"Writers Guild of America\") to various forms of media based on excellence in the work's writing. An Outstanding Achievement in Video Game Writing award was created as part of this in 2008\\.",
""
] |
History of W. T. Blackwell Company
----------------------------------
[thumb\|W. T. Blackwell \& Company Caricature](/wiki/File:WT_Blackwell_CO.JPG "WT Blackwell CO.JPG")
### The J. R. Green Company
John Ruffin Green, a tobacco peddler of the 1850s, owned and operated the J. R. Green Factory, the original place of production for Bull Durham. Green found moderate success in his own endeavors. The [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War "American Civil War") brought business to the Green Company when soldiers on both sides of the war used Green's tobacco. The brand then spread by word of mouth due to its popularity with the soldiers. Soon, his business grew to be bigger than he could manage by himself.Paul, Hiram V. ["History of the Town of Durham, N.C."](https://archive.org/stream/historyoftownofd00paul#page/n15/mode/2up) Raleigh, NC. Edwards, Broughton \& Co., Steam Printers and Binders. Published 1884\. Open Library
### Start of the W. T. Blackwell Company
Green decided to expand his business in 1869, partnering with both Blackwell and James R. Day.Anderson, Jean Bradley. Durham County: part 1\. Duke University Press. 1990\. Google ebook. This partnership made J. R. Green and Company a big name in the tobacco industry. Blackwell and Day originally paid 1500 dollars each for their shares in the company. Shortly after the initiation of the partnership, Green died from [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis "Tuberculosis"). After Green's death, Blackwell purchased Green's shares and the trademark for "Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco" from the Green family for $2292\. This purchase is the official beginning of the W. T. Blackwell Company.
In the following years, Blackwell and Day expanded further. The two owners partnered in 1878 with [Julian Carr](/wiki/Julian_Carr_%28industrialist%29 "Julian Carr (industrialist)"), a North Carolina native and UNC graduate, to create one\-third ownership for each man. This partnership proved to make the new Blackwell Company a highly successful venture.
### Blackwell Company booms
Blackwell, Day, and Carr's success can be attributed to the use of sound business practices, the creation and implementation of new technologies, and an extremely innovative advertising campaign. In the beginning years of the Blackwell Company, they did not have enough of a work force or big enough facilities to fulfill the huge demand for their product.{{citation needed \|date\=December 2013}}
#### A new factory
The three owners increased the size of the company by building a factory for production. This factory was completed in 1874 and resided on the corner of Blackwell and Pettigrew Streets in Durham, North Carolina.Open Durham Article. [Blackwell's Durham Tobacco / American Tobacco Co.](http://www.opendurham.org/buildings/blackwells-durham-tobacco-american-tobacco-co) March 24, 2008\. Accessed November 4, 2013\. This investment proved to be highly profitable for both the company and Durham. The factory brought more jobs to the city, creating a need for increased housing, public services, and other necessities. After the building of the factory, the business continued to boom, so much so that the factory had to be expanded in 1879, only five years after the original building went up.
#### Tobacco warehouses
In addition to the extensive factory, the firm purchased and implemented the first tobacco warehouse in Durham in 1871\. The market ended up selling more tobacco than any other place in North Carolina during its years of operation.Cameron, JD. A Sketch of Tobacco Interests. Oxford, North Carolina. 1881 W.A. Davis \& Co publishers. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/cameron/cameron.html> It brought tobacco farmers to the city and allowed the company to acquire more tobacco than it previously could. No longer needing to ship tobacco from Virginia, the company expanded easily, continuing to boost commerce in Durham. Their tobacco warehouse influenced others to start tobacco warehouses of their own, contributing greatly to the city's success with tobacco. By 1876, there were nine tobacco warehouses in Durham, making it the most popular place in North Carolina to sell tobacco.
#### New Technology
Additionally, the implementation of various technologies helped the company grow. An example of this is the invention and implementation of the “Bull Jack,” a machine that fills, labels, and weighs bags of tobacco.Roberts, B.W.C. John Thomas Dalton and the Development of Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco. Durham, North Carolina. Solar Plexus Enterprises. 1977\. Tobacco History Corporation Inc. The “bow tier,” another invention, also improved the efficiency of production. John Thomas Dalton designed this machine to tie a bow around the tobacco filled bag, which reduced the annual cost of $172,000 for using manual labor to tie the bags by a third.Roberts, Ben. “Inventions in the Tobacco Industry.” Tar Heel Junior Historian. Pg. 46\. Fall 2006\. North Carolina Museum of History. These inventions allowed the firm to increase production to fulfill the high demand.
Around the end of the 1870s and early 1880s the Blackwell Company experienced remarkable success. In 1869 it produced around 60,000 pounds of tobacco per year; by 1883 it produced over five million pounds.
### The Blackwell Co. and W. T. Blackwell change Durham
The Blackwell Company, the first big company to be located in Durham, sparked the tobacco craze within Durham.
W. T. Blackwell, called the "father of Durham" by Durham's first historian, changed Durham residents' lives during his time with the Blackwell Company. When Blackwell started the first tobacco warehouse, he "essentially built Durham into a center where tobacco farmers could bring their tobacco to be sold at high prices." The tobacco warehouse industry spurred the need for the first banks in Durham, which came about in 1878\. Around this time, Blackwell also implemented the first telephones in Durham. The expansion of the tobacco industry gave rise to the need for a [cotton industry](/wiki/Cotton_industry "Cotton industry") and tobacco bag making companies, such as the Golden Belt Manufacturing Company. The firm's product, Bull Durham tobacco, gave rise to the city's nickname, The Bull City.[Bell, William interview via NBC 17\. Jul 8, 2010](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXeytjEOMIc)
### The partners separate
[thumb \|upright\=1\.5\| An 1897 newspaper display ad for Blackwell's Durham](/wiki/File:18970513_Tobacco_ad_-_The_Weekly_Independent_%28Helena%2C_Montana%29.jpg "18970513 Tobacco ad - The Weekly Independent (Helena, Montana).jpg")
Even though the company experienced high profitability, the three partners eventually fell apart and sold the company in order to pursue other ventures. This began when both Blackwell and Carr bought Day out of the company in 1878 for 50,000 dollars. Blackwell sold his shares next for a total of 300,000 dollars in 1883 to larger companies that would continue to promote the “Bull Durham” brand. Carr remained in the company and continued to encourage new advertising methods for Bull Durham. He eventually spread the brand to an unprecedented global level.
### Blackwell Company and Bull Durham sold
Around the time when Blackwell left the company. Competition with the up\-and\-coming Duke firm headed by [James “Buck” Duke](/wiki/James_Buchanan_Duke "James Buchanan Duke") arose. Carr, however, stuck with the company and, under his leadership, “successfully developed mass production, excelled in creative advertising, and established world\-wide sales.” In 1898 Carr sold the majority of shares in the Blackwell Company and the rights to the “Bull Durham” brand to the Union Tobacco Company for 2,500,000 dollars, a price considered relatively cheap for the globally renowned brand Union acquired.“Leaders in Tobacco Lines.” The Washington Post. Dec 17, 1898\. Proquest Historical Newspapers.
### American acquires Bull Durham
Union Tobacco Company attempted to compete with the formed huge [American Tobacco Company](/wiki/American_Tobacco_Company "American Tobacco Company"), a company formed out of the Duke firm, but found little success, and only a short while later was bought out by the American Tobacco Company. American then retained control of many of the most popular brands of tobacco and continued to develop the new advertising campaigns that are associated with Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco.
|
[
"History of W. T. Blackwell Company\n----------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|W. T. Blackwell \\& Company Caricature](/wiki/File:WT_Blackwell_CO.JPG \"WT Blackwell CO.JPG\")",
"### The J. R. Green Company",
"John Ruffin Green, a tobacco peddler of the 1850s, owned and operated the J. R. Green Factory, the original place of production for Bull Durham. Green found moderate success in his own endeavors. The [Civil War](/wiki/American_Civil_War \"American Civil War\") brought business to the Green Company when soldiers on both sides of the war used Green's tobacco. The brand then spread by word of mouth due to its popularity with the soldiers. Soon, his business grew to be bigger than he could manage by himself.Paul, Hiram V. [\"History of the Town of Durham, N.C.\"](https://archive.org/stream/historyoftownofd00paul#page/n15/mode/2up) Raleigh, NC. Edwards, Broughton \\& Co., Steam Printers and Binders. Published 1884\\. Open Library",
"### Start of the W. T. Blackwell Company",
"Green decided to expand his business in 1869, partnering with both Blackwell and James R. Day.Anderson, Jean Bradley. Durham County: part 1\\. Duke University Press. 1990\\. Google ebook. This partnership made J. R. Green and Company a big name in the tobacco industry. Blackwell and Day originally paid 1500 dollars each for their shares in the company. Shortly after the initiation of the partnership, Green died from [tuberculosis](/wiki/Tuberculosis \"Tuberculosis\"). After Green's death, Blackwell purchased Green's shares and the trademark for \"Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco\" from the Green family for $2292\\. This purchase is the official beginning of the W. T. Blackwell Company.",
"In the following years, Blackwell and Day expanded further. The two owners partnered in 1878 with [Julian Carr](/wiki/Julian_Carr_%28industrialist%29 \"Julian Carr (industrialist)\"), a North Carolina native and UNC graduate, to create one\\-third ownership for each man. This partnership proved to make the new Blackwell Company a highly successful venture.",
"### Blackwell Company booms",
"Blackwell, Day, and Carr's success can be attributed to the use of sound business practices, the creation and implementation of new technologies, and an extremely innovative advertising campaign. In the beginning years of the Blackwell Company, they did not have enough of a work force or big enough facilities to fulfill the huge demand for their product.{{citation needed \\|date\\=December 2013}}",
"#### A new factory",
"The three owners increased the size of the company by building a factory for production. This factory was completed in 1874 and resided on the corner of Blackwell and Pettigrew Streets in Durham, North Carolina.Open Durham Article. [Blackwell's Durham Tobacco / American Tobacco Co.](http://www.opendurham.org/buildings/blackwells-durham-tobacco-american-tobacco-co) March 24, 2008\\. Accessed November 4, 2013\\. This investment proved to be highly profitable for both the company and Durham. The factory brought more jobs to the city, creating a need for increased housing, public services, and other necessities. After the building of the factory, the business continued to boom, so much so that the factory had to be expanded in 1879, only five years after the original building went up.",
"#### Tobacco warehouses",
"In addition to the extensive factory, the firm purchased and implemented the first tobacco warehouse in Durham in 1871\\. The market ended up selling more tobacco than any other place in North Carolina during its years of operation.Cameron, JD. A Sketch of Tobacco Interests. Oxford, North Carolina. 1881 W.A. Davis \\& Co publishers. <http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/cameron/cameron.html> It brought tobacco farmers to the city and allowed the company to acquire more tobacco than it previously could. No longer needing to ship tobacco from Virginia, the company expanded easily, continuing to boost commerce in Durham. Their tobacco warehouse influenced others to start tobacco warehouses of their own, contributing greatly to the city's success with tobacco. By 1876, there were nine tobacco warehouses in Durham, making it the most popular place in North Carolina to sell tobacco.",
"#### New Technology",
"Additionally, the implementation of various technologies helped the company grow. An example of this is the invention and implementation of the “Bull Jack,” a machine that fills, labels, and weighs bags of tobacco.Roberts, B.W.C. John Thomas Dalton and the Development of Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco. Durham, North Carolina. Solar Plexus Enterprises. 1977\\. Tobacco History Corporation Inc. The “bow tier,” another invention, also improved the efficiency of production. John Thomas Dalton designed this machine to tie a bow around the tobacco filled bag, which reduced the annual cost of $172,000 for using manual labor to tie the bags by a third.Roberts, Ben. “Inventions in the Tobacco Industry.” Tar Heel Junior Historian. Pg. 46\\. Fall 2006\\. North Carolina Museum of History. These inventions allowed the firm to increase production to fulfill the high demand.",
"Around the end of the 1870s and early 1880s the Blackwell Company experienced remarkable success. In 1869 it produced around 60,000 pounds of tobacco per year; by 1883 it produced over five million pounds.",
"### The Blackwell Co. and W. T. Blackwell change Durham",
"The Blackwell Company, the first big company to be located in Durham, sparked the tobacco craze within Durham.",
"W. T. Blackwell, called the \"father of Durham\" by Durham's first historian, changed Durham residents' lives during his time with the Blackwell Company. When Blackwell started the first tobacco warehouse, he \"essentially built Durham into a center where tobacco farmers could bring their tobacco to be sold at high prices.\" The tobacco warehouse industry spurred the need for the first banks in Durham, which came about in 1878\\. Around this time, Blackwell also implemented the first telephones in Durham. The expansion of the tobacco industry gave rise to the need for a [cotton industry](/wiki/Cotton_industry \"Cotton industry\") and tobacco bag making companies, such as the Golden Belt Manufacturing Company. The firm's product, Bull Durham tobacco, gave rise to the city's nickname, The Bull City.[Bell, William interview via NBC 17\\. Jul 8, 2010](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXeytjEOMIc)",
"### The partners separate",
"[thumb \\|upright\\=1\\.5\\| An 1897 newspaper display ad for Blackwell's Durham](/wiki/File:18970513_Tobacco_ad_-_The_Weekly_Independent_%28Helena%2C_Montana%29.jpg \"18970513 Tobacco ad - The Weekly Independent (Helena, Montana).jpg\")\nEven though the company experienced high profitability, the three partners eventually fell apart and sold the company in order to pursue other ventures. This began when both Blackwell and Carr bought Day out of the company in 1878 for 50,000 dollars. Blackwell sold his shares next for a total of 300,000 dollars in 1883 to larger companies that would continue to promote the “Bull Durham” brand. Carr remained in the company and continued to encourage new advertising methods for Bull Durham. He eventually spread the brand to an unprecedented global level.",
"### Blackwell Company and Bull Durham sold",
"Around the time when Blackwell left the company. Competition with the up\\-and\\-coming Duke firm headed by [James “Buck” Duke](/wiki/James_Buchanan_Duke \"James Buchanan Duke\") arose. Carr, however, stuck with the company and, under his leadership, “successfully developed mass production, excelled in creative advertising, and established world\\-wide sales.” In 1898 Carr sold the majority of shares in the Blackwell Company and the rights to the “Bull Durham” brand to the Union Tobacco Company for 2,500,000 dollars, a price considered relatively cheap for the globally renowned brand Union acquired.“Leaders in Tobacco Lines.” The Washington Post. Dec 17, 1898\\. Proquest Historical Newspapers.",
"### American acquires Bull Durham",
"Union Tobacco Company attempted to compete with the formed huge [American Tobacco Company](/wiki/American_Tobacco_Company \"American Tobacco Company\"), a company formed out of the Duke firm, but found little success, and only a short while later was bought out by the American Tobacco Company. American then retained control of many of the most popular brands of tobacco and continued to develop the new advertising campaigns that are associated with Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco.",
""
] |
Advertising the Bull Durham brand
---------------------------------
[thumb\|right\|upright\=1\.5\|This 1914 display ad in *The Washington Post* appealed to the experienced smoker who prefers to roll his own cigarettes—the "thirty\-third degree smoke veteran".](/wiki/File:19140629_Bull_Durham_smoking_tobacco_ad_-_The_Washington_Post.jpg "19140629 Bull Durham smoking tobacco ad - The Washington Post.jpg")
Bull Durham advertising represents the most expansive, revolutionary advertising campaign of its time. The Blackwell Company spent more money to advertise Bull Durham than any other company on any product. Large advertising campaigns at the time were considered to be extremely risky and fruitless in meriting more sales. Bull Durham ads proved this theory wrong, however, as the various campaigns became some of the most successful of the time and paved the way for modern\-day advertising.
### Bull Durham branding
Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco's advertising had success due to the extent to which the product was branded. Green and later the Blackwell Company established the bull as the logo for "Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco" in order to help do this. The logo of the bull evidently comes from "Durham Mustard" containers from [Durham, England](/wiki/Durham%2C_England "Durham, England"). With the establishment of the logo, the Blackwell Company extended the branding idea, putting the bull logo on all advertisements and labels. This logo would eventually be "one of the most recognizable product advertisements around the country."
Druden, Robert F. "Bull Durham Tobacco". *NC pedia*. 2006\. Beyond the creation of the trademark icon, the "Established 1865" phrase appeared in association with Bull Durham. This helped to protect against trademark infringements, a very common occurrence due to the wild success of "Genuine Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco". The repetition of advertisements with the bull and an established line helped to brand the name and make Bull Durham familiar to people of all ages.
#### Racism in Bull Durham tobacco ads
Bull Durham tobacco was among the most recognizable trademarks in the world circa 1900\. Ads include caricatures of "foolish looking or silly acting blacks to draw attention to its product".{{Cite web \|last\=Pages \|first\=The Society \|title\=Racism in Bull Durham Tobacco Ads – Sociological Images \|url\=https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/11/21/racism\-in\-bull\-durham\-tobacco\-ads/ \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-27 \|language\=en}}
### Successful advertising campaigns
#### Repetition
The Blackwell Company advertised Bull Durham tobacco in an uncommon fashion for advertising of the time. One of the company’s first huge campaigns was the implementation of ads depicting the bull in magazines, trade journals, periodicals, and huge outdoor painted signs. The repetition of the bull and the wide circulation of these advertisements in a single newspaper or magazine quickly made the product a household name.
#### Outdoor advertising
In addition, the Blackwell Co. was among the first to implement a large\-scale outdoor advertising campaign around the country. The company partnered with the New York Sign Company and hired skilled ad painter Jule Gilmer Körner, or "Rueben Rink", builder of the landmark home [Korner's Folly](/wiki/Korner%27s_Folly "Korner's Folly"), as head of advertising. These ads started in the late 1870s and consisted of giant depictions of the bull with catchy sayings or a depiction of the price. Rink hired four teams of painters to go around the states and constantly paint ads. These signs were placed on huge billboards along major roads and rails, on the side of various buildings, and any other place that would be regularly seen. This was done in hopes that spreading the name of the product and the continuity of the ads would increase sales.
#### Roll Your Own campaign
One of the most successful slogan campaigns for Bull Durham was the "Roll Your Own" campaign. The campaign came at an ideal time, as product sales were low due to the competition against the emerging pre\-rolled cigarette.[Fairman, Leroy. "Clay Feet". *Advertising and Selling*. October 1922](https://books.google.com/books?id=s0UjAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA8- PA14&dq=advertising+durham+tobacco&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JnppUo7ICIvpkAe d24CgAQ&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=advertising%20durham%20tobacco&f=false) These ads appeared around the time of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") and showed the low price of only a nickel per bag as well as an elegant scene with finely dressed, upper class looking people. This advertisement campaign originally had doubters, yet quickly these doubts were taken away when sales exploded. The ads made many in the middle and lower class want to go out to buy Bull Durham in order to emulate the upper class. The campaign was tremendously successful, using the desire for a better life to boost sales.
#### Promotional campaigns
In addition to slogans the Blackwell Company used promotions to increase sales of Bull Durham Tobacco. One promotion Blackwell ran gave soap to the merchants that sold their product. The company offered a bar of soap for each pound of tobacco a salesman purchased or 30 bars of soap for every 25 pounds purchased. Merchants could offer promotions in their own store, sell the soap, or use the soap themselves.[The Blackwell’s Durham Tobacco Company. Telegram](http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/eaa_D0370/) Salesmen bought Bull Durham in bulk in order to reap the rewards of the soap, in turn increasing the total sales of Bull Durham.
The Blackwell Company also ran a coupon campaign that offered “free” goods to the consumers of the Bull Durham brand. Coupons were included in every pack of Bull Durham Tobacco. After a consumer had saved up a set amount of [coupons](/wiki/Coupons "Coupons") he or she could cash them in for an item of equivalent value. For example, for 100 coupons and one dollar one could get a [gold plated](/wiki/Gold_plated "Gold plated") watch. There were over 180 rewards each costing a different number of coupons. This advertising style was unique for its time and increased sales as people had double the incentive to buy the product. This style of advertising is still seen in companies today. The company and especially Carr used every angle of advertising they could think of in order to promote Bull Durham. These advertising techniques were completely unique for their time and many of the methods have greatly influenced modern day advertising.
[thumb\|upright\=1\.5\|Hitting the Bull Campaign](/wiki/File:Bull_Durham_Tobacco_Advertisement%2C_May_1913.jpg "Bull Durham Tobacco Advertisement, May 1913.jpg")
### Bull Durham and baseball
When the brand was in American Tobacco’s control, they continued Blackwell’s success with advertising and implemented even more innovative campaigns. To do this American Tobacco Co wisely made the connection between baseball, America’s favorite pastime, and tobacco.Moris, Peter. "Personally, I have nothing against smoking": The lethal alliance between baseball and the cigarette. Nine. 18\.1\. p37\. 2009 University of Nebraska Press. The connection came naturally, as during the early 1900s tobacco was a widely used amenity during games by the players. It is believed that this close link between Bull Durham and Tobacco may have triggered the creation of such words as bullpen. American Tobacco’s baseball advertisements made Bull Durham seem safe and familiar to baseball fans around the nation.
#### Hit the Bull campaign
American Tobacco also set up wooden bull ads in nearly every major league stadium around the states during the 1912 season, furthering Bull Durham’s publicity. American gave a 50\-dollar prize to any player that hit the bull sign set up within the walls of the outfield. In addition, they offered free tobacco to any player who hit a home run. This advertising campaign generated much publicity and was highly successful, despite American Tobacco having to give away over $23,400 worth of goods. This, while a large sum of money for the time, is only about 5 cents given away to the baseball players for every 700 sacks of Bull Durham that were sold.Cassen, Herbert N. “My Choice of the Month’s Ad.” Advertising and Selling. Aug, 1918\. [https://books.google.com/books?id\=1zgfAQAAMAAJ\&pg\=RA3\- PA36\&dq\=%22bull\+durham\+tobacco%22\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ei\=ViVoUpuOOo7i4 AOQg4HICQ\&ved\=0CDkQ6AEwADgK\#v\=onepage\&q\=%22bull%20durham%20tobacco%22\&f\=false](https://books.google.com/books?id=1zgfAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3- PA36&dq=%22bull+durham+tobacco%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ViVoUpuOOo7i4 AOQg4HICQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=%22bull%20durham%20tobacco%22&f=false) The target audience, publicity generated, and consistency proved to make the “Hit the Bull” campaign an extremely successful venture.
### Impact on the advertising industry
Before Bull Durham advertising, a large marketing campaign was unheard\-of and considered highly risky. However, the Blackwell Co. and later American Tobacco proved this theory wrong entirely. The product achieved high sales and thus profit by creating a high demand for the product through advertising. The company showed future businesses the success that can come from branding a product and making it familiar to consumers. The advertising for Bull Durham proved to be a revolutionary process. Many of the concepts first used to advertise Bull Durham are still used by marketers today.
|
[
"Advertising the Bull Durham brand\n---------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|This 1914 display ad in *The Washington Post* appealed to the experienced smoker who prefers to roll his own cigarettes—the \"thirty\\-third degree smoke veteran\".](/wiki/File:19140629_Bull_Durham_smoking_tobacco_ad_-_The_Washington_Post.jpg \"19140629 Bull Durham smoking tobacco ad - The Washington Post.jpg\")\nBull Durham advertising represents the most expansive, revolutionary advertising campaign of its time. The Blackwell Company spent more money to advertise Bull Durham than any other company on any product. Large advertising campaigns at the time were considered to be extremely risky and fruitless in meriting more sales. Bull Durham ads proved this theory wrong, however, as the various campaigns became some of the most successful of the time and paved the way for modern\\-day advertising.",
"### Bull Durham branding",
"Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco's advertising had success due to the extent to which the product was branded. Green and later the Blackwell Company established the bull as the logo for \"Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco\" in order to help do this. The logo of the bull evidently comes from \"Durham Mustard\" containers from [Durham, England](/wiki/Durham%2C_England \"Durham, England\"). With the establishment of the logo, the Blackwell Company extended the branding idea, putting the bull logo on all advertisements and labels. This logo would eventually be \"one of the most recognizable product advertisements around the country.\"\nDruden, Robert F. \"Bull Durham Tobacco\". *NC pedia*. 2006\\. Beyond the creation of the trademark icon, the \"Established 1865\" phrase appeared in association with Bull Durham. This helped to protect against trademark infringements, a very common occurrence due to the wild success of \"Genuine Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco\". The repetition of advertisements with the bull and an established line helped to brand the name and make Bull Durham familiar to people of all ages.",
"#### Racism in Bull Durham tobacco ads",
"Bull Durham tobacco was among the most recognizable trademarks in the world circa 1900\\. Ads include caricatures of \"foolish looking or silly acting blacks to draw attention to its product\".{{Cite web \\|last\\=Pages \\|first\\=The Society \\|title\\=Racism in Bull Durham Tobacco Ads – Sociological Images \\|url\\=https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/11/21/racism\\-in\\-bull\\-durham\\-tobacco\\-ads/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-27 \\|language\\=en}}",
"### Successful advertising campaigns",
"#### Repetition",
"The Blackwell Company advertised Bull Durham tobacco in an uncommon fashion for advertising of the time. One of the company’s first huge campaigns was the implementation of ads depicting the bull in magazines, trade journals, periodicals, and huge outdoor painted signs. The repetition of the bull and the wide circulation of these advertisements in a single newspaper or magazine quickly made the product a household name.",
"#### Outdoor advertising",
"In addition, the Blackwell Co. was among the first to implement a large\\-scale outdoor advertising campaign around the country. The company partnered with the New York Sign Company and hired skilled ad painter Jule Gilmer Körner, or \"Rueben Rink\", builder of the landmark home [Korner's Folly](/wiki/Korner%27s_Folly \"Korner's Folly\"), as head of advertising. These ads started in the late 1870s and consisted of giant depictions of the bull with catchy sayings or a depiction of the price. Rink hired four teams of painters to go around the states and constantly paint ads. These signs were placed on huge billboards along major roads and rails, on the side of various buildings, and any other place that would be regularly seen. This was done in hopes that spreading the name of the product and the continuity of the ads would increase sales.",
"#### Roll Your Own campaign",
"One of the most successful slogan campaigns for Bull Durham was the \"Roll Your Own\" campaign. The campaign came at an ideal time, as product sales were low due to the competition against the emerging pre\\-rolled cigarette.[Fairman, Leroy. \"Clay Feet\". *Advertising and Selling*. October 1922](https://books.google.com/books?id=s0UjAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA8-\tPA14&dq=advertising+durham+tobacco&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JnppUo7ICIvpkAe\td24CgAQ&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=advertising%20durham%20tobacco&f=false) These ads appeared around the time of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") and showed the low price of only a nickel per bag as well as an elegant scene with finely dressed, upper class looking people. This advertisement campaign originally had doubters, yet quickly these doubts were taken away when sales exploded. The ads made many in the middle and lower class want to go out to buy Bull Durham in order to emulate the upper class. The campaign was tremendously successful, using the desire for a better life to boost sales.",
"#### Promotional campaigns",
"In addition to slogans the Blackwell Company used promotions to increase sales of Bull Durham Tobacco. One promotion Blackwell ran gave soap to the merchants that sold their product. The company offered a bar of soap for each pound of tobacco a salesman purchased or 30 bars of soap for every 25 pounds purchased. Merchants could offer promotions in their own store, sell the soap, or use the soap themselves.[The Blackwell’s Durham Tobacco Company. Telegram](http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/eaa_D0370/) Salesmen bought Bull Durham in bulk in order to reap the rewards of the soap, in turn increasing the total sales of Bull Durham.",
"The Blackwell Company also ran a coupon campaign that offered “free” goods to the consumers of the Bull Durham brand. Coupons were included in every pack of Bull Durham Tobacco. After a consumer had saved up a set amount of [coupons](/wiki/Coupons \"Coupons\") he or she could cash them in for an item of equivalent value. For example, for 100 coupons and one dollar one could get a [gold plated](/wiki/Gold_plated \"Gold plated\") watch. There were over 180 rewards each costing a different number of coupons. This advertising style was unique for its time and increased sales as people had double the incentive to buy the product. This style of advertising is still seen in companies today. The company and especially Carr used every angle of advertising they could think of in order to promote Bull Durham. These advertising techniques were completely unique for their time and many of the methods have greatly influenced modern day advertising.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|Hitting the Bull Campaign](/wiki/File:Bull_Durham_Tobacco_Advertisement%2C_May_1913.jpg \"Bull Durham Tobacco Advertisement, May 1913.jpg\")",
"### Bull Durham and baseball",
"When the brand was in American Tobacco’s control, they continued Blackwell’s success with advertising and implemented even more innovative campaigns. To do this American Tobacco Co wisely made the connection between baseball, America’s favorite pastime, and tobacco.Moris, Peter. \"Personally, I have nothing against smoking\": The lethal alliance between baseball and the cigarette. Nine. 18\\.1\\. p37\\. 2009 University of Nebraska Press. The connection came naturally, as during the early 1900s tobacco was a widely used amenity during games by the players. It is believed that this close link between Bull Durham and Tobacco may have triggered the creation of such words as bullpen. American Tobacco’s baseball advertisements made Bull Durham seem safe and familiar to baseball fans around the nation.",
"#### Hit the Bull campaign",
"American Tobacco also set up wooden bull ads in nearly every major league stadium around the states during the 1912 season, furthering Bull Durham’s publicity. American gave a 50\\-dollar prize to any player that hit the bull sign set up within the walls of the outfield. In addition, they offered free tobacco to any player who hit a home run. This advertising campaign generated much publicity and was highly successful, despite American Tobacco having to give away over $23,400 worth of goods. This, while a large sum of money for the time, is only about 5 cents given away to the baseball players for every 700 sacks of Bull Durham that were sold.Cassen, Herbert N. “My Choice of the Month’s Ad.” Advertising and Selling. Aug, 1918\\. [https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1zgfAQAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=RA3\\- PA36\\&dq\\=%22bull\\+durham\\+tobacco%22\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ei\\=ViVoUpuOOo7i4 AOQg4HICQ\\&ved\\=0CDkQ6AEwADgK\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=%22bull%20durham%20tobacco%22\\&f\\=false](https://books.google.com/books?id=1zgfAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-\tPA36&dq=%22bull+durham+tobacco%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ViVoUpuOOo7i4\tAOQg4HICQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=%22bull%20durham%20tobacco%22&f=false) The target audience, publicity generated, and consistency proved to make the “Hit the Bull” campaign an extremely successful venture.",
"### Impact on the advertising industry",
"Before Bull Durham advertising, a large marketing campaign was unheard\\-of and considered highly risky. However, the Blackwell Co. and later American Tobacco proved this theory wrong entirely. The product achieved high sales and thus profit by creating a high demand for the product through advertising. The company showed future businesses the success that can come from branding a product and making it familiar to consumers. The advertising for Bull Durham proved to be a revolutionary process. Many of the concepts first used to advertise Bull Durham are still used by marketers today.",
""
] |
### Successful advertising campaigns
#### Repetition
The Blackwell Company advertised Bull Durham tobacco in an uncommon fashion for advertising of the time. One of the company’s first huge campaigns was the implementation of ads depicting the bull in magazines, trade journals, periodicals, and huge outdoor painted signs. The repetition of the bull and the wide circulation of these advertisements in a single newspaper or magazine quickly made the product a household name.
#### Outdoor advertising
In addition, the Blackwell Co. was among the first to implement a large\-scale outdoor advertising campaign around the country. The company partnered with the New York Sign Company and hired skilled ad painter Jule Gilmer Körner, or "Rueben Rink", builder of the landmark home [Korner's Folly](/wiki/Korner%27s_Folly "Korner's Folly"), as head of advertising. These ads started in the late 1870s and consisted of giant depictions of the bull with catchy sayings or a depiction of the price. Rink hired four teams of painters to go around the states and constantly paint ads. These signs were placed on huge billboards along major roads and rails, on the side of various buildings, and any other place that would be regularly seen. This was done in hopes that spreading the name of the product and the continuity of the ads would increase sales.
#### Roll Your Own campaign
One of the most successful slogan campaigns for Bull Durham was the "Roll Your Own" campaign. The campaign came at an ideal time, as product sales were low due to the competition against the emerging pre\-rolled cigarette.[Fairman, Leroy. "Clay Feet". *Advertising and Selling*. October 1922](https://books.google.com/books?id=s0UjAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA8- PA14&dq=advertising+durham+tobacco&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JnppUo7ICIvpkAe d24CgAQ&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=advertising%20durham%20tobacco&f=false) These ads appeared around the time of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") and showed the low price of only a nickel per bag as well as an elegant scene with finely dressed, upper class looking people. This advertisement campaign originally had doubters, yet quickly these doubts were taken away when sales exploded. The ads made many in the middle and lower class want to go out to buy Bull Durham in order to emulate the upper class. The campaign was tremendously successful, using the desire for a better life to boost sales.
#### Promotional campaigns
In addition to slogans the Blackwell Company used promotions to increase sales of Bull Durham Tobacco. One promotion Blackwell ran gave soap to the merchants that sold their product. The company offered a bar of soap for each pound of tobacco a salesman purchased or 30 bars of soap for every 25 pounds purchased. Merchants could offer promotions in their own store, sell the soap, or use the soap themselves.[The Blackwell’s Durham Tobacco Company. Telegram](http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/eaa_D0370/) Salesmen bought Bull Durham in bulk in order to reap the rewards of the soap, in turn increasing the total sales of Bull Durham.
The Blackwell Company also ran a coupon campaign that offered “free” goods to the consumers of the Bull Durham brand. Coupons were included in every pack of Bull Durham Tobacco. After a consumer had saved up a set amount of [coupons](/wiki/Coupons "Coupons") he or she could cash them in for an item of equivalent value. For example, for 100 coupons and one dollar one could get a [gold plated](/wiki/Gold_plated "Gold plated") watch. There were over 180 rewards each costing a different number of coupons. This advertising style was unique for its time and increased sales as people had double the incentive to buy the product. This style of advertising is still seen in companies today. The company and especially Carr used every angle of advertising they could think of in order to promote Bull Durham. These advertising techniques were completely unique for their time and many of the methods have greatly influenced modern day advertising.
[thumb\|upright\=1\.5\|Hitting the Bull Campaign](/wiki/File:Bull_Durham_Tobacco_Advertisement%2C_May_1913.jpg "Bull Durham Tobacco Advertisement, May 1913.jpg")
|
[
"### Successful advertising campaigns",
"#### Repetition",
"The Blackwell Company advertised Bull Durham tobacco in an uncommon fashion for advertising of the time. One of the company’s first huge campaigns was the implementation of ads depicting the bull in magazines, trade journals, periodicals, and huge outdoor painted signs. The repetition of the bull and the wide circulation of these advertisements in a single newspaper or magazine quickly made the product a household name.",
"#### Outdoor advertising",
"In addition, the Blackwell Co. was among the first to implement a large\\-scale outdoor advertising campaign around the country. The company partnered with the New York Sign Company and hired skilled ad painter Jule Gilmer Körner, or \"Rueben Rink\", builder of the landmark home [Korner's Folly](/wiki/Korner%27s_Folly \"Korner's Folly\"), as head of advertising. These ads started in the late 1870s and consisted of giant depictions of the bull with catchy sayings or a depiction of the price. Rink hired four teams of painters to go around the states and constantly paint ads. These signs were placed on huge billboards along major roads and rails, on the side of various buildings, and any other place that would be regularly seen. This was done in hopes that spreading the name of the product and the continuity of the ads would increase sales.",
"#### Roll Your Own campaign",
"One of the most successful slogan campaigns for Bull Durham was the \"Roll Your Own\" campaign. The campaign came at an ideal time, as product sales were low due to the competition against the emerging pre\\-rolled cigarette.[Fairman, Leroy. \"Clay Feet\". *Advertising and Selling*. October 1922](https://books.google.com/books?id=s0UjAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA8-\tPA14&dq=advertising+durham+tobacco&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JnppUo7ICIvpkAe\td24CgAQ&ved=0CFwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=advertising%20durham%20tobacco&f=false) These ads appeared around the time of the [Great Depression](/wiki/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") and showed the low price of only a nickel per bag as well as an elegant scene with finely dressed, upper class looking people. This advertisement campaign originally had doubters, yet quickly these doubts were taken away when sales exploded. The ads made many in the middle and lower class want to go out to buy Bull Durham in order to emulate the upper class. The campaign was tremendously successful, using the desire for a better life to boost sales.",
"#### Promotional campaigns",
"In addition to slogans the Blackwell Company used promotions to increase sales of Bull Durham Tobacco. One promotion Blackwell ran gave soap to the merchants that sold their product. The company offered a bar of soap for each pound of tobacco a salesman purchased or 30 bars of soap for every 25 pounds purchased. Merchants could offer promotions in their own store, sell the soap, or use the soap themselves.[The Blackwell’s Durham Tobacco Company. Telegram](http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/eaa_D0370/) Salesmen bought Bull Durham in bulk in order to reap the rewards of the soap, in turn increasing the total sales of Bull Durham.",
"The Blackwell Company also ran a coupon campaign that offered “free” goods to the consumers of the Bull Durham brand. Coupons were included in every pack of Bull Durham Tobacco. After a consumer had saved up a set amount of [coupons](/wiki/Coupons \"Coupons\") he or she could cash them in for an item of equivalent value. For example, for 100 coupons and one dollar one could get a [gold plated](/wiki/Gold_plated \"Gold plated\") watch. There were over 180 rewards each costing a different number of coupons. This advertising style was unique for its time and increased sales as people had double the incentive to buy the product. This style of advertising is still seen in companies today. The company and especially Carr used every angle of advertising they could think of in order to promote Bull Durham. These advertising techniques were completely unique for their time and many of the methods have greatly influenced modern day advertising.",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|Hitting the Bull Campaign](/wiki/File:Bull_Durham_Tobacco_Advertisement%2C_May_1913.jpg \"Bull Durham Tobacco Advertisement, May 1913.jpg\")",
""
] |
Plot
----
Successful and single 29\-year\-old Beth, an art curator at the [Guggenheim](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum "Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum"), is at a point in her life where love seems like a luxury she can't afford. Waiting for the "perfect" romance has embittered her. After flying to Rome to be the maid of honor in her younger sister Joan's impulsive wedding, she meets 26\-year\-old Nicholas Beamon, the best man. He rescues her in a couple of difficult situations but they are both clumsy. Still, they hit it off.
As Beth comes to believe in love again, she sees Nick kissing another woman. Slightly drunk and jealous at seeing Nick with another woman (who only very much later turns out to be the groom's "crazy cousin"), she picks up coins (a [poker chip](/wiki/Poker_chip "Poker chip"), a rare coin, a penny, a trick quarter and a [Euro](/wiki/Euro "Euro")) from the "fountain of love" (based on the [Trevi Fountain](/wiki/Trevi_Fountain "Trevi Fountain")). Joan tells her that legend says if you take coins from the fountain, the owner of the coin will fall in love with you.
Beth is pursued back in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") by a band of pushy suitors whose coins she gathered, including a diminutive sausage magnate Al, lanky street [illusionist](/wiki/Illusionist "Illusionist") Lance, a doting painter Antonio, and a narcissistic male model Gale. She must return the coins to the fountain to break the spell. As she falls in love with Nick, she realizes that the poker chip belongs to him and is convinced that he is under a spell, not truly in love with her.
Joan calls Beth on the day of a gala and tells her that the spell can also be broken by returning the coins to the original owner. Stacey, Beth's secretary, concerned about her, overhears the conversation and steals the coins. She believes that Beth would lead a better life with people loving her, regardless of the spell.
When Beth's suitors all show up together at her apartment, she tells them she does not love them and plans to return their coins. She also tells them of her love for Nick, but realizes that Stacey has stolen the coins. She sets off to retrieve the coins, aided by her suitors. All pile into a yellow [Vespa 400](/wiki/Vespa_400 "Vespa 400") microcar, which careens through city traffic, into the Guggenheim and up an elevator.
Stacey returns the coins and Beth gives them back to their respective owners. Left with the poker chip, she calls Nick and thanks him for making her believe in love again. Nick makes his way to the gala to search for Beth in a sudden lightning storm that hits New York. There he happens to pick up his poker chip, dropped by Beth, and convinces her his love was true.
On Beth and Nick's wedding day in Rome, Lance tells her he had several poker chips, and Nick did not break out of the spell. While exchanging wedding vows, Beth hesitates and dashes out of the church. She revisits the fountain and wades in again. Nick appears and joins her in the fountain. He said he had never thrown a chip in. He drops a poker chip in the water, and the priest is heard yelling, "Free of temptation!" Beth finally believes Nick and kisses him.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Successful and single 29\\-year\\-old Beth, an art curator at the [Guggenheim](/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum \"Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum\"), is at a point in her life where love seems like a luxury she can't afford. Waiting for the \"perfect\" romance has embittered her. After flying to Rome to be the maid of honor in her younger sister Joan's impulsive wedding, she meets 26\\-year\\-old Nicholas Beamon, the best man. He rescues her in a couple of difficult situations but they are both clumsy. Still, they hit it off.",
"As Beth comes to believe in love again, she sees Nick kissing another woman. Slightly drunk and jealous at seeing Nick with another woman (who only very much later turns out to be the groom's \"crazy cousin\"), she picks up coins (a [poker chip](/wiki/Poker_chip \"Poker chip\"), a rare coin, a penny, a trick quarter and a [Euro](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\")) from the \"fountain of love\" (based on the [Trevi Fountain](/wiki/Trevi_Fountain \"Trevi Fountain\")). Joan tells her that legend says if you take coins from the fountain, the owner of the coin will fall in love with you.",
"Beth is pursued back in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") by a band of pushy suitors whose coins she gathered, including a diminutive sausage magnate Al, lanky street [illusionist](/wiki/Illusionist \"Illusionist\") Lance, a doting painter Antonio, and a narcissistic male model Gale. She must return the coins to the fountain to break the spell. As she falls in love with Nick, she realizes that the poker chip belongs to him and is convinced that he is under a spell, not truly in love with her.",
"Joan calls Beth on the day of a gala and tells her that the spell can also be broken by returning the coins to the original owner. Stacey, Beth's secretary, concerned about her, overhears the conversation and steals the coins. She believes that Beth would lead a better life with people loving her, regardless of the spell.",
"When Beth's suitors all show up together at her apartment, she tells them she does not love them and plans to return their coins. She also tells them of her love for Nick, but realizes that Stacey has stolen the coins. She sets off to retrieve the coins, aided by her suitors. All pile into a yellow [Vespa 400](/wiki/Vespa_400 \"Vespa 400\") microcar, which careens through city traffic, into the Guggenheim and up an elevator.",
"Stacey returns the coins and Beth gives them back to their respective owners. Left with the poker chip, she calls Nick and thanks him for making her believe in love again. Nick makes his way to the gala to search for Beth in a sudden lightning storm that hits New York. There he happens to pick up his poker chip, dropped by Beth, and convinces her his love was true.",
"On Beth and Nick's wedding day in Rome, Lance tells her he had several poker chips, and Nick did not break out of the spell. While exchanging wedding vows, Beth hesitates and dashes out of the church. She revisits the fountain and wades in again. Nick appears and joins her in the fountain. He said he had never thrown a chip in. He drops a poker chip in the water, and the priest is heard yelling, \"Free of temptation!\" Beth finally believes Nick and kisses him.",
""
] |
History
-------
| Route | Inauguration |
| --- | --- |
| [Verona](/wiki/Verona "Verona")\-[Caprino](/wiki/Caprino_Veronese "Caprino Veronese") | August 4, 1889 |
| [Affi](/wiki/Affi "Affi")\-[Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto "Garda, Veneto") | January 31, 1904 |
### Project and establishment of the railway
{{Blockquote\|text\=A work of high utility and guaranteed success.\|author\=The committee promoting the railway}}
In the second half of the 19th century, the inhabitants of [Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto "Garda, Veneto"), [Costermano](/wiki/Costermano_sul_Garda "Costermano sul Garda"), [Bardolino](/wiki/Bardolino "Bardolino"), and [Affi](/wiki/Affi "Affi") had repeatedly expressed interest in a direct rail link with the provincial capital, [Verona](/wiki/Verona "Verona"), since the [Brenner line](/wiki/Brenner_Railway "Brenner Railway") was inconvenient for them as it was located at the bottom of the [Adige Valley](/wiki/Etschtal "Etschtal"). Thus, on May 28, 1883, a promoting committee was formed consisting of the mayors of Affi and Costermano (Giuseppe Poggi and Girolamo Giuliari, respectively) and engineers Giovanni Beccherle and Giuseppe Fraccaroli to build a railroad between the city of Verona and the slopes of [Mount Baldo](/wiki/Monte_Baldo "Monte Baldo"). The committee immediately did its best to raise the necessary funds in the project and to sensitize the neighboring municipalities,Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 9 moreover, it called an assembly for this purpose on July 2, 1883, during which the benefits of the project were explained to all the mayors of the towns involved,Among the invited mayors were those of Quinzano, Parona, which are now part of the municipality of Verona, and Negarine, now under San Pietro in Cariano. who, with the exception of the mayor of Garda, approved the project.In this regard, the report of the promoting committee can be consulted.
Having quickly obtained the consent of the other municipalities involved, the promoting committee worked to obtain the necessary authorizations from the Ministry of Public Works and the Ministry of War: the former responded positively in a little less than a year after the request (the concession was received on July 12, 1884\), while the Ministry of War gave its approval in January 1886, partly on the grounds that it was itself interested in a railway line in the direction of the Austrian border and that it could serve an [Alpini](/wiki/Alpini "Alpini") barracks located in Caprino. Following these approvals, further details were finalized within a year, and on February 5, 1886, a convention was signed between the promoting committee and the government, which established a subsidy of 1,000 [liras](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") per kilometer for fifteen years and lasting ninety years. This convention was then ratified on February 11 by Royal Decree No. 3762\.Ganzerla, 2004, pp. 220\-221Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia n. 084 del 10 aprile 1886\.
In October 1886, the "*Società Anonima per la Ferrovia Verona\-Caprino\-Garda*" (FVCG) was established, with headquarters in [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") and management in Verona, in order to raise the funds for construction and operation: the company had a [share capital](/wiki/Share_capital "Share capital") of 2,500,000 lire and was chaired by banker Alberto Vonwiller, while Achille Levi was vice\-president; among the directors were Serafini, Camis and Luzzato.Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 11 The magnitude of the expenses envisaged for the construction of the work explains why it was necessary to resort to non\-Veronese capital: at that time Verona was experiencing a period of economic and industrial backwardnessSee also [Early industrialization of Verona](/wiki/Prima_industrializzazione_di_Verona "Prima industrializzazione di Verona") (Italian) and there was no entrepreneurial class capable of investing such large amounts of capital in such a work. Furthermore, the still\-present "military servitudes"Since Austrian rule in the 19th century, Verona has been a border town and therefore a very important territory from a strategic point of view. The presence of garrisons and military structures heavily influenced on its development. In particular, the so\-called "military servitudes" were in force: severe restrictions on building outside the city walls and prohibitions for civilians to approach military facilities and transit on particular roads. did not favor the development of industry, as had been the case in [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy") for some time.
The following year, expropriations were started and there was some controversy between *Società Anonima* and the municipality of Verona over the placement of the head station: the former wanted to place it in the gardens of [Porta San Giorgio](/wiki/Porta_San_Giorgio%2C_Verona "Porta San Giorgio, Verona"), while the latter was not willing to create problems for the inhabitants of the area and users of the postal road to Tyrol, which would be cut by the rails in those vicinities. The issue resulted in legal action, followed with interest by the local press, which led to the municipality obtaining a victory at least economically,Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 14 despite which the station was placed in San Giorgio and the line between [Caprino](/wiki/Caprino_Veronese "Caprino Veronese") and Verona was inaugurated on August 3, 1889\.Ganzerla, 2004, pp. 221\-222
### The inauguration
[link\=[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InvitoInaugurazioneFerroviaVeronaCaprino.jpg\|left\|thumb\|Invitation](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InvitoInaugurazioneFerroviaVeronaCaprino.jpg|left|thumb|Invitation) to the opening of the second Verona\-Caprino section on January 31, 1904\.](/wiki/File:InvitoInaugurazioneFerroviaVeronaCaprino.jpg "InvitoInaugurazioneFerroviaVeronaCaprino.jpg")
On August 3, 1889, six years after the founding of the promoting committee, the first section of the railway, between Verona Porta San Giorgio and Caprino Veronese, was inaugurated with a celebration attended by a large crowd and many authorities, although representatives of the municipality of Verona were absent. On its first journey the train stopped at each station, where it welcomed on board the mayor of the corresponding municipality, and on arrival in Caprino, accompanied by many people also from the mountain towns, the official lunch was held. Passenger service began the day after the inauguration: it proved very successful, partly because of the eagerness to try out the new means of transport, to such an extent that the first runs were full.
Initially, five pairs of trains passed through each day, including round trips,Increased to seven by November 1, 1893\. and the ticket cost was 3\.75, 2\.70 and 1\.70 lire in first, second and third class, respectively.Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 21 The staff was dressed in a black uniform and cap, with blue lining in which there were red or silver fillets and borders depending on duties and rank.Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 22
At a time when the automobile was a privilege of the rich, the establishment of this railway represented a radical change in the habits of the population as the time to travel from Verona to Caprino was reduced to half an hour, compared to the two hours taken by traditional means (horses and carts).
Conversely, the construction of the line to [Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto "Garda, Veneto"), planned in the original plans, was suspended pending further subsidies. It was necessary to wait for the establishment of a new promoter committeeThis new committee was formed by Nicola Gaiter, retired colonel of the Royal Carabinieri. to resolve the issue and urge the start of work: a new convention was signed with the government, which was approved by Royal Decree No. 82 of February 23, 1902\. The Affi\-Garda was inaugurated on January 31, 1904\.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 228
### The railway in the early decades of the twentieth century
| Railway line operator | Period |
| --- | --- |
| *Società Concessionaria Anonima Commerciale* | 1910 to 1924 |
| *Società Veneta* | 1910 to 1924 |
| Provincial Administration (sub\-management by S.A.E.R. since 1935\) | 1924 to 1959 |
In 1910 the FVCG granted the railway to the *[Società Veneta per la Costruzione e l'Esercizio di Ferrovie Secondarie Italiane](/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Veneta "Società Veneta")*, which kept the line in operation during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"), when due to wartime requirements civilian runs were almost suppressed in favor of military transport.Ganzerla, 2004, pp. 232\-233 However, at the end of the conflict, recovery struggled to take off, so the operating company was forced to reduce traffic to only four pairs of runs per day in the summer and three in the winter.Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 27
Due to insufficient service, in 1924, the *Società Veneta* no longer deemed it worthwhile to operate the line, which was therefore bought back by the province:Resolution of the Provincial Council of May 5, 1924 authorizing an expenditure of 1,751,000 lire.By Royal Decree February 20, 1925, registered high Court of Accounts on April 10, 1925, reg. no. 4 Public Works, folio no. 1428, effective June 1, 1921, the Verona provincial administration was recognized for all purposes as having succeeded the *Società anonima per la ferrovia Verona\-Caprino\-Garda* in the concession of the Verona\-Caprino\-Garda railway and the Affi\-Garda branch line; see Royal Decree no. 1375 of July 15, 1938, published in the Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Italy. the public corporation made several investments including the purchase of accumulator railcars built by Rognini \& Balbo which made it possible to increase the number of runs, moving to operating four winter and six summer runs for the entire network, to which were added two runs to Parona and three to Domegliara;Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, pp. 79\-80 in addition, plans were made (following a resolution of December 14, 1925\) to completely electrify the line, a change that was, however, never implemented due to disagreements between the Administration and the [Fascist government](/wiki/Mussolini_government "Mussolini government").Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 31
The year 1925 was marked by a number of accidents that fortunately did not cause injury to passengers. On March 11, a convoy derailed near Calmasino station due to an incomplete closure of a [switch](/wiki/Railroad_switch "Railroad switch"), while on July 9, due to human error on the part of the shunter, some wagons ran off the tracks, creating delays on the line of several hours. Also in the same year an attempt to tamper with the line was reported to the [carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri "Carabinieri") with the discovery of some stones placed on the tracks at the [Cavaion](/wiki/Cavaion_Veronese "Cavaion Veronese") [level crossing](/wiki/Level_crossing "Level crossing").
However, after about ten years of direct management, the province entered a difficult phase, so it decided to hand over management to the *Società Anonima Esercizi Riuniti* (SAER) in June 1935,Ganzerla, 2004, p. 233 which in the following years proceeded to reorganize the rolling stock, divesting what was considered obsolete.Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 33
### The railway during and after World War II
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") the railway was affected by a difficult situation: in addition to the chronic problems derived from the difficulty of supplying water for the boilers, it was often subjected to attacks and bombings, particularly in 1943 when the most serious episodes occurred, namely in September the death of a passenger following a machine\-gun attack by a British aircraft between the Costermano and Pesina stations, and a similar assault on November 3, with an even more serious toll.Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 66 Between July 1944 and April 1945, the railway was interrupted nineteen times by Anglo\-American bombing, despite which restorations were always timely as the line was used by the German army for supplies. Due to the difficulty of finding means, moreover, the coal transport service between Domegliara and Caprino was also suspended for a time. Severe damage to the line's infrastructure occurred on April 25, 1945, at the end of the German occupation, when soldiers, by then on the run, undermined and blew up the Sega bridge, which was rebuilt the following year with [reinforced concrete](/wiki/Reinforced_concrete "Reinforced concrete") arches at an expense of 29,600,000 lire totally borne by the state.
In 1948 the SAER purchased ALn 556 railcars from the [State Railways](/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane "Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane"), which were used for passenger transport: the new rolling stock exposed all the limitations of the old equipment, which was incapable of sustaining increases in speed. However, new investments were needed, which the Province did not want to make, so in 1954 it was decided to close the line.Ganzerla, 2004, pp. 234\-235
### The end of the line
{{Blockquote\|text\=And the day of farewell came; a sad, gray morning in which only the slow flicker of gently falling snow seemed to want to bid him farewell.\|author\=\[\[Germano Mosconi]], in an article published in \[\[L'Arena]] on March 20, 1957\.}}
In the first half of the 1950s, an economic study of Verona's public transportation was commissioned that led to the outline of a desire to abolish the line despite the many voices defending the railway.Remarkable are the campaigns by many journalists from L'Arena including historian Giuseppe Silvestri, who called for the line to be upgraded. The detractors presented the following arguments:Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 40
* it was argued that the rolling stock was mostly obsolete also due to the failure to electrify the line;
* the route of the train, with its numerous [level crossings](/wiki/Level_crossing "Level crossing"), was creating problems for the car traffic that was becoming more and more intense;
* the overall costs of operation, and particularly for the personnel employed, far exceeded revenues, putting the budgets of the Provincial Administration in crisis.
The Garda\-Affi section was the first to be decommissioned, in July 1956, followed by the Caprino\-Domegliara, in December 1956; for the Verona\-Domegliara section, transformation into a trolleybus was planned, which would run along the new Valpolicella road. This transformation was approved by Ministerial Decree No. 3451 of November 30, 1955, which concretized the provisions of Law No. 1221 of August 5, 1952\.*Le filovie di Verona*, in *Mondo ferroviario*, n. 11, febbraio 1987, p. 4\.
The last railway run was carried out on April 30, 1959\.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 235
|
[
"History\n-------",
"",
"| Route | Inauguration |\n| --- | --- |\n| [Verona](/wiki/Verona \"Verona\")\\-[Caprino](/wiki/Caprino_Veronese \"Caprino Veronese\") | August 4, 1889 |\n| [Affi](/wiki/Affi \"Affi\")\\-[Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto \"Garda, Veneto\") | January 31, 1904 |",
"### Project and establishment of the railway",
"{{Blockquote\\|text\\=A work of high utility and guaranteed success.\\|author\\=The committee promoting the railway}}",
"In the second half of the 19th century, the inhabitants of [Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto \"Garda, Veneto\"), [Costermano](/wiki/Costermano_sul_Garda \"Costermano sul Garda\"), [Bardolino](/wiki/Bardolino \"Bardolino\"), and [Affi](/wiki/Affi \"Affi\") had repeatedly expressed interest in a direct rail link with the provincial capital, [Verona](/wiki/Verona \"Verona\"), since the [Brenner line](/wiki/Brenner_Railway \"Brenner Railway\") was inconvenient for them as it was located at the bottom of the [Adige Valley](/wiki/Etschtal \"Etschtal\"). Thus, on May 28, 1883, a promoting committee was formed consisting of the mayors of Affi and Costermano (Giuseppe Poggi and Girolamo Giuliari, respectively) and engineers Giovanni Beccherle and Giuseppe Fraccaroli to build a railroad between the city of Verona and the slopes of [Mount Baldo](/wiki/Monte_Baldo \"Monte Baldo\"). The committee immediately did its best to raise the necessary funds in the project and to sensitize the neighboring municipalities,Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 9 moreover, it called an assembly for this purpose on July 2, 1883, during which the benefits of the project were explained to all the mayors of the towns involved,Among the invited mayors were those of Quinzano, Parona, which are now part of the municipality of Verona, and Negarine, now under San Pietro in Cariano. who, with the exception of the mayor of Garda, approved the project.In this regard, the report of the promoting committee can be consulted.",
"Having quickly obtained the consent of the other municipalities involved, the promoting committee worked to obtain the necessary authorizations from the Ministry of Public Works and the Ministry of War: the former responded positively in a little less than a year after the request (the concession was received on July 12, 1884\\), while the Ministry of War gave its approval in January 1886, partly on the grounds that it was itself interested in a railway line in the direction of the Austrian border and that it could serve an [Alpini](/wiki/Alpini \"Alpini\") barracks located in Caprino. Following these approvals, further details were finalized within a year, and on February 5, 1886, a convention was signed between the promoting committee and the government, which established a subsidy of 1,000 [liras](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") per kilometer for fifteen years and lasting ninety years. This convention was then ratified on February 11 by Royal Decree No. 3762\\.Ganzerla, 2004, pp. 220\\-221Gazzetta Ufficiale del Regno d'Italia n. 084 del 10 aprile 1886\\.",
"In October 1886, the \"*Società Anonima per la Ferrovia Verona\\-Caprino\\-Garda*\" (FVCG) was established, with headquarters in [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") and management in Verona, in order to raise the funds for construction and operation: the company had a [share capital](/wiki/Share_capital \"Share capital\") of 2,500,000 lire and was chaired by banker Alberto Vonwiller, while Achille Levi was vice\\-president; among the directors were Serafini, Camis and Luzzato.Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 11 The magnitude of the expenses envisaged for the construction of the work explains why it was necessary to resort to non\\-Veronese capital: at that time Verona was experiencing a period of economic and industrial backwardnessSee also [Early industrialization of Verona](/wiki/Prima_industrializzazione_di_Verona \"Prima industrializzazione di Verona\") (Italian) and there was no entrepreneurial class capable of investing such large amounts of capital in such a work. Furthermore, the still\\-present \"military servitudes\"Since Austrian rule in the 19th century, Verona has been a border town and therefore a very important territory from a strategic point of view. The presence of garrisons and military structures heavily influenced on its development. In particular, the so\\-called \"military servitudes\" were in force: severe restrictions on building outside the city walls and prohibitions for civilians to approach military facilities and transit on particular roads. did not favor the development of industry, as had been the case in [Lombardy](/wiki/Lombardy \"Lombardy\") for some time.",
"The following year, expropriations were started and there was some controversy between *Società Anonima* and the municipality of Verona over the placement of the head station: the former wanted to place it in the gardens of [Porta San Giorgio](/wiki/Porta_San_Giorgio%2C_Verona \"Porta San Giorgio, Verona\"), while the latter was not willing to create problems for the inhabitants of the area and users of the postal road to Tyrol, which would be cut by the rails in those vicinities. The issue resulted in legal action, followed with interest by the local press, which led to the municipality obtaining a victory at least economically,Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 14 despite which the station was placed in San Giorgio and the line between [Caprino](/wiki/Caprino_Veronese \"Caprino Veronese\") and Verona was inaugurated on August 3, 1889\\.Ganzerla, 2004, pp. 221\\-222",
"### The inauguration",
"[link\\=[https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InvitoInaugurazioneFerroviaVeronaCaprino.jpg\\|left\\|thumb\\|Invitation](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InvitoInaugurazioneFerroviaVeronaCaprino.jpg|left|thumb|Invitation) to the opening of the second Verona\\-Caprino section on January 31, 1904\\.](/wiki/File:InvitoInaugurazioneFerroviaVeronaCaprino.jpg \"InvitoInaugurazioneFerroviaVeronaCaprino.jpg\")\nOn August 3, 1889, six years after the founding of the promoting committee, the first section of the railway, between Verona Porta San Giorgio and Caprino Veronese, was inaugurated with a celebration attended by a large crowd and many authorities, although representatives of the municipality of Verona were absent. On its first journey the train stopped at each station, where it welcomed on board the mayor of the corresponding municipality, and on arrival in Caprino, accompanied by many people also from the mountain towns, the official lunch was held. Passenger service began the day after the inauguration: it proved very successful, partly because of the eagerness to try out the new means of transport, to such an extent that the first runs were full.",
"Initially, five pairs of trains passed through each day, including round trips,Increased to seven by November 1, 1893\\. and the ticket cost was 3\\.75, 2\\.70 and 1\\.70 lire in first, second and third class, respectively.Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 21 The staff was dressed in a black uniform and cap, with blue lining in which there were red or silver fillets and borders depending on duties and rank.Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 22",
"At a time when the automobile was a privilege of the rich, the establishment of this railway represented a radical change in the habits of the population as the time to travel from Verona to Caprino was reduced to half an hour, compared to the two hours taken by traditional means (horses and carts).",
"Conversely, the construction of the line to [Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto \"Garda, Veneto\"), planned in the original plans, was suspended pending further subsidies. It was necessary to wait for the establishment of a new promoter committeeThis new committee was formed by Nicola Gaiter, retired colonel of the Royal Carabinieri. to resolve the issue and urge the start of work: a new convention was signed with the government, which was approved by Royal Decree No. 82 of February 23, 1902\\. The Affi\\-Garda was inaugurated on January 31, 1904\\.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 228",
"### The railway in the early decades of the twentieth century",
"",
"| Railway line operator | Period |\n| --- | --- |\n| *Società Concessionaria Anonima Commerciale* | 1910 to 1924 |\n| *Società Veneta* | 1910 to 1924 |\n| Provincial Administration (sub\\-management by S.A.E.R. since 1935\\) | 1924 to 1959 |",
"In 1910 the FVCG granted the railway to the *[Società Veneta per la Costruzione e l'Esercizio di Ferrovie Secondarie Italiane](/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Veneta \"Società Veneta\")*, which kept the line in operation during [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"), when due to wartime requirements civilian runs were almost suppressed in favor of military transport.Ganzerla, 2004, pp. 232\\-233 However, at the end of the conflict, recovery struggled to take off, so the operating company was forced to reduce traffic to only four pairs of runs per day in the summer and three in the winter.Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 27",
"Due to insufficient service, in 1924, the *Società Veneta* no longer deemed it worthwhile to operate the line, which was therefore bought back by the province:Resolution of the Provincial Council of May 5, 1924 authorizing an expenditure of 1,751,000 lire.By Royal Decree February 20, 1925, registered high Court of Accounts on April 10, 1925, reg. no. 4 Public Works, folio no. 1428, effective June 1, 1921, the Verona provincial administration was recognized for all purposes as having succeeded the *Società anonima per la ferrovia Verona\\-Caprino\\-Garda* in the concession of the Verona\\-Caprino\\-Garda railway and the Affi\\-Garda branch line; see Royal Decree no. 1375 of July 15, 1938, published in the Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Italy. the public corporation made several investments including the purchase of accumulator railcars built by Rognini \\& Balbo which made it possible to increase the number of runs, moving to operating four winter and six summer runs for the entire network, to which were added two runs to Parona and three to Domegliara;Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, pp. 79\\-80 in addition, plans were made (following a resolution of December 14, 1925\\) to completely electrify the line, a change that was, however, never implemented due to disagreements between the Administration and the [Fascist government](/wiki/Mussolini_government \"Mussolini government\").Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 31",
"The year 1925 was marked by a number of accidents that fortunately did not cause injury to passengers. On March 11, a convoy derailed near Calmasino station due to an incomplete closure of a [switch](/wiki/Railroad_switch \"Railroad switch\"), while on July 9, due to human error on the part of the shunter, some wagons ran off the tracks, creating delays on the line of several hours. Also in the same year an attempt to tamper with the line was reported to the [carabinieri](/wiki/Carabinieri \"Carabinieri\") with the discovery of some stones placed on the tracks at the [Cavaion](/wiki/Cavaion_Veronese \"Cavaion Veronese\") [level crossing](/wiki/Level_crossing \"Level crossing\").",
"However, after about ten years of direct management, the province entered a difficult phase, so it decided to hand over management to the *Società Anonima Esercizi Riuniti* (SAER) in June 1935,Ganzerla, 2004, p. 233 which in the following years proceeded to reorganize the rolling stock, divesting what was considered obsolete.Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 33",
"### The railway during and after World War II",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") the railway was affected by a difficult situation: in addition to the chronic problems derived from the difficulty of supplying water for the boilers, it was often subjected to attacks and bombings, particularly in 1943 when the most serious episodes occurred, namely in September the death of a passenger following a machine\\-gun attack by a British aircraft between the Costermano and Pesina stations, and a similar assault on November 3, with an even more serious toll.Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 66 Between July 1944 and April 1945, the railway was interrupted nineteen times by Anglo\\-American bombing, despite which restorations were always timely as the line was used by the German army for supplies. Due to the difficulty of finding means, moreover, the coal transport service between Domegliara and Caprino was also suspended for a time. Severe damage to the line's infrastructure occurred on April 25, 1945, at the end of the German occupation, when soldiers, by then on the run, undermined and blew up the Sega bridge, which was rebuilt the following year with [reinforced concrete](/wiki/Reinforced_concrete \"Reinforced concrete\") arches at an expense of 29,600,000 lire totally borne by the state.",
"In 1948 the SAER purchased ALn 556 railcars from the [State Railways](/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane \"Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane\"), which were used for passenger transport: the new rolling stock exposed all the limitations of the old equipment, which was incapable of sustaining increases in speed. However, new investments were needed, which the Province did not want to make, so in 1954 it was decided to close the line.Ganzerla, 2004, pp. 234\\-235",
"### The end of the line",
"{{Blockquote\\|text\\=And the day of farewell came; a sad, gray morning in which only the slow flicker of gently falling snow seemed to want to bid him farewell.\\|author\\=\\[\\[Germano Mosconi]], in an article published in \\[\\[L'Arena]] on March 20, 1957\\.}}",
"In the first half of the 1950s, an economic study of Verona's public transportation was commissioned that led to the outline of a desire to abolish the line despite the many voices defending the railway.Remarkable are the campaigns by many journalists from L'Arena including historian Giuseppe Silvestri, who called for the line to be upgraded. The detractors presented the following arguments:Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 40",
"* it was argued that the rolling stock was mostly obsolete also due to the failure to electrify the line;\n* the route of the train, with its numerous [level crossings](/wiki/Level_crossing \"Level crossing\"), was creating problems for the car traffic that was becoming more and more intense;\n* the overall costs of operation, and particularly for the personnel employed, far exceeded revenues, putting the budgets of the Provincial Administration in crisis.",
"The Garda\\-Affi section was the first to be decommissioned, in July 1956, followed by the Caprino\\-Domegliara, in December 1956; for the Verona\\-Domegliara section, transformation into a trolleybus was planned, which would run along the new Valpolicella road. This transformation was approved by Ministerial Decree No. 3451 of November 30, 1955, which concretized the provisions of Law No. 1221 of August 5, 1952\\.*Le filovie di Verona*, in *Mondo ferroviario*, n. 11, febbraio 1987, p. 4\\.",
"The last railway run was carried out on April 30, 1959\\.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 235",
""
] |
Features
--------
### Infrastructure
The railway line was [single track](/wiki/Single-track_railway "Single-track railway"), reinforced with 1435 mm ordinary gauge [Vignoles rails](/wiki/Vignoles_rail "Vignoles rail"). The total length of the line was 45\.404 km, including 34\.109 of the [Caprino](/wiki/Caprino_Veronese "Caprino Veronese")\-[Verona](/wiki/Verona "Verona") and 11\.295 of the [Affi](/wiki/Affi "Affi")\-[Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto "Garda, Veneto") branch line.Cornolò, 2005, p. 35
### Route
#### Verona Porta San Giorgio\-Caprino
{{Routemap
\| title \= Stations and stops
\| map \= KBHFa\~\~Verona Porta San Grigio
HST\~\~Parona
HST\~\~Negrar
HST\~\~Pedemonte
HST\~\~San Floriano
HST\~\~San Pietro in Cariano
HST\~\~Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella
\\d\\d\\STR\\STR\+l\\CONTfq\~\~Line to Verona
\\dBHF\\d\\dBHF\~\~Domegliara / Domegliara\-S.A.
CONTgq\\KRZu\\STRr\~\~Brenner line
hKRZWae\~\~Adige River
HST\~\~Sega
\\dABZg\+l\\CONTfq\~\~ Line to Garda
BHF\~\~Affi
HST\~\~Albarè
HST\~\~Costermano
HST\~\~Ceredello
KBHFe\~\~Caprino Veronese
}}
The city terminus of the railway was located at San Giorgio, near the [church of the same name](/wiki/San_Giorgio_in_Braida%2C_Verona "San Giorgio in Braida, Verona"), from where, starting in 1893, the center of Verona could be reached by a horse\-drawn [omnibus](/wiki/Horsebus "Horsebus") service established by brothers Carlo and Giuseppe Carlini of [Villafranca](/wiki/Villafranca_di_Verona "Villafranca di Verona").{{cite web\|access\-date\=12 August 2010\|archive\-date\=1 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175407/http://www.filoebus.it/inn.asp?IDA\=31\|title\=AMT Verona\|url\=http://www.filoebus.it/inn.asp?IDA\=31}} After the first ten or so meters downhill, the railway route continued on roadbed in today's Via Mameli. Leaving the town, the railway line headed towards Parona, passing through two close tunnels with a total length of 400 m just before reaching the town.
After passing Parona it arrived, after passing through the village of Arbizzano, in the hamlet of Santa Maria di [Negrar](/wiki/Negrar_di_Valpolicella "Negrar di Valpolicella"), and then the next stop was in the center of Pedemonte, near the parish church. After facing a curve to the right, the train passed through San Floriano, whose stop was located near the parish church of the same name, where it also served the inhabitants of the municipality of [Marano di Valpolicella](/wiki/Marano_di_Valpolicella "Marano di Valpolicella"). It then came to the main town at [San Pietro in Cariano](/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Cariano "San Pietro in Cariano") and then transited from Domegliara, in the municipality of [Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella](/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_di_Valpolicella "Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella"), whose stop was one of the most important on the line as there was a train station on the [Brenner line](/wiki/Brenner_Railway "Brenner Railway").
Beyond the [Brenner state highway](/wiki/Strada_statale_12_dell%27Abetone_e_del_Brennero "Strada statale 12 dell'Abetone e del Brennero"), the railway reached, with a route almost entirely laid in trenches, the village of Ponton, where the [Adige River](/wiki/Adige "Adige") was crossed by means of a dedicated bridge. Having crossed the Adige, the train continued past the station of Sega, climbing a slope that reached a maximum gradient of 25 ‰:Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 54 it thus arrived at the station of [Affi](/wiki/Affi "Affi"), from which the line to [Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto "Garda, Veneto") branched off in the opposite direction. From Affi the railway route was replaced on the same trackbed by Provincial Road 9 and, passing through Albarè, reached the [Costermano](/wiki/Costermano_sul_Garda "Costermano sul Garda") station. From this station, located in the middle of a tight radius curve, the line turned to the right, grafting onto a straight, almost four\-kilometer\-long track at the end of which was the Caprino Veronese station. It represented the logistical base of the railway as the [goods shed](/wiki/Goods_shed "Goods shed"), [railway workshop](/wiki/Railway_workshop "Railway workshop"), [loading docks](/wiki/Loading_dock "Loading dock"), tracks for sheltering vehicles and the repair shop were located there.
On some old [topographic maps](/wiki/Topographic_map "Topographic map") one can find traces of a project of the extension of the line to [Ferrara di Monte Baldo](/wiki/Ferrara_di_Monte_Baldo "Ferrara di Monte Baldo") to be built, for some sections, by [rack and pinion](/wiki/Rack_and_pinion "Rack and pinion").{{cite web\|access\-date\=12 August 2010\|archive\-date\=15 September 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915151445/http://www.comunemaranovalpolicella.vr.it/HTML/biblioteca\-bcmv/tram/tram.htm\|title\=Binari perduti\|url\=http://www.comunemaranovalpolicella.vr.it/HTML/biblioteca\-bcmv/tram/tram.htm}}
#### Affi\-Garda
{{Routemap
\| title \= Stations and stops
\| map \= CONTg\~\~Line to Caprino
BHF\~\~Affi
\\ABZgl\\CONTfq\~\~Line to Verona
HST\~\~Cavaion
HST\~\~Calmasino
HST\~\~Bardolino
KBHFe\~\~Garda
}}
Leaving the Affi station, the line route passed the present sports facilities area of Affi and, shortly after, a small bridge over a ditch. The route of the line corresponds to that of Provincial Road 9 as far as the village of Cavaion.
The first station was the station of the same name, the facilities of which are located in Via Fracastoro, at a point on the line placed on a slight curve to the left. Following the decommissioning of the line, the station's passenger building was converted into a Senior Center.
Coming out in the direction of Garda, after the intersection with Via San Faustino the line's route corresponds to that of Provincial Road 31, for the construction of which the decommissioned railroad bed was used. The line, after a curve and a reverse curve, reached the culmination of the branch line to Garda at which the Calmasino stop was located, in the middle of a tight radius curve as in the case of Costermano.
From this structure, the railway traveled a section full of curves necessary to descend in elevation from the [morainic](/wiki/Moraine "Moraine") plateau toward [Lake Garda](/wiki/Lake_Garda "Lake Garda") that corresponds to that of provincial road 31 until the intersection with Campazzi road near Bardolino. At this point, the route moves away from the provincial road by making a right turn and then crosses the provincial road again at the traffic circle with Via Europa Unita. The route of the latter road and that of via Ugo Foscolo correspond to that of the decommissioned line.
Once the line reached the lake, the first station encountered was [Bardolino](/wiki/Bardolino "Bardolino"), located in Piazzale Gramsci. Following the decommissioning of the line, its passenger building was reused as the site of a recreational club for the elderly.
After Bardolino, the railway continued for three kilometers along what is now the Rivalunga promenade, on a level track, until it reached the terminus at Garda, located at the Europa lakefront. The passenger building was located to the side of the tracks along Via San Francesco; following the decommissioning of the railway it was demolished.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 238
Garda derived many benefits from the arrival of the railway: while in the late 19th century the economy of the place was mainly based on fishing, the end of its isolation led to the start of tourist and commercial activities.Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, pp. 58\-59
|
[
"Features\n--------",
"### Infrastructure",
"The railway line was [single track](/wiki/Single-track_railway \"Single-track railway\"), reinforced with 1435 mm ordinary gauge [Vignoles rails](/wiki/Vignoles_rail \"Vignoles rail\"). The total length of the line was 45\\.404 km, including 34\\.109 of the [Caprino](/wiki/Caprino_Veronese \"Caprino Veronese\")\\-[Verona](/wiki/Verona \"Verona\") and 11\\.295 of the [Affi](/wiki/Affi \"Affi\")\\-[Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto \"Garda, Veneto\") branch line.Cornolò, 2005, p. 35",
"### Route",
"#### Verona Porta San Giorgio\\-Caprino",
"{{Routemap\n\\| title \\= Stations and stops\n\\| map \\= KBHFa\\~\\~Verona Porta San Grigio\nHST\\~\\~Parona\nHST\\~\\~Negrar\nHST\\~\\~Pedemonte\nHST\\~\\~San Floriano\nHST\\~\\~San Pietro in Cariano\nHST\\~\\~Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella\n\\\\d\\\\d\\\\STR\\\\STR\\+l\\\\CONTfq\\~\\~Line to Verona\n\\\\dBHF\\\\d\\\\dBHF\\~\\~Domegliara / Domegliara\\-S.A.\nCONTgq\\\\KRZu\\\\STRr\\~\\~Brenner line\nhKRZWae\\~\\~Adige River\nHST\\~\\~Sega\n\\\\dABZg\\+l\\\\CONTfq\\~\\~ Line to Garda\nBHF\\~\\~Affi\nHST\\~\\~Albarè\nHST\\~\\~Costermano\nHST\\~\\~Ceredello\nKBHFe\\~\\~Caprino Veronese\n}}\nThe city terminus of the railway was located at San Giorgio, near the [church of the same name](/wiki/San_Giorgio_in_Braida%2C_Verona \"San Giorgio in Braida, Verona\"), from where, starting in 1893, the center of Verona could be reached by a horse\\-drawn [omnibus](/wiki/Horsebus \"Horsebus\") service established by brothers Carlo and Giuseppe Carlini of [Villafranca](/wiki/Villafranca_di_Verona \"Villafranca di Verona\").{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175407/http://www.filoebus.it/inn.asp?IDA\\=31\\|title\\=AMT Verona\\|url\\=http://www.filoebus.it/inn.asp?IDA\\=31}} After the first ten or so meters downhill, the railway route continued on roadbed in today's Via Mameli. Leaving the town, the railway line headed towards Parona, passing through two close tunnels with a total length of 400 m just before reaching the town.",
"After passing Parona it arrived, after passing through the village of Arbizzano, in the hamlet of Santa Maria di [Negrar](/wiki/Negrar_di_Valpolicella \"Negrar di Valpolicella\"), and then the next stop was in the center of Pedemonte, near the parish church. After facing a curve to the right, the train passed through San Floriano, whose stop was located near the parish church of the same name, where it also served the inhabitants of the municipality of [Marano di Valpolicella](/wiki/Marano_di_Valpolicella \"Marano di Valpolicella\"). It then came to the main town at [San Pietro in Cariano](/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Cariano \"San Pietro in Cariano\") and then transited from Domegliara, in the municipality of [Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella](/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_di_Valpolicella \"Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella\"), whose stop was one of the most important on the line as there was a train station on the [Brenner line](/wiki/Brenner_Railway \"Brenner Railway\").",
"Beyond the [Brenner state highway](/wiki/Strada_statale_12_dell%27Abetone_e_del_Brennero \"Strada statale 12 dell'Abetone e del Brennero\"), the railway reached, with a route almost entirely laid in trenches, the village of Ponton, where the [Adige River](/wiki/Adige \"Adige\") was crossed by means of a dedicated bridge. Having crossed the Adige, the train continued past the station of Sega, climbing a slope that reached a maximum gradient of 25 ‰:Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 54 it thus arrived at the station of [Affi](/wiki/Affi \"Affi\"), from which the line to [Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto \"Garda, Veneto\") branched off in the opposite direction. From Affi the railway route was replaced on the same trackbed by Provincial Road 9 and, passing through Albarè, reached the [Costermano](/wiki/Costermano_sul_Garda \"Costermano sul Garda\") station. From this station, located in the middle of a tight radius curve, the line turned to the right, grafting onto a straight, almost four\\-kilometer\\-long track at the end of which was the Caprino Veronese station. It represented the logistical base of the railway as the [goods shed](/wiki/Goods_shed \"Goods shed\"), [railway workshop](/wiki/Railway_workshop \"Railway workshop\"), [loading docks](/wiki/Loading_dock \"Loading dock\"), tracks for sheltering vehicles and the repair shop were located there.",
"On some old [topographic maps](/wiki/Topographic_map \"Topographic map\") one can find traces of a project of the extension of the line to [Ferrara di Monte Baldo](/wiki/Ferrara_di_Monte_Baldo \"Ferrara di Monte Baldo\") to be built, for some sections, by [rack and pinion](/wiki/Rack_and_pinion \"Rack and pinion\").{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=15 September 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915151445/http://www.comunemaranovalpolicella.vr.it/HTML/biblioteca\\-bcmv/tram/tram.htm\\|title\\=Binari perduti\\|url\\=http://www.comunemaranovalpolicella.vr.it/HTML/biblioteca\\-bcmv/tram/tram.htm}}",
"#### Affi\\-Garda",
"{{Routemap\n\\| title \\= Stations and stops\n\\| map \\= CONTg\\~\\~Line to Caprino\nBHF\\~\\~Affi\n\\\\ABZgl\\\\CONTfq\\~\\~Line to Verona\nHST\\~\\~Cavaion\nHST\\~\\~Calmasino\nHST\\~\\~Bardolino\nKBHFe\\~\\~Garda\n}}",
"Leaving the Affi station, the line route passed the present sports facilities area of Affi and, shortly after, a small bridge over a ditch. The route of the line corresponds to that of Provincial Road 9 as far as the village of Cavaion.",
"The first station was the station of the same name, the facilities of which are located in Via Fracastoro, at a point on the line placed on a slight curve to the left. Following the decommissioning of the line, the station's passenger building was converted into a Senior Center.",
"Coming out in the direction of Garda, after the intersection with Via San Faustino the line's route corresponds to that of Provincial Road 31, for the construction of which the decommissioned railroad bed was used. The line, after a curve and a reverse curve, reached the culmination of the branch line to Garda at which the Calmasino stop was located, in the middle of a tight radius curve as in the case of Costermano.",
"From this structure, the railway traveled a section full of curves necessary to descend in elevation from the [morainic](/wiki/Moraine \"Moraine\") plateau toward [Lake Garda](/wiki/Lake_Garda \"Lake Garda\") that corresponds to that of provincial road 31 until the intersection with Campazzi road near Bardolino. At this point, the route moves away from the provincial road by making a right turn and then crosses the provincial road again at the traffic circle with Via Europa Unita. The route of the latter road and that of via Ugo Foscolo correspond to that of the decommissioned line.",
"Once the line reached the lake, the first station encountered was [Bardolino](/wiki/Bardolino \"Bardolino\"), located in Piazzale Gramsci. Following the decommissioning of the line, its passenger building was reused as the site of a recreational club for the elderly.",
"After Bardolino, the railway continued for three kilometers along what is now the Rivalunga promenade, on a level track, until it reached the terminus at Garda, located at the Europa lakefront. The passenger building was located to the side of the tracks along Via San Francesco; following the decommissioning of the railway it was demolished.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 238",
"Garda derived many benefits from the arrival of the railway: while in the late 19th century the economy of the place was mainly based on fishing, the end of its isolation led to the start of tourist and commercial activities.Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, pp. 58\\-59",
""
] |
### Route
#### Verona Porta San Giorgio\-Caprino
{{Routemap
\| title \= Stations and stops
\| map \= KBHFa\~\~Verona Porta San Grigio
HST\~\~Parona
HST\~\~Negrar
HST\~\~Pedemonte
HST\~\~San Floriano
HST\~\~San Pietro in Cariano
HST\~\~Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella
\\d\\d\\STR\\STR\+l\\CONTfq\~\~Line to Verona
\\dBHF\\d\\dBHF\~\~Domegliara / Domegliara\-S.A.
CONTgq\\KRZu\\STRr\~\~Brenner line
hKRZWae\~\~Adige River
HST\~\~Sega
\\dABZg\+l\\CONTfq\~\~ Line to Garda
BHF\~\~Affi
HST\~\~Albarè
HST\~\~Costermano
HST\~\~Ceredello
KBHFe\~\~Caprino Veronese
}}
The city terminus of the railway was located at San Giorgio, near the [church of the same name](/wiki/San_Giorgio_in_Braida%2C_Verona "San Giorgio in Braida, Verona"), from where, starting in 1893, the center of Verona could be reached by a horse\-drawn [omnibus](/wiki/Horsebus "Horsebus") service established by brothers Carlo and Giuseppe Carlini of [Villafranca](/wiki/Villafranca_di_Verona "Villafranca di Verona").{{cite web\|access\-date\=12 August 2010\|archive\-date\=1 December 2008\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175407/http://www.filoebus.it/inn.asp?IDA\=31\|title\=AMT Verona\|url\=http://www.filoebus.it/inn.asp?IDA\=31}} After the first ten or so meters downhill, the railway route continued on roadbed in today's Via Mameli. Leaving the town, the railway line headed towards Parona, passing through two close tunnels with a total length of 400 m just before reaching the town.
After passing Parona it arrived, after passing through the village of Arbizzano, in the hamlet of Santa Maria di [Negrar](/wiki/Negrar_di_Valpolicella "Negrar di Valpolicella"), and then the next stop was in the center of Pedemonte, near the parish church. After facing a curve to the right, the train passed through San Floriano, whose stop was located near the parish church of the same name, where it also served the inhabitants of the municipality of [Marano di Valpolicella](/wiki/Marano_di_Valpolicella "Marano di Valpolicella"). It then came to the main town at [San Pietro in Cariano](/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Cariano "San Pietro in Cariano") and then transited from Domegliara, in the municipality of [Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella](/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_di_Valpolicella "Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella"), whose stop was one of the most important on the line as there was a train station on the [Brenner line](/wiki/Brenner_Railway "Brenner Railway").
Beyond the [Brenner state highway](/wiki/Strada_statale_12_dell%27Abetone_e_del_Brennero "Strada statale 12 dell'Abetone e del Brennero"), the railway reached, with a route almost entirely laid in trenches, the village of Ponton, where the [Adige River](/wiki/Adige "Adige") was crossed by means of a dedicated bridge. Having crossed the Adige, the train continued past the station of Sega, climbing a slope that reached a maximum gradient of 25 ‰:Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, p. 54 it thus arrived at the station of [Affi](/wiki/Affi "Affi"), from which the line to [Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto "Garda, Veneto") branched off in the opposite direction. From Affi the railway route was replaced on the same trackbed by Provincial Road 9 and, passing through Albarè, reached the [Costermano](/wiki/Costermano_sul_Garda "Costermano sul Garda") station. From this station, located in the middle of a tight radius curve, the line turned to the right, grafting onto a straight, almost four\-kilometer\-long track at the end of which was the Caprino Veronese station. It represented the logistical base of the railway as the [goods shed](/wiki/Goods_shed "Goods shed"), [railway workshop](/wiki/Railway_workshop "Railway workshop"), [loading docks](/wiki/Loading_dock "Loading dock"), tracks for sheltering vehicles and the repair shop were located there.
On some old [topographic maps](/wiki/Topographic_map "Topographic map") one can find traces of a project of the extension of the line to [Ferrara di Monte Baldo](/wiki/Ferrara_di_Monte_Baldo "Ferrara di Monte Baldo") to be built, for some sections, by [rack and pinion](/wiki/Rack_and_pinion "Rack and pinion").{{cite web\|access\-date\=12 August 2010\|archive\-date\=15 September 2010\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915151445/http://www.comunemaranovalpolicella.vr.it/HTML/biblioteca\-bcmv/tram/tram.htm\|title\=Binari perduti\|url\=http://www.comunemaranovalpolicella.vr.it/HTML/biblioteca\-bcmv/tram/tram.htm}}
#### Affi\-Garda
{{Routemap
\| title \= Stations and stops
\| map \= CONTg\~\~Line to Caprino
BHF\~\~Affi
\\ABZgl\\CONTfq\~\~Line to Verona
HST\~\~Cavaion
HST\~\~Calmasino
HST\~\~Bardolino
KBHFe\~\~Garda
}}
Leaving the Affi station, the line route passed the present sports facilities area of Affi and, shortly after, a small bridge over a ditch. The route of the line corresponds to that of Provincial Road 9 as far as the village of Cavaion.
The first station was the station of the same name, the facilities of which are located in Via Fracastoro, at a point on the line placed on a slight curve to the left. Following the decommissioning of the line, the station's passenger building was converted into a Senior Center.
Coming out in the direction of Garda, after the intersection with Via San Faustino the line's route corresponds to that of Provincial Road 31, for the construction of which the decommissioned railroad bed was used. The line, after a curve and a reverse curve, reached the culmination of the branch line to Garda at which the Calmasino stop was located, in the middle of a tight radius curve as in the case of Costermano.
From this structure, the railway traveled a section full of curves necessary to descend in elevation from the [morainic](/wiki/Moraine "Moraine") plateau toward [Lake Garda](/wiki/Lake_Garda "Lake Garda") that corresponds to that of provincial road 31 until the intersection with Campazzi road near Bardolino. At this point, the route moves away from the provincial road by making a right turn and then crosses the provincial road again at the traffic circle with Via Europa Unita. The route of the latter road and that of via Ugo Foscolo correspond to that of the decommissioned line.
Once the line reached the lake, the first station encountered was [Bardolino](/wiki/Bardolino "Bardolino"), located in Piazzale Gramsci. Following the decommissioning of the line, its passenger building was reused as the site of a recreational club for the elderly.
After Bardolino, the railway continued for three kilometers along what is now the Rivalunga promenade, on a level track, until it reached the terminus at Garda, located at the Europa lakefront. The passenger building was located to the side of the tracks along Via San Francesco; following the decommissioning of the railway it was demolished.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 238
Garda derived many benefits from the arrival of the railway: while in the late 19th century the economy of the place was mainly based on fishing, the end of its isolation led to the start of tourist and commercial activities.Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, pp. 58\-59
|
[
"### Route",
"#### Verona Porta San Giorgio\\-Caprino",
"{{Routemap\n\\| title \\= Stations and stops\n\\| map \\= KBHFa\\~\\~Verona Porta San Grigio\nHST\\~\\~Parona\nHST\\~\\~Negrar\nHST\\~\\~Pedemonte\nHST\\~\\~San Floriano\nHST\\~\\~San Pietro in Cariano\nHST\\~\\~Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella\n\\\\d\\\\d\\\\STR\\\\STR\\+l\\\\CONTfq\\~\\~Line to Verona\n\\\\dBHF\\\\d\\\\dBHF\\~\\~Domegliara / Domegliara\\-S.A.\nCONTgq\\\\KRZu\\\\STRr\\~\\~Brenner line\nhKRZWae\\~\\~Adige River\nHST\\~\\~Sega\n\\\\dABZg\\+l\\\\CONTfq\\~\\~ Line to Garda\nBHF\\~\\~Affi\nHST\\~\\~Albarè\nHST\\~\\~Costermano\nHST\\~\\~Ceredello\nKBHFe\\~\\~Caprino Veronese\n}}\nThe city terminus of the railway was located at San Giorgio, near the [church of the same name](/wiki/San_Giorgio_in_Braida%2C_Verona \"San Giorgio in Braida, Verona\"), from where, starting in 1893, the center of Verona could be reached by a horse\\-drawn [omnibus](/wiki/Horsebus \"Horsebus\") service established by brothers Carlo and Giuseppe Carlini of [Villafranca](/wiki/Villafranca_di_Verona \"Villafranca di Verona\").{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=1 December 2008\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175407/http://www.filoebus.it/inn.asp?IDA\\=31\\|title\\=AMT Verona\\|url\\=http://www.filoebus.it/inn.asp?IDA\\=31}} After the first ten or so meters downhill, the railway route continued on roadbed in today's Via Mameli. Leaving the town, the railway line headed towards Parona, passing through two close tunnels with a total length of 400 m just before reaching the town.",
"After passing Parona it arrived, after passing through the village of Arbizzano, in the hamlet of Santa Maria di [Negrar](/wiki/Negrar_di_Valpolicella \"Negrar di Valpolicella\"), and then the next stop was in the center of Pedemonte, near the parish church. After facing a curve to the right, the train passed through San Floriano, whose stop was located near the parish church of the same name, where it also served the inhabitants of the municipality of [Marano di Valpolicella](/wiki/Marano_di_Valpolicella \"Marano di Valpolicella\"). It then came to the main town at [San Pietro in Cariano](/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Cariano \"San Pietro in Cariano\") and then transited from Domegliara, in the municipality of [Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella](/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_di_Valpolicella \"Sant'Ambrogio di Valpolicella\"), whose stop was one of the most important on the line as there was a train station on the [Brenner line](/wiki/Brenner_Railway \"Brenner Railway\").",
"Beyond the [Brenner state highway](/wiki/Strada_statale_12_dell%27Abetone_e_del_Brennero \"Strada statale 12 dell'Abetone e del Brennero\"), the railway reached, with a route almost entirely laid in trenches, the village of Ponton, where the [Adige River](/wiki/Adige \"Adige\") was crossed by means of a dedicated bridge. Having crossed the Adige, the train continued past the station of Sega, climbing a slope that reached a maximum gradient of 25 ‰:Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, p. 54 it thus arrived at the station of [Affi](/wiki/Affi \"Affi\"), from which the line to [Garda](/wiki/Garda%2C_Veneto \"Garda, Veneto\") branched off in the opposite direction. From Affi the railway route was replaced on the same trackbed by Provincial Road 9 and, passing through Albarè, reached the [Costermano](/wiki/Costermano_sul_Garda \"Costermano sul Garda\") station. From this station, located in the middle of a tight radius curve, the line turned to the right, grafting onto a straight, almost four\\-kilometer\\-long track at the end of which was the Caprino Veronese station. It represented the logistical base of the railway as the [goods shed](/wiki/Goods_shed \"Goods shed\"), [railway workshop](/wiki/Railway_workshop \"Railway workshop\"), [loading docks](/wiki/Loading_dock \"Loading dock\"), tracks for sheltering vehicles and the repair shop were located there.",
"On some old [topographic maps](/wiki/Topographic_map \"Topographic map\") one can find traces of a project of the extension of the line to [Ferrara di Monte Baldo](/wiki/Ferrara_di_Monte_Baldo \"Ferrara di Monte Baldo\") to be built, for some sections, by [rack and pinion](/wiki/Rack_and_pinion \"Rack and pinion\").{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=12 August 2010\\|archive\\-date\\=15 September 2010\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915151445/http://www.comunemaranovalpolicella.vr.it/HTML/biblioteca\\-bcmv/tram/tram.htm\\|title\\=Binari perduti\\|url\\=http://www.comunemaranovalpolicella.vr.it/HTML/biblioteca\\-bcmv/tram/tram.htm}}",
"#### Affi\\-Garda",
"{{Routemap\n\\| title \\= Stations and stops\n\\| map \\= CONTg\\~\\~Line to Caprino\nBHF\\~\\~Affi\n\\\\ABZgl\\\\CONTfq\\~\\~Line to Verona\nHST\\~\\~Cavaion\nHST\\~\\~Calmasino\nHST\\~\\~Bardolino\nKBHFe\\~\\~Garda\n}}",
"Leaving the Affi station, the line route passed the present sports facilities area of Affi and, shortly after, a small bridge over a ditch. The route of the line corresponds to that of Provincial Road 9 as far as the village of Cavaion.",
"The first station was the station of the same name, the facilities of which are located in Via Fracastoro, at a point on the line placed on a slight curve to the left. Following the decommissioning of the line, the station's passenger building was converted into a Senior Center.",
"Coming out in the direction of Garda, after the intersection with Via San Faustino the line's route corresponds to that of Provincial Road 31, for the construction of which the decommissioned railroad bed was used. The line, after a curve and a reverse curve, reached the culmination of the branch line to Garda at which the Calmasino stop was located, in the middle of a tight radius curve as in the case of Costermano.",
"From this structure, the railway traveled a section full of curves necessary to descend in elevation from the [morainic](/wiki/Moraine \"Moraine\") plateau toward [Lake Garda](/wiki/Lake_Garda \"Lake Garda\") that corresponds to that of provincial road 31 until the intersection with Campazzi road near Bardolino. At this point, the route moves away from the provincial road by making a right turn and then crosses the provincial road again at the traffic circle with Via Europa Unita. The route of the latter road and that of via Ugo Foscolo correspond to that of the decommissioned line.",
"Once the line reached the lake, the first station encountered was [Bardolino](/wiki/Bardolino \"Bardolino\"), located in Piazzale Gramsci. Following the decommissioning of the line, its passenger building was reused as the site of a recreational club for the elderly.",
"After Bardolino, the railway continued for three kilometers along what is now the Rivalunga promenade, on a level track, until it reached the terminus at Garda, located at the Europa lakefront. The passenger building was located to the side of the tracks along Via San Francesco; following the decommissioning of the railway it was demolished.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 238",
"Garda derived many benefits from the arrival of the railway: while in the late 19th century the economy of the place was mainly based on fishing, the end of its isolation led to the start of tourist and commercial activities.Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, pp. 58\\-59",
""
] |
#### Affi\-Garda
{{Routemap
\| title \= Stations and stops
\| map \= CONTg\~\~Line to Caprino
BHF\~\~Affi
\\ABZgl\\CONTfq\~\~Line to Verona
HST\~\~Cavaion
HST\~\~Calmasino
HST\~\~Bardolino
KBHFe\~\~Garda
}}
Leaving the Affi station, the line route passed the present sports facilities area of Affi and, shortly after, a small bridge over a ditch. The route of the line corresponds to that of Provincial Road 9 as far as the village of Cavaion.
The first station was the station of the same name, the facilities of which are located in Via Fracastoro, at a point on the line placed on a slight curve to the left. Following the decommissioning of the line, the station's passenger building was converted into a Senior Center.
Coming out in the direction of Garda, after the intersection with Via San Faustino the line's route corresponds to that of Provincial Road 31, for the construction of which the decommissioned railroad bed was used. The line, after a curve and a reverse curve, reached the culmination of the branch line to Garda at which the Calmasino stop was located, in the middle of a tight radius curve as in the case of Costermano.
From this structure, the railway traveled a section full of curves necessary to descend in elevation from the [morainic](/wiki/Moraine "Moraine") plateau toward [Lake Garda](/wiki/Lake_Garda "Lake Garda") that corresponds to that of provincial road 31 until the intersection with Campazzi road near Bardolino. At this point, the route moves away from the provincial road by making a right turn and then crosses the provincial road again at the traffic circle with Via Europa Unita. The route of the latter road and that of via Ugo Foscolo correspond to that of the decommissioned line.
Once the line reached the lake, the first station encountered was [Bardolino](/wiki/Bardolino "Bardolino"), located in Piazzale Gramsci. Following the decommissioning of the line, its passenger building was reused as the site of a recreational club for the elderly.
After Bardolino, the railway continued for three kilometers along what is now the Rivalunga promenade, on a level track, until it reached the terminus at Garda, located at the Europa lakefront. The passenger building was located to the side of the tracks along Via San Francesco; following the decommissioning of the railway it was demolished.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 238
Garda derived many benefits from the arrival of the railway: while in the late 19th century the economy of the place was mainly based on fishing, the end of its isolation led to the start of tourist and commercial activities.Chiericato \& Rigato, 1993, pp. 58\-59
|
[
"#### Affi\\-Garda",
"{{Routemap\n\\| title \\= Stations and stops\n\\| map \\= CONTg\\~\\~Line to Caprino\nBHF\\~\\~Affi\n\\\\ABZgl\\\\CONTfq\\~\\~Line to Verona\nHST\\~\\~Cavaion\nHST\\~\\~Calmasino\nHST\\~\\~Bardolino\nKBHFe\\~\\~Garda\n}}",
"Leaving the Affi station, the line route passed the present sports facilities area of Affi and, shortly after, a small bridge over a ditch. The route of the line corresponds to that of Provincial Road 9 as far as the village of Cavaion.",
"The first station was the station of the same name, the facilities of which are located in Via Fracastoro, at a point on the line placed on a slight curve to the left. Following the decommissioning of the line, the station's passenger building was converted into a Senior Center.",
"Coming out in the direction of Garda, after the intersection with Via San Faustino the line's route corresponds to that of Provincial Road 31, for the construction of which the decommissioned railroad bed was used. The line, after a curve and a reverse curve, reached the culmination of the branch line to Garda at which the Calmasino stop was located, in the middle of a tight radius curve as in the case of Costermano.",
"From this structure, the railway traveled a section full of curves necessary to descend in elevation from the [morainic](/wiki/Moraine \"Moraine\") plateau toward [Lake Garda](/wiki/Lake_Garda \"Lake Garda\") that corresponds to that of provincial road 31 until the intersection with Campazzi road near Bardolino. At this point, the route moves away from the provincial road by making a right turn and then crosses the provincial road again at the traffic circle with Via Europa Unita. The route of the latter road and that of via Ugo Foscolo correspond to that of the decommissioned line.",
"Once the line reached the lake, the first station encountered was [Bardolino](/wiki/Bardolino \"Bardolino\"), located in Piazzale Gramsci. Following the decommissioning of the line, its passenger building was reused as the site of a recreational club for the elderly.",
"After Bardolino, the railway continued for three kilometers along what is now the Rivalunga promenade, on a level track, until it reached the terminus at Garda, located at the Europa lakefront. The passenger building was located to the side of the tracks along Via San Francesco; following the decommissioning of the railway it was demolished.Ganzerla, 2004, p. 238",
"Garda derived many benefits from the arrival of the railway: while in the late 19th century the economy of the place was mainly based on fishing, the end of its isolation led to the start of tourist and commercial activities.Chiericato \\& Rigato, 1993, pp. 58\\-59",
""
] |
Trithemius cipher
-----------------
The Trithemius cipher was published by [Johannes Trithemius](/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius "Johannes Trithemius") in his book *[Polygraphia](/wiki/Polygraphia_%28book%29 "Polygraphia (book)")*, which is credited with being the first published printed work on [cryptology](/wiki/Cryptology "Cryptology").{{cite book \|last1\=Kahn \|first1\=David \|title\=The Codebreakers \|date\=1996 \|publisher\=Scribner \|isbn\=978\-0\-684\-83130\-5 \|page\=133 \|edition\=2nd}}
Trithemius used the *tabula recta* to define a [polyalphabetic cipher](/wiki/Polyalphabetic_cipher "Polyalphabetic cipher"), which was equivalent to [Leon Battista Alberti](/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti "Leon Battista Alberti")'s [cipher disk](/wiki/Alberti_cipher_disk "Alberti cipher disk") except that the order of the letters in the target alphabet is not mixed. The *tabula recta* is often referred to in discussing pre\-computer ciphers, including the [Vigenère cipher](/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher "Vigenère cipher") and [Blaise de Vigenère](/wiki/Blaise_de_Vigen%C3%A8re "Blaise de Vigenère")'s less well\-known [autokey cipher](/wiki/Autokey_cipher "Autokey cipher"). All polyalphabetic ciphers based on the [Caesar cipher](/wiki/Caesar_cipher "Caesar cipher") can be described in terms of the *tabula recta*.
The tabula recta uses a letter square with the 26 letters of the alphabet followed by 26 rows of additional letters, each shifted once to the left from the one above it. This, in essence, creates 26 different [Caesar ciphers](/wiki/Caesar_cipher "Caesar cipher").
The resulting ciphertext appears as a random string or block of data. Due to the variable shifting, natural [letter frequencies](/wiki/Letter_frequency "Letter frequency") are hidden. However, if a codebreaker is aware that this method has been used, it becomes easy to break. The cipher is vulnerable to attack because it lacks a [key](/wiki/Key_%28cryptography%29 "Key (cryptography)"), thus violating [Kerckhoffs's principle](/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27s_principle "Kerckhoffs's principle") of cryptology.
### Improvements
In 1553, an important extension to Trithemius's method was developed by [Giovan Battista Bellaso](/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Bellaso "Giovan Battista Bellaso"), now called the [Vigenère cipher](/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher "Vigenère cipher").Salomon, Coding for Data, page 249 Bellaso added a key, which is used to dictate the switching of cipher alphabets with each letter. This method was misattributed to [Blaise de Vigenère](/wiki/Blaise_de_Vigen%C3%A8re "Blaise de Vigenère"), who published a similar [autokey cipher](/wiki/Autokey_cipher "Autokey cipher") in 1586\.
The classic Trithemius cipher (using a shift of one) is equivalent to a Vigenère cipher with ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ as the key. It is also equivalent to a Caesar cipher in which the shift is increased by 1 with each letter, starting at 0\.
|
[
"Trithemius cipher\n-----------------",
"The Trithemius cipher was published by [Johannes Trithemius](/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius \"Johannes Trithemius\") in his book *[Polygraphia](/wiki/Polygraphia_%28book%29 \"Polygraphia (book)\")*, which is credited with being the first published printed work on [cryptology](/wiki/Cryptology \"Cryptology\").{{cite book \\|last1\\=Kahn \\|first1\\=David \\|title\\=The Codebreakers \\|date\\=1996 \\|publisher\\=Scribner \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-684\\-83130\\-5 \\|page\\=133 \\|edition\\=2nd}}",
"Trithemius used the *tabula recta* to define a [polyalphabetic cipher](/wiki/Polyalphabetic_cipher \"Polyalphabetic cipher\"), which was equivalent to [Leon Battista Alberti](/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti \"Leon Battista Alberti\")'s [cipher disk](/wiki/Alberti_cipher_disk \"Alberti cipher disk\") except that the order of the letters in the target alphabet is not mixed. The *tabula recta* is often referred to in discussing pre\\-computer ciphers, including the [Vigenère cipher](/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher \"Vigenère cipher\") and [Blaise de Vigenère](/wiki/Blaise_de_Vigen%C3%A8re \"Blaise de Vigenère\")'s less well\\-known [autokey cipher](/wiki/Autokey_cipher \"Autokey cipher\"). All polyalphabetic ciphers based on the [Caesar cipher](/wiki/Caesar_cipher \"Caesar cipher\") can be described in terms of the *tabula recta*.",
"The tabula recta uses a letter square with the 26 letters of the alphabet followed by 26 rows of additional letters, each shifted once to the left from the one above it. This, in essence, creates 26 different [Caesar ciphers](/wiki/Caesar_cipher \"Caesar cipher\").",
"The resulting ciphertext appears as a random string or block of data. Due to the variable shifting, natural [letter frequencies](/wiki/Letter_frequency \"Letter frequency\") are hidden. However, if a codebreaker is aware that this method has been used, it becomes easy to break. The cipher is vulnerable to attack because it lacks a [key](/wiki/Key_%28cryptography%29 \"Key (cryptography)\"), thus violating [Kerckhoffs's principle](/wiki/Kerckhoffs%27s_principle \"Kerckhoffs's principle\") of cryptology.",
"### Improvements",
"In 1553, an important extension to Trithemius's method was developed by [Giovan Battista Bellaso](/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Bellaso \"Giovan Battista Bellaso\"), now called the [Vigenère cipher](/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher \"Vigenère cipher\").Salomon, Coding for Data, page 249 Bellaso added a key, which is used to dictate the switching of cipher alphabets with each letter. This method was misattributed to [Blaise de Vigenère](/wiki/Blaise_de_Vigen%C3%A8re \"Blaise de Vigenère\"), who published a similar [autokey cipher](/wiki/Autokey_cipher \"Autokey cipher\") in 1586\\.",
"The classic Trithemius cipher (using a shift of one) is equivalent to a Vigenère cipher with ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ as the key. It is also equivalent to a Caesar cipher in which the shift is increased by 1 with each letter, starting at 0\\.",
""
] |
Life and career
---------------
### 1977–1993: Early life
Murray was born on 10 March 1977 in the [Ulster Hospital](/wiki/Ulster_Hospital "Ulster Hospital") in [Dundonald](/wiki/Dundonald%2C_County_Down "Dundonald, County Down"), a suburb of East [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast "Belfast"), [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"), and grew up on Dundonald's [Ballybeen](/wiki/Ballybeen "Ballybeen") estate.{{cite news\|author\=Johnston, Neil\|url\=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/tv\-interview\-early\-riser\-13609271\.html\|title\= TV Interview: Early riser\|work\= \[\[Belfast Telegraph]]\|date \= 4 July 2008\|access\-date \= 26 January 2021}} He said on the 5 September 2022 edition of *[Countdown](/wiki/Countdown_%28game_show%29 "Countdown (game show)")* that for two days his name was Luke Wright, until "a family member pointed out that was a direction"; he later took his stepfather's surname.{{cite episode\|title\=Episode 7842\|series\=\[\[Countdown (game show)\|Countdown]]\|network\=\[\[All4]]\|airdate\=5 September 2022}} He was educated at the [Regent House Grammar School](/wiki/Regent_House_Grammar_School "Regent House Grammar School") in [Newtownards](/wiki/Newtownards "Newtownards"), and later at [Dundonald High School](/wiki/Dundonald_High_School "Dundonald High School"), leaving after [GCSEs](/wiki/GCSE "GCSE"). Hyperactive since childhood, Murray was asked to leave the grammar school owing to what was perceived by teachers as a tendency to disruption – always asking awkward questions or telling jokes – traits he later identified as ideal for his future career in presenting, and which he felt should really have been nurtured by teachers.
### 1994–2002: Early career and radio debut
After leaving school, Murray went on to study journalism full\-time. He started work as a news journalist, working both in Northern Ireland as a trainee for *[The News Letter](/wiki/The_News_Letter "The News Letter")*, before in 1994 moving to [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), Canada, for a year, working on a fellowship for the *[Toronto Sun](/wiki/Toronto_Sun "Toronto Sun")*.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/colin\-murray\-the\-pop\-picker\-who\-got\-serious\-449697\.html\|title\=Colin Murray: The pop picker who got serious\|date\=20 May 2007\|work\=The Independent}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/aug/31/sportfeatures.toronto\|title\=The DJ and the Blue Jays\|date\=31 August 2008\|work\=The Observer\|first\=Colin\|last\=Murray}}[Our Colin is going back to his roots](http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/our-colin-is-going-back-to-his-roots-13379121.html) Belfast Telegraph, 26 January 2008 After returning from Toronto he moved into music journalism, writing for newspapers about rock and pop bands, including establishing a long\-standing column in the *Irish Sunday People*, before moving into the music magazine business with a new title called *Blank*. After Murray set it up and acted as co\-publisher, *Blank* became the highest circulating music magazine in Ulster.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/colinmurray/biography.shtml \|title\=Colin Murray – Biography \|publisher\=BBC Radio 1 \|date\=n.d. \|access\-date\=23 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901032645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/colinmurray/biography.shtml \|archive\-date\=1 September 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy }} After *Blank* was merged with another title, Murray left the magazine.
Next, Murray joined [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 "BBC Radio 1") on 2 September 1999 to co\-present the weekly live music programme *Session in Northern Ireland* on BBC Radio 1, alongside [BBC Radio Ulster](/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster "BBC Radio Ulster") presenter Donna Legge, broadcast only in Northern Ireland. He had initially thought the audition was for a show on BBC Radio Ulster. That was followed by six months in 1999 presenting the main national *The Session* programme from Tuesdays to Thursdays.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/biographies/biogs/radio1/colin\_murray.shtml \|title\=Biographies – Colin Murray – Presenter, Radio 1 and 5 Live \|publisher\=BBC Press Office \|date\=April 2010 \|access\-date\=23 January 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116014008/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/biographies/biogs/radio1/colin\_murray.shtml \|archive\-date\=16 January 2011 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy }} Spells deputising for hosts of other major Radio 1 shows also followed.
By 2002, Murray's work in radio and television earned him an audition as one of six co\-presenters of [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4")'s new national breakfast television show, *[RI:SE](/wiki/RI:SE "SE")*. Having initially auditioned as the entertainment presenter, Murray was instead chosen as a news presenter. While at *RI:SE* he continued to co\-host the evening session in Northern Ireland with Donna Legge one day a week, commuting between the province and the Channel 4 studios near Heathrow. His time with *RI:SE* was brief and unhappy, with Murray later stating it "scared me off TV for a long time".
### 2003–2008: Radio career
By 2003, Murray had teamed up with [Edith Bowman](/wiki/Edith_Bowman "Edith Bowman") (his former co\-hostess from *RI:SE*) to work together on Radio 1, presenting their own *[Colin and Edith](/wiki/Colin_and_Edith "Colin and Edith")* show. It began in September 2003 in the weekend late\-morning slot, but from March 2004 it was moved to the weekday afternoon slot.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv\_and\_radio/3486280\.stm\|title\=Rise duo to replace Mark and Lard\|date\=25 February 2004\|work\=BBC News}} The partnership increased the listener figures to a decade high of 5\.5 million.
In 2006, Murray became the new presenter of [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live "BBC Radio 5 Live")'s Saturday morning comedy sports panel quiz show, *[Fighting Talk](/wiki/Fighting_Talk "Fighting Talk")*, his first regular show on 5 Live. His first show was on 4 February.{{cite press release\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/01\_january/31/murray.shtml\|title\=Colin Murray takes over Fighting Talk on Five Live\|date\=31 January 2006\|publisher\=BBC}} Also in February 2006, Murray became the anchor for [Channel 5](/wiki/Channel_5_%28UK%29 "Channel 5 (UK)")'s midweek evening live European [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup "UEFA Cup") football television coverage, with former anchor [John Barnes](/wiki/John_Barnes_%28footballer%29 "John Barnes (footballer)") acting as a roving reporter.{{cite web\| url \= http://www.five.tv/aboutfive/press/pressreleases/20060202\-murrayjoinsbarnes/\| title \= Murray to join Barnes on Five's new\-look football line\-up\| date \= 2 February 2006\| access\-date \= 23 March 2007\| publisher \= Channel 5 \|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091503/http://www.five.tv/aboutfive/press/pressreleases/20060202\-murrayjoinsbarnes/ \|archive\-date \= 29 September 2007}}
That year, Murray left the Radio 1 *Colin and Edith* show to start *The Colin Murray Show*, a new music show on the same station beginning in September, showcasing new and alternative music in the Mondays\-to\-Thursdays 10{{nbsp}}pm{{snd}}midnight slot, with Bowman remaining in the lunchtime slot.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5133596\.stm\|title\=Colin and Edith radio show to end\|date\=30 June 2006\|work\=BBC News}} He was inevitably compared with the late holder of the slot, [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel "John Peel"); Murray stated "What I like is that it's always represented honesty, and never been influenced by what's supposed to be cool at the time. Peel played music he liked; I just play music I like". In 2007, there was a year\-on\-year increase in listeners to the slot of 160,000\.
From February 2008, Murray also began presenting a weekly late\-night music show on [BBC Radio Ulster](/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster "BBC Radio Ulster") in Northern Ireland. After failing to find a suitable sound location, he actually presented the show from the bedroom of his home, drawing on his extensive music collection as well as new music downloaded onto [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes "ITunes").{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern\_ireland/8403631\.stm\|title\=Is Colin Murray living the dream?\|date\=9 December 2009\|publisher\=BBC}} It began as a Saturday night show, but later moved to Fridays.
### 2009–2013: Departure from Radio 1, move to 5 Live and television career
In 2009, Murray resigned from his Radio 1 late night show to expand his work at [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live "BBC Radio 5 Live"), becoming the new presenter of *[5 Live Sport](/wiki/5_Live_Sport "5 Live Sport")* on Friday evenings and Sunday afternoons, in time for the start of the 2009/10 football season.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/17/colin\-murray\-leaves\-radio\-1\|title\=Colin Murray leaves BBC Radio 1\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=17 March 2009}} The Friday slot was a weekend preview show, *Kicking Off with Colin Murray*, while the Sunday show comprises six hours of live sports coverage. *Kicking Off* saw an increase in listeners after its first year of almost 20 per cent, according to 5 September 2011 figures.[*Match of the Day 2 Scores Highest Ever Rating*, Murray's personal website, 30 August, 2011](http://colinmurray.com/2011/08/30/match-of-the-day-2-scores-highest-ever-rating/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101235230/http://colinmurray.com/2011/08/30/match\-of\-the\-day\-2\-scores\-highest\-ever\-rating/ \|date\=1 November 2013 }}. Retrieved: 23 June 2012\. With Murray having taken a self\-imposed two months of holiday from work before starting at 5 Live, the 5 Live shows had to start without him while he recovered from a bout of [H1N1 swine flu](/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1 "Influenza A virus subtype H1N1").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv\-radio/swine\-flu\-forces\-colin\-murray\-to\-miss\-the\-kickoff\-of\-his\-radio\-football\-show\-1773660\.html\|title\=Swine flu forces Colin Murray to miss the kick\-off of his radio football show\|date\=18 August 2009\|work\=The Independent}}
In 2010, he left Channel 5's football coverage team to replace [Adrian Chiles](/wiki/Adrian_Chiles "Adrian Chiles") as presenter of the BBC's *[Match of the Day 2](/wiki/Match_of_the_Day_2 "Match of the Day 2")* football highlights television programme, broadcast on Sunday nights on [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two") as a companion show to the flagship Saturday night *[Match of the Day](/wiki/Match_of_the_Day "Match of the Day")* show on [BBC One](/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One"). He also hosted the BBC Two nightly highlights show for the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup "2010 FIFA World Cup") hosted in South Africa through June and July.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern\_ireland/8637785\.stm\|title\=Colin Murray will present Match of the Day 2\|work\=BBC News\|date\=22 April 2010}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/sep/15/jim\-rosenthal\-channel\-5\-football\|title\=Jim Rosenthal to front Channel 5 football coverage\|date\=15 September 2010\|work\=The Guardian}}
In sports television, Murray has also presented coverage of late\-night [American Football](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") and the [European Poker Tour](/wiki/European_Poker_Tour "European Poker Tour") for Channel 5\. From January 2010, Murray has also presented the BBC's televised coverage of the annual [BDO World Darts Championship](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship "BDO World Darts Championship"), alongside [Bobby George](/wiki/Bobby_George "Bobby George"). In music television, Murray has co\-hosted [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival "Glastonbury Festival") coverage for both [BBC Three](/wiki/BBC_Three "BBC Three") and Radio 1, presented a late\-night music show *Ear Candy* on Channel 4 (under the [4music](/wiki/4music "4music") strand) and guest\-presented the BBC music show *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops "Top of the Pops")*. He has also presented [ITV2](/wiki/ITV2 "ITV2")'s coverage of the [Brit Awards](/wiki/Brit_Awards "Brit Awards"). In documentary television, in 2010 Murray co\-wrote and presented the [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two "BBC Two") documentary *[Davis](/wiki/Steve_Davis "Steve Davis") v [Taylor](/wiki/Dennis_Taylor "Dennis Taylor"): The '85 Black Ball Final*, commemorating the 25th anniversary of the [1985 World Snooker Championship final](/wiki/1985_World_Snooker_Championship_final "1985 World Snooker Championship final").
As a game show presenter, Murray has co\-presented the Channel 4 challenge show *Born Sloppy* with [Sara Cox](/wiki/Sara_Cox "Sara Cox"); he also fronted the [Sudoku](/wiki/Sudoku "Sudoku")\-based game show *Street\-Cred Sudoku* broadcast on [UKTV G2](/wiki/Dave_%28TV_channel%29 "Dave (TV channel)") in 2005{{cite web\|url\=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi\-platform/news/uktv\-gets\-its\-digits\-on\-sudoku\-obsession/1032042\.article\|title\=UKTV gets its digits on Sudoku obsession\|date\=10 November 2005\|publisher\=Broadcast Magazine}} and the Channel Five quiz show *Payday* in 2007\. Other TV work has included presenting shows on BBC Three such as *[EastEnders Revealed](/wiki/EastEnders_Revealed "EastEnders Revealed")*, a companion show to the popular soap series. As a narrator, Murray has appeared on the BBC television series *Can't Take It With You*, and *Boys Will Be Girls* on [E4](/wiki/E4_%28channel%29 "E4 (channel)"). He has also provided the narration for the gameshow *[Scream if You Know the Answer!](/wiki/Scream_if_You_Know_the_Answer%21 "Scream if You Know the Answer!")* on [Watch](/wiki/Watch_%28TV_Channel%29 "Watch (TV Channel)"), alongside host [Duncan James](/wiki/Duncan_James "Duncan James").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.liontv.com/London/Productions/Scream\-If\-You\-Know\-The\-Answer\- \|title\=Scream If You Know The Answer! \|date\=n.d. \|publisher\=Lion Television \|archive\-date\=15 July 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715074043/http://www.liontv.com/London/Productions/Scream\-If\-You\-Know\-The\-Answer\- \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy }}
As a celebrity contestant/participant on various television shows, Murray has appeared as [Mark Knopfler](/wiki/Mark_Knopfler "Mark Knopfler") on Celebrity *[Stars in Their Eyes](/wiki/Stars_in_Their_Eyes "Stars in Their Eyes")* in 2005, performed in *[Comic Relief does Fame Academy](/wiki/Comic_Relief_does_Fame_Academy "Comic Relief does Fame Academy")* in 2007, competed in the *[Celebrity MasterChef](/wiki/Celebrity_MasterChef "Celebrity MasterChef")* in 2009,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00l9rhy\|title\=Episode 4\|date\=n.d.\|publisher\=BBC\|work\=BBC Programmes – Celebrity MasterChef – Series 4\|quote\=First broadcast 17 June 2009}} and been a Dictionary Corner guest on the Channel 4 game show *[Countdown](/wiki/Countdown_%28game_show%29 "Countdown (game show)")* between 2009 and 2020\.
In October 2011, [*New 'Dave' Show Driving Wars Begins on October 19th*, Murray's personal website, 5 September, 2011](http://colinmurray.com/2011/09/05/new-dave-show-driving-wars-begins-on-october-19th/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909050138/http://colinmurray.com/2011/09/05/new\-dave\-show\-driving\-wars\-begins\-on\-october\-19th/ \|date\=9 September 2013 }}. Retrieved: 23 June 2012\. he presented *Driving Wars* on digital television channel [Dave](/wiki/Dave_%28TV_channel%29 "Dave (TV channel)").
### 2013–2016: Departure from 5 Live and move to Talksport
On 22 January 2013, it was announced that Murray would be replaced as presenter of *[Match of the Day 2](/wiki/Match_of_the_Day_2 "Match of the Day 2")* by [Mark Chapman](/wiki/Mark_Chapman_%28broadcaster%29 "Mark Chapman (broadcaster)"), the change commencing at the end of the 2012–13 season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21141831 \|title\=MOTD2 to be presented by Mark Chapman \|publisher\=BBC Sport \|date\=22 January 2013 \|access\-date\=7 January 2014}} At the end of the 2013 season, Murray announced he was leaving BBC Radio 5 Live to host a new mid\-morning show from 10{{nbsp}}am to 1{{nbsp}}pm on its commercial rival [Talksport](/wiki/Talksport "Talksport"), replacing [Richard Keys](/wiki/Richard_Keys "Richard Keys") and [Andy Gray](/wiki/Andy_Gray_%28footballer%2C_born_1955%29 "Andy Gray (footballer, born 1955)"), and therefore he would be leaving his *Kicking Off* show and *Fighting Talk*. His departure from *Fighting Talk* was the result of a controversy after he joked on the programme about being able to "[turn](/wiki/Conversion_therapy "Conversion therapy")" [Clare Balding](/wiki/Clare_Balding "Clare Balding").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/tv\-radio/colin\-murray\-quits\-after\-claire\-balding\-comment\-29403021\.html\|title\=Colin Murray quits after Claire Balding comment\|website\=Independent.ie\|language\=en\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13}} Murray expressed deep regret for the line and stated that he did not come up with it, but that it had been written on his [autocue](/wiki/Teleprompter "Teleprompter"). In an interview with the *[Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, he said, "The second I said it, I knew it was too much." The episode concerned was a special live outside broadcast, as opposed to the usual recorded studio format; consequently, the habitual advance checks on content had not been performed.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/aug/25/colin\-murray\-clare\-balding\-bbc\|title\=Colin Murray on Clare Balding: 'The second I said it I knew it was too much'\|last\=Plunkett\|first\=John\|date\=2013\-08\-25\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0261\-3077}} The episode was removed from all online playback sources.{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/03/bbc\-apologises\-clare\-balding\-lesbian\-cure\|title\=BBC apologises over Clare Balding lesbian 'cure' joke on Radio 5 Live\|last\=Halliday\|first\=Josh\|date\=2013\-06\-03\|work\=The Guardian\|access\-date\=2019\-06\-13\|language\=en\-GB\|issn\=0261\-3077}}
Murray made his Talksport debut on 12 August 2013 on a new show entitled *Colin Murray and Friends*. Murray hosted alongside [Stuart Pearce](/wiki/Stuart_Pearce "Stuart Pearce") and [Perry Groves](/wiki/Perry_Groves "Perry Groves") on Monday (previously [Mike Tindall](/wiki/Mike_Tindall "Mike Tindall")), [Des Kelly](/wiki/Des_Kelly "Des Kelly") and [Michael Gray](/wiki/Michael_Gray_%28footballer%29 "Michael Gray (footballer)") on Tuesday, [Steve Bunce](/wiki/Steve_Bunce "Steve Bunce") and [Didi Hamann](/wiki/Didi_Hamann "Didi Hamann") on Wednesday, [Daley Thompson](/wiki/Daley_Thompson "Daley Thompson") and [Danny Murphy](/wiki/Danny_Murphy_%28footballer_born_1977%29 "Danny Murphy (footballer born 1977)") on Thursday (previously [Kelly Sotherton](/wiki/Kelly_Sotherton "Kelly Sotherton")), and [Bob Mills](/wiki/Bob_Mills_%28comedian%29 "Bob Mills (comedian)") and Perry Groves on Friday. The show had features such as top talking points from 10{{nbsp}}am to 10:30{{nbsp}}am, "Murray Meets.." with a 30\-minute interview from 11{{nbsp}}am to 11:30{{nbsp}}am, a phone\-in from 12{{nbsp}}pm to 12:30{{nbsp}}pm and the Sports Brief from 12:30{{nbsp}}pm to 1{{nbsp}}pm.
Despite leaving BBC Radio, he continued hosting the BDO World Darts Championship for BBC Television in January 2014, 2015 and 2016, alongside Bobby George and Talksport commentator [Jim Proudfoot](/wiki/Jim_Proudfoot "Jim Proudfoot") (who occasionally guested on his show), and also hosted occasional music programmes for [BBC Radio 6 Music](/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music "BBC Radio 6 Music").{{cite web\|title\=Colin Murray hosts 2015 BDO World Darts Championship\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2015/01/darts\-world\-championships\|website\=BBC Media Centre\|publisher\=BBC\|access\-date\=2015\-01\-04}} In 2013, he hosted the two NFL International Series Matches for Channel 4, alongside [Nat Coombs](/wiki/Nat_Coombs "Nat Coombs"), [Mike Carlson](/wiki/Mike_Carlson "Mike Carlson") and [Vernon Kay](/wiki/Vernon_Kay "Vernon Kay"), and hosted the [2014 Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVIII "Super Bowl XLVIII") for the channel — its first Super Bowl in 16 years.
### 2016–present: Departure from Talksport and return to 5 Live
Despite a popular and successful run with [Talksport](/wiki/Talksport "Talksport"), Murray announced he would be leaving the station with his final show being on 2 September 2016\. Murray's decision to leave was triggered by the purchase of Talksport by [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch "Rupert Murdoch")'s [News Corp](/wiki/News_Corp_%282013%E2%80%93present%29 "News Corp (2013–present)"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/30/rupert\-murdochs\-news\-corp\-buys\-talksport\-owner\-in\-220m\-deal\|title\=Rupert Murdoch's News Corp buys TalkSport owner in £220m deal\|work\=The Guardian\|date\=30 June 2016}} who in turn owns *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 "The Sun (United Kingdom)")*. Murray, a Liverpool fan, stated that he was concerned by the "inevitable closer association of the station with the Sun newspaper". On 12 September, Murray announced via his [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") feed that he would be returning to [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live "BBC Radio 5 Live") to host *Fighting Talk*.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2016/colin\-murray\-fighting\-talk\|title\=BBC – "It'll never work…." – Colin Murray back on Fighting Talk\|date\=12 September 2016\|publisher\=\[\[BBC]]\|access\-date\=1 April 2018}} In early 2023, Murray announced his resignation from *Fighting Talk* and Rick Edwards took over from its return from summer recess in September 2023\. During the coronavirus pandemic, Murray co\-hosted "Coronavirus Call\-In's" on 5 Live with [Dr. Chris Smith](/wiki/Chris_Smith_%28doctor%29 "Chris Smith (doctor)").{{Cite web\|title\=A Week in Radio: Colin Murray's Coronavirus Call\-In\|url\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/arts\_ents/18513502\.week\-radio\-colin\-murrays\-coronavirus\-call\-in/\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-11\|website\=HeraldScotland\|language\=en}} Murray also hosted the late evening show from 22\.30 to 1\.00 Monday to Thursday until January 2023, which (during lockdown) included a virtual pub called The Lock\-Inn which was broadcast via radio and [Zoom](/wiki/Zoom_%28software%29 "Zoom (software)").{{Cite web\|title\=BBC Radio 5 live \- Colin Murray's Lock Inn\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08cjyn7\|access\-date\=2020\-07\-11\|website\=BBC\|language\=en\-GB}}
|
[
"Life and career\n---------------",
"### 1977–1993: Early life",
"Murray was born on 10 March 1977 in the [Ulster Hospital](/wiki/Ulster_Hospital \"Ulster Hospital\") in [Dundonald](/wiki/Dundonald%2C_County_Down \"Dundonald, County Down\"), a suburb of East [Belfast](/wiki/Belfast \"Belfast\"), [Northern Ireland](/wiki/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\"), and grew up on Dundonald's [Ballybeen](/wiki/Ballybeen \"Ballybeen\") estate.{{cite news\\|author\\=Johnston, Neil\\|url\\=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/tv\\-interview\\-early\\-riser\\-13609271\\.html\\|title\\= TV Interview: Early riser\\|work\\= \\[\\[Belfast Telegraph]]\\|date \\= 4 July 2008\\|access\\-date \\= 26 January 2021}} He said on the 5 September 2022 edition of *[Countdown](/wiki/Countdown_%28game_show%29 \"Countdown (game show)\")* that for two days his name was Luke Wright, until \"a family member pointed out that was a direction\"; he later took his stepfather's surname.{{cite episode\\|title\\=Episode 7842\\|series\\=\\[\\[Countdown (game show)\\|Countdown]]\\|network\\=\\[\\[All4]]\\|airdate\\=5 September 2022}} He was educated at the [Regent House Grammar School](/wiki/Regent_House_Grammar_School \"Regent House Grammar School\") in [Newtownards](/wiki/Newtownards \"Newtownards\"), and later at [Dundonald High School](/wiki/Dundonald_High_School \"Dundonald High School\"), leaving after [GCSEs](/wiki/GCSE \"GCSE\"). Hyperactive since childhood, Murray was asked to leave the grammar school owing to what was perceived by teachers as a tendency to disruption – always asking awkward questions or telling jokes – traits he later identified as ideal for his future career in presenting, and which he felt should really have been nurtured by teachers.",
"### 1994–2002: Early career and radio debut",
"After leaving school, Murray went on to study journalism full\\-time. He started work as a news journalist, working both in Northern Ireland as a trainee for *[The News Letter](/wiki/The_News_Letter \"The News Letter\")*, before in 1994 moving to [Toronto](/wiki/Toronto \"Toronto\"), Canada, for a year, working on a fellowship for the *[Toronto Sun](/wiki/Toronto_Sun \"Toronto Sun\")*.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/colin\\-murray\\-the\\-pop\\-picker\\-who\\-got\\-serious\\-449697\\.html\\|title\\=Colin Murray: The pop picker who got serious\\|date\\=20 May 2007\\|work\\=The Independent}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2008/aug/31/sportfeatures.toronto\\|title\\=The DJ and the Blue Jays\\|date\\=31 August 2008\\|work\\=The Observer\\|first\\=Colin\\|last\\=Murray}}[Our Colin is going back to his roots](http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/our-colin-is-going-back-to-his-roots-13379121.html) Belfast Telegraph, 26 January 2008 After returning from Toronto he moved into music journalism, writing for newspapers about rock and pop bands, including establishing a long\\-standing column in the *Irish Sunday People*, before moving into the music magazine business with a new title called *Blank*. After Murray set it up and acted as co\\-publisher, *Blank* became the highest circulating music magazine in Ulster.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/colinmurray/biography.shtml \\|title\\=Colin Murray – Biography \\|publisher\\=BBC Radio 1 \\|date\\=n.d. \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901032645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/colinmurray/biography.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=1 September 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy }} After *Blank* was merged with another title, Murray left the magazine.",
"Next, Murray joined [BBC Radio 1](/wiki/BBC_Radio_1 \"BBC Radio 1\") on 2 September 1999 to co\\-present the weekly live music programme *Session in Northern Ireland* on BBC Radio 1, alongside [BBC Radio Ulster](/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster \"BBC Radio Ulster\") presenter Donna Legge, broadcast only in Northern Ireland. He had initially thought the audition was for a show on BBC Radio Ulster. That was followed by six months in 1999 presenting the main national *The Session* programme from Tuesdays to Thursdays.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/biographies/biogs/radio1/colin\\_murray.shtml \\|title\\=Biographies – Colin Murray – Presenter, Radio 1 and 5 Live \\|publisher\\=BBC Press Office \\|date\\=April 2010 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116014008/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/biographies/biogs/radio1/colin\\_murray.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=16 January 2011 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy }} Spells deputising for hosts of other major Radio 1 shows also followed.",
"By 2002, Murray's work in radio and television earned him an audition as one of six co\\-presenters of [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\")'s new national breakfast television show, *[RI:SE](/wiki/RI:SE \"SE\")*. Having initially auditioned as the entertainment presenter, Murray was instead chosen as a news presenter. While at *RI:SE* he continued to co\\-host the evening session in Northern Ireland with Donna Legge one day a week, commuting between the province and the Channel 4 studios near Heathrow. His time with *RI:SE* was brief and unhappy, with Murray later stating it \"scared me off TV for a long time\".",
"### 2003–2008: Radio career",
"By 2003, Murray had teamed up with [Edith Bowman](/wiki/Edith_Bowman \"Edith Bowman\") (his former co\\-hostess from *RI:SE*) to work together on Radio 1, presenting their own *[Colin and Edith](/wiki/Colin_and_Edith \"Colin and Edith\")* show. It began in September 2003 in the weekend late\\-morning slot, but from March 2004 it was moved to the weekday afternoon slot.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv\\_and\\_radio/3486280\\.stm\\|title\\=Rise duo to replace Mark and Lard\\|date\\=25 February 2004\\|work\\=BBC News}} The partnership increased the listener figures to a decade high of 5\\.5 million.",
"In 2006, Murray became the new presenter of [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live \"BBC Radio 5 Live\")'s Saturday morning comedy sports panel quiz show, *[Fighting Talk](/wiki/Fighting_Talk \"Fighting Talk\")*, his first regular show on 5 Live. His first show was on 4 February.{{cite press release\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/01\\_january/31/murray.shtml\\|title\\=Colin Murray takes over Fighting Talk on Five Live\\|date\\=31 January 2006\\|publisher\\=BBC}} Also in February 2006, Murray became the anchor for [Channel 5](/wiki/Channel_5_%28UK%29 \"Channel 5 (UK)\")'s midweek evening live European [UEFA Cup](/wiki/UEFA_Cup \"UEFA Cup\") football television coverage, with former anchor [John Barnes](/wiki/John_Barnes_%28footballer%29 \"John Barnes (footballer)\") acting as a roving reporter.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://www.five.tv/aboutfive/press/pressreleases/20060202\\-murrayjoinsbarnes/\\| title \\= Murray to join Barnes on Five's new\\-look football line\\-up\\| date \\= 2 February 2006\\| access\\-date \\= 23 March 2007\\| publisher \\= Channel 5 \\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091503/http://www.five.tv/aboutfive/press/pressreleases/20060202\\-murrayjoinsbarnes/ \\|archive\\-date \\= 29 September 2007}}",
"That year, Murray left the Radio 1 *Colin and Edith* show to start *The Colin Murray Show*, a new music show on the same station beginning in September, showcasing new and alternative music in the Mondays\\-to\\-Thursdays 10{{nbsp}}pm{{snd}}midnight slot, with Bowman remaining in the lunchtime slot.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5133596\\.stm\\|title\\=Colin and Edith radio show to end\\|date\\=30 June 2006\\|work\\=BBC News}} He was inevitably compared with the late holder of the slot, [John Peel](/wiki/John_Peel \"John Peel\"); Murray stated \"What I like is that it's always represented honesty, and never been influenced by what's supposed to be cool at the time. Peel played music he liked; I just play music I like\". In 2007, there was a year\\-on\\-year increase in listeners to the slot of 160,000\\.",
"From February 2008, Murray also began presenting a weekly late\\-night music show on [BBC Radio Ulster](/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster \"BBC Radio Ulster\") in Northern Ireland. After failing to find a suitable sound location, he actually presented the show from the bedroom of his home, drawing on his extensive music collection as well as new music downloaded onto [iTunes](/wiki/ITunes \"ITunes\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern\\_ireland/8403631\\.stm\\|title\\=Is Colin Murray living the dream?\\|date\\=9 December 2009\\|publisher\\=BBC}} It began as a Saturday night show, but later moved to Fridays.",
"### 2009–2013: Departure from Radio 1, move to 5 Live and television career",
"In 2009, Murray resigned from his Radio 1 late night show to expand his work at [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live \"BBC Radio 5 Live\"), becoming the new presenter of *[5 Live Sport](/wiki/5_Live_Sport \"5 Live Sport\")* on Friday evenings and Sunday afternoons, in time for the start of the 2009/10 football season.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/mar/17/colin\\-murray\\-leaves\\-radio\\-1\\|title\\=Colin Murray leaves BBC Radio 1\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=17 March 2009}} The Friday slot was a weekend preview show, *Kicking Off with Colin Murray*, while the Sunday show comprises six hours of live sports coverage. *Kicking Off* saw an increase in listeners after its first year of almost 20 per cent, according to 5 September 2011 figures.[*Match of the Day 2 Scores Highest Ever Rating*, Murray's personal website, 30 August, 2011](http://colinmurray.com/2011/08/30/match-of-the-day-2-scores-highest-ever-rating/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101235230/http://colinmurray.com/2011/08/30/match\\-of\\-the\\-day\\-2\\-scores\\-highest\\-ever\\-rating/ \\|date\\=1 November 2013 }}. Retrieved: 23 June 2012\\. With Murray having taken a self\\-imposed two months of holiday from work before starting at 5 Live, the 5 Live shows had to start without him while he recovered from a bout of [H1N1 swine flu](/wiki/Influenza_A_virus_subtype_H1N1 \"Influenza A virus subtype H1N1\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/tv\\-radio/swine\\-flu\\-forces\\-colin\\-murray\\-to\\-miss\\-the\\-kickoff\\-of\\-his\\-radio\\-football\\-show\\-1773660\\.html\\|title\\=Swine flu forces Colin Murray to miss the kick\\-off of his radio football show\\|date\\=18 August 2009\\|work\\=The Independent}}",
"In 2010, he left Channel 5's football coverage team to replace [Adrian Chiles](/wiki/Adrian_Chiles \"Adrian Chiles\") as presenter of the BBC's *[Match of the Day 2](/wiki/Match_of_the_Day_2 \"Match of the Day 2\")* football highlights television programme, broadcast on Sunday nights on [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two \"BBC Two\") as a companion show to the flagship Saturday night *[Match of the Day](/wiki/Match_of_the_Day \"Match of the Day\")* show on [BBC One](/wiki/BBC_One \"BBC One\"). He also hosted the BBC Two nightly highlights show for the [2010 FIFA World Cup](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup \"2010 FIFA World Cup\") hosted in South Africa through June and July.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern\\_ireland/8637785\\.stm\\|title\\=Colin Murray will present Match of the Day 2\\|work\\=BBC News\\|date\\=22 April 2010}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/sep/15/jim\\-rosenthal\\-channel\\-5\\-football\\|title\\=Jim Rosenthal to front Channel 5 football coverage\\|date\\=15 September 2010\\|work\\=The Guardian}}",
"In sports television, Murray has also presented coverage of late\\-night [American Football](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\") and the [European Poker Tour](/wiki/European_Poker_Tour \"European Poker Tour\") for Channel 5\\. From January 2010, Murray has also presented the BBC's televised coverage of the annual [BDO World Darts Championship](/wiki/BDO_World_Darts_Championship \"BDO World Darts Championship\"), alongside [Bobby George](/wiki/Bobby_George \"Bobby George\"). In music television, Murray has co\\-hosted [Glastonbury Festival](/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival \"Glastonbury Festival\") coverage for both [BBC Three](/wiki/BBC_Three \"BBC Three\") and Radio 1, presented a late\\-night music show *Ear Candy* on Channel 4 (under the [4music](/wiki/4music \"4music\") strand) and guest\\-presented the BBC music show *[Top of the Pops](/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops \"Top of the Pops\")*. He has also presented [ITV2](/wiki/ITV2 \"ITV2\")'s coverage of the [Brit Awards](/wiki/Brit_Awards \"Brit Awards\"). In documentary television, in 2010 Murray co\\-wrote and presented the [BBC Two](/wiki/BBC_Two \"BBC Two\") documentary *[Davis](/wiki/Steve_Davis \"Steve Davis\") v [Taylor](/wiki/Dennis_Taylor \"Dennis Taylor\"): The '85 Black Ball Final*, commemorating the 25th anniversary of the [1985 World Snooker Championship final](/wiki/1985_World_Snooker_Championship_final \"1985 World Snooker Championship final\").",
"As a game show presenter, Murray has co\\-presented the Channel 4 challenge show *Born Sloppy* with [Sara Cox](/wiki/Sara_Cox \"Sara Cox\"); he also fronted the [Sudoku](/wiki/Sudoku \"Sudoku\")\\-based game show *Street\\-Cred Sudoku* broadcast on [UKTV G2](/wiki/Dave_%28TV_channel%29 \"Dave (TV channel)\") in 2005{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/multi\\-platform/news/uktv\\-gets\\-its\\-digits\\-on\\-sudoku\\-obsession/1032042\\.article\\|title\\=UKTV gets its digits on Sudoku obsession\\|date\\=10 November 2005\\|publisher\\=Broadcast Magazine}} and the Channel Five quiz show *Payday* in 2007\\. Other TV work has included presenting shows on BBC Three such as *[EastEnders Revealed](/wiki/EastEnders_Revealed \"EastEnders Revealed\")*, a companion show to the popular soap series. As a narrator, Murray has appeared on the BBC television series *Can't Take It With You*, and *Boys Will Be Girls* on [E4](/wiki/E4_%28channel%29 \"E4 (channel)\"). He has also provided the narration for the gameshow *[Scream if You Know the Answer!](/wiki/Scream_if_You_Know_the_Answer%21 \"Scream if You Know the Answer!\")* on [Watch](/wiki/Watch_%28TV_Channel%29 \"Watch (TV Channel)\"), alongside host [Duncan James](/wiki/Duncan_James \"Duncan James\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.liontv.com/London/Productions/Scream\\-If\\-You\\-Know\\-The\\-Answer\\- \\|title\\=Scream If You Know The Answer! \\|date\\=n.d. \\|publisher\\=Lion Television \\|archive\\-date\\=15 July 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715074043/http://www.liontv.com/London/Productions/Scream\\-If\\-You\\-Know\\-The\\-Answer\\- \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy }}",
"As a celebrity contestant/participant on various television shows, Murray has appeared as [Mark Knopfler](/wiki/Mark_Knopfler \"Mark Knopfler\") on Celebrity *[Stars in Their Eyes](/wiki/Stars_in_Their_Eyes \"Stars in Their Eyes\")* in 2005, performed in *[Comic Relief does Fame Academy](/wiki/Comic_Relief_does_Fame_Academy \"Comic Relief does Fame Academy\")* in 2007, competed in the *[Celebrity MasterChef](/wiki/Celebrity_MasterChef \"Celebrity MasterChef\")* in 2009,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00l9rhy\\|title\\=Episode 4\\|date\\=n.d.\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|work\\=BBC Programmes – Celebrity MasterChef – Series 4\\|quote\\=First broadcast 17 June 2009}} and been a Dictionary Corner guest on the Channel 4 game show *[Countdown](/wiki/Countdown_%28game_show%29 \"Countdown (game show)\")* between 2009 and 2020\\.",
"In October 2011, [*New 'Dave' Show Driving Wars Begins on October 19th*, Murray's personal website, 5 September, 2011](http://colinmurray.com/2011/09/05/new-dave-show-driving-wars-begins-on-october-19th/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909050138/http://colinmurray.com/2011/09/05/new\\-dave\\-show\\-driving\\-wars\\-begins\\-on\\-october\\-19th/ \\|date\\=9 September 2013 }}. Retrieved: 23 June 2012\\. he presented *Driving Wars* on digital television channel [Dave](/wiki/Dave_%28TV_channel%29 \"Dave (TV channel)\").",
"### 2013–2016: Departure from 5 Live and move to Talksport",
"On 22 January 2013, it was announced that Murray would be replaced as presenter of *[Match of the Day 2](/wiki/Match_of_the_Day_2 \"Match of the Day 2\")* by [Mark Chapman](/wiki/Mark_Chapman_%28broadcaster%29 \"Mark Chapman (broadcaster)\"), the change commencing at the end of the 2012–13 season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21141831 \\|title\\=MOTD2 to be presented by Mark Chapman \\|publisher\\=BBC Sport \\|date\\=22 January 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=7 January 2014}} At the end of the 2013 season, Murray announced he was leaving BBC Radio 5 Live to host a new mid\\-morning show from 10{{nbsp}}am to 1{{nbsp}}pm on its commercial rival [Talksport](/wiki/Talksport \"Talksport\"), replacing [Richard Keys](/wiki/Richard_Keys \"Richard Keys\") and [Andy Gray](/wiki/Andy_Gray_%28footballer%2C_born_1955%29 \"Andy Gray (footballer, born 1955)\"), and therefore he would be leaving his *Kicking Off* show and *Fighting Talk*. His departure from *Fighting Talk* was the result of a controversy after he joked on the programme about being able to \"[turn](/wiki/Conversion_therapy \"Conversion therapy\")\" [Clare Balding](/wiki/Clare_Balding \"Clare Balding\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/tv\\-radio/colin\\-murray\\-quits\\-after\\-claire\\-balding\\-comment\\-29403021\\.html\\|title\\=Colin Murray quits after Claire Balding comment\\|website\\=Independent.ie\\|language\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13}} Murray expressed deep regret for the line and stated that he did not come up with it, but that it had been written on his [autocue](/wiki/Teleprompter \"Teleprompter\"). In an interview with the *[Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, he said, \"The second I said it, I knew it was too much.\" The episode concerned was a special live outside broadcast, as opposed to the usual recorded studio format; consequently, the habitual advance checks on content had not been performed.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/aug/25/colin\\-murray\\-clare\\-balding\\-bbc\\|title\\=Colin Murray on Clare Balding: 'The second I said it I knew it was too much'\\|last\\=Plunkett\\|first\\=John\\|date\\=2013\\-08\\-25\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} The episode was removed from all online playback sources.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/jun/03/bbc\\-apologises\\-clare\\-balding\\-lesbian\\-cure\\|title\\=BBC apologises over Clare Balding lesbian 'cure' joke on Radio 5 Live\\|last\\=Halliday\\|first\\=Josh\\|date\\=2013\\-06\\-03\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-06\\-13\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}}",
"Murray made his Talksport debut on 12 August 2013 on a new show entitled *Colin Murray and Friends*. Murray hosted alongside [Stuart Pearce](/wiki/Stuart_Pearce \"Stuart Pearce\") and [Perry Groves](/wiki/Perry_Groves \"Perry Groves\") on Monday (previously [Mike Tindall](/wiki/Mike_Tindall \"Mike Tindall\")), [Des Kelly](/wiki/Des_Kelly \"Des Kelly\") and [Michael Gray](/wiki/Michael_Gray_%28footballer%29 \"Michael Gray (footballer)\") on Tuesday, [Steve Bunce](/wiki/Steve_Bunce \"Steve Bunce\") and [Didi Hamann](/wiki/Didi_Hamann \"Didi Hamann\") on Wednesday, [Daley Thompson](/wiki/Daley_Thompson \"Daley Thompson\") and [Danny Murphy](/wiki/Danny_Murphy_%28footballer_born_1977%29 \"Danny Murphy (footballer born 1977)\") on Thursday (previously [Kelly Sotherton](/wiki/Kelly_Sotherton \"Kelly Sotherton\")), and [Bob Mills](/wiki/Bob_Mills_%28comedian%29 \"Bob Mills (comedian)\") and Perry Groves on Friday. The show had features such as top talking points from 10{{nbsp}}am to 10:30{{nbsp}}am, \"Murray Meets..\" with a 30\\-minute interview from 11{{nbsp}}am to 11:30{{nbsp}}am, a phone\\-in from 12{{nbsp}}pm to 12:30{{nbsp}}pm and the Sports Brief from 12:30{{nbsp}}pm to 1{{nbsp}}pm.",
"Despite leaving BBC Radio, he continued hosting the BDO World Darts Championship for BBC Television in January 2014, 2015 and 2016, alongside Bobby George and Talksport commentator [Jim Proudfoot](/wiki/Jim_Proudfoot \"Jim Proudfoot\") (who occasionally guested on his show), and also hosted occasional music programmes for [BBC Radio 6 Music](/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music \"BBC Radio 6 Music\").{{cite web\\|title\\=Colin Murray hosts 2015 BDO World Darts Championship\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2015/01/darts\\-world\\-championships\\|website\\=BBC Media Centre\\|publisher\\=BBC\\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-01\\-04}} In 2013, he hosted the two NFL International Series Matches for Channel 4, alongside [Nat Coombs](/wiki/Nat_Coombs \"Nat Coombs\"), [Mike Carlson](/wiki/Mike_Carlson \"Mike Carlson\") and [Vernon Kay](/wiki/Vernon_Kay \"Vernon Kay\"), and hosted the [2014 Super Bowl](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVIII \"Super Bowl XLVIII\") for the channel — its first Super Bowl in 16 years.",
"### 2016–present: Departure from Talksport and return to 5 Live",
"Despite a popular and successful run with [Talksport](/wiki/Talksport \"Talksport\"), Murray announced he would be leaving the station with his final show being on 2 September 2016\\. Murray's decision to leave was triggered by the purchase of Talksport by [Rupert Murdoch](/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch \"Rupert Murdoch\")'s [News Corp](/wiki/News_Corp_%282013%E2%80%93present%29 \"News Corp (2013–present)\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jun/30/rupert\\-murdochs\\-news\\-corp\\-buys\\-talksport\\-owner\\-in\\-220m\\-deal\\|title\\=Rupert Murdoch's News Corp buys TalkSport owner in £220m deal\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|date\\=30 June 2016}} who in turn owns *[The Sun](/wiki/The_Sun_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"The Sun (United Kingdom)\")*. Murray, a Liverpool fan, stated that he was concerned by the \"inevitable closer association of the station with the Sun newspaper\". On 12 September, Murray announced via his [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\") feed that he would be returning to [BBC Radio 5 Live](/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live \"BBC Radio 5 Live\") to host *Fighting Talk*.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2016/colin\\-murray\\-fighting\\-talk\\|title\\=BBC – \"It'll never work….\" – Colin Murray back on Fighting Talk\\|date\\=12 September 2016\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC]]\\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2018}} In early 2023, Murray announced his resignation from *Fighting Talk* and Rick Edwards took over from its return from summer recess in September 2023\\. During the coronavirus pandemic, Murray co\\-hosted \"Coronavirus Call\\-In's\" on 5 Live with [Dr. Chris Smith](/wiki/Chris_Smith_%28doctor%29 \"Chris Smith (doctor)\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=A Week in Radio: Colin Murray's Coronavirus Call\\-In\\|url\\=https://www.heraldscotland.com/arts\\_ents/18513502\\.week\\-radio\\-colin\\-murrays\\-coronavirus\\-call\\-in/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-11\\|website\\=HeraldScotland\\|language\\=en}} Murray also hosted the late evening show from 22\\.30 to 1\\.00 Monday to Thursday until January 2023, which (during lockdown) included a virtual pub called The Lock\\-Inn which was broadcast via radio and [Zoom](/wiki/Zoom_%28software%29 \"Zoom (software)\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=BBC Radio 5 live \\- Colin Murray's Lock Inn\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p08cjyn7\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-07\\-11\\|website\\=BBC\\|language\\=en\\-GB}}",
""
] |
Selected works and projects
---------------------------
### *Beauty* (1993\)
Nadine Wojcik, after attending the *In real life* exhibition in 2019, dubbed *Beauty* (1993\) a "simple yet powerful water installation that evokes a rainbow via spotlights.” Anna Souter called the work "a reminder of the intensely fragile beauty of the natural world and its elements. \[...] it’s simply and superbly beautiful".{{Cite web\|last\=Souter\|first\=Anna\|date\=2019\-08\-05\|title\=The Sprawling Ecologies of Olafur Eliasson\|url\=http://hyperallergic.com/510475/olafur\-eliasson\-in\-real\-life/\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13\|website\=Hyperallergic\|language\=en\-US}}
### *Ventilator* pieces
Early works by Olafur consist of oscillating electric fans hanging from the ceiling. *Ventilator* (1997\) swings back and forth and around, rotating on its axis.{{Cite web\|last\=Weinberg\|first\=Lauren\|date\=2009\-05\-10\|title\=Olafur Eliasson at Museum of Contemporary Art {{!}} Art review\|url\=https://www.timeout.com/chicago/art/olafur\-eliasson\-at\-museum\-of\-contemporary\-art\-art\-review\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13\|website\=Time Out Chicago\|language\=en}} *Quadrible light ventilator mobile* (2002–2007\) is a rotating electrically powered mobile comprising a searchlight and four fans blowing air around the exhibition room and scanning it with the light cone.[Olafur Eliasson: *Quadrible light ventilator mobile* (2002–07\)](http://www.arken.dk/content/us/art/arkens_collection/installation_and_media_art/olafur_eliasson) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712123241/http://www.arken.dk/content/us/art/arkens\_collection/installation\_and\_media\_art/olafur\_eliasson \|date\=2011\-07\-12 }} [Arken Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Arken_Museum_of_Modern_Art "Arken Museum of Modern Art"). In a 2008 review of the *Take Your Time* retrospective (at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art")), Peter Schjeldahl dubbed *Ventilator* "a witty finesse of the MOMA atrium’s space\-splurging grandiosity"
### *The weather project*
[thumbnail\|*The weather project* at Tate modern](/wiki/File:Tate.modern.weather.project.jpg "Tate.modern.weather.project.jpg")
*The weather project* was installed at the London's [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern "Tate Modern") in 2003 as part of the popular [Unilever series](/wiki/Tate_Modern%23The_Turbine_Hall "Tate Modern#The Turbine Hall"). The installation filled the open space of the gallery's Turbine Hall.
Olafur used [humidifiers](/wiki/Humidifiers "Humidifiers") to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of sugar and water, as well as a semicircular disc (reflected by the ceiling mirror to appear circular){{Cite web\|url\=http://telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3606332/A\-terrifying\-beauty.html\|title \= A terrifying beauty\| date\=12 November 2003 }} made up of hundreds of [monochromatic](/wiki/Monochromatic "Monochromatic") lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge [mirror](/wiki/Mirror "Mirror"), in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of orange light symbolizing the sun.{{cite book\|last1\=Holzwarth\|first1\=Hans W.\|title\=100 Contemporary Artists A\-Z\|date\=2009\|publisher\=Taschen\|location\=Köln\|isbn\=978\-3\-8365\-1490\-3\|page\=156\|edition\=Taschen's 25th anniversary special}} Many visitors responded to this exhibition by lying on their backs and waving their hands and legs. Art critic [Brian O'Doherty](/wiki/Brian_O%27Doherty "Brian O'Doherty") described this as viewers "intoxicated with their own narcissism as they ponder themselves elevated into the sky.""Public Spectacle: Mark Godfrey and Rosie Bennett talk to Brian O'Doherty," *Frieze,* issue 80, Jan./Feb. 2004, p. 56\.
*The Weather Project* was highly successful. Open for six months, the work reportedly attracted two million visitors, many of whom were repeat visitors. O'Doherty was positive about the piece when talking to [*Frieze*](/wiki/Frieze_magazine "Frieze magazine") magazine in 2003, saying that it was "the first time I've seen the enormously dismal space—like a coffin for a giant—socialized in an effective way." [*The Telegraph*](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph "The Daily Telegraph")'s Richard Dorment praised its "beauty and power".{{Cite news\|last\=Dorment\|first\=Richard\|date\=2003\-11\-12\|title\=A terrifying beauty\|newspaper\=The Telegraph\|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3606332/A\-terrifying\-beauty.html\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13}} It remains his most famous work and ranked 11th in a poll by *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* of the best art since 2000, with [Jonathan Jones](/wiki/Jonathan_Jones_%28journalist%29 "Jonathan Jones (journalist)") describing Olafur as "one of the century’s most significant artists.".{{Cite web\|last1\=Searle\|first1\=Adrian\|last2\=Jones\|first2\=Jonathan\|last3\=O'Hagan\|first3\=Sean\|last4\=Judah\|first4\=Hettie\|date\=2019\-09\-17\|title\=The best art of the 21st century\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/sep/17/the\-best\-visual\-art\-of\-the\-21st\-century\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13\|website\=The Guardian\|language\=en}} The Weather Project attempted to give viewers the impression that they were near the sun inside the clouds, but in actuality, a large semicircle was suspended from a mirror ceiling, giving the impression that the reflection was a full circle. The mirrors on the ceiling produced the image of the space below that was visible. The audience completed the effect by frequently being observed lying down on their backs, staring at the ceiling, and making various motions to observe their reflections. This was done by both adults and children.{{Cite web \|title\=Olafur Eliasson's Weather Project – Everything you should know \|url\=https://publicdelivery.org/olafur\-eliasson\-the\-weather\-project/\#About\_the\_Weather\_Project \|access\-date\=2023\-12\-08 \|website\=publicdelivery.org}}
### Light installations
[thumb\|right\|*Your Oceanic Feeling* (2015\) at the [Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden](/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden "Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden") in 2022](/wiki/File:Your_Oceanic_Feeling%2C_2015%2C_Olafur_Eliasson_at_Hirshhorn_2022.jpeg "Your Oceanic Feeling, 2015, Olafur Eliasson at Hirshhorn 2022.jpeg")
Olafur has been developing various experiments with atmospheric density in exhibition spaces. In *Room For One Colour* (1998\), a corridor lit by [low pressure sodium lamps](/wiki/Low-pressure_sodium "Low-pressure sodium"), the participants find themselves in a room filled with monochromatic yellow light which affects their perception of colours. Another installation, *360 degrees Room For All Colours* (2002\), is a round light\-sculpture where participants lose their sense of space and perspective, and experience being subsumed by an intense light.[Ólafur Eliasson: Colour memory and other informal shadows, January 24 – May 2, 2004](http://afmuseet.no/?exhibition_id=1&language=en) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405073625/http://afmuseet.no/?exhibition\_id\=1\&language\=en \|date\=April 5, 2012 }} [Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Astrup_Fearnley_Museum_of_Modern_Art "Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art"). Olafur's later installation *Din blinde passager (Your blind passenger)* (2010\), commissioned by the [Arken Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Arken_Museum_of_Modern_Art "Arken Museum of Modern Art"), is a 90\-metre\-long tunnel. Entering the tunnel, the visitor is surrounded by dense fog. With visibility at just 1\.5 metres, museumgoers have to use senses other than sight to orient themselves in relation to their surroundings.[Olafur Eliasson – Din blinde passager at ARKEN](http://www.arken.dk/content/us/press/news/new_olafur_eliasson_installation_at_arken) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712044722/http://www.arken.dk/content/us/press/news/new\_olafur\_eliasson\_installation\_at\_arken \|date\=2011\-07\-12 }} [Arken Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Arken_Museum_of_Modern_Art "Arken Museum of Modern Art"). After attending the 2019 *In real life* exhibition, Souter deemed *Your blind passenger* one of Olafur's finest works, reporting that she felt "alone in the universe. \[...] I thought I could see my own irises, flashing as a ring of blue in front of me, and I could hear my own heartbeat in my ears." For *Feelings are facts*, the first time Olafur has worked with Chinese architect [Yansong Ma](/wiki/Yansong_Ma "Yansong Ma") as well as his first exhibition in China, Olafur introduces condensed banks of artificially produced fog into the gallery of [Ullens Center for Contemporary Art](/wiki/Ullens_Center_for_Contemporary_Art "Ullens Center for Contemporary Art"), Beijing. Hundreds of fluorescent lights are installed in the ceiling as a grid of red, green, and blue zones.
### *Green river*
In 1998, Olafur discovered that [uranin](/wiki/Uranin "Uranin"), a readily available nontoxic powder used to trace leaks in plumbing systems, could dye entire rivers a sickly fluorescent green. Olafur conducted a test run in the [Spree](/wiki/Spree_%28river%29 "Spree (river)") River during the 1998 [Berlin Biennale](/wiki/Berlin_Biennale "Berlin Biennale"), scattering a handful of powder from a bridge near [Museum Island](/wiki/Museum_Island "Museum Island"). He began introducing the environmentally safe dye to rivers in [Moss, Norway](/wiki/Moss%2C_Norway "Moss, Norway") (1998\), Bremen (1998\), Los Angeles (1999\), [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm") (2000\) and Tokyo (2001\) — always without advance warning. He first achieved international prominence with *Green river*, which initially made Stockholm pedestrians concerned that the city's water had been tainted.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-02\-11\|title\=Why did Olafur Eliasson turn these rivers green? – Public Delivery\|url\=https://publicdelivery.org/olafur\-eliasson\-green\-river/\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13\|website\=Public Delivery}}
### *Riverbed*
At Denmark's [Louisiana Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Louisiana_Museum_of_Modern_Art "Louisiana Museum of Modern Art") in 2014–2015, Olafur created a riverbed installation. He compiled natural rocks, dirt, and water to transform the gallery space into a landscape and titled the piece, "*Riverbed*". Olafur captures physical phenomena in a way that appears both real and slightly artificial, while contained in a constructed space that invites viewers to participate. *Riverbed* becomes an immersive experience, using all five senses, in which the individuals can either follow or curiously step away from. Freedom exists in both of these actions, allowing the participant to discover a paradox or enter a void, questioning their true freedom and will happening within a designed system.
In a 2014 review of the exhibition, Svava Riesto and Henriette Steiner said that Olafur "cuts us off from the surroundings and imports a different and rough beauty"; they described the view of the stony landscape as "meticulously framed". However, they also speculated that Olafur aimed to make viewers see Louisiana differently and failed, creating a work that differs little from Louisiana: "The question about \[...] how it really made us see things in new ways is still unanswered."{{Cite web\|last1\=Riesto\|first1\=Svava\|last2\=Steiner\|first2\=Henriette\|date\=2014\-09\-17\|title\=Riverbed – Olafur Eliasson\|url\=https://www.toposmagazine.com/riverbed\-olafur\-eliasson\-tyranny\-place/\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13\|website\=Topos\|language\=en\-US}}
### Iceland photographs
In regular intervals, Olafur presents grids of various color photographs, all taken in Iceland. Each group of images focuses on a single subject: volcanoes, hot springs and huts isolated in the wilderness.[Roberta Smith](/wiki/Roberta_Smith "Roberta Smith") (November 15, 2012\), [Art in Review; Olafur Eliasson: ‘Volcanoes and shelters’](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/arts/design/olafur-eliasson-volcanoes-and-shelters.html) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")*. In his very first series he attempted to shoot all of Iceland's bridges. A later series from 1996 documented the aftermath of a volcanic eruption under the [Vatnajökull](/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull "Vatnajökull"). Often these photographs are shot from the air, in a small rented plane traditionally used by mapmakers. Arranged in a grid, the photographs recall the repetitive images of the German photographers [Bernd and Hilla Becher](/wiki/Bernd_and_Hilla_Becher "Bernd and Hilla Becher").
### *Your black horizon*
This project, a light installation commissioned for the [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale "Venice Biennale") by Thyssen\-Bornemisza Art Contemporary in collaboration with [British architect](/wiki/British_architects "British architects") [David Adjaye](/wiki/David_Adjaye "David Adjaye"), was shown from 1 August to 31 October 2005 on the island of [San Lazzaro](/wiki/San_Lazzaro_degli_Armeni "San Lazzaro degli Armeni") in the lagoon near Venice, Italy. A temporary pavilion was constructed on the grounds of the monastery to house the exhibit, consisting of a square room painted black with one source of illumination–a thin, continuous line of light set into all four walls of the room at the viewers eye\-level, serving as a horizontal division between above and below.{{cite web \| last\=Griffiths \| first\=Words Alyn \| title\=Your black horizon: an installation by Olafur Eliasson and David Adjaye \| website\=Port Magazine \| date\=14 August 2012 \| url\=https://www.port\-magazine.com/design/your\-black\-horizon\-an\-installation\-by\-olafur\-eliasson\-and\-david\-adjaye/ \| access\-date\=17 January 2024}} In 2007, the pavilion was relocated to the island of [Lopud](/wiki/Lopud "Lopud"), Croatia near the city of [Dubrovnik](/wiki/Dubrovnik "Dubrovnik"). Since then, it has on several occasions reopened to the public.{{cite web \| last\=Smilović \| first\=Ivana \| title\=Art Pavilion ‘Your Black Horizon’ to open its doors on Lopud again \| website\=The Dubrovnik Times \| date\=17 May 2018 \| url\=https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/news/dubrovnik/item/4529\-art\-pavilion\-your\-black\-horizon\-to\-open\-its\-doors\-on\-lopud\-again \| access\-date\=17 January 2024}}{{cite web \| title\=Umjetnički paviljon "Your Black Horizon" ponovo otvoren za posjetitelje – Pogledaj.to \| website\=Pogledaj.to\| date\=10 May 2016 \| url\=https://pogledaj.to/arhitektura/umjetnicki\-paviljon\-your\-black\-horizon\-ponovo\-otvoren\-za\-posjetitelje/ \| language\=hr \| access\-date\=17 January 2024}}{{cite web \| title\=Olafur Eliasson and David Adjaye – Your black horizon Art Pavilion, August \- October 2021\| website\=Thyssen\-Bornemisza Art Contemporary \| url\=https://tba21\.org/lopud \| access\-date\=17 January 2024}}
### *Your mobile expectations: BMW H2R project*
Olafur was commissioned by [BMW](/wiki/BMW "BMW") in 2007 to create the sixteenth art car for the [BMW Art Car Project](/wiki/BMW_Art_Car_Project "BMW Art Car Project"). Based on the hydrogen\-powered [BMW H2R](/wiki/BMW_H2R "BMW H2R") concept vehicle, Olafur and his team removed the automobile's alloy body and instead replaced it with a new interlocking framework of reflective steel bars and mesh. Layers of ice were created by spraying approximately 530 gallons of water during a period of several days upon the structure. On display, the frozen sculpture is glowing from within. *Your mobile expectations: BMW H2R project* was on special display in a temperature controlled room at the [San Francisco Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art "San Francisco Museum of Modern Art") from 2007 to 2008[Olafur Eliasson: Your Tempo, September 8, 2007 – January 13, 2008](https://www.sfmoma.org/exhibition/your-tempo/) San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. and at the [Pinakothek der Moderne](/wiki/Pinakothek_der_Moderne "Pinakothek der Moderne"), Munich, in 2008\.
### *The New York City Waterfalls*
{{Main\|New York City Waterfalls}}
[thumb\|Waterfall under the Brooklyn Bridge. The bridge in the background is the Manhattan Bridge.](/wiki/File:Nyc-waterfalls.jpg "Nyc-waterfalls.jpg")
Olafur was commissioned by [The Public Art Fund](/wiki/Public_Art_Fund "Public Art Fund") to create four man\-made waterfalls, called *The New York City Waterfalls*, ranging in a height from 90 to 120 ft., in [New York Harbor](/wiki/New_York_Harbor "New York Harbor"). The installation ran from 26 June through 13 October 2008\. At $15\.5 million, it was the most expensive [public arts](/wiki/Public_art "Public art") project since [Christo and Jeanne\-Claude](/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude "Christo and Jeanne-Claude")'s installation of *[The Gates](/wiki/The_Gates "The Gates")* in [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park "Central Park").{{Cite web\|last\=Dobnik\|first\=Verena\|date\=2008\-06\-21\|title\=NYC getting Waterfalls off shore of Manhattan\|url\=https://www.statesboroherald.com/nation/national/nyc\-getting\-waterfalls\-off\-shore\-of\-manhattan/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-24\|website\=Statesboro Herald\|agency\=Associated Press}}
### *The Parliament of Reality*
Dedicated on 15 May 2009, this permanent sculpture stands at [Bard College](/wiki/Bard_College "Bard College"), Annandale\-on\-Hudson, NY. The installation is based on the original Icelandic parliament, [Althingi](/wiki/Althing "Althing"), one of the world's earliest democratic forums. The artist envisions the project as a place where students and visitors can gather to relax, discuss ideas, or have an argument. The parliament of reality emphasizes that negotiation should be the core of any educational scheme. The man\-made island is surrounded by a 30\-foot circular lake, 24 trees, and wild grasses. The {{convert\|100\|ft\|m\|adj\=mid\|\-diameter}} island is composed of a cut\-bluestone, [compass](/wiki/Compass "Compass")\-like floor pattern (based upon meridian lines and navigational charts), on top of which 30 river\-washed boulders create an outdoor seating area for students and the public to gather. The island is reached by a 20\-foot\-long stainless steel lattice\-canopied bridge, creating the effect that visitors are entering a stage or outdoor forum. Frogs gather in this wiry mesh at night, creating an enjoyable symphony.
### *Colour experiment paintings* (2009–)
For his ongoing series of *Colour experiment paintings* – which began in 2009 – Olafur started analyzing pigments, paint production and application of colour in order to mix paint in the exact colour for each nanometre of the visible light spectrum. This body of work features color wheels that are created in a variety of spectrums. He also explores the work of [Caspar David Friedrich](/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich "Caspar David Friedrich").{{Cite web \|last\=Amadour \|first\=Ricky \|date\=2022\-03\-08 \|title\=Olafur Eliasson: Your light spectrum and presence \|url\=https://brooklynrail.org/2022/03/artseen/Olafur\-Eliasson\-Your\-light\-spectrum\-and\-presence \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-23 \|website\=The Brooklyn Rail \|language\=en\-US}} In 2014, Olafur analyzed seven paintings by [J. M. W. Turner](/wiki/J._M._W._Turner "J. M. W. Turner") to create *Turner colour experiments*, which isolate and record Turner's use of light and colour.[Olafur Eliasson: Turner colour experiments, 26 August 2014 – 25 January 2015](http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/display/olafur-eliasson-turner-colour-experiments) [Tate Britain](/wiki/Tate_Britain "Tate Britain"), London.
In April 2023, his artwork *Colour experiment no. 114* was used as the artwork for the Peter Gabriel song "[i/o](/wiki/I/O_%28song%29 "I/O (song)")", from the forthcoming album of the same name.
### *Harpa*
{{Main\|Harpa (concert hall)}}
Olafur designed the facade of [Harpa](/wiki/Harpa_%28concert_hall%29 "Harpa (concert hall)"), [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk "Reykjavík")'s new concert hall and conference centre which was completed in 2011\. In close collaboration with his studio team and [Henning Larsen Architects](/wiki/Henning_Larsen_Architects "Henning Larsen Architects"), the designers of the building, Olafur has designed a unique facade consisting of large quasi bricks, a stackable twelve sided module in steel and glass. The facade will reflect the city life and the different light composed by the movements of the sun and varying weather. During the night the glass bricks are lit up by different colored LED lights. The building was opened on 13 May 2011, and garnered acclaim.{{Cite web\|last\=Prisco\|first\=Jacopo\|date\=2018\-11\-01\|title\=Olafur Eliasson: The man who creates bold new worlds to remind us we only have one\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/olafur\-eliasson\-experience\-phaidon/index.html\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13\|website\=CNN\|language\=en}}
### *Your rainbow panorama*
[thumb\|*Your rainbow panorama* at [ARoS Art Museum](/wiki/ARoS_Aarhus_Kunstmuseum "ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum") in Aarhus, Denmark.](/wiki/File:Your_rainbow_panorama_p%C3%A5_taget_af_ARoS_Aarhus_Kunstmuseum.jpg "Your rainbow panorama på taget af ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum.jpg")
Olafur's artwork *Your rainbow panorama* consists of a circular, {{convert\|150\|m\|ft}} long and {{convert\|3\|m\|ft}} wide corridor made of glass in every color of the spectrum. It has a diameter of {{convert\|52\|m\|ft}} and is mounted on {{convert\|3\.5\|m\|ft}} high columns on top of the roof of the [ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum](/wiki/ARoS_Aarhus_Kunstmuseum "ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum") in [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus "Aarhus"). It opened in May 2011\. Visitors can walk through the corridor and have a panoramic view of the city.{{cite web\|url\=http://en.aros.dk/the\-collection/your\-rainbow\-panorama/\|title\=Your rainbow panorama\|access\-date\=2 May 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728195318/http://en.aros.dk/the\-collection/your\-rainbow\-panorama/\|archive\-date\=28 July 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
Construction cost 60 million [Danish kroner](/wiki/Danish_kroner "Danish kroner") and was funded by the [Realdania](/wiki/Realdania "Realdania") foundation.{{cite web\|url\=http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Eliassons\-room\-with\-a\-rainbow\-view\-brings\-record\-visitors\-to\-Aros/30238\|title\=Eliasson's room with a rainbow view brings record visitors to Aros\|date\=28 August 2013\|first\=Hanne Cecilie\|last\=Gulstad\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831143040/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Eliassons\-room\-with\-a\-rainbow\-view\-brings\-record\-visitors\-to\-Aros/30238\|archive\-date\=31 August 2013}}
Olafur's idea was chosen in 2007 among five other proposals in a bidding process by a panel of judges. At night the artwork is lit from the inside by spotlights in the floor.{{citation needed\|date\=May 2014}}
### *Moon*
In November 2013, at the [Falling Walls Conference](/wiki/Falling_Walls_%28Conference%29 "Falling Walls (Conference)"), Olafur presented with [Ai Weiwei](/wiki/Ai_Weiwei "Ai Weiwei") their collaboration *Moon*, an open digital platform that allows users to draw on a replica of the moon via their web browser. Eliasson presented the platform as "a sphere on which you can make a mark. Not just to make a mark, but make a mark that matters to you. Make your wish, make your dream. Do something." Accessible to anyone, it attracted over 35,000 participants within the first six weeks.{{cite web \| last\=Cembalest \| first\=Robin \| title\=How Ai Weiwei and Olafur Eliasson Got 35,000 People to Draw on the Moon \| website\=ARTnews.com \| date\=19 December 2013 \| url\=https://www.artnews.com/art\-news/news/how\-ai\-weiwei\-and\-olafur\-eliasson\-got\-35000\-people\-to\-draw\-on\-the\-moon\-2364/ \| access\-date\=18 January 2024}}{{cite web \| last\=Feinstein \| first\=Laura \| title\=Make Your Mark On The Moon With Olafur Eliasson and Ai Weiwei \| website\=VICE \| date\=19 February 2014 \| url\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/yp5zkj/make\-your\-mark\-on\-the\-moon\-with\-olafur\-eliasson\-and\-ai\-weiwei \| access\-date\=18 January 2024}}
### *Contact*
From December 17, 2014, to February 23, 2015, [Fondation Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Fondation_Louis_Vuitton "Fondation Louis Vuitton"), Paris. The artworks appear as a sequence of events along a journey. Moving through passageways and expansive installations, visitors become part of a choreography of darkness, light, geometry, and reflections. Along the way, optical devices, models, and a meteorite reflect Olafur's on\-going investigations into the mechanisms of perception and the construction of space.
### Ice Watch Series
The relation between bodily reaction and art as well as the raising of awareness of climate change is explored in *Ice Watch* (2014\-2018\). With the installation of enormous ice blocks in various places of the world (Copenhagen in 2014, Paris in 2015 and London in 2018\), Olafur responds to major Climate Change conferences and reports. With his project beginning in 2014, he transports twelve ice\-blocks from the Nuup Kangerlua fjord in Greenland to the streets of Copenhagen. The ice\-blocks are placed in the shape of a circle. Each ice block weighs between 1\.5 and 5 tonnes.{{Cite web\|title\=Ice Watch • Artwork • Studio Olafur Eliasson\|url\=https://olafureliasson.net/archive/artwork/WEK109190/ice\-watch\|access\-date\=2021\-03\-26\|website\=olafureliasson.net}}{{Cite journal\|last\=Hornby\|first\=Louise\|date\=2017\|title\=Appropriating the Weather: Olafur Eliasson and Climate Control\|url\=https://read.dukeupress.edu/environmental\-humanities/article/9/1/60/8250/Appropriating\-the\-WeatherOlafur\-Eliasson\-and\|journal\=Environmental Humanities\|volume\=9\|issue\=1\|pages\=60–83\|doi\=10\.1215/22011919\-3829136\|doi\-access\=free}} In November 2015, Olafur together with geologist Minik Rosing again transported twelve enormous blocks of ice from Greenland to Place du Panthéon in Paris. The installation was timed with the UN Climate Change Conference that was held in Paris. The installation was once again repeated in 2018, when Olafur divided a total of thirty ice\-blocks between two locations in London: 24 blocks at the banks of the Tate Modern museum, and 6 blocks before the Bloomberg headquarters.
[Timothy Morton](/wiki/Timothy_Morton "Timothy Morton") lists *Ice Watch* as an example of how art can help humans understand their relationship with nonhumans amidst ecological crisis, arguing that it "seriously stretched or went beyond prefabricated concepts, in a friendly and simple, yet deep way". Louise Hornby argued that *Ice Watch* has "poignancy" but also “funnels time and melting ice through the spectator’s own experience \[...] The imperative to watch asserts the central agency of the experiencing subject", which is unfitting because the "glaciers will melt, whether or not we see them”.
### *Vertical Panorama Pavilion* (2022\)
Commissioned by Mei and Allan Warburg for the Donum Estate
winery in Sonoma, California, in 2019, the *Vertical Panorama Pavilion* is built to accommodate up to 12 guests and inspired by the history of circular calendars. The pavilion's roof features 832 laminated panels of recycled glass in 24 colors and is supported by 12 stainless\-steel columns. From afar, only the translucent rainbow glass tiled canopy can be seen.Stephanie Sporn (2 August 2022\), [Olafur Eliasson unveils a prismatic tasting pavilion at a California winery](https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/02/olafur-eliasson-sebastian-behmann-tasting-pavilion-donum-estate-california) *[The Art Newspaper](/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper "The Art Newspaper")*.
### Other projects
In 2005–2007, Olafur and classical violin maker [Hans Jóhannsson](/wiki/Hans_J%C3%B3hannsson "Hans Jóhannsson") completed work on the development of a new instrument, with the objective to reinterpret the traditions of 17th\- and 18th\-century violin making using today's technology and a contemporary visual aesthetic.Alice Rawsthorn (December 9, 2007\), [Next Violin, The](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/magazine/09nextviolin.html) *[New York Times Magazine](/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine "New York Times Magazine")*.
Commissioned by [Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton "Louis Vuitton") in 2006, lamps titled *Eye See You* were installed in the [Christmas windows](/wiki/Christmas_window "Christmas window") of Louis Vuitton stores; a lamp titled *You See Me* went on permanent display at [Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton "Louis Vuitton") Fifth Avenue, New York.{{citation \| title\= Eliasson's "Eyes" Draw Stares on NY's Fifth Avenue\| author\=Jacquelyn Lewis \| publisher\=BLOUINARTINFO \| date\= 8 May 2007 \| url\=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/24876/eliassons\-eyes\-draw\-stares\-on\-nys\-fifth\-avenue/ \| access\-date\=23 April 2008 }} Each deliberately low\-tech apparatus, of which there are about 400, is composed of a monofrequency light source and a parabolic mirror.Alix Browne (November 5, 2006\), [An I for an Eye](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/magazine/05matter.html) *[New York Times Magazine](/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine "New York Times Magazine")*. All fees from the project were donated to 121Ethiopia.org, a charitable foundation initially established by Olafur and his wife to renovate an orphanage. Cynthia Zarin of *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")* described *Your wave is* (2006\) as a "major work".
In 2007, Olafur developed the stage design for *[Phaedra](/wiki/Phaedra_%28opera%29 "Phaedra (opera)")*, an opera production at the [Berlin State Opera](/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera "Berlin State Opera").
In a 2008 review of the *Take Your Time* retrospective (at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art "Museum of Modern Art")), Peter Schjeldahl described Olafur as far superior to other "crowd\-pleasing installational artists" of his generation; he wrote that the retrospective has some filler but also "lovely, subtly disorienting effects". He praised the artist as avoiding excessive political activism and [Matthew Barney](/wiki/Matthew_Barney "Matthew Barney")'s "implications of mystical portent". Schjeldahl interpreted the artist as raising awareness "of the neurological susceptibilities that condition all of what we see and may think we know.” Reviewing the same retrospective, Lauren Weinberg of [*Time Out*](/wiki/Time_Out_%28magazine%29 "Time Out (magazine)") praised *Beauty* (1993\); the "discomfiting" works like 1997's *Room for one colour* and *Ventilator*; and the works involving the sense of smell, such as *Moss wall* (1994\) and *Soil quasi bricks* (2003\). She argued that *Moss wall* "evokes Scandinavia more powerfully than Eliasson’s dozens of photographs of rivers, caves and other natural features of Iceland, which fill one room of the show."
His seventh solo exhibition, *Volcanos and shelters* at [Tanya Bonakdar Gallery](/wiki/Tanya_Bonakdar_Gallery "Tanya Bonakdar Gallery"), is about nature and specifically Iceland. In *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, Roberta Smith praised it as his "most gimmick\-free \[exhibition] in a while. The refreshing back\-to\-basics mood is a welcome break from the immersive complexities of his recent perception\-altering environments.”
Along with [James Corner](/wiki/James_Corner "James Corner")'s landscape architecture firm Field Operations and architecture firm [Diller Scofidio \+ Renfro](/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro "Diller Scofidio + Renfro"), Olafur was part of the design team for New York's [High Line](/wiki/High_Line "High Line") park.[Design Team](http://www.thehighline.org/design/design-team-selection/field-operations-diller-scofidio-renfro) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307172250/http://www.thehighline.org/design/design\-team\-selection/field\-operations\-diller\-scofidio\-renfro \|date\=2011\-03\-07 }} High Line. Olafur was originally supposed to create an outdoor\-based artwork for the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics "2012 Summer Olympics"); however, his proposed £1 million ($1\.6 million) project *Take A Deep Breath* – which involved recording people breathingRoslyn Sulcas (July 12, 2012\), [Olafur Eliasson Brings Sunlight Back to Tate Modern](http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/olafur-elaisson-brings-sunlight-back-to-tate-modern/) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")*. – was rejected due to funding problems.[Olafur Eliasson art project rejected by Olympics bosses](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17674481) *[BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC")*, 11 April 2012\.
In 2012 Olafur and engineer Frederik Ottesen founded [Little Sun](/wiki/Little_Sun "Little Sun"), a company that produces solar powered LED lamps.{{cite web
\|url \= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jul/12/olafur\-eliasson\-cheap\-solar\-lamp
\|title \= Olafur Eliasson produces cheap solar lamp for developing countries
\|date \= July 12, 2012
\|first \= Charlotte
\|last \= Higgins
\|work \= \[\[The Guardian]]
\|access\-date \= June 16, 2015
}}
In 2014 it was announced that his work *Kissing Earth*, representing two globes, was to be placed in front of the newly built [Rotterdam Centraal](/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_station "Rotterdam Centraal station") train station in the Netherlands. After protests by Rotterdam residents and concerns over the expected costs the impopular project was cancelled in 2016\. The square in front of the station remained empty.[Algemeen Dagblad 29\-6\-2016](https://www.ad.nl/rotterdam/rotterdam-haalt-streep-door-gele-ballen-op-stationsplein~a6570c06/); [RTV Rijnmond, 'Wereldbollen Rotterdam Centraal gaan niet door'](https://www.rijnmond.nl/nieuws/143591/Wereldbollen-Rotterdam-Centraal-gaan-niet-door)
It was reported in October 2019 that Olafur was commissioned by the [German government](/wiki/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet "Fourth Merkel cabinet") to create a "pan\-European work of art" for the German [European Council](/wiki/European_Council "European Council") [presidency](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council "President of the European Council") in the second half of 2020\.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/germany\-asks\-olafur\-eliasson\-to\-create\-pan\-european\-work\-of\-art\-for\-eu\-presidency\|title\=Olafur Eliasson will create 'pan\-European' work of art for Germany's EU presidency next year\|website\=www.theartnewspaper.com\|date\=21 October 2019\|access\-date\=2019\-10\-21}}
[Laura Cumming](/wiki/Laura_Cumming "Laura Cumming") awarded the *In real life* survey four out of five stars, especially praising *Your blind passenger*. She found some of the art (like the ice boulders from Greenland) didactic but still wrote, "Each piece conveys the strange extremes of Iceland with all the condensed power of a sonnet".{{Cite web\|last\=Cumming\|first\=Laura\|date\=2019\-07\-14\|title\=Olafur Eliasson: In Real Life; Takis – review\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/jul/14/olafur\-eliasson\-in\-real\-life\-takis\-review\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13\|website\=The Guardian\|language\=en}} Anna Souter, however, expressed a lukewarm view of the *In real life* exhibition in *[Hyperallergic](/wiki/Hyperallergic "Hyperallergic")*, writing that *Room for one colour* was more powerful at London's National Gallery than at Tate Modern and that *Your uncertain shadow (colour)* (2010\) "feels like little more than a clever, visual trick." She also reported that some in the art world find Olafur's work unsettling because "\[m]ost people like Olafur Eliasson, and many curators and critics don’t like it when most people like the same things they do."
Olafur's [AR](/wiki/Augmented_reality "Augmented reality") Wunderkammer project, available through an app, is being used to place objects in the user's environment. These objects include burning suns, extraterrestrial rocks, and rare animals.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/14/olafur\-eliasson\-augmented\-reality\-wunderkammer/\|title\=Olafur Eliasson creates augmented\-reality cabinet of curiosities\|date\=14 May 2020\|language\=en\-US\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-17}}
According to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*, the works by Olafur that he considers highlights are *Five Dimensional Pavilion* (1998\), *Model room* (2003\), *Sphere* (2003\), *Your Invisible House* (2003\), *The Parliament of Reality* (2006–09\), the facades of [Harpa](/wiki/Harpa_%28concert_hall%29 "Harpa (concert hall)") (2005–11\), *Your Rainbow Panorama* (2006\-2011\), the 2007 [Serpentine Gallery Pavilion](/wiki/Serpentine_Galleries "Serpentine Galleries"), *Colour activity house* (2010\), *The Triangular Sky* (2013\), and *Cirkelbroen* (2015\).{{Cite news\|date\=2016\-04\-12\|title\=Islands and origami: Olafur Eliasson on his greatest hits – in pictures\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=The Guardian\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/apr/12/islands\-and\-origami\-olafur\-eliasson\-on\-his\-greatest\-hits\-in\-pictures\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13\|issn\=0261\-3077}} He deemed *Beauty* (1993\) and *The presence of absence pavilion* (2019\) the highlights of the 2019–2020 *In real life* exhibition.{{Cite web\|last\=Beautyman\|first\=Mairi\|date\=2019\-09\-10\|title\=10 Questions With... Olafur Eliasson\|url\=https://www.interiordesign.net/articles/16931\-10\-questions\-with\-olafur\-eliasson/\|access\-date\=2021\-07\-13\|website\=Interior Design\|language\=en\-us}}
|
[
"Selected works and projects\n---------------------------",
"### *Beauty* (1993\\)",
"Nadine Wojcik, after attending the *In real life* exhibition in 2019, dubbed *Beauty* (1993\\) a \"simple yet powerful water installation that evokes a rainbow via spotlights.” Anna Souter called the work \"a reminder of the intensely fragile beauty of the natural world and its elements. \\[...] it’s simply and superbly beautiful\".{{Cite web\\|last\\=Souter\\|first\\=Anna\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-05\\|title\\=The Sprawling Ecologies of Olafur Eliasson\\|url\\=http://hyperallergic.com/510475/olafur\\-eliasson\\-in\\-real\\-life/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=Hyperallergic\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### *Ventilator* pieces",
"Early works by Olafur consist of oscillating electric fans hanging from the ceiling. *Ventilator* (1997\\) swings back and forth and around, rotating on its axis.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Weinberg\\|first\\=Lauren\\|date\\=2009\\-05\\-10\\|title\\=Olafur Eliasson at Museum of Contemporary Art {{!}} Art review\\|url\\=https://www.timeout.com/chicago/art/olafur\\-eliasson\\-at\\-museum\\-of\\-contemporary\\-art\\-art\\-review\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=Time Out Chicago\\|language\\=en}} *Quadrible light ventilator mobile* (2002–2007\\) is a rotating electrically powered mobile comprising a searchlight and four fans blowing air around the exhibition room and scanning it with the light cone.[Olafur Eliasson: *Quadrible light ventilator mobile* (2002–07\\)](http://www.arken.dk/content/us/art/arkens_collection/installation_and_media_art/olafur_eliasson) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712123241/http://www.arken.dk/content/us/art/arkens\\_collection/installation\\_and\\_media\\_art/olafur\\_eliasson \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-12 }} [Arken Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Arken_Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Arken Museum of Modern Art\"). In a 2008 review of the *Take Your Time* retrospective (at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\")), Peter Schjeldahl dubbed *Ventilator* \"a witty finesse of the MOMA atrium’s space\\-splurging grandiosity\"",
"### *The weather project*",
"[thumbnail\\|*The weather project* at Tate modern](/wiki/File:Tate.modern.weather.project.jpg \"Tate.modern.weather.project.jpg\")",
"*The weather project* was installed at the London's [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern \"Tate Modern\") in 2003 as part of the popular [Unilever series](/wiki/Tate_Modern%23The_Turbine_Hall \"Tate Modern#The Turbine Hall\"). The installation filled the open space of the gallery's Turbine Hall.",
"Olafur used [humidifiers](/wiki/Humidifiers \"Humidifiers\") to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of sugar and water, as well as a semicircular disc (reflected by the ceiling mirror to appear circular){{Cite web\\|url\\=http://telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3606332/A\\-terrifying\\-beauty.html\\|title \\= A terrifying beauty\\| date\\=12 November 2003 }} made up of hundreds of [monochromatic](/wiki/Monochromatic \"Monochromatic\") lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge [mirror](/wiki/Mirror \"Mirror\"), in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of orange light symbolizing the sun.{{cite book\\|last1\\=Holzwarth\\|first1\\=Hans W.\\|title\\=100 Contemporary Artists A\\-Z\\|date\\=2009\\|publisher\\=Taschen\\|location\\=Köln\\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-8365\\-1490\\-3\\|page\\=156\\|edition\\=Taschen's 25th anniversary special}} Many visitors responded to this exhibition by lying on their backs and waving their hands and legs. Art critic [Brian O'Doherty](/wiki/Brian_O%27Doherty \"Brian O'Doherty\") described this as viewers \"intoxicated with their own narcissism as they ponder themselves elevated into the sky.\"\"Public Spectacle: Mark Godfrey and Rosie Bennett talk to Brian O'Doherty,\" *Frieze,* issue 80, Jan./Feb. 2004, p. 56\\.",
"*The Weather Project* was highly successful. Open for six months, the work reportedly attracted two million visitors, many of whom were repeat visitors. O'Doherty was positive about the piece when talking to [*Frieze*](/wiki/Frieze_magazine \"Frieze magazine\") magazine in 2003, saying that it was \"the first time I've seen the enormously dismal space—like a coffin for a giant—socialized in an effective way.\" [*The Telegraph*](/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph \"The Daily Telegraph\")'s Richard Dorment praised its \"beauty and power\".{{Cite news\\|last\\=Dorment\\|first\\=Richard\\|date\\=2003\\-11\\-12\\|title\\=A terrifying beauty\\|newspaper\\=The Telegraph\\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/3606332/A\\-terrifying\\-beauty.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13}} It remains his most famous work and ranked 11th in a poll by *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")* of the best art since 2000, with [Jonathan Jones](/wiki/Jonathan_Jones_%28journalist%29 \"Jonathan Jones (journalist)\") describing Olafur as \"one of the century’s most significant artists.\".{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Searle\\|first1\\=Adrian\\|last2\\=Jones\\|first2\\=Jonathan\\|last3\\=O'Hagan\\|first3\\=Sean\\|last4\\=Judah\\|first4\\=Hettie\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-17\\|title\\=The best art of the 21st century\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/sep/17/the\\-best\\-visual\\-art\\-of\\-the\\-21st\\-century\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|language\\=en}} The Weather Project attempted to give viewers the impression that they were near the sun inside the clouds, but in actuality, a large semicircle was suspended from a mirror ceiling, giving the impression that the reflection was a full circle. The mirrors on the ceiling produced the image of the space below that was visible. The audience completed the effect by frequently being observed lying down on their backs, staring at the ceiling, and making various motions to observe their reflections. This was done by both adults and children.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Olafur Eliasson's Weather Project – Everything you should know \\|url\\=https://publicdelivery.org/olafur\\-eliasson\\-the\\-weather\\-project/\\#About\\_the\\_Weather\\_Project \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-12\\-08 \\|website\\=publicdelivery.org}}",
"### Light installations",
"[thumb\\|right\\|*Your Oceanic Feeling* (2015\\) at the [Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden](/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden \"Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden\") in 2022](/wiki/File:Your_Oceanic_Feeling%2C_2015%2C_Olafur_Eliasson_at_Hirshhorn_2022.jpeg \"Your Oceanic Feeling, 2015, Olafur Eliasson at Hirshhorn 2022.jpeg\")",
"Olafur has been developing various experiments with atmospheric density in exhibition spaces. In *Room For One Colour* (1998\\), a corridor lit by [low pressure sodium lamps](/wiki/Low-pressure_sodium \"Low-pressure sodium\"), the participants find themselves in a room filled with monochromatic yellow light which affects their perception of colours. Another installation, *360 degrees Room For All Colours* (2002\\), is a round light\\-sculpture where participants lose their sense of space and perspective, and experience being subsumed by an intense light.[Ólafur Eliasson: Colour memory and other informal shadows, January 24 – May 2, 2004](http://afmuseet.no/?exhibition_id=1&language=en) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405073625/http://afmuseet.no/?exhibition\\_id\\=1\\&language\\=en \\|date\\=April 5, 2012 }} [Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Astrup_Fearnley_Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Astrup Fearnley Museum of Modern Art\"). Olafur's later installation *Din blinde passager (Your blind passenger)* (2010\\), commissioned by the [Arken Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Arken_Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Arken Museum of Modern Art\"), is a 90\\-metre\\-long tunnel. Entering the tunnel, the visitor is surrounded by dense fog. With visibility at just 1\\.5 metres, museumgoers have to use senses other than sight to orient themselves in relation to their surroundings.[Olafur Eliasson – Din blinde passager at ARKEN](http://www.arken.dk/content/us/press/news/new_olafur_eliasson_installation_at_arken) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712044722/http://www.arken.dk/content/us/press/news/new\\_olafur\\_eliasson\\_installation\\_at\\_arken \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-12 }} [Arken Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Arken_Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Arken Museum of Modern Art\"). After attending the 2019 *In real life* exhibition, Souter deemed *Your blind passenger* one of Olafur's finest works, reporting that she felt \"alone in the universe. \\[...] I thought I could see my own irises, flashing as a ring of blue in front of me, and I could hear my own heartbeat in my ears.\" For *Feelings are facts*, the first time Olafur has worked with Chinese architect [Yansong Ma](/wiki/Yansong_Ma \"Yansong Ma\") as well as his first exhibition in China, Olafur introduces condensed banks of artificially produced fog into the gallery of [Ullens Center for Contemporary Art](/wiki/Ullens_Center_for_Contemporary_Art \"Ullens Center for Contemporary Art\"), Beijing. Hundreds of fluorescent lights are installed in the ceiling as a grid of red, green, and blue zones.",
"### *Green river*",
"In 1998, Olafur discovered that [uranin](/wiki/Uranin \"Uranin\"), a readily available nontoxic powder used to trace leaks in plumbing systems, could dye entire rivers a sickly fluorescent green. Olafur conducted a test run in the [Spree](/wiki/Spree_%28river%29 \"Spree (river)\") River during the 1998 [Berlin Biennale](/wiki/Berlin_Biennale \"Berlin Biennale\"), scattering a handful of powder from a bridge near [Museum Island](/wiki/Museum_Island \"Museum Island\"). He began introducing the environmentally safe dye to rivers in [Moss, Norway](/wiki/Moss%2C_Norway \"Moss, Norway\") (1998\\), Bremen (1998\\), Los Angeles (1999\\), [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\") (2000\\) and Tokyo (2001\\) — always without advance warning. He first achieved international prominence with *Green river*, which initially made Stockholm pedestrians concerned that the city's water had been tainted.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-11\\|title\\=Why did Olafur Eliasson turn these rivers green? – Public Delivery\\|url\\=https://publicdelivery.org/olafur\\-eliasson\\-green\\-river/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=Public Delivery}}",
"### *Riverbed*",
"At Denmark's [Louisiana Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Louisiana_Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Louisiana Museum of Modern Art\") in 2014–2015, Olafur created a riverbed installation. He compiled natural rocks, dirt, and water to transform the gallery space into a landscape and titled the piece, \"*Riverbed*\". Olafur captures physical phenomena in a way that appears both real and slightly artificial, while contained in a constructed space that invites viewers to participate. *Riverbed* becomes an immersive experience, using all five senses, in which the individuals can either follow or curiously step away from. Freedom exists in both of these actions, allowing the participant to discover a paradox or enter a void, questioning their true freedom and will happening within a designed system.",
"In a 2014 review of the exhibition, Svava Riesto and Henriette Steiner said that Olafur \"cuts us off from the surroundings and imports a different and rough beauty\"; they described the view of the stony landscape as \"meticulously framed\". However, they also speculated that Olafur aimed to make viewers see Louisiana differently and failed, creating a work that differs little from Louisiana: \"The question about \\[...] how it really made us see things in new ways is still unanswered.\"{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Riesto\\|first1\\=Svava\\|last2\\=Steiner\\|first2\\=Henriette\\|date\\=2014\\-09\\-17\\|title\\=Riverbed – Olafur Eliasson\\|url\\=https://www.toposmagazine.com/riverbed\\-olafur\\-eliasson\\-tyranny\\-place/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=Topos\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### Iceland photographs",
"In regular intervals, Olafur presents grids of various color photographs, all taken in Iceland. Each group of images focuses on a single subject: volcanoes, hot springs and huts isolated in the wilderness.[Roberta Smith](/wiki/Roberta_Smith \"Roberta Smith\") (November 15, 2012\\), [Art in Review; Olafur Eliasson: ‘Volcanoes and shelters’](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/16/arts/design/olafur-eliasson-volcanoes-and-shelters.html) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*. In his very first series he attempted to shoot all of Iceland's bridges. A later series from 1996 documented the aftermath of a volcanic eruption under the [Vatnajökull](/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull \"Vatnajökull\"). Often these photographs are shot from the air, in a small rented plane traditionally used by mapmakers. Arranged in a grid, the photographs recall the repetitive images of the German photographers [Bernd and Hilla Becher](/wiki/Bernd_and_Hilla_Becher \"Bernd and Hilla Becher\").",
"### *Your black horizon*",
"This project, a light installation commissioned for the [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale \"Venice Biennale\") by Thyssen\\-Bornemisza Art Contemporary in collaboration with [British architect](/wiki/British_architects \"British architects\") [David Adjaye](/wiki/David_Adjaye \"David Adjaye\"), was shown from 1 August to 31 October 2005 on the island of [San Lazzaro](/wiki/San_Lazzaro_degli_Armeni \"San Lazzaro degli Armeni\") in the lagoon near Venice, Italy. A temporary pavilion was constructed on the grounds of the monastery to house the exhibit, consisting of a square room painted black with one source of illumination–a thin, continuous line of light set into all four walls of the room at the viewers eye\\-level, serving as a horizontal division between above and below.{{cite web \\| last\\=Griffiths \\| first\\=Words Alyn \\| title\\=Your black horizon: an installation by Olafur Eliasson and David Adjaye \\| website\\=Port Magazine \\| date\\=14 August 2012 \\| url\\=https://www.port\\-magazine.com/design/your\\-black\\-horizon\\-an\\-installation\\-by\\-olafur\\-eliasson\\-and\\-david\\-adjaye/ \\| access\\-date\\=17 January 2024}} In 2007, the pavilion was relocated to the island of [Lopud](/wiki/Lopud \"Lopud\"), Croatia near the city of [Dubrovnik](/wiki/Dubrovnik \"Dubrovnik\"). Since then, it has on several occasions reopened to the public.{{cite web \\| last\\=Smilović \\| first\\=Ivana \\| title\\=Art Pavilion ‘Your Black Horizon’ to open its doors on Lopud again \\| website\\=The Dubrovnik Times \\| date\\=17 May 2018 \\| url\\=https://www.thedubrovniktimes.com/news/dubrovnik/item/4529\\-art\\-pavilion\\-your\\-black\\-horizon\\-to\\-open\\-its\\-doors\\-on\\-lopud\\-again \\| access\\-date\\=17 January 2024}}{{cite web \\| title\\=Umjetnički paviljon \"Your Black Horizon\" ponovo otvoren za posjetitelje – Pogledaj.to \\| website\\=Pogledaj.to\\| date\\=10 May 2016 \\| url\\=https://pogledaj.to/arhitektura/umjetnicki\\-paviljon\\-your\\-black\\-horizon\\-ponovo\\-otvoren\\-za\\-posjetitelje/ \\| language\\=hr \\| access\\-date\\=17 January 2024}}{{cite web \\| title\\=Olafur Eliasson and David Adjaye – Your black horizon Art Pavilion, August \\- October 2021\\| website\\=Thyssen\\-Bornemisza Art Contemporary \\| url\\=https://tba21\\.org/lopud \\| access\\-date\\=17 January 2024}}",
"### *Your mobile expectations: BMW H2R project*",
"Olafur was commissioned by [BMW](/wiki/BMW \"BMW\") in 2007 to create the sixteenth art car for the [BMW Art Car Project](/wiki/BMW_Art_Car_Project \"BMW Art Car Project\"). Based on the hydrogen\\-powered [BMW H2R](/wiki/BMW_H2R \"BMW H2R\") concept vehicle, Olafur and his team removed the automobile's alloy body and instead replaced it with a new interlocking framework of reflective steel bars and mesh. Layers of ice were created by spraying approximately 530 gallons of water during a period of several days upon the structure. On display, the frozen sculpture is glowing from within. *Your mobile expectations: BMW H2R project* was on special display in a temperature controlled room at the [San Francisco Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art \"San Francisco Museum of Modern Art\") from 2007 to 2008[Olafur Eliasson: Your Tempo, September 8, 2007 – January 13, 2008](https://www.sfmoma.org/exhibition/your-tempo/) San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. and at the [Pinakothek der Moderne](/wiki/Pinakothek_der_Moderne \"Pinakothek der Moderne\"), Munich, in 2008\\.",
"### *The New York City Waterfalls*",
"{{Main\\|New York City Waterfalls}}\n[thumb\\|Waterfall under the Brooklyn Bridge. The bridge in the background is the Manhattan Bridge.](/wiki/File:Nyc-waterfalls.jpg \"Nyc-waterfalls.jpg\")\nOlafur was commissioned by [The Public Art Fund](/wiki/Public_Art_Fund \"Public Art Fund\") to create four man\\-made waterfalls, called *The New York City Waterfalls*, ranging in a height from 90 to 120 ft., in [New York Harbor](/wiki/New_York_Harbor \"New York Harbor\"). The installation ran from 26 June through 13 October 2008\\. At $15\\.5 million, it was the most expensive [public arts](/wiki/Public_art \"Public art\") project since [Christo and Jeanne\\-Claude](/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude \"Christo and Jeanne-Claude\")'s installation of *[The Gates](/wiki/The_Gates \"The Gates\")* in [Central Park](/wiki/Central_Park \"Central Park\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Dobnik\\|first\\=Verena\\|date\\=2008\\-06\\-21\\|title\\=NYC getting Waterfalls off shore of Manhattan\\|url\\=https://www.statesboroherald.com/nation/national/nyc\\-getting\\-waterfalls\\-off\\-shore\\-of\\-manhattan/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-24\\|website\\=Statesboro Herald\\|agency\\=Associated Press}}",
"### *The Parliament of Reality*",
"Dedicated on 15 May 2009, this permanent sculpture stands at [Bard College](/wiki/Bard_College \"Bard College\"), Annandale\\-on\\-Hudson, NY. The installation is based on the original Icelandic parliament, [Althingi](/wiki/Althing \"Althing\"), one of the world's earliest democratic forums. The artist envisions the project as a place where students and visitors can gather to relax, discuss ideas, or have an argument. The parliament of reality emphasizes that negotiation should be the core of any educational scheme. The man\\-made island is surrounded by a 30\\-foot circular lake, 24 trees, and wild grasses. The {{convert\\|100\\|ft\\|m\\|adj\\=mid\\|\\-diameter}} island is composed of a cut\\-bluestone, [compass](/wiki/Compass \"Compass\")\\-like floor pattern (based upon meridian lines and navigational charts), on top of which 30 river\\-washed boulders create an outdoor seating area for students and the public to gather. The island is reached by a 20\\-foot\\-long stainless steel lattice\\-canopied bridge, creating the effect that visitors are entering a stage or outdoor forum. Frogs gather in this wiry mesh at night, creating an enjoyable symphony.",
"### *Colour experiment paintings* (2009–)",
"For his ongoing series of *Colour experiment paintings* – which began in 2009 – Olafur started analyzing pigments, paint production and application of colour in order to mix paint in the exact colour for each nanometre of the visible light spectrum. This body of work features color wheels that are created in a variety of spectrums. He also explores the work of [Caspar David Friedrich](/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich \"Caspar David Friedrich\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Amadour \\|first\\=Ricky \\|date\\=2022\\-03\\-08 \\|title\\=Olafur Eliasson: Your light spectrum and presence \\|url\\=https://brooklynrail.org/2022/03/artseen/Olafur\\-Eliasson\\-Your\\-light\\-spectrum\\-and\\-presence \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-23 \\|website\\=The Brooklyn Rail \\|language\\=en\\-US}} In 2014, Olafur analyzed seven paintings by [J. M. W. Turner](/wiki/J._M._W._Turner \"J. M. W. Turner\") to create *Turner colour experiments*, which isolate and record Turner's use of light and colour.[Olafur Eliasson: Turner colour experiments, 26 August 2014 – 25 January 2015](http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/display/olafur-eliasson-turner-colour-experiments) [Tate Britain](/wiki/Tate_Britain \"Tate Britain\"), London.",
"In April 2023, his artwork *Colour experiment no. 114* was used as the artwork for the Peter Gabriel song \"[i/o](/wiki/I/O_%28song%29 \"I/O (song)\")\", from the forthcoming album of the same name.",
"### *Harpa*",
"{{Main\\|Harpa (concert hall)}}\nOlafur designed the facade of [Harpa](/wiki/Harpa_%28concert_hall%29 \"Harpa (concert hall)\"), [Reykjavík](/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk \"Reykjavík\")'s new concert hall and conference centre which was completed in 2011\\. In close collaboration with his studio team and [Henning Larsen Architects](/wiki/Henning_Larsen_Architects \"Henning Larsen Architects\"), the designers of the building, Olafur has designed a unique facade consisting of large quasi bricks, a stackable twelve sided module in steel and glass. The facade will reflect the city life and the different light composed by the movements of the sun and varying weather. During the night the glass bricks are lit up by different colored LED lights. The building was opened on 13 May 2011, and garnered acclaim.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Prisco\\|first\\=Jacopo\\|date\\=2018\\-11\\-01\\|title\\=Olafur Eliasson: The man who creates bold new worlds to remind us we only have one\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/olafur\\-eliasson\\-experience\\-phaidon/index.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=CNN\\|language\\=en}}",
"### *Your rainbow panorama*",
"[thumb\\|*Your rainbow panorama* at [ARoS Art Museum](/wiki/ARoS_Aarhus_Kunstmuseum \"ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum\") in Aarhus, Denmark.](/wiki/File:Your_rainbow_panorama_p%C3%A5_taget_af_ARoS_Aarhus_Kunstmuseum.jpg \"Your rainbow panorama på taget af ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum.jpg\")\nOlafur's artwork *Your rainbow panorama* consists of a circular, {{convert\\|150\\|m\\|ft}} long and {{convert\\|3\\|m\\|ft}} wide corridor made of glass in every color of the spectrum. It has a diameter of {{convert\\|52\\|m\\|ft}} and is mounted on {{convert\\|3\\.5\\|m\\|ft}} high columns on top of the roof of the [ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum](/wiki/ARoS_Aarhus_Kunstmuseum \"ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum\") in [Aarhus](/wiki/Aarhus \"Aarhus\"). It opened in May 2011\\. Visitors can walk through the corridor and have a panoramic view of the city.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://en.aros.dk/the\\-collection/your\\-rainbow\\-panorama/\\|title\\=Your rainbow panorama\\|access\\-date\\=2 May 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728195318/http://en.aros.dk/the\\-collection/your\\-rainbow\\-panorama/\\|archive\\-date\\=28 July 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\nConstruction cost 60 million [Danish kroner](/wiki/Danish_kroner \"Danish kroner\") and was funded by the [Realdania](/wiki/Realdania \"Realdania\") foundation.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Eliassons\\-room\\-with\\-a\\-rainbow\\-view\\-brings\\-record\\-visitors\\-to\\-Aros/30238\\|title\\=Eliasson's room with a rainbow view brings record visitors to Aros\\|date\\=28 August 2013\\|first\\=Hanne Cecilie\\|last\\=Gulstad\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831143040/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Eliassons\\-room\\-with\\-a\\-rainbow\\-view\\-brings\\-record\\-visitors\\-to\\-Aros/30238\\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2013}}",
"Olafur's idea was chosen in 2007 among five other proposals in a bidding process by a panel of judges. At night the artwork is lit from the inside by spotlights in the floor.{{citation needed\\|date\\=May 2014}}",
"### *Moon*",
"In November 2013, at the [Falling Walls Conference](/wiki/Falling_Walls_%28Conference%29 \"Falling Walls (Conference)\"), Olafur presented with [Ai Weiwei](/wiki/Ai_Weiwei \"Ai Weiwei\") their collaboration *Moon*, an open digital platform that allows users to draw on a replica of the moon via their web browser. Eliasson presented the platform as \"a sphere on which you can make a mark. Not just to make a mark, but make a mark that matters to you. Make your wish, make your dream. Do something.\" Accessible to anyone, it attracted over 35,000 participants within the first six weeks.{{cite web \\| last\\=Cembalest \\| first\\=Robin \\| title\\=How Ai Weiwei and Olafur Eliasson Got 35,000 People to Draw on the Moon \\| website\\=ARTnews.com \\| date\\=19 December 2013 \\| url\\=https://www.artnews.com/art\\-news/news/how\\-ai\\-weiwei\\-and\\-olafur\\-eliasson\\-got\\-35000\\-people\\-to\\-draw\\-on\\-the\\-moon\\-2364/ \\| access\\-date\\=18 January 2024}}{{cite web \\| last\\=Feinstein \\| first\\=Laura \\| title\\=Make Your Mark On The Moon With Olafur Eliasson and Ai Weiwei \\| website\\=VICE \\| date\\=19 February 2014 \\| url\\=https://www.vice.com/en/article/yp5zkj/make\\-your\\-mark\\-on\\-the\\-moon\\-with\\-olafur\\-eliasson\\-and\\-ai\\-weiwei \\| access\\-date\\=18 January 2024}}",
"### *Contact*",
"From December 17, 2014, to February 23, 2015, [Fondation Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Fondation_Louis_Vuitton \"Fondation Louis Vuitton\"), Paris. The artworks appear as a sequence of events along a journey. Moving through passageways and expansive installations, visitors become part of a choreography of darkness, light, geometry, and reflections. Along the way, optical devices, models, and a meteorite reflect Olafur's on\\-going investigations into the mechanisms of perception and the construction of space.",
"### Ice Watch Series",
"The relation between bodily reaction and art as well as the raising of awareness of climate change is explored in *Ice Watch* (2014\\-2018\\). With the installation of enormous ice blocks in various places of the world (Copenhagen in 2014, Paris in 2015 and London in 2018\\), Olafur responds to major Climate Change conferences and reports. With his project beginning in 2014, he transports twelve ice\\-blocks from the Nuup Kangerlua fjord in Greenland to the streets of Copenhagen. The ice\\-blocks are placed in the shape of a circle. Each ice block weighs between 1\\.5 and 5 tonnes.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Ice Watch • Artwork • Studio Olafur Eliasson\\|url\\=https://olafureliasson.net/archive/artwork/WEK109190/ice\\-watch\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-03\\-26\\|website\\=olafureliasson.net}}{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Hornby\\|first\\=Louise\\|date\\=2017\\|title\\=Appropriating the Weather: Olafur Eliasson and Climate Control\\|url\\=https://read.dukeupress.edu/environmental\\-humanities/article/9/1/60/8250/Appropriating\\-the\\-WeatherOlafur\\-Eliasson\\-and\\|journal\\=Environmental Humanities\\|volume\\=9\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=60–83\\|doi\\=10\\.1215/22011919\\-3829136\\|doi\\-access\\=free}} In November 2015, Olafur together with geologist Minik Rosing again transported twelve enormous blocks of ice from Greenland to Place du Panthéon in Paris. The installation was timed with the UN Climate Change Conference that was held in Paris. The installation was once again repeated in 2018, when Olafur divided a total of thirty ice\\-blocks between two locations in London: 24 blocks at the banks of the Tate Modern museum, and 6 blocks before the Bloomberg headquarters.",
"[Timothy Morton](/wiki/Timothy_Morton \"Timothy Morton\") lists *Ice Watch* as an example of how art can help humans understand their relationship with nonhumans amidst ecological crisis, arguing that it \"seriously stretched or went beyond prefabricated concepts, in a friendly and simple, yet deep way\". Louise Hornby argued that *Ice Watch* has \"poignancy\" but also “funnels time and melting ice through the spectator’s own experience \\[...] The imperative to watch asserts the central agency of the experiencing subject\", which is unfitting because the \"glaciers will melt, whether or not we see them”.",
"### *Vertical Panorama Pavilion* (2022\\)",
"Commissioned by Mei and Allan Warburg for the Donum Estate\nwinery in Sonoma, California, in 2019, the *Vertical Panorama Pavilion* is built to accommodate up to 12 guests and inspired by the history of circular calendars. The pavilion's roof features 832 laminated panels of recycled glass in 24 colors and is supported by 12 stainless\\-steel columns. From afar, only the translucent rainbow glass tiled canopy can be seen.Stephanie Sporn (2 August 2022\\), [Olafur Eliasson unveils a prismatic tasting pavilion at a California winery](https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/08/02/olafur-eliasson-sebastian-behmann-tasting-pavilion-donum-estate-california) *[The Art Newspaper](/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper \"The Art Newspaper\")*.",
"### Other projects",
"In 2005–2007, Olafur and classical violin maker [Hans Jóhannsson](/wiki/Hans_J%C3%B3hannsson \"Hans Jóhannsson\") completed work on the development of a new instrument, with the objective to reinterpret the traditions of 17th\\- and 18th\\-century violin making using today's technology and a contemporary visual aesthetic.Alice Rawsthorn (December 9, 2007\\), [Next Violin, The](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/magazine/09nextviolin.html) *[New York Times Magazine](/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine \"New York Times Magazine\")*.",
"Commissioned by [Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton \"Louis Vuitton\") in 2006, lamps titled *Eye See You* were installed in the [Christmas windows](/wiki/Christmas_window \"Christmas window\") of Louis Vuitton stores; a lamp titled *You See Me* went on permanent display at [Louis Vuitton](/wiki/Louis_Vuitton \"Louis Vuitton\") Fifth Avenue, New York.{{citation \\| title\\= Eliasson's \"Eyes\" Draw Stares on NY's Fifth Avenue\\| author\\=Jacquelyn Lewis \\| publisher\\=BLOUINARTINFO \\| date\\= 8 May 2007 \\| url\\=http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/24876/eliassons\\-eyes\\-draw\\-stares\\-on\\-nys\\-fifth\\-avenue/ \\| access\\-date\\=23 April 2008 }} Each deliberately low\\-tech apparatus, of which there are about 400, is composed of a monofrequency light source and a parabolic mirror.Alix Browne (November 5, 2006\\), [An I for an Eye](https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/magazine/05matter.html) *[New York Times Magazine](/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine \"New York Times Magazine\")*. All fees from the project were donated to 121Ethiopia.org, a charitable foundation initially established by Olafur and his wife to renovate an orphanage. Cynthia Zarin of *[The New Yorker](/wiki/The_New_Yorker \"The New Yorker\")* described *Your wave is* (2006\\) as a \"major work\".",
"In 2007, Olafur developed the stage design for *[Phaedra](/wiki/Phaedra_%28opera%29 \"Phaedra (opera)\")*, an opera production at the [Berlin State Opera](/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera \"Berlin State Opera\").",
"In a 2008 review of the *Take Your Time* retrospective (at the [Museum of Modern Art](/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art \"Museum of Modern Art\")), Peter Schjeldahl described Olafur as far superior to other \"crowd\\-pleasing installational artists\" of his generation; he wrote that the retrospective has some filler but also \"lovely, subtly disorienting effects\". He praised the artist as avoiding excessive political activism and [Matthew Barney](/wiki/Matthew_Barney \"Matthew Barney\")'s \"implications of mystical portent\". Schjeldahl interpreted the artist as raising awareness \"of the neurological susceptibilities that condition all of what we see and may think we know.” Reviewing the same retrospective, Lauren Weinberg of [*Time Out*](/wiki/Time_Out_%28magazine%29 \"Time Out (magazine)\") praised *Beauty* (1993\\); the \"discomfiting\" works like 1997's *Room for one colour* and *Ventilator*; and the works involving the sense of smell, such as *Moss wall* (1994\\) and *Soil quasi bricks* (2003\\). She argued that *Moss wall* \"evokes Scandinavia more powerfully than Eliasson’s dozens of photographs of rivers, caves and other natural features of Iceland, which fill one room of the show.\"",
"His seventh solo exhibition, *Volcanos and shelters* at [Tanya Bonakdar Gallery](/wiki/Tanya_Bonakdar_Gallery \"Tanya Bonakdar Gallery\"), is about nature and specifically Iceland. In *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, Roberta Smith praised it as his \"most gimmick\\-free \\[exhibition] in a while. The refreshing back\\-to\\-basics mood is a welcome break from the immersive complexities of his recent perception\\-altering environments.”",
"Along with [James Corner](/wiki/James_Corner \"James Corner\")'s landscape architecture firm Field Operations and architecture firm [Diller Scofidio \\+ Renfro](/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro \"Diller Scofidio + Renfro\"), Olafur was part of the design team for New York's [High Line](/wiki/High_Line \"High Line\") park.[Design Team](http://www.thehighline.org/design/design-team-selection/field-operations-diller-scofidio-renfro) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307172250/http://www.thehighline.org/design/design\\-team\\-selection/field\\-operations\\-diller\\-scofidio\\-renfro \\|date\\=2011\\-03\\-07 }} High Line. Olafur was originally supposed to create an outdoor\\-based artwork for the [2012 Summer Olympics](/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics \"2012 Summer Olympics\"); however, his proposed £1 million ($1\\.6 million) project *Take A Deep Breath* – which involved recording people breathingRoslyn Sulcas (July 12, 2012\\), [Olafur Eliasson Brings Sunlight Back to Tate Modern](http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/12/olafur-elaisson-brings-sunlight-back-to-tate-modern/) *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*. – was rejected due to funding problems.[Olafur Eliasson art project rejected by Olympics bosses](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-17674481) *[BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\")*, 11 April 2012\\.",
"In 2012 Olafur and engineer Frederik Ottesen founded [Little Sun](/wiki/Little_Sun \"Little Sun\"), a company that produces solar powered LED lamps.{{cite web\n\\|url \\= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/jul/12/olafur\\-eliasson\\-cheap\\-solar\\-lamp\n\\|title \\= Olafur Eliasson produces cheap solar lamp for developing countries\n\\|date \\= July 12, 2012\n\\|first \\= Charlotte\n\\|last \\= Higgins\n\\|work \\= \\[\\[The Guardian]]\n\\|access\\-date \\= June 16, 2015\n}}",
"In 2014 it was announced that his work *Kissing Earth*, representing two globes, was to be placed in front of the newly built [Rotterdam Centraal](/wiki/Rotterdam_Centraal_station \"Rotterdam Centraal station\") train station in the Netherlands. After protests by Rotterdam residents and concerns over the expected costs the impopular project was cancelled in 2016\\. The square in front of the station remained empty.[Algemeen Dagblad 29\\-6\\-2016](https://www.ad.nl/rotterdam/rotterdam-haalt-streep-door-gele-ballen-op-stationsplein~a6570c06/); [RTV Rijnmond, 'Wereldbollen Rotterdam Centraal gaan niet door'](https://www.rijnmond.nl/nieuws/143591/Wereldbollen-Rotterdam-Centraal-gaan-niet-door)",
"It was reported in October 2019 that Olafur was commissioned by the [German government](/wiki/Fourth_Merkel_cabinet \"Fourth Merkel cabinet\") to create a \"pan\\-European work of art\" for the German [European Council](/wiki/European_Council \"European Council\") [presidency](/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council \"President of the European Council\") in the second half of 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/germany\\-asks\\-olafur\\-eliasson\\-to\\-create\\-pan\\-european\\-work\\-of\\-art\\-for\\-eu\\-presidency\\|title\\=Olafur Eliasson will create 'pan\\-European' work of art for Germany's EU presidency next year\\|website\\=www.theartnewspaper.com\\|date\\=21 October 2019\\|access\\-date\\=2019\\-10\\-21}}",
"[Laura Cumming](/wiki/Laura_Cumming \"Laura Cumming\") awarded the *In real life* survey four out of five stars, especially praising *Your blind passenger*. She found some of the art (like the ice boulders from Greenland) didactic but still wrote, \"Each piece conveys the strange extremes of Iceland with all the condensed power of a sonnet\".{{Cite web\\|last\\=Cumming\\|first\\=Laura\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-14\\|title\\=Olafur Eliasson: In Real Life; Takis – review\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/jul/14/olafur\\-eliasson\\-in\\-real\\-life\\-takis\\-review\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|language\\=en}} Anna Souter, however, expressed a lukewarm view of the *In real life* exhibition in *[Hyperallergic](/wiki/Hyperallergic \"Hyperallergic\")*, writing that *Room for one colour* was more powerful at London's National Gallery than at Tate Modern and that *Your uncertain shadow (colour)* (2010\\) \"feels like little more than a clever, visual trick.\" She also reported that some in the art world find Olafur's work unsettling because \"\\[m]ost people like Olafur Eliasson, and many curators and critics don’t like it when most people like the same things they do.\"",
"Olafur's [AR](/wiki/Augmented_reality \"Augmented reality\") Wunderkammer project, available through an app, is being used to place objects in the user's environment. These objects include burning suns, extraterrestrial rocks, and rare animals.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.dezeen.com/2020/05/14/olafur\\-eliasson\\-augmented\\-reality\\-wunderkammer/\\|title\\=Olafur Eliasson creates augmented\\-reality cabinet of curiosities\\|date\\=14 May 2020\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-17}}",
"According to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*, the works by Olafur that he considers highlights are *Five Dimensional Pavilion* (1998\\), *Model room* (2003\\), *Sphere* (2003\\), *Your Invisible House* (2003\\), *The Parliament of Reality* (2006–09\\), the facades of [Harpa](/wiki/Harpa_%28concert_hall%29 \"Harpa (concert hall)\") (2005–11\\), *Your Rainbow Panorama* (2006\\-2011\\), the 2007 [Serpentine Gallery Pavilion](/wiki/Serpentine_Galleries \"Serpentine Galleries\"), *Colour activity house* (2010\\), *The Triangular Sky* (2013\\), and *Cirkelbroen* (2015\\).{{Cite news\\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-12\\|title\\=Islands and origami: Olafur Eliasson on his greatest hits – in pictures\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2016/apr/12/islands\\-and\\-origami\\-olafur\\-eliasson\\-on\\-his\\-greatest\\-hits\\-in\\-pictures\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} He deemed *Beauty* (1993\\) and *The presence of absence pavilion* (2019\\) the highlights of the 2019–2020 *In real life* exhibition.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Beautyman\\|first\\=Mairi\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-10\\|title\\=10 Questions With... Olafur Eliasson\\|url\\=https://www.interiordesign.net/articles/16931\\-10\\-questions\\-with\\-olafur\\-eliasson/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-07\\-13\\|website\\=Interior Design\\|language\\=en\\-us}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Origins
[thumb\|right\|Original Vivendi logo](/wiki/File:Vivendi_old_logo.gif "Vivendi old logo.gif")
On 14 December 1853, a water company named **Compagnie générale des eaux** (**CGE**) was created by an imperial decree of [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III "Napoleon III"). In 1854, CGE obtained a concession in order to supply water to the public in [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon"), serving in that capacity for over a hundred years. In 1861, it obtained a 50\-year concession with the [City of Paris](/wiki/Paris "Paris").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1853\-1900/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505230541/http://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1853\-1900/\|title\=History CGE\-Vivendi\-Veolia Environment 1853\-1900\|archive\-date\=5 May 2013}} CGE also supplied water to [Nantes](/wiki/Nantes "Nantes"), [Venice](/wiki/Venice "Venice") (from 1880\), [Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul") (from 1882\) and [Porto](/wiki/Porto "Porto") (from 1883\).
Following the appointment of [Guy Dejouany](/wiki/Guy_Dejouany "Guy Dejouany") as CEO in 1976, CGE extended its activities into other sectors with a series of takeovers. Beginning in 1980, CGE began diversifying from water into waste management, energy, transport services, and [construction](/wiki/Construction "Construction") and property. It acquired the *Compagnie générale d'entreprises automobiles* (CGEA), specialized in industrial vehicles, which was later divided into two branches: [Connex](/wiki/Veolia_Transport "Veolia Transport") (later Veolia Transport) in 1999 and [Onyx Environnement](/wiki/Veolia_Environmental_Services "Veolia Environmental Services") (later Veolia Environmental Services) in 1989\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia\-group/profile/history/1950\-2000 \|title\=The history of Veolia : 1950 \- 2000 \|publisher\=Veolia \|access\-date\=29 January 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129081710/https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia\-group/profile/history/1950\-2000 \|archive\-date\=29 January 2018 \|url\-status\=live}} CGE then acquired the *Compagnie générale de chauffe*, and the Montenay group, with these companies later becoming the Energy Services division of CGE, and later renamed "[Dalkia](/wiki/Dalkia "Dalkia")" in 1998\.
In 1983, CGE helped to found [Canal\+](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 "Canal+ (French TV channel)"), the first [pay\-TV](/wiki/Pay_television "Pay television") channel in France, and in the 1990s began expanding into telecommunications and [mass media](/wiki/Mass_media "Mass media"), especially after [Jean\-Marie Messier](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Messier "Jean-Marie Messier") succeeded [Guy Dejouany](/wiki/Guy_Dejouany "Guy Dejouany") on 27 June 1996, acquiring companies such as the [Babelsberg Studio](/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio "Babelsberg Studio").{{Citation needed\|date\=January 2020}} In 1996, CGE created [Neuf Cegetel](/wiki/Neuf_Cegetel "Neuf Cegetel") to take advantage of the 1998 deregulation of the French telecommunications market, accelerating the move into the media sector which would culminate in the 2000 demerger into Vivendi Universal and Vivendi Environnement ([Veolia](/wiki/Veolia "Veolia")).{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1950\-2000/\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505230552/http://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1950\-2000/\|title\=History CGE\-Vivendi\-Veolia Environment 1950\-2000\|archive\-date\=5 May 2013}}{{Better source needed\|date\=January 2020}}
### Creation of *Vivendi*
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=May 2022}}
[thumb\|right\|Vivendi Universal logo from 2001 to 2006](/wiki/File:Vivendi_Universal_Logo.svg "Vivendi Universal Logo.svg")
In 1997, Compagnie Générale des Eaux changed its name to *Vivendi* (derived from the Latin "vivendus"), and sold off its property and construction divisions the following year to what would become [Vinci SA](/wiki/Vinci_SA "Vinci SA"). Vivendi went on to acquire stakes in or merge with [Maroc Telecom](/wiki/Maroc_Telecom "Maroc Telecom"), [Havas](/wiki/Havas "Havas"), [Cendant Software](/wiki/Cendant_Software "Cendant Software"), Grupo Anaya, and NetHold, a large Continental European pay\-TV operator. Beginning in 1998, Vivendi launched digital channels in Italy, Spain, Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium, and the Netherlands.
In June 1999, Vivendi merged with [Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9 "Pathé"), and the exchange ratio for the merger was fixed at three Vivendi shares for every two Pathé shares. *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")* estimated the value of the deal at US$2\.59 billion. Following the completion of the merger, Vivendi retained Pathé's interests in [British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting_Group_PLC "British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC") and CanalSatellite, a French broadcasting corporation, then sold all remaining assets to Jérôme Seydoux's family\-owned holding company, *Fornier SA*, which changed its name to Pathé.
In early December 2000 Vivendi acquired [Groupe Canal\+](/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B "Groupe Canal+"), the French television network and film production company.{{cite web \| title\=Canal Plus OKs Acquisition by Vivendi \| website\=\[\[Los Angeles Times]] \| date\=9 December 2000 \| url\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\-xpm\-2000\-dec\-09\-fi\-63172\-story.html \| access\-date\=17 May 2024}} On 11 December 2000 Vivendi Universal was created from the merger of Groupe Canal\+, Canadian company [Seagram Company Ltd](/wiki/Seagram "Seagram") (owner of [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Pictures "Universal Pictures")), and Vivendi.{{cite web \| title\=L'histoire du Groupe CANAL\+ de 1983 à nos jours \| website\=Canal\+ \| date\=1 January 2012 \| url\=https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en/pid163\.htm\#anch\_29 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205011344/http://www.canalplusgroup.com/pid163\.htm\#anch\_29 \| archive\-date\=5 February 2012 \| url\-status\=dead}}
Vivendi Universal acquired [MP3\.com](/wiki/MP3.com "MP3.com") and the leading American publisher [Houghton Mifflin](/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin "Houghton Mifflin") in 2001\. To raise the funds, Vivendi Universal sold its trade and medical publishing businesses to a group led by [Cinven](/wiki/Cinven "Cinven").{{Cite news \|issn\=0362\-4331 \|last\=Cowell \|first\=Alan \|title\=Vivendi Sells Trade Show And Journal Businesses \|work\=The New York Times \|access\-date\=28 April 2018 \|date\=29 August 2001 \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/29/business/vivendi\-sells\-trade\-show\-and\-journal\-businesses.html \|archive\-date\=24 June 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624041806/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/29/business/vivendi\-sells\-trade\-show\-and\-journal\-businesses.html \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Chinwala \|first\=Yasmine \|title\=Cinven closes Vivendi business publishing deal for €1\.2bn \|access\-date\=28 April 2018 \|url\=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/cinven\-closes\-vivendi\-business\-publishing\-deal\-for\-20020418 \|archive\-date\=20 October 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150350/https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/cinven\-closes\-vivendi\-business\-publishing\-deal\-for\-20020418 \|url\-status\=live }}
#### Vivendi Environnement
{{main\|Veolia}}
[Vivendi Environnement](/wiki/Veolia "Veolia") was formed in 1999 by Vivendi to consolidate its environmental divisions, which were [CGEA Transport](/wiki/Veolia_Transport "Veolia Transport"), [Onyx Environnement](/wiki/Veolia_Environmental_Services "Veolia Environmental Services") (now Veolia Environmental Services), [Dalkia](/wiki/Dalkia "Dalkia") and CGE water division. As a result, CGEA Transport was renamed Connex (later Veolia Transport), and CGE's water division was renamed Vivendi Water (now [Veolia Water](/wiki/Veolia_Water "Veolia Water")). In July 2000, Vivendi Environnement was divested through [IPOs](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") in Paris and later New York in October 2001\. Initially, Vivendi Universal retained a 70% stake in Vivendi Environnement in 2000, but by December 2002, it was reduced to 20\.4%.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia\-group/profile/history/2000\-2010 \|title\=The history of Veolia : 2000 \- 2010 \|publisher\=Veolia \|access\-date\=29 January 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129080552/https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia\-group/profile/history/2000\-2010 \|archive\-date\=29 January 2018 \|url\-status\=live}} In 2003, Vivendi Environnement was renamed to Veolia Environnement.
### Corporate loss
{{original research section\|date\=May 2022}}
{{More citations needed\|section\|date\=May 2022}}
Vivendi Universal disclosed a corporate loss of €23\.3 billion in its 2002 annual report. It responded with financial reshuffling, trying to shore up media holdings while selling off shares in its [spin\-off](/wiki/Corporate_spin-off "Corporate spin-off") companies. Amid intense media scrutiny, its chairman and CEO, [Jean\-Marie Messier](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Messier "Jean-Marie Messier") (who had overseen the most dramatic phase of the company's diversification), was subsequently replaced by Jean\-René Fourtou. Messier was found guilty of embezzlement in 2011, but not before he was paid over US$20 million as part of his severance package. The company reduced its stake in [Vivendi Environnement](/wiki/Vivendi_Environnement "Vivendi Environnement") to 40% and sold its stake in [Vinci SA](/wiki/Vinci_SA "Vinci SA"). The company then began reorganizing to stave off [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy "Bankruptcy"), announcing a strategy to sell non\-strategic assets. Its largest single shareholder was the family of [Edgar Bronfman Jr.](/wiki/Edgar_Bronfman_Jr. "Edgar Bronfman Jr."), who was head of Seagram at the time of the merger. Vivendi sold its stake in [Vizzavi](/wiki/Vizzavi "Vizzavi") to [Vodafone](/wiki/Vodafone "Vodafone"), with the exception of Vizzavi France. It also sold 20\.4% of Vivendi Environnement's capital to a group of investors, and its stake in North American satellite operator [EchoStar Communications Corporation](/wiki/EchoStar_Communications_Corporation "EchoStar Communications Corporation"). It also sold its European book publishing to [Lagardère](/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group "Lagardère Group").{{Cite news\| issn \= 0099\-9660\| pages \= –4\| last1 \= Carreyrou\| first1 \= John\| last2 \= Frank\| first2 \= Robert\| title \= Vivendi Universal Reaches Pact To Sell Part of Publishing Unit \-\-\- France's Lagardere Is Set To Buy Non\-U.S. Portion; Criticism of Deal Is Likely\| work \= Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y.\| location \= New York, N.Y., United States, New York, N.Y.\| date \= 2002\-10\-23\| id \= {{ProQuest\|398881177}}}} It also sold Houghton Mifflin to Thomas H Lee, [Blackstone](/wiki/Blackstone_Group "Blackstone Group") and [Bain](/wiki/Bain_Capital "Bain Capital") consortium for US$1\.66 billion.{{cite web \|url\=https://sa2\.info/ARCHIVE/2002/10octB.html \|title\=Society of Academic Authors: Late October 2002 News \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|url\-status\=unfit \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030714160845/http://sa2\.info/ARCHIVE/2002/10octB.html \|archive\-date\=14 July 2003}} Also, in 2002, Vivendi Universal sold the Belgian and Dutch activities of its subsidiary Scoot Europe to Kapitol, the parent company of online directory [Infobel](/wiki/Infobel "Infobel").{{cite news \|title\=Kapitol acquires Scoot's Belgian and Dutch units \|date\=5 December 2002 \|publisher\=Europemedia}}
In 2003, Vivendi Universal sold Canal\+ Technologies to [Thomson SA](/wiki/Thomson_SA "Thomson SA"); Tele\+ to [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation_%281980%E2%80%932013%29 "News Corporation (1980–2013)") and [Telecom Italia](/wiki/Telecom_Italia "Telecom Italia"). It also sold its 26\.3% interest in [Xfera](/wiki/Xfera "Xfera"). Also in 2003, it sold its consumer magazines to [Socpresse](/wiki/Socpresse "Socpresse") and its free newspapers to [France Antilles](/wiki/Philippe_Hersant_%28newspaper_publisher%29 "Philippe Hersant (newspaper publisher)").{{Cite web \|title\=Vivendi Completes Sale of Press Unit \|work\=Midland Daily News \|access\-date\=28 April 2018 \|date\=4 February 2003 \|url\=https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Vivendi\-Completes\-Sale\-of\-Press\-Unit\-7086328\.php \|archive\-date\=27 October 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027220218/https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Vivendi\-Completes\-Sale\-of\-Press\-Unit\-7086328\.php \|url\-status\=live }} On 1 December, Vivendi Universal closed a deal to sell [MP3\.com](/wiki/MP3.com "MP3.com") to [CNET](/wiki/CNET "CNET"). Despite predictions that it would be unable to raise the cash needed, Vivendi Universal bought out one of the two minority shareholders in Cegetel, taking its holding to 60 percent, with Vodafone holding the remaining 40 percent. Management viewed the mobile communications firm as a core asset once the bulk of media assets had been sold off.
### Further acquisitions, mergers and divestments
In 2004, 80% of the Vivendi Universal subsidiary [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Studios%2C_Inc. "Universal Studios, Inc.") was sold to [GE](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric"), to form [NBC Universal](/wiki/NBCUniversal "NBCUniversal"), with Vivendi retaining a 20 percent stake. At the same time, it sold a 50% stake in [Canal\+](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 "Canal+ (French TV channel)") and [StudioCanal](/wiki/StudioCanal "StudioCanal") to the new company. Vivendi also sold its interests in Kencell (re\-branded Celtel, Kenya), [Monaco Telecom](/wiki/Monaco_Telecom "Monaco Telecom") and [Sportfive](/wiki/Sportfive "Sportfive") (which it held through Canal\+ Group), and sold [Newsworld International](/wiki/Newsworld_International "Newsworld International") to the business partnership of [Joel Hyatt](/wiki/Joel_Hyatt "Joel Hyatt") and former [Vice\-President of the United States](/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_United_States "Vice-President of the United States") [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore"). Vivendi also sold [Babelsberg Studio](/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio "Babelsberg Studio").
On 16 December 2005, it was announced that Canal Plus would merge with [TPS](/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Par_Satellite "Télévision Par Satellite"), France's second largest pay\-TV provider. Vivendi owned 85% of the combined entity.{{update\_inline \|date\=July 2013}}
On 17 January 2006, Vivendi Universal announced it would end its [American Depositary Receipt](/wiki/American_Depositary_Receipt "American Depositary Receipt") program and its listing on the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange "New York Stock Exchange") by the end of the second quarter of 2006, due to lowered trading volume on its shares and high costs.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/press\_2006/20060803\_Vivendi\_Voluntarily\_Delists\_from\_NYSE\_and\_Terminates\_ADR\_Program.php \|title\=Vivendi Voluntarily Delists from NYSE and Terminates ADR Program \|publisher\=Vivendi.com \|access\-date\=4 March 2013 \|archive\-date\=27 August 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827224126/http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/press\_2006/20060803\_Vivendi\_Voluntarily\_Delists\_from\_NYSE\_and\_Terminates\_ADR\_Program.php \|url\-status\=dead }} On 20 April, Vivendi in its current form came into existence, following the sale of an 80% stake in the Vivendi Universal unit to [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric "General Electric") to form [NBC Universal](/wiki/NBC_Universal "NBC Universal") (merging GE's NBC unit and Vivendi's Vivendi Universal unit) and the gradual recovery of the company from its disastrous over\-expansion in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. The company announced that shareholders had approved the name change to "Vivendi".{{citation needed\|date\=July 2023}} In August, Vivendi signed a deal with [Spiralfrog](/wiki/Spiralfrog "Spiralfrog") to distribute Vivendi's songs online in the United States and Canada.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2023}}
On 2 December 2007, Vivendi announced that it would be merging [its game publishing unit](/wiki/Vivendi_Games "Vivendi Games") with [Activision](/wiki/Activision "Activision") in a [$](/wiki/US_dollar "US dollar")18\.8 billion deal.{{Cite news \|last\=Cellan\-Jones \|first\=Rory \|date\=2007\-12\-02 \|title\=Video game giants in $18bn merger \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7123582\.stm \|work\=BBC News \|language\=en\-GB}}{{Cite news \|date\=December 3, 2007 \|title\=Vivendi's Activision bid lifts videogame sector \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-activision\-vivendi\-idUSN0236714920071202 \|work\=Reuters}} This will allow the merged company, [Activision Blizzard](/wiki/Activision_Blizzard "Activision Blizzard"), to rival [Electronic Arts](/wiki/Electronic_Arts "Electronic Arts"), the world's biggest video game publisher. The merger closed on 9 July 2008, for $9\.8 billion. Vivendi held a 52% majority stake in the new business.
On 8 September 2009, Vivendi announced negotiations to buy the Brazilian phone operator [Global Village Telecom](/wiki/Global_Village_Telecom "Global Village Telecom") (GVT).{{cite news \|last\=Livesey \|first\=Ben \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601086\&sid\=aNNP9dPMePVk \|title\=Vivendi to Make Offer to buy GVT (Holding) at BRL42 a share \|publisher\=Bloomberg.com \|date\=8 September 2009 \|access\-date\=4 March 2013 \|archive\-date\=22 October 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022145739/http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\=20601086 \|url\-status\=live }} Vivendi took control of GVT at a cost of 56 reais per share, on 13 November, trumping [Telefónica](/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica "Telefónica")'s bid.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jN3E6Qz1wZ\_CoDKOpigKq\-glplvw \|title\=AFP: France's Vivendi takes control of Brazil's GVT \|date\=13 November 2009 \|access\-date\=4 March 2013 \|archive\-date\=20 May 2013 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520104713/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jN3E6Qz1wZ\_CoDKOpigKq\-glplvw \|url\-status\=dead }} Geneva\-based Crédit des Alpes was the investment bank to the transaction, originating the acquisition proposal and advising GVT's majority shareholders.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.newsgateny.com/vivendi\-buys\-gvt\-brazil\-credit\-des\-alpes/ \|title\=Crédit des Alpes: Vivendi buys GVT of Brazil \|publisher\=NewsGateNY.com \|date\=3 November 2009 \|access\-date\=27 May 2022 \|archive\-date\=27 May 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527160353/https://www.newsgateny.com/vivendi\-buys\-gvt\-brazil\-credit\-des\-alpes/ \| url\-status\=live }}
On 3 December 2009, GE announced it would purchase Vivendi's stake in NBC Universal, which would become a joint venture between GE and [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast "Comcast").{{cite news \|first1\=David \|last1\=Goldman \|first2\=Julianne \|last2\=Pepitone \|url\=https://money.cnn.com/2009/12/03/news/companies/comcast\_nbc/index.htm \|title\=GE, Comcast announce NBC Universal joint venture deal \|work\=CNN Money \|date\=3 December 2009 \|access\-date\=4 March 2013 \|archive\-date\=30 March 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330061345/http://money.cnn.com/2009/12/03/news/companies/comcast\_nbc/index.htm \|url\-status\=live }} Vivendi sold its stake in NBC Universal on 25 January 2011\.
On 4 April 2011, Vodafone sold its 44% stake in French mobile service provider [SFR](/wiki/SFR "SFR") to Vivendi for about $11 billion{{cite web \|url\=http://frenchtribune.com/teneur/114278\-vivendi\-sa\-chief\-executive\-officer\-gains\-ownership\-biggest\-cash\-cow \|title\=Vivendi SA Chief Executive Officer Gains Ownership of the Biggest Cash Cow \- French Tribune \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|archive\-date\=13 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313081607/http://frenchtribune.com/teneur/114278\-vivendi\-sa\-chief\-executive\-officer\-gains\-ownership\-biggest\-cash\-cow \|url\-status\=dead }} and giving Vivendi full control of its largest unit.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011\-04\-03/vivendi\-to\-purchase\-vodafone\-stake\-in\-sfr\-for\-7\-95\-billion\-euros.html \|title\=Vivendi to Purchase Vodafone Stake in SFR for 7\.95 Billion Euros \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|url\-status\=unfit \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407153808/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011\-04\-03/vivendi\-to\-purchase\-vodafone\-stake\-in\-sfr\-for\-7\-95\-billion\-euros.html \|archive\-date\=7 April 2011}}
In 2012, Vivendi announced having entered a strategic review of its assets and decided to refocus its activities on media and content activities while maximizing its telecoms assets.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2023}}
On 25 July 2013, Activision Blizzard announced the buyout of 429 million shares from Vivendi for $5\.83 billion, dropping the shareholder from a 63% stake to 11\.8% by the end of the deal in September, ending Vivendi's majority ownership of Activision Blizzard.{{citation needed\|date\=July 2023}} In November, Vivendi also sold its 53% stake in [Maroc Telecom](/wiki/Maroc_Telecom "Maroc Telecom") to [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai "Dubai")\-based [Etisalat](/wiki/Etisalat "Etisalat") for around $4\.2 billion.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-vivendi\-maroctelecom\-idUSBRE96L0PZ20130722 \|title\=Vivendi to announce Maroc Telecom sale to Etisalat \- sources \|author\=Sophie Sassard \|publisher\=Reuters \|date\=22 July 2013 \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=12 July 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712125259/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-vivendi\-maroctelecom\-idUSBRE96L0PZ20130722 \|url\-status\=live }} Vivendi also confirmed in November 2013 its intention to launch a demerger plan which would result in Vivendi becoming an international media group consisting primarily of Canal\+, Universal Music Group, and GVT, while SFR would be listed separately on the stock market. As a result of the foregoing, Vivendi group results for the first semester of 2014 are in a strong growth, witnessing the success of its repositioning strategy. Net income was up 84,8% to €1\.9 billion.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\-eco/2014/08/28/97002\-20140828FILWWW00225\-vivendi\-resultats\-en\-tres\-forte\-hausse.php \|title\=Vivendi: résultats en très forte hausse \|website\=Le Figaro \|date\=28 August 2014 \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205901/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\-eco/2014/08/28/97002\-20140828FILWWW00225\-vivendi\-resultats\-en\-tres\-forte\-hausse.php \|url\-status\=live }} In August 2014 Vivendi sells GVT to [Telefônica Vivo](/wiki/Telef%C3%B4nica_Vivo "Telefônica Vivo"), a subsidiary of [Telefónica](/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica "Telefónica") in Brazil.
The moves allowed Vivendi to pay down debt and increase cash returns to shareholders while leaving it able to do acquisitions of its own. After SFR deal closes, Vivendi was expected to have around €5 billion, leaving it with some room to maneuver even after it pays down debt and returns nearly €5 billion in dividends and share buybacks to shareholders.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi\-boss\-vows\-to\-complete\-media\-makeover\-1403608085 \|title\=Vivendi Boss Vows to Complete Media Makeover \|author\=Ruth Bender And Marion Halftermeyer \|date\=24 June 2014 \|website\=The Wall Street Journal \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|archive\-date\=30 November 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130021636/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi\-boss\-vows\-to\-complete\-media\-makeover\-1403608085 \|url\-status\=live }}
In 2014, Vivendi decided to sell mobile companies [SFR](/wiki/SFR "SFR") (France) to [Patrick Drahi](/wiki/Patrick_Drahi "Patrick Drahi")'s company, [Altice](/wiki/Altice_%28company%29 "Altice (company)"),{{cite news \|url\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-numericable\-vivendi\-idUKBREA340CY20140405 \|title\=Numericable wins battle for Vivendi's SFR \|website\=Reuters UK \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|date\=5 April 2014 \|archive\-date\=18 April 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418023213/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\-numericable\-vivendi\-idUKBREA340CY20140405 \|url\-status\=dead }} and [GVT](/wiki/Global_Village_Telecom "Global Village Telecom") (Brazil) to the Brazilian company [Telefônica Vivo](/wiki/Telef%C3%B4nica_Vivo "Telefônica Vivo").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.lesechos.fr/2014/09/vivendi\-cede\-gvt\-mais\-ne\-sort\-pas\-des\-telecoms\-310119 \|title\=Vivendi cède GVT mais ne sort pas des télécoms \|date\=21 September 2014 \|website\=lesechos.fr \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|archive\-date\=31 October 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031183909/http://www.lesechos.fr/tech\-medias/medias/0203793547689\-vivendi\-cede\-gvt\-mais\-ne\-sort\-pas\-des\-telecoms\-1044957\.php \|url\-status\=live }} On 28 May, Vivendi sold half of its remaining shares (nearly 41\.5 million shares) in Activision Blizzard for $850 million, reducing its stake to 6%.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trina\-solar\-jumps\-23\-on\-better\-than\-expected\-earnings\-2014\-05\-21?siteid\=yhoof2 \|title\=Vivendi to sell half of remaining Activision stake \|author\=MarketWatch \|website\=MarketWatch \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|archive\-date\=26 May 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526112958/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trina\-solar\-jumps\-23\-on\-better\-than\-expected\-earnings\-2014\-05\-21?siteid\=yhoof2 \|url\-status\=live }}
In April 2015, it was announced that a shareholder in the company [Bolloré](/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9 "Bolloré") raised its stake from 10\.2 percent to 12\.01 percent for a total fee of €568 million.{{cite press release \|publisher\=Reuters \|date\=2 April 2015 \|title\=Bollore raises Vivendi stake again as AGM battle looms \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-bollore\-vivendi\-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402 \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=6 October 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006152258/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/02/us\-bollore\-vivendi\-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402 \|url\-status\=live }} In 2015, Vivendi bought 80% share in [Dailymotion](/wiki/Dailymotion "Dailymotion").{{cite web \|url\=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/30/vivendi\-buys\-80\-of\-frances\-dailymotion\-valuing\-the\-youtube\-rival\-at\-295m/ \|title\=Vivendi Buys 80% Of France's Dailymotion, Valuing The YouTube Rival At $295M \|author\=Ingrid Lunden \|publisher\=AOL \|website\=TechCrunch \|date\=30 June 2015 \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|archive\-date\=24 October 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024212525/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/30/vivendi\-buys\-80\-of\-frances\-dailymotion\-valuing\-the\-youtube\-rival\-at\-295m/ \|url\-status\=live }} According to the Wall Street Journal, the "French media group offered around $273 million for streaming service".{{cite news \|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi\-confirms\-interest\-in\-buying\-dailymotion\-1428388890 \|title\=Vivendi Confirms Interest in Buying DailyMotion \|author\=Inti Landauro \|date\=7 April 2015 \|website\=The Wall Street Journal \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|archive\-date\=28 October 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025931/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi\-confirms\-interest\-in\-buying\-dailymotion\-1428388890 \|url\-status\=live }} Vivendi was in talks with Orange, to Buy 80% stake in Dailymotion. Also, Vivendi announced extra payouts in compromise with P. Schoenfeld Asset Management shareholder.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\-04\-08/vivendi\-plans\-extra\-payout\-in\-compromise\-with\-activist\-investor \|title\=Vivendi Plans Extra Payout in Compromise With Shareholder \|author\=Rudy Ruitenberg \|date\=8 April 2015 \|website\=Bloomberg.com \|access\-date\=12 July 2015 \|archive\-date\=8 July 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191517/https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv.html?url\=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxNS0wNC0wOC92aXZlbmRpLXBsYW5zLWV4dHJhLXBheW91dC1pbi1jb21wcm9taXNlLXdpdGgtYWN0aXZpc3QtaW52ZXN0b3I%2F\&uuid\=5c989320\-82b3\-11e8\-93c6\-0dfbc4219278\&vid\= \|url\-status\=live }} It was revealed in October 2015 that Vivendi would increase its stake in [Telecom Italia](/wiki/Telecom_Italia "Telecom Italia") to around 19% of the ordinary share capital as part of its aims to increase its influence in the group.{{cite web \|title\=Exclusive: Vivendi moves to raise Telecom Italia stake to around 19 percent \- sources \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-telecomitalia\-vivendi\-exclusive\-idUSKCN0RV5Q020151001 \|website\=Reuters \|date\=1 October 2015 \|access\-date\=5 July 2021 \|archive\-date\=2 December 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202095505/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-telecomitalia\-vivendi\-exclusive\-idUSKCN0RV5Q020151001 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\-04\-09/vivendi\-ceo\-tops\-company\-s\-list\-to\-lead\-telecom\-italia\-board \|title\=Vivendi CEO Tops Company's List to Lead Telecom Italia Board \|date\=9 April 2017 \|work\=Bloomberg.com \|access\-date\=17 July 2017 \|archive\-date\=14 December 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214064532/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\-04\-09/vivendi\-ceo\-tops\-company\-s\-list\-to\-lead\-telecom\-italia\-board \|url\-status\=live }} As of May 2017, Vivendi owns 24\.6% of the company with Vivendi's CEO Arnaud de Puyfontaine becoming Executive Chairman of Telecom Italia.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-telecomitalia\-vivendi\-chairman/telecom\-italia\-names\-vivendi\-ceo\-de\-puyfontaine\-as\-chairman\-source\-idUSKBN18S5LC\|title\=Telecom Italia appoints Vivendi's CEO as chairman\|date\=1 June 2017\|newspaper\=Reuters\|access\-date\=30 August 2020\|archive\-date\=8 August 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808031512/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\-telecomitalia\-vivendi\-chairman/telecom\-italia\-names\-vivendi\-ceo\-de\-puyfontaine\-as\-chairman\-source\-idUSKBN18S5LC\|url\-status\=live}} In October, Vivendi bought minority stakes in the French video game studios [Gameloft](/wiki/Gameloft "Gameloft") and [Ubisoft](/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft").{{cite web \|website\=GameSpot \|title\=Former Activision Owner Vivendi Buys Stakes in Ubisoft and Gameloft \|url\=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former\-activision\-owner\-vivendi\-buys\-stakes\-in\-ubi/1100\-6431427/ \|date\=15 October 2015 \|access\-date\=15 October 2015 \|archive\-date\=2 December 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033140/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former\-activision\-owner\-vivendi\-buys\-stakes\-in\-ubi/1100\-6431427/ \|url\-status\=live }} On 17 December 2015, Vivendi acquired a 64\.4% majority stake in Belgian online radio aggregator [Radionomy](/wiki/Radionomy "Radionomy") (including its media player platform [Winamp](/wiki/Winamp "Winamp") and internet radio streaming software [Shoutcast](/wiki/Shoutcast "Shoutcast")). Its shareholders, including its employees and U.S.\-based investment firm [Union Square Ventures](/wiki/Union_Square_Ventures "Union Square Ventures"), however, retained their stakes in the company.{{cite web \|title\=Vivendi Buys Majority Stake In Winamp, Shoutcast Owner Radionomy \|url\=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/vivendi\-buys\-majority\-stake\-in\-winamp\-shoutcast\-owner\-radionomy\-1201664170/ \|website\=Variety \|date\=17 December 2015 \|access\-date\=18 December 2015 \|archive\-date\=24 December 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224172708/https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/vivendi\-buys\-majority\-stake\-in\-winamp\-shoutcast\-owner\-radionomy\-1201664170/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In June 2016, after having triggered a mandatory [tender offer](/wiki/Tender_offer "Tender offer") in February 2016 by reaching 30% ownership, and then becoming its largest shareholder, Vivendi completed a [hostile takeover](/wiki/Hostile_takeover "Hostile takeover") of Gameloft with the acquisition of its founders' stake. At the same time, Vivendi also further increased its stake in Ubisoft, which had led to concern from the company's management that Vivendi was also planning a hostile takeover of Ubisoft, however as of 2018 Vivendi is no longer in the position to do so.{{cite web \|title\=Vivendi to Buy Remaining Control of Gameloft as Guillemots Agree to Sell \|url\=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi\-to\-buy\-remaining\-control\-of\-gameloft\-as\-gu/1100\-6440596/ \|website\=GameSpot \|access\-date\=22 June 2016 \|archive\-date\=23 December 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223101545/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi\-to\-buy\-remaining\-control\-of\-gameloft\-as\-gu/1100\-6440596/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Vivendi in process of mandatory takeover bid for Gameloft \|url\=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/vivendi\-in\-process\-of\-mandatory\-takeover\-bid\-for\-gameloft \|website\=GamesIndustry.biz \|date\=19 February 2016 \|access\-date\=22 June 2016 \|archive\-date\=8 November 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108124653/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016\-02\-19\-vivendi\-in\-process\-of\-mandatory\-takeover\-bid\-for\-gameloft \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|title\=Vivendi Wins Majority Backing for Gameloft Takeover as Content Strategy Becomes Clearer \|url\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general\-news/vivendi\-wins\-majority\-backing\-gameloft\-898618/ \|website\=The Hollywood Reporter \|date\=June 2016 \|access\-date\=22 June 2016 \|archive\-date\=14 February 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214194952/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vivendi\-wins\-majority\-backing\-gameloft\-898618 \|url\-status\=live }} Vivendi (once the owner of [Blizzard](/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment "Blizzard Entertainment"), later Activision Blizzard),{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\-01\-15/vivendi\-sells\-activision\-blizzard\-shares\-netting\-1\-1\-billion \|title\=Vivendi Sells Its Activision Stake, Netting $1\.1 Billion \|last\=Serafino \|first\=Phil \|website\=Bloomberg.com \|date\=15 January 2016 \|access\-date\=22 March 2016 }} searching for a new games publisher property has started investing in both [Ubisoft](/wiki/Ubisoft "Ubisoft") and [Gameloft](/wiki/Gameloft "Gameloft").{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\-10\-14/vivendi\-buys\-stakes\-in\-french\-gamemakers\-ubisoft\-and\-gameloft \|title\=Ubisoft, Gameloft Shares Surge After Vivendi Acquires Stakes \|last\=Mawad \|first\=Marie \|website\=Bloomberg.com \|date\=14 October 2015 \|access\-date\=22 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055632/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\-10\-14/vivendi\-buys\-stakes\-in\-french\-gamemakers\-ubisoft\-and\-gameloft \|url\-status\=live }} The brothers in charge of Ubisoft and Gameloft, Yves Guillemot and Michel Guillemot{{cite web \|url\=https://www.gameloft.com/corporate/?lang\=en\&ref\=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F \|title\=Gameloft \|website\=www.gameloft.com \|access\-date\=22 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=23 April 2016 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423231349/http://www.gameloft.com/corporate/?lang\=en\&ref\=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F \|url\-status\=live }} respectively, view the investments as a hostile takeover attempt,{{Cite web \|url\=https://seekingalpha.com/article/4073294\-vivendi\-one\-step\-closer\-acquire\-ubisoft \|title\=VIvendi acquires Ubisoft \|website\=seekingalpha.com\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20170609200630/https://seekingalpha.com/article/4073294\-vivendi\-one\-step\-closer\-acquire\-ubisoft\|archive\-date\=9 June 2017\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\-02\-19/gameloft\-shares\-jump\-after\-vivendi\-makes\-hostile\-takeover\-offer \|title\=Gameloft Shares Surge on Vivendi's Hostile Takeover Offer \|last\=Mawad \|first\=Marie \|website\=Bloomberg.com \|date\=19 February 2016 \|access\-date\=22 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=26 January 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126114440/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\-02\-19/gameloft\-shares\-jump\-after\-vivendi\-makes\-hostile\-takeover\-offer \|url\-status\=live }} and are raising capital from within the family{{cite web \|url\=https://www.businessinsider.com/r\-guillemot\-family\-ups\-stake\-in\-gameloft\-to\-fend\-off\-takeover\-2016\-2 \|title\=Guillemot family ups stake in Gameloft to fend off 'takeover' \|website\=Business Insider \|access\-date\=22 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=19 August 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051241/https://www.businessinsider.com/r\-guillemot\-family\-ups\-stake\-in\-gameloft\-to\-fend\-off\-takeover\-2016\-2 \|url\-status\=live }} and from Canadian investors{{cite web \|url\=https://fortune.com/2016/02/26/ubisoft\-hunts\-for\-canadian\-investors\-to\-fight\-off\-vivendi/ \|title\=Ubisoft Hunts For Canadian Investors To Fight Off Vivendi \|website\=Fortune \|access\-date\=22 March 2016 \|archive\-date\=8 November 2020 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108165934/https://fortune.com/2016/02/26/ubisoft\-hunts\-for\-canadian\-investors\-to\-fight\-off\-vivendi/ \|url\-status\=live }} to maintain control of the companies. As of 8 June 2016, Vivendi has acquired a controlling stake in Gameloft. In news from 11 September 2016 Yves Guillemot is set to buy an additional 3\.5% of Ubisoft shares to raise his stake to 12\.5% to attempt to block a takeover from Vivendi. Yves has been attempting to lobby other shareholders to prevent them from selling their shares to Vivendi.{{cite web \|url\=https://overclock3d.net/news/gpu\_displays/ubisoft\_s\_founder\_buys\_another\_3\_5\_of\_the\_company/2 \|title\=OC3D :: News :: Ubisoft's founder buys another 3\.5% of the company :: The Guillemont family is attempting to prevent a takeover attempt from Vivendi \|website\=www.overclock3d.net \|date\=7 September 2016 \|access\-date\=11 September 2016 \|archive\-date\=19 August 2018 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819082750/https://www.overclock3d.net/news/gpu\_displays/ubisoft\_s\_founder\_buys\_another\_3\_5\_of\_the\_company/2 \|url\-status\=live }} As of 20 March 2018, Vivendi has sold all its shares in Ubisoft and [Tencent](/wiki/Tencent "Tencent") has bought in in their place.{{Cite news \|url\=https://www.pcgamer.com/vivendi\-sells\-off\-ubisoft\-holdings\-tencent\-buys\-in/ \|title\=Vivendi sells off Ubisoft holdings, Tencent buys in \|work\=pcgamer \|access\-date\=20 March 2018 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=3 February 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203051629/https://www.pcgamer.com/vivendi\-sells\-off\-ubisoft\-holdings\-tencent\-buys\-in/ \|url\-status\=live }} In an auction on 6 June, Vivendi won a bid to acquire Flavorus from [SFX Entertainment](/wiki/SFX_Entertainment "SFX Entertainment") for $4 million.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/vivendi\-unit\-wins\-auction\-for\-sfxs\-flavorus\-2016\-06\-06 \|title\=Vivendi unit wins auction for SFX's Flavorus \|first\=Stephanie \|last\=Gleason \|newspaper\=\[\[MarketWatch]] \|access\-date\=2 July 2016 \|archive\-date\=1 August 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801012537/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/vivendi\-unit\-wins\-auction\-for\-sfxs\-flavorus\-2016\-06\-06 \|url\-status\=live }} Also that month, it acquired Paddington and Company Limited\-owner of [Paddington Bear](/wiki/Paddington_Bear "Paddington Bear") and other properties, and The Copyrights Group. Vivendi declared that it owned 12\.3% of [Mediaset](/wiki/Mediaset "Mediaset") in December 2016\.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/132e73ee\-c13f\-11e6\-9bca\-2b93a6856354 \|title\=Bolloré and Berlusconi play cat and mouse over Mediaset \|work\=ft.com \|date\=14 December 2016 \|access\-date\=12 February 2017 \|last1\=Agnew \|first1\=Harriet \|archive\-date\=21 September 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921134113/https://www.ft.com/content/132e73ee\-c13f\-11e6\-9bca\-2b93a6856354 \|url\-status\=live }} In September 2020, Vivendi owns 28\.8% of Mediaset.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.capital.fr/entreprises\-marches/vivendi\-vincent\-bollore\-gagne\-son\-bras\-de\-fer\-avec\-mediaset\-1379490 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904011449/https://www.capital.fr/entreprises\-marches/vivendi\-vincent\-bollore\-gagne\-son\-bras\-de\-fer\-avec\-mediaset\-1379490 \|archive\-date\=4 September 2020 \|title\=Vivendi : Vincent Bolloré gagne son bras de fer avec Mediaset \- Capital.fr}} In January 2019, Vivendi completed its €900 million acquisition of [Editis](/wiki/Editis "Editis"), one of France's major book publishers.{{Cite press release\|url \= https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190131005562/en/Vivendi\-Completes\-Acquisition\-Editis\-French\-Language\-Publishing\-Powerhouse\|title \= Vivendi Completes the Acquisition of Editis, a French\-Language Publishing Powerhouse\|date \= 31 January 2019\|access\-date \= 7 February 2019\|archive\-date \= 20 October 2020\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020211716/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190131005562/en/Vivendi\-Completes\-Acquisition\-Editis\-French\-Language\-Publishing\-Powerhouse\|url\-status \= live}}
In 2019, Vivendi acquired Nigeria's film studio ROK Studios which included its linear channels and VOD service, IROKO\+.[http://www.3pointplus.com.ng/gist/rok\-studios](http://www.3pointplus.com.ng/gist/rok-studios) {{Dead link\|date\=March 2022}}
At the end of the first quarter of 2020, Vivendi completed a partial sale of [Universal Music Group](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group "Universal Music Group") (UMG) to a consortium led by [Tencent](/wiki/Tencent "Tencent"), a Chinese media conglomerate. The amount of stake of the world's largest [record label](/wiki/Record_label "Record label") group that has been sold to the consortium is 10% and the valuation of which was $3\.3 billion. The Tencent\-led consortium retained an option to purchase another 10% at the same valuation until January 2021, which they opted to exercise in December 2020\.{{Cite news\|date\=2020\-12\-18\|title\=Tencent Group Buys Further 10% of Vivendi's Universal Music\|language\=en\|work\=Bloomberg.com\|url\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020\-12\-18/tencent\-group\-buys\-further\-10\-of\-vivendi\-s\-universal\-music\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-01\|archive\-date\=18 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218202156/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020\-12\-18/tencent\-group\-buys\-further\-10\-of\-vivendi\-s\-universal\-music\|url\-status\=live}} [Pershing Square Holdings](/wiki/Pershing_Square_Holdings "Pershing Square Holdings") later acquired 10% of UMG prior to its [IPO](/wiki/Initial_public_offering "Initial public offering") on the [Euronext Amsterdam](/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam "Euronext Amsterdam") stock exchange. The company went public on 21 September 2021, at a valuation of €46 billion.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-09\-21\|title\=Universal hits massive valuation of $54bn as it lists on Amsterdam Stock Exchange\|url\=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal\-hits\-massive\-valuation\-of\-54bn\-as\-it\-lists\-on\-amsterdam\-stock\-exchange/\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-21\|website\=Music Business Worldwide\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|last\=Turak\|first\=Natasha\|date\=2021\-09\-21\|title\=Universal Music Group shares soar in market debut\|url\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/21/universal\-music\-group\-shares\-soar\-in\-market\-debut.html\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-14\|website\=CNBC\|language\=en}} In April, Vivendi bought a 10\.6% stake in [Lagardère Group](/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group "Lagardère Group"), another French media group, the assets of which include the world's third\-largest book publisher [Hachette](/wiki/Hachette_%28publisher%29 "Hachette (publisher)").{{Cite news\|title\=Vivendi buys stake in Lagardère ahead of activist showdown\|url\=https://www.ft.com/content/c6a9b19b\-fbc6\-472c\-b4eb\-58ceb5f54022\|website\=Financial Times\|date\=21 April 2020\|access\-date\=2020\-05\-27\|last1\=Abboud\|first1\=Leila\|archive\-date\=13 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213171307/https://www.ft.com/content/c6a9b19b\-fbc6\-472c\-b4eb\-58ceb5f54022\|url\-status\=live}} By August 2020, Vivendi had doubled its stake in Lagardère to 23\.5%, becoming the largest shareholder of the rival group.{{Cite news\|last\=Kar\-Gupta\|first\=Mathieu Rosemain, Sudip\|date\=2020\-08\-11\|title\=Bollore opens rift with France's richest man over Lagardere\|language\=en\|work\=Reuters\|url\=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk\-lagardere\-vivendi\-idUKKCN2570M0\|access\-date\=2020\-09\-15\|archive\-date\=28 February 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228214626/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk\-lagardere\-vivendi\-idUKKCN2570M0\|url\-status\=live}} In October, Vivendi acquired a 12% stake in South Africa's media company, [MultiChoice](/wiki/MultiChoice "MultiChoice").{{cite web\|url \= https://ayo.news/2020/11/24/multichoice\-betking/\|title \= MULTICHOICE PAYS $81M FOR 20% STAKE IN BETKING \- AYO.NEWS\|date \= 24 November 2020\|access\-date \= 22 May 2021\|archive\-date \= 22 May 2021\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210522210103/https://ayo.news/2020/11/24/multichoice\-betking/\|url\-status \= live}} In December, Vivendi announced a deal to buy the French media conglomerate Prisma Media from [Bertelsmann](/wiki/Bertelsmann "Bertelsmann").{{Cite news\|url \= https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/12/23/vivendi\-annonce\-avoir\-signe\-une\-promesse\-d\-achat\-pour\-acquerir\-100\-de\-prisma\-media\_6064367\_3234\.html\|title \= Vivendi annonce avoir signé " une promesse d'achat " pour acquérir 100 % de Prisma Media\|newspaper \= Le Monde.fr\|date \= 23 December 2020\|access\-date \= 31 January 2021\|archive\-date \= 2 February 2021\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20210202092757/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/12/23/vivendi\-annonce\-avoir\-signe\-une\-promesse\-d\-achat\-pour\-acquerir\-100\-de\-prisma\-media\_6064367\_3234\.html\|url\-status \= live}} In January 2021, Vivendi bought a 9\.9% stake in the Spanish media conglomerate [Prisa](/wiki/Prisa "Prisa").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.challenges.fr/media/medias\-apres\-prisma\-vivendi\-lorgne\-l\-espagnol\-prisa\_747272\|title\=Médias: Après Prisma, Vivendi entre au capital de l'espagnol Prisa\|date\=22 January 2021\|access\-date\=31 January 2021\|archive\-date\=22 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122084448/https://www.challenges.fr/media/medias\-apres\-prisma\-vivendi\-lorgne\-l\-espagnol\-prisa\_747272\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\-release/vivendi\-raises\-its\-stake\-in\-prisa\-to\-9\-9/ \|title\=Vivendi raises its stake in PRISA to 9\.9% \- Vivendi \|access\-date\=30 August 2021 \|archive\-date\=6 January 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106114440/https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\-release/vivendi\-raises\-its\-stake\-in\-prisa\-to\-9\-9/ \|url\-status\=live }}
In September 2021, Vivendi distributed 60% of its UMG shares to shareholders and retained 10% of shares in an IPO at [Euronext Amsterdam](/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam "Euronext Amsterdam").{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-09\-21\|title\=Universal hits massive valuation of $54bn as it lists on Amsterdam Stock Exchange\|url\=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal\-hits\-massive\-valuation\-of\-54bn\-as\-it\-lists\-on\-amsterdam\-stock\-exchange/\|access\-date\=2021\-09\-22\|website\=Music Business Worldwide\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=13 December 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213193113/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal\-hits\-massive\-valuation\-of\-54bn\-as\-it\-lists\-on\-amsterdam\-stock\-exchange/\|url\-status\=live}} Amber Capital informed Vivendi of its intention to sell all its shares in Lagardère (17\.93 of the share capital) and invited Vivendi to make an acquisition offer. Vivendi has acquired Amber Capital's shares for 24\.1 euros per share. The transaction will be completed by December 15, 2022, after gaining the approvals required by the current regulations in light of the takeover that could result from the mandatory public offer following this acquisition.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\-release/amber\-capital\-proposes\-that\-vivendi\-acquire\-its\-stake\-in\-lagardere\-which\-vivendi\-has\-accepted/ \|title\=Amber Capital proposes that Vivendi acquire its stake in Lagardère, which Vivendi has accepted \- Vivendi \|access\-date\=11 October 2021 \|archive\-date\=9 October 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035844/https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\-release/amber\-capital\-proposes\-that\-vivendi\-acquire\-its\-stake\-in\-lagardere\-which\-vivendi\-has\-accepted/ \|url\-status\=live }} In December 2021, Vivendi announced its plan to accelerate the purchase of Amber's stake in Lagardere.{{cite news\| url \= https://www.reuters.com/business/media\-telecom/vivendi\-launch\-offer\-lagardere\-2410\-euros\-per\-share\-2021\-12\-09/\| title \= Vivendi accelerates Lagardere purchase, extending media empire\| newspaper \= Reuters\| date \= 9 December 2021\| last1 \= Clercq\| first1 \= Geert de\| last2 \= Aloisi\| first2 \= Silvia\| access\-date \= 21 December 2021\| archive\-date \= 21 December 2021\| archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20211221214326/https://www.reuters.com/business/media\-telecom/vivendi\-launch\-offer\-lagardere\-2410\-euros\-per\-share\-2021\-12\-09/\| url\-status \= live}} {{As of\|2022\|6}}, Vivendi owns 57\.3% of Lagardère following the latter's IPO.{{cite web \| url\=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/vivendi\-lagardere\-group\-ipo\-1235293595/ \| title\=Vivendi to Own 57\.3% Stake in Lagardere Group Following IPO \|date\=14 June 2022 \|work\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]}} Vivendi offered to divest the book publisher [Editis](/wiki/Editis "Editis"), as Lagardère already owns [Hachette](/wiki/Hachette_%28publisher%29 "Hachette (publisher)").{{cite news \| url\=https://www.ft.com/content/036a9f9f\-8bf2\-4b70\-b6a8\-2769fb4b40d5 \| title\=Vivendi offers to spin off book publisher Editis in regulatory battle \| newspaper\=Financial Times \| date\=28 July 2022 }}
In July 2022, Vivendi announced its plan to spin off Editis, anticipating the European competition regulators not to allow Editis and Lagardere Publishing to merge. In June 2023, Vivendi agreed to sell Editis to Czech billionaire [Daniel Křetínský](/wiki/Daniel_K%C5%99et%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD "Daniel Křetínský")'s Czech Media Invest.{{cite news \| url\=https://www.reuters.com/business/media\-telecom/frances\-vivendi\-signs\-deal\-sell\-publishing\-unit\-editis\-2023\-06\-16 \| title\=France's Vivendi inks deal to sell Editis to Kretinsky's IMI \| newspaper\=Reuters \| date\=16 June 2023 }} In July 2023, Vivendi announced that Prisma Media entered into exclusive negotiations with Groupe Figaro for the sale of Gala magazine.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\-release/vivendi\-announced\-that\-prisma\-media\-entered\-into\-exclusive\-negotiations\-with\-groupe\-figaro\-for\-the\-sale\-of\-the\-gala\-magazine/ \| title\=Vivendi announced that Prisma Media entered into exclusive negotiations with Groupe Figaro for the sale of the Gala magazine \- Vivendi }} The transaction for Editis was finalized in November 2023\.{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-11\-14 \|title\=Édition : Vivendi finalise la cession d'Editis à Daniel Kretinsky \|url\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\-eco/edition\-vivendi\-finalise\-la\-cession\-d\-editis\-a\-daniel\-kretinsky\-20231114 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-16 \|website\=Le Figaro \|language\=fr \|agency\=Agence France\-Presse}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Origins",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Original Vivendi logo](/wiki/File:Vivendi_old_logo.gif \"Vivendi old logo.gif\")\nOn 14 December 1853, a water company named **Compagnie générale des eaux** (**CGE**) was created by an imperial decree of [Napoleon III](/wiki/Napoleon_III \"Napoleon III\"). In 1854, CGE obtained a concession in order to supply water to the public in [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\"), serving in that capacity for over a hundred years. In 1861, it obtained a 50\\-year concession with the [City of Paris](/wiki/Paris \"Paris\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1853\\-1900/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505230541/http://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1853\\-1900/\\|title\\=History CGE\\-Vivendi\\-Veolia Environment 1853\\-1900\\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2013}} CGE also supplied water to [Nantes](/wiki/Nantes \"Nantes\"), [Venice](/wiki/Venice \"Venice\") (from 1880\\), [Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\") (from 1882\\) and [Porto](/wiki/Porto \"Porto\") (from 1883\\).",
"Following the appointment of [Guy Dejouany](/wiki/Guy_Dejouany \"Guy Dejouany\") as CEO in 1976, CGE extended its activities into other sectors with a series of takeovers. Beginning in 1980, CGE began diversifying from water into waste management, energy, transport services, and [construction](/wiki/Construction \"Construction\") and property. It acquired the *Compagnie générale d'entreprises automobiles* (CGEA), specialized in industrial vehicles, which was later divided into two branches: [Connex](/wiki/Veolia_Transport \"Veolia Transport\") (later Veolia Transport) in 1999 and [Onyx Environnement](/wiki/Veolia_Environmental_Services \"Veolia Environmental Services\") (later Veolia Environmental Services) in 1989\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia\\-group/profile/history/1950\\-2000 \\|title\\=The history of Veolia : 1950 \\- 2000 \\|publisher\\=Veolia \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129081710/https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia\\-group/profile/history/1950\\-2000 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} CGE then acquired the *Compagnie générale de chauffe*, and the Montenay group, with these companies later becoming the Energy Services division of CGE, and later renamed \"[Dalkia](/wiki/Dalkia \"Dalkia\")\" in 1998\\.",
"In 1983, CGE helped to found [Canal\\+](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 \"Canal+ (French TV channel)\"), the first [pay\\-TV](/wiki/Pay_television \"Pay television\") channel in France, and in the 1990s began expanding into telecommunications and [mass media](/wiki/Mass_media \"Mass media\"), especially after [Jean\\-Marie Messier](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Messier \"Jean-Marie Messier\") succeeded [Guy Dejouany](/wiki/Guy_Dejouany \"Guy Dejouany\") on 27 June 1996, acquiring companies such as the [Babelsberg Studio](/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio \"Babelsberg Studio\").{{Citation needed\\|date\\=January 2020}} In 1996, CGE created [Neuf Cegetel](/wiki/Neuf_Cegetel \"Neuf Cegetel\") to take advantage of the 1998 deregulation of the French telecommunications market, accelerating the move into the media sector which would culminate in the 2000 demerger into Vivendi Universal and Vivendi Environnement ([Veolia](/wiki/Veolia \"Veolia\")).{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1950\\-2000/\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505230552/http://www.veolia.com/en/group/history/1950\\-2000/\\|title\\=History CGE\\-Vivendi\\-Veolia Environment 1950\\-2000\\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2013}}{{Better source needed\\|date\\=January 2020}}",
"### Creation of *Vivendi*",
"{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=May 2022}}\n[thumb\\|right\\|Vivendi Universal logo from 2001 to 2006](/wiki/File:Vivendi_Universal_Logo.svg \"Vivendi Universal Logo.svg\")\nIn 1997, Compagnie Générale des Eaux changed its name to *Vivendi* (derived from the Latin \"vivendus\"), and sold off its property and construction divisions the following year to what would become [Vinci SA](/wiki/Vinci_SA \"Vinci SA\"). Vivendi went on to acquire stakes in or merge with [Maroc Telecom](/wiki/Maroc_Telecom \"Maroc Telecom\"), [Havas](/wiki/Havas \"Havas\"), [Cendant Software](/wiki/Cendant_Software \"Cendant Software\"), Grupo Anaya, and NetHold, a large Continental European pay\\-TV operator. Beginning in 1998, Vivendi launched digital channels in Italy, Spain, Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium, and the Netherlands.",
"In June 1999, Vivendi merged with [Pathé](/wiki/Path%C3%A9 \"Pathé\"), and the exchange ratio for the merger was fixed at three Vivendi shares for every two Pathé shares. *[The Wall Street Journal](/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal \"The Wall Street Journal\")* estimated the value of the deal at US$2\\.59 billion. Following the completion of the merger, Vivendi retained Pathé's interests in [British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC](/wiki/British_Sky_Broadcasting_Group_PLC \"British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC\") and CanalSatellite, a French broadcasting corporation, then sold all remaining assets to Jérôme Seydoux's family\\-owned holding company, *Fornier SA*, which changed its name to Pathé.",
"In early December 2000 Vivendi acquired [Groupe Canal\\+](/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B \"Groupe Canal+\"), the French television network and film production company.{{cite web \\| title\\=Canal Plus OKs Acquisition by Vivendi \\| website\\=\\[\\[Los Angeles Times]] \\| date\\=9 December 2000 \\| url\\=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la\\-xpm\\-2000\\-dec\\-09\\-fi\\-63172\\-story.html \\| access\\-date\\=17 May 2024}} On 11 December 2000 Vivendi Universal was created from the merger of Groupe Canal\\+, Canadian company [Seagram Company Ltd](/wiki/Seagram \"Seagram\") (owner of [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Pictures \"Universal Pictures\")), and Vivendi.{{cite web \\| title\\=L'histoire du Groupe CANAL\\+ de 1983 à nos jours \\| website\\=Canal\\+ \\| date\\=1 January 2012 \\| url\\=https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en/pid163\\.htm\\#anch\\_29 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205011344/http://www.canalplusgroup.com/pid163\\.htm\\#anch\\_29 \\| archive\\-date\\=5 February 2012 \\| url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"Vivendi Universal acquired [MP3\\.com](/wiki/MP3.com \"MP3.com\") and the leading American publisher [Houghton Mifflin](/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin \"Houghton Mifflin\") in 2001\\. To raise the funds, Vivendi Universal sold its trade and medical publishing businesses to a group led by [Cinven](/wiki/Cinven \"Cinven\").{{Cite news \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|last\\=Cowell \\|first\\=Alan \\|title\\=Vivendi Sells Trade Show And Journal Businesses \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2018 \\|date\\=29 August 2001 \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/29/business/vivendi\\-sells\\-trade\\-show\\-and\\-journal\\-businesses.html \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624041806/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/29/business/vivendi\\-sells\\-trade\\-show\\-and\\-journal\\-businesses.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Chinwala \\|first\\=Yasmine \\|title\\=Cinven closes Vivendi business publishing deal for €1\\.2bn \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2018 \\|url\\=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/cinven\\-closes\\-vivendi\\-business\\-publishing\\-deal\\-for\\-20020418 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020150350/https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/cinven\\-closes\\-vivendi\\-business\\-publishing\\-deal\\-for\\-20020418 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"#### Vivendi Environnement",
"{{main\\|Veolia}}\n[Vivendi Environnement](/wiki/Veolia \"Veolia\") was formed in 1999 by Vivendi to consolidate its environmental divisions, which were [CGEA Transport](/wiki/Veolia_Transport \"Veolia Transport\"), [Onyx Environnement](/wiki/Veolia_Environmental_Services \"Veolia Environmental Services\") (now Veolia Environmental Services), [Dalkia](/wiki/Dalkia \"Dalkia\") and CGE water division. As a result, CGEA Transport was renamed Connex (later Veolia Transport), and CGE's water division was renamed Vivendi Water (now [Veolia Water](/wiki/Veolia_Water \"Veolia Water\")). In July 2000, Vivendi Environnement was divested through [IPOs](/wiki/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") in Paris and later New York in October 2001\\. Initially, Vivendi Universal retained a 70% stake in Vivendi Environnement in 2000, but by December 2002, it was reduced to 20\\.4%.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia\\-group/profile/history/2000\\-2010 \\|title\\=The history of Veolia : 2000 \\- 2010 \\|publisher\\=Veolia \\|access\\-date\\=29 January 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129080552/https://www.veolia.com/en/veolia\\-group/profile/history/2000\\-2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 January 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2003, Vivendi Environnement was renamed to Veolia Environnement.",
"### Corporate loss",
"{{original research section\\|date\\=May 2022}}\n{{More citations needed\\|section\\|date\\=May 2022}}\nVivendi Universal disclosed a corporate loss of €23\\.3 billion in its 2002 annual report. It responded with financial reshuffling, trying to shore up media holdings while selling off shares in its [spin\\-off](/wiki/Corporate_spin-off \"Corporate spin-off\") companies. Amid intense media scrutiny, its chairman and CEO, [Jean\\-Marie Messier](/wiki/Jean-Marie_Messier \"Jean-Marie Messier\") (who had overseen the most dramatic phase of the company's diversification), was subsequently replaced by Jean\\-René Fourtou. Messier was found guilty of embezzlement in 2011, but not before he was paid over US$20 million as part of his severance package. The company reduced its stake in [Vivendi Environnement](/wiki/Vivendi_Environnement \"Vivendi Environnement\") to 40% and sold its stake in [Vinci SA](/wiki/Vinci_SA \"Vinci SA\"). The company then began reorganizing to stave off [bankruptcy](/wiki/Bankruptcy \"Bankruptcy\"), announcing a strategy to sell non\\-strategic assets. Its largest single shareholder was the family of [Edgar Bronfman Jr.](/wiki/Edgar_Bronfman_Jr. \"Edgar Bronfman Jr.\"), who was head of Seagram at the time of the merger. Vivendi sold its stake in [Vizzavi](/wiki/Vizzavi \"Vizzavi\") to [Vodafone](/wiki/Vodafone \"Vodafone\"), with the exception of Vizzavi France. It also sold 20\\.4% of Vivendi Environnement's capital to a group of investors, and its stake in North American satellite operator [EchoStar Communications Corporation](/wiki/EchoStar_Communications_Corporation \"EchoStar Communications Corporation\"). It also sold its European book publishing to [Lagardère](/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group \"Lagardère Group\").{{Cite news\\| issn \\= 0099\\-9660\\| pages \\= –4\\| last1 \\= Carreyrou\\| first1 \\= John\\| last2 \\= Frank\\| first2 \\= Robert\\| title \\= Vivendi Universal Reaches Pact To Sell Part of Publishing Unit \\-\\-\\- France's Lagardere Is Set To Buy Non\\-U.S. Portion; Criticism of Deal Is Likely\\| work \\= Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y.\\| location \\= New York, N.Y., United States, New York, N.Y.\\| date \\= 2002\\-10\\-23\\| id \\= {{ProQuest\\|398881177}}}} It also sold Houghton Mifflin to Thomas H Lee, [Blackstone](/wiki/Blackstone_Group \"Blackstone Group\") and [Bain](/wiki/Bain_Capital \"Bain Capital\") consortium for US$1\\.66 billion.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://sa2\\.info/ARCHIVE/2002/10octB.html \\|title\\=Society of Academic Authors: Late October 2002 News \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030714160845/http://sa2\\.info/ARCHIVE/2002/10octB.html \\|archive\\-date\\=14 July 2003}} Also, in 2002, Vivendi Universal sold the Belgian and Dutch activities of its subsidiary Scoot Europe to Kapitol, the parent company of online directory [Infobel](/wiki/Infobel \"Infobel\").{{cite news \\|title\\=Kapitol acquires Scoot's Belgian and Dutch units \\|date\\=5 December 2002 \\|publisher\\=Europemedia}}",
"In 2003, Vivendi Universal sold Canal\\+ Technologies to [Thomson SA](/wiki/Thomson_SA \"Thomson SA\"); Tele\\+ to [News Corporation](/wiki/News_Corporation_%281980%E2%80%932013%29 \"News Corporation (1980–2013)\") and [Telecom Italia](/wiki/Telecom_Italia \"Telecom Italia\"). It also sold its 26\\.3% interest in [Xfera](/wiki/Xfera \"Xfera\"). Also in 2003, it sold its consumer magazines to [Socpresse](/wiki/Socpresse \"Socpresse\") and its free newspapers to [France Antilles](/wiki/Philippe_Hersant_%28newspaper_publisher%29 \"Philippe Hersant (newspaper publisher)\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Vivendi Completes Sale of Press Unit \\|work\\=Midland Daily News \\|access\\-date\\=28 April 2018 \\|date\\=4 February 2003 \\|url\\=https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Vivendi\\-Completes\\-Sale\\-of\\-Press\\-Unit\\-7086328\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=27 October 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027220218/https://www.ourmidland.com/news/article/Vivendi\\-Completes\\-Sale\\-of\\-Press\\-Unit\\-7086328\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 1 December, Vivendi Universal closed a deal to sell [MP3\\.com](/wiki/MP3.com \"MP3.com\") to [CNET](/wiki/CNET \"CNET\"). Despite predictions that it would be unable to raise the cash needed, Vivendi Universal bought out one of the two minority shareholders in Cegetel, taking its holding to 60 percent, with Vodafone holding the remaining 40 percent. Management viewed the mobile communications firm as a core asset once the bulk of media assets had been sold off.",
"### Further acquisitions, mergers and divestments",
"In 2004, 80% of the Vivendi Universal subsidiary [Universal Studios](/wiki/Universal_Studios%2C_Inc. \"Universal Studios, Inc.\") was sold to [GE](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\"), to form [NBC Universal](/wiki/NBCUniversal \"NBCUniversal\"), with Vivendi retaining a 20 percent stake. At the same time, it sold a 50% stake in [Canal\\+](/wiki/Canal%2B_%28French_TV_channel%29 \"Canal+ (French TV channel)\") and [StudioCanal](/wiki/StudioCanal \"StudioCanal\") to the new company. Vivendi also sold its interests in Kencell (re\\-branded Celtel, Kenya), [Monaco Telecom](/wiki/Monaco_Telecom \"Monaco Telecom\") and [Sportfive](/wiki/Sportfive \"Sportfive\") (which it held through Canal\\+ Group), and sold [Newsworld International](/wiki/Newsworld_International \"Newsworld International\") to the business partnership of [Joel Hyatt](/wiki/Joel_Hyatt \"Joel Hyatt\") and former [Vice\\-President of the United States](/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_United_States \"Vice-President of the United States\") [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore \"Al Gore\"). Vivendi also sold [Babelsberg Studio](/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio \"Babelsberg Studio\").",
"On 16 December 2005, it was announced that Canal Plus would merge with [TPS](/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Par_Satellite \"Télévision Par Satellite\"), France's second largest pay\\-TV provider. Vivendi owned 85% of the combined entity.{{update\\_inline \\|date\\=July 2013}}",
"On 17 January 2006, Vivendi Universal announced it would end its [American Depositary Receipt](/wiki/American_Depositary_Receipt \"American Depositary Receipt\") program and its listing on the [New York Stock Exchange](/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange \"New York Stock Exchange\") by the end of the second quarter of 2006, due to lowered trading volume on its shares and high costs.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/press\\_2006/20060803\\_Vivendi\\_Voluntarily\\_Delists\\_from\\_NYSE\\_and\\_Terminates\\_ADR\\_Program.php \\|title\\=Vivendi Voluntarily Delists from NYSE and Terminates ADR Program \\|publisher\\=Vivendi.com \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827224126/http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/press\\_2006/20060803\\_Vivendi\\_Voluntarily\\_Delists\\_from\\_NYSE\\_and\\_Terminates\\_ADR\\_Program.php \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} On 20 April, Vivendi in its current form came into existence, following the sale of an 80% stake in the Vivendi Universal unit to [General Electric](/wiki/General_Electric \"General Electric\") to form [NBC Universal](/wiki/NBC_Universal \"NBC Universal\") (merging GE's NBC unit and Vivendi's Vivendi Universal unit) and the gradual recovery of the company from its disastrous over\\-expansion in the late 1990s and the early 2000s. The company announced that shareholders had approved the name change to \"Vivendi\".{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2023}} In August, Vivendi signed a deal with [Spiralfrog](/wiki/Spiralfrog \"Spiralfrog\") to distribute Vivendi's songs online in the United States and Canada.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"On 2 December 2007, Vivendi announced that it would be merging [its game publishing unit](/wiki/Vivendi_Games \"Vivendi Games\") with [Activision](/wiki/Activision \"Activision\") in a [$](/wiki/US_dollar \"US dollar\")18\\.8 billion deal.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Cellan\\-Jones \\|first\\=Rory \\|date\\=2007\\-12\\-02 \\|title\\=Video game giants in $18bn merger \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7123582\\.stm \\|work\\=BBC News \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=December 3, 2007 \\|title\\=Vivendi's Activision bid lifts videogame sector \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-activision\\-vivendi\\-idUSN0236714920071202 \\|work\\=Reuters}} This will allow the merged company, [Activision Blizzard](/wiki/Activision_Blizzard \"Activision Blizzard\"), to rival [Electronic Arts](/wiki/Electronic_Arts \"Electronic Arts\"), the world's biggest video game publisher. The merger closed on 9 July 2008, for $9\\.8 billion. Vivendi held a 52% majority stake in the new business.",
"On 8 September 2009, Vivendi announced negotiations to buy the Brazilian phone operator [Global Village Telecom](/wiki/Global_Village_Telecom \"Global Village Telecom\") (GVT).{{cite news \\|last\\=Livesey \\|first\\=Ben \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601086\\&sid\\=aNNP9dPMePVk \\|title\\=Vivendi to Make Offer to buy GVT (Holding) at BRL42 a share \\|publisher\\=Bloomberg.com \\|date\\=8 September 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022145739/http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid\\=20601086 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Vivendi took control of GVT at a cost of 56 reais per share, on 13 November, trumping [Telefónica](/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica \"Telefónica\")'s bid.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jN3E6Qz1wZ\\_CoDKOpigKq\\-glplvw \\|title\\=AFP: France's Vivendi takes control of Brazil's GVT \\|date\\=13 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2013 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520104713/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jN3E6Qz1wZ\\_CoDKOpigKq\\-glplvw \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Geneva\\-based Crédit des Alpes was the investment bank to the transaction, originating the acquisition proposal and advising GVT's majority shareholders.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.newsgateny.com/vivendi\\-buys\\-gvt\\-brazil\\-credit\\-des\\-alpes/ \\|title\\=Crédit des Alpes: Vivendi buys GVT of Brazil \\|publisher\\=NewsGateNY.com \\|date\\=3 November 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=27 May 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527160353/https://www.newsgateny.com/vivendi\\-buys\\-gvt\\-brazil\\-credit\\-des\\-alpes/ \\| url\\-status\\=live }}",
"On 3 December 2009, GE announced it would purchase Vivendi's stake in NBC Universal, which would become a joint venture between GE and [Comcast](/wiki/Comcast \"Comcast\").{{cite news \\|first1\\=David \\|last1\\=Goldman \\|first2\\=Julianne \\|last2\\=Pepitone \\|url\\=https://money.cnn.com/2009/12/03/news/companies/comcast\\_nbc/index.htm \\|title\\=GE, Comcast announce NBC Universal joint venture deal \\|work\\=CNN Money \\|date\\=3 December 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=4 March 2013 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 March 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330061345/http://money.cnn.com/2009/12/03/news/companies/comcast\\_nbc/index.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Vivendi sold its stake in NBC Universal on 25 January 2011\\.",
"On 4 April 2011, Vodafone sold its 44% stake in French mobile service provider [SFR](/wiki/SFR \"SFR\") to Vivendi for about $11 billion{{cite web \\|url\\=http://frenchtribune.com/teneur/114278\\-vivendi\\-sa\\-chief\\-executive\\-officer\\-gains\\-ownership\\-biggest\\-cash\\-cow \\|title\\=Vivendi SA Chief Executive Officer Gains Ownership of the Biggest Cash Cow \\- French Tribune \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=13 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313081607/http://frenchtribune.com/teneur/114278\\-vivendi\\-sa\\-chief\\-executive\\-officer\\-gains\\-ownership\\-biggest\\-cash\\-cow \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and giving Vivendi full control of its largest unit.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011\\-04\\-03/vivendi\\-to\\-purchase\\-vodafone\\-stake\\-in\\-sfr\\-for\\-7\\-95\\-billion\\-euros.html \\|title\\=Vivendi to Purchase Vodafone Stake in SFR for 7\\.95 Billion Euros \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=unfit \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407153808/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011\\-04\\-03/vivendi\\-to\\-purchase\\-vodafone\\-stake\\-in\\-sfr\\-for\\-7\\-95\\-billion\\-euros.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2011}}",
"In 2012, Vivendi announced having entered a strategic review of its assets and decided to refocus its activities on media and content activities while maximizing its telecoms assets.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2023}}",
"On 25 July 2013, Activision Blizzard announced the buyout of 429 million shares from Vivendi for $5\\.83 billion, dropping the shareholder from a 63% stake to 11\\.8% by the end of the deal in September, ending Vivendi's majority ownership of Activision Blizzard.{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2023}} In November, Vivendi also sold its 53% stake in [Maroc Telecom](/wiki/Maroc_Telecom \"Maroc Telecom\") to [Dubai](/wiki/Dubai \"Dubai\")\\-based [Etisalat](/wiki/Etisalat \"Etisalat\") for around $4\\.2 billion.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-vivendi\\-maroctelecom\\-idUSBRE96L0PZ20130722 \\|title\\=Vivendi to announce Maroc Telecom sale to Etisalat \\- sources \\|author\\=Sophie Sassard \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|date\\=22 July 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712125259/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-vivendi\\-maroctelecom\\-idUSBRE96L0PZ20130722 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Vivendi also confirmed in November 2013 its intention to launch a demerger plan which would result in Vivendi becoming an international media group consisting primarily of Canal\\+, Universal Music Group, and GVT, while SFR would be listed separately on the stock market. As a result of the foregoing, Vivendi group results for the first semester of 2014 are in a strong growth, witnessing the success of its repositioning strategy. Net income was up 84,8% to €1\\.9 billion.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\\-eco/2014/08/28/97002\\-20140828FILWWW00225\\-vivendi\\-resultats\\-en\\-tres\\-forte\\-hausse.php \\|title\\=Vivendi: résultats en très forte hausse \\|website\\=Le Figaro \\|date\\=28 August 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205901/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\\-eco/2014/08/28/97002\\-20140828FILWWW00225\\-vivendi\\-resultats\\-en\\-tres\\-forte\\-hausse.php \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In August 2014 Vivendi sells GVT to [Telefônica Vivo](/wiki/Telef%C3%B4nica_Vivo \"Telefônica Vivo\"), a subsidiary of [Telefónica](/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica \"Telefónica\") in Brazil.",
"The moves allowed Vivendi to pay down debt and increase cash returns to shareholders while leaving it able to do acquisitions of its own. After SFR deal closes, Vivendi was expected to have around €5 billion, leaving it with some room to maneuver even after it pays down debt and returns nearly €5 billion in dividends and share buybacks to shareholders.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi\\-boss\\-vows\\-to\\-complete\\-media\\-makeover\\-1403608085 \\|title\\=Vivendi Boss Vows to Complete Media Makeover \\|author\\=Ruth Bender And Marion Halftermeyer \\|date\\=24 June 2014 \\|website\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=30 November 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130021636/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi\\-boss\\-vows\\-to\\-complete\\-media\\-makeover\\-1403608085 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In 2014, Vivendi decided to sell mobile companies [SFR](/wiki/SFR \"SFR\") (France) to [Patrick Drahi](/wiki/Patrick_Drahi \"Patrick Drahi\")'s company, [Altice](/wiki/Altice_%28company%29 \"Altice (company)\"),{{cite news \\|url\\=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-numericable\\-vivendi\\-idUKBREA340CY20140405 \\|title\\=Numericable wins battle for Vivendi's SFR \\|website\\=Reuters UK \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|date\\=5 April 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=18 April 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418023213/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk\\-numericable\\-vivendi\\-idUKBREA340CY20140405 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and [GVT](/wiki/Global_Village_Telecom \"Global Village Telecom\") (Brazil) to the Brazilian company [Telefônica Vivo](/wiki/Telef%C3%B4nica_Vivo \"Telefônica Vivo\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.lesechos.fr/2014/09/vivendi\\-cede\\-gvt\\-mais\\-ne\\-sort\\-pas\\-des\\-telecoms\\-310119 \\|title\\=Vivendi cède GVT mais ne sort pas des télécoms \\|date\\=21 September 2014 \\|website\\=lesechos.fr \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031183909/http://www.lesechos.fr/tech\\-medias/medias/0203793547689\\-vivendi\\-cede\\-gvt\\-mais\\-ne\\-sort\\-pas\\-des\\-telecoms\\-1044957\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 28 May, Vivendi sold half of its remaining shares (nearly 41\\.5 million shares) in Activision Blizzard for $850 million, reducing its stake to 6%.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trina\\-solar\\-jumps\\-23\\-on\\-better\\-than\\-expected\\-earnings\\-2014\\-05\\-21?siteid\\=yhoof2 \\|title\\=Vivendi to sell half of remaining Activision stake \\|author\\=MarketWatch \\|website\\=MarketWatch \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 May 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526112958/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/trina\\-solar\\-jumps\\-23\\-on\\-better\\-than\\-expected\\-earnings\\-2014\\-05\\-21?siteid\\=yhoof2 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In April 2015, it was announced that a shareholder in the company [Bolloré](/wiki/Bollor%C3%A9 \"Bolloré\") raised its stake from 10\\.2 percent to 12\\.01 percent for a total fee of €568 million.{{cite press release \\|publisher\\=Reuters \\|date\\=2 April 2015 \\|title\\=Bollore raises Vivendi stake again as AGM battle looms \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-bollore\\-vivendi\\-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402 \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 October 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006152258/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/04/02/us\\-bollore\\-vivendi\\-idUSKBN0MT0OO20150402 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In 2015, Vivendi bought 80% share in [Dailymotion](/wiki/Dailymotion \"Dailymotion\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/30/vivendi\\-buys\\-80\\-of\\-frances\\-dailymotion\\-valuing\\-the\\-youtube\\-rival\\-at\\-295m/ \\|title\\=Vivendi Buys 80% Of France's Dailymotion, Valuing The YouTube Rival At $295M \\|author\\=Ingrid Lunden \\|publisher\\=AOL \\|website\\=TechCrunch \\|date\\=30 June 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 October 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024212525/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/30/vivendi\\-buys\\-80\\-of\\-frances\\-dailymotion\\-valuing\\-the\\-youtube\\-rival\\-at\\-295m/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} According to the Wall Street Journal, the \"French media group offered around $273 million for streaming service\".{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi\\-confirms\\-interest\\-in\\-buying\\-dailymotion\\-1428388890 \\|title\\=Vivendi Confirms Interest in Buying DailyMotion \\|author\\=Inti Landauro \\|date\\=7 April 2015 \\|website\\=The Wall Street Journal \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025931/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vivendi\\-confirms\\-interest\\-in\\-buying\\-dailymotion\\-1428388890 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Vivendi was in talks with Orange, to Buy 80% stake in Dailymotion. Also, Vivendi announced extra payouts in compromise with P. Schoenfeld Asset Management shareholder.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\\-04\\-08/vivendi\\-plans\\-extra\\-payout\\-in\\-compromise\\-with\\-activist\\-investor \\|title\\=Vivendi Plans Extra Payout in Compromise With Shareholder \\|author\\=Rudy Ruitenberg \\|date\\=8 April 2015 \\|website\\=Bloomberg.com \\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191517/https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv.html?url\\=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxNS0wNC0wOC92aXZlbmRpLXBsYW5zLWV4dHJhLXBheW91dC1pbi1jb21wcm9taXNlLXdpdGgtYWN0aXZpc3QtaW52ZXN0b3I%2F\\&uuid\\=5c989320\\-82b3\\-11e8\\-93c6\\-0dfbc4219278\\&vid\\= \\|url\\-status\\=live }} It was revealed in October 2015 that Vivendi would increase its stake in [Telecom Italia](/wiki/Telecom_Italia \"Telecom Italia\") to around 19% of the ordinary share capital as part of its aims to increase its influence in the group.{{cite web \\|title\\=Exclusive: Vivendi moves to raise Telecom Italia stake to around 19 percent \\- sources \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-telecomitalia\\-vivendi\\-exclusive\\-idUSKCN0RV5Q020151001 \\|website\\=Reuters \\|date\\=1 October 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202095505/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-telecomitalia\\-vivendi\\-exclusive\\-idUSKCN0RV5Q020151001 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\\-04\\-09/vivendi\\-ceo\\-tops\\-company\\-s\\-list\\-to\\-lead\\-telecom\\-italia\\-board \\|title\\=Vivendi CEO Tops Company's List to Lead Telecom Italia Board \\|date\\=9 April 2017 \\|work\\=Bloomberg.com \\|access\\-date\\=17 July 2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 December 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214064532/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017\\-04\\-09/vivendi\\-ceo\\-tops\\-company\\-s\\-list\\-to\\-lead\\-telecom\\-italia\\-board \\|url\\-status\\=live }} As of May 2017, Vivendi owns 24\\.6% of the company with Vivendi's CEO Arnaud de Puyfontaine becoming Executive Chairman of Telecom Italia.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-telecomitalia\\-vivendi\\-chairman/telecom\\-italia\\-names\\-vivendi\\-ceo\\-de\\-puyfontaine\\-as\\-chairman\\-source\\-idUSKBN18S5LC\\|title\\=Telecom Italia appoints Vivendi's CEO as chairman\\|date\\=1 June 2017\\|newspaper\\=Reuters\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808031512/https://www.reuters.com/article/us\\-telecomitalia\\-vivendi\\-chairman/telecom\\-italia\\-names\\-vivendi\\-ceo\\-de\\-puyfontaine\\-as\\-chairman\\-source\\-idUSKBN18S5LC\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In October, Vivendi bought minority stakes in the French video game studios [Gameloft](/wiki/Gameloft \"Gameloft\") and [Ubisoft](/wiki/Ubisoft \"Ubisoft\").{{cite web \\|website\\=GameSpot \\|title\\=Former Activision Owner Vivendi Buys Stakes in Ubisoft and Gameloft \\|url\\=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former\\-activision\\-owner\\-vivendi\\-buys\\-stakes\\-in\\-ubi/1100\\-6431427/ \\|date\\=15 October 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=15 October 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202033140/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/former\\-activision\\-owner\\-vivendi\\-buys\\-stakes\\-in\\-ubi/1100\\-6431427/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} On 17 December 2015, Vivendi acquired a 64\\.4% majority stake in Belgian online radio aggregator [Radionomy](/wiki/Radionomy \"Radionomy\") (including its media player platform [Winamp](/wiki/Winamp \"Winamp\") and internet radio streaming software [Shoutcast](/wiki/Shoutcast \"Shoutcast\")). Its shareholders, including its employees and U.S.\\-based investment firm [Union Square Ventures](/wiki/Union_Square_Ventures \"Union Square Ventures\"), however, retained their stakes in the company.{{cite web \\|title\\=Vivendi Buys Majority Stake In Winamp, Shoutcast Owner Radionomy \\|url\\=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/vivendi\\-buys\\-majority\\-stake\\-in\\-winamp\\-shoutcast\\-owner\\-radionomy\\-1201664170/ \\|website\\=Variety \\|date\\=17 December 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=18 December 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224172708/https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/vivendi\\-buys\\-majority\\-stake\\-in\\-winamp\\-shoutcast\\-owner\\-radionomy\\-1201664170/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In June 2016, after having triggered a mandatory [tender offer](/wiki/Tender_offer \"Tender offer\") in February 2016 by reaching 30% ownership, and then becoming its largest shareholder, Vivendi completed a [hostile takeover](/wiki/Hostile_takeover \"Hostile takeover\") of Gameloft with the acquisition of its founders' stake. At the same time, Vivendi also further increased its stake in Ubisoft, which had led to concern from the company's management that Vivendi was also planning a hostile takeover of Ubisoft, however as of 2018 Vivendi is no longer in the position to do so.{{cite web \\|title\\=Vivendi to Buy Remaining Control of Gameloft as Guillemots Agree to Sell \\|url\\=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi\\-to\\-buy\\-remaining\\-control\\-of\\-gameloft\\-as\\-gu/1100\\-6440596/ \\|website\\=GameSpot \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 December 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223101545/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/vivendi\\-to\\-buy\\-remaining\\-control\\-of\\-gameloft\\-as\\-gu/1100\\-6440596/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Vivendi in process of mandatory takeover bid for Gameloft \\|url\\=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/vivendi\\-in\\-process\\-of\\-mandatory\\-takeover\\-bid\\-for\\-gameloft \\|website\\=GamesIndustry.biz \\|date\\=19 February 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 November 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108124653/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016\\-02\\-19\\-vivendi\\-in\\-process\\-of\\-mandatory\\-takeover\\-bid\\-for\\-gameloft \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|title\\=Vivendi Wins Majority Backing for Gameloft Takeover as Content Strategy Becomes Clearer \\|url\\=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general\\-news/vivendi\\-wins\\-majority\\-backing\\-gameloft\\-898618/ \\|website\\=The Hollywood Reporter \\|date\\=June 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=22 June 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214194952/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/vivendi\\-wins\\-majority\\-backing\\-gameloft\\-898618 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Vivendi (once the owner of [Blizzard](/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment \"Blizzard Entertainment\"), later Activision Blizzard),{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\\-01\\-15/vivendi\\-sells\\-activision\\-blizzard\\-shares\\-netting\\-1\\-1\\-billion \\|title\\=Vivendi Sells Its Activision Stake, Netting $1\\.1 Billion \\|last\\=Serafino \\|first\\=Phil \\|website\\=Bloomberg.com \\|date\\=15 January 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2016 }} searching for a new games publisher property has started investing in both [Ubisoft](/wiki/Ubisoft \"Ubisoft\") and [Gameloft](/wiki/Gameloft \"Gameloft\").{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\\-10\\-14/vivendi\\-buys\\-stakes\\-in\\-french\\-gamemakers\\-ubisoft\\-and\\-gameloft \\|title\\=Ubisoft, Gameloft Shares Surge After Vivendi Acquires Stakes \\|last\\=Mawad \\|first\\=Marie \\|website\\=Bloomberg.com \\|date\\=14 October 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126055632/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015\\-10\\-14/vivendi\\-buys\\-stakes\\-in\\-french\\-gamemakers\\-ubisoft\\-and\\-gameloft \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The brothers in charge of Ubisoft and Gameloft, Yves Guillemot and Michel Guillemot{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.gameloft.com/corporate/?lang\\=en\\&ref\\=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F \\|title\\=Gameloft \\|website\\=www.gameloft.com \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 April 2016 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423231349/http://www.gameloft.com/corporate/?lang\\=en\\&ref\\=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F \\|url\\-status\\=live }} respectively, view the investments as a hostile takeover attempt,{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://seekingalpha.com/article/4073294\\-vivendi\\-one\\-step\\-closer\\-acquire\\-ubisoft \\|title\\=VIvendi acquires Ubisoft \\|website\\=seekingalpha.com\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20170609200630/https://seekingalpha.com/article/4073294\\-vivendi\\-one\\-step\\-closer\\-acquire\\-ubisoft\\|archive\\-date\\=9 June 2017\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\\-02\\-19/gameloft\\-shares\\-jump\\-after\\-vivendi\\-makes\\-hostile\\-takeover\\-offer \\|title\\=Gameloft Shares Surge on Vivendi's Hostile Takeover Offer \\|last\\=Mawad \\|first\\=Marie \\|website\\=Bloomberg.com \\|date\\=19 February 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=26 January 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126114440/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016\\-02\\-19/gameloft\\-shares\\-jump\\-after\\-vivendi\\-makes\\-hostile\\-takeover\\-offer \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and are raising capital from within the family{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.businessinsider.com/r\\-guillemot\\-family\\-ups\\-stake\\-in\\-gameloft\\-to\\-fend\\-off\\-takeover\\-2016\\-2 \\|title\\=Guillemot family ups stake in Gameloft to fend off 'takeover' \\|website\\=Business Insider \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819051241/https://www.businessinsider.com/r\\-guillemot\\-family\\-ups\\-stake\\-in\\-gameloft\\-to\\-fend\\-off\\-takeover\\-2016\\-2 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and from Canadian investors{{cite web \\|url\\=https://fortune.com/2016/02/26/ubisoft\\-hunts\\-for\\-canadian\\-investors\\-to\\-fight\\-off\\-vivendi/ \\|title\\=Ubisoft Hunts For Canadian Investors To Fight Off Vivendi \\|website\\=Fortune \\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 November 2020 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108165934/https://fortune.com/2016/02/26/ubisoft\\-hunts\\-for\\-canadian\\-investors\\-to\\-fight\\-off\\-vivendi/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} to maintain control of the companies. As of 8 June 2016, Vivendi has acquired a controlling stake in Gameloft. In news from 11 September 2016 Yves Guillemot is set to buy an additional 3\\.5% of Ubisoft shares to raise his stake to 12\\.5% to attempt to block a takeover from Vivendi. Yves has been attempting to lobby other shareholders to prevent them from selling their shares to Vivendi.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://overclock3d.net/news/gpu\\_displays/ubisoft\\_s\\_founder\\_buys\\_another\\_3\\_5\\_of\\_the\\_company/2 \\|title\\=OC3D :: News :: Ubisoft's founder buys another 3\\.5% of the company :: The Guillemont family is attempting to prevent a takeover attempt from Vivendi \\|website\\=www.overclock3d.net \\|date\\=7 September 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=11 September 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 August 2018 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819082750/https://www.overclock3d.net/news/gpu\\_displays/ubisoft\\_s\\_founder\\_buys\\_another\\_3\\_5\\_of\\_the\\_company/2 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} As of 20 March 2018, Vivendi has sold all its shares in Ubisoft and [Tencent](/wiki/Tencent \"Tencent\") has bought in in their place.{{Cite news \\|url\\=https://www.pcgamer.com/vivendi\\-sells\\-off\\-ubisoft\\-holdings\\-tencent\\-buys\\-in/ \\|title\\=Vivendi sells off Ubisoft holdings, Tencent buys in \\|work\\=pcgamer \\|access\\-date\\=20 March 2018 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=3 February 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203051629/https://www.pcgamer.com/vivendi\\-sells\\-off\\-ubisoft\\-holdings\\-tencent\\-buys\\-in/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In an auction on 6 June, Vivendi won a bid to acquire Flavorus from [SFX Entertainment](/wiki/SFX_Entertainment \"SFX Entertainment\") for $4 million.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/vivendi\\-unit\\-wins\\-auction\\-for\\-sfxs\\-flavorus\\-2016\\-06\\-06 \\|title\\=Vivendi unit wins auction for SFX's Flavorus \\|first\\=Stephanie \\|last\\=Gleason \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[MarketWatch]] \\|access\\-date\\=2 July 2016 \\|archive\\-date\\=1 August 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801012537/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/vivendi\\-unit\\-wins\\-auction\\-for\\-sfxs\\-flavorus\\-2016\\-06\\-06 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Also that month, it acquired Paddington and Company Limited\\-owner of [Paddington Bear](/wiki/Paddington_Bear \"Paddington Bear\") and other properties, and The Copyrights Group. Vivendi declared that it owned 12\\.3% of [Mediaset](/wiki/Mediaset \"Mediaset\") in December 2016\\.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/132e73ee\\-c13f\\-11e6\\-9bca\\-2b93a6856354 \\|title\\=Bolloré and Berlusconi play cat and mouse over Mediaset \\|work\\=ft.com \\|date\\=14 December 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=12 February 2017 \\|last1\\=Agnew \\|first1\\=Harriet \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921134113/https://www.ft.com/content/132e73ee\\-c13f\\-11e6\\-9bca\\-2b93a6856354 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In September 2020, Vivendi owns 28\\.8% of Mediaset.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.capital.fr/entreprises\\-marches/vivendi\\-vincent\\-bollore\\-gagne\\-son\\-bras\\-de\\-fer\\-avec\\-mediaset\\-1379490 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904011449/https://www.capital.fr/entreprises\\-marches/vivendi\\-vincent\\-bollore\\-gagne\\-son\\-bras\\-de\\-fer\\-avec\\-mediaset\\-1379490 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 September 2020 \\|title\\=Vivendi : Vincent Bolloré gagne son bras de fer avec Mediaset \\- Capital.fr}} In January 2019, Vivendi completed its €900 million acquisition of [Editis](/wiki/Editis \"Editis\"), one of France's major book publishers.{{Cite press release\\|url \\= https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190131005562/en/Vivendi\\-Completes\\-Acquisition\\-Editis\\-French\\-Language\\-Publishing\\-Powerhouse\\|title \\= Vivendi Completes the Acquisition of Editis, a French\\-Language Publishing Powerhouse\\|date \\= 31 January 2019\\|access\\-date \\= 7 February 2019\\|archive\\-date \\= 20 October 2020\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020211716/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190131005562/en/Vivendi\\-Completes\\-Acquisition\\-Editis\\-French\\-Language\\-Publishing\\-Powerhouse\\|url\\-status \\= live}}",
"In 2019, Vivendi acquired Nigeria's film studio ROK Studios which included its linear channels and VOD service, IROKO\\+.[http://www.3pointplus.com.ng/gist/rok\\-studios](http://www.3pointplus.com.ng/gist/rok-studios) {{Dead link\\|date\\=March 2022}}",
"At the end of the first quarter of 2020, Vivendi completed a partial sale of [Universal Music Group](/wiki/Universal_Music_Group \"Universal Music Group\") (UMG) to a consortium led by [Tencent](/wiki/Tencent \"Tencent\"), a Chinese media conglomerate. The amount of stake of the world's largest [record label](/wiki/Record_label \"Record label\") group that has been sold to the consortium is 10% and the valuation of which was $3\\.3 billion. The Tencent\\-led consortium retained an option to purchase another 10% at the same valuation until January 2021, which they opted to exercise in December 2020\\.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2020\\-12\\-18\\|title\\=Tencent Group Buys Further 10% of Vivendi's Universal Music\\|language\\=en\\|work\\=Bloomberg.com\\|url\\=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020\\-12\\-18/tencent\\-group\\-buys\\-further\\-10\\-of\\-vivendi\\-s\\-universal\\-music\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-01\\|archive\\-date\\=18 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218202156/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020\\-12\\-18/tencent\\-group\\-buys\\-further\\-10\\-of\\-vivendi\\-s\\-universal\\-music\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Pershing Square Holdings](/wiki/Pershing_Square_Holdings \"Pershing Square Holdings\") later acquired 10% of UMG prior to its [IPO](/wiki/Initial_public_offering \"Initial public offering\") on the [Euronext Amsterdam](/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam \"Euronext Amsterdam\") stock exchange. The company went public on 21 September 2021, at a valuation of €46 billion.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-21\\|title\\=Universal hits massive valuation of $54bn as it lists on Amsterdam Stock Exchange\\|url\\=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal\\-hits\\-massive\\-valuation\\-of\\-54bn\\-as\\-it\\-lists\\-on\\-amsterdam\\-stock\\-exchange/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-21\\|website\\=Music Business Worldwide\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Turak\\|first\\=Natasha\\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-21\\|title\\=Universal Music Group shares soar in market debut\\|url\\=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/21/universal\\-music\\-group\\-shares\\-soar\\-in\\-market\\-debut.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-14\\|website\\=CNBC\\|language\\=en}} In April, Vivendi bought a 10\\.6% stake in [Lagardère Group](/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group \"Lagardère Group\"), another French media group, the assets of which include the world's third\\-largest book publisher [Hachette](/wiki/Hachette_%28publisher%29 \"Hachette (publisher)\").{{Cite news\\|title\\=Vivendi buys stake in Lagardère ahead of activist showdown\\|url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/c6a9b19b\\-fbc6\\-472c\\-b4eb\\-58ceb5f54022\\|website\\=Financial Times\\|date\\=21 April 2020\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-05\\-27\\|last1\\=Abboud\\|first1\\=Leila\\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213171307/https://www.ft.com/content/c6a9b19b\\-fbc6\\-472c\\-b4eb\\-58ceb5f54022\\|url\\-status\\=live}} By August 2020, Vivendi had doubled its stake in Lagardère to 23\\.5%, becoming the largest shareholder of the rival group.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Kar\\-Gupta\\|first\\=Mathieu Rosemain, Sudip\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-11\\|title\\=Bollore opens rift with France's richest man over Lagardere\\|language\\=en\\|work\\=Reuters\\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk\\-lagardere\\-vivendi\\-idUKKCN2570M0\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-09\\-15\\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228214626/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk\\-lagardere\\-vivendi\\-idUKKCN2570M0\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In October, Vivendi acquired a 12% stake in South Africa's media company, [MultiChoice](/wiki/MultiChoice \"MultiChoice\").{{cite web\\|url \\= https://ayo.news/2020/11/24/multichoice\\-betking/\\|title \\= MULTICHOICE PAYS $81M FOR 20% STAKE IN BETKING \\- AYO.NEWS\\|date \\= 24 November 2020\\|access\\-date \\= 22 May 2021\\|archive\\-date \\= 22 May 2021\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210522210103/https://ayo.news/2020/11/24/multichoice\\-betking/\\|url\\-status \\= live}} In December, Vivendi announced a deal to buy the French media conglomerate Prisma Media from [Bertelsmann](/wiki/Bertelsmann \"Bertelsmann\").{{Cite news\\|url \\= https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/12/23/vivendi\\-annonce\\-avoir\\-signe\\-une\\-promesse\\-d\\-achat\\-pour\\-acquerir\\-100\\-de\\-prisma\\-media\\_6064367\\_3234\\.html\\|title \\= Vivendi annonce avoir signé \" une promesse d'achat \" pour acquérir 100 % de Prisma Media\\|newspaper \\= Le Monde.fr\\|date \\= 23 December 2020\\|access\\-date \\= 31 January 2021\\|archive\\-date \\= 2 February 2021\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20210202092757/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2020/12/23/vivendi\\-annonce\\-avoir\\-signe\\-une\\-promesse\\-d\\-achat\\-pour\\-acquerir\\-100\\-de\\-prisma\\-media\\_6064367\\_3234\\.html\\|url\\-status \\= live}} In January 2021, Vivendi bought a 9\\.9% stake in the Spanish media conglomerate [Prisa](/wiki/Prisa \"Prisa\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.challenges.fr/media/medias\\-apres\\-prisma\\-vivendi\\-lorgne\\-l\\-espagnol\\-prisa\\_747272\\|title\\=Médias: Après Prisma, Vivendi entre au capital de l'espagnol Prisa\\|date\\=22 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=22 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122084448/https://www.challenges.fr/media/medias\\-apres\\-prisma\\-vivendi\\-lorgne\\-l\\-espagnol\\-prisa\\_747272\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\\-release/vivendi\\-raises\\-its\\-stake\\-in\\-prisa\\-to\\-9\\-9/ \\|title\\=Vivendi raises its stake in PRISA to 9\\.9% \\- Vivendi \\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 January 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106114440/https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\\-release/vivendi\\-raises\\-its\\-stake\\-in\\-prisa\\-to\\-9\\-9/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"In September 2021, Vivendi distributed 60% of its UMG shares to shareholders and retained 10% of shares in an IPO at [Euronext Amsterdam](/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam \"Euronext Amsterdam\").{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-09\\-21\\|title\\=Universal hits massive valuation of $54bn as it lists on Amsterdam Stock Exchange\\|url\\=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal\\-hits\\-massive\\-valuation\\-of\\-54bn\\-as\\-it\\-lists\\-on\\-amsterdam\\-stock\\-exchange/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-09\\-22\\|website\\=Music Business Worldwide\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=13 December 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213193113/https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/universal\\-hits\\-massive\\-valuation\\-of\\-54bn\\-as\\-it\\-lists\\-on\\-amsterdam\\-stock\\-exchange/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Amber Capital informed Vivendi of its intention to sell all its shares in Lagardère (17\\.93 of the share capital) and invited Vivendi to make an acquisition offer. Vivendi has acquired Amber Capital's shares for 24\\.1 euros per share. The transaction will be completed by December 15, 2022, after gaining the approvals required by the current regulations in light of the takeover that could result from the mandatory public offer following this acquisition.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\\-release/amber\\-capital\\-proposes\\-that\\-vivendi\\-acquire\\-its\\-stake\\-in\\-lagardere\\-which\\-vivendi\\-has\\-accepted/ \\|title\\=Amber Capital proposes that Vivendi acquire its stake in Lagardère, which Vivendi has accepted \\- Vivendi \\|access\\-date\\=11 October 2021 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 October 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009035844/https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\\-release/amber\\-capital\\-proposes\\-that\\-vivendi\\-acquire\\-its\\-stake\\-in\\-lagardere\\-which\\-vivendi\\-has\\-accepted/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In December 2021, Vivendi announced its plan to accelerate the purchase of Amber's stake in Lagardere.{{cite news\\| url \\= https://www.reuters.com/business/media\\-telecom/vivendi\\-launch\\-offer\\-lagardere\\-2410\\-euros\\-per\\-share\\-2021\\-12\\-09/\\| title \\= Vivendi accelerates Lagardere purchase, extending media empire\\| newspaper \\= Reuters\\| date \\= 9 December 2021\\| last1 \\= Clercq\\| first1 \\= Geert de\\| last2 \\= Aloisi\\| first2 \\= Silvia\\| access\\-date \\= 21 December 2021\\| archive\\-date \\= 21 December 2021\\| archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20211221214326/https://www.reuters.com/business/media\\-telecom/vivendi\\-launch\\-offer\\-lagardere\\-2410\\-euros\\-per\\-share\\-2021\\-12\\-09/\\| url\\-status \\= live}} {{As of\\|2022\\|6}}, Vivendi owns 57\\.3% of Lagardère following the latter's IPO.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/vivendi\\-lagardere\\-group\\-ipo\\-1235293595/ \\| title\\=Vivendi to Own 57\\.3% Stake in Lagardere Group Following IPO \\|date\\=14 June 2022 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]}} Vivendi offered to divest the book publisher [Editis](/wiki/Editis \"Editis\"), as Lagardère already owns [Hachette](/wiki/Hachette_%28publisher%29 \"Hachette (publisher)\").{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.ft.com/content/036a9f9f\\-8bf2\\-4b70\\-b6a8\\-2769fb4b40d5 \\| title\\=Vivendi offers to spin off book publisher Editis in regulatory battle \\| newspaper\\=Financial Times \\| date\\=28 July 2022 }}",
"In July 2022, Vivendi announced its plan to spin off Editis, anticipating the European competition regulators not to allow Editis and Lagardere Publishing to merge. In June 2023, Vivendi agreed to sell Editis to Czech billionaire [Daniel Křetínský](/wiki/Daniel_K%C5%99et%C3%ADnsk%C3%BD \"Daniel Křetínský\")'s Czech Media Invest.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://www.reuters.com/business/media\\-telecom/frances\\-vivendi\\-signs\\-deal\\-sell\\-publishing\\-unit\\-editis\\-2023\\-06\\-16 \\| title\\=France's Vivendi inks deal to sell Editis to Kretinsky's IMI \\| newspaper\\=Reuters \\| date\\=16 June 2023 }} In July 2023, Vivendi announced that Prisma Media entered into exclusive negotiations with Groupe Figaro for the sale of Gala magazine.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.vivendi.com/en/press\\-release/vivendi\\-announced\\-that\\-prisma\\-media\\-entered\\-into\\-exclusive\\-negotiations\\-with\\-groupe\\-figaro\\-for\\-the\\-sale\\-of\\-the\\-gala\\-magazine/ \\| title\\=Vivendi announced that Prisma Media entered into exclusive negotiations with Groupe Figaro for the sale of the Gala magazine \\- Vivendi }} The transaction for Editis was finalized in November 2023\\.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-11\\-14 \\|title\\=Édition : Vivendi finalise la cession d'Editis à Daniel Kretinsky \\|url\\=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash\\-eco/edition\\-vivendi\\-finalise\\-la\\-cession\\-d\\-editis\\-a\\-daniel\\-kretinsky\\-20231114 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-16 \\|website\\=Le Figaro \\|language\\=fr \\|agency\\=Agence France\\-Presse}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
John Slezak was born in [Stará Turá](/wiki/Star%C3%A1_Tur%C3%A1 "Stará Turá"), [Austria\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary "Austria-Hungary") (in modern [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia")) on April 18, 1896\. After immigrating to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") in 1916, Slezak enlisted in the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army") in 1917 and was posted to the [Rock Island Arsenal](/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal "Rock Island Arsenal"), where he became head of a department in the [small arms](/wiki/Small_arms "Small arms") division. In 1919, he enrolled at the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison "University of Wisconsin–Madison") and received a [B.S.](/wiki/B.S. "B.S.") in [mechanical engineering](/wiki/Mechanical_engineering "Mechanical engineering") in 1923\. He worked as a mechanical engineer at [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric "Western Electric") from 1923 to 1930\. In September 1924, he was appointed a [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant "Second lieutenant") in the [United States Army Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve "United States Army Reserve"), serving as an [ordnance](/wiki/Military_logistics "Military logistics") officer. In 1930, he became president of the [Turner Brass Works](/wiki/Turner_Brass_Works "Turner Brass Works") in [Sycamore, Illinois](/wiki/Sycamore%2C_Illinois "Sycamore, Illinois"), a position he held until 1953\.
With the U.S.'s entry into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), Slezak became a [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 "Major (United States)") in the United States Army. He was promoted to [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 "Lieutenant colonel (United States)") in 1942 and [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)") in 1943\. He spent 47 months with the Chicago [Ordnance](/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps "United States Army Ordnance Corps") District, first as Deputy District Chief, then as Chief of the Industrial Division, and finally as District Chief. For his war service, Slezak was awarded the [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit "Legion of Merit") in 1944; the [Oak Leaf Cluster](/wiki/Oak_Leaf_Cluster "Oak Leaf Cluster") in 1946; and the [American Campaign Medal](/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal "American Campaign Medal") and the [World War II Victory Medal](/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_%28United_States%29 "World War II Victory Medal (United States)"). After the war, as a civilian, Slezak helped to establish the [machine tool](/wiki/Machine_tool "Machine tool") division of the Army\-Navy Munitions Board.
In 1948, Slezak became president and chairman of the board of the [Pheoil Manufacturing Company](/wiki/Pheoil_Manufacturing_Company "Pheoil Manufacturing Company") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"). He served as director of the [National Association of Manufacturers](/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers "National Association of Manufacturers") 1952\-53\.
In 1953, [President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") nominated Slezak as [Assistant Secretary of the Army (Materiel)](/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Army_%28Materiel%29 "Assistant Secretary of the Army (Materiel)") and he subsequently held this post from May 4, 1953 until February 7, 1954\. Eisenhower then nominated him as [United States Under Secretary of the Army](/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army "United States Under Secretary of the Army") and he subsequently held this post from February 1954 until January 1955\. He then served as director of the [Association of the United States Army](/wiki/Association_of_the_United_States_Army "Association of the United States Army") from 1955 to 1957\.
From 1957 until his retirement in 1978, Slezak served as chairman of the [Reserve Forces Policy Board](/wiki/Reserve_Forces_Policy_Board "Reserve Forces Policy Board") of the [United States Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense").
Slezak served on the [board of directors](/wiki/Board_of_directors "Board of directors") of many companies, including the Kable Printing Company (chairman of the board, 1947–72\); the [Hazeltine Corporation](/wiki/Hazeltine_Corporation "Hazeltine Corporation"); the Clayton Mark Company; and the Roper Corporation.
He was also a [trustee](/wiki/Trustee "Trustee") of the [Illinois Institute of Technology](/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology "Illinois Institute of Technology") 1949\-84 and of the [Foundation for Economic Education](/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education "Foundation for Economic Education") 1955\-67\.
Slezak died in [Sycamore](/wiki/Sycamore%2C_Illinois "Sycamore, Illinois"), Illinois on April 14, 1984\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"John Slezak was born in [Stará Turá](/wiki/Star%C3%A1_Tur%C3%A1 \"Stará Turá\"), [Austria\\-Hungary](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\") (in modern [Slovakia](/wiki/Slovakia \"Slovakia\")) on April 18, 1896\\. After immigrating to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") in 1916, Slezak enlisted in the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\") in 1917 and was posted to the [Rock Island Arsenal](/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal \"Rock Island Arsenal\"), where he became head of a department in the [small arms](/wiki/Small_arms \"Small arms\") division. In 1919, he enrolled at the [University of Wisconsin–Madison](/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison \"University of Wisconsin–Madison\") and received a [B.S.](/wiki/B.S. \"B.S.\") in [mechanical engineering](/wiki/Mechanical_engineering \"Mechanical engineering\") in 1923\\. He worked as a mechanical engineer at [Western Electric](/wiki/Western_Electric \"Western Electric\") from 1923 to 1930\\. In September 1924, he was appointed a [second lieutenant](/wiki/Second_lieutenant \"Second lieutenant\") in the [United States Army Reserve](/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve \"United States Army Reserve\"), serving as an [ordnance](/wiki/Military_logistics \"Military logistics\") officer. In 1930, he became president of the [Turner Brass Works](/wiki/Turner_Brass_Works \"Turner Brass Works\") in [Sycamore, Illinois](/wiki/Sycamore%2C_Illinois \"Sycamore, Illinois\"), a position he held until 1953\\.",
"With the U.S.'s entry into [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Slezak became a [major](/wiki/Major_%28United_States%29 \"Major (United States)\") in the United States Army. He was promoted to [lieutenant colonel](/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Lieutenant colonel (United States)\") in 1942 and [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\") in 1943\\. He spent 47 months with the Chicago [Ordnance](/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps \"United States Army Ordnance Corps\") District, first as Deputy District Chief, then as Chief of the Industrial Division, and finally as District Chief. For his war service, Slezak was awarded the [Legion of Merit](/wiki/Legion_of_Merit \"Legion of Merit\") in 1944; the [Oak Leaf Cluster](/wiki/Oak_Leaf_Cluster \"Oak Leaf Cluster\") in 1946; and the [American Campaign Medal](/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal \"American Campaign Medal\") and the [World War II Victory Medal](/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_%28United_States%29 \"World War II Victory Medal (United States)\"). After the war, as a civilian, Slezak helped to establish the [machine tool](/wiki/Machine_tool \"Machine tool\") division of the Army\\-Navy Munitions Board.",
"In 1948, Slezak became president and chairman of the board of the [Pheoil Manufacturing Company](/wiki/Pheoil_Manufacturing_Company \"Pheoil Manufacturing Company\") in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"). He served as director of the [National Association of Manufacturers](/wiki/National_Association_of_Manufacturers \"National Association of Manufacturers\") 1952\\-53\\.",
"In 1953, [President of the United States](/wiki/President_of_the_United_States \"President of the United States\") [Dwight D. Eisenhower](/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower \"Dwight D. Eisenhower\") nominated Slezak as [Assistant Secretary of the Army (Materiel)](/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Army_%28Materiel%29 \"Assistant Secretary of the Army (Materiel)\") and he subsequently held this post from May 4, 1953 until February 7, 1954\\. Eisenhower then nominated him as [United States Under Secretary of the Army](/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army \"United States Under Secretary of the Army\") and he subsequently held this post from February 1954 until January 1955\\. He then served as director of the [Association of the United States Army](/wiki/Association_of_the_United_States_Army \"Association of the United States Army\") from 1955 to 1957\\.",
"From 1957 until his retirement in 1978, Slezak served as chairman of the [Reserve Forces Policy Board](/wiki/Reserve_Forces_Policy_Board \"Reserve Forces Policy Board\") of the [United States Department of Defense](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\").",
"Slezak served on the [board of directors](/wiki/Board_of_directors \"Board of directors\") of many companies, including the Kable Printing Company (chairman of the board, 1947–72\\); the [Hazeltine Corporation](/wiki/Hazeltine_Corporation \"Hazeltine Corporation\"); the Clayton Mark Company; and the Roper Corporation.",
"He was also a [trustee](/wiki/Trustee \"Trustee\") of the [Illinois Institute of Technology](/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology \"Illinois Institute of Technology\") 1949\\-84 and of the [Foundation for Economic Education](/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education \"Foundation for Economic Education\") 1955\\-67\\.",
"Slezak died in [Sycamore](/wiki/Sycamore%2C_Illinois \"Sycamore, Illinois\"), Illinois on April 14, 1984\\.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Early career
Chiyo began racing cars in 2007, competing in the [Formula Challenge Japan](/wiki/Formula_Challenge_Japan "Formula Challenge Japan") (FCJ) series after earning a scholarship from the NDDP. He finished third in the 2008 FCJ series, before moving into the National Class of the [All\-Japan Formula Three Championship](/wiki/All-Japan_Formula_Three_Championship "All-Japan Formula Three Championship") in 2009\. Chiyo won the National Class title in 2011 with NDDP Racing, winning five races to defeat Honda prospect [Tomoki Nojiri](/wiki/Tomoki_Nojiri "Tomoki Nojiri") on a tie breaker.
Chiyo returned to All\-Japan F3 in 2013, competing in the main class with the B\-Max Racing Team. He finished third in the championship, with two victories.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/katsumasa\-chiyo/ \| title\=Katsumasa Chiyo \| publisher\=Driver Database \| access\-date\=8 July 2015}} Chiyo took part in the [2013 Macau Grand Prix](/wiki/2013_Macau_Grand_Prix "2013 Macau Grand Prix"), finishing in 15th place.{{cite web \| url\=http://content.grandprix.gov.mo/uploads/result/bc4d34749953da88043b57082a8500a9670cfc84\.pdf \| title\=Star River‧Windsor Arch Formula 3 Macau Grand Prix \- Final Race Classification \| publisher\=Macau Grand Prix \| date\=17 November 2013 \| access\-date\=8 July 2015 \| archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107132325/http://content.grandprix.gov.mo/uploads/result/bc4d34749953da88043b57082a8500a9670cfc84\.pdf \| archive\-date\=7 January 2015 \| url\-status\=dead }} In 2015, Chiyo made a one off return to F3 at [Fuji Speedway](/wiki/Fuji_Speedway "Fuji Speedway"). In 2016, Chiyo returned to F3 to contest the full season with B\-Max Racing. He won one race, and finished sixth in the championship, after missing four races over two rounds due to a back injury.
### Super GT (2012\-present)
{{multiple image
\| align \= right
\| direction \= vertical
\| image1 \= No.10 GAINER TANAX GT\-R at 2015 International Suzuka 1000km (10\).JPG
\| caption1 \= The \[\[Nissan GT\-R]] of Chiyo, Couto and Tomita which won the GT300 class at the 2015 \[\[1000 km Suzuka]].
\| width1 \= 220
\| image2 \= Chiyo Reip Strauss 2015 Bathurst 12 Hour winner.JPG
\| caption2 \= The race\-winning \[\[Nissan GT\-R]] of Chiyo, Reip and Strauss at the \[\[2015 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour]].
\| width2 \= 220
}}
After winning the All\-Japan F3 National Class title in 2011, Chiyo stepped up to the Autobacs Super GT Series, racing a [Nissan GT\-R GT3](/wiki/Nissan_GT-R "Nissan GT-R") in the GT300 class for NDDP Racing. He took his first victory at [Sportsland SUGO](/wiki/Sportsland_SUGO "Sportsland SUGO") with [Yuhi Sekiguchi](/wiki/Yuhi_Sekiguchi "Yuhi Sekiguchi"), and went on to finish the season in fourth place.{{cite news \| url\=https://supergt.net/news/single/13492 \| title\=Tears and joy in the pole\-to\-win! ENEOS SUSTINA SC430 gets first victory in nine years \| work\=Super GT \| date\=29 July 2012 \| access\-date\=8 July 2015}}{{cite web \| url\=http://supergt.net/results/driver\_ranking/2012/gt300 \| title\=2012 Results \- Driver Ranking GT300 \| publisher\=Super GT \| access\-date\=8 July 2015}} With NDDP prospect Daiki Sasaki moving up to GT300, Chiyo moved to pro\-am team Dijon Racing for the [2013 season](/wiki/2013_Super_GT_season "2013 Super GT season"). He finished 28th in the standings after taking just one points\-scoring finish.
After missing the 2014 season due to his new commitments in Europe, Chiyo returned to Super GT in 2015, this time with Gainer in their new Nissan GT\-R alongside [André Couto](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Couto "André Couto"). Chiyo and Couto won the second round of the championship, the Fuji 500km.{{cite news \| url\=http://supergt.net/news/single/15126 \| title\=GT300 winner also a GT\-R, as GAINER TANAX GT\-R triumphs \| work\=Super GT \| date\=3 May 2015 \| access\-date\=8 July 2015}} Then in the Suzuka 1000km, Chiyo, Couto, and third driver Ryuichiro Tomita won the GT300 class, despite carrying 88 kilogrammes of Success Ballast.{{cite news \| url\=https://supergt.net/news/single/15418 \| title\=In GT300, GAINER TANAX GT\-R score second win of the season \| work\=Super GT \| date\=30 August 2015 \| access\-date\=4 November 2015}} Chiyo finished the season second in the championship, despite missing two races due to his ongoing commitments in the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup.
His performances in Japan and Europe secured a promotion to the GT500 class for the 2016 season, joining three\-time GT500 champion [Satoshi Motoyama](/wiki/Satoshi_Motoyama "Satoshi Motoyama") at MOLA. Chiyo and Motoyama finished third at [Okayama International Circuit](/wiki/Okayama_International_Circuit "Okayama International Circuit") in their first race together. Chiyo suffered a spinal injury after a crash in the summer race at Fuji,{{Cite web\|title\=Reigning BES champion Katsumasa Chiyo injures spine in Super GT crash\|url\=https://www.autosport.com/gt/news/reigning\-bes\-champion\-katsumasa\-chiyo\-injures\-spine\-in\-super\-gt\-crash\-5038367/5038367/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-01\|website\=www.autosport.com\|language\=en}} which forced him to miss over a month of competition including the Suzuka 1000km. He finished the season twelfth in the standings in 2016, and again in 2017, where Chiyo nearly took his first premier class victory at Sugo after a last\-lap battle between Motoyama and [Kohei Hirate](/wiki/Kohei_Hirate "Kohei Hirate").{{Cite web\|title\=A Dramatic Last Lap Gives the DENSO SARD KOBELCO LC500Its First Win of the Season!\|url\=https://supergt.net/news/single/17287?ln\=en\|access\-date\=1 November 2021\|website\=SUPER GT Official Website}}
Chiyo and Motoyama remained team mates in 2018, as MOLA were replaced in GT500 by the new NDDP Racing with B\-Max team. They finished 17th in the championship that season. After the season, Chiyo was assigned to drive in the [Intercontinental GT Challenge](/wiki/2019_Intercontinental_GT_Challenge "2019 Intercontinental GT Challenge") for Nissan and [KC Motorgroup](/wiki/KC_Motorgroup "KC Motorgroup") (KCMG), resulting in his second sabbatical from Super GT. At the sixth round of the season in Autopolis, Chiyo was called on as a last\-minute replacement for James Rossiter at Calsonic Team Impul, after Rossiter was diagnosed with acute tinnitus.{{Cite web\|title\=Chiyo Substitutes For Ailing Rossiter At Autopolis {{!}} dailysportscar.com\|url\=http://www.dailysportscar.com/2019/09/08/chiyo\-substitutes\-for\-ailing\-rossiter\-at\-autopolis.html\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-01\|website\=www.dailysportscar.com}}
Chiyo returned to full\-time GT500 competition in 2020, returning to NDDP Racing with B\-Max alongside Hirate. They ranked 13th in the championship in 2020, and both drivers were retained for 2021\.
In 2022, Mitsunori Takaboshi, a fellow NDDP graduate, replaced Hirate at NDDP Racing alongside Chiyo, coinciding with the debut of the new Nissan Z GT500\. At long last, Chiyo won for the first time as a GT500 driver when he and Takaboshi won the Suzuka GT 300km Race. It was also the first win for the new Z in GT500\.{{Cite web \|title\=NDDP Racing Wins At Suzuka, Scores Nissan Z's First GT500 Victory {{!}} dailysportscar.com \|url\=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2022/05/29/nddp\-racing\-wins\-at\-suzuka\-scores\-nissan\-zs\-first\-gt500\-victory.html \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \|website\=www.dailysportscar.com}} Chiyo scored his second career win at Sugo in September, winning in a wet race. Chiyo and Takaboshi would finish second in the GT500 championship standings, a career\-best for both drivers.
Both drivers remained at NDDP Racing for the 2023 season. Chiyo and Takaboshi were leading the Suzuka GT 450km Race on 4 June when the race was red\-flagged following a severe accident involving NISMO driver [Tsugio Matsuda](/wiki/Tsugio_Matsuda "Tsugio Matsuda"). Because they had not made two pit stops to fulfill the sporting regulations for the event, they were dropped from first to fourth in the final classification.{{Cite web \|title\=It's Official, TGR Team WedsSport Bandoh Wins At Suzuka {{!}} dailysportscar.com \|url\=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2023/06/20/its\-official\-tgr\-team\-wedssport\-bandoh\-wins\-at\-suzuka.html \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-20 \|website\=www.dailysportscar.com}}
### International GT racing
Chiyo began racing in the [Blancpain Endurance Series](/wiki/Blancpain_Endurance_Series "Blancpain Endurance Series") (now the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup) in [2014](/wiki/2014_Blancpain_Endurance_Series_season "2014 Blancpain Endurance Series season"), driving a [Nissan GT\-R Nismo GT3](/wiki/Nissan_GT-R "Nissan GT-R") for RJN Motorsport. He scored a podium finish at [Circuit Paul Ricard](/wiki/Circuit_Paul_Ricard "Circuit Paul Ricard"). Along with [Alex Buncombe](/wiki/Alex_Buncombe "Alex Buncombe") and [Wolfgang Reip](/wiki/Wolfgang_Reip "Wolfgang Reip"), Chiyo won the [2015 series](/wiki/2015_Blancpain_Endurance_Series_season "2015 Blancpain Endurance Series season"). The trio won the [1000 km Paul Ricard](/wiki/6_Hours_of_Castellet "6 Hours of Castellet") and finished third in the final race of the series at the [Nürburgring](/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring "Nürburgring"), taking the title by three points over the [Bentley M\-Sport](/wiki/M-Sport "M-Sport") entry of [Steven Kane](/wiki/Steven_Kane "Steven Kane"), [Andy Meyrick](/wiki/Andy_Meyrick "Andy Meyrick") and [Guy Smith](/wiki/Guy_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 "Guy Smith (racing driver)").{{cite news \| url\=http://www.blancpain\-gt\-series.com/news/557/mclaren\-wins\-iracing.com\-gt500\-at\-the\-n%C3%BCrburgring\-chiyo\-reip\-buncombe\-take\-2015\-blancpain\-endurance\-drivers\-title \| title\=McLaren wins iRacing.com GT500 at the Nürburgring \- Chiyo, Reip, Buncombe take 2015 Blancpain Endurance drivers title \| work\=\[\[Blancpain GT Series]] \| date\=20 September 2015 \| access\-date\=4 November 2015}} In doing so, Chiyo became the first Japanese driver to win a championship in a top\-level sports car racing series organized by the [Stéphane Ratel Organisation](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ratel_Organisation "Stéphane Ratel Organisation"), and the first to win a major sports car racing championship of any kind outside of Asia.
Chiyo competed in the [2014 Bathurst 12 Hour](/wiki/2014_Liqui_Moly_Bathurst_12_Hour "2014 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour") as part of the [Nismo Global Driver Exchange](/wiki/Nismo_Global_Driver_Exchange "Nismo Global Driver Exchange"), driving a Nissan GT\-R Nismo GT3 with Buncombe and Reip. Chiyo was involved in a crash in the early stages of the race, ending the team's chances after 58 laps.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.speedcafe.com/2015/01/20/nissan\-trio\-returns\-bathurst\-12\-hour\-revenge/ \| title\=Nissan trio returns for Bathurst 12H 'revenge' \| work\=Speedcafe \| date\=20 January 2015 \| access\-date\=8 July 2015}} Chiyo returned to the race in [2015](/wiki/2015_Liqui_Moly_Bathurst_12_Hour "2015 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour"), this time paired with Reip and Florian Strauss. The trio won the race after Chiyo took the lead with two laps remaining.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.speedcafe.com/2015/02/08/nismo\-godzilla\-claims\-tense\-bathurst\-12\-hour/ \| title\=NISMO Godzilla claims tense Bathurst 12 Hour \| work\=Speedcafe \| date\=8 February 2015 \| access\-date\=8 July 2015}} In the [2016 race](/wiki/2016_Liqui_Moly_Bathurst_12_Hour "2016 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour"), Chiyo finished a close second driving with Kelly and Strauss.{{cite news \| url\=http://www.speedcafe.com/2016/02/07/svg\-leads\-mclaren\-to\-bathurst\-12\-hour\-victory/ \| title\=SVG leads McLaren to Bathurst 12 Hour victory \| work\=Speedcafe \| date\=7 February 2016 \| access\-date\=8 February 2016}}
In 2017, Chiyo participated in the Blancpain Endurance Series with [Alex Buncombe](/wiki/Alex_Buncombe "Alex Buncombe") and [Lucas Ordonez](/wiki/Lucas_Ordonez "Lucas Ordonez") with RJN who retired the [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan") [GT Academy](/wiki/GT_Academy "GT Academy") program to run a new program with [Motul](/wiki/Motul_%28company%29 "Motul (company)") forming [Motul](/wiki/Motul_%28company%29 "Motul (company)") Team RJN [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan "Nissan"). Chiyo, Buncombe and Ordóñez withdrew the first race after [Bentley Team M\-Sport](/wiki/Bentley_Team_M-Sport "Bentley Team M-Sport")'s driver [Guy Smith](/wiki/Guy_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 "Guy Smith (racing driver)") caused a severe multi\-car pileup accident which involved Chiyo. The team went on to finish twenty\-third in the championship talley. Chiyo returned to the sport in 2019, driving for [KCMG](/wiki/KC_Motorgroup "KC Motorgroup") after RJN Motorsport withdrew the Nissan marque. He was teamed with Tsugio Matsuda and [Josh Burdon](/wiki/Josh_Burdon "Josh Burdon"). Chiyo was set to debut the [2020 Bathurst 12 Hour](/wiki/2020_Bathurst_12_Hour "2020 Bathurst 12 Hour") with Burdon and Matsuda but withdrew the race after he crashed in the [first practice](/wiki/First_practice "First practice") which caused major damage to the [Nissan GT\-R Nismo GT3](/wiki/Nissan_GT-R_Nismo_GT3 "Nissan GT-R Nismo GT3").
### Super Formula (2018\)
Chiyo competed for one season in the [Japanese Super Formula Championship](/wiki/Super_Formula_Championship "Super Formula Championship"), driving for B\-Max Racing Team in 2018\. His best finish was tenth place at the season\-ending [JAF Grand Prix Suzuka](/wiki/JAF_Grand_Prix "JAF Grand Prix").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Early career",
"Chiyo began racing cars in 2007, competing in the [Formula Challenge Japan](/wiki/Formula_Challenge_Japan \"Formula Challenge Japan\") (FCJ) series after earning a scholarship from the NDDP. He finished third in the 2008 FCJ series, before moving into the National Class of the [All\\-Japan Formula Three Championship](/wiki/All-Japan_Formula_Three_Championship \"All-Japan Formula Three Championship\") in 2009\\. Chiyo won the National Class title in 2011 with NDDP Racing, winning five races to defeat Honda prospect [Tomoki Nojiri](/wiki/Tomoki_Nojiri \"Tomoki Nojiri\") on a tie breaker.",
"Chiyo returned to All\\-Japan F3 in 2013, competing in the main class with the B\\-Max Racing Team. He finished third in the championship, with two victories.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/katsumasa\\-chiyo/ \\| title\\=Katsumasa Chiyo \\| publisher\\=Driver Database \\| access\\-date\\=8 July 2015}} Chiyo took part in the [2013 Macau Grand Prix](/wiki/2013_Macau_Grand_Prix \"2013 Macau Grand Prix\"), finishing in 15th place.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://content.grandprix.gov.mo/uploads/result/bc4d34749953da88043b57082a8500a9670cfc84\\.pdf \\| title\\=Star River‧Windsor Arch Formula 3 Macau Grand Prix \\- Final Race Classification \\| publisher\\=Macau Grand Prix \\| date\\=17 November 2013 \\| access\\-date\\=8 July 2015 \\| archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107132325/http://content.grandprix.gov.mo/uploads/result/bc4d34749953da88043b57082a8500a9670cfc84\\.pdf \\| archive\\-date\\=7 January 2015 \\| url\\-status\\=dead }} In 2015, Chiyo made a one off return to F3 at [Fuji Speedway](/wiki/Fuji_Speedway \"Fuji Speedway\"). In 2016, Chiyo returned to F3 to contest the full season with B\\-Max Racing. He won one race, and finished sixth in the championship, after missing four races over two rounds due to a back injury.",
"### Super GT (2012\\-present)",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| direction \\= vertical\n\\| image1 \\= No.10 GAINER TANAX GT\\-R at 2015 International Suzuka 1000km (10\\).JPG\n\\| caption1 \\= The \\[\\[Nissan GT\\-R]] of Chiyo, Couto and Tomita which won the GT300 class at the 2015 \\[\\[1000 km Suzuka]].\n\\| width1 \\= 220\n\\| image2 \\= Chiyo Reip Strauss 2015 Bathurst 12 Hour winner.JPG\n\\| caption2 \\= The race\\-winning \\[\\[Nissan GT\\-R]] of Chiyo, Reip and Strauss at the \\[\\[2015 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour]].\n\\| width2 \\= 220\n}}",
"After winning the All\\-Japan F3 National Class title in 2011, Chiyo stepped up to the Autobacs Super GT Series, racing a [Nissan GT\\-R GT3](/wiki/Nissan_GT-R \"Nissan GT-R\") in the GT300 class for NDDP Racing. He took his first victory at [Sportsland SUGO](/wiki/Sportsland_SUGO \"Sportsland SUGO\") with [Yuhi Sekiguchi](/wiki/Yuhi_Sekiguchi \"Yuhi Sekiguchi\"), and went on to finish the season in fourth place.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://supergt.net/news/single/13492 \\| title\\=Tears and joy in the pole\\-to\\-win! ENEOS SUSTINA SC430 gets first victory in nine years \\| work\\=Super GT \\| date\\=29 July 2012 \\| access\\-date\\=8 July 2015}}{{cite web \\| url\\=http://supergt.net/results/driver\\_ranking/2012/gt300 \\| title\\=2012 Results \\- Driver Ranking GT300 \\| publisher\\=Super GT \\| access\\-date\\=8 July 2015}} With NDDP prospect Daiki Sasaki moving up to GT300, Chiyo moved to pro\\-am team Dijon Racing for the [2013 season](/wiki/2013_Super_GT_season \"2013 Super GT season\"). He finished 28th in the standings after taking just one points\\-scoring finish.",
"After missing the 2014 season due to his new commitments in Europe, Chiyo returned to Super GT in 2015, this time with Gainer in their new Nissan GT\\-R alongside [André Couto](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Couto \"André Couto\"). Chiyo and Couto won the second round of the championship, the Fuji 500km.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://supergt.net/news/single/15126 \\| title\\=GT300 winner also a GT\\-R, as GAINER TANAX GT\\-R triumphs \\| work\\=Super GT \\| date\\=3 May 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=8 July 2015}} Then in the Suzuka 1000km, Chiyo, Couto, and third driver Ryuichiro Tomita won the GT300 class, despite carrying 88 kilogrammes of Success Ballast.{{cite news \\| url\\=https://supergt.net/news/single/15418 \\| title\\=In GT300, GAINER TANAX GT\\-R score second win of the season \\| work\\=Super GT \\| date\\=30 August 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=4 November 2015}} Chiyo finished the season second in the championship, despite missing two races due to his ongoing commitments in the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup.",
"His performances in Japan and Europe secured a promotion to the GT500 class for the 2016 season, joining three\\-time GT500 champion [Satoshi Motoyama](/wiki/Satoshi_Motoyama \"Satoshi Motoyama\") at MOLA. Chiyo and Motoyama finished third at [Okayama International Circuit](/wiki/Okayama_International_Circuit \"Okayama International Circuit\") in their first race together. Chiyo suffered a spinal injury after a crash in the summer race at Fuji,{{Cite web\\|title\\=Reigning BES champion Katsumasa Chiyo injures spine in Super GT crash\\|url\\=https://www.autosport.com/gt/news/reigning\\-bes\\-champion\\-katsumasa\\-chiyo\\-injures\\-spine\\-in\\-super\\-gt\\-crash\\-5038367/5038367/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-01\\|website\\=www.autosport.com\\|language\\=en}} which forced him to miss over a month of competition including the Suzuka 1000km. He finished the season twelfth in the standings in 2016, and again in 2017, where Chiyo nearly took his first premier class victory at Sugo after a last\\-lap battle between Motoyama and [Kohei Hirate](/wiki/Kohei_Hirate \"Kohei Hirate\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=A Dramatic Last Lap Gives the DENSO SARD KOBELCO LC500Its First Win of the Season!\\|url\\=https://supergt.net/news/single/17287?ln\\=en\\|access\\-date\\=1 November 2021\\|website\\=SUPER GT Official Website}}",
"Chiyo and Motoyama remained team mates in 2018, as MOLA were replaced in GT500 by the new NDDP Racing with B\\-Max team. They finished 17th in the championship that season. After the season, Chiyo was assigned to drive in the [Intercontinental GT Challenge](/wiki/2019_Intercontinental_GT_Challenge \"2019 Intercontinental GT Challenge\") for Nissan and [KC Motorgroup](/wiki/KC_Motorgroup \"KC Motorgroup\") (KCMG), resulting in his second sabbatical from Super GT. At the sixth round of the season in Autopolis, Chiyo was called on as a last\\-minute replacement for James Rossiter at Calsonic Team Impul, after Rossiter was diagnosed with acute tinnitus.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Chiyo Substitutes For Ailing Rossiter At Autopolis {{!}} dailysportscar.com\\|url\\=http://www.dailysportscar.com/2019/09/08/chiyo\\-substitutes\\-for\\-ailing\\-rossiter\\-at\\-autopolis.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-01\\|website\\=www.dailysportscar.com}}",
"Chiyo returned to full\\-time GT500 competition in 2020, returning to NDDP Racing with B\\-Max alongside Hirate. They ranked 13th in the championship in 2020, and both drivers were retained for 2021\\.",
"In 2022, Mitsunori Takaboshi, a fellow NDDP graduate, replaced Hirate at NDDP Racing alongside Chiyo, coinciding with the debut of the new Nissan Z GT500\\. At long last, Chiyo won for the first time as a GT500 driver when he and Takaboshi won the Suzuka GT 300km Race. It was also the first win for the new Z in GT500\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=NDDP Racing Wins At Suzuka, Scores Nissan Z's First GT500 Victory {{!}} dailysportscar.com \\|url\\=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2022/05/29/nddp\\-racing\\-wins\\-at\\-suzuka\\-scores\\-nissan\\-zs\\-first\\-gt500\\-victory.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\|website\\=www.dailysportscar.com}} Chiyo scored his second career win at Sugo in September, winning in a wet race. Chiyo and Takaboshi would finish second in the GT500 championship standings, a career\\-best for both drivers.",
"Both drivers remained at NDDP Racing for the 2023 season. Chiyo and Takaboshi were leading the Suzuka GT 450km Race on 4 June when the race was red\\-flagged following a severe accident involving NISMO driver [Tsugio Matsuda](/wiki/Tsugio_Matsuda \"Tsugio Matsuda\"). Because they had not made two pit stops to fulfill the sporting regulations for the event, they were dropped from first to fourth in the final classification.{{Cite web \\|title\\=It's Official, TGR Team WedsSport Bandoh Wins At Suzuka {{!}} dailysportscar.com \\|url\\=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2023/06/20/its\\-official\\-tgr\\-team\\-wedssport\\-bandoh\\-wins\\-at\\-suzuka.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-20 \\|website\\=www.dailysportscar.com}}",
"### International GT racing",
"Chiyo began racing in the [Blancpain Endurance Series](/wiki/Blancpain_Endurance_Series \"Blancpain Endurance Series\") (now the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup) in [2014](/wiki/2014_Blancpain_Endurance_Series_season \"2014 Blancpain Endurance Series season\"), driving a [Nissan GT\\-R Nismo GT3](/wiki/Nissan_GT-R \"Nissan GT-R\") for RJN Motorsport. He scored a podium finish at [Circuit Paul Ricard](/wiki/Circuit_Paul_Ricard \"Circuit Paul Ricard\"). Along with [Alex Buncombe](/wiki/Alex_Buncombe \"Alex Buncombe\") and [Wolfgang Reip](/wiki/Wolfgang_Reip \"Wolfgang Reip\"), Chiyo won the [2015 series](/wiki/2015_Blancpain_Endurance_Series_season \"2015 Blancpain Endurance Series season\"). The trio won the [1000 km Paul Ricard](/wiki/6_Hours_of_Castellet \"6 Hours of Castellet\") and finished third in the final race of the series at the [Nürburgring](/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring \"Nürburgring\"), taking the title by three points over the [Bentley M\\-Sport](/wiki/M-Sport \"M-Sport\") entry of [Steven Kane](/wiki/Steven_Kane \"Steven Kane\"), [Andy Meyrick](/wiki/Andy_Meyrick \"Andy Meyrick\") and [Guy Smith](/wiki/Guy_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Guy Smith (racing driver)\").{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.blancpain\\-gt\\-series.com/news/557/mclaren\\-wins\\-iracing.com\\-gt500\\-at\\-the\\-n%C3%BCrburgring\\-chiyo\\-reip\\-buncombe\\-take\\-2015\\-blancpain\\-endurance\\-drivers\\-title \\| title\\=McLaren wins iRacing.com GT500 at the Nürburgring \\- Chiyo, Reip, Buncombe take 2015 Blancpain Endurance drivers title \\| work\\=\\[\\[Blancpain GT Series]] \\| date\\=20 September 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=4 November 2015}} In doing so, Chiyo became the first Japanese driver to win a championship in a top\\-level sports car racing series organized by the [Stéphane Ratel Organisation](/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ratel_Organisation \"Stéphane Ratel Organisation\"), and the first to win a major sports car racing championship of any kind outside of Asia.",
"Chiyo competed in the [2014 Bathurst 12 Hour](/wiki/2014_Liqui_Moly_Bathurst_12_Hour \"2014 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour\") as part of the [Nismo Global Driver Exchange](/wiki/Nismo_Global_Driver_Exchange \"Nismo Global Driver Exchange\"), driving a Nissan GT\\-R Nismo GT3 with Buncombe and Reip. Chiyo was involved in a crash in the early stages of the race, ending the team's chances after 58 laps.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.speedcafe.com/2015/01/20/nissan\\-trio\\-returns\\-bathurst\\-12\\-hour\\-revenge/ \\| title\\=Nissan trio returns for Bathurst 12H 'revenge' \\| work\\=Speedcafe \\| date\\=20 January 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=8 July 2015}} Chiyo returned to the race in [2015](/wiki/2015_Liqui_Moly_Bathurst_12_Hour \"2015 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour\"), this time paired with Reip and Florian Strauss. The trio won the race after Chiyo took the lead with two laps remaining.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.speedcafe.com/2015/02/08/nismo\\-godzilla\\-claims\\-tense\\-bathurst\\-12\\-hour/ \\| title\\=NISMO Godzilla claims tense Bathurst 12 Hour \\| work\\=Speedcafe \\| date\\=8 February 2015 \\| access\\-date\\=8 July 2015}} In the [2016 race](/wiki/2016_Liqui_Moly_Bathurst_12_Hour \"2016 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour\"), Chiyo finished a close second driving with Kelly and Strauss.{{cite news \\| url\\=http://www.speedcafe.com/2016/02/07/svg\\-leads\\-mclaren\\-to\\-bathurst\\-12\\-hour\\-victory/ \\| title\\=SVG leads McLaren to Bathurst 12 Hour victory \\| work\\=Speedcafe \\| date\\=7 February 2016 \\| access\\-date\\=8 February 2016}}",
"In 2017, Chiyo participated in the Blancpain Endurance Series with [Alex Buncombe](/wiki/Alex_Buncombe \"Alex Buncombe\") and [Lucas Ordonez](/wiki/Lucas_Ordonez \"Lucas Ordonez\") with RJN who retired the [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\") [GT Academy](/wiki/GT_Academy \"GT Academy\") program to run a new program with [Motul](/wiki/Motul_%28company%29 \"Motul (company)\") forming [Motul](/wiki/Motul_%28company%29 \"Motul (company)\") Team RJN [Nissan](/wiki/Nissan \"Nissan\"). Chiyo, Buncombe and Ordóñez withdrew the first race after [Bentley Team M\\-Sport](/wiki/Bentley_Team_M-Sport \"Bentley Team M-Sport\")'s driver [Guy Smith](/wiki/Guy_Smith_%28racing_driver%29 \"Guy Smith (racing driver)\") caused a severe multi\\-car pileup accident which involved Chiyo. The team went on to finish twenty\\-third in the championship talley. Chiyo returned to the sport in 2019, driving for [KCMG](/wiki/KC_Motorgroup \"KC Motorgroup\") after RJN Motorsport withdrew the Nissan marque. He was teamed with Tsugio Matsuda and [Josh Burdon](/wiki/Josh_Burdon \"Josh Burdon\"). Chiyo was set to debut the [2020 Bathurst 12 Hour](/wiki/2020_Bathurst_12_Hour \"2020 Bathurst 12 Hour\") with Burdon and Matsuda but withdrew the race after he crashed in the [first practice](/wiki/First_practice \"First practice\") which caused major damage to the [Nissan GT\\-R Nismo GT3](/wiki/Nissan_GT-R_Nismo_GT3 \"Nissan GT-R Nismo GT3\").",
"### Super Formula (2018\\)",
"Chiyo competed for one season in the [Japanese Super Formula Championship](/wiki/Super_Formula_Championship \"Super Formula Championship\"), driving for B\\-Max Racing Team in 2018\\. His best finish was tenth place at the season\\-ending [JAF Grand Prix Suzuka](/wiki/JAF_Grand_Prix \"JAF Grand Prix\").",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
### From the beginning to the role of Deputy of Giorgio Almirante
Fini attended "Laura Bassi" high school in Bologna. His first known involvement with politics occurred in 1968, when the 16\-year\-old Fini was involved in clashes with communist activists, among them a protest in front of a cinema against the screening of the [John Wayne](/wiki/John_Wayne "John Wayne") movie *[The Green Berets](/wiki/The_Green_Berets_%28film%29 "The Green Berets (film)")*. At this time, he became involved with the Italian Social Movement.
[thumb\|left\|180px\|Gianfranco Fini in 1992\.](/wiki/File:Gianfranco_Fini_1992.jpg "Gianfranco Fini 1992.jpg")
He then began his political career in the [Youth Front](/wiki/Youth_Front_%28Italy%29 "Youth Front (Italy)"), the MSI youth organization. Three years later, he moved with his family to Rome. In August 1976 he served his military service in [Savona](/wiki/Savona "Savona"), then in Rome at the [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Italy%29 "Ministry of Defence (Italy)"). In 1977 he became national secretary of the Youth Front, chosen by [Giorgio Almirante](/wiki/Giorgio_Almirante "Giorgio Almirante"), secretary of the party that now called itself "MSI \- Destra Nazionale". Fini had placed fifth among seven candidates elected in the national secretariat of the youth.
In the meantime, Fini had also graduated with a degree in [pedagogy](/wiki/Pedagogy "Pedagogy") from [La Sapienza](/wiki/La_Sapienza "La Sapienza") University in Rome. He also collaborated with the party's newspaper, *[Il Secolo d'Italia](/wiki/Il_Secolo_d%27Italia "Il Secolo d'Italia")*, along with the youth movement magazine *Dissenso*.
Fini was first elected to the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Camera_dei_Deputati "Camera dei Deputati") on 26 June 1983 as a member of the MSI. Re\-elected in 1987, in September he was nominated by Almirante to be his successor as the party's secretary.
In 2009 it emerged that as early as 1980 Almirante had identified Fini as one among a group of young Italians who were "young, non\-fascist, non\-nostalgic, who believe, as I do by now, in these institutions, in this [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy "Constitution of Italy"). Because only in this way the MSI can have a future."{{cite web\|author\=Daniele Protti\|url\=http://www.corriere.it/europeo/politica/2009/03/protti\-intervista\-almirante\_e08a8364\-07ed\-11de\-805b\-00144f02aabc.shtml\|title\= Almirante: "Non voglio morire da fascista"\|access\-date\= 6 March 2009\|editor\=Corriere della Sera\|editor\-link\=Corriere della Sera\|date\= 3 March 2009\|language\=it}}
### From the Italian Social Movement to National Alliance
[Giorgio Almirante](/wiki/Giorgio_Almirante "Giorgio Almirante") died in May 1988, and at the party's congress in [Sorrento](/wiki/Sorrento "Sorrento") that year, Fini defeated the right wing of the party, headed by [Pino Rauti](/wiki/Pino_Rauti "Pino Rauti"), and was elected party secretary. He remained in the national secretariat of the MSI until January 1990, when at the next party congress in [Rimini](/wiki/Rimini "Rimini"), Pino Rauti was elected secretary. But in July 1991, after a tough electoral defeat in administrative and regional elections in [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily "Sicily"), Fini returned to his role as party secretary. He held this post until the dissolution of party in 1995\.
[thumb\|right\|180px\|Gianfranco Fini in 2004\.](/wiki/File:Gianfranco_Fini_2004.jpg "Gianfranco Fini 2004.jpg")
During his time as national secretary, he confirmed the MSI's role as the inheritors of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini")'s [Fascist](/wiki/Italian_fascism "Italian fascism") legacy with a number of famous polemical statements, including: "Dear comrades, MSI claims its right to refer to fascism" (1988\), "We are fascists, the heirs of fascism, the fascism of the year 2000" (1991\), "After almost half a century, the idea of fascism is alive" (1992\), "There are phases where [freedom](/wiki/Freedom_%28political%29 "Freedom (political)") is not among the key values" (1994\), "Mussolini was the greatest Italian statesman of the twentieth century", "Fascism has a tradition of honesty, correctness and good government" (1994\).{{cite book\|last\=De Cesare\|first\=Corrado\|title\=Il fascista del Duemila. Le radici del camerata Gianfranco Fini\|year\=1995\|publisher\=Kaos edizioni\|isbn\=978\-88\-7953\-046\-0}}
In the autumn of 1993, Fini ran for mayor of Rome, garnering enough votes to participate in a runoff election that resulted in the victory of [Francesco Rutelli](/wiki/Francesco_Rutelli "Francesco Rutelli"). Nevertheless, for the first time an MSI candidate received significant support in a major election. [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi "Silvio Berlusconi"), then an entrepreneur but not involved in politics, affirmed on that occasion his preference for Fini: "If I had to vote in Rome, my preference would go to Fini.{{cite web\|last\=Lussana\|first\=Massimiliano\|url\=http://www.ilgiornale.it/a.pic1?ID\=258539 \|title\=Gianfranco il freddo \|publisher\=Ilgiornale.it \|date\=1 May 2008 \|access\-date\=27 October 2011}}
After Berlusconi's election in 1994, for the first time in Italy's political history, an Italian government included four ministers from the MSI party, including the Deputy Prime Minister [Giuseppe Tatarella](/wiki/Giuseppe_Tatarella "Giuseppe Tatarella"), although Fini did not directly take part as a minister. (Fini was not a minister at that time.)
During the 1990s Fini gradually began to move the MSI away from its [neo\-fascist](/wiki/Fascism "Fascism") ideology to a more traditionally [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism "Conservatism") political agenda. In January 1995, the Party's congress in [Fiuggi](/wiki/Fiuggi "Fiuggi") marked a radical change, afterwards referred to as *la svolta di Fiuggi* (the turning point at Fiuggi) and merged the MSI with conservative elements of the disbanded [Christian Democrats](/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana "Democrazia Cristiana") to form the [National Alliance](/wiki/National_Alliance_%28Italy%29 "National Alliance (Italy)") (AN), of which Fini assumed the presidency.
The new party took a decisive stance distancing itself from fascism. After the House of Freedoms' 1994 victory, Fini said there would not and could not be any return to fascism and frequently disavowed AN supporters who used the [fascist salute](/wiki/Roman_salute "Roman salute")."World Affairs: Italy". *1994 Britannica Book of the Year*. Some MSI members ([Pino Rauti](/wiki/Pino_Rauti "Pino Rauti"), Erra, Staiti) dissented and seceded to form the new [Tricolor Flame](/wiki/Tricolor_Flame "Tricolor Flame") party.
### Government experiences
Fini and his party have been part of Berlusconi's right\-wing [House of Freedoms](/wiki/House_of_Freedoms "House of Freedoms") coalition which won the [1994](/wiki/1994_Italian_general_election "1994 Italian general election") and [2001 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election "2001 Italian general election"). Fini became [deputy prime minister](/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister "Deputy prime minister") in 2001 and [foreign minister](/wiki/Foreign_minister "Foreign minister") in November 2004\.
From February 2002 to 2006, he represented the Italian Government at the [European Convention](/wiki/Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe "Convention on the Future of Europe"). Following the [April 2008 general election](/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election "2008 Italian general election"), Fini was elected [President of the Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies "President of the Chamber of Deputies") on 30 April 2008 on the fourth ballot, receiving 355 votes.
His most widely known legislative acts have been:
* The *[Bossi](/wiki/Umberto_Bossi "Umberto Bossi")\-Fini Act*, a restrictive law on [immigration](/wiki/Immigration "Immigration");
* The *Fini\-Giovanardi Act* (2006\), a restrictive law on [drugs](/wiki/Drugs "Drugs"). The act abolishes any distinction between soft drugs ([cannabis](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 "Cannabis (drug)")) and hard drugs ([heroin](/wiki/Heroin "Heroin"), [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine "Cocaine")), punishing the user on the base of the quantity of [active ingredient](/wiki/Active_ingredient "Active ingredient") in the dose. As administrative sanctions, personal use of drugs is punished with a fine and the suspension of passport, driving license and/or weapon carrying permit. The cultivation of a single plant is punished with 1 up to 6 years of [imprisonment](/wiki/Imprisonment "Imprisonment").
### From National Alliance to the People of Freedom
[thumb\|right\|180px\|Gianfranco Fini in 2004\.](/wiki/File:Gianfranco_Fini_2004-2.jpg "Gianfranco Fini 2004-2.jpg")
After some discord between the party's factions in 2005, a congress dismantled the factions and confirmed Fini as president of the party.
In 2006, Fini announced the removal of the symbol of the flame and of the "M.S.I." writing from [AN](/wiki/National_Alliance_%28Italy%29 "National Alliance (Italy)") symbol. The move, after facing opposition from party members such as [Maurizio Gasparri](/wiki/Maurizio_Gasparri "Maurizio Gasparri") was finally denied.
Fini began a personal evolution towards more socially liberal positions in the 2000s, notwithstanding the opposition of the rest of his party. In particular:
* in 2005 he announced a positive vote (three yes, one no) on a referendum on artificial insemination aimed at removing some limits introduced by the Act n.40/2004 of the same [Berlusconi II Cabinet](/wiki/Berlusconi_II_Cabinet "Berlusconi II Cabinet").
* in December 2006 he declared he would be in favour of public acknowledgement of civil unions, including homosexual ones, although nonetheless in opposition to the centre\-left government proposed bill on the theme.
At the end of January 2007, Berlusconi declared that Fini would be his only successor in case of unification of centre\-right parties, provoking dissent from the [Northern League](/wiki/Lega_Nord "Lega Nord") and the [Union of Christian and Centre Democrats](/wiki/Union_of_Christian_and_Centre_Democrats "Union of Christian and Centre Democrats") (UDC).
In 2007 Berlusconi proclaimed the dissolution of his {{Lang\|it\|\[\[Forza Italia]]\|italic\=no}} party and the birth of a new unitary party of the centre\-right, [the People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom "The People of Freedom"). At first, Fini reacted coldly, affirming that AN would not participate, judging the way the new party was born confused and superficial, and expressing open dissent against his ally of the "former coalition".
However, two months later, he moved closer to Berlusconi again, soon after the fall of the [Prodi II Cabinet](/wiki/Prodi_II_Cabinet "Prodi II Cabinet"). They agreed to present the two parties under the same symbol of [the People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom "The People of Freedom") in the [April 2008 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election "2001 Italian general election"), and then to proceed towards a unitary centre\-right party.
### President of the Chamber of Deputies
[thumb\|left\|220px\|Fini with [Giorgio Napolitano](/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano "Giorgio Napolitano"), [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi "Silvio Berlusconi") and [Renato Schifani](/wiki/Renato_Schifani "Renato Schifani").](/wiki/File:Alte_cariche.jpg "Alte cariche.jpg")
After the electoral victory, on 30 April 2008 after four rounds of voting, Fini was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 335 votes from a total of 611\. He then resigned the presidency of AN in anticipation of unification with the new [People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom "The People of Freedom") party. Within this new party, Fini became seen as Berlusconi's "heir apparent".{{Cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-europe\-11984570\|title\=Profile: Gianfranco Fini\|date\=13 December 2010\|access\-date\=26 August 2016}}
Commenting on the homage to every victim of terrorism made by the President of the Republic, the former member of the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party "Italian Communist Party") (PCI) [Giorgio Napolitano](/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano "Giorgio Napolitano"), he announced "the end of the post\-war period", of "the cleavage between the right and society", and of "overcoming minority status".{{cite web\|last\=Caselli\|first\=Dario\|title\=Fini spegne la fiamma ma scalda il cuore della destra\|url\=http://www.loccidentale.it/articolo/fini\+spegne\+la\+fiamma\+ma\+scalda\+il\+cuore\+della\+destra\|publisher\=L'Occidentale\|access\-date\=27 October 2011\|language\=it\|date\=12 May 2008\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004072224/http://www.loccidentale.it/articolo/fini\+spegne\+la\+fiamma\+ma\+scalda\+il\+cuore\+della\+destra\|archive\-date\=4 October 2011}}
Pursuing his path of revision of the values of the Italian right, at the 2008 youth fest *Atreju 2008* he asserted that the Right has to acknowledge those rights "present in the Constitution: freedom, equality and social justice. Values that determined and still determine the path of the Right, that are values of any democracy and that are fully anti\-fascist".{{cite web\|url\=http://www.corriere.it/politica/08\_settembre\_13/fini\_antifascismo\_ccb8bcec\-8175\-11dd\-95db\-00144f02aabc.shtml \|title\=La destra si riconosca nell'antifascismo\|publisher\=Corriere.it \|access\-date\=27 October 2011}}
In his role of Speaker of the Chamber, he more than once rebuked the government, criticising their extensive use of the [confidence votes](/wiki/Confidence_vote "Confidence vote").{{in lang\|it}} [*Il Cannocchiale*, 13/01/2009](http://pezzedappoggio.ilcannocchiale.it/post/2141321.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924090404/http://pezzedappoggio.ilcannocchiale.it/post/2141321\.html \|date\=24 September 2009 }}: L'ira di Fini: «Una cosa mai vista». He was considered a moderating force between Berlusconi's government and the President of the Republic,{{Cite book\|title\=Politics In Europe\|publisher\=CQ Press\|year\=2011\|isbn\=9781452285573\|pages\=393}} eventually suggesting that Berlusconi should step down.
He fought against the bad practices of absenteeism and double\-voting by MPs in the Italian Parliament, promoting a digital voting system (to be implemented from March 2009\) to prevent other MPs from voting on behalf of absent members, judging it "immoral"{{cite web\|url\=http://www.corriere.it/politica/09\_gennaio\_28/fini\_dito\_voto\_camera\_5dd5aae8\-ed26\-11dd\-b7f1\-00144f02aabc.shtml\|title\= Fini: si voterà solo con le impronte\|access\-date\= 6 March 2009\|editor\=Corriere della Sera\|editor\-link\=Corriere della Sera\|date\= 28 January 2009\|language\=it}} 19 MPs out of a total of 630 refused, however, to allow their [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition "Fingerprint recognition") to be recorded, and the system was implemented on a voluntary basis.
He also negatively judged the desire of the Berlusconi government to intervene with a decree in the case of [Eluana Englaro](/wiki/Eluana_Englaro "Eluana Englaro"){{in lang\|it}} [http://quotidianonet.ilsole24ore.com/cronaca/2009/02/05/149358\-eluana\_dubbi\_napolitano\_fini.shtml](http://quotidianonet.ilsole24ore.com/cronaca/2009/02/05/149358-eluana_dubbi_napolitano_fini.shtml) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918225520/http://quotidianonet.ilsole24ore.com/cronaca/2009/02/05/149358\-eluana\_dubbi\_napolitano\_fini.shtml\|date\=18 September 2009}} and supported the need to defend the [secularism](/wiki/Secularism "Secularism") of the State, being then criticized by members of UDC and of his own party.{{in lang\|it}} [http://it.notizie.yahoo.com/19/20090522/tpl\-pdl\-rotondi\-ingiuste\-critiche\-a\-fini\-1204c2b\_1\.html](http://it.notizie.yahoo.com/19/20090522/tpl-pdl-rotondi-ingiuste-critiche-a-fini-1204c2b_1.html) *Notizie Yahoo*, 22 May 2009]{{dead link\|date\=October 2011}} In recent times he has become more and more vocally critical of the government platform, which he considers too biased towards the far\-right federalist coalition party {{Lang\|it\|\[\[Lega Nord]]\|italic\=no}}. This has brought him into conflict with Berlusconi himself.
He founded the parliamentarian group "Futuro e libertà per l'Italia" ([Future and Freedom for Italy](/wiki/Future_and_Freedom "Future and Freedom")) in hopes of establishing a centrist "[third pole](/wiki/For_the_Third_Pole "For the Third Pole")", similar to what [Pier Ferdinando Casini](/wiki/Pier_Ferdinando_Casini "Pier Ferdinando Casini") had done with the [Union of the Centre](/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_%282002%29 "Union of the Centre (2002)"). In the [2013 Italian general election](/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election "2013 Italian general election"), the FLI ([Future and Freedom for Italy](/wiki/Future_and_Freedom_for_Italy "Future and Freedom for Italy")) received only 0\.5% of the vote and thus was awarded no seats in the Chamber of Deputies, ending Fini's 30 year parliamentary career.{{Cite journal\|last\=Baldini\|first\=Gianfranco\|date\=9 December 2013\|title\=Don't Count Your Chickens before They're Hatched: The 2013 Italian Parliamentary and Presidential Elections\|journal\=South European Society and Politics\|volume\=18\|issue\=4\|pages\=473–497\|doi\=10\.1080/13608746\.2013\.860269\|hdl\=11585/223290 \|s2cid\=155032963}} After the electoral defeat, Fini retired from politics.
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"### From the beginning to the role of Deputy of Giorgio Almirante",
"Fini attended \"Laura Bassi\" high school in Bologna. His first known involvement with politics occurred in 1968, when the 16\\-year\\-old Fini was involved in clashes with communist activists, among them a protest in front of a cinema against the screening of the [John Wayne](/wiki/John_Wayne \"John Wayne\") movie *[The Green Berets](/wiki/The_Green_Berets_%28film%29 \"The Green Berets (film)\")*. At this time, he became involved with the Italian Social Movement.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|180px\\|Gianfranco Fini in 1992\\.](/wiki/File:Gianfranco_Fini_1992.jpg \"Gianfranco Fini 1992.jpg\")\nHe then began his political career in the [Youth Front](/wiki/Youth_Front_%28Italy%29 \"Youth Front (Italy)\"), the MSI youth organization. Three years later, he moved with his family to Rome. In August 1976 he served his military service in [Savona](/wiki/Savona \"Savona\"), then in Rome at the [Ministry of Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Italy%29 \"Ministry of Defence (Italy)\"). In 1977 he became national secretary of the Youth Front, chosen by [Giorgio Almirante](/wiki/Giorgio_Almirante \"Giorgio Almirante\"), secretary of the party that now called itself \"MSI \\- Destra Nazionale\". Fini had placed fifth among seven candidates elected in the national secretariat of the youth.",
"In the meantime, Fini had also graduated with a degree in [pedagogy](/wiki/Pedagogy \"Pedagogy\") from [La Sapienza](/wiki/La_Sapienza \"La Sapienza\") University in Rome. He also collaborated with the party's newspaper, *[Il Secolo d'Italia](/wiki/Il_Secolo_d%27Italia \"Il Secolo d'Italia\")*, along with the youth movement magazine *Dissenso*.",
"Fini was first elected to the [Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/Camera_dei_Deputati \"Camera dei Deputati\") on 26 June 1983 as a member of the MSI. Re\\-elected in 1987, in September he was nominated by Almirante to be his successor as the party's secretary.",
"In 2009 it emerged that as early as 1980 Almirante had identified Fini as one among a group of young Italians who were \"young, non\\-fascist, non\\-nostalgic, who believe, as I do by now, in these institutions, in this [Constitution](/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy \"Constitution of Italy\"). Because only in this way the MSI can have a future.\"{{cite web\\|author\\=Daniele Protti\\|url\\=http://www.corriere.it/europeo/politica/2009/03/protti\\-intervista\\-almirante\\_e08a8364\\-07ed\\-11de\\-805b\\-00144f02aabc.shtml\\|title\\= Almirante: \"Non voglio morire da fascista\"\\|access\\-date\\= 6 March 2009\\|editor\\=Corriere della Sera\\|editor\\-link\\=Corriere della Sera\\|date\\= 3 March 2009\\|language\\=it}}",
"### From the Italian Social Movement to National Alliance",
"[Giorgio Almirante](/wiki/Giorgio_Almirante \"Giorgio Almirante\") died in May 1988, and at the party's congress in [Sorrento](/wiki/Sorrento \"Sorrento\") that year, Fini defeated the right wing of the party, headed by [Pino Rauti](/wiki/Pino_Rauti \"Pino Rauti\"), and was elected party secretary. He remained in the national secretariat of the MSI until January 1990, when at the next party congress in [Rimini](/wiki/Rimini \"Rimini\"), Pino Rauti was elected secretary. But in July 1991, after a tough electoral defeat in administrative and regional elections in [Sicily](/wiki/Sicily \"Sicily\"), Fini returned to his role as party secretary. He held this post until the dissolution of party in 1995\\.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|180px\\|Gianfranco Fini in 2004\\.](/wiki/File:Gianfranco_Fini_2004.jpg \"Gianfranco Fini 2004.jpg\")\nDuring his time as national secretary, he confirmed the MSI's role as the inheritors of [Benito Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\")'s [Fascist](/wiki/Italian_fascism \"Italian fascism\") legacy with a number of famous polemical statements, including: \"Dear comrades, MSI claims its right to refer to fascism\" (1988\\), \"We are fascists, the heirs of fascism, the fascism of the year 2000\" (1991\\), \"After almost half a century, the idea of fascism is alive\" (1992\\), \"There are phases where [freedom](/wiki/Freedom_%28political%29 \"Freedom (political)\") is not among the key values\" (1994\\), \"Mussolini was the greatest Italian statesman of the twentieth century\", \"Fascism has a tradition of honesty, correctness and good government\" (1994\\).{{cite book\\|last\\=De Cesare\\|first\\=Corrado\\|title\\=Il fascista del Duemila. Le radici del camerata Gianfranco Fini\\|year\\=1995\\|publisher\\=Kaos edizioni\\|isbn\\=978\\-88\\-7953\\-046\\-0}}",
"In the autumn of 1993, Fini ran for mayor of Rome, garnering enough votes to participate in a runoff election that resulted in the victory of [Francesco Rutelli](/wiki/Francesco_Rutelli \"Francesco Rutelli\"). Nevertheless, for the first time an MSI candidate received significant support in a major election. [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi \"Silvio Berlusconi\"), then an entrepreneur but not involved in politics, affirmed on that occasion his preference for Fini: \"If I had to vote in Rome, my preference would go to Fini.{{cite web\\|last\\=Lussana\\|first\\=Massimiliano\\|url\\=http://www.ilgiornale.it/a.pic1?ID\\=258539 \\|title\\=Gianfranco il freddo \\|publisher\\=Ilgiornale.it \\|date\\=1 May 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2011}}",
"After Berlusconi's election in 1994, for the first time in Italy's political history, an Italian government included four ministers from the MSI party, including the Deputy Prime Minister [Giuseppe Tatarella](/wiki/Giuseppe_Tatarella \"Giuseppe Tatarella\"), although Fini did not directly take part as a minister. (Fini was not a minister at that time.)",
"During the 1990s Fini gradually began to move the MSI away from its [neo\\-fascist](/wiki/Fascism \"Fascism\") ideology to a more traditionally [conservative](/wiki/Conservatism \"Conservatism\") political agenda. In January 1995, the Party's congress in [Fiuggi](/wiki/Fiuggi \"Fiuggi\") marked a radical change, afterwards referred to as *la svolta di Fiuggi* (the turning point at Fiuggi) and merged the MSI with conservative elements of the disbanded [Christian Democrats](/wiki/Democrazia_Cristiana \"Democrazia Cristiana\") to form the [National Alliance](/wiki/National_Alliance_%28Italy%29 \"National Alliance (Italy)\") (AN), of which Fini assumed the presidency.",
"The new party took a decisive stance distancing itself from fascism. After the House of Freedoms' 1994 victory, Fini said there would not and could not be any return to fascism and frequently disavowed AN supporters who used the [fascist salute](/wiki/Roman_salute \"Roman salute\").\"World Affairs: Italy\". *1994 Britannica Book of the Year*. Some MSI members ([Pino Rauti](/wiki/Pino_Rauti \"Pino Rauti\"), Erra, Staiti) dissented and seceded to form the new [Tricolor Flame](/wiki/Tricolor_Flame \"Tricolor Flame\") party.",
"### Government experiences",
"Fini and his party have been part of Berlusconi's right\\-wing [House of Freedoms](/wiki/House_of_Freedoms \"House of Freedoms\") coalition which won the [1994](/wiki/1994_Italian_general_election \"1994 Italian general election\") and [2001 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election \"2001 Italian general election\"). Fini became [deputy prime minister](/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister \"Deputy prime minister\") in 2001 and [foreign minister](/wiki/Foreign_minister \"Foreign minister\") in November 2004\\.",
"From February 2002 to 2006, he represented the Italian Government at the [European Convention](/wiki/Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe \"Convention on the Future of Europe\"). Following the [April 2008 general election](/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election \"2008 Italian general election\"), Fini was elected [President of the Chamber of Deputies](/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies \"President of the Chamber of Deputies\") on 30 April 2008 on the fourth ballot, receiving 355 votes.",
"His most widely known legislative acts have been:\n* The *[Bossi](/wiki/Umberto_Bossi \"Umberto Bossi\")\\-Fini Act*, a restrictive law on [immigration](/wiki/Immigration \"Immigration\");\n* The *Fini\\-Giovanardi Act* (2006\\), a restrictive law on [drugs](/wiki/Drugs \"Drugs\"). The act abolishes any distinction between soft drugs ([cannabis](/wiki/Cannabis_%28drug%29 \"Cannabis (drug)\")) and hard drugs ([heroin](/wiki/Heroin \"Heroin\"), [cocaine](/wiki/Cocaine \"Cocaine\")), punishing the user on the base of the quantity of [active ingredient](/wiki/Active_ingredient \"Active ingredient\") in the dose. As administrative sanctions, personal use of drugs is punished with a fine and the suspension of passport, driving license and/or weapon carrying permit. The cultivation of a single plant is punished with 1 up to 6 years of [imprisonment](/wiki/Imprisonment \"Imprisonment\").",
"### From National Alliance to the People of Freedom",
"[thumb\\|right\\|180px\\|Gianfranco Fini in 2004\\.](/wiki/File:Gianfranco_Fini_2004-2.jpg \"Gianfranco Fini 2004-2.jpg\")\nAfter some discord between the party's factions in 2005, a congress dismantled the factions and confirmed Fini as president of the party.",
"In 2006, Fini announced the removal of the symbol of the flame and of the \"M.S.I.\" writing from [AN](/wiki/National_Alliance_%28Italy%29 \"National Alliance (Italy)\") symbol. The move, after facing opposition from party members such as [Maurizio Gasparri](/wiki/Maurizio_Gasparri \"Maurizio Gasparri\") was finally denied.",
"Fini began a personal evolution towards more socially liberal positions in the 2000s, notwithstanding the opposition of the rest of his party. In particular:\n* in 2005 he announced a positive vote (three yes, one no) on a referendum on artificial insemination aimed at removing some limits introduced by the Act n.40/2004 of the same [Berlusconi II Cabinet](/wiki/Berlusconi_II_Cabinet \"Berlusconi II Cabinet\").\n* in December 2006 he declared he would be in favour of public acknowledgement of civil unions, including homosexual ones, although nonetheless in opposition to the centre\\-left government proposed bill on the theme.",
"At the end of January 2007, Berlusconi declared that Fini would be his only successor in case of unification of centre\\-right parties, provoking dissent from the [Northern League](/wiki/Lega_Nord \"Lega Nord\") and the [Union of Christian and Centre Democrats](/wiki/Union_of_Christian_and_Centre_Democrats \"Union of Christian and Centre Democrats\") (UDC).",
"In 2007 Berlusconi proclaimed the dissolution of his {{Lang\\|it\\|\\[\\[Forza Italia]]\\|italic\\=no}} party and the birth of a new unitary party of the centre\\-right, [the People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom \"The People of Freedom\"). At first, Fini reacted coldly, affirming that AN would not participate, judging the way the new party was born confused and superficial, and expressing open dissent against his ally of the \"former coalition\".",
"However, two months later, he moved closer to Berlusconi again, soon after the fall of the [Prodi II Cabinet](/wiki/Prodi_II_Cabinet \"Prodi II Cabinet\"). They agreed to present the two parties under the same symbol of [the People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom \"The People of Freedom\") in the [April 2008 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election \"2001 Italian general election\"), and then to proceed towards a unitary centre\\-right party.",
"### President of the Chamber of Deputies",
"[thumb\\|left\\|220px\\|Fini with [Giorgio Napolitano](/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano \"Giorgio Napolitano\"), [Silvio Berlusconi](/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi \"Silvio Berlusconi\") and [Renato Schifani](/wiki/Renato_Schifani \"Renato Schifani\").](/wiki/File:Alte_cariche.jpg \"Alte cariche.jpg\")\nAfter the electoral victory, on 30 April 2008 after four rounds of voting, Fini was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 335 votes from a total of 611\\. He then resigned the presidency of AN in anticipation of unification with the new [People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom \"The People of Freedom\") party. Within this new party, Fini became seen as Berlusconi's \"heir apparent\".{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-europe\\-11984570\\|title\\=Profile: Gianfranco Fini\\|date\\=13 December 2010\\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2016}}",
"Commenting on the homage to every victim of terrorism made by the President of the Republic, the former member of the [Italian Communist Party](/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party \"Italian Communist Party\") (PCI) [Giorgio Napolitano](/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano \"Giorgio Napolitano\"), he announced \"the end of the post\\-war period\", of \"the cleavage between the right and society\", and of \"overcoming minority status\".{{cite web\\|last\\=Caselli\\|first\\=Dario\\|title\\=Fini spegne la fiamma ma scalda il cuore della destra\\|url\\=http://www.loccidentale.it/articolo/fini\\+spegne\\+la\\+fiamma\\+ma\\+scalda\\+il\\+cuore\\+della\\+destra\\|publisher\\=L'Occidentale\\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2011\\|language\\=it\\|date\\=12 May 2008\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004072224/http://www.loccidentale.it/articolo/fini\\+spegne\\+la\\+fiamma\\+ma\\+scalda\\+il\\+cuore\\+della\\+destra\\|archive\\-date\\=4 October 2011}}",
"Pursuing his path of revision of the values of the Italian right, at the 2008 youth fest *Atreju 2008* he asserted that the Right has to acknowledge those rights \"present in the Constitution: freedom, equality and social justice. Values that determined and still determine the path of the Right, that are values of any democracy and that are fully anti\\-fascist\".{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.corriere.it/politica/08\\_settembre\\_13/fini\\_antifascismo\\_ccb8bcec\\-8175\\-11dd\\-95db\\-00144f02aabc.shtml \\|title\\=La destra si riconosca nell'antifascismo\\|publisher\\=Corriere.it \\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2011}}",
"In his role of Speaker of the Chamber, he more than once rebuked the government, criticising their extensive use of the [confidence votes](/wiki/Confidence_vote \"Confidence vote\").{{in lang\\|it}} [*Il Cannocchiale*, 13/01/2009](http://pezzedappoggio.ilcannocchiale.it/post/2141321.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924090404/http://pezzedappoggio.ilcannocchiale.it/post/2141321\\.html \\|date\\=24 September 2009 }}: L'ira di Fini: «Una cosa mai vista». He was considered a moderating force between Berlusconi's government and the President of the Republic,{{Cite book\\|title\\=Politics In Europe\\|publisher\\=CQ Press\\|year\\=2011\\|isbn\\=9781452285573\\|pages\\=393}} eventually suggesting that Berlusconi should step down.",
"He fought against the bad practices of absenteeism and double\\-voting by MPs in the Italian Parliament, promoting a digital voting system (to be implemented from March 2009\\) to prevent other MPs from voting on behalf of absent members, judging it \"immoral\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.corriere.it/politica/09\\_gennaio\\_28/fini\\_dito\\_voto\\_camera\\_5dd5aae8\\-ed26\\-11dd\\-b7f1\\-00144f02aabc.shtml\\|title\\= Fini: si voterà solo con le impronte\\|access\\-date\\= 6 March 2009\\|editor\\=Corriere della Sera\\|editor\\-link\\=Corriere della Sera\\|date\\= 28 January 2009\\|language\\=it}} 19 MPs out of a total of 630 refused, however, to allow their [fingerprints](/wiki/Fingerprint_recognition \"Fingerprint recognition\") to be recorded, and the system was implemented on a voluntary basis.",
"He also negatively judged the desire of the Berlusconi government to intervene with a decree in the case of [Eluana Englaro](/wiki/Eluana_Englaro \"Eluana Englaro\"){{in lang\\|it}} [http://quotidianonet.ilsole24ore.com/cronaca/2009/02/05/149358\\-eluana\\_dubbi\\_napolitano\\_fini.shtml](http://quotidianonet.ilsole24ore.com/cronaca/2009/02/05/149358-eluana_dubbi_napolitano_fini.shtml) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918225520/http://quotidianonet.ilsole24ore.com/cronaca/2009/02/05/149358\\-eluana\\_dubbi\\_napolitano\\_fini.shtml\\|date\\=18 September 2009}} and supported the need to defend the [secularism](/wiki/Secularism \"Secularism\") of the State, being then criticized by members of UDC and of his own party.{{in lang\\|it}} [http://it.notizie.yahoo.com/19/20090522/tpl\\-pdl\\-rotondi\\-ingiuste\\-critiche\\-a\\-fini\\-1204c2b\\_1\\.html](http://it.notizie.yahoo.com/19/20090522/tpl-pdl-rotondi-ingiuste-critiche-a-fini-1204c2b_1.html) *Notizie Yahoo*, 22 May 2009]{{dead link\\|date\\=October 2011}} In recent times he has become more and more vocally critical of the government platform, which he considers too biased towards the far\\-right federalist coalition party {{Lang\\|it\\|\\[\\[Lega Nord]]\\|italic\\=no}}. This has brought him into conflict with Berlusconi himself.",
"He founded the parliamentarian group \"Futuro e libertà per l'Italia\" ([Future and Freedom for Italy](/wiki/Future_and_Freedom \"Future and Freedom\")) in hopes of establishing a centrist \"[third pole](/wiki/For_the_Third_Pole \"For the Third Pole\")\", similar to what [Pier Ferdinando Casini](/wiki/Pier_Ferdinando_Casini \"Pier Ferdinando Casini\") had done with the [Union of the Centre](/wiki/Union_of_the_Centre_%282002%29 \"Union of the Centre (2002)\"). In the [2013 Italian general election](/wiki/2013_Italian_general_election \"2013 Italian general election\"), the FLI ([Future and Freedom for Italy](/wiki/Future_and_Freedom_for_Italy \"Future and Freedom for Italy\")) received only 0\\.5% of the vote and thus was awarded no seats in the Chamber of Deputies, ending Fini's 30 year parliamentary career.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Baldini\\|first\\=Gianfranco\\|date\\=9 December 2013\\|title\\=Don't Count Your Chickens before They're Hatched: The 2013 Italian Parliamentary and Presidential Elections\\|journal\\=South European Society and Politics\\|volume\\=18\\|issue\\=4\\|pages\\=473–497\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/13608746\\.2013\\.860269\\|hdl\\=11585/223290 \\|s2cid\\=155032963}} After the electoral defeat, Fini retired from politics.",
""
] |
### From National Alliance to the People of Freedom
[thumb\|right\|180px\|Gianfranco Fini in 2004\.](/wiki/File:Gianfranco_Fini_2004-2.jpg "Gianfranco Fini 2004-2.jpg")
After some discord between the party's factions in 2005, a congress dismantled the factions and confirmed Fini as president of the party.
In 2006, Fini announced the removal of the symbol of the flame and of the "M.S.I." writing from [AN](/wiki/National_Alliance_%28Italy%29 "National Alliance (Italy)") symbol. The move, after facing opposition from party members such as [Maurizio Gasparri](/wiki/Maurizio_Gasparri "Maurizio Gasparri") was finally denied.
Fini began a personal evolution towards more socially liberal positions in the 2000s, notwithstanding the opposition of the rest of his party. In particular:
* in 2005 he announced a positive vote (three yes, one no) on a referendum on artificial insemination aimed at removing some limits introduced by the Act n.40/2004 of the same [Berlusconi II Cabinet](/wiki/Berlusconi_II_Cabinet "Berlusconi II Cabinet").
* in December 2006 he declared he would be in favour of public acknowledgement of civil unions, including homosexual ones, although nonetheless in opposition to the centre\-left government proposed bill on the theme.
At the end of January 2007, Berlusconi declared that Fini would be his only successor in case of unification of centre\-right parties, provoking dissent from the [Northern League](/wiki/Lega_Nord "Lega Nord") and the [Union of Christian and Centre Democrats](/wiki/Union_of_Christian_and_Centre_Democrats "Union of Christian and Centre Democrats") (UDC).
In 2007 Berlusconi proclaimed the dissolution of his {{Lang\|it\|\[\[Forza Italia]]\|italic\=no}} party and the birth of a new unitary party of the centre\-right, [the People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom "The People of Freedom"). At first, Fini reacted coldly, affirming that AN would not participate, judging the way the new party was born confused and superficial, and expressing open dissent against his ally of the "former coalition".
However, two months later, he moved closer to Berlusconi again, soon after the fall of the [Prodi II Cabinet](/wiki/Prodi_II_Cabinet "Prodi II Cabinet"). They agreed to present the two parties under the same symbol of [the People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom "The People of Freedom") in the [April 2008 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election "2001 Italian general election"), and then to proceed towards a unitary centre\-right party.
|
[
"### From National Alliance to the People of Freedom",
"[thumb\\|right\\|180px\\|Gianfranco Fini in 2004\\.](/wiki/File:Gianfranco_Fini_2004-2.jpg \"Gianfranco Fini 2004-2.jpg\")\nAfter some discord between the party's factions in 2005, a congress dismantled the factions and confirmed Fini as president of the party.",
"In 2006, Fini announced the removal of the symbol of the flame and of the \"M.S.I.\" writing from [AN](/wiki/National_Alliance_%28Italy%29 \"National Alliance (Italy)\") symbol. The move, after facing opposition from party members such as [Maurizio Gasparri](/wiki/Maurizio_Gasparri \"Maurizio Gasparri\") was finally denied.",
"Fini began a personal evolution towards more socially liberal positions in the 2000s, notwithstanding the opposition of the rest of his party. In particular:\n* in 2005 he announced a positive vote (three yes, one no) on a referendum on artificial insemination aimed at removing some limits introduced by the Act n.40/2004 of the same [Berlusconi II Cabinet](/wiki/Berlusconi_II_Cabinet \"Berlusconi II Cabinet\").\n* in December 2006 he declared he would be in favour of public acknowledgement of civil unions, including homosexual ones, although nonetheless in opposition to the centre\\-left government proposed bill on the theme.",
"At the end of January 2007, Berlusconi declared that Fini would be his only successor in case of unification of centre\\-right parties, provoking dissent from the [Northern League](/wiki/Lega_Nord \"Lega Nord\") and the [Union of Christian and Centre Democrats](/wiki/Union_of_Christian_and_Centre_Democrats \"Union of Christian and Centre Democrats\") (UDC).",
"In 2007 Berlusconi proclaimed the dissolution of his {{Lang\\|it\\|\\[\\[Forza Italia]]\\|italic\\=no}} party and the birth of a new unitary party of the centre\\-right, [the People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom \"The People of Freedom\"). At first, Fini reacted coldly, affirming that AN would not participate, judging the way the new party was born confused and superficial, and expressing open dissent against his ally of the \"former coalition\".",
"However, two months later, he moved closer to Berlusconi again, soon after the fall of the [Prodi II Cabinet](/wiki/Prodi_II_Cabinet \"Prodi II Cabinet\"). They agreed to present the two parties under the same symbol of [the People of Freedom](/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom \"The People of Freedom\") in the [April 2008 parliamentary election](/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election \"2001 Italian general election\"), and then to proceed towards a unitary centre\\-right party.",
""
] |
Career
------
From the school, the [American Academy of Dramatic Arts](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts "American Academy of Dramatic Arts") in New York, she made her stage debut in 1918 as Belline in *The Betrothal* at the Playhouse in New York. Then she played in stock leading roles, portraying everything from an "ingenue to an old woman."
Although she appeared in other plays during the 1920s and the early '30s, Lenihan gradually became more interested in directing and teaching.
In 1925, she became the first director of the Theater Guild's School of Acting in New York. Although she hesitated at first when she was offered the post, she said, "the idea of directing a group of students in the art of acting intrigued me."
There was another reason, too. Like others, she was haunted by the inevitable months of idleness on Broadway. Even though she might be able to carry herself financially, her boundless energy revolted against any thumb\-twiddling periods. While Lenihan devoted much of her talent and time to teaching acting, she felt that talent was innate and, while it could be improved, it could not be created. She looked for "warmth of emotion, imagination and intelligence."
In 1932, the actress went into radio to direct a series of [Booth Tarkington](/wiki/Booth_Tarkington "Booth Tarkington") sketches that were sponsored by the [Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company](/wiki/Great_Atlantic_and_Pacific_Tea_Company "Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company"). She and radio were new to each other and she experimented often, sometimes to the chagrin of engineers.
When she directed a play on radio, she did not believe in letting the actors sit at tables in front of microphones reading the script. When a man was supposed to run, she had the actor run and then speak his lines rather than imitate a panting sound.
In 1928, Lenihan was on the cover of *[McCall's](/wiki/McCall%27s "McCall's")* magazine. She was described as one of the "10 most beautiful women in the world."
As well as acting she directed several productions and co\-wrote the play *[Blind Mice](/wiki/Blind_Mice "Blind Mice")* with [Vera Caspary](/wiki/Vera_Caspary "Vera Caspary") in 1930 which was made into the film *[Working Girls](/wiki/Working_Girls_%281931_film%29 "Working Girls (1931 film)")* the following year. Her sole movie credit is the 1949 [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir "Film noir") *[Jigsaw](/wiki/Jigsaw_%281949_film%29 "Jigsaw (1949 film)")*.
Lenihan served on the council of [Actors' Equity Association](/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association "Actors' Equity Association") and in 1940 was the author of a resolution, adopted by the membership, excluding from office or employment on the union's staff any Communist, Nazi, or Fascist or sympathizer.{{cite news \|title\=Winifred Lenihan Is Dead at 65; Actress Was First 'Saint Joan'; Won Applause in Shaw Play in World Premiere in '23 – Headed Acting School \|work\=New York Times\|issn\=0362\-4331 \|page\=27 \|date\=July 30, 1964 }}
### *Saint Joan*
When *[Saint Joan](/wiki/Saint_Joan_%28play%29 "Saint Joan (play)")* had its world premiere at the [Garrick Theatre](/wiki/Garrick_Theatre_%28New_York_City%29 "Garrick Theatre (New York City)") in New York in 1923, a slim blue\-eyed actress of limited experience was chosen for the role of [Joan of Orleans](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc "Joan of Arc"). Winifred Lenihan played the part so well that she became famous overnight.
Lenihan had arrived on Broadway only a short time before that and the initial joy of appearing on the stage had not yet worn off. She told an interviewer: "Here I am on Broadway. It does seem like a fairy tale."
Her performance as Joan was applauded by critics and audience alike. [John Corbin](/wiki/John_Corbin "John Corbin"), reviewing the play in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, said: "Joan's moods of frank girlhood, and of a sainthood patient and proud, are rendered with consummate simplicity and graces." Of Lenihan's performance, he wrote: "Taken as a whole, it is a really great performance and one which, like the play, grows mightily in memory."
Many years later, theater writers were still praising her performance whenever they mentioned *Saint Joan*. [Brooks Atkinson](/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson "Brooks Atkinson") wrote in *The Times* that Lenihan and [Katharine Cornell](/wiki/Katharine_Cornell "Katharine Cornell"), who played the role later, "left their marks on the part, for both of them had something genuine to give it."
|
[
"Career\n------",
"From the school, the [American Academy of Dramatic Arts](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts \"American Academy of Dramatic Arts\") in New York, she made her stage debut in 1918 as Belline in *The Betrothal* at the Playhouse in New York. Then she played in stock leading roles, portraying everything from an \"ingenue to an old woman.\"",
"Although she appeared in other plays during the 1920s and the early '30s, Lenihan gradually became more interested in directing and teaching.",
"In 1925, she became the first director of the Theater Guild's School of Acting in New York. Although she hesitated at first when she was offered the post, she said, \"the idea of directing a group of students in the art of acting intrigued me.\"",
"There was another reason, too. Like others, she was haunted by the inevitable months of idleness on Broadway. Even though she might be able to carry herself financially, her boundless energy revolted against any thumb\\-twiddling periods. While Lenihan devoted much of her talent and time to teaching acting, she felt that talent was innate and, while it could be improved, it could not be created. She looked for \"warmth of emotion, imagination and intelligence.\"",
"In 1932, the actress went into radio to direct a series of [Booth Tarkington](/wiki/Booth_Tarkington \"Booth Tarkington\") sketches that were sponsored by the [Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company](/wiki/Great_Atlantic_and_Pacific_Tea_Company \"Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company\"). She and radio were new to each other and she experimented often, sometimes to the chagrin of engineers.",
"When she directed a play on radio, she did not believe in letting the actors sit at tables in front of microphones reading the script. When a man was supposed to run, she had the actor run and then speak his lines rather than imitate a panting sound.",
"In 1928, Lenihan was on the cover of *[McCall's](/wiki/McCall%27s \"McCall's\")* magazine. She was described as one of the \"10 most beautiful women in the world.\"",
"As well as acting she directed several productions and co\\-wrote the play *[Blind Mice](/wiki/Blind_Mice \"Blind Mice\")* with [Vera Caspary](/wiki/Vera_Caspary \"Vera Caspary\") in 1930 which was made into the film *[Working Girls](/wiki/Working_Girls_%281931_film%29 \"Working Girls (1931 film)\")* the following year. Her sole movie credit is the 1949 [film noir](/wiki/Film_noir \"Film noir\") *[Jigsaw](/wiki/Jigsaw_%281949_film%29 \"Jigsaw (1949 film)\")*.",
"Lenihan served on the council of [Actors' Equity Association](/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association \"Actors' Equity Association\") and in 1940 was the author of a resolution, adopted by the membership, excluding from office or employment on the union's staff any Communist, Nazi, or Fascist or sympathizer.{{cite news \\|title\\=Winifred Lenihan Is Dead at 65; Actress Was First 'Saint Joan'; Won Applause in Shaw Play in World Premiere in '23 – Headed Acting School \\|work\\=New York Times\\|issn\\=0362\\-4331 \\|page\\=27 \\|date\\=July 30, 1964 }}",
"### *Saint Joan*",
"When *[Saint Joan](/wiki/Saint_Joan_%28play%29 \"Saint Joan (play)\")* had its world premiere at the [Garrick Theatre](/wiki/Garrick_Theatre_%28New_York_City%29 \"Garrick Theatre (New York City)\") in New York in 1923, a slim blue\\-eyed actress of limited experience was chosen for the role of [Joan of Orleans](/wiki/Joan_of_Arc \"Joan of Arc\"). Winifred Lenihan played the part so well that she became famous overnight.",
"Lenihan had arrived on Broadway only a short time before that and the initial joy of appearing on the stage had not yet worn off. She told an interviewer: \"Here I am on Broadway. It does seem like a fairy tale.\"",
"Her performance as Joan was applauded by critics and audience alike. [John Corbin](/wiki/John_Corbin \"John Corbin\"), reviewing the play in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, said: \"Joan's moods of frank girlhood, and of a sainthood patient and proud, are rendered with consummate simplicity and graces.\" Of Lenihan's performance, he wrote: \"Taken as a whole, it is a really great performance and one which, like the play, grows mightily in memory.\"",
"Many years later, theater writers were still praising her performance whenever they mentioned *Saint Joan*. [Brooks Atkinson](/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson \"Brooks Atkinson\") wrote in *The Times* that Lenihan and [Katharine Cornell](/wiki/Katharine_Cornell \"Katharine Cornell\"), who played the role later, \"left their marks on the part, for both of them had something genuine to give it.\"",
""
] |
Quarrying, lime kilns and railways
----------------------------------
[thumb\|upright\|William Aiton's 1811 map showing Broadstone.](/wiki/File:Map_of_Dunduff_castle_%26_roads.jpg "Map of Dunduff castle & roads.jpg")
[left\|thumb\|200px\|The tunnel / overbridge on the old Hillhead Railway.](/wiki/File:Overbridge%2C_Hillhead_line%2Cbeith.JPG "Overbridge, Hillhead line,beith.JPG")
Because of the underlying geology of this part of Ayrshire the presence of the many limestone quarries is to be expected. Lime kilns to produce lime for improving the soil, were a common feature of the countryside before the process became fully industrialised. [Nettlehirst](/wiki/Nettlehirst "Nettlehirst") near Barrmill was one of the last large traditionally operated lime kilns to operate, surviving until the 1970s, however Broadstone has the substantial remains of one of the largest of the early stone built kilns. This must have created considerable pollution in the area, offset only by the employment it created. It sits right next to the limestone quarry which supplied it. The road running past is still known as 'Reek Road'.
The [Ordnance Survey](/wiki/Ordnance_Survey "Ordnance Survey") (OS) maps for 1858 show that the 'Hillhead Railway' ran to the quarry from Barkip Junction on the Ayrshire and Lanarkshire Railway branchline to Kilbirnie. At first sidings and a transfer system existed with a weighing machine at what was to become [Brackenhills railway station](/wiki/Brackenhills_railway_station "Brackenhills railway station"), later a direct junction or transfer sidings were laid. The line did not survive into the 20th century and may have been narrow\-gauge as indicated by the surviving tunnel / overbridge.
The old OS maps show that a marble quarry was located nearby, now filled in. The limestone was of such quality that it was worked as marble and was in much demand for chimney pieces.
### Jean Deer
[thumb\|200px\|left\|The old Crooked Dam millpond site on the Powgree Burn in the Fairy Glen.](/wiki/File:Fairy_Glen_on_the_Powgree%2C_Gateside.JPG "Fairy Glen on the Powgree, Gateside.JPG")
In Service's semi\-fictional novel Jean Deer's husband worked at Broadstone Quarry in the late 19th century and died there following an accident of an unrecorded nature. She was forced to leave her Broadstone home, with her two young children and her baby, as it was required for another working man and his family. Jean took refuge in a ruinous cottage on the moors near [Auchenmade](/wiki/Auchentiber "Auchentiber"). The winter of 1895 was exceptionally severe and come spring David Muir and Tom Service found her dead with two of her children.
Jean's baby was found alive in the bread oven, for this determined mother was found naked, having fed all her clothes to the fire to keep her baby warm until the last possible moment. She had previously burned all the furniture and the family had so little food that they had even drunk the oil from the lamp.Service, Pages 156 \- 157\.
The old quarry is locally known as Hennis Planting after a worker who died at the site.
{{Clear}}
The Hennis Planting and Broadstone's industrial archaeology
Image:Broadstone lime kiln.JPG\|Two very large limekilns in the Hennis Planting near Broadstone Hall farm.
Image:Broadstone lime kiln wall.JPG\|The lime kiln wall with Hart's\-tongue ferns.
Image:Broadstone limekiln stonework detail.JPG\|Detail of the lime kiln stonework \& 'exit'.
Image:Broadstone Limekiln outward view.JPG\|Looking out from one of the lime kiln's two lower chambers.
Image:Broadstone kiln sided on.JPG\|A view of the lime kiln side wall.
Image:Broadstone quarry older kiln.JPG\|Another lime kiln which may predate the quarry beneath.
Image:Broadstone freight line.JPG\|The course of the old 'Hillhead Railway' from Barkip Junction to Broadstone limestone quarry.
File:Hillhead line overbridge, Beith.JPG\|Overbridge near the old South Windyhouse Farm site.
|
[
"Quarrying, lime kilns and railways\n----------------------------------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|William Aiton's 1811 map showing Broadstone.](/wiki/File:Map_of_Dunduff_castle_%26_roads.jpg \"Map of Dunduff castle & roads.jpg\")\n[left\\|thumb\\|200px\\|The tunnel / overbridge on the old Hillhead Railway.](/wiki/File:Overbridge%2C_Hillhead_line%2Cbeith.JPG \"Overbridge, Hillhead line,beith.JPG\")\nBecause of the underlying geology of this part of Ayrshire the presence of the many limestone quarries is to be expected. Lime kilns to produce lime for improving the soil, were a common feature of the countryside before the process became fully industrialised. [Nettlehirst](/wiki/Nettlehirst \"Nettlehirst\") near Barrmill was one of the last large traditionally operated lime kilns to operate, surviving until the 1970s, however Broadstone has the substantial remains of one of the largest of the early stone built kilns. This must have created considerable pollution in the area, offset only by the employment it created. It sits right next to the limestone quarry which supplied it. The road running past is still known as 'Reek Road'.",
"The [Ordnance Survey](/wiki/Ordnance_Survey \"Ordnance Survey\") (OS) maps for 1858 show that the 'Hillhead Railway' ran to the quarry from Barkip Junction on the Ayrshire and Lanarkshire Railway branchline to Kilbirnie. At first sidings and a transfer system existed with a weighing machine at what was to become [Brackenhills railway station](/wiki/Brackenhills_railway_station \"Brackenhills railway station\"), later a direct junction or transfer sidings were laid. The line did not survive into the 20th century and may have been narrow\\-gauge as indicated by the surviving tunnel / overbridge.",
"The old OS maps show that a marble quarry was located nearby, now filled in. The limestone was of such quality that it was worked as marble and was in much demand for chimney pieces.",
"### Jean Deer",
"[thumb\\|200px\\|left\\|The old Crooked Dam millpond site on the Powgree Burn in the Fairy Glen.](/wiki/File:Fairy_Glen_on_the_Powgree%2C_Gateside.JPG \"Fairy Glen on the Powgree, Gateside.JPG\")\nIn Service's semi\\-fictional novel Jean Deer's husband worked at Broadstone Quarry in the late 19th century and died there following an accident of an unrecorded nature. She was forced to leave her Broadstone home, with her two young children and her baby, as it was required for another working man and his family. Jean took refuge in a ruinous cottage on the moors near [Auchenmade](/wiki/Auchentiber \"Auchentiber\"). The winter of 1895 was exceptionally severe and come spring David Muir and Tom Service found her dead with two of her children.",
"Jean's baby was found alive in the bread oven, for this determined mother was found naked, having fed all her clothes to the fire to keep her baby warm until the last possible moment. She had previously burned all the furniture and the family had so little food that they had even drunk the oil from the lamp.Service, Pages 156 \\- 157\\.",
"The old quarry is locally known as Hennis Planting after a worker who died at the site.\n{{Clear}}",
"The Hennis Planting and Broadstone's industrial archaeology",
"Image:Broadstone lime kiln.JPG\\|Two very large limekilns in the Hennis Planting near Broadstone Hall farm.\nImage:Broadstone lime kiln wall.JPG\\|The lime kiln wall with Hart's\\-tongue ferns.\nImage:Broadstone limekiln stonework detail.JPG\\|Detail of the lime kiln stonework \\& 'exit'.\nImage:Broadstone Limekiln outward view.JPG\\|Looking out from one of the lime kiln's two lower chambers.",
"Image:Broadstone kiln sided on.JPG\\|A view of the lime kiln side wall.\nImage:Broadstone quarry older kiln.JPG\\|Another lime kiln which may predate the quarry beneath.\nImage:Broadstone freight line.JPG\\|The course of the old 'Hillhead Railway' from Barkip Junction to Broadstone limestone quarry.\nFile:Hillhead line overbridge, Beith.JPG\\|Overbridge near the old South Windyhouse Farm site.",
"",
""
] |
Behavior therapy
----------------
{{main\|Behavior therapy}}
**Behavior therapy** is a term referring to different types of therapies that treat mental health disorders. It identifies and helps change people's unhealthy behaviors or destructive behaviors through learning theory and conditioning. [Ivan Pavlov](/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov "Ivan Pavlov")'s classical conditioning, as well as counterconditioning are the basis for much of clinical behavior therapy, but also includes other techniques, including operant conditioning—or contingency management, and modeling (sometimes called [observational learning](/wiki/Observational_learning "Observational learning")). A frequently noted behavior therapy is [systematic desensitization](/wiki/Systematic_desensitization "Systematic desensitization") (graduated exposure therapy), which was first demonstrated by Joseph Wolpe and Arnold Lazarus.{{Cite book \|last\=Wolpe \|first\=Joseph \|title\=Behavior therapy techniques: a guide to the treatment of neuroses \|publisher\=Pergamon Press \|year\=1968 \|oclc\=6051117 \|orig\-year\=1966}}
### Behavior analysis
{{main\|Applied behavior analysis}}
[Applied behavior analysis](/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis "Applied behavior analysis") (ABA)—also called behavioral engineering—is a scientific discipline that applies the principles of behavior analysis to change behavior. ABA derived from much earlier research in the *[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior](/wiki/Journal_of_the_Experimental_Analysis_of_Behavior "Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior")*, which was founded by B.F. Skinner and his colleagues at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"). Nearly a decade after the study "The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer" (1959\) was published in that journal, which demonstrated how effective the [token economy](/wiki/Token_economy "Token economy") was in reinforcing more adaptive behavior for hospitalized patients with [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia") and [intellectual disability](/wiki/Intellectual_disability "Intellectual disability"), it led to researchers at the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas") to start the *[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis](/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Behavior_Analysis "Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis")* in 1968\.
Although ABA and [behavior modification](/wiki/Behavior_modification "Behavior modification") are similar behavior\-change technologies in that the learning environment is modified through respondent and operant conditioning, behavior modification did not initially address the causes of the behavior (particularly, the environmental stimuli that occurred in the past), or investigate solutions that would otherwise prevent the behavior from reoccurring. As the evolution of ABA began to unfold in the mid\-1980s, functional behavior assessments (FBAs) were developed to clarify the function of that behavior, so that it is accurately determined which differential reinforcement contingencies will be most effective and less likely for [aversive](/wiki/Aversive "Aversive") [punishments](/wiki/Punishment "Punishment") to be administered.{{Cite journal \|last\=Mace, F. Charles \|last2\=Critchfield, Thomas S. \|date\=May 2010 \|title\=Translational research in behavior analysis: Historic traditions and imperative for the future \|journal\=\[\[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior]] \|volume\=93 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=293–312 \|doi\=10\.1901/jeab.2010\.93\-293 \|pmc\=2861871 \|pmid\=21119847}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Mace, F. Charles \|date\=1994 \|title\=The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies \|journal\=\[\[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]] \|volume\=27 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=385–392 \|doi\=10\.1901/jaba.1994\.27\-385 \|pmc\=1297814 \|pmid\=16795830}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Pelios, L. \|last2\=Morren, J. \|last3\=Tesch, D. \|last4\=Axelrod, S. \|date\=1999 \|title\=The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self\-injurious and aggressive behavior \|journal\=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis \|volume\=32 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=185–95 \|doi\=10\.1901/jaba.1999\.32\-185 \|pmc\=1284177 \|pmid\=10396771}} In addition, methodological behaviorism was the theory underpinning behavior modification since private events were not conceptualized during the 1970s and early 1980s, which contrasted from the radical behaviorism of behavior analysis. ABA—the term that replaced behavior modification—has emerged into a thriving field.{{Cite journal \|last\=Slocum, Timothy A. \|last2\=Detrich, Ronnie \|last3\=Wilczynski, Susan M. \|last4\=Spencer, Trina D. \|last5\=Lewis, Teri \|date\=May 2014 \|title\=The evidence\-based practice of applied behavior analysis \|journal\=\[\[The Behavior Analyst]] \|volume\=37 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=41–56 \|doi\=10\.1007/s40614\-014\-0005\-2 \|pmc\=4883454 \|pmid\=27274958}}
The independent development of behaviour analysis outside the United States also continues to develop.{{Cite news \|last\=Kellaway \|first\=Lucy \|date\=7 January 2015 \|title\=My team gets more excited by loo roll than business budgets: Work problems answered \|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a06bab2a\-8ab7\-11e4\-8e24\-00144feabdc0\.html\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221258/https://www.ft.com/content/a06bab2a\-8ab7\-11e4\-8e24\-00144feabdc0\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|access\-date\=22 November 2015 \|work\=Financial Times \|location\=London \|page\=10}}{{Cite news \|last\=Eyres \|first\=Harry \|date\=19 December 2009 \|title\=Peaks in a trough year: The Slow Lane \|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/ec975ad6\-e9cb\-11de\-ae43\-00144feab49a,Authorised\=false.html?siteedition\=uk\&\_i\_location\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fec975ad6\-e9cb\-11de\-ae43\-00144feab49a.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\&\_i\_referer\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DPeaks%2Bin%2Ba%2Btrough%2BEYRES\&classification\=conditional\_standard\&iab\=barrier\-app \|access\-date\=22 November 2015 \|work\=Financial Times \|page\=22}}{{Cite news \|last\=Stern \|first\=Stefan \|date\=5 August 2008 \|title\=Keep up motivation levels through long summer days \|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/8e995bca\-6284\-11dd\-9a1e\-000077b07658,Authorised\=false.html?siteedition\=uk\&\_i\_location\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8e995bca\-6284\-11dd\-9a1e\-000077b07658\.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\&\_i\_referer\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DKeep%2Bup%2Bmotivation%2Blevels%2Bstern\&classification\=conditional\_standard\&iab\=barrier\-app\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122232423/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/8e995bca\-6284\-11dd\-9a1e\-000077b07658,Authorised\=false.html?siteedition\=uk\&\_i\_location\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8e995bca\-6284\-11dd\-9a1e\-000077b07658\.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\&\_i\_referer\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DKeep%2Bup%2Bmotivation%2Blevels%2Bstern\&classification\=conditional\_standard\&iab\=barrier\-app\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|archive\-date\=2015\-11\-22 \|access\-date\=22 November 2015 \|work\=Financial Times \|location\=London \|page\=12}}{{Cite news \|last\=Skapinker \|first\=Michael \|date\=11 December 2002 \|title\=Human capitalism: Does treating workers well help business too? A PwC report provides some evidence \|work\=Financial Times \|location\=London \|page\=22}}{{Cite news \|last\=Skapinker \|first\=Michael \|date\=9 April 2013 \|title\=The 50 ideas that shaped business today \|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/90c6cac0\-a02f\-11e2\-88b6\-00144feabdc0\.html\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221215/https://www.ft.com/content/90c6cac0\-a02f\-11e2\-88b6\-00144feabdc0\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|access\-date\=22 November 2015 \|work\=Financial Times \|location\=London}}{{Cite news \|date\=24 October 2015 \|title\=Reinventing the deal; American capitalism \|work\=The Economist \|location\=London \|pages\=21–24 \|volume\=417 \|issue\=8961}} In the US, the [American Psychological Association](/wiki/American_Psychological_Association "American Psychological Association") (APA) features a subdivision for Behavior Analysis, titled APA Division 25: Behavior Analysis, which has been in existence since 1964, and the interests among behavior analysts today are wide\-ranging, as indicated in a review of the 30 Special Interest Groups (SIGs) within the [Association for Behavior Analysis International](/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International "Association for Behavior Analysis International") (ABAI). Such interests include everything from animal behavior and [environmental conservation](/wiki/Behavioral_ecology "Behavioral ecology") to classroom instruction (such as [direct instruction](/wiki/Direct_instruction "Direct instruction") and [precision teaching](/wiki/Precision_teaching "Precision teaching")), [verbal behavior](/wiki/Verbal_behavior "Verbal behavior"), developmental disabilities and autism, clinical psychology (i.e., [forensic behavior analysis](/wiki/Criminology "Criminology")), [behavioral medicine](/wiki/Behavioral_medicine "Behavioral medicine") (i.e., behavioral gerontology, AIDS prevention, and fitness training), and [consumer behavior analysis](/wiki/Consumer_behaviour "Consumer behaviour").
The field of [applied animal behavior](/wiki/Animal_training "Animal training")—a sub\-discipline of ABA that involves training animals—is regulated by the Animal Behavior Society, and those who practice this technique are called applied animal behaviorists. Research on applied animal behavior has been frequently conducted in the *Applied Animal Behaviour Science* journal since its founding in 1974\.
ABA has also been particularly well\-established in the area of developmental disabilities since the 1960s, but it was not until the late 1980s that individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders were beginning to grow so rapidly and groundbreaking research was being published that parent advocacy groups started demanding for services throughout the 1990s, which encouraged the formation of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, a credentialing program that certifies professionally trained behavior analysts on the national level to deliver such services. Nevertheless, the certification is applicable to all human services related to the rather broad field of behavior analysis (other than the treatment for autism), and the ABAI currently has 14 accredited MA and Ph.D. programs for comprehensive study in that field.
Early behavioral interventions (EBIs) based on ABA are empirically validated for teaching children with autism and have been proven as such for over the past five decades. Since the late 1990s and throughout the twenty\-first century, early ABA interventions have also been identified as the treatment of choice by the [US Surgeon General](/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States "Surgeon General of the United States"), [American Academy of Pediatrics](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics "American Academy of Pediatrics"), and US [National Research Council](/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences%2C_Engineering%2C_and_Medicine%23Program_units "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine#Program units").
[Discrete trial training](/wiki/Discrete_trial_training "Discrete trial training")—also called early *intensive* behavioral intervention—is the traditional EBI technique implemented for thirty to forty hours per week that instructs a child to sit in a chair, imitate fine and gross motor behaviors, as well as learn eye contact and speech, which are taught through [shaping](/wiki/Shaping_%28psychology%29 "Shaping (psychology)"), [modeling](/wiki/Modeling_%28psychology%29 "Modeling (psychology)"), and [prompting](/wiki/Errorless_learning "Errorless learning"), with such prompting being phased out as the child begins mastering each skill. When the child becomes more verbal from discrete trials, the table\-based instructions are later discontinued, and another EBI procedure known as incidental teaching is introduced in the natural environment by having the child ask for desired items kept out of their direct access, as well as allowing the child to choose the play activities that will motivate them to engage with their facilitators before teaching the child how to interact with other children their own age.
A related term for incidental teaching, called [pivotal response treatment](/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment "Pivotal response treatment") (PRT), refers to EBI procedures that exclusively entail twenty\-five hours per week of naturalistic teaching (without initially using discrete trials). Current research is showing that there is a wide array of learning styles and that is the children with [receptive language](/wiki/Receptive_language "Receptive language") delays who initially require discrete trials to acquire speech.
[Organizational behavior management](/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management "Organizational behavior management"), which applies contingency management procedures to model and reinforce appropriate work behavior for employees in organizations, has developed a particularly strong following within ABA, as evidenced by the formation of the OBM Network and *Journal of Organizational Behavior Management*, which was rated the third\-highest impact journal in applied psychology by ISI JOBM rating.
Modern\-day [clinical behavior analysis](/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis "Clinical behavior analysis") has also witnessed a massive resurgence in research, with the development of [relational frame theory](/wiki/Relational_frame_theory "Relational frame theory") (RFT), which is described as an extension of verbal behavior and a "post\-Skinnerian account of language and cognition."Hayes, S.C.; Barnes\-Holmes, D. \& Roche, B. (2001\) Relational Frame Theory: A Post\-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Kluwer Academic: New York. RFT also forms the empirical basis for [acceptance and commitment therapy](/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy "Acceptance and commitment therapy"), a therapeutic approach to counseling often used to manage such conditions as [anxiety](/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder "Generalized anxiety disorder") and [obesity](/wiki/Obesity "Obesity") that consists of acceptance and commitment, value\-based living, cognitive defusion, [counterconditioning](/wiki/Counterconditioning "Counterconditioning") ([mindfulness](/wiki/Mindfulness "Mindfulness")), and contingency management ([positive reinforcement](/wiki/Positive_reinforcement "Positive reinforcement")).Corrigan, P. W. (2001\). Getting ahead of the data: A Threat to some behavior therapies. *The Behavior Therapist, 24*(9\), 189\-193\.[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002\-12440\-002](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-12440-002)Hayes, S. C. (2002\). On being visited by the vita police: A reply to Corrigan. *The Behavior Therapist, 25*, 134\-137\.<https://contextualscience.org/publications/hayes_2002_1>Corrigan, P. (2002\). The data is still the thing: A reply to Gaynor and Hayes. *The Behavior Therapist, 25*, 140\.<https://contextualscience.org/publications/corrigan_2002>Powers, M.B., Vörding, M. \& Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2009\). Acceptance and commitment therapy: A meta\-analytic review. *Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 8*, 73\-80\.Levin, M., \& Hayes, S.C. (2009\). Is Acceptance and commitment therapy superior to established treatment comparisons? *Psychotherapy \& Psychosomatics, 78*, 380\.Powers, M. B., \& Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2009\). Response to 'Is acceptance and commitment therapy superior to established treatment comparisons?' *Psychotherapy \& Psychosomatics, 78*, 380–381\. Another evidence\-based counseling technique derived from RFT is the [functional analytic psychotherapy](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy "Functional analytic psychotherapy") known as [behavioral activation](/wiki/Behavioral_activation "Behavioral activation") that relies on the [ACL model](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy%23The_ACL_model "Functional analytic psychotherapy#The ACL model")—awareness, courage, and love—to reinforce more positive moods for those struggling with [depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder").
[Incentive](/wiki/Incentive "Incentive")\-based contingency management (CM) is the standard of care for adults with substance\-use disorders; it has also been shown to be highly effective for other addictions (i.e., obesity and gambling). Although it does not directly address the underlying causes of behavior, incentive\-based CM is highly behavior analytic as it targets the function of the client's motivational behavior by relying on a preference assessment, which is an assessment procedure that allows the individual to select the preferred reinforcer (in this case, the monetary value of the voucher, or the use of other incentives, such as prizes). Another evidence\-based CM intervention for substance abuse is [community reinforcement approach and family training](/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training "Community reinforcement approach and family training") that uses FBAs and counterconditioning techniques—such as behavioral skills training and relapse prevention—to model and reinforce healthier lifestyle choices which promote self\-management of abstinence from drugs, alcohol, or cigarette smoking during high\-risk exposure when engaging with family members, friends, and co\-workers.
While schoolwide positive behavior support consists of conducting assessments and a [task analysis](/wiki/Task_analysis "Task analysis") plan to differentially reinforce curricular supports that replace students' disruptive behavior in the classroom, pediatric feeding therapy incorporates a liquid chaser and chin feeder to shape proper eating behavior for children with feeding disorders. [Habit reversal training](/wiki/Habit_reversal_training "Habit reversal training"), an approach firmly grounded in counterconditioning which uses contingency management procedures to reinforce alternative behavior, is currently the only empirically validated approach for managing [tic disorders](/wiki/Tic_disorders "Tic disorders").
Some studies on exposure ([desensitization](/wiki/Desensitization_%28psychology%29 "Desensitization (psychology)")) therapies—which refer to an array of interventions based on the respondent conditioning procedure known as [habituation](/wiki/Habituation "Habituation") and typically infuses counterconditioning procedures, such as [meditation](/wiki/Meditation "Meditation") and [breathing exercises](/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing "Diaphragmatic breathing")—have recently been published in behavior analytic journals since the 1990s, as most other research is conducted from a [cognitive\-behavior therapy](/wiki/Cognitive-behavioral_therapy "Cognitive-behavioral therapy") framework. When based on a behavior analytic research standpoint, FBAs are implemented to precisely outline how to employ the [flooding](/wiki/Flooding_%28psychology%29 "Flooding (psychology)") form of desensitization (also called direct exposure therapy) for those who are unsuccessful in overcoming their specific [phobia](/wiki/Phobia "Phobia") through [systematic desensitization](/wiki/Systematic_desensitization "Systematic desensitization") (also known as [graduated exposure therapy](/wiki/Graduated_exposure_therapy "Graduated exposure therapy")). These studies also reveal that systematic desensitization is more effective for children if used in conjunction with shaping, which is further termed *contact* desensitization, but this comparison has yet to be substantiated with adults.
Other widely published behavior analytic journals include *Behavior Modification*, *The Behavior Analyst*, *Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions*, *Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science*, *The Analysis of Verbal Behavior*, *Behavior and Philosophy*, *Behavior and Social Issues*, and *[The Psychological Record](/wiki/The_Psychological_Record "The Psychological Record")*.
### Cognitive\-behavior therapy
{{main\|Cognitive\-behavior therapy}}
[Cognitive\-behavior therapy](/wiki/Cognitive-behavioral_therapy "Cognitive-behavioral therapy") (CBT) is a behavior therapy discipline that often overlaps considerably with the clinical behavior analysis subfield of ABA, but differs in that it initially incorporates cognitive restructuring and emotional regulation to alter a person's cognition and emotions. Various forms of CBT have been used to treat physically experienced symptoms that disrupt individuals' livelihood, which often stem from complex mental health disorders. Complications of many trauma\-induced disorders result in lack of sleep and nightmares, with cognitive behavior therapy functioning as an intervention found to reduce the average number of [PTSD](/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") patients suffering from related sleep disturbance.{{Cite journal \|last\=Lancel \|first\=Marike \|last2\=van Marle \|first2\=Hein J. F. \|last3\=Van Veen \|first3\=Maaike M. \|last4\=van Schagen \|first4\=Annette M. \|date\=2021\-11\-24 \|title\=Disturbed Sleep in PTSD: Thinking Beyond Nightmares \|journal\=Frontiers in Psychiatry \|volume\=12 \|doi\=10\.3389/fpsyt.2021\.767760 \|issn\=1664\-0640 \|pmc\=8654347 \|pmid\=34899428 \|doi\-access\=free}}
A popularly noted counseling intervention known as [dialectical behavior therapy](/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy "Dialectical behavior therapy") (DBT) includes the use of a chain analysis, as well as cognitive restructuring, emotional regulation, distress tolerance, counterconditioning (mindfulness), and contingency management (positive reinforcement). DBT is quite similar to acceptance and commitment therapy, but contrasts in that it derives from a CBT framework. Although DBT is most widely researched for and empirically validated to reduce the risk of suicide in psychiatric patients with [borderline personality disorder](/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder "Borderline personality disorder"), it can often be applied effectively to other mental health conditions, such as substance abuse, as well as mood and eating disorders. A study on BPD was conducted, confirming DBT as a constructive therapeutic option for emotionally unregulated patients. Before DBT, participants with borderline personality disorder were shown images of highly emotional people and neuron activity in the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala "Amygdala") was recorded via [fMRI](/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging "Functional magnetic resonance imaging"); after 1 year of consistent dialectical behavior therapy, participants were re\-tested, with fMRI capturing a decrease in amygdala hyperactivity (emotional activation) in response to the applied stimulus, exhibiting increases in emotional regulation capabilities.{{Cite journal \|last\=Flechsig \|first\=Ariane \|last2\=Bernheim \|first2\=Dorothee \|last3\=Buchheim \|first3\=Anna \|last4\=Domin \|first4\=Martin \|last5\=Mentel \|first5\=Renate \|last6\=Lotze \|first6\=Martin \|date\=2023\-06\-28 \|title\=One Year of Outpatient Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and Its Impact on Neuronal Correlates of Attachment Representation in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder Using a Personalized fMRI Task \|journal\=Brain Sciences \|volume\=13 \|issue\=7 \|pages\=1001 \|doi\=10\.3390/brainsci13071001 \|issn\=2076\-3425 \|pmc\=10377139 \|pmid\=37508932 \|doi\-access\=free}}
Most research on exposure therapies (also called desensitization)—ranging from [eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy](/wiki/Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing "Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing") to [exposure and response prevention](/wiki/Exposure_and_response_prevention "Exposure and response prevention")—are conducted through a CBT framework in non\-behavior analytic journals, and these enhanced exposure therapies are well\-established in the research literature for treating phobic, [post\-traumatic stress](/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder"), and other anxiety disorders (such as [obsessive\-compulsive disorder](/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder "Obsessive-compulsive disorder"), or OCD).
Cognitive\-based behavioral activation (BA)—the psychotherapeutic approach used for depression—is shown to be highly effective and is widely used in clinical practice. Some large [randomized control trials](/wiki/Randomized_control_trials "Randomized control trials") have indicated that cognitive\-based BA is as beneficial as [antidepressant](/wiki/Antidepressant "Antidepressant") medications but more efficacious than traditional [cognitive therapy](/wiki/Cognitive_therapy "Cognitive therapy"). Other commonly used clinical treatments derived from behavioral learning principles that are often implemented through a CBT model include community reinforcement approach and family training, and habit reversal training for substance abuse and tics, respectively.
### Related therapies
{{Div col\|colwidth\=22em}}
* [Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)](/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy_%28ACT%29 "Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)")
* [Applied animal behavior](/wiki/Animal_training "Animal training")
* [Behavioral activation](/wiki/Behavioral_activation "Behavioral activation")
* [Behavior modification](/wiki/Behavior_modification "Behavior modification")
* [Behavior therapy](/wiki/Behavior_therapy "Behavior therapy")
* [Biofeedback](/wiki/Biofeedback "Biofeedback")
* [Clinical behavior analysis](/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis "Clinical behavior analysis")
* [Contingency management](/wiki/Contingency_management "Contingency management")
* [Desensitization](/wiki/Desensitization_%28medicine%29 "Desensitization (medicine)")
* [Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)](/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy_%28DBT%29 "Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)")
* [Direct instruction](/wiki/Direct_instruction "Direct instruction")
* [Discrete trial training](/wiki/Discrete_trial_training "Discrete trial training")
* [Exposure and response prevention](/wiki/Exposure_and_response_prevention "Exposure and response prevention")
* [Exposure therapy](/wiki/Exposure_therapy "Exposure therapy")
* [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing](/wiki/Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing "Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing")
* [Flooding (psychology)](/wiki/Flooding_%28psychology%29 "Flooding (psychology)")
* [Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP)](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy_%28FAP%29 "Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP)")
* [Habit reversal training](/wiki/Habit_reversal_training "Habit reversal training")
* [Organizational behavior management](/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management "Organizational behavior management")
* [Pivotal response treatment](/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment "Pivotal response treatment")
* [Positive behavior support](/wiki/Positive_behavior_support "Positive behavior support")
* [Prolonged exposure therapy](/wiki/Prolonged_exposure_therapy "Prolonged exposure therapy")
* [Social skills training](/wiki/Social_skills_training "Social skills training")
* [Systematic desensitization](/wiki/Systematic_desensitization "Systematic desensitization")
{{Div col end}}
|
[
"Behavior therapy\n----------------",
"{{main\\|Behavior therapy}}\n**Behavior therapy** is a term referring to different types of therapies that treat mental health disorders. It identifies and helps change people's unhealthy behaviors or destructive behaviors through learning theory and conditioning. [Ivan Pavlov](/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov \"Ivan Pavlov\")'s classical conditioning, as well as counterconditioning are the basis for much of clinical behavior therapy, but also includes other techniques, including operant conditioning—or contingency management, and modeling (sometimes called [observational learning](/wiki/Observational_learning \"Observational learning\")). A frequently noted behavior therapy is [systematic desensitization](/wiki/Systematic_desensitization \"Systematic desensitization\") (graduated exposure therapy), which was first demonstrated by Joseph Wolpe and Arnold Lazarus.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Wolpe \\|first\\=Joseph \\|title\\=Behavior therapy techniques: a guide to the treatment of neuroses \\|publisher\\=Pergamon Press \\|year\\=1968 \\|oclc\\=6051117 \\|orig\\-year\\=1966}}",
"### Behavior analysis",
"{{main\\|Applied behavior analysis}}\n[Applied behavior analysis](/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis \"Applied behavior analysis\") (ABA)—also called behavioral engineering—is a scientific discipline that applies the principles of behavior analysis to change behavior. ABA derived from much earlier research in the *[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior](/wiki/Journal_of_the_Experimental_Analysis_of_Behavior \"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior\")*, which was founded by B.F. Skinner and his colleagues at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"). Nearly a decade after the study \"The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer\" (1959\\) was published in that journal, which demonstrated how effective the [token economy](/wiki/Token_economy \"Token economy\") was in reinforcing more adaptive behavior for hospitalized patients with [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\") and [intellectual disability](/wiki/Intellectual_disability \"Intellectual disability\"), it led to researchers at the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas \"University of Kansas\") to start the *[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis](/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Behavior_Analysis \"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis\")* in 1968\\.",
"Although ABA and [behavior modification](/wiki/Behavior_modification \"Behavior modification\") are similar behavior\\-change technologies in that the learning environment is modified through respondent and operant conditioning, behavior modification did not initially address the causes of the behavior (particularly, the environmental stimuli that occurred in the past), or investigate solutions that would otherwise prevent the behavior from reoccurring. As the evolution of ABA began to unfold in the mid\\-1980s, functional behavior assessments (FBAs) were developed to clarify the function of that behavior, so that it is accurately determined which differential reinforcement contingencies will be most effective and less likely for [aversive](/wiki/Aversive \"Aversive\") [punishments](/wiki/Punishment \"Punishment\") to be administered.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mace, F. Charles \\|last2\\=Critchfield, Thomas S. \\|date\\=May 2010 \\|title\\=Translational research in behavior analysis: Historic traditions and imperative for the future \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior]] \\|volume\\=93 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=293–312 \\|doi\\=10\\.1901/jeab.2010\\.93\\-293 \\|pmc\\=2861871 \\|pmid\\=21119847}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mace, F. Charles \\|date\\=1994 \\|title\\=The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]] \\|volume\\=27 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=385–392 \\|doi\\=10\\.1901/jaba.1994\\.27\\-385 \\|pmc\\=1297814 \\|pmid\\=16795830}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Pelios, L. \\|last2\\=Morren, J. \\|last3\\=Tesch, D. \\|last4\\=Axelrod, S. \\|date\\=1999 \\|title\\=The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self\\-injurious and aggressive behavior \\|journal\\=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis \\|volume\\=32 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=185–95 \\|doi\\=10\\.1901/jaba.1999\\.32\\-185 \\|pmc\\=1284177 \\|pmid\\=10396771}} In addition, methodological behaviorism was the theory underpinning behavior modification since private events were not conceptualized during the 1970s and early 1980s, which contrasted from the radical behaviorism of behavior analysis. ABA—the term that replaced behavior modification—has emerged into a thriving field.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Slocum, Timothy A. \\|last2\\=Detrich, Ronnie \\|last3\\=Wilczynski, Susan M. \\|last4\\=Spencer, Trina D. \\|last5\\=Lewis, Teri \\|date\\=May 2014 \\|title\\=The evidence\\-based practice of applied behavior analysis \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Behavior Analyst]] \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=41–56 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s40614\\-014\\-0005\\-2 \\|pmc\\=4883454 \\|pmid\\=27274958}}",
"The independent development of behaviour analysis outside the United States also continues to develop.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kellaway \\|first\\=Lucy \\|date\\=7 January 2015 \\|title\\=My team gets more excited by loo roll than business budgets: Work problems answered \\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a06bab2a\\-8ab7\\-11e4\\-8e24\\-00144feabdc0\\.html\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221258/https://www.ft.com/content/a06bab2a\\-8ab7\\-11e4\\-8e24\\-00144feabdc0\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2015 \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=10}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Eyres \\|first\\=Harry \\|date\\=19 December 2009 \\|title\\=Peaks in a trough year: The Slow Lane \\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/ec975ad6\\-e9cb\\-11de\\-ae43\\-00144feab49a,Authorised\\=false.html?siteedition\\=uk\\&\\_i\\_location\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fec975ad6\\-e9cb\\-11de\\-ae43\\-00144feab49a.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\\&\\_i\\_referer\\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DPeaks%2Bin%2Ba%2Btrough%2BEYRES\\&classification\\=conditional\\_standard\\&iab\\=barrier\\-app \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2015 \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|page\\=22}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Stern \\|first\\=Stefan \\|date\\=5 August 2008 \\|title\\=Keep up motivation levels through long summer days \\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/8e995bca\\-6284\\-11dd\\-9a1e\\-000077b07658,Authorised\\=false.html?siteedition\\=uk\\&\\_i\\_location\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8e995bca\\-6284\\-11dd\\-9a1e\\-000077b07658\\.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\\&\\_i\\_referer\\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DKeep%2Bup%2Bmotivation%2Blevels%2Bstern\\&classification\\=conditional\\_standard\\&iab\\=barrier\\-app\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122232423/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/8e995bca\\-6284\\-11dd\\-9a1e\\-000077b07658,Authorised\\=false.html?siteedition\\=uk\\&\\_i\\_location\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8e995bca\\-6284\\-11dd\\-9a1e\\-000077b07658\\.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\\&\\_i\\_referer\\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DKeep%2Bup%2Bmotivation%2Blevels%2Bstern\\&classification\\=conditional\\_standard\\&iab\\=barrier\\-app\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2015 \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=12}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Skapinker \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=11 December 2002 \\|title\\=Human capitalism: Does treating workers well help business too? A PwC report provides some evidence \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=22}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Skapinker \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=9 April 2013 \\|title\\=The 50 ideas that shaped business today \\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/90c6cac0\\-a02f\\-11e2\\-88b6\\-00144feabdc0\\.html\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221215/https://www.ft.com/content/90c6cac0\\-a02f\\-11e2\\-88b6\\-00144feabdc0\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2015 \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|location\\=London}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=24 October 2015 \\|title\\=Reinventing the deal; American capitalism \\|work\\=The Economist \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=21–24 \\|volume\\=417 \\|issue\\=8961}} In the US, the [American Psychological Association](/wiki/American_Psychological_Association \"American Psychological Association\") (APA) features a subdivision for Behavior Analysis, titled APA Division 25: Behavior Analysis, which has been in existence since 1964, and the interests among behavior analysts today are wide\\-ranging, as indicated in a review of the 30 Special Interest Groups (SIGs) within the [Association for Behavior Analysis International](/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International \"Association for Behavior Analysis International\") (ABAI). Such interests include everything from animal behavior and [environmental conservation](/wiki/Behavioral_ecology \"Behavioral ecology\") to classroom instruction (such as [direct instruction](/wiki/Direct_instruction \"Direct instruction\") and [precision teaching](/wiki/Precision_teaching \"Precision teaching\")), [verbal behavior](/wiki/Verbal_behavior \"Verbal behavior\"), developmental disabilities and autism, clinical psychology (i.e., [forensic behavior analysis](/wiki/Criminology \"Criminology\")), [behavioral medicine](/wiki/Behavioral_medicine \"Behavioral medicine\") (i.e., behavioral gerontology, AIDS prevention, and fitness training), and [consumer behavior analysis](/wiki/Consumer_behaviour \"Consumer behaviour\").",
"The field of [applied animal behavior](/wiki/Animal_training \"Animal training\")—a sub\\-discipline of ABA that involves training animals—is regulated by the Animal Behavior Society, and those who practice this technique are called applied animal behaviorists. Research on applied animal behavior has been frequently conducted in the *Applied Animal Behaviour Science* journal since its founding in 1974\\.",
"ABA has also been particularly well\\-established in the area of developmental disabilities since the 1960s, but it was not until the late 1980s that individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders were beginning to grow so rapidly and groundbreaking research was being published that parent advocacy groups started demanding for services throughout the 1990s, which encouraged the formation of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, a credentialing program that certifies professionally trained behavior analysts on the national level to deliver such services. Nevertheless, the certification is applicable to all human services related to the rather broad field of behavior analysis (other than the treatment for autism), and the ABAI currently has 14 accredited MA and Ph.D. programs for comprehensive study in that field.",
"Early behavioral interventions (EBIs) based on ABA are empirically validated for teaching children with autism and have been proven as such for over the past five decades. Since the late 1990s and throughout the twenty\\-first century, early ABA interventions have also been identified as the treatment of choice by the [US Surgeon General](/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States \"Surgeon General of the United States\"), [American Academy of Pediatrics](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics \"American Academy of Pediatrics\"), and US [National Research Council](/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences%2C_Engineering%2C_and_Medicine%23Program_units \"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine#Program units\").",
"[Discrete trial training](/wiki/Discrete_trial_training \"Discrete trial training\")—also called early *intensive* behavioral intervention—is the traditional EBI technique implemented for thirty to forty hours per week that instructs a child to sit in a chair, imitate fine and gross motor behaviors, as well as learn eye contact and speech, which are taught through [shaping](/wiki/Shaping_%28psychology%29 \"Shaping (psychology)\"), [modeling](/wiki/Modeling_%28psychology%29 \"Modeling (psychology)\"), and [prompting](/wiki/Errorless_learning \"Errorless learning\"), with such prompting being phased out as the child begins mastering each skill. When the child becomes more verbal from discrete trials, the table\\-based instructions are later discontinued, and another EBI procedure known as incidental teaching is introduced in the natural environment by having the child ask for desired items kept out of their direct access, as well as allowing the child to choose the play activities that will motivate them to engage with their facilitators before teaching the child how to interact with other children their own age.",
"A related term for incidental teaching, called [pivotal response treatment](/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment \"Pivotal response treatment\") (PRT), refers to EBI procedures that exclusively entail twenty\\-five hours per week of naturalistic teaching (without initially using discrete trials). Current research is showing that there is a wide array of learning styles and that is the children with [receptive language](/wiki/Receptive_language \"Receptive language\") delays who initially require discrete trials to acquire speech.",
"[Organizational behavior management](/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management \"Organizational behavior management\"), which applies contingency management procedures to model and reinforce appropriate work behavior for employees in organizations, has developed a particularly strong following within ABA, as evidenced by the formation of the OBM Network and *Journal of Organizational Behavior Management*, which was rated the third\\-highest impact journal in applied psychology by ISI JOBM rating.",
"Modern\\-day [clinical behavior analysis](/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis \"Clinical behavior analysis\") has also witnessed a massive resurgence in research, with the development of [relational frame theory](/wiki/Relational_frame_theory \"Relational frame theory\") (RFT), which is described as an extension of verbal behavior and a \"post\\-Skinnerian account of language and cognition.\"Hayes, S.C.; Barnes\\-Holmes, D. \\& Roche, B. (2001\\) Relational Frame Theory: A Post\\-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Kluwer Academic: New York. RFT also forms the empirical basis for [acceptance and commitment therapy](/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy \"Acceptance and commitment therapy\"), a therapeutic approach to counseling often used to manage such conditions as [anxiety](/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder \"Generalized anxiety disorder\") and [obesity](/wiki/Obesity \"Obesity\") that consists of acceptance and commitment, value\\-based living, cognitive defusion, [counterconditioning](/wiki/Counterconditioning \"Counterconditioning\") ([mindfulness](/wiki/Mindfulness \"Mindfulness\")), and contingency management ([positive reinforcement](/wiki/Positive_reinforcement \"Positive reinforcement\")).Corrigan, P. W. (2001\\). Getting ahead of the data: A Threat to some behavior therapies. *The Behavior Therapist, 24*(9\\), 189\\-193\\.[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002\\-12440\\-002](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-12440-002)Hayes, S. C. (2002\\). On being visited by the vita police: A reply to Corrigan. *The Behavior Therapist, 25*, 134\\-137\\.<https://contextualscience.org/publications/hayes_2002_1>Corrigan, P. (2002\\). The data is still the thing: A reply to Gaynor and Hayes. *The Behavior Therapist, 25*, 140\\.<https://contextualscience.org/publications/corrigan_2002>Powers, M.B., Vörding, M. \\& Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2009\\). Acceptance and commitment therapy: A meta\\-analytic review. *Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 8*, 73\\-80\\.Levin, M., \\& Hayes, S.C. (2009\\). Is Acceptance and commitment therapy superior to established treatment comparisons? *Psychotherapy \\& Psychosomatics, 78*, 380\\.Powers, M. B., \\& Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2009\\). Response to 'Is acceptance and commitment therapy superior to established treatment comparisons?' *Psychotherapy \\& Psychosomatics, 78*, 380–381\\. Another evidence\\-based counseling technique derived from RFT is the [functional analytic psychotherapy](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy \"Functional analytic psychotherapy\") known as [behavioral activation](/wiki/Behavioral_activation \"Behavioral activation\") that relies on the [ACL model](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy%23The_ACL_model \"Functional analytic psychotherapy#The ACL model\")—awareness, courage, and love—to reinforce more positive moods for those struggling with [depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\").",
"[Incentive](/wiki/Incentive \"Incentive\")\\-based contingency management (CM) is the standard of care for adults with substance\\-use disorders; it has also been shown to be highly effective for other addictions (i.e., obesity and gambling). Although it does not directly address the underlying causes of behavior, incentive\\-based CM is highly behavior analytic as it targets the function of the client's motivational behavior by relying on a preference assessment, which is an assessment procedure that allows the individual to select the preferred reinforcer (in this case, the monetary value of the voucher, or the use of other incentives, such as prizes). Another evidence\\-based CM intervention for substance abuse is [community reinforcement approach and family training](/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training \"Community reinforcement approach and family training\") that uses FBAs and counterconditioning techniques—such as behavioral skills training and relapse prevention—to model and reinforce healthier lifestyle choices which promote self\\-management of abstinence from drugs, alcohol, or cigarette smoking during high\\-risk exposure when engaging with family members, friends, and co\\-workers.",
"While schoolwide positive behavior support consists of conducting assessments and a [task analysis](/wiki/Task_analysis \"Task analysis\") plan to differentially reinforce curricular supports that replace students' disruptive behavior in the classroom, pediatric feeding therapy incorporates a liquid chaser and chin feeder to shape proper eating behavior for children with feeding disorders. [Habit reversal training](/wiki/Habit_reversal_training \"Habit reversal training\"), an approach firmly grounded in counterconditioning which uses contingency management procedures to reinforce alternative behavior, is currently the only empirically validated approach for managing [tic disorders](/wiki/Tic_disorders \"Tic disorders\").",
"Some studies on exposure ([desensitization](/wiki/Desensitization_%28psychology%29 \"Desensitization (psychology)\")) therapies—which refer to an array of interventions based on the respondent conditioning procedure known as [habituation](/wiki/Habituation \"Habituation\") and typically infuses counterconditioning procedures, such as [meditation](/wiki/Meditation \"Meditation\") and [breathing exercises](/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing \"Diaphragmatic breathing\")—have recently been published in behavior analytic journals since the 1990s, as most other research is conducted from a [cognitive\\-behavior therapy](/wiki/Cognitive-behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive-behavioral therapy\") framework. When based on a behavior analytic research standpoint, FBAs are implemented to precisely outline how to employ the [flooding](/wiki/Flooding_%28psychology%29 \"Flooding (psychology)\") form of desensitization (also called direct exposure therapy) for those who are unsuccessful in overcoming their specific [phobia](/wiki/Phobia \"Phobia\") through [systematic desensitization](/wiki/Systematic_desensitization \"Systematic desensitization\") (also known as [graduated exposure therapy](/wiki/Graduated_exposure_therapy \"Graduated exposure therapy\")). These studies also reveal that systematic desensitization is more effective for children if used in conjunction with shaping, which is further termed *contact* desensitization, but this comparison has yet to be substantiated with adults.",
"Other widely published behavior analytic journals include *Behavior Modification*, *The Behavior Analyst*, *Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions*, *Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science*, *The Analysis of Verbal Behavior*, *Behavior and Philosophy*, *Behavior and Social Issues*, and *[The Psychological Record](/wiki/The_Psychological_Record \"The Psychological Record\")*.",
"### Cognitive\\-behavior therapy",
"{{main\\|Cognitive\\-behavior therapy}}\n[Cognitive\\-behavior therapy](/wiki/Cognitive-behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive-behavioral therapy\") (CBT) is a behavior therapy discipline that often overlaps considerably with the clinical behavior analysis subfield of ABA, but differs in that it initially incorporates cognitive restructuring and emotional regulation to alter a person's cognition and emotions. Various forms of CBT have been used to treat physically experienced symptoms that disrupt individuals' livelihood, which often stem from complex mental health disorders. Complications of many trauma\\-induced disorders result in lack of sleep and nightmares, with cognitive behavior therapy functioning as an intervention found to reduce the average number of [PTSD](/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\") patients suffering from related sleep disturbance.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Lancel \\|first\\=Marike \\|last2\\=van Marle \\|first2\\=Hein J. F. \\|last3\\=Van Veen \\|first3\\=Maaike M. \\|last4\\=van Schagen \\|first4\\=Annette M. \\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-24 \\|title\\=Disturbed Sleep in PTSD: Thinking Beyond Nightmares \\|journal\\=Frontiers in Psychiatry \\|volume\\=12 \\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fpsyt.2021\\.767760 \\|issn\\=1664\\-0640 \\|pmc\\=8654347 \\|pmid\\=34899428 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"A popularly noted counseling intervention known as [dialectical behavior therapy](/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy \"Dialectical behavior therapy\") (DBT) includes the use of a chain analysis, as well as cognitive restructuring, emotional regulation, distress tolerance, counterconditioning (mindfulness), and contingency management (positive reinforcement). DBT is quite similar to acceptance and commitment therapy, but contrasts in that it derives from a CBT framework. Although DBT is most widely researched for and empirically validated to reduce the risk of suicide in psychiatric patients with [borderline personality disorder](/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder \"Borderline personality disorder\"), it can often be applied effectively to other mental health conditions, such as substance abuse, as well as mood and eating disorders. A study on BPD was conducted, confirming DBT as a constructive therapeutic option for emotionally unregulated patients. Before DBT, participants with borderline personality disorder were shown images of highly emotional people and neuron activity in the [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala \"Amygdala\") was recorded via [fMRI](/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging \"Functional magnetic resonance imaging\"); after 1 year of consistent dialectical behavior therapy, participants were re\\-tested, with fMRI capturing a decrease in amygdala hyperactivity (emotional activation) in response to the applied stimulus, exhibiting increases in emotional regulation capabilities.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Flechsig \\|first\\=Ariane \\|last2\\=Bernheim \\|first2\\=Dorothee \\|last3\\=Buchheim \\|first3\\=Anna \\|last4\\=Domin \\|first4\\=Martin \\|last5\\=Mentel \\|first5\\=Renate \\|last6\\=Lotze \\|first6\\=Martin \\|date\\=2023\\-06\\-28 \\|title\\=One Year of Outpatient Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and Its Impact on Neuronal Correlates of Attachment Representation in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder Using a Personalized fMRI Task \\|journal\\=Brain Sciences \\|volume\\=13 \\|issue\\=7 \\|pages\\=1001 \\|doi\\=10\\.3390/brainsci13071001 \\|issn\\=2076\\-3425 \\|pmc\\=10377139 \\|pmid\\=37508932 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"Most research on exposure therapies (also called desensitization)—ranging from [eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy](/wiki/Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing \"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing\") to [exposure and response prevention](/wiki/Exposure_and_response_prevention \"Exposure and response prevention\")—are conducted through a CBT framework in non\\-behavior analytic journals, and these enhanced exposure therapies are well\\-established in the research literature for treating phobic, [post\\-traumatic stress](/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\"), and other anxiety disorders (such as [obsessive\\-compulsive disorder](/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive-compulsive disorder\"), or OCD).",
"Cognitive\\-based behavioral activation (BA)—the psychotherapeutic approach used for depression—is shown to be highly effective and is widely used in clinical practice. Some large [randomized control trials](/wiki/Randomized_control_trials \"Randomized control trials\") have indicated that cognitive\\-based BA is as beneficial as [antidepressant](/wiki/Antidepressant \"Antidepressant\") medications but more efficacious than traditional [cognitive therapy](/wiki/Cognitive_therapy \"Cognitive therapy\"). Other commonly used clinical treatments derived from behavioral learning principles that are often implemented through a CBT model include community reinforcement approach and family training, and habit reversal training for substance abuse and tics, respectively.",
"### Related therapies",
"{{Div col\\|colwidth\\=22em}}\n* [Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)](/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy_%28ACT%29 \"Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)\")\n* [Applied animal behavior](/wiki/Animal_training \"Animal training\")\n* [Behavioral activation](/wiki/Behavioral_activation \"Behavioral activation\")\n* [Behavior modification](/wiki/Behavior_modification \"Behavior modification\")\n* [Behavior therapy](/wiki/Behavior_therapy \"Behavior therapy\")\n* [Biofeedback](/wiki/Biofeedback \"Biofeedback\")\n* [Clinical behavior analysis](/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis \"Clinical behavior analysis\")\n* [Contingency management](/wiki/Contingency_management \"Contingency management\")\n* [Desensitization](/wiki/Desensitization_%28medicine%29 \"Desensitization (medicine)\")\n* [Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)](/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy_%28DBT%29 \"Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)\")\n* [Direct instruction](/wiki/Direct_instruction \"Direct instruction\")\n* [Discrete trial training](/wiki/Discrete_trial_training \"Discrete trial training\")\n* [Exposure and response prevention](/wiki/Exposure_and_response_prevention \"Exposure and response prevention\")\n* [Exposure therapy](/wiki/Exposure_therapy \"Exposure therapy\")\n* [Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing](/wiki/Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing \"Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing\")\n* [Flooding (psychology)](/wiki/Flooding_%28psychology%29 \"Flooding (psychology)\")\n* [Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP)](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy_%28FAP%29 \"Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP)\")\n* [Habit reversal training](/wiki/Habit_reversal_training \"Habit reversal training\")\n* [Organizational behavior management](/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management \"Organizational behavior management\")\n* [Pivotal response treatment](/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment \"Pivotal response treatment\")\n* [Positive behavior support](/wiki/Positive_behavior_support \"Positive behavior support\")\n* [Prolonged exposure therapy](/wiki/Prolonged_exposure_therapy \"Prolonged exposure therapy\")\n* [Social skills training](/wiki/Social_skills_training \"Social skills training\")\n* [Systematic desensitization](/wiki/Systematic_desensitization \"Systematic desensitization\")\n{{Div col end}}",
""
] |
### Behavior analysis
{{main\|Applied behavior analysis}}
[Applied behavior analysis](/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis "Applied behavior analysis") (ABA)—also called behavioral engineering—is a scientific discipline that applies the principles of behavior analysis to change behavior. ABA derived from much earlier research in the *[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior](/wiki/Journal_of_the_Experimental_Analysis_of_Behavior "Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior")*, which was founded by B.F. Skinner and his colleagues at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University"). Nearly a decade after the study "The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer" (1959\) was published in that journal, which demonstrated how effective the [token economy](/wiki/Token_economy "Token economy") was in reinforcing more adaptive behavior for hospitalized patients with [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia") and [intellectual disability](/wiki/Intellectual_disability "Intellectual disability"), it led to researchers at the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas "University of Kansas") to start the *[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis](/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Behavior_Analysis "Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis")* in 1968\.
Although ABA and [behavior modification](/wiki/Behavior_modification "Behavior modification") are similar behavior\-change technologies in that the learning environment is modified through respondent and operant conditioning, behavior modification did not initially address the causes of the behavior (particularly, the environmental stimuli that occurred in the past), or investigate solutions that would otherwise prevent the behavior from reoccurring. As the evolution of ABA began to unfold in the mid\-1980s, functional behavior assessments (FBAs) were developed to clarify the function of that behavior, so that it is accurately determined which differential reinforcement contingencies will be most effective and less likely for [aversive](/wiki/Aversive "Aversive") [punishments](/wiki/Punishment "Punishment") to be administered.{{Cite journal \|last\=Mace, F. Charles \|last2\=Critchfield, Thomas S. \|date\=May 2010 \|title\=Translational research in behavior analysis: Historic traditions and imperative for the future \|journal\=\[\[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior]] \|volume\=93 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=293–312 \|doi\=10\.1901/jeab.2010\.93\-293 \|pmc\=2861871 \|pmid\=21119847}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Mace, F. Charles \|date\=1994 \|title\=The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies \|journal\=\[\[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]] \|volume\=27 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=385–392 \|doi\=10\.1901/jaba.1994\.27\-385 \|pmc\=1297814 \|pmid\=16795830}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Pelios, L. \|last2\=Morren, J. \|last3\=Tesch, D. \|last4\=Axelrod, S. \|date\=1999 \|title\=The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self\-injurious and aggressive behavior \|journal\=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis \|volume\=32 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=185–95 \|doi\=10\.1901/jaba.1999\.32\-185 \|pmc\=1284177 \|pmid\=10396771}} In addition, methodological behaviorism was the theory underpinning behavior modification since private events were not conceptualized during the 1970s and early 1980s, which contrasted from the radical behaviorism of behavior analysis. ABA—the term that replaced behavior modification—has emerged into a thriving field.{{Cite journal \|last\=Slocum, Timothy A. \|last2\=Detrich, Ronnie \|last3\=Wilczynski, Susan M. \|last4\=Spencer, Trina D. \|last5\=Lewis, Teri \|date\=May 2014 \|title\=The evidence\-based practice of applied behavior analysis \|journal\=\[\[The Behavior Analyst]] \|volume\=37 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=41–56 \|doi\=10\.1007/s40614\-014\-0005\-2 \|pmc\=4883454 \|pmid\=27274958}}
The independent development of behaviour analysis outside the United States also continues to develop.{{Cite news \|last\=Kellaway \|first\=Lucy \|date\=7 January 2015 \|title\=My team gets more excited by loo roll than business budgets: Work problems answered \|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a06bab2a\-8ab7\-11e4\-8e24\-00144feabdc0\.html\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221258/https://www.ft.com/content/a06bab2a\-8ab7\-11e4\-8e24\-00144feabdc0\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|access\-date\=22 November 2015 \|work\=Financial Times \|location\=London \|page\=10}}{{Cite news \|last\=Eyres \|first\=Harry \|date\=19 December 2009 \|title\=Peaks in a trough year: The Slow Lane \|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/ec975ad6\-e9cb\-11de\-ae43\-00144feab49a,Authorised\=false.html?siteedition\=uk\&\_i\_location\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fec975ad6\-e9cb\-11de\-ae43\-00144feab49a.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\&\_i\_referer\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DPeaks%2Bin%2Ba%2Btrough%2BEYRES\&classification\=conditional\_standard\&iab\=barrier\-app \|access\-date\=22 November 2015 \|work\=Financial Times \|page\=22}}{{Cite news \|last\=Stern \|first\=Stefan \|date\=5 August 2008 \|title\=Keep up motivation levels through long summer days \|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/8e995bca\-6284\-11dd\-9a1e\-000077b07658,Authorised\=false.html?siteedition\=uk\&\_i\_location\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8e995bca\-6284\-11dd\-9a1e\-000077b07658\.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\&\_i\_referer\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DKeep%2Bup%2Bmotivation%2Blevels%2Bstern\&classification\=conditional\_standard\&iab\=barrier\-app\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122232423/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/8e995bca\-6284\-11dd\-9a1e\-000077b07658,Authorised\=false.html?siteedition\=uk\&\_i\_location\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8e995bca\-6284\-11dd\-9a1e\-000077b07658\.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\&\_i\_referer\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DKeep%2Bup%2Bmotivation%2Blevels%2Bstern\&classification\=conditional\_standard\&iab\=barrier\-app\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|archive\-date\=2015\-11\-22 \|access\-date\=22 November 2015 \|work\=Financial Times \|location\=London \|page\=12}}{{Cite news \|last\=Skapinker \|first\=Michael \|date\=11 December 2002 \|title\=Human capitalism: Does treating workers well help business too? A PwC report provides some evidence \|work\=Financial Times \|location\=London \|page\=22}}{{Cite news \|last\=Skapinker \|first\=Michael \|date\=9 April 2013 \|title\=The 50 ideas that shaped business today \|url\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/90c6cac0\-a02f\-11e2\-88b6\-00144feabdc0\.html\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221215/https://www.ft.com/content/90c6cac0\-a02f\-11e2\-88b6\-00144feabdc0\#axzz3sEMws3TI \|archive\-date\=10 December 2022 \|access\-date\=22 November 2015 \|work\=Financial Times \|location\=London}}{{Cite news \|date\=24 October 2015 \|title\=Reinventing the deal; American capitalism \|work\=The Economist \|location\=London \|pages\=21–24 \|volume\=417 \|issue\=8961}} In the US, the [American Psychological Association](/wiki/American_Psychological_Association "American Psychological Association") (APA) features a subdivision for Behavior Analysis, titled APA Division 25: Behavior Analysis, which has been in existence since 1964, and the interests among behavior analysts today are wide\-ranging, as indicated in a review of the 30 Special Interest Groups (SIGs) within the [Association for Behavior Analysis International](/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International "Association for Behavior Analysis International") (ABAI). Such interests include everything from animal behavior and [environmental conservation](/wiki/Behavioral_ecology "Behavioral ecology") to classroom instruction (such as [direct instruction](/wiki/Direct_instruction "Direct instruction") and [precision teaching](/wiki/Precision_teaching "Precision teaching")), [verbal behavior](/wiki/Verbal_behavior "Verbal behavior"), developmental disabilities and autism, clinical psychology (i.e., [forensic behavior analysis](/wiki/Criminology "Criminology")), [behavioral medicine](/wiki/Behavioral_medicine "Behavioral medicine") (i.e., behavioral gerontology, AIDS prevention, and fitness training), and [consumer behavior analysis](/wiki/Consumer_behaviour "Consumer behaviour").
The field of [applied animal behavior](/wiki/Animal_training "Animal training")—a sub\-discipline of ABA that involves training animals—is regulated by the Animal Behavior Society, and those who practice this technique are called applied animal behaviorists. Research on applied animal behavior has been frequently conducted in the *Applied Animal Behaviour Science* journal since its founding in 1974\.
ABA has also been particularly well\-established in the area of developmental disabilities since the 1960s, but it was not until the late 1980s that individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders were beginning to grow so rapidly and groundbreaking research was being published that parent advocacy groups started demanding for services throughout the 1990s, which encouraged the formation of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, a credentialing program that certifies professionally trained behavior analysts on the national level to deliver such services. Nevertheless, the certification is applicable to all human services related to the rather broad field of behavior analysis (other than the treatment for autism), and the ABAI currently has 14 accredited MA and Ph.D. programs for comprehensive study in that field.
Early behavioral interventions (EBIs) based on ABA are empirically validated for teaching children with autism and have been proven as such for over the past five decades. Since the late 1990s and throughout the twenty\-first century, early ABA interventions have also been identified as the treatment of choice by the [US Surgeon General](/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States "Surgeon General of the United States"), [American Academy of Pediatrics](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics "American Academy of Pediatrics"), and US [National Research Council](/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences%2C_Engineering%2C_and_Medicine%23Program_units "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine#Program units").
[Discrete trial training](/wiki/Discrete_trial_training "Discrete trial training")—also called early *intensive* behavioral intervention—is the traditional EBI technique implemented for thirty to forty hours per week that instructs a child to sit in a chair, imitate fine and gross motor behaviors, as well as learn eye contact and speech, which are taught through [shaping](/wiki/Shaping_%28psychology%29 "Shaping (psychology)"), [modeling](/wiki/Modeling_%28psychology%29 "Modeling (psychology)"), and [prompting](/wiki/Errorless_learning "Errorless learning"), with such prompting being phased out as the child begins mastering each skill. When the child becomes more verbal from discrete trials, the table\-based instructions are later discontinued, and another EBI procedure known as incidental teaching is introduced in the natural environment by having the child ask for desired items kept out of their direct access, as well as allowing the child to choose the play activities that will motivate them to engage with their facilitators before teaching the child how to interact with other children their own age.
A related term for incidental teaching, called [pivotal response treatment](/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment "Pivotal response treatment") (PRT), refers to EBI procedures that exclusively entail twenty\-five hours per week of naturalistic teaching (without initially using discrete trials). Current research is showing that there is a wide array of learning styles and that is the children with [receptive language](/wiki/Receptive_language "Receptive language") delays who initially require discrete trials to acquire speech.
[Organizational behavior management](/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management "Organizational behavior management"), which applies contingency management procedures to model and reinforce appropriate work behavior for employees in organizations, has developed a particularly strong following within ABA, as evidenced by the formation of the OBM Network and *Journal of Organizational Behavior Management*, which was rated the third\-highest impact journal in applied psychology by ISI JOBM rating.
Modern\-day [clinical behavior analysis](/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis "Clinical behavior analysis") has also witnessed a massive resurgence in research, with the development of [relational frame theory](/wiki/Relational_frame_theory "Relational frame theory") (RFT), which is described as an extension of verbal behavior and a "post\-Skinnerian account of language and cognition."Hayes, S.C.; Barnes\-Holmes, D. \& Roche, B. (2001\) Relational Frame Theory: A Post\-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Kluwer Academic: New York. RFT also forms the empirical basis for [acceptance and commitment therapy](/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy "Acceptance and commitment therapy"), a therapeutic approach to counseling often used to manage such conditions as [anxiety](/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder "Generalized anxiety disorder") and [obesity](/wiki/Obesity "Obesity") that consists of acceptance and commitment, value\-based living, cognitive defusion, [counterconditioning](/wiki/Counterconditioning "Counterconditioning") ([mindfulness](/wiki/Mindfulness "Mindfulness")), and contingency management ([positive reinforcement](/wiki/Positive_reinforcement "Positive reinforcement")).Corrigan, P. W. (2001\). Getting ahead of the data: A Threat to some behavior therapies. *The Behavior Therapist, 24*(9\), 189\-193\.[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002\-12440\-002](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-12440-002)Hayes, S. C. (2002\). On being visited by the vita police: A reply to Corrigan. *The Behavior Therapist, 25*, 134\-137\.<https://contextualscience.org/publications/hayes_2002_1>Corrigan, P. (2002\). The data is still the thing: A reply to Gaynor and Hayes. *The Behavior Therapist, 25*, 140\.<https://contextualscience.org/publications/corrigan_2002>Powers, M.B., Vörding, M. \& Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2009\). Acceptance and commitment therapy: A meta\-analytic review. *Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 8*, 73\-80\.Levin, M., \& Hayes, S.C. (2009\). Is Acceptance and commitment therapy superior to established treatment comparisons? *Psychotherapy \& Psychosomatics, 78*, 380\.Powers, M. B., \& Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2009\). Response to 'Is acceptance and commitment therapy superior to established treatment comparisons?' *Psychotherapy \& Psychosomatics, 78*, 380–381\. Another evidence\-based counseling technique derived from RFT is the [functional analytic psychotherapy](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy "Functional analytic psychotherapy") known as [behavioral activation](/wiki/Behavioral_activation "Behavioral activation") that relies on the [ACL model](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy%23The_ACL_model "Functional analytic psychotherapy#The ACL model")—awareness, courage, and love—to reinforce more positive moods for those struggling with [depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder").
[Incentive](/wiki/Incentive "Incentive")\-based contingency management (CM) is the standard of care for adults with substance\-use disorders; it has also been shown to be highly effective for other addictions (i.e., obesity and gambling). Although it does not directly address the underlying causes of behavior, incentive\-based CM is highly behavior analytic as it targets the function of the client's motivational behavior by relying on a preference assessment, which is an assessment procedure that allows the individual to select the preferred reinforcer (in this case, the monetary value of the voucher, or the use of other incentives, such as prizes). Another evidence\-based CM intervention for substance abuse is [community reinforcement approach and family training](/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training "Community reinforcement approach and family training") that uses FBAs and counterconditioning techniques—such as behavioral skills training and relapse prevention—to model and reinforce healthier lifestyle choices which promote self\-management of abstinence from drugs, alcohol, or cigarette smoking during high\-risk exposure when engaging with family members, friends, and co\-workers.
While schoolwide positive behavior support consists of conducting assessments and a [task analysis](/wiki/Task_analysis "Task analysis") plan to differentially reinforce curricular supports that replace students' disruptive behavior in the classroom, pediatric feeding therapy incorporates a liquid chaser and chin feeder to shape proper eating behavior for children with feeding disorders. [Habit reversal training](/wiki/Habit_reversal_training "Habit reversal training"), an approach firmly grounded in counterconditioning which uses contingency management procedures to reinforce alternative behavior, is currently the only empirically validated approach for managing [tic disorders](/wiki/Tic_disorders "Tic disorders").
Some studies on exposure ([desensitization](/wiki/Desensitization_%28psychology%29 "Desensitization (psychology)")) therapies—which refer to an array of interventions based on the respondent conditioning procedure known as [habituation](/wiki/Habituation "Habituation") and typically infuses counterconditioning procedures, such as [meditation](/wiki/Meditation "Meditation") and [breathing exercises](/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing "Diaphragmatic breathing")—have recently been published in behavior analytic journals since the 1990s, as most other research is conducted from a [cognitive\-behavior therapy](/wiki/Cognitive-behavioral_therapy "Cognitive-behavioral therapy") framework. When based on a behavior analytic research standpoint, FBAs are implemented to precisely outline how to employ the [flooding](/wiki/Flooding_%28psychology%29 "Flooding (psychology)") form of desensitization (also called direct exposure therapy) for those who are unsuccessful in overcoming their specific [phobia](/wiki/Phobia "Phobia") through [systematic desensitization](/wiki/Systematic_desensitization "Systematic desensitization") (also known as [graduated exposure therapy](/wiki/Graduated_exposure_therapy "Graduated exposure therapy")). These studies also reveal that systematic desensitization is more effective for children if used in conjunction with shaping, which is further termed *contact* desensitization, but this comparison has yet to be substantiated with adults.
Other widely published behavior analytic journals include *Behavior Modification*, *The Behavior Analyst*, *Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions*, *Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science*, *The Analysis of Verbal Behavior*, *Behavior and Philosophy*, *Behavior and Social Issues*, and *[The Psychological Record](/wiki/The_Psychological_Record "The Psychological Record")*.
|
[
"### Behavior analysis",
"{{main\\|Applied behavior analysis}}\n[Applied behavior analysis](/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis \"Applied behavior analysis\") (ABA)—also called behavioral engineering—is a scientific discipline that applies the principles of behavior analysis to change behavior. ABA derived from much earlier research in the *[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior](/wiki/Journal_of_the_Experimental_Analysis_of_Behavior \"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior\")*, which was founded by B.F. Skinner and his colleagues at [Harvard University](/wiki/Harvard_University \"Harvard University\"). Nearly a decade after the study \"The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer\" (1959\\) was published in that journal, which demonstrated how effective the [token economy](/wiki/Token_economy \"Token economy\") was in reinforcing more adaptive behavior for hospitalized patients with [schizophrenia](/wiki/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\") and [intellectual disability](/wiki/Intellectual_disability \"Intellectual disability\"), it led to researchers at the [University of Kansas](/wiki/University_of_Kansas \"University of Kansas\") to start the *[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis](/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Behavior_Analysis \"Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis\")* in 1968\\.",
"Although ABA and [behavior modification](/wiki/Behavior_modification \"Behavior modification\") are similar behavior\\-change technologies in that the learning environment is modified through respondent and operant conditioning, behavior modification did not initially address the causes of the behavior (particularly, the environmental stimuli that occurred in the past), or investigate solutions that would otherwise prevent the behavior from reoccurring. As the evolution of ABA began to unfold in the mid\\-1980s, functional behavior assessments (FBAs) were developed to clarify the function of that behavior, so that it is accurately determined which differential reinforcement contingencies will be most effective and less likely for [aversive](/wiki/Aversive \"Aversive\") [punishments](/wiki/Punishment \"Punishment\") to be administered.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mace, F. Charles \\|last2\\=Critchfield, Thomas S. \\|date\\=May 2010 \\|title\\=Translational research in behavior analysis: Historic traditions and imperative for the future \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior]] \\|volume\\=93 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=293–312 \\|doi\\=10\\.1901/jeab.2010\\.93\\-293 \\|pmc\\=2861871 \\|pmid\\=21119847}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Mace, F. Charles \\|date\\=1994 \\|title\\=The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis]] \\|volume\\=27 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=385–392 \\|doi\\=10\\.1901/jaba.1994\\.27\\-385 \\|pmc\\=1297814 \\|pmid\\=16795830}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Pelios, L. \\|last2\\=Morren, J. \\|last3\\=Tesch, D. \\|last4\\=Axelrod, S. \\|date\\=1999 \\|title\\=The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self\\-injurious and aggressive behavior \\|journal\\=Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis \\|volume\\=32 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=185–95 \\|doi\\=10\\.1901/jaba.1999\\.32\\-185 \\|pmc\\=1284177 \\|pmid\\=10396771}} In addition, methodological behaviorism was the theory underpinning behavior modification since private events were not conceptualized during the 1970s and early 1980s, which contrasted from the radical behaviorism of behavior analysis. ABA—the term that replaced behavior modification—has emerged into a thriving field.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Slocum, Timothy A. \\|last2\\=Detrich, Ronnie \\|last3\\=Wilczynski, Susan M. \\|last4\\=Spencer, Trina D. \\|last5\\=Lewis, Teri \\|date\\=May 2014 \\|title\\=The evidence\\-based practice of applied behavior analysis \\|journal\\=\\[\\[The Behavior Analyst]] \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=41–56 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s40614\\-014\\-0005\\-2 \\|pmc\\=4883454 \\|pmid\\=27274958}}",
"The independent development of behaviour analysis outside the United States also continues to develop.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kellaway \\|first\\=Lucy \\|date\\=7 January 2015 \\|title\\=My team gets more excited by loo roll than business budgets: Work problems answered \\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a06bab2a\\-8ab7\\-11e4\\-8e24\\-00144feabdc0\\.html\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221258/https://www.ft.com/content/a06bab2a\\-8ab7\\-11e4\\-8e24\\-00144feabdc0\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2015 \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=10}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Eyres \\|first\\=Harry \\|date\\=19 December 2009 \\|title\\=Peaks in a trough year: The Slow Lane \\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/ec975ad6\\-e9cb\\-11de\\-ae43\\-00144feab49a,Authorised\\=false.html?siteedition\\=uk\\&\\_i\\_location\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fec975ad6\\-e9cb\\-11de\\-ae43\\-00144feab49a.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\\&\\_i\\_referer\\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DPeaks%2Bin%2Ba%2Btrough%2BEYRES\\&classification\\=conditional\\_standard\\&iab\\=barrier\\-app \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2015 \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|page\\=22}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Stern \\|first\\=Stefan \\|date\\=5 August 2008 \\|title\\=Keep up motivation levels through long summer days \\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/8e995bca\\-6284\\-11dd\\-9a1e\\-000077b07658,Authorised\\=false.html?siteedition\\=uk\\&\\_i\\_location\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8e995bca\\-6284\\-11dd\\-9a1e\\-000077b07658\\.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\\&\\_i\\_referer\\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DKeep%2Bup%2Bmotivation%2Blevels%2Bstern\\&classification\\=conditional\\_standard\\&iab\\=barrier\\-app\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122232423/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/8e995bca\\-6284\\-11dd\\-9a1e\\-000077b07658,Authorised\\=false.html?siteedition\\=uk\\&\\_i\\_location\\=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F8e995bca\\-6284\\-11dd\\-9a1e\\-000077b07658\\.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk\\&\\_i\\_referer\\=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ft.com%2Fsearch%3FqueryText%3DKeep%2Bup%2Bmotivation%2Blevels%2Bstern\\&classification\\=conditional\\_standard\\&iab\\=barrier\\-app\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-11\\-22 \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2015 \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=12}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Skapinker \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=11 December 2002 \\|title\\=Human capitalism: Does treating workers well help business too? A PwC report provides some evidence \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|location\\=London \\|page\\=22}}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Skapinker \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=9 April 2013 \\|title\\=The 50 ideas that shaped business today \\|url\\=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/90c6cac0\\-a02f\\-11e2\\-88b6\\-00144feabdc0\\.html\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210221215/https://www.ft.com/content/90c6cac0\\-a02f\\-11e2\\-88b6\\-00144feabdc0\\#axzz3sEMws3TI \\|archive\\-date\\=10 December 2022 \\|access\\-date\\=22 November 2015 \\|work\\=Financial Times \\|location\\=London}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=24 October 2015 \\|title\\=Reinventing the deal; American capitalism \\|work\\=The Economist \\|location\\=London \\|pages\\=21–24 \\|volume\\=417 \\|issue\\=8961}} In the US, the [American Psychological Association](/wiki/American_Psychological_Association \"American Psychological Association\") (APA) features a subdivision for Behavior Analysis, titled APA Division 25: Behavior Analysis, which has been in existence since 1964, and the interests among behavior analysts today are wide\\-ranging, as indicated in a review of the 30 Special Interest Groups (SIGs) within the [Association for Behavior Analysis International](/wiki/Association_for_Behavior_Analysis_International \"Association for Behavior Analysis International\") (ABAI). Such interests include everything from animal behavior and [environmental conservation](/wiki/Behavioral_ecology \"Behavioral ecology\") to classroom instruction (such as [direct instruction](/wiki/Direct_instruction \"Direct instruction\") and [precision teaching](/wiki/Precision_teaching \"Precision teaching\")), [verbal behavior](/wiki/Verbal_behavior \"Verbal behavior\"), developmental disabilities and autism, clinical psychology (i.e., [forensic behavior analysis](/wiki/Criminology \"Criminology\")), [behavioral medicine](/wiki/Behavioral_medicine \"Behavioral medicine\") (i.e., behavioral gerontology, AIDS prevention, and fitness training), and [consumer behavior analysis](/wiki/Consumer_behaviour \"Consumer behaviour\").",
"The field of [applied animal behavior](/wiki/Animal_training \"Animal training\")—a sub\\-discipline of ABA that involves training animals—is regulated by the Animal Behavior Society, and those who practice this technique are called applied animal behaviorists. Research on applied animal behavior has been frequently conducted in the *Applied Animal Behaviour Science* journal since its founding in 1974\\.",
"ABA has also been particularly well\\-established in the area of developmental disabilities since the 1960s, but it was not until the late 1980s that individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders were beginning to grow so rapidly and groundbreaking research was being published that parent advocacy groups started demanding for services throughout the 1990s, which encouraged the formation of the Behavior Analyst Certification Board, a credentialing program that certifies professionally trained behavior analysts on the national level to deliver such services. Nevertheless, the certification is applicable to all human services related to the rather broad field of behavior analysis (other than the treatment for autism), and the ABAI currently has 14 accredited MA and Ph.D. programs for comprehensive study in that field.",
"Early behavioral interventions (EBIs) based on ABA are empirically validated for teaching children with autism and have been proven as such for over the past five decades. Since the late 1990s and throughout the twenty\\-first century, early ABA interventions have also been identified as the treatment of choice by the [US Surgeon General](/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States \"Surgeon General of the United States\"), [American Academy of Pediatrics](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics \"American Academy of Pediatrics\"), and US [National Research Council](/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences%2C_Engineering%2C_and_Medicine%23Program_units \"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine#Program units\").",
"[Discrete trial training](/wiki/Discrete_trial_training \"Discrete trial training\")—also called early *intensive* behavioral intervention—is the traditional EBI technique implemented for thirty to forty hours per week that instructs a child to sit in a chair, imitate fine and gross motor behaviors, as well as learn eye contact and speech, which are taught through [shaping](/wiki/Shaping_%28psychology%29 \"Shaping (psychology)\"), [modeling](/wiki/Modeling_%28psychology%29 \"Modeling (psychology)\"), and [prompting](/wiki/Errorless_learning \"Errorless learning\"), with such prompting being phased out as the child begins mastering each skill. When the child becomes more verbal from discrete trials, the table\\-based instructions are later discontinued, and another EBI procedure known as incidental teaching is introduced in the natural environment by having the child ask for desired items kept out of their direct access, as well as allowing the child to choose the play activities that will motivate them to engage with their facilitators before teaching the child how to interact with other children their own age.",
"A related term for incidental teaching, called [pivotal response treatment](/wiki/Pivotal_response_treatment \"Pivotal response treatment\") (PRT), refers to EBI procedures that exclusively entail twenty\\-five hours per week of naturalistic teaching (without initially using discrete trials). Current research is showing that there is a wide array of learning styles and that is the children with [receptive language](/wiki/Receptive_language \"Receptive language\") delays who initially require discrete trials to acquire speech.",
"[Organizational behavior management](/wiki/Organizational_behavior_management \"Organizational behavior management\"), which applies contingency management procedures to model and reinforce appropriate work behavior for employees in organizations, has developed a particularly strong following within ABA, as evidenced by the formation of the OBM Network and *Journal of Organizational Behavior Management*, which was rated the third\\-highest impact journal in applied psychology by ISI JOBM rating.",
"Modern\\-day [clinical behavior analysis](/wiki/Clinical_behavior_analysis \"Clinical behavior analysis\") has also witnessed a massive resurgence in research, with the development of [relational frame theory](/wiki/Relational_frame_theory \"Relational frame theory\") (RFT), which is described as an extension of verbal behavior and a \"post\\-Skinnerian account of language and cognition.\"Hayes, S.C.; Barnes\\-Holmes, D. \\& Roche, B. (2001\\) Relational Frame Theory: A Post\\-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Kluwer Academic: New York. RFT also forms the empirical basis for [acceptance and commitment therapy](/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy \"Acceptance and commitment therapy\"), a therapeutic approach to counseling often used to manage such conditions as [anxiety](/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder \"Generalized anxiety disorder\") and [obesity](/wiki/Obesity \"Obesity\") that consists of acceptance and commitment, value\\-based living, cognitive defusion, [counterconditioning](/wiki/Counterconditioning \"Counterconditioning\") ([mindfulness](/wiki/Mindfulness \"Mindfulness\")), and contingency management ([positive reinforcement](/wiki/Positive_reinforcement \"Positive reinforcement\")).Corrigan, P. W. (2001\\). Getting ahead of the data: A Threat to some behavior therapies. *The Behavior Therapist, 24*(9\\), 189\\-193\\.[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002\\-12440\\-002](https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2002-12440-002)Hayes, S. C. (2002\\). On being visited by the vita police: A reply to Corrigan. *The Behavior Therapist, 25*, 134\\-137\\.<https://contextualscience.org/publications/hayes_2002_1>Corrigan, P. (2002\\). The data is still the thing: A reply to Gaynor and Hayes. *The Behavior Therapist, 25*, 140\\.<https://contextualscience.org/publications/corrigan_2002>Powers, M.B., Vörding, M. \\& Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2009\\). Acceptance and commitment therapy: A meta\\-analytic review. *Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 8*, 73\\-80\\.Levin, M., \\& Hayes, S.C. (2009\\). Is Acceptance and commitment therapy superior to established treatment comparisons? *Psychotherapy \\& Psychosomatics, 78*, 380\\.Powers, M. B., \\& Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (2009\\). Response to 'Is acceptance and commitment therapy superior to established treatment comparisons?' *Psychotherapy \\& Psychosomatics, 78*, 380–381\\. Another evidence\\-based counseling technique derived from RFT is the [functional analytic psychotherapy](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy \"Functional analytic psychotherapy\") known as [behavioral activation](/wiki/Behavioral_activation \"Behavioral activation\") that relies on the [ACL model](/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy%23The_ACL_model \"Functional analytic psychotherapy#The ACL model\")—awareness, courage, and love—to reinforce more positive moods for those struggling with [depression](/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\").",
"[Incentive](/wiki/Incentive \"Incentive\")\\-based contingency management (CM) is the standard of care for adults with substance\\-use disorders; it has also been shown to be highly effective for other addictions (i.e., obesity and gambling). Although it does not directly address the underlying causes of behavior, incentive\\-based CM is highly behavior analytic as it targets the function of the client's motivational behavior by relying on a preference assessment, which is an assessment procedure that allows the individual to select the preferred reinforcer (in this case, the monetary value of the voucher, or the use of other incentives, such as prizes). Another evidence\\-based CM intervention for substance abuse is [community reinforcement approach and family training](/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training \"Community reinforcement approach and family training\") that uses FBAs and counterconditioning techniques—such as behavioral skills training and relapse prevention—to model and reinforce healthier lifestyle choices which promote self\\-management of abstinence from drugs, alcohol, or cigarette smoking during high\\-risk exposure when engaging with family members, friends, and co\\-workers.",
"While schoolwide positive behavior support consists of conducting assessments and a [task analysis](/wiki/Task_analysis \"Task analysis\") plan to differentially reinforce curricular supports that replace students' disruptive behavior in the classroom, pediatric feeding therapy incorporates a liquid chaser and chin feeder to shape proper eating behavior for children with feeding disorders. [Habit reversal training](/wiki/Habit_reversal_training \"Habit reversal training\"), an approach firmly grounded in counterconditioning which uses contingency management procedures to reinforce alternative behavior, is currently the only empirically validated approach for managing [tic disorders](/wiki/Tic_disorders \"Tic disorders\").",
"Some studies on exposure ([desensitization](/wiki/Desensitization_%28psychology%29 \"Desensitization (psychology)\")) therapies—which refer to an array of interventions based on the respondent conditioning procedure known as [habituation](/wiki/Habituation \"Habituation\") and typically infuses counterconditioning procedures, such as [meditation](/wiki/Meditation \"Meditation\") and [breathing exercises](/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing \"Diaphragmatic breathing\")—have recently been published in behavior analytic journals since the 1990s, as most other research is conducted from a [cognitive\\-behavior therapy](/wiki/Cognitive-behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive-behavioral therapy\") framework. When based on a behavior analytic research standpoint, FBAs are implemented to precisely outline how to employ the [flooding](/wiki/Flooding_%28psychology%29 \"Flooding (psychology)\") form of desensitization (also called direct exposure therapy) for those who are unsuccessful in overcoming their specific [phobia](/wiki/Phobia \"Phobia\") through [systematic desensitization](/wiki/Systematic_desensitization \"Systematic desensitization\") (also known as [graduated exposure therapy](/wiki/Graduated_exposure_therapy \"Graduated exposure therapy\")). These studies also reveal that systematic desensitization is more effective for children if used in conjunction with shaping, which is further termed *contact* desensitization, but this comparison has yet to be substantiated with adults.",
"Other widely published behavior analytic journals include *Behavior Modification*, *The Behavior Analyst*, *Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions*, *Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science*, *The Analysis of Verbal Behavior*, *Behavior and Philosophy*, *Behavior and Social Issues*, and *[The Psychological Record](/wiki/The_Psychological_Record \"The Psychological Record\")*.",
""
] |
History
-------
No 2 Squadron was established on 15 April 1956 at [PAF Station Mauripur](/wiki/PAF_Station_Mauripur "PAF Station Mauripur") as No 2 Fighter Conversion Unit, initially equipped with [T\-33](/wiki/T-33 "T-33") aircraft. In December 1979, it was designated as No 2 Composite Squadron and later, in September 1990, renamed No 2 Air Superiority Squadron.Hussain, Syed Shabbir, *History of Pakistan Air Force 1947–1982*. Karachi: PAF Press Masroor, 1982 between pages 222 and 223\.
The squadron's original mission was to provide jet conversion training for new graduates from the [PAF Academy](/wiki/PAF_Academy "PAF Academy") and conduct check rides and instrument ratings for all jet pilots of the Pakistan Air Force. In May 1972, following the disbandment of No 20 Photo Reconnaissance Squadron, No 2 Squadron acquired its RT\-33 aircraft and photographic equipment, thus expanding its responsibilities.
With its new designation as a composite squadron in December 1979, No 2 Squadron took on additional tasks such as ground\-controlled interceptions for training Air Defence Controllers and aerial target towing for all three services. In August 1982, after No 7 Squadron was temporarily disbanded, No 2 Squadron inherited its B\-57 aircraft, adding night interdiction and special missions to its role.
In September 1990, the squadron was equipped with F\-7P aircraft, and for two years it uniquely operated both vintage bombers and Mach 2 fighter jets. By 1992, the T\-33 and B\-57 aircraft were retired, and No 2 Squadron focused exclusively on its role as an Air Superiority Squadron with F\-7P aircraft.
No 2 Squadron holds the unique honor of being associated with the only Nishan\-e\-Haider awarded to the PAF. On 20 August 1971, Pilot Officer [Rashid Minhas](/wiki/Rashid_Minhas "Rashid Minhas") died in an attempt by his instructor to hijack their aircraft to India during the [1971 War](/wiki/1971_War "1971 War").
The squadron distinguished itself in both the 1965 and 1971 Wars, conducting day and night harassment attacks on Indian convoys and providing close air support missions.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"No 2 Squadron was established on 15 April 1956 at [PAF Station Mauripur](/wiki/PAF_Station_Mauripur \"PAF Station Mauripur\") as No 2 Fighter Conversion Unit, initially equipped with [T\\-33](/wiki/T-33 \"T-33\") aircraft. In December 1979, it was designated as No 2 Composite Squadron and later, in September 1990, renamed No 2 Air Superiority Squadron.Hussain, Syed Shabbir, *History of Pakistan Air Force 1947–1982*. Karachi: PAF Press Masroor, 1982 between pages 222 and 223\\.",
"The squadron's original mission was to provide jet conversion training for new graduates from the [PAF Academy](/wiki/PAF_Academy \"PAF Academy\") and conduct check rides and instrument ratings for all jet pilots of the Pakistan Air Force. In May 1972, following the disbandment of No 20 Photo Reconnaissance Squadron, No 2 Squadron acquired its RT\\-33 aircraft and photographic equipment, thus expanding its responsibilities.",
"With its new designation as a composite squadron in December 1979, No 2 Squadron took on additional tasks such as ground\\-controlled interceptions for training Air Defence Controllers and aerial target towing for all three services. In August 1982, after No 7 Squadron was temporarily disbanded, No 2 Squadron inherited its B\\-57 aircraft, adding night interdiction and special missions to its role.",
"In September 1990, the squadron was equipped with F\\-7P aircraft, and for two years it uniquely operated both vintage bombers and Mach 2 fighter jets. By 1992, the T\\-33 and B\\-57 aircraft were retired, and No 2 Squadron focused exclusively on its role as an Air Superiority Squadron with F\\-7P aircraft.",
"No 2 Squadron holds the unique honor of being associated with the only Nishan\\-e\\-Haider awarded to the PAF. On 20 August 1971, Pilot Officer [Rashid Minhas](/wiki/Rashid_Minhas \"Rashid Minhas\") died in an attempt by his instructor to hijack their aircraft to India during the [1971 War](/wiki/1971_War \"1971 War\").",
"The squadron distinguished itself in both the 1965 and 1971 Wars, conducting day and night harassment attacks on Indian convoys and providing close air support missions.",
""
] |
Design features
---------------
To begin with the Class XIII H had a [boiler](/wiki/Boiler "Boiler") with a [firebox](/wiki/Firebox_%28locomotive%29 "Firebox (locomotive)") located above the [frame](/wiki/Locomotive_frame "Locomotive frame"). This was made from three boiler rings, the third one being slightly conical in shape. The [boiler feedwater](/wiki/Boiler_feedwater "Boiler feedwater") was supplied through two steam injectors and a Knorr feedwater pump with preheater. The second injector was later omitted.
The steam engine was configured as a three\-cylinder system with simple steam expansion. Two cylinders were located in the usual horizontal position on the outside, the third cylinder was built between the frame sides at an angle. All three cylinders drove the second [coupled axle](/wiki/Coupled_axle "Coupled axle"). The gearing of the inside cylinder was operated from the [Heusinger valve gear](/wiki/Heusinger_valve_gear "Heusinger valve gear") of the outside cylinders via levers and intermediate shafts.
The three coupled axles were fixed in the frame. The [leading bogie](/wiki/Leading_wheel "Leading wheel") had a side play of 38 mm, the trailing [Adams axle](/wiki/Adams_axle "Adams axle") could swing 60 mm to the side.
The locomotive brake was a [Westinghouse](/wiki/Westinghouse_Air_Brake_Company "Westinghouse Air Brake Company") [compressed\-air brake](/wiki/Compressed-air_brake "Compressed-air brake"). Braking worked on one side of all the [carrying](/wiki/Carrying_wheel "Carrying wheel") and coupled wheels. Some of the locomotives were later equipped with [Indusi](/wiki/Indusi "Indusi") train protection.
The locomotives were coupled to Saxon sä 2'2' T 31 [tenders](/wiki/Tender_%28rail%29 "Tender (rail)").
|
[
"Design features\n---------------",
"To begin with the Class XIII H had a [boiler](/wiki/Boiler \"Boiler\") with a [firebox](/wiki/Firebox_%28locomotive%29 \"Firebox (locomotive)\") located above the [frame](/wiki/Locomotive_frame \"Locomotive frame\"). This was made from three boiler rings, the third one being slightly conical in shape. The [boiler feedwater](/wiki/Boiler_feedwater \"Boiler feedwater\") was supplied through two steam injectors and a Knorr feedwater pump with preheater. The second injector was later omitted.",
"The steam engine was configured as a three\\-cylinder system with simple steam expansion. Two cylinders were located in the usual horizontal position on the outside, the third cylinder was built between the frame sides at an angle. All three cylinders drove the second [coupled axle](/wiki/Coupled_axle \"Coupled axle\"). The gearing of the inside cylinder was operated from the [Heusinger valve gear](/wiki/Heusinger_valve_gear \"Heusinger valve gear\") of the outside cylinders via levers and intermediate shafts.",
"The three coupled axles were fixed in the frame. The [leading bogie](/wiki/Leading_wheel \"Leading wheel\") had a side play of 38 mm, the trailing [Adams axle](/wiki/Adams_axle \"Adams axle\") could swing 60 mm to the side.",
"The locomotive brake was a [Westinghouse](/wiki/Westinghouse_Air_Brake_Company \"Westinghouse Air Brake Company\") [compressed\\-air brake](/wiki/Compressed-air_brake \"Compressed-air brake\"). Braking worked on one side of all the [carrying](/wiki/Carrying_wheel \"Carrying wheel\") and coupled wheels. Some of the locomotives were later equipped with [Indusi](/wiki/Indusi \"Indusi\") train protection.",
"The locomotives were coupled to Saxon sä 2'2' T 31 [tenders](/wiki/Tender_%28rail%29 \"Tender (rail)\").",
""
] |
Career
------
Wetton was born in [Willington](/wiki/Willington%2C_Derbyshire "Willington, Derbyshire"), Derbyshire and grew up in [Bournemouth](/wiki/Bournemouth "Bournemouth"), Dorset, where he attended [Bournemouth School](/wiki/Bournemouth_School "Bournemouth School"). His elder brother Robert was a classical organist and [choirmaster](/wiki/Choirmaster "Choirmaster").{{cite web \|url\=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2017/01/john\-wetton\-family\-wife\-mother\-son\-brother\-lisa\-peggy\-dylan\-robert/ \|title\=John Wetton's Family: 5 Facts You Need to Know\|website\=Heavy.com \|date\=31 January 2017}} While practising organ Robert would have John play the bass parts on a piano, since their home organ did not have a pedalboard. John recalled that during the practices, "I got to like bass lines, because [Bach](/wiki/Bach "Bach") bass lines are incredibly interesting. So I thought, this is good, I like bass lines, that's me." Though an enthusiast of classical music since childhood, he opted to go into rock and roll instead in order to avoid being compared with his brother. He played bass and sang in a number of early bands with [Richard Palmer\-James](/wiki/Richard_Palmer-James "Richard Palmer-James"), including The Corvettes, The Palmer\-James Group, Tetrad, and Ginger Man.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.johnwetton.co.uk/biography.htm \|title\=Biography \|publisher\=Johnwetton.co.uk \|access\-date\=5 June 2014}} A key early band he was in was the jazzy [Mogul Thrash](/wiki/Mogul_Thrash "Mogul Thrash"); after live work with [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_%28band%29 "Renaissance (band)"), he joined [Family](/wiki/Family_%28band%29 "Family (band)") and also was in various recording sessions.
Wetton's big break came when his fellow Dorset native [Robert Fripp](/wiki/Robert_Fripp "Robert Fripp") invited him to join King Crimson in late 1972\. The incarnation of the band also included violinist [David Cross](/wiki/David_Cross_%28musician%29 "David Cross (musician)"), former [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 "Yes (band)") drummer [Bill Bruford](/wiki/Bill_Bruford "Bill Bruford"), and percussionist [Jamie Muir](/wiki/Jamie_Muir "Jamie Muir"). Being in the band solidified his ability as a lead singer and writer. Wetton's friend Richard Palmer\-James also worked with the band as their primary lyricist. Wetton remained with the band until Fripp unexpectedly disbanded it in 1974\.{{cite web \|url\={{Allmusic\|class\=artist\|id\=p4682\|pure\_url\=yes}} \|title\=King Crimson Biography\|access\-date\=19 August 2007 \|website\=Allmusic \|author\=Eder, Bruce}} King Crimson maintained their interest in improvisation throughout this period, but moved away from the classical, jazz and English folk leanings of their earlier work. The period of 1972–1974 featured a more aggressive fusion/[avant\-rock](/wiki/Avant-rock "Avant-rock") sound, led by Wetton's thunderous, melodic bass lines–whose "roaring and crunching" sound (enhanced with [effects pedals](/wiki/Effects_pedals "Effects pedals") and a rotating [Leslie speaker](/wiki/Leslie_speaker "Leslie speaker") cabinet, the latter of which was traditionally used with a [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ "Hammond organ")) often verged on [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music "Heavy metal music").{{cite web\|access\-date\=25 July 2019\|url\=https://www.treblezine.com/beginners\-guide\-king\-crimson/\|website\=Treblezine.com\|first\=Langdon \|last\=Hickman\|date\=24 June 2019\|title\=A Beginner's Guide to the epic music of King Crimson \|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=24 June 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624153819/https://www.treblezine.com/beginners\-guide\-king\-crimson/}}{{cite magazine\|first\=Sid \|last\=Smith \|author\-link\=Sid Smith (author)\|url\=https://www.loudersound.com/features/an\-extraordinary\-life\-john\-wetton\-1949\-2017 \|title\=An extraordinary life: John Wetton, 1949\-2017\|publisher\=\[\[LouderSound.com]]\|magazine\=\[\[Prog (magazine)\|Prog]]\|date\=20 March 2017\|access\-date\=24 July 2019\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=25 July 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725042230/https://www.loudersound.com/features/an\-extraordinary\-life\-john\-wetton\-1949\-2017}} Fripp once compared playing onstage with Wetton and drummer Bill Bruford to working with "a flying brick wall".
After the dissolution of King Crimson, Wetton continued to work on various projects, including a tour with [Roxy Music](/wiki/Roxy_Music "Roxy Music")Stump, Paul – Unknown Pleasures: A Cultural biography of Roxy Music, Thunder's Mouth Press, New York, 1998, pps. 72, 154 and two albums with [Uriah Heep](/wiki/Uriah_Heep_%28band%29 "Uriah Heep (band)").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.uriah\-heep.com/newa/heepstory6\.php \|title\=''Uriah Heep Story p.6'' \|author\=Kirk Blows \|website\=Uriah\-heep.com \|access\-date\=15 March 2011}} While still with King Crimson, Wetton had been asked by Roxy Music to "sit in" on their auditions for a replacement bass player and give his recommendations; dissatisfied with all the applicants, he offered to do the 1975 tour with the group himself so as to give them time to find a good bassist. In 1977, after failed attempts to reunite King Crimson and to create a new band with [Rick Wakeman](/wiki/Rick_Wakeman "Rick Wakeman"),"U.K. Humbled in the U.S.A.", *Rolling Stone*, September 21, 1978 Wetton formed U.K. with his King Crimson rhythm section partner Bill Bruford. Wetton recruited Roxy Music keyboardist/violinist [Eddie Jobson](/wiki/Eddie_Jobson "Eddie Jobson"); Bruford brought in innovative guitarist [Allan Holdsworth](/wiki/Allan_Holdsworth "Allan Holdsworth") from his solo group. U.K. adopted a more composition\-driven approach than King Crimson, per Wetton's preference.
After the break\-up of U.K., Wetton released his first solo album, *[Caught in the Crossfire](/wiki/Caught_in_the_Crossfire_%28album%29 "Caught in the Crossfire (album)")* (1980\). Later in the year he had a brief stint in [Wishbone Ash](/wiki/Wishbone_Ash "Wishbone Ash"), appearing on their album *[Number the Brave](/wiki/Number_the_Brave "Number the Brave")* (1981\). In late 1981 he had a meeting with [Geffen Records](/wiki/Geffen_Records "Geffen Records")' president [John Kalodner](/wiki/John_Kalodner "John Kalodner") who took him to task for playing bass in [Bryan Ferry](/wiki/Bryan_Ferry "Bryan Ferry")'s [backing band](/wiki/Backing_band "Backing band"), feeling he should be fronting a group himself. At Kalodner's insistence Wetton started writing with former Yes guitarist [Steve Howe](/wiki/Steve_Howe_%28guitarist%29 "Steve Howe (guitarist)"), with a view to forming their own band. Joined by keyboardist [Geoff Downes](/wiki/Geoff_Downes "Geoff Downes"), and drummer [Carl Palmer](/wiki/Carl_Palmer "Carl Palmer") (of [Emerson, Lake \& Palmer](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer "Emerson, Lake & Palmer")), the band became Asia and they produced one of the bestselling albums of the 1980s. Their self\-titled debut album *Asia* sold over 10 million copies worldwide, making the band a household name across the globe. Wetton worked with Asia until 1983, when he was fired (at the insistence of Geffen Records) for then\-unknown reasons, but at least in part due to lower\-than\-expected sales of the *[Alpha](/wiki/Alpha_%28Asia_album%29 "Alpha (Asia album)")* (1983\) album. He returned to Asia in 1985 (with [Mandy Meyer](/wiki/Mandy_Meyer "Mandy Meyer") replacing Steve Howe on guitar) completing *[Astra](/wiki/Astra_%28album%29 "Astra (album)")* (1985\)."Asia: Continental Drift?", *CREEM* Magazine, April 1986
In the late 1980s, a collaboration between Wetton and Roxy Music guitarist [Phil Manzanera](/wiki/Phil_Manzanera "Phil Manzanera") was released as *[Wetton/Manzanera](/wiki/Wetton/Manzanera "Wetton/Manzanera")* (1986\). Around that time, Wetton began working with Downes and Palmer to restart Asia. Some of the material they recorded was featured on 1990's *[Then \& Now](/wiki/Then_%26_Now_%28Asia_album%29 "Then & Now (Asia album)")* CD, including a radio hit in "Days Like These".
In the 1990s Wetton focused on his solo career. In 1999, an aborted attempt to reform Asia resulted in Wetton and Carl Palmer forming a short\-lived progressive group dubbed [Qango](/wiki/Qango_%28band%29 "Qango (band)") with [John Young](/wiki/John_Young_%28British_musician%29 "John Young (British musician)") and [Dave Kilminster](/wiki/Dave_Kilminster "Dave Kilminster"). Qango performed several shows in the UK, and recorded a live album, *Live in the Hood*, before disbanding.
[thumb\|John Wetton (left) and Geoff Downes performing in 2005](/wiki/File:John_Wetton_and_Geoff_Downes_7070.jpg "John Wetton and Geoff Downes 7070.jpg")
In the early 2000s, Wetton reunited with Geoff Downes for Icon. In 2006, a reunion of the original Asia line\-up (Wetton, Downes, Howe, Palmer) finally occurred. A studio album titled *[Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix_%28Asia_album%29 "Phoenix (Asia album)")* (2008\), the original band's first since 1983's *[Alpha](/wiki/Alpha_%28Asia_album%29 "Alpha (Asia album)")*, was released in April 2008 and peaked at No. 73 on the [Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 "Billboard 200") albums chart in the United States.*Billboard* magazine, April 2008 The original line\-up released two more studio albums, *[Omega](/wiki/Omega_%28Asia_album%29 "Omega (Asia album)")* (2010\) and *[XXX](/wiki/XXX_%28Asia_album%29 "XXX (Asia album)")* (2012\) before Howe departed in January 2013 to focus on Yes. With new guitarist [Sam Coulson](/wiki/Sam_Coulson "Sam Coulson"), Asia released *[Gravitas](/wiki/Gravitas_%28Asia_album%29 "Gravitas (Asia album)")* in March of 2014\.
In 2013, Wetton guested on the album *[Grandine il vento](/wiki/Grandine_il_vento "Grandine il vento")* with Renaissance, with whom he had played live 42 years before. In the same year, he toured with *[American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol_%28season_6%29 "American Idol (season 6)")* finalist Leslie Hunt's [District 97](/wiki/District_97 "District 97") which was based in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the King Crimson album *[Larks' Tongues In Aspic](/wiki/Larks%27_Tongues_In_Aspic "Larks' Tongues In Aspic")*.
Wetton worked extensively as a [session musician](/wiki/Session_musician "Session musician") with musicians including [Brian Eno](/wiki/Brian_Eno "Brian Eno"), [Bryan Ferry](/wiki/Bryan_Ferry "Bryan Ferry"), and [Ayreon](/wiki/Ayreon "Ayreon").
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Wetton was born in [Willington](/wiki/Willington%2C_Derbyshire \"Willington, Derbyshire\"), Derbyshire and grew up in [Bournemouth](/wiki/Bournemouth \"Bournemouth\"), Dorset, where he attended [Bournemouth School](/wiki/Bournemouth_School \"Bournemouth School\"). His elder brother Robert was a classical organist and [choirmaster](/wiki/Choirmaster \"Choirmaster\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2017/01/john\\-wetton\\-family\\-wife\\-mother\\-son\\-brother\\-lisa\\-peggy\\-dylan\\-robert/ \\|title\\=John Wetton's Family: 5 Facts You Need to Know\\|website\\=Heavy.com \\|date\\=31 January 2017}} While practising organ Robert would have John play the bass parts on a piano, since their home organ did not have a pedalboard. John recalled that during the practices, \"I got to like bass lines, because [Bach](/wiki/Bach \"Bach\") bass lines are incredibly interesting. So I thought, this is good, I like bass lines, that's me.\" Though an enthusiast of classical music since childhood, he opted to go into rock and roll instead in order to avoid being compared with his brother. He played bass and sang in a number of early bands with [Richard Palmer\\-James](/wiki/Richard_Palmer-James \"Richard Palmer-James\"), including The Corvettes, The Palmer\\-James Group, Tetrad, and Ginger Man.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.johnwetton.co.uk/biography.htm \\|title\\=Biography \\|publisher\\=Johnwetton.co.uk \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2014}} A key early band he was in was the jazzy [Mogul Thrash](/wiki/Mogul_Thrash \"Mogul Thrash\"); after live work with [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance_%28band%29 \"Renaissance (band)\"), he joined [Family](/wiki/Family_%28band%29 \"Family (band)\") and also was in various recording sessions.",
"Wetton's big break came when his fellow Dorset native [Robert Fripp](/wiki/Robert_Fripp \"Robert Fripp\") invited him to join King Crimson in late 1972\\. The incarnation of the band also included violinist [David Cross](/wiki/David_Cross_%28musician%29 \"David Cross (musician)\"), former [Yes](/wiki/Yes_%28band%29 \"Yes (band)\") drummer [Bill Bruford](/wiki/Bill_Bruford \"Bill Bruford\"), and percussionist [Jamie Muir](/wiki/Jamie_Muir \"Jamie Muir\"). Being in the band solidified his ability as a lead singer and writer. Wetton's friend Richard Palmer\\-James also worked with the band as their primary lyricist. Wetton remained with the band until Fripp unexpectedly disbanded it in 1974\\.{{cite web \\|url\\={{Allmusic\\|class\\=artist\\|id\\=p4682\\|pure\\_url\\=yes}} \\|title\\=King Crimson Biography\\|access\\-date\\=19 August 2007 \\|website\\=Allmusic \\|author\\=Eder, Bruce}} King Crimson maintained their interest in improvisation throughout this period, but moved away from the classical, jazz and English folk leanings of their earlier work. The period of 1972–1974 featured a more aggressive fusion/[avant\\-rock](/wiki/Avant-rock \"Avant-rock\") sound, led by Wetton's thunderous, melodic bass lines–whose \"roaring and crunching\" sound (enhanced with [effects pedals](/wiki/Effects_pedals \"Effects pedals\") and a rotating [Leslie speaker](/wiki/Leslie_speaker \"Leslie speaker\") cabinet, the latter of which was traditionally used with a [Hammond organ](/wiki/Hammond_organ \"Hammond organ\")) often verged on [heavy metal](/wiki/Heavy_metal_music \"Heavy metal music\").{{cite web\\|access\\-date\\=25 July 2019\\|url\\=https://www.treblezine.com/beginners\\-guide\\-king\\-crimson/\\|website\\=Treblezine.com\\|first\\=Langdon \\|last\\=Hickman\\|date\\=24 June 2019\\|title\\=A Beginner's Guide to the epic music of King Crimson \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624153819/https://www.treblezine.com/beginners\\-guide\\-king\\-crimson/}}{{cite magazine\\|first\\=Sid \\|last\\=Smith \\|author\\-link\\=Sid Smith (author)\\|url\\=https://www.loudersound.com/features/an\\-extraordinary\\-life\\-john\\-wetton\\-1949\\-2017 \\|title\\=An extraordinary life: John Wetton, 1949\\-2017\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[LouderSound.com]]\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Prog (magazine)\\|Prog]]\\|date\\=20 March 2017\\|access\\-date\\=24 July 2019\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=25 July 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725042230/https://www.loudersound.com/features/an\\-extraordinary\\-life\\-john\\-wetton\\-1949\\-2017}} Fripp once compared playing onstage with Wetton and drummer Bill Bruford to working with \"a flying brick wall\".",
"After the dissolution of King Crimson, Wetton continued to work on various projects, including a tour with [Roxy Music](/wiki/Roxy_Music \"Roxy Music\")Stump, Paul – Unknown Pleasures: A Cultural biography of Roxy Music, Thunder's Mouth Press, New York, 1998, pps. 72, 154 and two albums with [Uriah Heep](/wiki/Uriah_Heep_%28band%29 \"Uriah Heep (band)\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.uriah\\-heep.com/newa/heepstory6\\.php \\|title\\=''Uriah Heep Story p.6'' \\|author\\=Kirk Blows \\|website\\=Uriah\\-heep.com \\|access\\-date\\=15 March 2011}} While still with King Crimson, Wetton had been asked by Roxy Music to \"sit in\" on their auditions for a replacement bass player and give his recommendations; dissatisfied with all the applicants, he offered to do the 1975 tour with the group himself so as to give them time to find a good bassist. In 1977, after failed attempts to reunite King Crimson and to create a new band with [Rick Wakeman](/wiki/Rick_Wakeman \"Rick Wakeman\"),\"U.K. Humbled in the U.S.A.\", *Rolling Stone*, September 21, 1978 Wetton formed U.K. with his King Crimson rhythm section partner Bill Bruford. Wetton recruited Roxy Music keyboardist/violinist [Eddie Jobson](/wiki/Eddie_Jobson \"Eddie Jobson\"); Bruford brought in innovative guitarist [Allan Holdsworth](/wiki/Allan_Holdsworth \"Allan Holdsworth\") from his solo group. U.K. adopted a more composition\\-driven approach than King Crimson, per Wetton's preference.",
"After the break\\-up of U.K., Wetton released his first solo album, *[Caught in the Crossfire](/wiki/Caught_in_the_Crossfire_%28album%29 \"Caught in the Crossfire (album)\")* (1980\\). Later in the year he had a brief stint in [Wishbone Ash](/wiki/Wishbone_Ash \"Wishbone Ash\"), appearing on their album *[Number the Brave](/wiki/Number_the_Brave \"Number the Brave\")* (1981\\). In late 1981 he had a meeting with [Geffen Records](/wiki/Geffen_Records \"Geffen Records\")' president [John Kalodner](/wiki/John_Kalodner \"John Kalodner\") who took him to task for playing bass in [Bryan Ferry](/wiki/Bryan_Ferry \"Bryan Ferry\")'s [backing band](/wiki/Backing_band \"Backing band\"), feeling he should be fronting a group himself. At Kalodner's insistence Wetton started writing with former Yes guitarist [Steve Howe](/wiki/Steve_Howe_%28guitarist%29 \"Steve Howe (guitarist)\"), with a view to forming their own band. Joined by keyboardist [Geoff Downes](/wiki/Geoff_Downes \"Geoff Downes\"), and drummer [Carl Palmer](/wiki/Carl_Palmer \"Carl Palmer\") (of [Emerson, Lake \\& Palmer](/wiki/Emerson%2C_Lake_%26_Palmer \"Emerson, Lake & Palmer\")), the band became Asia and they produced one of the bestselling albums of the 1980s. Their self\\-titled debut album *Asia* sold over 10 million copies worldwide, making the band a household name across the globe. Wetton worked with Asia until 1983, when he was fired (at the insistence of Geffen Records) for then\\-unknown reasons, but at least in part due to lower\\-than\\-expected sales of the *[Alpha](/wiki/Alpha_%28Asia_album%29 \"Alpha (Asia album)\")* (1983\\) album. He returned to Asia in 1985 (with [Mandy Meyer](/wiki/Mandy_Meyer \"Mandy Meyer\") replacing Steve Howe on guitar) completing *[Astra](/wiki/Astra_%28album%29 \"Astra (album)\")* (1985\\).\"Asia: Continental Drift?\", *CREEM* Magazine, April 1986",
"In the late 1980s, a collaboration between Wetton and Roxy Music guitarist [Phil Manzanera](/wiki/Phil_Manzanera \"Phil Manzanera\") was released as *[Wetton/Manzanera](/wiki/Wetton/Manzanera \"Wetton/Manzanera\")* (1986\\). Around that time, Wetton began working with Downes and Palmer to restart Asia. Some of the material they recorded was featured on 1990's *[Then \\& Now](/wiki/Then_%26_Now_%28Asia_album%29 \"Then & Now (Asia album)\")* CD, including a radio hit in \"Days Like These\".",
"In the 1990s Wetton focused on his solo career. In 1999, an aborted attempt to reform Asia resulted in Wetton and Carl Palmer forming a short\\-lived progressive group dubbed [Qango](/wiki/Qango_%28band%29 \"Qango (band)\") with [John Young](/wiki/John_Young_%28British_musician%29 \"John Young (British musician)\") and [Dave Kilminster](/wiki/Dave_Kilminster \"Dave Kilminster\"). Qango performed several shows in the UK, and recorded a live album, *Live in the Hood*, before disbanding.\n[thumb\\|John Wetton (left) and Geoff Downes performing in 2005](/wiki/File:John_Wetton_and_Geoff_Downes_7070.jpg \"John Wetton and Geoff Downes 7070.jpg\")\nIn the early 2000s, Wetton reunited with Geoff Downes for Icon. In 2006, a reunion of the original Asia line\\-up (Wetton, Downes, Howe, Palmer) finally occurred. A studio album titled *[Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix_%28Asia_album%29 \"Phoenix (Asia album)\")* (2008\\), the original band's first since 1983's *[Alpha](/wiki/Alpha_%28Asia_album%29 \"Alpha (Asia album)\")*, was released in April 2008 and peaked at No. 73 on the [Billboard 200](/wiki/Billboard_200 \"Billboard 200\") albums chart in the United States.*Billboard* magazine, April 2008 The original line\\-up released two more studio albums, *[Omega](/wiki/Omega_%28Asia_album%29 \"Omega (Asia album)\")* (2010\\) and *[XXX](/wiki/XXX_%28Asia_album%29 \"XXX (Asia album)\")* (2012\\) before Howe departed in January 2013 to focus on Yes. With new guitarist [Sam Coulson](/wiki/Sam_Coulson \"Sam Coulson\"), Asia released *[Gravitas](/wiki/Gravitas_%28Asia_album%29 \"Gravitas (Asia album)\")* in March of 2014\\.",
"In 2013, Wetton guested on the album *[Grandine il vento](/wiki/Grandine_il_vento \"Grandine il vento\")* with Renaissance, with whom he had played live 42 years before. In the same year, he toured with *[American Idol](/wiki/American_Idol_%28season_6%29 \"American Idol (season 6)\")* finalist Leslie Hunt's [District 97](/wiki/District_97 \"District 97\") which was based in [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\"), to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the King Crimson album *[Larks' Tongues In Aspic](/wiki/Larks%27_Tongues_In_Aspic \"Larks' Tongues In Aspic\")*.",
"Wetton worked extensively as a [session musician](/wiki/Session_musician \"Session musician\") with musicians including [Brian Eno](/wiki/Brian_Eno \"Brian Eno\"), [Bryan Ferry](/wiki/Bryan_Ferry \"Bryan Ferry\"), and [Ayreon](/wiki/Ayreon \"Ayreon\").",
""
] |
Career
------
In 1974, he started performing [stand\-up comedy](/wiki/Stand-up_comedy "Stand-up comedy") at a weekly open mic at a bar in downtown Milwaukee called the Rusty Nail. He also gained onstage experience sharing a stage with various sketch groups such as "Same Player Shoots Again", "Better Than a Sharp Stick in the Eye", and "Will Jon Rip Marian?" After studying with director [Paul Sills](/wiki/Paul_Sills "Paul Sills") in Milwaukee for two years at the Century Hall theater complex, Durst moved to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") in 1979\.{{cite news\|last1\=Holden\|first1\=Stephen\|title\=Comic Sees Politicians As Good for Nothing Except His Jokes\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/05/arts/comic\-sees\-politicians\-as\-good\-for\-nothing\-except\-his\-jokes.html\|accessdate\=January 6, 2018\|work\=New York Times\|date\=April 5, 1988}}
In 1987, he unsuccessfully ran for mayor of San Francisco.{{cite web \|title\=Will Durst \|url\=http://www.castproductions.com/willdurst.html \|work\=Castproductions.com}}
In 1992 Mr. Durst performed for a [SRO](/wiki/Supervised_release "Supervised release") crowd at [FCI Sheridan](/wiki/FCI_Sheridan "FCI Sheridan") in [Sheridan, Oregon](/wiki/Sheridan%2C_Oregon "Sheridan, Oregon").
Durst composes a weekly political humor column that is contributed by [Cagle Cartoons](/wiki/Cagle_Cartoons "Cagle Cartoons"). He also co\-hosts a monthly [talk radio](/wiki/Talk_radio "Talk radio") show with former [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") Mayor [Willie Brown](/wiki/Willie_Lewis_Brown%2C_Jr. "Willie Lewis Brown, Jr.") called '[The Will and Willie Show](https://www.youtube.com/user/willandwilliedotcom)' which for a year ran as a morning show on [San Francisco's](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California "San Francisco, California") progressive talk radio station, [KQKE](/wiki/KQKE "KQKE").{{cite web\|title\=WILLIE BROWN AND WILL DURST INTERVIEW JOE D'ALESSANDRO ON "WILL \& WILLIE SHOW" BROADCAST\|url\=http://www.sftravel.com/article/willie\-brown\-and\-will\-durst\-interview\-joe\-d%E2%80%99alessandro\-%E2%80%9Cwill\-willie\-show%E2%80%9D\-broadcast\|website\=sftravel.com\|accessdate\=January 9, 2018}}
He has performed at events starring [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton "Bill Clinton"), [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush "George H. W. Bush"), and [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore "Al Gore"). He also performs stand up comedy at many events as a keynote speaker including a Governors Conference and a Mayors Convention. He was a correspondent for [The Comedy Channel](/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel "The Comedy Channel") during the 1992 political conventions. His humor and commentaries accentuate his perspective of illogical and absurd aspects of politics, leadership, and human behavior.
He pens down several [Internet](/wiki/Internet "Internet") columns, contributes to Independent Media Institute's [Alternet.org](/wiki/Alternet.org "Alternet.org") and the [Huffington Post](/wiki/Huffington_Post "Huffington Post") consistently, is a former contributing editor to *[National Lampoon](/wiki/National_Lampoon_%28magazine%29 "National Lampoon (magazine)")* and [*George*](/wiki/George_%28magazine%29 "George (magazine)"), and has contributed to various periodicals such as the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times "New York Times")*, *[Funny Times](/wiki/Funny_Times_%28newspaper%29 "Funny Times (newspaper)")* and *[San Francisco Chronicle](/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle "San Francisco Chronicle")*. His weekly podcasts can be heard on various radio stations and his website, [willdurst.com](https://willdurst.com/). He also writes a bi\-monthly column for [The Progressive Magazine](/wiki/The_Progressive_%28magazine%29 "The Progressive (magazine)"), published in [Madison](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin"), Wisconsin.
Will premiered his one\-man show—*The All\-American Sport of BiPartisan Bashing—*in August 2007 at [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City")'s [New World Stages](/wiki/New_World_Stages "New World Stages") [Off Broadway](/wiki/Off_Broadway "Off Broadway"). In 2012, he premiered his one\-man show focused on the presidential election, *Elect to Laugh*, which ran for 41 weeks at the [San Francisco Marsh Theater](https://themarsh.org/). In 2013, Durst wrote a show based on being an aging baby boomer called *BoomeRaging: From LSD to OMG*. Since then, he has performed it in over 50 different cities, mostly in [Northern California](/wiki/Northern_California "Northern California").{{cite news\|last1\=Weisman\|first1\=Brad\|title\=Will Durst Focuses His Satiric Gaze on the Endangered Boomer Generation\|url\=http://www.westword.com/arts/will\-durst\-focuses\-his\-satiric\-gaze\-on\-the\-endangered\-boomer\-generation\-6783736\|accessdate\=January 6, 2018\|publisher\=Westword\|date\=June 9, 2015}}
In 2016, he updated his *Elect to Laugh* show and performed a post\-[Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") one\-man show called *Durst Case Scenario* every Tuesday at the Marsh (a theater complex in San Francisco) since July. He has also taken the show to many Northern California theaters and venues in [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin "Wisconsin"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)"), [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada "Nevada"), and [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado "Colorado"). He is working on an updated version of the show called *Durst Case Scenario: Midterm Madness*.
Durst has written three books, including *Elect to Laugh* and *The All\-American Sport of Bipartisan Bashing*. He has also released five audio recordings, *None of the Above*, *You Can't Make Stuff Up Like This*, *Warning*, *Raging Moderate*, and *Elect to Laugh*, the last two on the [Stand\-Up! Records](/wiki/Stand_Up%21_Records "Stand Up! Records") label. Along with [Larry Bubbles Brown](/wiki/Larry_Bubbles_Brown "Larry Bubbles Brown") and Johnny Steele, Durst is one of the titular characters in the feature documentary *3 Still Standing* directed by Robert Campos and Donna LoCicero, which focuses on the San Francisco comedy scene of the late 1980s and beyond.
### Television
Durst has been fired by the *[San Francisco Examiner](/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner "San Francisco Examiner")* twice and [PBS](/wiki/PBS "PBS") cancelled three of his shows, two of which he hosted and created, *The Durst Amendment* and *Citizen Durst*.
His pilot *A Year's Worth with Will Durst* was nominated for a [CableACE Award](/wiki/CableACE_Award "CableACE Award") after airing on [A\&E](/wiki/A%26E_%28TV_network%29 "A&E (TV network)") during [New Year's Eve](/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve "New Year's Eve") 1994, but it was never picked up.
On February 24, 2000, Durst was contestant Rudy Reber's phone\-a\-friend lifeline on *[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire](/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_%28American_game_show%29 "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (American game show)")*.{{cite news\|last1\=Farhi\|first1\=Paul\|title\=A Friend Worth His Weight in Gold\|url\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2000/03/25/a\-friend\-worth\-his\-weight\-in\-gold/5c050422\-5498\-4fa7\-bf60\-598c06033a1c/\|accessdate\=January 6, 2018\|newspaper\=The Washington Post\|date\=March 25, 2000}} Durst wrote an article for *[TV Guide](/wiki/TV_Guide "TV Guide")* on the incident.
A five\-time [Emmy](/wiki/Emmy "Emmy") nominee and host/co\-producer of the [PBS](/wiki/PBS "PBS") series *Livelyhood*, he is also a recurrent commentator on [NPR](/wiki/NPR "NPR"), [CNN](/wiki/CNN "CNN"), and [C\-SPAN](/wiki/C-SPAN "C-SPAN"). He has appeared on television over 800 times including *[Late Night with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Night_with_David_Letterman "Late Night with David Letterman")*, [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central "Comedy Central"), [HBO](/wiki/Home_Box_Office "Home Box Office"), and [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 "Showtime (TV network)"). He received seven consecutive nominations for the [American Comedy Awards](/wiki/American_Comedy_Awards "American Comedy Awards") Stand Up Comedian of the Year.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"In 1974, he started performing [stand\\-up comedy](/wiki/Stand-up_comedy \"Stand-up comedy\") at a weekly open mic at a bar in downtown Milwaukee called the Rusty Nail. He also gained onstage experience sharing a stage with various sketch groups such as \"Same Player Shoots Again\", \"Better Than a Sharp Stick in the Eye\", and \"Will Jon Rip Marian?\" After studying with director [Paul Sills](/wiki/Paul_Sills \"Paul Sills\") in Milwaukee for two years at the Century Hall theater complex, Durst moved to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") in 1979\\.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Holden\\|first1\\=Stephen\\|title\\=Comic Sees Politicians As Good for Nothing Except His Jokes\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/05/arts/comic\\-sees\\-politicians\\-as\\-good\\-for\\-nothing\\-except\\-his\\-jokes.html\\|accessdate\\=January 6, 2018\\|work\\=New York Times\\|date\\=April 5, 1988}}",
"In 1987, he unsuccessfully ran for mayor of San Francisco.{{cite web \\|title\\=Will Durst \\|url\\=http://www.castproductions.com/willdurst.html \\|work\\=Castproductions.com}}",
"In 1992 Mr. Durst performed for a [SRO](/wiki/Supervised_release \"Supervised release\") crowd at [FCI Sheridan](/wiki/FCI_Sheridan \"FCI Sheridan\") in [Sheridan, Oregon](/wiki/Sheridan%2C_Oregon \"Sheridan, Oregon\").",
"Durst composes a weekly political humor column that is contributed by [Cagle Cartoons](/wiki/Cagle_Cartoons \"Cagle Cartoons\"). He also co\\-hosts a monthly [talk radio](/wiki/Talk_radio \"Talk radio\") show with former [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\") Mayor [Willie Brown](/wiki/Willie_Lewis_Brown%2C_Jr. \"Willie Lewis Brown, Jr.\") called '[The Will and Willie Show](https://www.youtube.com/user/willandwilliedotcom)' which for a year ran as a morning show on [San Francisco's](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\") progressive talk radio station, [KQKE](/wiki/KQKE \"KQKE\").{{cite web\\|title\\=WILLIE BROWN AND WILL DURST INTERVIEW JOE D'ALESSANDRO ON \"WILL \\& WILLIE SHOW\" BROADCAST\\|url\\=http://www.sftravel.com/article/willie\\-brown\\-and\\-will\\-durst\\-interview\\-joe\\-d%E2%80%99alessandro\\-%E2%80%9Cwill\\-willie\\-show%E2%80%9D\\-broadcast\\|website\\=sftravel.com\\|accessdate\\=January 9, 2018}}",
"He has performed at events starring [Bill Clinton](/wiki/Bill_Clinton \"Bill Clinton\"), [George H. W. Bush](/wiki/George_H._W._Bush \"George H. W. Bush\"), and [Al Gore](/wiki/Al_Gore \"Al Gore\"). He also performs stand up comedy at many events as a keynote speaker including a Governors Conference and a Mayors Convention. He was a correspondent for [The Comedy Channel](/wiki/The_Comedy_Channel \"The Comedy Channel\") during the 1992 political conventions. His humor and commentaries accentuate his perspective of illogical and absurd aspects of politics, leadership, and human behavior.",
"He pens down several [Internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") columns, contributes to Independent Media Institute's [Alternet.org](/wiki/Alternet.org \"Alternet.org\") and the [Huffington Post](/wiki/Huffington_Post \"Huffington Post\") consistently, is a former contributing editor to *[National Lampoon](/wiki/National_Lampoon_%28magazine%29 \"National Lampoon (magazine)\")* and [*George*](/wiki/George_%28magazine%29 \"George (magazine)\"), and has contributed to various periodicals such as the *[New York Times](/wiki/New_York_Times \"New York Times\")*, *[Funny Times](/wiki/Funny_Times_%28newspaper%29 \"Funny Times (newspaper)\")* and *[San Francisco Chronicle](/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle \"San Francisco Chronicle\")*. His weekly podcasts can be heard on various radio stations and his website, [willdurst.com](https://willdurst.com/). He also writes a bi\\-monthly column for [The Progressive Magazine](/wiki/The_Progressive_%28magazine%29 \"The Progressive (magazine)\"), published in [Madison](/wiki/Madison%2C_Wisconsin \"Madison, Wisconsin\"), Wisconsin.",
"Will premiered his one\\-man show—*The All\\-American Sport of BiPartisan Bashing—*in August 2007 at [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\")'s [New World Stages](/wiki/New_World_Stages \"New World Stages\") [Off Broadway](/wiki/Off_Broadway \"Off Broadway\"). In 2012, he premiered his one\\-man show focused on the presidential election, *Elect to Laugh*, which ran for 41 weeks at the [San Francisco Marsh Theater](https://themarsh.org/). In 2013, Durst wrote a show based on being an aging baby boomer called *BoomeRaging: From LSD to OMG*. Since then, he has performed it in over 50 different cities, mostly in [Northern California](/wiki/Northern_California \"Northern California\").{{cite news\\|last1\\=Weisman\\|first1\\=Brad\\|title\\=Will Durst Focuses His Satiric Gaze on the Endangered Boomer Generation\\|url\\=http://www.westword.com/arts/will\\-durst\\-focuses\\-his\\-satiric\\-gaze\\-on\\-the\\-endangered\\-boomer\\-generation\\-6783736\\|accessdate\\=January 6, 2018\\|publisher\\=Westword\\|date\\=June 9, 2015}}",
"In 2016, he updated his *Elect to Laugh* show and performed a post\\-[Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") one\\-man show called *Durst Case Scenario* every Tuesday at the Marsh (a theater complex in San Francisco) since July. He has also taken the show to many Northern California theaters and venues in [Wisconsin](/wiki/Wisconsin \"Wisconsin\"), [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\"), [Nevada](/wiki/Nevada \"Nevada\"), and [Colorado](/wiki/Colorado \"Colorado\"). He is working on an updated version of the show called *Durst Case Scenario: Midterm Madness*.",
"Durst has written three books, including *Elect to Laugh* and *The All\\-American Sport of Bipartisan Bashing*. He has also released five audio recordings, *None of the Above*, *You Can't Make Stuff Up Like This*, *Warning*, *Raging Moderate*, and *Elect to Laugh*, the last two on the [Stand\\-Up! Records](/wiki/Stand_Up%21_Records \"Stand Up! Records\") label. Along with [Larry Bubbles Brown](/wiki/Larry_Bubbles_Brown \"Larry Bubbles Brown\") and Johnny Steele, Durst is one of the titular characters in the feature documentary *3 Still Standing* directed by Robert Campos and Donna LoCicero, which focuses on the San Francisco comedy scene of the late 1980s and beyond.",
"### Television",
"Durst has been fired by the *[San Francisco Examiner](/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner \"San Francisco Examiner\")* twice and [PBS](/wiki/PBS \"PBS\") cancelled three of his shows, two of which he hosted and created, *The Durst Amendment* and *Citizen Durst*.",
"His pilot *A Year's Worth with Will Durst* was nominated for a [CableACE Award](/wiki/CableACE_Award \"CableACE Award\") after airing on [A\\&E](/wiki/A%26E_%28TV_network%29 \"A&E (TV network)\") during [New Year's Eve](/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve \"New Year's Eve\") 1994, but it was never picked up.",
"On February 24, 2000, Durst was contestant Rudy Reber's phone\\-a\\-friend lifeline on *[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire](/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_%28American_game_show%29 \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (American game show)\")*.{{cite news\\|last1\\=Farhi\\|first1\\=Paul\\|title\\=A Friend Worth His Weight in Gold\\|url\\=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2000/03/25/a\\-friend\\-worth\\-his\\-weight\\-in\\-gold/5c050422\\-5498\\-4fa7\\-bf60\\-598c06033a1c/\\|accessdate\\=January 6, 2018\\|newspaper\\=The Washington Post\\|date\\=March 25, 2000}} Durst wrote an article for *[TV Guide](/wiki/TV_Guide \"TV Guide\")* on the incident.",
"A five\\-time [Emmy](/wiki/Emmy \"Emmy\") nominee and host/co\\-producer of the [PBS](/wiki/PBS \"PBS\") series *Livelyhood*, he is also a recurrent commentator on [NPR](/wiki/NPR \"NPR\"), [CNN](/wiki/CNN \"CNN\"), and [C\\-SPAN](/wiki/C-SPAN \"C-SPAN\"). He has appeared on television over 800 times including *[Late Night with David Letterman](/wiki/Late_Night_with_David_Letterman \"Late Night with David Letterman\")*, [Comedy Central](/wiki/Comedy_Central \"Comedy Central\"), [HBO](/wiki/Home_Box_Office \"Home Box Office\"), and [Showtime](/wiki/Showtime_%28TV_network%29 \"Showtime (TV network)\"). He received seven consecutive nominations for the [American Comedy Awards](/wiki/American_Comedy_Awards \"American Comedy Awards\") Stand Up Comedian of the Year.",
""
] |
Life
----
Catherine was the second of four daughters of Count Henry IV of Henneberg\-Schleusingen and his wife Judith of Brandenburg\-Salzwedel.
During the transition of the Coburg region from the Henneberg family to the [House of Wettin](/wiki/House_of_Wettin "House of Wettin"), there were complications. The testament of Henry IV gave the "new Lordship" part of his wife's territory as inheritance to his wife and his daughters and gave the rest of the former [County of Henneberg](/wiki/County_of_Henneberg "County of Henneberg") to his brother John. Thus the Henneberg property was split. One consequence of the female succession was that after Henry IV's death in 1347, his sons\-in\-law could not inherit immediately; it became possible only after Judith of Brandenburg died on 1 February 1353\. Only eight days later, on 9 February 1353, Margrave Frederick appeared at the court of Emperor [Charles IV](/wiki/Charles_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor") in Prague, to be enfeoffed with the territory around Coburg.
The complicated inheritance rules did not match the expectations of Catherine's father\-in\-law [Frederick the Serious](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Margrave_of_Meissen "Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen"). This is reflected in an episode in a surviving chronicle, which relates how Catherine was sent back home when her dowry failed to be delivered. Another tradition says that after her first\-born son died early, Catherine wore only black clothes and renounced all jewelry until her next son was born. Both stories are probably legends, but they do point to two unusual circumstances: the unusual succession, and the 20\-year waiting period between her marriage and the birth of her heir. Between 1370 and 1380, she gave birth to three surviving sons:
* [Frederick I, Elector of Saxony](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Elector_of_Saxony "Frederick I, Elector of Saxony") (1370–1428\),
* [William II, Margrave of Meissen](/wiki/William_II%2C_Margrave_of_Meissen "William II, Margrave of Meissen") (1371–1425\)
* George (died 1402\)
### Regent
When her husband died in 1381, her sons were still minors. In accordance with her late husband's will, Catherine took up their guardianship and ruled until her death both her own territory of [Coburg](/wiki/Coburg "Coburg") and [Weißenfels](/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenfels "Weißenfels") (which she had received as [jointure](/wiki/Jointure "Jointure") from her husband) and jointly with her sons the territories along the middle [Saale](/wiki/Saale "Saale") and between the Saale and [Mulde](/wiki/Mulde "Mulde"), which they had received at the [division of Chemnitz](/wiki/Division_of_Chemnitz "Division of Chemnitz") of 1382\.
As Landgravine of Thuringia and Margravine of Meissen she has sealed many deeds and she kept her own seal for that purpose. She took her widow's seat in Coburg, where her mother, Judith of Brandenburg, also lived. She had stayed there often during her husband's lifetime, as he had to travel frequently.
Catherine is also remembered because she commissioned Heinrich von Vippach's [Fürstenspiegel](/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenspiegel "Fürstenspiegel") *Katherina divina*.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Catherine was the second of four daughters of Count Henry IV of Henneberg\\-Schleusingen and his wife Judith of Brandenburg\\-Salzwedel.",
"During the transition of the Coburg region from the Henneberg family to the [House of Wettin](/wiki/House_of_Wettin \"House of Wettin\"), there were complications. The testament of Henry IV gave the \"new Lordship\" part of his wife's territory as inheritance to his wife and his daughters and gave the rest of the former [County of Henneberg](/wiki/County_of_Henneberg \"County of Henneberg\") to his brother John. Thus the Henneberg property was split. One consequence of the female succession was that after Henry IV's death in 1347, his sons\\-in\\-law could not inherit immediately; it became possible only after Judith of Brandenburg died on 1 February 1353\\. Only eight days later, on 9 February 1353, Margrave Frederick appeared at the court of Emperor [Charles IV](/wiki/Charles_IV%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor\") in Prague, to be enfeoffed with the territory around Coburg.",
"The complicated inheritance rules did not match the expectations of Catherine's father\\-in\\-law [Frederick the Serious](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Margrave_of_Meissen \"Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen\"). This is reflected in an episode in a surviving chronicle, which relates how Catherine was sent back home when her dowry failed to be delivered. Another tradition says that after her first\\-born son died early, Catherine wore only black clothes and renounced all jewelry until her next son was born. Both stories are probably legends, but they do point to two unusual circumstances: the unusual succession, and the 20\\-year waiting period between her marriage and the birth of her heir. Between 1370 and 1380, she gave birth to three surviving sons:\n* [Frederick I, Elector of Saxony](/wiki/Frederick_I%2C_Elector_of_Saxony \"Frederick I, Elector of Saxony\") (1370–1428\\),\n* [William II, Margrave of Meissen](/wiki/William_II%2C_Margrave_of_Meissen \"William II, Margrave of Meissen\") (1371–1425\\)\n* George (died 1402\\)\n### Regent",
"When her husband died in 1381, her sons were still minors. In accordance with her late husband's will, Catherine took up their guardianship and ruled until her death both her own territory of [Coburg](/wiki/Coburg \"Coburg\") and [Weißenfels](/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenfels \"Weißenfels\") (which she had received as [jointure](/wiki/Jointure \"Jointure\") from her husband) and jointly with her sons the territories along the middle [Saale](/wiki/Saale \"Saale\") and between the Saale and [Mulde](/wiki/Mulde \"Mulde\"), which they had received at the [division of Chemnitz](/wiki/Division_of_Chemnitz \"Division of Chemnitz\") of 1382\\.",
"As Landgravine of Thuringia and Margravine of Meissen she has sealed many deeds and she kept her own seal for that purpose. She took her widow's seat in Coburg, where her mother, Judith of Brandenburg, also lived. She had stayed there often during her husband's lifetime, as he had to travel frequently.",
"Catherine is also remembered because she commissioned Heinrich von Vippach's [Fürstenspiegel](/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenspiegel \"Fürstenspiegel\") *Katherina divina*.",
""
] |
Specifications
--------------
### Hardware
The Galaxy A41 is equipped with a [MediaTek](/wiki/MediaTek "MediaTek") Helio P65 chipset, with 64 GB of storage and 4 GB of RAM, as well as a dedicated slot for [microSD](/wiki/MicroSD "MicroSD") and a dual [nano SIM](/wiki/Nano_SIM "Nano SIM") slot with supports [VoLTE](/wiki/VoLTE "VoLTE"). Storage can be expanded up to 512 GB via a [microSDXC](/wiki/MicroSDXC "MicroSDXC") card.
The phone has a 6\.1\-inch, [FHD\+](/wiki/1080p "1080p") [Super AMOLED](/wiki/AMOLED "AMOLED") display, with a screen\-to\-body ratio of 85\.9% and an [aspect ratio](/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio "Pixel aspect ratio") of 20:9 to match that of other [Galaxy](/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy "Samsung Galaxy") smartphones sold in 2020\. An optical, under\-display fingerprint reader replaces the rear\-mounted one seen on the [A40](/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_A40 "Samsung Galaxy A40").
The new L\-shaped rear camera system (similar to the ones seen on newer Samsung phones) utilizes three cameras, a 48 MP wide lens, an 8 MP [ultrawide lens](/wiki/Ultra_wide_angle_lens "Ultra wide angle lens") and a 5 MP depth sensor. A U\-shaped screen cut\-out houses the 25 MP sensor for the front\-facing camera. Both camera systems are capable of recording 1080p video at 30fps.
A 3500 [mAh](/wiki/Ampere_hour "Ampere hour") battery is used, with support for fast charging at up to 15 W.
Customers, depending on the region, can choose from a range of new colour selections, such like Black, Haze Silver, Prism Blue and Aura Red.
### Software
The phone comes with [Android 10](/wiki/Android_10 "Android 10") and Samsung’s custom [One UI](/wiki/One_UI "One UI") 2\.1 software overlay. Depending on the region, it can support [contactless NFC payments](/wiki/Contactless_payment "Contactless payment") through [Samsung Pay](/wiki/Samsung_Pay "Samsung Pay") and other various payment apps that can be installed separately.
Software experience is comparable to that of other 2020 Samsung devices, and it boasts many of the software perks costlier Samsung devices boast, such as Edge Screen and Edge Lighting.
As with most other Samsung phones released during 2020,{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=Supported devices for Your Phone experiences\|url\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/help/4551890/supported\-devices\-for\-your\-phone\-experiences\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-29\|website\=support.microsoft.com}} the Microsoft\-Samsung partnership [Link to Windows](/wiki/Your_Phone "Your Phone") option{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-08\-07\|title\=Samsung and Microsoft Expand Strategic Partnership to Deliver Unified Experiences Across Mobile Devices\|url\=https://news.samsung.com/us/samsung\-microsoft\-expand\-strategic\-partnership\-deliver\-unified\-experiences\-across\-mobile\-devices/\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-29\|website\=Samsung US Newsroom\|language\=en\-US}}{{Cite web\|last\=Blog\|first\=Windows Experience\|date\=2020\-08\-05\|title\=Microsoft and Samsung expand partnership, empowering you across work and play\|url\=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2020/08/05/microsoft\-and\-samsung\-expand\-partnership\-empowering\-you\-across\-work\-and\-play/\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-29\|website\=Windows Experience Blog\|language\=en\-US}} which comes as standard, can be accessed in the Android notification panel.
Banking on Samsung’s latest software update schedule, the phone should be eligible for two major Android upgrades.{{Cite web\|last\=SamMobile\|title\=Will my Samsung Galaxy device get Android 11?\|url\=https://www.sammobile.com/news/will\-my\-samsung\-galaxy\-device\-get\-android\-11\-update\|access\-date\=2020\-08\-29\|website\=SamMobile\|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"Specifications\n--------------",
"### Hardware",
"The Galaxy A41 is equipped with a [MediaTek](/wiki/MediaTek \"MediaTek\") Helio P65 chipset, with 64 GB of storage and 4 GB of RAM, as well as a dedicated slot for [microSD](/wiki/MicroSD \"MicroSD\") and a dual [nano SIM](/wiki/Nano_SIM \"Nano SIM\") slot with supports [VoLTE](/wiki/VoLTE \"VoLTE\"). Storage can be expanded up to 512 GB via a [microSDXC](/wiki/MicroSDXC \"MicroSDXC\") card.",
"The phone has a 6\\.1\\-inch, [FHD\\+](/wiki/1080p \"1080p\") [Super AMOLED](/wiki/AMOLED \"AMOLED\") display, with a screen\\-to\\-body ratio of 85\\.9% and an [aspect ratio](/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio \"Pixel aspect ratio\") of 20:9 to match that of other [Galaxy](/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy \"Samsung Galaxy\") smartphones sold in 2020\\. An optical, under\\-display fingerprint reader replaces the rear\\-mounted one seen on the [A40](/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_A40 \"Samsung Galaxy A40\").",
"The new L\\-shaped rear camera system (similar to the ones seen on newer Samsung phones) utilizes three cameras, a 48 MP wide lens, an 8 MP [ultrawide lens](/wiki/Ultra_wide_angle_lens \"Ultra wide angle lens\") and a 5 MP depth sensor. A U\\-shaped screen cut\\-out houses the 25 MP sensor for the front\\-facing camera. Both camera systems are capable of recording 1080p video at 30fps.",
"A 3500 [mAh](/wiki/Ampere_hour \"Ampere hour\") battery is used, with support for fast charging at up to 15 W.",
"Customers, depending on the region, can choose from a range of new colour selections, such like Black, Haze Silver, Prism Blue and Aura Red.",
"### Software",
"The phone comes with [Android 10](/wiki/Android_10 \"Android 10\") and Samsung’s custom [One UI](/wiki/One_UI \"One UI\") 2\\.1 software overlay. Depending on the region, it can support [contactless NFC payments](/wiki/Contactless_payment \"Contactless payment\") through [Samsung Pay](/wiki/Samsung_Pay \"Samsung Pay\") and other various payment apps that can be installed separately.",
"Software experience is comparable to that of other 2020 Samsung devices, and it boasts many of the software perks costlier Samsung devices boast, such as Edge Screen and Edge Lighting.",
"As with most other Samsung phones released during 2020,{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Supported devices for Your Phone experiences\\|url\\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/help/4551890/supported\\-devices\\-for\\-your\\-phone\\-experiences\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-29\\|website\\=support.microsoft.com}} the Microsoft\\-Samsung partnership [Link to Windows](/wiki/Your_Phone \"Your Phone\") option{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-08\\-07\\|title\\=Samsung and Microsoft Expand Strategic Partnership to Deliver Unified Experiences Across Mobile Devices\\|url\\=https://news.samsung.com/us/samsung\\-microsoft\\-expand\\-strategic\\-partnership\\-deliver\\-unified\\-experiences\\-across\\-mobile\\-devices/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-29\\|website\\=Samsung US Newsroom\\|language\\=en\\-US}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Blog\\|first\\=Windows Experience\\|date\\=2020\\-08\\-05\\|title\\=Microsoft and Samsung expand partnership, empowering you across work and play\\|url\\=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2020/08/05/microsoft\\-and\\-samsung\\-expand\\-partnership\\-empowering\\-you\\-across\\-work\\-and\\-play/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-29\\|website\\=Windows Experience Blog\\|language\\=en\\-US}} which comes as standard, can be accessed in the Android notification panel.",
"Banking on Samsung’s latest software update schedule, the phone should be eligible for two major Android upgrades.{{Cite web\\|last\\=SamMobile\\|title\\=Will my Samsung Galaxy device get Android 11?\\|url\\=https://www.sammobile.com/news/will\\-my\\-samsung\\-galaxy\\-device\\-get\\-android\\-11\\-update\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-08\\-29\\|website\\=SamMobile\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
### Hardware
The Galaxy A41 is equipped with a [MediaTek](/wiki/MediaTek "MediaTek") Helio P65 chipset, with 64 GB of storage and 4 GB of RAM, as well as a dedicated slot for [microSD](/wiki/MicroSD "MicroSD") and a dual [nano SIM](/wiki/Nano_SIM "Nano SIM") slot with supports [VoLTE](/wiki/VoLTE "VoLTE"). Storage can be expanded up to 512 GB via a [microSDXC](/wiki/MicroSDXC "MicroSDXC") card.
The phone has a 6\.1\-inch, [FHD\+](/wiki/1080p "1080p") [Super AMOLED](/wiki/AMOLED "AMOLED") display, with a screen\-to\-body ratio of 85\.9% and an [aspect ratio](/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio "Pixel aspect ratio") of 20:9 to match that of other [Galaxy](/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy "Samsung Galaxy") smartphones sold in 2020\. An optical, under\-display fingerprint reader replaces the rear\-mounted one seen on the [A40](/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_A40 "Samsung Galaxy A40").
The new L\-shaped rear camera system (similar to the ones seen on newer Samsung phones) utilizes three cameras, a 48 MP wide lens, an 8 MP [ultrawide lens](/wiki/Ultra_wide_angle_lens "Ultra wide angle lens") and a 5 MP depth sensor. A U\-shaped screen cut\-out houses the 25 MP sensor for the front\-facing camera. Both camera systems are capable of recording 1080p video at 30fps.
A 3500 [mAh](/wiki/Ampere_hour "Ampere hour") battery is used, with support for fast charging at up to 15 W.
Customers, depending on the region, can choose from a range of new colour selections, such like Black, Haze Silver, Prism Blue and Aura Red.
|
[
"### Hardware",
"The Galaxy A41 is equipped with a [MediaTek](/wiki/MediaTek \"MediaTek\") Helio P65 chipset, with 64 GB of storage and 4 GB of RAM, as well as a dedicated slot for [microSD](/wiki/MicroSD \"MicroSD\") and a dual [nano SIM](/wiki/Nano_SIM \"Nano SIM\") slot with supports [VoLTE](/wiki/VoLTE \"VoLTE\"). Storage can be expanded up to 512 GB via a [microSDXC](/wiki/MicroSDXC \"MicroSDXC\") card.",
"The phone has a 6\\.1\\-inch, [FHD\\+](/wiki/1080p \"1080p\") [Super AMOLED](/wiki/AMOLED \"AMOLED\") display, with a screen\\-to\\-body ratio of 85\\.9% and an [aspect ratio](/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio \"Pixel aspect ratio\") of 20:9 to match that of other [Galaxy](/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy \"Samsung Galaxy\") smartphones sold in 2020\\. An optical, under\\-display fingerprint reader replaces the rear\\-mounted one seen on the [A40](/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_A40 \"Samsung Galaxy A40\").",
"The new L\\-shaped rear camera system (similar to the ones seen on newer Samsung phones) utilizes three cameras, a 48 MP wide lens, an 8 MP [ultrawide lens](/wiki/Ultra_wide_angle_lens \"Ultra wide angle lens\") and a 5 MP depth sensor. A U\\-shaped screen cut\\-out houses the 25 MP sensor for the front\\-facing camera. Both camera systems are capable of recording 1080p video at 30fps.",
"A 3500 [mAh](/wiki/Ampere_hour \"Ampere hour\") battery is used, with support for fast charging at up to 15 W.",
"Customers, depending on the region, can choose from a range of new colour selections, such like Black, Haze Silver, Prism Blue and Aura Red.",
""
] |
Early life and education
------------------------
Hippler was born and brought up in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") as the son of a petty official. His father died in 1918 in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War "First World War") in France. Hippler resented the [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles "Treaty of Versailles") and its associated regulations, such as the assignment of the [Danzig Corridor](/wiki/Danzig_Corridor "Danzig Corridor"), the occupation of the [Rhineland](/wiki/Rhineland "Rhineland") and the disarmament of Germany as unjustified humiliation, and rejected the [Weimar democracy](/wiki/Weimar_Republic "Weimar Republic").
In 1925 when he was 17, Hippler joined the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party").[Artists under Hitler: Collaboration and Survival under Nazi Germany](https://archive.org/details/artistsunderhitl0000petr/page/30) page 30
In 1927, Hippler became a member of the NSD Studentbund \- the [National Socialist German Students' League](/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League "National Socialist German Students' League"). Later he studied law in [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg "Heidelberg") and [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"). He was a member of the *{{Interlanguage link multi\|Landsmannschaft Teutonia Heidelberg\-Rostock\|de\|3\=Landsmannschaft Teutonia Heidelberg\-Rostock\|lt\=Teutonia}}* [dueling society](/wiki/Dueling "Dueling") in Heidelberg and the *[Arminia](/wiki/Arminia "Arminia")* dueling society in Berlin. In 1932 he became NSDAP district speaker. In 1933 he was appointed the district and high school group leader for [Berlin\-Brandenburg](/wiki/Berlin-Brandenburg "Berlin-Brandenburg") in the National Socialist German Students' League.
Hippler was a supporter of [expressionism](/wiki/Expressionism "Expressionism"). As the leader of the National Socialist German Students' League of Berlin he organised an exhibition in [Humboldt University of Berlin](/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin "Humboldt University of Berlin") for expressionist painters, for which he was vehemently attacked by the Nazi ideologist [Alfred Rosenberg](/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg "Alfred Rosenberg").
In 1932, Hippler was expelled from the [University of Berlin](/wiki/University_of_Berlin "University of Berlin") for participating in violent Nazi rallies. On 19 April 1933, the new [National Socialist Education Minister](/wiki/National_Socialist_Education_Minister "National Socialist Education Minister") [Bernhard Rust](/wiki/Bernhard_Rust "Bernhard Rust") repealed any disciplinary actions against students associated with the NSDAP, thus reinstating Hippler.
On 22 May 1933, he gave a speech initiating a march from the student house in the [Oranienburger Straße](/wiki/Oranienburger_Stra%C3%9Fe "Oranienburger Straße") to [Opera Square](/wiki/Opera_Square "Opera Square") with [books which were then burned](/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings "Nazi book burnings").
In June 1933 Hippler participated in a violent rally opposite the stock exchange, against [Alfred Hugenberg](/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg "Alfred Hugenberg") then [minister of finance](/wiki/Minister_of_finance "Minister of finance") and still Hitler's rival, calling Hitler to disavow him and remove him from power.
Hippler was later involved in a dispute over the direction of arts policy. He was satisfied with the anti\-Jewish orientation of the arts policy and the consequent banishment of that art from museums and art dealers who had been created by Jews. However, in July 1933 at a rally of the National Socialist Student League in the lecture hall of the Berlin University, he criticised the harsh action of some Nazi circles against the German modern artists like [Emile Nolde](/wiki/Emile_Nolde "Emile Nolde") and [Barlach](/wiki/Barlach "Barlach"), the artists group [Die Brücke](/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke "Die Brücke"), which was propagated by elements of the Nazi leadership as part of efforts against the [Degenerate Art](/wiki/Degenerate_Art "Degenerate Art"). Although [Goebbels](/wiki/Goebbels "Goebbels") was a lover of Nolde, this direction after a word of argument was in favour of the more radical of Hitler's National Socialists, whose spokesman was [Alfred Rosenberg](/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg "Alfred Rosenberg") and his [Combat League for German Culture](/wiki/Kampfbund_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Kultur "Kampfbund für Deutsche Kultur").
Fritz Hippler earned his [PhD](/wiki/PhD "PhD") in 1934 at the [Heidelberg University](/wiki/Heidelberg_University "Heidelberg University") with [Arnold Bergstraesser](/wiki/Arnold_Bergstraesser "Arnold Bergstraesser") and a dissertation titled "State and Society in the Thinking of [John Stuart Mill](/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill "John Stuart Mill"), [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx "Karl Marx"), and [Paul de Lagarde](/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde "Paul de Lagarde"). A contribution to the sociological thinking of the present time".German title:„Staat und Gesellschaft im Denken von John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx und Paul de Lagarde. Ein Beitrag zum soziologischen Denken der Gegenwart“. Source: [Michaela Rethmeier](/wiki/Michaela_Rethmeier "Michaela Rethmeier"): Die Funktion und Bedeutung Fritz Hipplers für das Filmschaffen im „Dritten Reich“. Page 93 (dissertation, [University of Münster](/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster "University of Münster"), 2006\)
|
[
"Early life and education\n------------------------",
"Hippler was born and brought up in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") as the son of a petty official. His father died in 1918 in the [First World War](/wiki/First_World_War \"First World War\") in France. Hippler resented the [Treaty of Versailles](/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles \"Treaty of Versailles\") and its associated regulations, such as the assignment of the [Danzig Corridor](/wiki/Danzig_Corridor \"Danzig Corridor\"), the occupation of the [Rhineland](/wiki/Rhineland \"Rhineland\") and the disarmament of Germany as unjustified humiliation, and rejected the [Weimar democracy](/wiki/Weimar_Republic \"Weimar Republic\").",
"In 1925 when he was 17, Hippler joined the [Nazi Party](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\").[Artists under Hitler: Collaboration and Survival under Nazi Germany](https://archive.org/details/artistsunderhitl0000petr/page/30) page 30",
"In 1927, Hippler became a member of the NSD Studentbund \\- the [National Socialist German Students' League](/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League \"National Socialist German Students' League\"). Later he studied law in [Heidelberg](/wiki/Heidelberg \"Heidelberg\") and [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\"). He was a member of the *{{Interlanguage link multi\\|Landsmannschaft Teutonia Heidelberg\\-Rostock\\|de\\|3\\=Landsmannschaft Teutonia Heidelberg\\-Rostock\\|lt\\=Teutonia}}* [dueling society](/wiki/Dueling \"Dueling\") in Heidelberg and the *[Arminia](/wiki/Arminia \"Arminia\")* dueling society in Berlin. In 1932 he became NSDAP district speaker. In 1933 he was appointed the district and high school group leader for [Berlin\\-Brandenburg](/wiki/Berlin-Brandenburg \"Berlin-Brandenburg\") in the National Socialist German Students' League.",
"Hippler was a supporter of [expressionism](/wiki/Expressionism \"Expressionism\"). As the leader of the National Socialist German Students' League of Berlin he organised an exhibition in [Humboldt University of Berlin](/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin \"Humboldt University of Berlin\") for expressionist painters, for which he was vehemently attacked by the Nazi ideologist [Alfred Rosenberg](/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg \"Alfred Rosenberg\").",
"In 1932, Hippler was expelled from the [University of Berlin](/wiki/University_of_Berlin \"University of Berlin\") for participating in violent Nazi rallies. On 19 April 1933, the new [National Socialist Education Minister](/wiki/National_Socialist_Education_Minister \"National Socialist Education Minister\") [Bernhard Rust](/wiki/Bernhard_Rust \"Bernhard Rust\") repealed any disciplinary actions against students associated with the NSDAP, thus reinstating Hippler.",
"On 22 May 1933, he gave a speech initiating a march from the student house in the [Oranienburger Straße](/wiki/Oranienburger_Stra%C3%9Fe \"Oranienburger Straße\") to [Opera Square](/wiki/Opera_Square \"Opera Square\") with [books which were then burned](/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings \"Nazi book burnings\").",
"In June 1933 Hippler participated in a violent rally opposite the stock exchange, against [Alfred Hugenberg](/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg \"Alfred Hugenberg\") then [minister of finance](/wiki/Minister_of_finance \"Minister of finance\") and still Hitler's rival, calling Hitler to disavow him and remove him from power.",
"Hippler was later involved in a dispute over the direction of arts policy. He was satisfied with the anti\\-Jewish orientation of the arts policy and the consequent banishment of that art from museums and art dealers who had been created by Jews. However, in July 1933 at a rally of the National Socialist Student League in the lecture hall of the Berlin University, he criticised the harsh action of some Nazi circles against the German modern artists like [Emile Nolde](/wiki/Emile_Nolde \"Emile Nolde\") and [Barlach](/wiki/Barlach \"Barlach\"), the artists group [Die Brücke](/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke \"Die Brücke\"), which was propagated by elements of the Nazi leadership as part of efforts against the [Degenerate Art](/wiki/Degenerate_Art \"Degenerate Art\"). Although [Goebbels](/wiki/Goebbels \"Goebbels\") was a lover of Nolde, this direction after a word of argument was in favour of the more radical of Hitler's National Socialists, whose spokesman was [Alfred Rosenberg](/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg \"Alfred Rosenberg\") and his [Combat League for German Culture](/wiki/Kampfbund_f%C3%BCr_Deutsche_Kultur \"Kampfbund für Deutsche Kultur\").",
"Fritz Hippler earned his [PhD](/wiki/PhD \"PhD\") in 1934 at the [Heidelberg University](/wiki/Heidelberg_University \"Heidelberg University\") with [Arnold Bergstraesser](/wiki/Arnold_Bergstraesser \"Arnold Bergstraesser\") and a dissertation titled \"State and Society in the Thinking of [John Stuart Mill](/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill \"John Stuart Mill\"), [Karl Marx](/wiki/Karl_Marx \"Karl Marx\"), and [Paul de Lagarde](/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde \"Paul de Lagarde\"). A contribution to the sociological thinking of the present time\".German title:„Staat und Gesellschaft im Denken von John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx und Paul de Lagarde. Ein Beitrag zum soziologischen Denken der Gegenwart“. Source: [Michaela Rethmeier](/wiki/Michaela_Rethmeier \"Michaela Rethmeier\"): Die Funktion und Bedeutung Fritz Hipplers für das Filmschaffen im „Dritten Reich“. Page 93 (dissertation, [University of Münster](/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster \"University of Münster\"), 2006\\)",
""
] |
Biography and works
-------------------
During the [German occupation of Poland](/wiki/History_of_Poland_%281939-1945%29 "History of Poland (1939-1945)") in World War II, Ficowski who lived in [Włochy](/wiki/W%C5%82ochy "Włochy") near Warsaw was a member of the [Polish resistance](/wiki/Polish_resistance_in_the_Second_World_War "Polish resistance in the Second World War"). He was a member of the [Home Army](/wiki/Home_Army "Home Army") (Armia Krajowa, AK), was imprisoned in the infamous [Pawiak](/wiki/Pawiak "Pawiak") and took part in the [Warsaw Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising "Warsaw Uprising") of 1944\. His codename was *Wrak* and he fought in [Mokotów](/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w "Mokotów") region. Following the [Warsaw Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising "Warsaw Uprising"), Ficowski entered a camp with other survivors of the battle.
After the war, Ficowski returned to Warsaw and enrolled at the university in order to study philosophy and sociology. There he published his first volume of poetry, *Ołowiani żołnierze* (The Tin Soldiers, 1948\). This volume reflected the [Stalinist](/wiki/Stalinist "Stalinist") atmosphere of the [early postwar Poland](/wiki/History_of_Poland_%281945-1989%29 "History of Poland (1945-1989)"), in which heroes of the Armia Krajowa Warsaw Uprising were treated with suspicion at best, arrested and executed at worst, together with the sense of a new city arising from the ashes of the old.
His early works show the influence of [Julian Tuwim](/wiki/Julian_Tuwim "Julian Tuwim"). Later he became interested in the poems of the [interwar period](/wiki/History_of_Poland_%281918-1939%29 "History of Poland (1918-1939)"), with elements of [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy "Fantasy") and [grotesque](/wiki/Grotesque "Grotesque"). In the later period his poems reflected various moral and social aspects of life in the [People's Republic of Poland](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland "People's Republic of Poland").
From 1948 to 1950 Ficowski chose to travel with Polish [Gypsies](/wiki/Romani_people "Romani people") and came to write several volumes on or inspired by the Roma way of life, including *Amulety i defilacje* (Amulets and Definitions, 1960\) and *Cyganie na polskich drogach* (Gypsies on the Polish Roads, 1965\). He was the member of the [Gypsy Lore Society](/wiki/Gypsy_Lore_Society "Gypsy Lore Society") and translated the poems of [Bronisława Wajs](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82awa_Wajs "Bronisława Wajs") (*Papusza*). He was interested in many aspects of international poetry. He translated the poems of the [Spanish](/wiki/Spain "Spain") poet, [Federico García Lorca](/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca "Federico García Lorca"), and he was also a known specialist of [Jewish folklore](/wiki/Jewish_folklore "Jewish folklore") and [Modern Hebrew poetry](/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry "Modern Hebrew poetry"), becoming an editor of the Jewish poem anthology *Rodzynki z migdałami* (Raisins with Almonds, 1964\).
Ficowski devoted many years of his life to the study of the life and works of [Bruno Schulz](/wiki/Bruno_Schulz "Bruno Schulz"), and in 1967 published the first edition of what is considered the definitive biography of him, entitled *Regions of the Great Heresy*. He received the award of the Polish [Pen Club](/wiki/Pen_Club "Pen Club") in 1977\. His 1979 collection of poems, *A Reading of Ashes*, has been called the most moving account of the [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust "Holocaust") written by a non\-Jew.<https://web.archive.org/web/20060921002300/http://www.traktor.cz/twisted/ficowski.html>
As a consequence of his signing, in 1975, of the [letter of 59](/wiki/Letter_of_59 "Letter of 59"), practically all of Ficowski's writings had become banned in Poland for the remainder of the decade, and only the emergence of [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 "Solidarity (Polish trade union)") in the early 1980s has brought his works back to Poland's bookshelves. Both his prose and poems continued to be widely translated in [the West](/wiki/Western_world "Western world"). He was active in the opposition movement, and was a member of the [Workers' Defence Committee](/wiki/Workers%27_Defence_Committee "Workers' Defence Committee") (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR) and subsequently of the [Committee for Social Self\-defence KOR](/wiki/Committee_for_Social_Self-defence_KOR "Committee for Social Self-defence KOR").
Under the communist regime he had urged his fellow writers to voice their concerns over [censorship](/wiki/Censorship "Censorship") and the suppression of workers. His most public statement was a letter to the Writers Union in which he said, "I do not believe deeply in the immediate effectiveness of letters to the government, but even less do I believe in the effectiveness of silence."
Following the [fall of communism](/wiki/Fall_of_communism "Fall of communism"), liberalisation of Poland and its breaking with the [Soviet bloc](/wiki/Soviet_bloc "Soviet bloc"), Ficowski continued to write and translate works from languages as diverse as [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language") and [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language"), not to mention the Yiddish and [Roma languages](/wiki/Roma_language "Roma language") that had always fascinated him.
|
[
"Biography and works\n-------------------",
"During the [German occupation of Poland](/wiki/History_of_Poland_%281939-1945%29 \"History of Poland (1939-1945)\") in World War II, Ficowski who lived in [Włochy](/wiki/W%C5%82ochy \"Włochy\") near Warsaw was a member of the [Polish resistance](/wiki/Polish_resistance_in_the_Second_World_War \"Polish resistance in the Second World War\"). He was a member of the [Home Army](/wiki/Home_Army \"Home Army\") (Armia Krajowa, AK), was imprisoned in the infamous [Pawiak](/wiki/Pawiak \"Pawiak\") and took part in the [Warsaw Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising \"Warsaw Uprising\") of 1944\\. His codename was *Wrak* and he fought in [Mokotów](/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w \"Mokotów\") region. Following the [Warsaw Uprising](/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising \"Warsaw Uprising\"), Ficowski entered a camp with other survivors of the battle.",
"After the war, Ficowski returned to Warsaw and enrolled at the university in order to study philosophy and sociology. There he published his first volume of poetry, *Ołowiani żołnierze* (The Tin Soldiers, 1948\\). This volume reflected the [Stalinist](/wiki/Stalinist \"Stalinist\") atmosphere of the [early postwar Poland](/wiki/History_of_Poland_%281945-1989%29 \"History of Poland (1945-1989)\"), in which heroes of the Armia Krajowa Warsaw Uprising were treated with suspicion at best, arrested and executed at worst, together with the sense of a new city arising from the ashes of the old.",
"His early works show the influence of [Julian Tuwim](/wiki/Julian_Tuwim \"Julian Tuwim\"). Later he became interested in the poems of the [interwar period](/wiki/History_of_Poland_%281918-1939%29 \"History of Poland (1918-1939)\"), with elements of [fantasy](/wiki/Fantasy \"Fantasy\") and [grotesque](/wiki/Grotesque \"Grotesque\"). In the later period his poems reflected various moral and social aspects of life in the [People's Republic of Poland](/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland \"People's Republic of Poland\").",
"From 1948 to 1950 Ficowski chose to travel with Polish [Gypsies](/wiki/Romani_people \"Romani people\") and came to write several volumes on or inspired by the Roma way of life, including *Amulety i defilacje* (Amulets and Definitions, 1960\\) and *Cyganie na polskich drogach* (Gypsies on the Polish Roads, 1965\\). He was the member of the [Gypsy Lore Society](/wiki/Gypsy_Lore_Society \"Gypsy Lore Society\") and translated the poems of [Bronisława Wajs](/wiki/Bronis%C5%82awa_Wajs \"Bronisława Wajs\") (*Papusza*). He was interested in many aspects of international poetry. He translated the poems of the [Spanish](/wiki/Spain \"Spain\") poet, [Federico García Lorca](/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca \"Federico García Lorca\"), and he was also a known specialist of [Jewish folklore](/wiki/Jewish_folklore \"Jewish folklore\") and [Modern Hebrew poetry](/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry \"Modern Hebrew poetry\"), becoming an editor of the Jewish poem anthology *Rodzynki z migdałami* (Raisins with Almonds, 1964\\).",
"Ficowski devoted many years of his life to the study of the life and works of [Bruno Schulz](/wiki/Bruno_Schulz \"Bruno Schulz\"), and in 1967 published the first edition of what is considered the definitive biography of him, entitled *Regions of the Great Heresy*. He received the award of the Polish [Pen Club](/wiki/Pen_Club \"Pen Club\") in 1977\\. His 1979 collection of poems, *A Reading of Ashes*, has been called the most moving account of the [Holocaust](/wiki/Holocaust \"Holocaust\") written by a non\\-Jew.<https://web.archive.org/web/20060921002300/http://www.traktor.cz/twisted/ficowski.html>",
"As a consequence of his signing, in 1975, of the [letter of 59](/wiki/Letter_of_59 \"Letter of 59\"), practically all of Ficowski's writings had become banned in Poland for the remainder of the decade, and only the emergence of [Solidarity](/wiki/Solidarity_%28Polish_trade_union%29 \"Solidarity (Polish trade union)\") in the early 1980s has brought his works back to Poland's bookshelves. Both his prose and poems continued to be widely translated in [the West](/wiki/Western_world \"Western world\"). He was active in the opposition movement, and was a member of the [Workers' Defence Committee](/wiki/Workers%27_Defence_Committee \"Workers' Defence Committee\") (Komitet Obrony Robotników, KOR) and subsequently of the [Committee for Social Self\\-defence KOR](/wiki/Committee_for_Social_Self-defence_KOR \"Committee for Social Self-defence KOR\").",
"Under the communist regime he had urged his fellow writers to voice their concerns over [censorship](/wiki/Censorship \"Censorship\") and the suppression of workers. His most public statement was a letter to the Writers Union in which he said, \"I do not believe deeply in the immediate effectiveness of letters to the government, but even less do I believe in the effectiveness of silence.\"",
"Following the [fall of communism](/wiki/Fall_of_communism \"Fall of communism\"), liberalisation of Poland and its breaking with the [Soviet bloc](/wiki/Soviet_bloc \"Soviet bloc\"), Ficowski continued to write and translate works from languages as diverse as [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\") and [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language \"Romanian language\"), not to mention the Yiddish and [Roma languages](/wiki/Roma_language \"Roma language\") that had always fascinated him.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Military Airport
Airport construction started in May 1929 to serve as a training facility for the first Polish civilian pilot training school.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2023}}
In April 1932, it was handed over to the Ministry of Military Affairs (the equivalent of the Polish [Ministry of National Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland") at the time), which expanded the facility by buying more land; building [hangars](/wiki/Hangar "Hangar"), [barracks](/wiki/Barracks "Barracks") and a [shooting range](/wiki/Shooting_range "Shooting range"); and started training military pilots and [paratroopers](/wiki/Paratrooper "Paratrooper").
Training continued until [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II").
During the War's first days, German forces bombed the airport, destroying aircraft and hangars and causing the personnel to evacuate. During the occupation of Poland, the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe "Luftwaffe") used it for training and preparation of German pilots for battle on the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 "Eastern Front (World War II)"). By the end of the war, the airport was mined and heavily damaged. The Polish military returned to Sadków in March 1945 and since then pilot training has continued until today.{{cite web\|url\=http://radom.gazeta.pl/radom/1,48201,11565442,Fascynujaca\_historia\_wojskowego\_lotniska\_na\_Sadkowie.html\|title\=Wyborcza.pl\|website\=radom.gazeta.pl}}
### Regional Airport 2014\-2018
On 30 June 2006,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.lotnisko\-radom.eu/bip/\|title\=Port Lotniczy Radom SA \- Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej\|website\=www.lotnisko\-radom.eu}} [Gmina](/wiki/Gmina "Gmina") Radom established Port Lotniczy Radom S.A. with a 22 million [zloty](/wiki/Polish_zloty "Polish zloty") budget to prepare Radom\-Sadków for civilian operations. It became the airport operator on 24 January 2007\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.facebook.com/lotniskoradom/info\|title\=Port Lotniczy Radom\|website\=www.facebook.com}} At the end of January 2011, a free\-lease agreement for a {{convert\|125\|ha\|acre sqmi}} civilian and military joint use airport area was signed.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lotnisko\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,22 \|title\=Umowa użyczenia terenów podpisana \- Lotnisko Radom \|accessdate\=2016\-01\-12 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160852/http://www.lotnisko\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,22 \|archivedate\=2015\-04\-02 }}
In September that year, the Polish [Civil Aviation Office](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Office "Civil Aviation Office") issued a permit for civilian operations after fulfilling [Chicago Convention](/wiki/Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation "Convention on International Civil Aviation") requirements.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lotnisko\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,29 \|title\=Strona główna \|accessdate\=2016\-01\-12 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123533/http://www.lotnisko\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,29 \|archivedate\=2016\-03\-04 }}
In January 2012, works on an [airport lighting](/wiki/Airport%23Lighting "Airport#Lighting") project commenced.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lotnisko\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,33 \|title\=Strona główna \|accessdate\=2016\-01\-12 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194633/http://www.lotnisko\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,33 \|archivedate\=2016\-03\-04 }}
In July 2012, the airport has acquired the former Terminal 2 building of [Łódź Airport](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont_Airport "Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport") together with all its equipment for 2 mln zł.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lotnisko\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,46 \|title\=Strona główna \|accessdate\=2016\-01\-12 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130814/http://www.lotnisko\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,46 \|archivedate\=2016\-03\-04 }} Its re\-assembly started in January 2013 and was completed in March 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://dlapilota.pl/wiadomosci/polska/radom\-terminal\-juz\-gotowy\|title\=Radom: Terminal już gotowy\|publisher\=}} It is able to serve two [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 "Boeing 737") or [Airbus A320](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family "Airbus A320 family") class aircraft at the same time.
Radom city council adapted the military airport in Sadków to serve domestic and international flights and was issued with a civilian airport certificate by the [Civil Aviation Office](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Office "Civil Aviation Office") in May 2014\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.pasazer.com/news/12990/lotnisko,radom,z,certyfikatem.html\|title\=Pasazer.com: Lotnisko Radom z certyfikatem\|website\=Pasazer.com}}
The [Polish Air Navigation Services Agency](/wiki/PANSA "PANSA") installed a [DVOR](/wiki/DVOR "DVOR")/[DME](/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment "Distance measuring equipment") navigation system at the airport in December 2014\.
#### Initial scheduled operations
[thumb\|Check\-in counters](/wiki/File:Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal_3.jpg "Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal 3.jpg")
[thumb\|Security screening area](/wiki/File:Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal_1.jpg "Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal 1.jpg")
[thumb\|Departure gate area](/wiki/File:Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal_2.jpg "Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal 2.jpg")
[thumb\|A [LOT Polish Airlines](/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines "LOT Polish Airlines") [Boeing 737 MAX 8](/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX_8 "Boeing 737 MAX 8") on the apron.](/wiki/File:Lotnisko_warszawa-radom.jpg "Lotnisko warszawa-radom.jpg")
In May 2015, one year after the certification, [AirBaltic](/wiki/AirBaltic "AirBaltic") was the first airline to announce scheduled flights from Radom. The Latvian carrier scheduled three weekly flights to its home base in [Riga](/wiki/Riga_Airport "Riga Airport") with [Bombardier Q400](/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8 "Bombardier Dash 8"), starting on September 1\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.airbaltic.com/en/airbaltic\-to\-launch\-direct\-service\-from\-riga\-to\-radom\|title\=airBaltic to Launch Direct Service from Riga to Radom \- airBaltic\|website\=www.airbaltic.com}}
[Czech Airlines](/wiki/Czech_Airlines "Czech Airlines") was the second carrier to announce flights out of Radom in July 2015\. The airline filed three\-weekly flights from Radom to its hub in [Prague](/wiki/Prague_Airport "Prague Airport") using [ATR 42](/wiki/ATR_42 "ATR 42") aircraft starting on 18 September.{{cn\|date\=May 2024}}
Both carriers commenced the flights as planned. Loads were very low. Overall, the airport handled some 220 passengers in September, equal to six travelers on each flight.{{cite web \|last1\=Mózgowiec \|first1\=Karolina \|title\=Co dalej z lotniskiem w Radomiu? Czeski przewoźnik zawiesił połączenia \|url\=https://www.polskieradio.pl/42/3168/Artykul/1534496,Co\-dalej\-z\-lotniskiem\-w\-Radomiu\-Czeski\-przewoznik\-zawiesil\-polaczenia \|website\=PolskieRadio.pl \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=22 October 2015}}
Czech Airlines decided to discontinue its flights from and to Radom with effect of late October, that had an average load of three passengers. The suspension was officially caused by the lack of de\-icing equipment.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rynekinfrastruktury.pl/wiadomosci/radom\-czesi\-wracaja\-do\-gry\-52155\.html\|title\=Radom: Czesi wracają do gry?\|publisher\=}}
airBaltic followed and announced on short notice to cancel its services and end its co\-operation with the airport from November 18 onwards. According to Wyborcza, flights to Riga even got surpassed by flights on the Prague route in terms of success.{{cite web\|url\=http://radom.wyborcza.pl/radom/1,48201,19175362,pilne\-air\-baltic\-wycofuje\-sie\-z\-lotow\-do\-radomia.html\|title\=Wyborcza.pl\|website\=radom.wyborcza.pl}}
airBaltic hereby left the airport without any scheduled flights less than just three months after they had begun.
#### Resumption of flights
On 11 December 2015, Polish press informed that flights to Prague out of Radom would already resume on 20 December. Initially, the carrier would offer one rotation on Saturdays, before adding a second rotation on Fridays from 8 January. On 1 February, thrice\-weekly frequency on Mondays were started.{{cite web \|last1\=Golianek \|first1\=Piotr \|title\=CSA: Radom \- Praga reaktywacja! \|url\=https://www.pasazer.com/news/28696/csa,radom,praga,reaktywacja.html \|website\=Pasazer.com \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=10 December 2015}} Flights were chartered through Radom and were due to operate with an [ATR 42](/wiki/ATR_42 "ATR 42") and [72](/wiki/ATR_72 "ATR 72").{{cite web \|title\=Czech Airlines checks into Radom \|url\=https://www.anna.aero/2015/09/28/czech\-airlines\-checks\-radom/ \|website\=anna.aero \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|date\=28 September 2015}} Instead of a direct flight, the connection was operated as an add\-on to Czech Airline's existing services to Ostrava, meaning that the plane would make a brief stop in Ostrava on both directions. The distance between Radom an Ostrava is 180 miles while the route from Ostrava and Prague is 174 miles, adding up to 354 miles. In comparison, the direct line between Radom and Prague is 317 miles long.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P\=RDO\-OSR\-PRG,\+RDO\-PRG\&DU\=mi\|title\=Great Circle Mapper\|website\=www.gcmap.com}} Flights between Ostrava and Radom alone were not put on sale.
Operations commenced as scheduled. The first service saw an occupation of the passengers to Radom while there were no travelers on the return flight. The agreement only was valid until 22 February with an extension possible in case of success. No extension was made.{{cite web \|last1\=Urbaniak \|first1\=Justyna \|title\=Radom z planem na nowe inwestycje \|url\=https://www.rynekinfrastruktury.pl/wiadomosci/radom\-z\-planem\-na\-nowe\-inwestycje\-52281\.html \|website\=www.rynekinfrastruktury.pl \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl\-PL \|date\=23 December 2015}}
The airport was thereby left again without any scheduled flights by 22 February 2016\.
#### SprintAir revives airport 2016; leaves again 2017
On 26 February 2016, Polish regional airline SprintAir announced it would commence operations from Radom in collaboration with the airport. From 18 April, the carrier based one Saab 340 aircraft at Radom Airport for flights to [Berlin Tegel](/wiki/Berlin_Tegel_Airport "Berlin Tegel Airport"), [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa_Airport "Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport"), [Prague](/wiki/Prague_Vaclav_Havel_Airport "Prague Vaclav Havel Airport") and [Wroclaw](/wiki/Wroclaw_International_Airport "Wroclaw International Airport"). All routes were being served twice\-weekly with the exception of Gdansk which had one rotation a week. Fares on domestic flights started at 99 PLN per direction, and 149 PLN on international routes.{{cite web \|last1\=Cybulak \|first1\=Paweł \|title\=Sprint Air poleci z Radomia. Aż cztery nowe kierunki \|url\=https://www.pasazer.com/news/29374/sprint,air,poleci,z,radomia,az,cztery,nowe,kierunki.html \|website\=Pasazer.com \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=26 February 2016}}
The contract was extended on 25 May to also cover flights from 20 June on with a changed schedule. All four destinations were kept, although Prague operations were reduced to once per week.{{cite web \|title\=Port Lotniczy Radom. Sprint Air częściej poleci do Wrocławia i do Gdańska \|url\=https://radom.wyborcza.pl/radom/7,48201,20136741,port\-lotniczy\-radom\-sprint\-air\-czesciej\-poleci\-do\-wroclawia.html \|website\=radom.wyborcza.pl \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=25 May 2016}} From 23 June, there were two flights per week to Lviv airport.{{cite web \|title\=Koniec złej passy lotniska w Radomiu. Ruszają nowe połączenia \|url\=https://forsal.pl/artykuly/950713,koniec\-zlej\-passy\-lotniska\-w\-radomiu\-ruszaja\-nowe\-polaczenia.html \|website\=forsal.pl \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=9 June 2016}}
All remaining SprintAir flights were terminated on 30 October 2017, after the two parties could not agree on a further extension of their agreement. Thereby, the airport again was left without any scheduled flights. The airport stated it was in talks with other airlines and the airport would be left open.{{cite web \|last1\=Walków \|first1\=Marcin \|title\="Okno na świat z wybitymi szybami". Co dalej z lotniskiem w Radomiu? \|url\=https://businessinsider.com.pl/finanse/makroekonomia/czy\-lotnisko\-w\-radomiu\-zostanie\-zamkniete/gmmyxr8 \|website\=Businessinsider \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=31 October 2017}} However, the local airport never again saw scheduled passenger operations.
On 1 January 2019, Radom airport closed for good in order to allow for the construction of the new Warsaw\-Radom airport.{{cite web \|title\=Lotnisko w Radomiu zamknięte dla samolotów cywilnych \|url\=https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/artykuly/1389899,lotnisko\-w\-radomiu\-zamkniete\-dla\-samolotow\-cywilnych.html \|website\=www.gazetaprawna.pl \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=1 January 2019}} Demolition of existing terminal and other facilities started in May 2019, as the area would be used for the new airport. Thereby, the local airport ceased to exist after only a very few years of existence. Over the time, the local government had poured substantial budget into both developing and operating the loss\-making facility as well to fund short\-lived scheduled flight connections that were commercially unviable.{{cite web \|last1\=Ceglarz \|first1\=Jakub \|title\=Rozbiórka lotniska w Radomiu dobiega końca. Teraz czas na budowę \|url\=https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/rozbiorka\-lotniska\-w\-radomiu\-dobiega\-konca\-teraz\-czas\-na\-budowe\-6402048946440321a.html \|website\=www.money.pl \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl\-PL \|date\=13 July 2019}}
### Warsaw\-Radom Low\-Cost Airport
Despite the failed establishment a successful regional airport, the premises soon saw an integral redevelopment as government\-owned Polish Airports State Enterprise (PPL) decided to rebuild the airport as the new low\-cost airport of Warsaw. It is important to note, that PPL did not hold any shares in the previous Radom regional airport despite owning and operating the largest airport in the country, [Warsaw Chopin](/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport "Warsaw Chopin Airport"), and having substantial shares in all other civil passenger airports in Poland. The previous commercial passenger traffic attempts were entirely funded and by the regional government.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2022}}
The development of the new low\-cost airport included the demolishing of the previous terminal and passenger infrastructure as the entire site was redeveloped from scratch and the runway was rebuilt together with further airport facilities. The airport demolition and rebuilding will provide the newly redone airport with the following infrastructure:{{citation needed\|date\=September 2022}}
* One [pier terminal](/wiki/Airport_terminal%23Pier "Airport terminal#Pier") without [jetways](/wiki/Jetways "Jetways") with 11 aircraft stands
* Runway extension from the current 2000 meters to 2500 meters (6560 ft to 8202 ft)
* Upgrade of the parallel taxiway to be capable of handling commercial traffic
#### Project and opposition
The city of Warsaw is served by two airports:
* [Warsaw Chopin Airport](/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport "Warsaw Chopin Airport"); the main airport located within the city within densely populated area. Handles chiefly legacy airline traffic and freight.
* [Warsaw Modlin Airport](/wiki/Warsaw_Modlin_Airport "Warsaw Modlin Airport"); the secondary airfield of Warsaw, almost exclusively used by [Ryanair](/wiki/Ryanair "Ryanair"), is a former Cold War\-era airbase converted into Warsaw's current low\-cost/alternative airport.
In November 2017, the Polish government approved plans to replace Chopin Airport with an entirely new airport, the [New Central Polish Airport](/wiki/New_Central_Polish_Airport "New Central Polish Airport"). With an anticipated construction time of ten years and budgeted cost of USD 9\.6bn, it is to become one of Europe’s largest airport sites. Its capacity is to reach up to 100 million passengers a year once fully developed.{{cite web \|last1\=Strzelecki \|first1\=Marek \|title\=Poland Approves Plan to Build $9\.6 Billion Central Airport \|url\=https://www.bqprime.com/politics/poland\-approves\-plan\-to\-build\-9\-6\-billion\-central\-airport \|website\=BQ Prime \|date\=7 November 2017 \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=en}}
Roughly at the same time, PPL decided to develop the site of Radom as a relief airport for crowded Chopin Airport.{{cite web \|last1\=Walków \|first1\=Marcin \|title\=Lotnisko Chopina chce postawić na Radom. Eksperci: to nie ma uzasadnienia biznesowego \|url\=https://businessinsider.com.pl/firmy/zarzadzanie/raport\-arup\-o\-lotniskach\-w\-modlinie\-i\-radomiu/2hkh1ln \|website\=Businessinsider \|access\-date\=4 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=7 April 2018}}
The plan and following decision to establish the site as a future relief airport for Warsaw was heavily criticized by the airlines intended to use the facility.{{cite web \|last1\=Lis \|first1\=Marcin \|title\=Linie lotnicze nie mają wątpliwości. Latanie z Radomia zagraża ich istnieniu \|url\=https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/linie\-lotnicze\-nie\-maja\-watpliwosci\-latanie\-z\-radomia\-zagraza\-ich\-istnieniu\-6364342861170817a.html \|website\=www.money.pl \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl\-PL \|date\=28 March 2019}}
#### Construction
Construction of the new site started in May 2019\. Initially, it was slated to open in late\-2020, but was delayed due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").{{cite web \|last1\=Ziomek \|first1\=Witold \|title\=Morawiecki na lotnisku w Radomiu: "Przełamujemy klątwę rzuconą na Radom" \|url\=https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/morawiecki\-na\-lotnisku\-w\-radomiu\-przelamujemy\-klatwe\-rzucona\-na\-radom\-6378419538318977a.html \|website\=www.money.pl \|access\-date\=6 October 2022 \|language\=pl\-PL \|date\=7 May 2019}} The construction of the terminal building officially ended in August 2022\. The total cost of the new facilities is 800 million [zloty](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty "Polish złoty").{{cite web \|last1\=Walków \|first1\=Marcin \|title\=Za 800 mln zł zbudowali nowe lotnisko w Radomiu. "Będzie potrzebować dekad, żeby stać się rentownym portem" \|url\=https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/za\-800\-mln\-zl\-zbudowali\-nowe\-lotnisko\-w\-radomiu\-bedzie\-potrzebowac\-dekad\-zeby\-stac\-sie\-rentownym\-portem\-6807337738340864a.html \|website\=www.money.pl \|access\-date\=4 October 2022 \|language\=pl\-PL \|date\=4 September 2022}}
Warsaw Radom Airport opened on April 27, 2023\.
#### Name
The airport's official name Lotnisko Warszawa\-Radom im. Bohaterów Radomskiego Czerwca 1976 Roku (eng. Heroes of Radom's June 1976 Warsaw Radom Airport), in honor of [June 1976 events](/wiki/June_1976_protests%23Events_in_Radom "June 1976 protests#Events in Radom"),{{cite web \|last1\=Loga\-Sowiński \|first1\=Krzysztof \|title\=Czy nadawanie imion lotniskom ma sens? \|url\=https://www.pasazer.com/news/41365/czy,nadawanie,imion,lotniskom,ma,sens.html \|website\=Pasazer.com \|access\-date\=4 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=16 May 2019}} was unveiled on May 7, 2019\.{{cite web \|title\=Premier o rozbudowie lotniska w Radomiu: "Przystępujemy do wielkiego, rozwojowego zadania" \|url\=https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/premier\-o\-rozbudowie\-lotniska\-w\-radomiu\-przystepujemy\-do\-wielkiego\-rozwojowego/l7lmqq4 \|website\=Businessinsider \|access\-date\=4 October 2022 \|language\=pl \|date\=7 May 2019}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Military Airport",
"Airport construction started in May 1929 to serve as a training facility for the first Polish civilian pilot training school.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2023}}\nIn April 1932, it was handed over to the Ministry of Military Affairs (the equivalent of the Polish [Ministry of National Defence](/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Poland \"Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland\") at the time), which expanded the facility by buying more land; building [hangars](/wiki/Hangar \"Hangar\"), [barracks](/wiki/Barracks \"Barracks\") and a [shooting range](/wiki/Shooting_range \"Shooting range\"); and started training military pilots and [paratroopers](/wiki/Paratrooper \"Paratrooper\").\nTraining continued until [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\").",
"During the War's first days, German forces bombed the airport, destroying aircraft and hangars and causing the personnel to evacuate. During the occupation of Poland, the [Luftwaffe](/wiki/Luftwaffe \"Luftwaffe\") used it for training and preparation of German pilots for battle on the [Eastern Front](/wiki/Eastern_Front_%28World_War_II%29 \"Eastern Front (World War II)\"). By the end of the war, the airport was mined and heavily damaged. The Polish military returned to Sadków in March 1945 and since then pilot training has continued until today.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://radom.gazeta.pl/radom/1,48201,11565442,Fascynujaca\\_historia\\_wojskowego\\_lotniska\\_na\\_Sadkowie.html\\|title\\=Wyborcza.pl\\|website\\=radom.gazeta.pl}}",
"### Regional Airport 2014\\-2018",
"On 30 June 2006,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu/bip/\\|title\\=Port Lotniczy Radom SA \\- Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej\\|website\\=www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu}} [Gmina](/wiki/Gmina \"Gmina\") Radom established Port Lotniczy Radom S.A. with a 22 million [zloty](/wiki/Polish_zloty \"Polish zloty\") budget to prepare Radom\\-Sadków for civilian operations. It became the airport operator on 24 January 2007\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.facebook.com/lotniskoradom/info\\|title\\=Port Lotniczy Radom\\|website\\=www.facebook.com}} At the end of January 2011, a free\\-lease agreement for a {{convert\\|125\\|ha\\|acre sqmi}} civilian and military joint use airport area was signed.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,22 \\|title\\=Umowa użyczenia terenów podpisana \\- Lotnisko Radom \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-01\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160852/http://www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,22 \\|archivedate\\=2015\\-04\\-02 }}\nIn September that year, the Polish [Civil Aviation Office](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Office \"Civil Aviation Office\") issued a permit for civilian operations after fulfilling [Chicago Convention](/wiki/Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation \"Convention on International Civil Aviation\") requirements.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,29 \\|title\\=Strona główna \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-01\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123533/http://www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,29 \\|archivedate\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }}\nIn January 2012, works on an [airport lighting](/wiki/Airport%23Lighting \"Airport#Lighting\") project commenced.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,33 \\|title\\=Strona główna \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-01\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194633/http://www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,33 \\|archivedate\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }}",
"In July 2012, the airport has acquired the former Terminal 2 building of [Łódź Airport](/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont_Airport \"Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport\") together with all its equipment for 2 mln zł.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,46 \\|title\\=Strona główna \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-01\\-12 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130814/http://www.lotnisko\\-radom.eu/pl/aktualnosci,2,46 \\|archivedate\\=2016\\-03\\-04 }} Its re\\-assembly started in January 2013 and was completed in March 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://dlapilota.pl/wiadomosci/polska/radom\\-terminal\\-juz\\-gotowy\\|title\\=Radom: Terminal już gotowy\\|publisher\\=}} It is able to serve two [Boeing 737](/wiki/Boeing_737 \"Boeing 737\") or [Airbus A320](/wiki/Airbus_A320_family \"Airbus A320 family\") class aircraft at the same time.",
"Radom city council adapted the military airport in Sadków to serve domestic and international flights and was issued with a civilian airport certificate by the [Civil Aviation Office](/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Office \"Civil Aviation Office\") in May 2014\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.pasazer.com/news/12990/lotnisko,radom,z,certyfikatem.html\\|title\\=Pasazer.com: Lotnisko Radom z certyfikatem\\|website\\=Pasazer.com}}",
"The [Polish Air Navigation Services Agency](/wiki/PANSA \"PANSA\") installed a [DVOR](/wiki/DVOR \"DVOR\")/[DME](/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment \"Distance measuring equipment\") navigation system at the airport in December 2014\\.",
"#### Initial scheduled operations",
"[thumb\\|Check\\-in counters](/wiki/File:Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal_3.jpg \"Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal 3.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Security screening area](/wiki/File:Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal_1.jpg \"Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal 1.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Departure gate area](/wiki/File:Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal_2.jpg \"Lotnisko-radom-warszawa-terminal 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A [LOT Polish Airlines](/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines \"LOT Polish Airlines\") [Boeing 737 MAX 8](/wiki/Boeing_737_MAX_8 \"Boeing 737 MAX 8\") on the apron.](/wiki/File:Lotnisko_warszawa-radom.jpg \"Lotnisko warszawa-radom.jpg\")\nIn May 2015, one year after the certification, [AirBaltic](/wiki/AirBaltic \"AirBaltic\") was the first airline to announce scheduled flights from Radom. The Latvian carrier scheduled three weekly flights to its home base in [Riga](/wiki/Riga_Airport \"Riga Airport\") with [Bombardier Q400](/wiki/Bombardier_Dash_8 \"Bombardier Dash 8\"), starting on September 1\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.airbaltic.com/en/airbaltic\\-to\\-launch\\-direct\\-service\\-from\\-riga\\-to\\-radom\\|title\\=airBaltic to Launch Direct Service from Riga to Radom \\- airBaltic\\|website\\=www.airbaltic.com}}",
"[Czech Airlines](/wiki/Czech_Airlines \"Czech Airlines\") was the second carrier to announce flights out of Radom in July 2015\\. The airline filed three\\-weekly flights from Radom to its hub in [Prague](/wiki/Prague_Airport \"Prague Airport\") using [ATR 42](/wiki/ATR_42 \"ATR 42\") aircraft starting on 18 September.{{cn\\|date\\=May 2024}}",
"Both carriers commenced the flights as planned. Loads were very low. Overall, the airport handled some 220 passengers in September, equal to six travelers on each flight.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Mózgowiec \\|first1\\=Karolina \\|title\\=Co dalej z lotniskiem w Radomiu? Czeski przewoźnik zawiesił połączenia \\|url\\=https://www.polskieradio.pl/42/3168/Artykul/1534496,Co\\-dalej\\-z\\-lotniskiem\\-w\\-Radomiu\\-Czeski\\-przewoznik\\-zawiesil\\-polaczenia \\|website\\=PolskieRadio.pl \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=22 October 2015}}\nCzech Airlines decided to discontinue its flights from and to Radom with effect of late October, that had an average load of three passengers. The suspension was officially caused by the lack of de\\-icing equipment.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rynekinfrastruktury.pl/wiadomosci/radom\\-czesi\\-wracaja\\-do\\-gry\\-52155\\.html\\|title\\=Radom: Czesi wracają do gry?\\|publisher\\=}}",
"airBaltic followed and announced on short notice to cancel its services and end its co\\-operation with the airport from November 18 onwards. According to Wyborcza, flights to Riga even got surpassed by flights on the Prague route in terms of success.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://radom.wyborcza.pl/radom/1,48201,19175362,pilne\\-air\\-baltic\\-wycofuje\\-sie\\-z\\-lotow\\-do\\-radomia.html\\|title\\=Wyborcza.pl\\|website\\=radom.wyborcza.pl}}",
"airBaltic hereby left the airport without any scheduled flights less than just three months after they had begun.",
"#### Resumption of flights",
"On 11 December 2015, Polish press informed that flights to Prague out of Radom would already resume on 20 December. Initially, the carrier would offer one rotation on Saturdays, before adding a second rotation on Fridays from 8 January. On 1 February, thrice\\-weekly frequency on Mondays were started.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Golianek \\|first1\\=Piotr \\|title\\=CSA: Radom \\- Praga reaktywacja! \\|url\\=https://www.pasazer.com/news/28696/csa,radom,praga,reaktywacja.html \\|website\\=Pasazer.com \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=10 December 2015}} Flights were chartered through Radom and were due to operate with an [ATR 42](/wiki/ATR_42 \"ATR 42\") and [72](/wiki/ATR_72 \"ATR 72\").{{cite web \\|title\\=Czech Airlines checks into Radom \\|url\\=https://www.anna.aero/2015/09/28/czech\\-airlines\\-checks\\-radom/ \\|website\\=anna.aero \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|date\\=28 September 2015}} Instead of a direct flight, the connection was operated as an add\\-on to Czech Airline's existing services to Ostrava, meaning that the plane would make a brief stop in Ostrava on both directions. The distance between Radom an Ostrava is 180 miles while the route from Ostrava and Prague is 174 miles, adding up to 354 miles. In comparison, the direct line between Radom and Prague is 317 miles long.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P\\=RDO\\-OSR\\-PRG,\\+RDO\\-PRG\\&DU\\=mi\\|title\\=Great Circle Mapper\\|website\\=www.gcmap.com}} Flights between Ostrava and Radom alone were not put on sale.",
"Operations commenced as scheduled. The first service saw an occupation of the passengers to Radom while there were no travelers on the return flight. The agreement only was valid until 22 February with an extension possible in case of success. No extension was made.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Urbaniak \\|first1\\=Justyna \\|title\\=Radom z planem na nowe inwestycje \\|url\\=https://www.rynekinfrastruktury.pl/wiadomosci/radom\\-z\\-planem\\-na\\-nowe\\-inwestycje\\-52281\\.html \\|website\\=www.rynekinfrastruktury.pl \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl\\-PL \\|date\\=23 December 2015}}",
"The airport was thereby left again without any scheduled flights by 22 February 2016\\.",
"#### SprintAir revives airport 2016; leaves again 2017",
"On 26 February 2016, Polish regional airline SprintAir announced it would commence operations from Radom in collaboration with the airport. From 18 April, the carrier based one Saab 340 aircraft at Radom Airport for flights to [Berlin Tegel](/wiki/Berlin_Tegel_Airport \"Berlin Tegel Airport\"), [Gdańsk](/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa_Airport \"Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport\"), [Prague](/wiki/Prague_Vaclav_Havel_Airport \"Prague Vaclav Havel Airport\") and [Wroclaw](/wiki/Wroclaw_International_Airport \"Wroclaw International Airport\"). All routes were being served twice\\-weekly with the exception of Gdansk which had one rotation a week. Fares on domestic flights started at 99 PLN per direction, and 149 PLN on international routes.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Cybulak \\|first1\\=Paweł \\|title\\=Sprint Air poleci z Radomia. Aż cztery nowe kierunki \\|url\\=https://www.pasazer.com/news/29374/sprint,air,poleci,z,radomia,az,cztery,nowe,kierunki.html \\|website\\=Pasazer.com \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=26 February 2016}}\nThe contract was extended on 25 May to also cover flights from 20 June on with a changed schedule. All four destinations were kept, although Prague operations were reduced to once per week.{{cite web \\|title\\=Port Lotniczy Radom. Sprint Air częściej poleci do Wrocławia i do Gdańska \\|url\\=https://radom.wyborcza.pl/radom/7,48201,20136741,port\\-lotniczy\\-radom\\-sprint\\-air\\-czesciej\\-poleci\\-do\\-wroclawia.html \\|website\\=radom.wyborcza.pl \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=25 May 2016}} From 23 June, there were two flights per week to Lviv airport.{{cite web \\|title\\=Koniec złej passy lotniska w Radomiu. Ruszają nowe połączenia \\|url\\=https://forsal.pl/artykuly/950713,koniec\\-zlej\\-passy\\-lotniska\\-w\\-radomiu\\-ruszaja\\-nowe\\-polaczenia.html \\|website\\=forsal.pl \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=9 June 2016}}",
"All remaining SprintAir flights were terminated on 30 October 2017, after the two parties could not agree on a further extension of their agreement. Thereby, the airport again was left without any scheduled flights. The airport stated it was in talks with other airlines and the airport would be left open.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Walków \\|first1\\=Marcin \\|title\\=\"Okno na świat z wybitymi szybami\". Co dalej z lotniskiem w Radomiu? \\|url\\=https://businessinsider.com.pl/finanse/makroekonomia/czy\\-lotnisko\\-w\\-radomiu\\-zostanie\\-zamkniete/gmmyxr8 \\|website\\=Businessinsider \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=31 October 2017}} However, the local airport never again saw scheduled passenger operations.",
"On 1 January 2019, Radom airport closed for good in order to allow for the construction of the new Warsaw\\-Radom airport.{{cite web \\|title\\=Lotnisko w Radomiu zamknięte dla samolotów cywilnych \\|url\\=https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/artykuly/1389899,lotnisko\\-w\\-radomiu\\-zamkniete\\-dla\\-samolotow\\-cywilnych.html \\|website\\=www.gazetaprawna.pl \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=1 January 2019}} Demolition of existing terminal and other facilities started in May 2019, as the area would be used for the new airport. Thereby, the local airport ceased to exist after only a very few years of existence. Over the time, the local government had poured substantial budget into both developing and operating the loss\\-making facility as well to fund short\\-lived scheduled flight connections that were commercially unviable.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ceglarz \\|first1\\=Jakub \\|title\\=Rozbiórka lotniska w Radomiu dobiega końca. Teraz czas na budowę \\|url\\=https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/rozbiorka\\-lotniska\\-w\\-radomiu\\-dobiega\\-konca\\-teraz\\-czas\\-na\\-budowe\\-6402048946440321a.html \\|website\\=www.money.pl \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl\\-PL \\|date\\=13 July 2019}}",
"### Warsaw\\-Radom Low\\-Cost Airport",
"Despite the failed establishment a successful regional airport, the premises soon saw an integral redevelopment as government\\-owned Polish Airports State Enterprise (PPL) decided to rebuild the airport as the new low\\-cost airport of Warsaw. It is important to note, that PPL did not hold any shares in the previous Radom regional airport despite owning and operating the largest airport in the country, [Warsaw Chopin](/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport \"Warsaw Chopin Airport\"), and having substantial shares in all other civil passenger airports in Poland. The previous commercial passenger traffic attempts were entirely funded and by the regional government.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2022}}",
"The development of the new low\\-cost airport included the demolishing of the previous terminal and passenger infrastructure as the entire site was redeveloped from scratch and the runway was rebuilt together with further airport facilities. The airport demolition and rebuilding will provide the newly redone airport with the following infrastructure:{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2022}}",
"* One [pier terminal](/wiki/Airport_terminal%23Pier \"Airport terminal#Pier\") without [jetways](/wiki/Jetways \"Jetways\") with 11 aircraft stands\n* Runway extension from the current 2000 meters to 2500 meters (6560 ft to 8202 ft)\n* Upgrade of the parallel taxiway to be capable of handling commercial traffic",
"#### Project and opposition",
"The city of Warsaw is served by two airports:\n* [Warsaw Chopin Airport](/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport \"Warsaw Chopin Airport\"); the main airport located within the city within densely populated area. Handles chiefly legacy airline traffic and freight.\n* [Warsaw Modlin Airport](/wiki/Warsaw_Modlin_Airport \"Warsaw Modlin Airport\"); the secondary airfield of Warsaw, almost exclusively used by [Ryanair](/wiki/Ryanair \"Ryanair\"), is a former Cold War\\-era airbase converted into Warsaw's current low\\-cost/alternative airport.",
"In November 2017, the Polish government approved plans to replace Chopin Airport with an entirely new airport, the [New Central Polish Airport](/wiki/New_Central_Polish_Airport \"New Central Polish Airport\"). With an anticipated construction time of ten years and budgeted cost of USD 9\\.6bn, it is to become one of Europe’s largest airport sites. Its capacity is to reach up to 100 million passengers a year once fully developed.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Strzelecki \\|first1\\=Marek \\|title\\=Poland Approves Plan to Build $9\\.6 Billion Central Airport \\|url\\=https://www.bqprime.com/politics/poland\\-approves\\-plan\\-to\\-build\\-9\\-6\\-billion\\-central\\-airport \\|website\\=BQ Prime \\|date\\=7 November 2017 \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=en}}",
"Roughly at the same time, PPL decided to develop the site of Radom as a relief airport for crowded Chopin Airport.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Walków \\|first1\\=Marcin \\|title\\=Lotnisko Chopina chce postawić na Radom. Eksperci: to nie ma uzasadnienia biznesowego \\|url\\=https://businessinsider.com.pl/firmy/zarzadzanie/raport\\-arup\\-o\\-lotniskach\\-w\\-modlinie\\-i\\-radomiu/2hkh1ln \\|website\\=Businessinsider \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=7 April 2018}}",
"The plan and following decision to establish the site as a future relief airport for Warsaw was heavily criticized by the airlines intended to use the facility.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Lis \\|first1\\=Marcin \\|title\\=Linie lotnicze nie mają wątpliwości. Latanie z Radomia zagraża ich istnieniu \\|url\\=https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/linie\\-lotnicze\\-nie\\-maja\\-watpliwosci\\-latanie\\-z\\-radomia\\-zagraza\\-ich\\-istnieniu\\-6364342861170817a.html \\|website\\=www.money.pl \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl\\-PL \\|date\\=28 March 2019}}",
"#### Construction",
"Construction of the new site started in May 2019\\. Initially, it was slated to open in late\\-2020, but was delayed due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Ziomek \\|first1\\=Witold \\|title\\=Morawiecki na lotnisku w Radomiu: \"Przełamujemy klątwę rzuconą na Radom\" \\|url\\=https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/morawiecki\\-na\\-lotnisku\\-w\\-radomiu\\-przelamujemy\\-klatwe\\-rzucona\\-na\\-radom\\-6378419538318977a.html \\|website\\=www.money.pl \\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl\\-PL \\|date\\=7 May 2019}} The construction of the terminal building officially ended in August 2022\\. The total cost of the new facilities is 800 million [zloty](/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty \"Polish złoty\").{{cite web \\|last1\\=Walków \\|first1\\=Marcin \\|title\\=Za 800 mln zł zbudowali nowe lotnisko w Radomiu. \"Będzie potrzebować dekad, żeby stać się rentownym portem\" \\|url\\=https://www.money.pl/gospodarka/za\\-800\\-mln\\-zl\\-zbudowali\\-nowe\\-lotnisko\\-w\\-radomiu\\-bedzie\\-potrzebowac\\-dekad\\-zeby\\-stac\\-sie\\-rentownym\\-portem\\-6807337738340864a.html \\|website\\=www.money.pl \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl\\-PL \\|date\\=4 September 2022}}\nWarsaw Radom Airport opened on April 27, 2023\\.",
"#### Name",
"The airport's official name Lotnisko Warszawa\\-Radom im. Bohaterów Radomskiego Czerwca 1976 Roku (eng. Heroes of Radom's June 1976 Warsaw Radom Airport), in honor of [June 1976 events](/wiki/June_1976_protests%23Events_in_Radom \"June 1976 protests#Events in Radom\"),{{cite web \\|last1\\=Loga\\-Sowiński \\|first1\\=Krzysztof \\|title\\=Czy nadawanie imion lotniskom ma sens? \\|url\\=https://www.pasazer.com/news/41365/czy,nadawanie,imion,lotniskom,ma,sens.html \\|website\\=Pasazer.com \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=16 May 2019}} was unveiled on May 7, 2019\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Premier o rozbudowie lotniska w Radomiu: \"Przystępujemy do wielkiego, rozwojowego zadania\" \\|url\\=https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/premier\\-o\\-rozbudowie\\-lotniska\\-w\\-radomiu\\-przystepujemy\\-do\\-wielkiego\\-rozwojowego/l7lmqq4 \\|website\\=Businessinsider \\|access\\-date\\=4 October 2022 \\|language\\=pl \\|date\\=7 May 2019}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early years
Kannur was born on 18 September 1909 on the day of [Ganesh Chaturthi](/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi "Ganesh Chaturthi") (Bhadrapad Shukla Chaturthi), in a [Deshastha Brahmin](/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin "Deshastha Brahmin") family{{sfn\|Dabade\|1998\|p\=99}} of Smt Saraswatibai \& Shrimant Shivrampant Kannur, in the small village Kannur,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi\=3 \|title\=Biography \|access\-date\=14 February 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712145353/http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi\=3 \|archive\-date\=12 July 2009 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=dmy\-all }} located in the [Bijapur district](/wiki/Bijapur_district%2C_Karnataka "Bijapur district, Karnataka") of Karnataka, India.
He had his primary and high\-school education in [Bijapur](/wiki/Bijapur%2C_Karnataka "Bijapur, Karnataka"). He graduated in 1932, earning a B.Sc. (mathematics and physics) degree from Fergusson College, Pune.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2019}}
### Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj
Since his early childhood days, Kannur had a great inclination towards spirituality. At the age of 13 he was blessed and initiated by [Sri S.S. Siddharameshwar Maharaj](/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj "Siddharameshwar Maharaj"), who also accepted him as his disciple and guided him to the path of self attainment.
Maharaj had given stringent directives to few of his selfless disciples: to wear ochre robes, to be devoted towards *[sadhana](/wiki/Sadhana "Sadhana")* and make it the sole objective of life, not to touch money, and live with only bare minimum necessities. The disciples chose the bank of river Krishna at Audumbar[Audumbar Sri Narasimha Saraswati](http://www.shreeswami.org/about-sri-nrisimha-narasimha-saraswati.htm), Shreeswami.org and carried out *[tapas](/wiki/Tapas "Tapas")* (penance) for a year, strictly as instructed.
### Further study
Even being a graduate he decided not to take any service or job and wowed for the bow of celibacy throughout his life as not to get entangled in materialistic life. Maharaj died in 1936\. After his death, Shri Ganapatrao Maharaj became firmly rooted in his doctrines, and studied the *Shrimad Dasbodh*, [Bhagavata](/wiki/Bhagavata "Bhagavata"), [Bhagavad\-Gita](/wiki/Bhagavad-Gita "Bhagavad-Gita") *[Upanishads](/wiki/Upanishads "Upanishads")* and other holy texts to attain the highest goal of his life \- self liberation and self attainment.
### Teaching others
He carried on the mantle passed to him by his [Sadguru](/wiki/Sadguru "Sadguru"), and strived for the uplifting of common people for 60 years. To carry forward his spiritual work he founded the Shanti Kuteer Ashram.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi\=3 \|title\=Biography of Shri S S Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur \|access\-date\=14 February 2009 \|archive\-date\=12 July 2009 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712145353/http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi\=3 \|url\-status\=dead }} At the age of 95, on Monday 20 September 2004, he died in Kannur House, Bijapur.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early years",
"Kannur was born on 18 September 1909 on the day of [Ganesh Chaturthi](/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi \"Ganesh Chaturthi\") (Bhadrapad Shukla Chaturthi), in a [Deshastha Brahmin](/wiki/Deshastha_Brahmin \"Deshastha Brahmin\") family{{sfn\\|Dabade\\|1998\\|p\\=99}} of Smt Saraswatibai \\& Shrimant Shivrampant Kannur, in the small village Kannur,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi\\=3 \\|title\\=Biography \\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712145353/http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi\\=3 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2009 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=dmy\\-all }} located in the [Bijapur district](/wiki/Bijapur_district%2C_Karnataka \"Bijapur district, Karnataka\") of Karnataka, India.",
"He had his primary and high\\-school education in [Bijapur](/wiki/Bijapur%2C_Karnataka \"Bijapur, Karnataka\"). He graduated in 1932, earning a B.Sc. (mathematics and physics) degree from Fergusson College, Pune.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2019}}",
"### Sri Siddharameshwar Maharaj",
"Since his early childhood days, Kannur had a great inclination towards spirituality. At the age of 13 he was blessed and initiated by [Sri S.S. Siddharameshwar Maharaj](/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj \"Siddharameshwar Maharaj\"), who also accepted him as his disciple and guided him to the path of self attainment.",
"Maharaj had given stringent directives to few of his selfless disciples: to wear ochre robes, to be devoted towards *[sadhana](/wiki/Sadhana \"Sadhana\")* and make it the sole objective of life, not to touch money, and live with only bare minimum necessities. The disciples chose the bank of river Krishna at Audumbar[Audumbar Sri Narasimha Saraswati](http://www.shreeswami.org/about-sri-nrisimha-narasimha-saraswati.htm), Shreeswami.org and carried out *[tapas](/wiki/Tapas \"Tapas\")* (penance) for a year, strictly as instructed.",
"### Further study",
"Even being a graduate he decided not to take any service or job and wowed for the bow of celibacy throughout his life as not to get entangled in materialistic life. Maharaj died in 1936\\. After his death, Shri Ganapatrao Maharaj became firmly rooted in his doctrines, and studied the *Shrimad Dasbodh*, [Bhagavata](/wiki/Bhagavata \"Bhagavata\"), [Bhagavad\\-Gita](/wiki/Bhagavad-Gita \"Bhagavad-Gita\") *[Upanishads](/wiki/Upanishads \"Upanishads\")* and other holy texts to attain the highest goal of his life \\- self liberation and self attainment.",
"### Teaching others",
"He carried on the mantle passed to him by his [Sadguru](/wiki/Sadguru \"Sadguru\"), and strived for the uplifting of common people for 60 years. To carry forward his spiritual work he founded the Shanti Kuteer Ashram.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi\\=3 \\|title\\=Biography of Shri S S Ganapatrao Maharaj Kannur \\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2009 \\|archive\\-date\\=12 July 2009 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712145353/http://www.shantikuteer.org/page.php?pi\\=3 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} At the age of 95, on Monday 20 September 2004, he died in Kannur House, Bijapur.",
""
] |
Characterization
----------------
### Fictional character biography
[thumb\|upright\|Hulk, as he appeared on a pin\-up from the comic book issue *Fantastic Four Annual* \#1 (July 1963\). Art by the character's co\-creator Jack Kirby.](/wiki/File:Hulk_%28Marvel_Comics_character%29.png "Hulk (Marvel Comics character).png")
Robert Bruce Banner's psyche was profoundly affected by his troubled childhood, in which his father, [Brian Banner](/wiki/Brian_Banner "Brian Banner"), regarded him as a monster due to his seemingly unnatural intellect from a young age.{{cite comic \|writer\=Mantlo, Bill \|penciller\=Mignola, Mike \|inker\=Talaoc, Gerry \|story\=Monster \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=2 \|issue\=312 \|date\=October 1985}} These experiences caused Bruce to develop a [dissociative identity disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder "Dissociative identity disorder") and repress his negative emotions as a coping mechanism. After Brian killed Bruce's mother in a fit of rage,{{cite comic \|writer\=David, Peter \|penciller\=Keown, Dale \|inker\=McLeod, Bob \|story\=Honey, I Shrunk the Hulk \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=2 \|issue\=377 \|date\=January 1991}} Bruce lived with several relatives up until his high school years, when his intelligence caught the attention of the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army "United States Army").{{cite comic \|writer\=David, Peter \|penciller\=\[\[Lee Weeks\|Weeks, Lee]] \|inker\=\[\[Tom Palmer (comics)\|Palmer, Tom]] \|story\=Tempest Fugit Conclusion \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=3 \|issue\=81 \|date\=July 2005}} Banner was recruited to develop nuclear weapons under the authority of [General Thaddeus "Thunderbolt" Ross](/wiki/Thunderbolt_Ross "Thunderbolt Ross"), and soon developed a relationship with the General's daughter [Betty Ross](/wiki/Betty_Ross "Betty Ross").{{cite comic \|writer\=\[\[Stan Lee\|Lee, Stan]] \|penciller\=\[\[Jack Kirby\|Kirby, Jack]] \|inker\=\[\[Paul Reinman\|Reinman, Paul]] \|story\=The Hulk \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|issue\=1 \|date\=May 1962 \|page\=8}}
During the experimental detonation of a gamma bomb, Banner saves teenager [Rick Jones](/wiki/Rick_Jones_%28comics%29 "Rick Jones (comics)"), who was dared onto the testing field; Banner pushes Jones into a trench to save him, but is hit with the blast, absorbing massive amounts of gamma radiation. He awakens later seemingly unscathed, but he begins transforming into a powerful and destructive creature upon nightfall, which a pursuing soldier describes as a "hulk". Banner's attempts to cure himself of these transformations alter their conditions, causing Banner to transform as a response to rage or fear.{{cite comic \|writer\=Lee, Stan \|penciller\=\[\[Steve Ditko\|Ditko, Steve]] \|inker\=\[\[George Roussos\|Roussos, George]] \|story\=The Incredible Hulk \|title\=\[\[Tales to Astonish]] \|issue\=60 \|date\=October 1964}} The Hulk is a founding member of the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 "Avengers (comics)"),{{cite comic \|writer\=Lee, Stan \|penciller\=Kirby, Jack \|inker\=Ayers, Dick \|story\=The Coming of the Avengers! \|title\=\[\[The Avengers (comic book)\|The Avengers]] \|issue\=1 \|date\=September 1963}} but quickly leaves the group due to their distrust of him.{{cite comic \|writer\=Lee, Stan \|penciller\=Kirby, Jack \|inker\=Reinman, Paul \|story\=The Avengers Battle... the Space Phantom \|title\=\[\[The Avengers (comic book)\|The Avengers]] \|issue\=2 \|date\=November 1963}} Banner maintains the secret of his dual identity with Rick's aid, but Rick reveals his secret following his assumed death to Major [Glenn Talbot](/wiki/Glenn_Talbot "Glenn Talbot") who subsequently informed his superiors, forcing Banner to become a fugitive upon returning from the future where he was actually thrown to.{{cite comic \|writer\=Lee, Stan \|penciller\=Colan, Gene \|inker\=Colletta, Vince \|story\=Bruce Banner is the Hulk! \|title\=Tales to Astonish \|volume\=1 \|issue\=77 \|date\=March 1966}}
Psychiatrist [Doc Samson](/wiki/Doc_Samson "Doc Samson") captures the Hulk and manages to physically separate Banner and the Hulk,{{cite comic\| writer\= Byrne, John\|penciller\= Byrne, John\|inker\= Byrne, John; Williams, Keith\|story\= Freedom!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 315\|date\= January 1986}} allowing Banner to marry Betty.{{cite comic \|writer\=\[\[John Byrne (comics)\|Byrne, John]] \|penciller\=Byrne, John \|inker\=Byrne, John; \[\[Keith Williams (comics)\|Williams, Keith]] \|story\=Member of the Wedding \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=2 \|issue\=319 \|date\=May 1986}} However, Banner and the Hulk's molecular structure destabilized and threatened to kill them, requiring Samson to reunite them with the aid of [Vision](/wiki/Vision_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Vision (Marvel Comics)").{{cite comic \|writer\=\[\[Al Milgrom\|Milgrom, Al]] \|penciller\=Milgrom, Al \|inker\=Barras, Dell; Bulanadi, Danny \|story\=Certain Intangibles \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=2 \|issue\=323 \|date\=September 1986}} Samson is later able to merge elements of Banner's fractured psyche to create Professor Hulk, an intelligent but egocentric variation of the Hulk. Professor Hulk soon becomes a key member of the [Pantheon](/wiki/Pantheon_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Pantheon (Marvel Comics)"), a secretive organization of superpowered individuals.{{cite comic \|writer\=David, Peter \|penciller\=Keown, Dale \|inker\=Farmer, Mark \|story\=Moving On \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=2 \|issue\=382 \|date\=June 1991}}Manning "1990s" in Gilbert (2008\), p. 253: "The Hulk first met Agamemnon, the leader of the Pantheon team, in a story written by Peter David with art by Dale Keown." His tenure with the organization brings him into conflict with a tyrannical alternate future version of himself called the [Maestro](/wiki/Maestro_%28character%29 "Maestro (character)"), who rules over a world where many heroes are dead.{{cite comic \|writer\=David, Peter \|penciller\=Perez, George \|inker\=Perez, George \|story\=Future Imperfect, Part 2 \|title\=Hulk: Future Imperfect \|volume\=1 \|issue\=2 \|date\=January 1993}} The Professor Hulk construct ultimately proves unstable, and Banner's psyche eventually splinters once more.
In "[Planet Hulk](/wiki/Planet_Hulk "Planet Hulk")", the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28comics%29 "Illuminati (comics)") decide the Hulk is too dangerous to remain on Earth and send him away by rocket ship which crashes on Planet Sakaar. The Hulk finds allies in the [Warbound](/wiki/Warbound "Warbound") and marries alien queen [Caiera](/wiki/Caiera "Caiera"), a relationship that bears him two sons: [Skaar](/wiki/Skaar_%28character%29 "Skaar (character)") and [Hiro\-Kala](/wiki/Hiro-Kala "Hiro-Kala").*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#92\-104\. Marvel Comics. After the Illuminati's ship explodes and kills Caiera, the Hulk returns to Earth with his superhero group Warbound and declares war on the planet in "[World War Hulk](/wiki/World_War_Hulk "World War Hulk")".*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#105\. Marvel Comics. However, after learning that [Miek](/wiki/Miek "Miek"), one of the Warbound, had actually been responsible for the destruction, the Hulk allows himself to be defeated, with Banner subsequently redeeming himself as a hero as he works with and against the new Red Hulk to defeat the new supervillain team the Intelligencia.*World War Hulk* \#5\. Marvel Comics.
Later, the Hulk turns to [Doctor Doom](/wiki/Doctor_Doom "Doctor Doom") to physically separate himself and Banner, with Doom surgically extracting the elements of the Hulk's brain uniquely belonging to Banner and inserting them into a clone body.{{cite comic \|writer\=\[\[Jason Aaron\|Aaron, Jason]] \|penciller\=\[\[Whilce Portacio\|Portacio, Whilce]] \|inker\=Martinez, Allen; Ketcham, Rick; Hanna, Scott \|story\=Hulk vs. Banner! Chapter Two: There Will Be Doom \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=4 \|issue\=5 \|date\=April 2012 \|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} Banner eventually re\-combines with the Hulk when his cloned body is destroyed in an attempt to recreate his original transformation.{{cite comic \|writer\=Aaron, Jason \|penciller\=\[\[Dalibor Talajić\|Talajić, Dalibor]] \|inker\=Talajić, Dalibor \|story\=The Search for the City of Sasquatches \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=4 \|issue\=11 \|date\=September 2012 \|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} Following this, Bruce willingly joins the spy organization [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D."), allowing them to use the Hulk as a weapon in exchange for providing him with the means and funding to create a lasting legacy for himself.{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Mark Waid\|Waid, Mark]]\|penciller\= \[\[Leinil Francis Yu\|Yu, Leinil Francis]]\|inker\= \[\[Gerry Alanguilan\|Alanguilan, Gerry]]\|story\= Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.\|title\= Indestructible Hulk\|issue\= 1\|date\= January 2013\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} When Banner is shot in the head by an assassin, Tony Stark saves him with a variant of the [Extremis](/wiki/Extremis "Extremis") virus.{{cite comic \|writer\=Waid, Mark \|penciller\=\[\[Mark Bagley\|Bagley, Mark]] \|inker\=Hennessy, Andrew \|story\=Who Shot the Hulk \#4 \|title\=Hulk \|volume\=3 \|issue\=4 \|date\=August 2014 \|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} This procedure creates a new intelligent persona named Doc Green, who concludes that the world is in danger by Gamma Mutates{{efn\|name\=mutate}} and thus need to be depowered. He creates a cure and depowers A\-Bomb, Skaar and Red Hulk. Eventually, Doc Green's intellect fades and his normal Hulk form is restored.{{cite comic\|writer\= Duggan, Gerry\|penciller\= Bagley, Mark\|inker\= Hennessy, Andrew\|story\= The Omega Hulk Chapter Twelve\|title\= Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 16\|date\= July 2015\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}}
When the vision of the Inhuman [Ulysses](/wiki/Ulysses_%28comics%29 "Ulysses (comics)") shows a rampaging Hulk standing over the corpses of many superheroes,{{cite comic \|writer\=Bendis, Brian Michael \|artist\=Marquez, David \|story\=How we looking, Friday? \|title\=Civil War II \|issue\=2 \|date\=August 2016 \|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} Banner gives [Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 "Hawkeye (Clint Barton)") special arrows capable of killing him during a transformation, which Hawkeye accomplishes.{{cite comic \|writer\=Bendis, Brian Michael \|artist\=Marquez, David; Coipel, Olivier \|story\=Mister Murdock, call your first witness \|title\=Civil War II \|issue\=3 \|date\=September 2016 \|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} The Hulk was first revived by the [Hand](/wiki/The_Hand_%28comics%29 "The Hand (comics)"),{{cite comic\|writer\= Duggan, Gerry\|penciller\= Larraz, Pepe\|inker\= Larraz, Pepe\|story\= The Rebound\|title\= Uncanny Avengers\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 15\|date\= December 2016\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} then by Hydra,*Secret Empire* \#6\-7 (2017\). Marvel Comics. and finally by the [Challenger](/wiki/Challenger_%28comics%29 "Challenger (comics)") for a contest against the [Grandmaster](/wiki/Grandmaster_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Grandmaster (Marvel Comics)").*Avengers* \#679\-688\. Marvel Comics.
### Personality
Like other long\-lived characters, the Hulk's character and cultural interpretations have changed with time, adding or modifying character traits. The Hulk is typically seen as a hulking man with green skin, hair, and eyes, wearing only a pair of torn purple pants that survive his physical transformation as the character progressed. As Bruce Banner, the character is about 5 ft 9 in (1\.75 m) tall and weighs 128 lbs (58\.05 kg), but when transformed into the Hulk, the character stands between 7 and 8 ft (2\.13 \- 2\.43 m) tall and weighs between 1,040 and 1,400 lbs (471\.73 \- 635\.02 kg). The Gray Hulk stands 6 ft 6 in (1\.98 m) tall and weighs 900 lbs (408\.23 kg); the Merged Hulk stands 7 ft 6 in (2\.28 m) tall and weighs 1,150 lbs (521\.63 kg); the Green Scar stands 8 ft 8 in (2\.64 m) tall and weighs 2,400 lbs (1\.08 ton). The Devil Hulk is roughly the same size as Sasquatch, standing around 9 or 10 ft (2\.74 / 3\.04 m) tall and weighing roughly 2,000 lbs (907\.18 kg). Following his debut, Banner's transformations were triggered at nightfall, turning him into a grey\-skinned Hulk. In *Incredible Hulk* \#2, the Hulk started to appear with green skin, and in *Avengers* \#3 (1963\) Banner realized that his transformations were now triggered by surges of adrenaline in response to feelings of fear, pain or anger. *Incredible Hulk* \#227 (1978\) established that the Hulk's separate identity was not due to the mutation affecting his brain, but because Banner was suffering from [dissociative identity disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder "Dissociative identity disorder"), with the savage Green Hulk representing Banner's repressed childhood rage and aggression, and the Grey Hulk representing Banner's repressed selfish desires and urges.
#### Identities
##### Bruce Banner
During his decades of publication, Banner has been portrayed differently, but common themes persist. Banner, a [physicist](/wiki/Physicist "Physicist") who earned his Ph.D. in nuclear physics from the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") (Caltech), is sarcastic and seemingly very self\-assured when he first appears in *Incredible Hulk* \#1, but is also emotionally withdrawn. Banner designed the gamma bomb that caused his affliction, and the ironic twist of his self\-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes.{{Cite book\|last\= Weinstein\|first\= Simcha\|title\= Up, Up, and Oy Vey!\|publisher\= Leviathan Press\| date\= 2006\|location\= Baltimore, Maryland\|pages\= 82–97\|isbn\=978\-1\-881927\-32\-7}} Arie Kaplan describes the character thus: "Robert Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him will erupt, and therefore he cannot form meaningful bonds with anyone."{{Cite book\|last\= Kaplan\|first\= Arie\|title\= Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!\|publisher\= \[\[Chicago Review Press]]\|date\= 2006\|page\= 58\|location\= Chicago, Illinois\|isbn\=978\-1556526336}} As a child, Banner's father [Brian](/wiki/Brian_Banner "Brian Banner") often got mad and physically abused both Banner and his mother, creating the [psychological complex](/wiki/Complex_%28psychology%29 "Complex (psychology)") of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. Banner has been shown to be emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solving problems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. On the occasions that Banner controlled the Hulk's body, he applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductive reasoning. It was shown after his ability to turn into the Hulk was taken away by the red Hulk that Banner has been extremely versatile as well as cunning when dealing with the many situations that followed. When he was briefly separated from the Hulk by Doom, Banner became criminally insane, driven by his desire to regain the power of the Hulk, but once the two recombined he came to accept that he was a better person with the Hulk to provide something for him to focus on controlling rather than allowing his intellect to run without restraint against the world.{{cite comic\| writer\= Aaron, Jason\|penciller\= Palo, Jefte\|inker\= Palo, Jefte\|story\= Hulk: United Part 1\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 4\|issue\= 13\|date\= November 2012\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}}
##### Hulk
The traditional Hulk, often called "Savage Hulk", was originally shown as grey and average in intelligence. He roamed aimlessly and became annoyed at "puny" humans who took him for a dangerous monster. Shortly after becoming the Hulk, his transformation continued turning him green, coinciding with him beginning to display primitive speech. By *Incredible Hulk* \#4, radiation treatments gave Banner's mind complete control of the Hulk's body. While Banner relished his indestructibility and power, he was quick to anger and more aggressive in his Hulk form. He became known as a hero alongside the Avengers, but his increasing paranoia caused him to leave the group. He was convinced that he would never be trusted.
Originally, the Hulk was shown as simple\-minded and quick to anger.{{cite comic\| writer\= Lee, Stan\|penciller\= Kirby, Jack\|inker\= \[\[Dick Ayers\|Ayers, Dick]]\|story\= The Monster and the Machine!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|issue\= 4\|date\= November 1962}} The Hulk generally divorces his identity from Banner's, decrying Banner as "puny Banner."{{cite comic\|writer\= Milgrom, Al\|penciller\= Milgrom, Al\|inker\= Janke, Dennis\|story\= The Monster's Analyst\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 221\|date\= September 1972}} From his earliest stories, the Hulk has been concerned with finding sanctuary and quiet. He is often shown to quickly react emotionally to situations. Grest and Weinberg call Hulk the "dark, primordial side of Banner's psyche." Even in the earliest appearances, Hulk spoke in the third person. Hulk retains a modest intelligence, thinking and talking in full sentences. Lee even gives the Hulk expository dialogue in issue \#6, allowing readers to learn just what capabilities Hulk has, when the Hulk says, "But these muscles ain't just for show! All I gotta do is spring up and just keep goin'!" In the 1970s, Hulk was shown as more prone to anger and rage, and less talkative. Writers played with the nature of his transformations,{{Cite book \| title\=Comic Book Nation \| last\=Wright \| first\=Bradford \| date\=March 22, 2001 \| publisher\=\[\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| location\=Baltimore, Maryland \| isbn\=978\-0\-8018\-6514\-5 \| page\=\[https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 336] \| url\=https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 }} briefly giving Banner control over the change, and the ability to maintain control of his Hulk form. Artistically and conceptually, the character has become progressively more muscular and powerful in the years since his debut.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \|last\=Randerson \|first\=James \|title\=Superman copycats 'risk health' \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=May 17, 2006 \|location\=London, United Kingdom \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130505013854/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \|archive\-date\=May 5, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}
##### Joe Fixit
Originally, Stan Lee wanted the Hulk to be grey. Due to ink problems, Hulk's color was changed to green. This was later changed in the story to indicate that the {{anchor\|Grey Hulk}}Grey Hulk and the Savage Hulk are separate [dissociative identities](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder "Dissociative identity disorder") or entities fighting for control in Bruce's subconscious. The Grey Hulk incarnation can do the more unscrupulous things that Banner could not bring himself to do, with many sources comparing the Grey Hulk to the moody teenager that Banner never allowed himself to be. While the grey Hulk still had the\-madder\-he\-gets, the\-stronger\-he\-gets part that is similar to the Savage Hulk, it is on a much slower rate. It is said by the Leader that the Grey Hulk is stronger on nights of the new moon and weaker on nights of the full moon. Originally, the night is when Bruce Banner became the Grey Hulk and changed back by dawn. In later comics, willpower or stress would have Banner turn into the Grey Hulk.{{cite comic\|writer\= Milgrom, Al\|penciller\= Milgrom, Al\|inker\= Janke, Dennis\|story\= The More Things Change ...\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 324\|date\= October 1986}} During one storyline where he was placed under a spell to prevent him turning back into Bruce Banner and publicly presumed dead when he was teleported away from a gamma bomb explosion that destroyed an entire town, the grey Hulk adopted a specific name as {{anchor\|Joe Fixit}}**Joe Fixit**, a security expert for Las Vegas casino owner Michael Berengetti, with the grey Hulk often being referred to as Joe after these events.{{cite comic \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=2 \|issue\=347 \|date\=September 1988 \|writer\=Peter David \|penciller\=Jeff Purves \|inker\=Mike Gustovich \|story\=Crapshoot}} Joe Fixit later gained the ability to transform into his version of **[Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk "Red Hulk")** form when in the Below\-Place.*Immortal Hulk* \#45\. Marvel Comics.
##### Merged Hulk
Convinced that unaided, the Banner, Green Hulk, and Grey Hulk identities would eventually destroy each other, Doc Samson uses hypnosis to merge the three to create a new single identity combining Banner's intelligence with the Grey Hulk's and Banner's attitudes and the Green Hulk's body. This new {{anchor\|Merged Hulk}}**Merged Hulk**, {{anchor\|Professor Hulk}}{{anchor\|The Professor}}**Professor Hulk**, or simply **The Professor**, considered himself cured and began a new life, but the merger was not perfect, and the Hulk sometimes still considered Banner a separate person, and when overcome with rage the Merged Hulk would transform back into Banner's human body while still thinking himself the Hulk. The Merged Hulk is the largest of the three primary Hulk incarnations. While in a calm emotional state, the Merged Hulk is stronger than Savage Hulk when he is calm. Unlike the Savage Hulk and the Grey Hulk, Banner subconsciously installed a type of safeguard within this incarnation. The safeguard is that when the Merged Hulk gets angry, he regresses back to Banner with the mind of the Savage Hulk.{{cite comic\|writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= Farmer, Mark\|story\= Hit and Myth\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 379\|date\= March 1991}}
##### Doc Green
A variation of the Merged Hulk identity takes on the name **Doc Green** as the result of [Extremis](/wiki/Extremis "Extremis") fixing Hulk's brain, becoming powerful enough to destroy Tony Stark's mansion with one thunderclap. This form was also known as **Omega Hulk**.{{cite comic\|writer\= \[\[Gerry Duggan (comics)\|Duggan, Gerry]]\|penciller\= Bagley, Mark\|inker\= Hennessy, Andrew\|story\= The Omega Hulk Chapter One\|title\= Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 5\|date\= October 2014\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} It was theorized by Doc Green that this form was an earlier incarnation of his possible future form Maestro.*Hulk* Vol. 3 \#9\. Marvel Comics.
##### {{anchor\|Devil Hulk}}The Devil Hulk
The **[Devil Hulk](/wiki/Devil_Hulk "Devil Hulk")**, or simply the **Devil**, is the result of the Hulk needing a father figure. While the character's physical appearance varies, he is always depicted as having glowing red eyes and reptilian traits.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#19\. Marvel Comics. The new form of the Devil Hulk is the result of Banner and Hulk having been through different deaths and rebirths. This incarnation is articulate, smart, and cunning, and does merciless attacks on those who do harm. Unlike the other Hulk incarnations, the Devil Hulk is content with waiting inside Bruce. If Bruce is injured by sunset, the Devil Hulk will emerge with his transformation being limited to night\-time.*Immortal Hulk* \#1\. Marvel Comics. Thanks to the Devil Hulk side and Banner working together, the Devil Hulk can maintain his form in sunlight.*Immortal Hulk* \#27\. Marvel Comics.
##### Other identities
The {{anchor\|Gravage Hulk}}**Gravage Hulk** is the result of Banner using the Gamma Projector on himself which merged his Savage Hulk and Grey Hulk identities. This form possesses the raw power of the Savage Hulk and the cunning intellect of the Grey Hulk. While he does not draw on anger to empower him, the Gravage Hulk identity draws on dimensional nexus energies to increase his strength.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#60\. Marvel Comics.
The {{anchor\|Dark Hulk}}**Dark Hulk** identity is the result of Hulk being possessed by Shanzar. This form has black skin and is viciously strong.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \#371\. Marvel Comics.
The **[Guilt Hulk](/wiki/Guilt_Hulk "Guilt Hulk")** is a malevolent representation of Banner's abusive father, Brian Banner, that manifests itself in Banner's childhood memories.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \#377 (January 1991\). Marvel Comics.
The {{anchor\|Green Scar}}**Green Scar** identity is unleashed on Sakaar and is an enraged version of the Gravage Hulk. In addition, he is an expert in armed combat like the use of swords and shields. Green Scar is also a capable leader and an expert strategist.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#93\. Marvel Comics.
{{anchor\|Kluh}}**Kluh** is a personality of Hulk who is described as the "Hulk's Hulk". This form sports a white mohawk, black skin, and red lines on him.{{cite comic\| writer\= Remender, Rick\|penciller\= Yu, Leinil Francis\|inker\= Alanguilan, Gerardo; Yu, Leinil Francis\|story\= Altered beast\|title\= \[\[AXIS (comics)\|Avengers \& X\-Men: AXIS]]\|issue\= 4\|date\= January 2015\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}}
{{anchor\|Titan}}**Titan** is a more monstrous and malicious form of Hulk who stands at 30 ft., has black skin, rock\-like spikes on his shoulders, and possesses the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes.*Hulk* Vol. 5 \#3\. Marvel Comics. This personality was born when it was planted in Hulk by [D'Spayre](/wiki/D%27Spayre "D'Spayre").*Hulk* Vol. 5 \#14\. Marvel Comics.
### Powers and abilities
#### Bruce Banner
Considered to be one of the greatest scientific minds on Earth, Banner possesses "a mind so brilliant it cannot be measured on any known intelligence test."{{cite news\| last\=Pisani \| first\=Joseph \| title\=The Smartest Superheroes \| work\=BusinessWeek \| date\=June 2006 \| url\= http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\-05\-31/the\-smartest\-superheroes\-businessweek\-business\-news\-stock\-market\-and\-financial\-advice\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140115135337/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\-05\-31/the\-smartest\-superheroes\-businessweek\-business\-news\-stock\-market\-and\-financial\-advice\|archive\-date\= January 15, 2014\|url\-status\= dead\|access\-date\=December 9, 2007}} [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn "Norman Osborn") estimates that he is the fourth most\-intelligent person on Earth.{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Oliver, Ben \|inker\= Oliver, Ben\|colorist\=Gandini, Veronica \| letterer\=Bowland, Simon \| editor\=Paniccia, Mark \| story\= The List: Hulk \|title\= Dark Reign: The List – Hulk\|volume\= 1\|issue\= 1\|date\= December 2009}} Banner holds expertise in biology, chemistry, engineering, medicine, physiology, and nuclear physics. Using this knowledge, he creates advanced technology dubbed "Bannertech", which is on par with technological development from Tony Stark or Doctor Doom. These technologies include a [teleporter](/wiki/Teleportation "Teleportation") and a [force field](/wiki/Force_shield "Force shield") that can protect him from the attacks of Hulk\-level entities.
After becoming a fugitive from the law, Banner is forced to go on the run and over the years learns various skills in order to both survive and remain under radar of those who are hunting him. Banner's most frequent method of travel includes hitchhiking, train hopping or simply just walking as he is unable to travel legally via planes, passenger ships or buses due to being in several travel watchlists. Banner is generally on the move and rarely ever stays in one place for very long and only does so if there's a possibility of curing himself. He will only ever stay in one place for an extended period of time if it provides him with complete solitude and privacy where the Hulk can do little to no harm.
To avoid being tracked, Banner does not use cell phones, debit or credit cards and will only use payphones or cash. He will often use fake identities when staying at motels or working jobs that require identification. Having been on the run for years, Banner can normally tell when he is being followed and will generally make a run for it when he is discovered. Having traveled across the globe, Banner is able to sneak over borders without being detected and can get by, by either knowing or learning the local language. Often traveling light, Banner has little to no possessions that he carries in either a satchel or backpack. Often losing everything he owns after transforming into the Hulk, Banner avoids keeping anything of personal value to him so that he can easily replace the items and clothes that were lost or destroyed.
To support himself financially, Banner will work quick part\-time jobs and will only accept payments in cash. These jobs have varied from simply working in low pay diners to working as local doctor. Banner's work ethic as well as his vast knowledge and skillset in science, medicine and engineering often help him get hired rather quickly. Unless desperate, Banner will generally avoid jobs that are high stress due to the potential danger of transforming into the Hulk.
Banner has little to no memories of the Hulk's actions aside from his initial transformation which he described as being extremely painful. Banner's lack of memories often terrifies him as he has often transformed back to witness the devastating aftermath of the Hulk's battles which both saddens and encourages him to find a way to understand his condition so that he won't cause anymore destruction or harm. During his travels, Banner has developed several different techniques to help suppress or control his transformations when he becomes a little angry or upset. Among the techniques he has learned over the years include meditation and hypnotherapy. While they have helped him to better understand and suppress his transformations, none of techniques Banner has learned have helped him to gain full control over the Hulk.
#### The Hulk
The Hulk possesses the potential for seemingly limitless physical strength that is influenced by his emotional state, particularly his anger.{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= \[\[Carlo Pagulayan\|Pagulayan, Carlo]]\|inker\= Huet, Jeffrey\|story\= Warbound \-\- Part IV\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 109\|date\= October 2007}} This has been reflected in the repeated comment "The madder Hulk gets, the stronger Hulk gets."Achenbach, Joel (June 19, 2003\). ["All the Rage: The Hulk in Us All"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/06/19/all-the-rage-the-hulk-in-us-all/fbf12212-e7da-4406-b78a-c8aa05a7a838/). *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. The cosmically powerful entity known as the [Beyonder](/wiki/Beyonder "Beyonder") once analyzed the Hulk's physiology, and claimed that the Hulk's potential strength had "no finite element inside." Hulk's strength has been depicted as sometimes limited by Banner's subconscious influence; when [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey "Jean Grey") psionically "shut Banner off", Hulk became strong enough to overpower and destroy the physical form of the villain [Onslaught](/wiki/Onslaught_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Onslaught (Marvel Comics)").{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Scott Lobdell\|Lobdell, Scott]]; Waid, Mark\|penciller\= \[\[Adam Kubert\|Kubert, Adam]]; \[\[Joe Bennett (artist)\|Bennett, Joe]]\|inker\= \[\[Dan Green (artist)\|Green, Dan]]; \[\[Art Thibert\|Thibert, Art]]; Townsend, Tim; Delpergang, Jesse\|story\= With Great Power ...\|title\= Onslaught: Marvel\|issue\= 1\|date\= October 1996}} Writer Greg Pak described the Worldbreaker Hulk shown during *World War Hulk* as having a level of physical power where "Hulk was stronger than any mortal—and most immortals—who ever walked the Earth"{{cite web\|url\= http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/p/detail/hulk\-skaar\-hercules\|title\= Hulk, Skaar \& Hercules\|first\= Greg\|last\= Pak\|date\= April 2, 2008\|publisher\= Broken Frontier\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100111010836/http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/p/detail/hulk\-skaar\-hercules\|archive\-date\= January 11, 2010\|url\-status\= dead\|access\-date\= April 27, 2010\|df\= mdy\-all}} and depicted the character as powerful enough to completely destroy entire planets.{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Pelletier, Paul\|inker\= Miki, Danny\|story\= Heart of the Monster Part Five\|title\= Incredible Hulks\|issue\= 634\|date\= October 2011}} His strength allows him to leap into lower Earth orbit or across continents,{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Christopher Priest (comics)\|Priest, Christopher]]\|penciller\= \[\[Jon Bogdanove\|Bogdanove, Jon]]\|inker\= Bogdanove, Jon\|story\= Tides\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 33\|date\= December 2001}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Mantlo, Bill\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Buscema, Sal\|story\= Waiting For the U\-Foes!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 254\|date\= December 1980}} and he has displayed superhuman speed.{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= \[\[John Romita Jr.\|Romita, John Jr.]]\|inker\= \[\[Klaus Janson\|Janson, Klaus]]\|story\= The Incredible Hulk Versus the Sentry\|title\= World War Hulk\|issue\= 5\|date\= January 2008}} Exposure to radiation has also been shown to make the Hulk stronger. It is unknown how he gains biomass during transformation but it may be linked to the One\-Below\-All.
His durability, regeneration, and endurance also increase in proportion to his temper.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[Andrew Wildman\|Wildman, Andrew]]\|inker\= Ivy, Chris\|story\= Cold Storage\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 394\|date\= June 1992}} Hulk is resistant to injury or damage, though the degree to which varies between interpretations, but he has withstood the equivalent of solar temperatures,{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Christian Cooper\|Cooper, Chris]]\|penciller\= Rebner, Jeff\|inker\= Irwin, Mark\|story\= Sins of the Father\|title\= The Incredible Hulk '97\|issue\= 1\|date\= 1997}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Romita, John Jr.\|inker\= Janson, Klaus\|story\= Hulk\|title\= \[\[World War Hulk]]\|issue\= 2\|date\= September 2007}} nuclear explosions,{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[Angel Medina (artist)\|Medina, Angel]]\|inker\= \[\[Robin Riggs\|Riggs, Robin]]\|story\= The Big Bang\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 440\|date\= April 1996}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Way, Daniel\|penciller\= Dazo, Bong\|inker\= Pimentel, Joe\|story\= Operation: Annihilation Part One: Journada Del Muerto\|title\= \[\[Deadpool]]\|volume\= 4\|issue\= 37\|date\= July 2011}}{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[J. Michael Straczynski\|Straczynski, J. Michael]]\|penciller\= \[\[Mike McKone\|McKone, Mike]]\|inker\= \[\[Andy Lanning\|Lanning, Andy]]\|story\= What Happens in Vegas, Stays in Vegas\|title\= \[\[Fantastic Four]]\|issue\= 533\|date\= January 2006}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Pagulayan, Carlo\|inker\= Huet, Jeffrey\|story\= Planet Hulk Armageddon Part II\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 105\|date\= June 2007}} and planet\-shattering impacts.{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Ron Wilson (comics)\|Wilson, Ron]]\|penciller\= Wilson, Ron\|inker\= \[\[Tom Morgan (comics)\|Morgan, Tom]]\|story\= Kids Will Be Kids\|title\= \[\[Marvel Comics Presents]]\|issue\= 52\|date\= June 1990}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Greenberg, Glen; \[\[J. M. DeMatteis\|DeMatteis, J. M.]]\|penciller\= Garney, Ron\|inker\= \[\[Bob Wiacek\|Wiacek, Bob]]\|story\= Heart of the Beast\|title\= \[\[Silver Surfer (comic book)\|Silver Surfer]]\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 125\|date\= February 1997}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Lee, Stan\|penciller\= Trimpe, Herb\|inker\= Adkins, Dan\|story\= The Brute Battles On!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 112\|date\= February 1969}} Despite his remarkable resiliency, continuous barrages of high\-caliber gunfire can hinder his movement to some degree while he can be temporarily subdued by intense attacks with chemical weapons such as anesthetic gases, although any interruption of such dosages will allow him to quickly recover.{{cite comic\|writer\= \[\[Len Wein\|Wein, Len]]\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Palmer, Tom\|story\=You Just Don't Quarrel With the Quintronic Man!\|title\=The Incredible Hulk\|date\=July 1977\|volume\=2\|issue\=213}} He has been shown to have both regenerative and adaptive healing abilities, including growing tissues to allow him to breathe underwater,{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Weeks, Lee\|inker\= Palmer, Tom\|story\= Tempest Fugit, Part 1 of 5\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 77\|date\= March 2005}} surviving unprotected in space for extended periods,{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[Al Rio\|Rio, Al]]; Weeks, Lee; \[\[Sean Phillips\|Phillips, Sean]]\|inker\= Hanna, Scott; Weeks, Lee; Palmer, Tom\|story\= Casus Belli\|title\= World War Hulk Prologue: World Breaker\|issue\= 1\|date\= July 2007}} and when injured, healing from most wounds within seconds, including, on one occasion, the complete destruction of most of his body mass.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= Farmer, Mark\|story\= Betrayals\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 398\|date\= October 1992}} His future self, the "Maestro", was even eventually able to recover from being blown to pieces.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Kubert, Adam\|inker\= Farmer, Mark\|story\= Homecoming\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 460\|date\= January 1998}} As an effect, he has an extremely prolonged lifespan.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= Weems, Joe; Livesay, John\|story\= The Last Titan\|title\= Incredible Hulk: The End\|issue\= 1\|date\= August 2002}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Cates, Donny\|penciller\= Shaw, Geoff\|inker\= Shaw, Geoff\|story\= Thanos Wins\|title\= Thanos\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 17\|date\= March 2018}}
He also possesses less commonly described powers, including abilities allowing him to "home in" to his place of origin in New Mexico;{{cite comic\| writer\= Byrne, John\|penciller\= Byrne, John\|inker\= Wiacek, Bob\|story\= Call of the Desert\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 314\|date\= December 1985}} resist [psychic control](/wiki/Telepathy "Telepathy"),{{cite comic\| writer\= Wein, Len\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= \[\[Jack Abel\|Abel, Jack]]\|story\= The Titan Strikes Back!\|title\= \[\[Defenders (comics)\|Defenders]]\|issue\= 12\|date\= February 1974}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Mantlo, Bill\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Buscema, Sal; Milgrom, Al\|story\= The Family That Dies Together ... !\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 259\|date\= May 1981}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Loeb, Jeph\|penciller\= \[\[Ian Churchill\|Churchill, Ian]]\|inker\= Hanna, Scott\|story\= Loose Cannons\|title\= \[\[Cable (comics)\|Cable]]\|issue\= 34\|date\= August 1996}}{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Christos Gage\|Gage, Christos]]\|penciller\= \[\[Andrea Di Vito\|Di Vito, Andrea]]\|inker\= Di Vito, Andrea\|story\= Hard Questions\|title\= World War Hulk: X\-Men\|issue\= 1\|date\= August 2007}} or [unwilling transformation](/wiki/Metamorphosis "Metamorphosis");{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Chris Claremont\|Claremont, Chris]]; Wein, Len\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Abel, Jack\|story\= And Six Shall Crush the Hulk\|title\= The Incredible Hulk Annual\|issue\= 5\|date\= October 1976}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Mantlo, Bill\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Buscema, Sal\|story\= Devolution!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 266\|date\= December 1981}}{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Purves, Jeff\|inker\= \[\[Marie Severin\|Severin, Marie]]\|story\= Countdown Part 4: The Abomination\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 364\|date\= December 1989}} grow stronger from radiation{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Pelletier, Paul\|inker\= Miki, Danny\|story\= Heart of the Monster Part Six\|title\= Incredible Hulks\|issue\= 635\|date\= October 2011}}{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[George Pérez\|Pérez, George]]\|inker\= Pérez, George\|story\= Part 2 of 2\|title\= Hulk: Future Imperfect\|issue\= 2\|date\= January 1993}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Gage, Christos\|penciller\= Di Vito, Andrea\|inker\= Di Vito, Andrea\|story\= Sworn to Protect\|title\= World War Hulk: X\-Men\|issue\= 2\|date\= September 2007}} or dark magic;{{cite comic\| writer\= Jenkins, Paul\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= Keown, Dale\|title\= \[\[The Darkness (comics)\|The Darkness]] / The Incredible Hulk\|issue\= 1\|date\= June 2004}}{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[Jae Lee\|Lee, Jae]]\|inker\= Lee, Jae\|story\= Dear Tricia ...\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 82\|date\= August 2005}} punch his way between separate temporal{{cite comic\| writer\= Thomas, Roy\|penciller\= Trimpe, Herb\|inker\= Buscema, Sal\|story\= Descent Into the Time\-Stream\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 135\|date\= January 1971}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Waid, Mark\|penciller\= Jacinto, Kim\|inker\= Jacinto, Kim\|story\= Agent of T.I.M.E. Part Five\|title\= The Indestructible Hulk\|issue\= 15\|date\= January 2014}} or spatial{{cite comic\| writer\= Waid, Mark\|penciller\= Bagley, Mark\|inker\= Hennessy, Andrew\|story\= Who Shot the Hulk \#1\|title\= Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 1\|date\= June 2014}} dimensions; and to see and interact with astral forms.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= McLeod, Bob\|story\= Silent Screams\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 369\|date\= May 1990}} Some of these abilities were in later years explained as being related; his ability to home in on the New Mexico bomb site was due to his latent ability to sense astral forms and spirits, since the bomb site was also the place where the Maestro's skeleton was and the Maestro's spirit was calling out to him in order to absorb his radiation. He is also shown to have a separate memory to Bruce Banner \- when Spider\-Man has the knowledge of his secret identity erased during [Spider\-Man: One More Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:One_More_Day "One More Day"), the Hulk later asks how **Peter** is doing, not Spider\-Man; upon questioning, he enigmatically states "Banner forgot. But **I** don't forget."
In the first *Hulk* comic series, "massive" doses of gamma rays would cause the Hulk to transform back to Banner, although this ability was written out of the character by the 1970s.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2018}}
|
[
"Characterization\n----------------",
"### Fictional character biography",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Hulk, as he appeared on a pin\\-up from the comic book issue *Fantastic Four Annual* \\#1 (July 1963\\). Art by the character's co\\-creator Jack Kirby.](/wiki/File:Hulk_%28Marvel_Comics_character%29.png \"Hulk (Marvel Comics character).png\")\nRobert Bruce Banner's psyche was profoundly affected by his troubled childhood, in which his father, [Brian Banner](/wiki/Brian_Banner \"Brian Banner\"), regarded him as a monster due to his seemingly unnatural intellect from a young age.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=Mantlo, Bill \\|penciller\\=Mignola, Mike \\|inker\\=Talaoc, Gerry \\|story\\=Monster \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=312 \\|date\\=October 1985}} These experiences caused Bruce to develop a [dissociative identity disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder \"Dissociative identity disorder\") and repress his negative emotions as a coping mechanism. After Brian killed Bruce's mother in a fit of rage,{{cite comic \\|writer\\=David, Peter \\|penciller\\=Keown, Dale \\|inker\\=McLeod, Bob \\|story\\=Honey, I Shrunk the Hulk \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=377 \\|date\\=January 1991}} Bruce lived with several relatives up until his high school years, when his intelligence caught the attention of the [United States Army](/wiki/United_States_Army \"United States Army\").{{cite comic \\|writer\\=David, Peter \\|penciller\\=\\[\\[Lee Weeks\\|Weeks, Lee]] \\|inker\\=\\[\\[Tom Palmer (comics)\\|Palmer, Tom]] \\|story\\=Tempest Fugit Conclusion \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=81 \\|date\\=July 2005}} Banner was recruited to develop nuclear weapons under the authority of [General Thaddeus \"Thunderbolt\" Ross](/wiki/Thunderbolt_Ross \"Thunderbolt Ross\"), and soon developed a relationship with the General's daughter [Betty Ross](/wiki/Betty_Ross \"Betty Ross\").{{cite comic \\|writer\\=\\[\\[Stan Lee\\|Lee, Stan]] \\|penciller\\=\\[\\[Jack Kirby\\|Kirby, Jack]] \\|inker\\=\\[\\[Paul Reinman\\|Reinman, Paul]] \\|story\\=The Hulk \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|issue\\=1 \\|date\\=May 1962 \\|page\\=8}}",
"During the experimental detonation of a gamma bomb, Banner saves teenager [Rick Jones](/wiki/Rick_Jones_%28comics%29 \"Rick Jones (comics)\"), who was dared onto the testing field; Banner pushes Jones into a trench to save him, but is hit with the blast, absorbing massive amounts of gamma radiation. He awakens later seemingly unscathed, but he begins transforming into a powerful and destructive creature upon nightfall, which a pursuing soldier describes as a \"hulk\". Banner's attempts to cure himself of these transformations alter their conditions, causing Banner to transform as a response to rage or fear.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=Lee, Stan \\|penciller\\=\\[\\[Steve Ditko\\|Ditko, Steve]] \\|inker\\=\\[\\[George Roussos\\|Roussos, George]] \\|story\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|title\\=\\[\\[Tales to Astonish]] \\|issue\\=60 \\|date\\=October 1964}} The Hulk is a founding member of the [Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29 \"Avengers (comics)\"),{{cite comic \\|writer\\=Lee, Stan \\|penciller\\=Kirby, Jack \\|inker\\=Ayers, Dick \\|story\\=The Coming of the Avengers! \\|title\\=\\[\\[The Avengers (comic book)\\|The Avengers]] \\|issue\\=1 \\|date\\=September 1963}} but quickly leaves the group due to their distrust of him.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=Lee, Stan \\|penciller\\=Kirby, Jack \\|inker\\=Reinman, Paul \\|story\\=The Avengers Battle... the Space Phantom \\|title\\=\\[\\[The Avengers (comic book)\\|The Avengers]] \\|issue\\=2 \\|date\\=November 1963}} Banner maintains the secret of his dual identity with Rick's aid, but Rick reveals his secret following his assumed death to Major [Glenn Talbot](/wiki/Glenn_Talbot \"Glenn Talbot\") who subsequently informed his superiors, forcing Banner to become a fugitive upon returning from the future where he was actually thrown to.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=Lee, Stan \\|penciller\\=Colan, Gene \\|inker\\=Colletta, Vince \\|story\\=Bruce Banner is the Hulk! \\|title\\=Tales to Astonish \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=77 \\|date\\=March 1966}}",
"Psychiatrist [Doc Samson](/wiki/Doc_Samson \"Doc Samson\") captures the Hulk and manages to physically separate Banner and the Hulk,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Byrne, John\\|penciller\\= Byrne, John\\|inker\\= Byrne, John; Williams, Keith\\|story\\= Freedom!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 315\\|date\\= January 1986}} allowing Banner to marry Betty.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=\\[\\[John Byrne (comics)\\|Byrne, John]] \\|penciller\\=Byrne, John \\|inker\\=Byrne, John; \\[\\[Keith Williams (comics)\\|Williams, Keith]] \\|story\\=Member of the Wedding \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=319 \\|date\\=May 1986}} However, Banner and the Hulk's molecular structure destabilized and threatened to kill them, requiring Samson to reunite them with the aid of [Vision](/wiki/Vision_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Vision (Marvel Comics)\").{{cite comic \\|writer\\=\\[\\[Al Milgrom\\|Milgrom, Al]] \\|penciller\\=Milgrom, Al \\|inker\\=Barras, Dell; Bulanadi, Danny \\|story\\=Certain Intangibles \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=323 \\|date\\=September 1986}} Samson is later able to merge elements of Banner's fractured psyche to create Professor Hulk, an intelligent but egocentric variation of the Hulk. Professor Hulk soon becomes a key member of the [Pantheon](/wiki/Pantheon_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Pantheon (Marvel Comics)\"), a secretive organization of superpowered individuals.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=David, Peter \\|penciller\\=Keown, Dale \\|inker\\=Farmer, Mark \\|story\\=Moving On \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=382 \\|date\\=June 1991}}Manning \"1990s\" in Gilbert (2008\\), p. 253: \"The Hulk first met Agamemnon, the leader of the Pantheon team, in a story written by Peter David with art by Dale Keown.\" His tenure with the organization brings him into conflict with a tyrannical alternate future version of himself called the [Maestro](/wiki/Maestro_%28character%29 \"Maestro (character)\"), who rules over a world where many heroes are dead.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=David, Peter \\|penciller\\=Perez, George \\|inker\\=Perez, George \\|story\\=Future Imperfect, Part 2 \\|title\\=Hulk: Future Imperfect \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=2 \\|date\\=January 1993}} The Professor Hulk construct ultimately proves unstable, and Banner's psyche eventually splinters once more.",
"In \"[Planet Hulk](/wiki/Planet_Hulk \"Planet Hulk\")\", the [Illuminati](/wiki/Illuminati_%28comics%29 \"Illuminati (comics)\") decide the Hulk is too dangerous to remain on Earth and send him away by rocket ship which crashes on Planet Sakaar. The Hulk finds allies in the [Warbound](/wiki/Warbound \"Warbound\") and marries alien queen [Caiera](/wiki/Caiera \"Caiera\"), a relationship that bears him two sons: [Skaar](/wiki/Skaar_%28character%29 \"Skaar (character)\") and [Hiro\\-Kala](/wiki/Hiro-Kala \"Hiro-Kala\").*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#92\\-104\\. Marvel Comics. After the Illuminati's ship explodes and kills Caiera, the Hulk returns to Earth with his superhero group Warbound and declares war on the planet in \"[World War Hulk](/wiki/World_War_Hulk \"World War Hulk\")\".*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#105\\. Marvel Comics. However, after learning that [Miek](/wiki/Miek \"Miek\"), one of the Warbound, had actually been responsible for the destruction, the Hulk allows himself to be defeated, with Banner subsequently redeeming himself as a hero as he works with and against the new Red Hulk to defeat the new supervillain team the Intelligencia.*World War Hulk* \\#5\\. Marvel Comics.",
"Later, the Hulk turns to [Doctor Doom](/wiki/Doctor_Doom \"Doctor Doom\") to physically separate himself and Banner, with Doom surgically extracting the elements of the Hulk's brain uniquely belonging to Banner and inserting them into a clone body.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=\\[\\[Jason Aaron\\|Aaron, Jason]] \\|penciller\\=\\[\\[Whilce Portacio\\|Portacio, Whilce]] \\|inker\\=Martinez, Allen; Ketcham, Rick; Hanna, Scott \\|story\\=Hulk vs. Banner! Chapter Two: There Will Be Doom \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=5 \\|date\\=April 2012 \\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} Banner eventually re\\-combines with the Hulk when his cloned body is destroyed in an attempt to recreate his original transformation.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=Aaron, Jason \\|penciller\\=\\[\\[Dalibor Talajić\\|Talajić, Dalibor]] \\|inker\\=Talajić, Dalibor \\|story\\=The Search for the City of Sasquatches \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=4 \\|issue\\=11 \\|date\\=September 2012 \\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} Following this, Bruce willingly joins the spy organization [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\"), allowing them to use the Hulk as a weapon in exchange for providing him with the means and funding to create a lasting legacy for himself.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Mark Waid\\|Waid, Mark]]\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Leinil Francis Yu\\|Yu, Leinil Francis]]\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Gerry Alanguilan\\|Alanguilan, Gerry]]\\|story\\= Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.\\|title\\= Indestructible Hulk\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= January 2013\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} When Banner is shot in the head by an assassin, Tony Stark saves him with a variant of the [Extremis](/wiki/Extremis \"Extremis\") virus.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=Waid, Mark \\|penciller\\=\\[\\[Mark Bagley\\|Bagley, Mark]] \\|inker\\=Hennessy, Andrew \\|story\\=Who Shot the Hulk \\#4 \\|title\\=Hulk \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=4 \\|date\\=August 2014 \\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} This procedure creates a new intelligent persona named Doc Green, who concludes that the world is in danger by Gamma Mutates{{efn\\|name\\=mutate}} and thus need to be depowered. He creates a cure and depowers A\\-Bomb, Skaar and Red Hulk. Eventually, Doc Green's intellect fades and his normal Hulk form is restored.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= Duggan, Gerry\\|penciller\\= Bagley, Mark\\|inker\\= Hennessy, Andrew\\|story\\= The Omega Hulk Chapter Twelve\\|title\\= Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 16\\|date\\= July 2015\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}}",
"When the vision of the Inhuman [Ulysses](/wiki/Ulysses_%28comics%29 \"Ulysses (comics)\") shows a rampaging Hulk standing over the corpses of many superheroes,{{cite comic \\|writer\\=Bendis, Brian Michael \\|artist\\=Marquez, David \\|story\\=How we looking, Friday? \\|title\\=Civil War II \\|issue\\=2 \\|date\\=August 2016 \\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} Banner gives [Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 \"Hawkeye (Clint Barton)\") special arrows capable of killing him during a transformation, which Hawkeye accomplishes.{{cite comic \\|writer\\=Bendis, Brian Michael \\|artist\\=Marquez, David; Coipel, Olivier \\|story\\=Mister Murdock, call your first witness \\|title\\=Civil War II \\|issue\\=3 \\|date\\=September 2016 \\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} The Hulk was first revived by the [Hand](/wiki/The_Hand_%28comics%29 \"The Hand (comics)\"),{{cite comic\\|writer\\= Duggan, Gerry\\|penciller\\= Larraz, Pepe\\|inker\\= Larraz, Pepe\\|story\\= The Rebound\\|title\\= Uncanny Avengers\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 15\\|date\\= December 2016\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} then by Hydra,*Secret Empire* \\#6\\-7 (2017\\). Marvel Comics. and finally by the [Challenger](/wiki/Challenger_%28comics%29 \"Challenger (comics)\") for a contest against the [Grandmaster](/wiki/Grandmaster_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Grandmaster (Marvel Comics)\").*Avengers* \\#679\\-688\\. Marvel Comics.",
"### Personality",
"Like other long\\-lived characters, the Hulk's character and cultural interpretations have changed with time, adding or modifying character traits. The Hulk is typically seen as a hulking man with green skin, hair, and eyes, wearing only a pair of torn purple pants that survive his physical transformation as the character progressed. As Bruce Banner, the character is about 5 ft 9 in (1\\.75 m) tall and weighs 128 lbs (58\\.05 kg), but when transformed into the Hulk, the character stands between 7 and 8 ft (2\\.13 \\- 2\\.43 m) tall and weighs between 1,040 and 1,400 lbs (471\\.73 \\- 635\\.02 kg). The Gray Hulk stands 6 ft 6 in (1\\.98 m) tall and weighs 900 lbs (408\\.23 kg); the Merged Hulk stands 7 ft 6 in (2\\.28 m) tall and weighs 1,150 lbs (521\\.63 kg); the Green Scar stands 8 ft 8 in (2\\.64 m) tall and weighs 2,400 lbs (1\\.08 ton). The Devil Hulk is roughly the same size as Sasquatch, standing around 9 or 10 ft (2\\.74 / 3\\.04 m) tall and weighing roughly 2,000 lbs (907\\.18 kg). Following his debut, Banner's transformations were triggered at nightfall, turning him into a grey\\-skinned Hulk. In *Incredible Hulk* \\#2, the Hulk started to appear with green skin, and in *Avengers* \\#3 (1963\\) Banner realized that his transformations were now triggered by surges of adrenaline in response to feelings of fear, pain or anger. *Incredible Hulk* \\#227 (1978\\) established that the Hulk's separate identity was not due to the mutation affecting his brain, but because Banner was suffering from [dissociative identity disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder \"Dissociative identity disorder\"), with the savage Green Hulk representing Banner's repressed childhood rage and aggression, and the Grey Hulk representing Banner's repressed selfish desires and urges.",
"#### Identities",
"##### Bruce Banner",
"During his decades of publication, Banner has been portrayed differently, but common themes persist. Banner, a [physicist](/wiki/Physicist \"Physicist\") who earned his Ph.D. in nuclear physics from the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology \"California Institute of Technology\") (Caltech), is sarcastic and seemingly very self\\-assured when he first appears in *Incredible Hulk* \\#1, but is also emotionally withdrawn. Banner designed the gamma bomb that caused his affliction, and the ironic twist of his self\\-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes.{{Cite book\\|last\\= Weinstein\\|first\\= Simcha\\|title\\= Up, Up, and Oy Vey!\\|publisher\\= Leviathan Press\\| date\\= 2006\\|location\\= Baltimore, Maryland\\|pages\\= 82–97\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-881927\\-32\\-7}} Arie Kaplan describes the character thus: \"Robert Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him will erupt, and therefore he cannot form meaningful bonds with anyone.\"{{Cite book\\|last\\= Kaplan\\|first\\= Arie\\|title\\= Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Chicago Review Press]]\\|date\\= 2006\\|page\\= 58\\|location\\= Chicago, Illinois\\|isbn\\=978\\-1556526336}} As a child, Banner's father [Brian](/wiki/Brian_Banner \"Brian Banner\") often got mad and physically abused both Banner and his mother, creating the [psychological complex](/wiki/Complex_%28psychology%29 \"Complex (psychology)\") of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. Banner has been shown to be emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solving problems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. On the occasions that Banner controlled the Hulk's body, he applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductive reasoning. It was shown after his ability to turn into the Hulk was taken away by the red Hulk that Banner has been extremely versatile as well as cunning when dealing with the many situations that followed. When he was briefly separated from the Hulk by Doom, Banner became criminally insane, driven by his desire to regain the power of the Hulk, but once the two recombined he came to accept that he was a better person with the Hulk to provide something for him to focus on controlling rather than allowing his intellect to run without restraint against the world.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Aaron, Jason\\|penciller\\= Palo, Jefte\\|inker\\= Palo, Jefte\\|story\\= Hulk: United Part 1\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 4\\|issue\\= 13\\|date\\= November 2012\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}}",
"##### Hulk",
"The traditional Hulk, often called \"Savage Hulk\", was originally shown as grey and average in intelligence. He roamed aimlessly and became annoyed at \"puny\" humans who took him for a dangerous monster. Shortly after becoming the Hulk, his transformation continued turning him green, coinciding with him beginning to display primitive speech. By *Incredible Hulk* \\#4, radiation treatments gave Banner's mind complete control of the Hulk's body. While Banner relished his indestructibility and power, he was quick to anger and more aggressive in his Hulk form. He became known as a hero alongside the Avengers, but his increasing paranoia caused him to leave the group. He was convinced that he would never be trusted.",
"Originally, the Hulk was shown as simple\\-minded and quick to anger.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Lee, Stan\\|penciller\\= Kirby, Jack\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Dick Ayers\\|Ayers, Dick]]\\|story\\= The Monster and the Machine!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|issue\\= 4\\|date\\= November 1962}} The Hulk generally divorces his identity from Banner's, decrying Banner as \"puny Banner.\"{{cite comic\\|writer\\= Milgrom, Al\\|penciller\\= Milgrom, Al\\|inker\\= Janke, Dennis\\|story\\= The Monster's Analyst\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 221\\|date\\= September 1972}} From his earliest stories, the Hulk has been concerned with finding sanctuary and quiet. He is often shown to quickly react emotionally to situations. Grest and Weinberg call Hulk the \"dark, primordial side of Banner's psyche.\" Even in the earliest appearances, Hulk spoke in the third person. Hulk retains a modest intelligence, thinking and talking in full sentences. Lee even gives the Hulk expository dialogue in issue \\#6, allowing readers to learn just what capabilities Hulk has, when the Hulk says, \"But these muscles ain't just for show! All I gotta do is spring up and just keep goin'!\" In the 1970s, Hulk was shown as more prone to anger and rage, and less talkative. Writers played with the nature of his transformations,{{Cite book \\| title\\=Comic Book Nation \\| last\\=Wright \\| first\\=Bradford \\| date\\=March 22, 2001 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \\| location\\=Baltimore, Maryland \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8018\\-6514\\-5 \\| page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 336] \\| url\\=https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 }} briefly giving Banner control over the change, and the ability to maintain control of his Hulk form. Artistically and conceptually, the character has become progressively more muscular and powerful in the years since his debut.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \\|last\\=Randerson \\|first\\=James \\|title\\=Superman copycats 'risk health' \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=May 17, 2006 \\|location\\=London, United Kingdom \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130505013854/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"##### Joe Fixit",
"Originally, Stan Lee wanted the Hulk to be grey. Due to ink problems, Hulk's color was changed to green. This was later changed in the story to indicate that the {{anchor\\|Grey Hulk}}Grey Hulk and the Savage Hulk are separate [dissociative identities](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder \"Dissociative identity disorder\") or entities fighting for control in Bruce's subconscious. The Grey Hulk incarnation can do the more unscrupulous things that Banner could not bring himself to do, with many sources comparing the Grey Hulk to the moody teenager that Banner never allowed himself to be. While the grey Hulk still had the\\-madder\\-he\\-gets, the\\-stronger\\-he\\-gets part that is similar to the Savage Hulk, it is on a much slower rate. It is said by the Leader that the Grey Hulk is stronger on nights of the new moon and weaker on nights of the full moon. Originally, the night is when Bruce Banner became the Grey Hulk and changed back by dawn. In later comics, willpower or stress would have Banner turn into the Grey Hulk.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= Milgrom, Al\\|penciller\\= Milgrom, Al\\|inker\\= Janke, Dennis\\|story\\= The More Things Change ...\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 324\\|date\\= October 1986}} During one storyline where he was placed under a spell to prevent him turning back into Bruce Banner and publicly presumed dead when he was teleported away from a gamma bomb explosion that destroyed an entire town, the grey Hulk adopted a specific name as {{anchor\\|Joe Fixit}}**Joe Fixit**, a security expert for Las Vegas casino owner Michael Berengetti, with the grey Hulk often being referred to as Joe after these events.{{cite comic \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=347 \\|date\\=September 1988 \\|writer\\=Peter David \\|penciller\\=Jeff Purves \\|inker\\=Mike Gustovich \\|story\\=Crapshoot}} Joe Fixit later gained the ability to transform into his version of **[Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk \"Red Hulk\")** form when in the Below\\-Place.*Immortal Hulk* \\#45\\. Marvel Comics.",
"##### Merged Hulk",
"Convinced that unaided, the Banner, Green Hulk, and Grey Hulk identities would eventually destroy each other, Doc Samson uses hypnosis to merge the three to create a new single identity combining Banner's intelligence with the Grey Hulk's and Banner's attitudes and the Green Hulk's body. This new {{anchor\\|Merged Hulk}}**Merged Hulk**, {{anchor\\|Professor Hulk}}{{anchor\\|The Professor}}**Professor Hulk**, or simply **The Professor**, considered himself cured and began a new life, but the merger was not perfect, and the Hulk sometimes still considered Banner a separate person, and when overcome with rage the Merged Hulk would transform back into Banner's human body while still thinking himself the Hulk. The Merged Hulk is the largest of the three primary Hulk incarnations. While in a calm emotional state, the Merged Hulk is stronger than Savage Hulk when he is calm. Unlike the Savage Hulk and the Grey Hulk, Banner subconsciously installed a type of safeguard within this incarnation. The safeguard is that when the Merged Hulk gets angry, he regresses back to Banner with the mind of the Savage Hulk.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= Farmer, Mark\\|story\\= Hit and Myth\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 379\\|date\\= March 1991}}",
"##### Doc Green",
"A variation of the Merged Hulk identity takes on the name **Doc Green** as the result of [Extremis](/wiki/Extremis \"Extremis\") fixing Hulk's brain, becoming powerful enough to destroy Tony Stark's mansion with one thunderclap. This form was also known as **Omega Hulk**.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= \\[\\[Gerry Duggan (comics)\\|Duggan, Gerry]]\\|penciller\\= Bagley, Mark\\|inker\\= Hennessy, Andrew\\|story\\= The Omega Hulk Chapter One\\|title\\= Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 5\\|date\\= October 2014\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} It was theorized by Doc Green that this form was an earlier incarnation of his possible future form Maestro.*Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#9\\. Marvel Comics.",
"##### {{anchor\\|Devil Hulk}}The Devil Hulk",
"The **[Devil Hulk](/wiki/Devil_Hulk \"Devil Hulk\")**, or simply the **Devil**, is the result of the Hulk needing a father figure. While the character's physical appearance varies, he is always depicted as having glowing red eyes and reptilian traits.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#19\\. Marvel Comics. The new form of the Devil Hulk is the result of Banner and Hulk having been through different deaths and rebirths. This incarnation is articulate, smart, and cunning, and does merciless attacks on those who do harm. Unlike the other Hulk incarnations, the Devil Hulk is content with waiting inside Bruce. If Bruce is injured by sunset, the Devil Hulk will emerge with his transformation being limited to night\\-time.*Immortal Hulk* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics. Thanks to the Devil Hulk side and Banner working together, the Devil Hulk can maintain his form in sunlight.*Immortal Hulk* \\#27\\. Marvel Comics.",
"##### Other identities",
"The {{anchor\\|Gravage Hulk}}**Gravage Hulk** is the result of Banner using the Gamma Projector on himself which merged his Savage Hulk and Grey Hulk identities. This form possesses the raw power of the Savage Hulk and the cunning intellect of the Grey Hulk. While he does not draw on anger to empower him, the Gravage Hulk identity draws on dimensional nexus energies to increase his strength.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#60\\. Marvel Comics.",
"The {{anchor\\|Dark Hulk}}**Dark Hulk** identity is the result of Hulk being possessed by Shanzar. This form has black skin and is viciously strong.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \\#371\\. Marvel Comics.",
"The **[Guilt Hulk](/wiki/Guilt_Hulk \"Guilt Hulk\")** is a malevolent representation of Banner's abusive father, Brian Banner, that manifests itself in Banner's childhood memories.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \\#377 (January 1991\\). Marvel Comics.",
"The {{anchor\\|Green Scar}}**Green Scar** identity is unleashed on Sakaar and is an enraged version of the Gravage Hulk. In addition, he is an expert in armed combat like the use of swords and shields. Green Scar is also a capable leader and an expert strategist.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#93\\. Marvel Comics.",
"{{anchor\\|Kluh}}**Kluh** is a personality of Hulk who is described as the \"Hulk's Hulk\". This form sports a white mohawk, black skin, and red lines on him.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Remender, Rick\\|penciller\\= Yu, Leinil Francis\\|inker\\= Alanguilan, Gerardo; Yu, Leinil Francis\\|story\\= Altered beast\\|title\\= \\[\\[AXIS (comics)\\|Avengers \\& X\\-Men: AXIS]]\\|issue\\= 4\\|date\\= January 2015\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}}",
"{{anchor\\|Titan}}**Titan** is a more monstrous and malicious form of Hulk who stands at 30 ft., has black skin, rock\\-like spikes on his shoulders, and possesses the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes.*Hulk* Vol. 5 \\#3\\. Marvel Comics. This personality was born when it was planted in Hulk by [D'Spayre](/wiki/D%27Spayre \"D'Spayre\").*Hulk* Vol. 5 \\#14\\. Marvel Comics.",
"### Powers and abilities",
"#### Bruce Banner",
"Considered to be one of the greatest scientific minds on Earth, Banner possesses \"a mind so brilliant it cannot be measured on any known intelligence test.\"{{cite news\\| last\\=Pisani \\| first\\=Joseph \\| title\\=The Smartest Superheroes \\| work\\=BusinessWeek \\| date\\=June 2006 \\| url\\= http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\\-05\\-31/the\\-smartest\\-superheroes\\-businessweek\\-business\\-news\\-stock\\-market\\-and\\-financial\\-advice\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140115135337/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\\-05\\-31/the\\-smartest\\-superheroes\\-businessweek\\-business\\-news\\-stock\\-market\\-and\\-financial\\-advice\\|archive\\-date\\= January 15, 2014\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2007}} [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn \"Norman Osborn\") estimates that he is the fourth most\\-intelligent person on Earth.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Oliver, Ben \\|inker\\= Oliver, Ben\\|colorist\\=Gandini, Veronica \\| letterer\\=Bowland, Simon \\| editor\\=Paniccia, Mark \\| story\\= The List: Hulk \\|title\\= Dark Reign: The List – Hulk\\|volume\\= 1\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= December 2009}} Banner holds expertise in biology, chemistry, engineering, medicine, physiology, and nuclear physics. Using this knowledge, he creates advanced technology dubbed \"Bannertech\", which is on par with technological development from Tony Stark or Doctor Doom. These technologies include a [teleporter](/wiki/Teleportation \"Teleportation\") and a [force field](/wiki/Force_shield \"Force shield\") that can protect him from the attacks of Hulk\\-level entities.",
"After becoming a fugitive from the law, Banner is forced to go on the run and over the years learns various skills in order to both survive and remain under radar of those who are hunting him. Banner's most frequent method of travel includes hitchhiking, train hopping or simply just walking as he is unable to travel legally via planes, passenger ships or buses due to being in several travel watchlists. Banner is generally on the move and rarely ever stays in one place for very long and only does so if there's a possibility of curing himself. He will only ever stay in one place for an extended period of time if it provides him with complete solitude and privacy where the Hulk can do little to no harm.",
"To avoid being tracked, Banner does not use cell phones, debit or credit cards and will only use payphones or cash. He will often use fake identities when staying at motels or working jobs that require identification. Having been on the run for years, Banner can normally tell when he is being followed and will generally make a run for it when he is discovered. Having traveled across the globe, Banner is able to sneak over borders without being detected and can get by, by either knowing or learning the local language. Often traveling light, Banner has little to no possessions that he carries in either a satchel or backpack. Often losing everything he owns after transforming into the Hulk, Banner avoids keeping anything of personal value to him so that he can easily replace the items and clothes that were lost or destroyed.",
"To support himself financially, Banner will work quick part\\-time jobs and will only accept payments in cash. These jobs have varied from simply working in low pay diners to working as local doctor. Banner's work ethic as well as his vast knowledge and skillset in science, medicine and engineering often help him get hired rather quickly. Unless desperate, Banner will generally avoid jobs that are high stress due to the potential danger of transforming into the Hulk.",
"Banner has little to no memories of the Hulk's actions aside from his initial transformation which he described as being extremely painful. Banner's lack of memories often terrifies him as he has often transformed back to witness the devastating aftermath of the Hulk's battles which both saddens and encourages him to find a way to understand his condition so that he won't cause anymore destruction or harm. During his travels, Banner has developed several different techniques to help suppress or control his transformations when he becomes a little angry or upset. Among the techniques he has learned over the years include meditation and hypnotherapy. While they have helped him to better understand and suppress his transformations, none of techniques Banner has learned have helped him to gain full control over the Hulk.",
"#### The Hulk",
"The Hulk possesses the potential for seemingly limitless physical strength that is influenced by his emotional state, particularly his anger.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Carlo Pagulayan\\|Pagulayan, Carlo]]\\|inker\\= Huet, Jeffrey\\|story\\= Warbound \\-\\- Part IV\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 109\\|date\\= October 2007}} This has been reflected in the repeated comment \"The madder Hulk gets, the stronger Hulk gets.\"Achenbach, Joel (June 19, 2003\\). [\"All the Rage: The Hulk in Us All\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/06/19/all-the-rage-the-hulk-in-us-all/fbf12212-e7da-4406-b78a-c8aa05a7a838/). *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*. The cosmically powerful entity known as the [Beyonder](/wiki/Beyonder \"Beyonder\") once analyzed the Hulk's physiology, and claimed that the Hulk's potential strength had \"no finite element inside.\" Hulk's strength has been depicted as sometimes limited by Banner's subconscious influence; when [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey \"Jean Grey\") psionically \"shut Banner off\", Hulk became strong enough to overpower and destroy the physical form of the villain [Onslaught](/wiki/Onslaught_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Onslaught (Marvel Comics)\").{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Scott Lobdell\\|Lobdell, Scott]]; Waid, Mark\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Adam Kubert\\|Kubert, Adam]]; \\[\\[Joe Bennett (artist)\\|Bennett, Joe]]\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Dan Green (artist)\\|Green, Dan]]; \\[\\[Art Thibert\\|Thibert, Art]]; Townsend, Tim; Delpergang, Jesse\\|story\\= With Great Power ...\\|title\\= Onslaught: Marvel\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= October 1996}} Writer Greg Pak described the Worldbreaker Hulk shown during *World War Hulk* as having a level of physical power where \"Hulk was stronger than any mortal—and most immortals—who ever walked the Earth\"{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/p/detail/hulk\\-skaar\\-hercules\\|title\\= Hulk, Skaar \\& Hercules\\|first\\= Greg\\|last\\= Pak\\|date\\= April 2, 2008\\|publisher\\= Broken Frontier\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100111010836/http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/p/detail/hulk\\-skaar\\-hercules\\|archive\\-date\\= January 11, 2010\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\|access\\-date\\= April 27, 2010\\|df\\= mdy\\-all}} and depicted the character as powerful enough to completely destroy entire planets.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Pelletier, Paul\\|inker\\= Miki, Danny\\|story\\= Heart of the Monster Part Five\\|title\\= Incredible Hulks\\|issue\\= 634\\|date\\= October 2011}} His strength allows him to leap into lower Earth orbit or across continents,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Christopher Priest (comics)\\|Priest, Christopher]]\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Jon Bogdanove\\|Bogdanove, Jon]]\\|inker\\= Bogdanove, Jon\\|story\\= Tides\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 33\\|date\\= December 2001}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Mantlo, Bill\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Buscema, Sal\\|story\\= Waiting For the U\\-Foes!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 254\\|date\\= December 1980}} and he has displayed superhuman speed.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[John Romita Jr.\\|Romita, John Jr.]]\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Klaus Janson\\|Janson, Klaus]]\\|story\\= The Incredible Hulk Versus the Sentry\\|title\\= World War Hulk\\|issue\\= 5\\|date\\= January 2008}} Exposure to radiation has also been shown to make the Hulk stronger. It is unknown how he gains biomass during transformation but it may be linked to the One\\-Below\\-All.",
"His durability, regeneration, and endurance also increase in proportion to his temper.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Andrew Wildman\\|Wildman, Andrew]]\\|inker\\= Ivy, Chris\\|story\\= Cold Storage\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 394\\|date\\= June 1992}} Hulk is resistant to injury or damage, though the degree to which varies between interpretations, but he has withstood the equivalent of solar temperatures,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Christian Cooper\\|Cooper, Chris]]\\|penciller\\= Rebner, Jeff\\|inker\\= Irwin, Mark\\|story\\= Sins of the Father\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk '97\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= 1997}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Romita, John Jr.\\|inker\\= Janson, Klaus\\|story\\= Hulk\\|title\\= \\[\\[World War Hulk]]\\|issue\\= 2\\|date\\= September 2007}} nuclear explosions,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Angel Medina (artist)\\|Medina, Angel]]\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Robin Riggs\\|Riggs, Robin]]\\|story\\= The Big Bang\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 440\\|date\\= April 1996}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Way, Daniel\\|penciller\\= Dazo, Bong\\|inker\\= Pimentel, Joe\\|story\\= Operation: Annihilation Part One: Journada Del Muerto\\|title\\= \\[\\[Deadpool]]\\|volume\\= 4\\|issue\\= 37\\|date\\= July 2011}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[J. Michael Straczynski\\|Straczynski, J. Michael]]\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Mike McKone\\|McKone, Mike]]\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Andy Lanning\\|Lanning, Andy]]\\|story\\= What Happens in Vegas, Stays in Vegas\\|title\\= \\[\\[Fantastic Four]]\\|issue\\= 533\\|date\\= January 2006}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Pagulayan, Carlo\\|inker\\= Huet, Jeffrey\\|story\\= Planet Hulk Armageddon Part II\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 105\\|date\\= June 2007}} and planet\\-shattering impacts.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Ron Wilson (comics)\\|Wilson, Ron]]\\|penciller\\= Wilson, Ron\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Tom Morgan (comics)\\|Morgan, Tom]]\\|story\\= Kids Will Be Kids\\|title\\= \\[\\[Marvel Comics Presents]]\\|issue\\= 52\\|date\\= June 1990}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Greenberg, Glen; \\[\\[J. M. DeMatteis\\|DeMatteis, J. M.]]\\|penciller\\= Garney, Ron\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Bob Wiacek\\|Wiacek, Bob]]\\|story\\= Heart of the Beast\\|title\\= \\[\\[Silver Surfer (comic book)\\|Silver Surfer]]\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 125\\|date\\= February 1997}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Lee, Stan\\|penciller\\= Trimpe, Herb\\|inker\\= Adkins, Dan\\|story\\= The Brute Battles On!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 112\\|date\\= February 1969}} Despite his remarkable resiliency, continuous barrages of high\\-caliber gunfire can hinder his movement to some degree while he can be temporarily subdued by intense attacks with chemical weapons such as anesthetic gases, although any interruption of such dosages will allow him to quickly recover.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= \\[\\[Len Wein\\|Wein, Len]]\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Palmer, Tom\\|story\\=You Just Don't Quarrel With the Quintronic Man!\\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk\\|date\\=July 1977\\|volume\\=2\\|issue\\=213}} He has been shown to have both regenerative and adaptive healing abilities, including growing tissues to allow him to breathe underwater,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Weeks, Lee\\|inker\\= Palmer, Tom\\|story\\= Tempest Fugit, Part 1 of 5\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 77\\|date\\= March 2005}} surviving unprotected in space for extended periods,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Al Rio\\|Rio, Al]]; Weeks, Lee; \\[\\[Sean Phillips\\|Phillips, Sean]]\\|inker\\= Hanna, Scott; Weeks, Lee; Palmer, Tom\\|story\\= Casus Belli\\|title\\= World War Hulk Prologue: World Breaker\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= July 2007}} and when injured, healing from most wounds within seconds, including, on one occasion, the complete destruction of most of his body mass.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= Farmer, Mark\\|story\\= Betrayals\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 398\\|date\\= October 1992}} His future self, the \"Maestro\", was even eventually able to recover from being blown to pieces.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Kubert, Adam\\|inker\\= Farmer, Mark\\|story\\= Homecoming\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 460\\|date\\= January 1998}} As an effect, he has an extremely prolonged lifespan.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= Weems, Joe; Livesay, John\\|story\\= The Last Titan\\|title\\= Incredible Hulk: The End\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= August 2002}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Cates, Donny\\|penciller\\= Shaw, Geoff\\|inker\\= Shaw, Geoff\\|story\\= Thanos Wins\\|title\\= Thanos\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 17\\|date\\= March 2018}}",
"He also possesses less commonly described powers, including abilities allowing him to \"home in\" to his place of origin in New Mexico;{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Byrne, John\\|penciller\\= Byrne, John\\|inker\\= Wiacek, Bob\\|story\\= Call of the Desert\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 314\\|date\\= December 1985}} resist [psychic control](/wiki/Telepathy \"Telepathy\"),{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Wein, Len\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Jack Abel\\|Abel, Jack]]\\|story\\= The Titan Strikes Back!\\|title\\= \\[\\[Defenders (comics)\\|Defenders]]\\|issue\\= 12\\|date\\= February 1974}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Mantlo, Bill\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Buscema, Sal; Milgrom, Al\\|story\\= The Family That Dies Together ... !\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 259\\|date\\= May 1981}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Loeb, Jeph\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Ian Churchill\\|Churchill, Ian]]\\|inker\\= Hanna, Scott\\|story\\= Loose Cannons\\|title\\= \\[\\[Cable (comics)\\|Cable]]\\|issue\\= 34\\|date\\= August 1996}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Christos Gage\\|Gage, Christos]]\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Andrea Di Vito\\|Di Vito, Andrea]]\\|inker\\= Di Vito, Andrea\\|story\\= Hard Questions\\|title\\= World War Hulk: X\\-Men\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= August 2007}} or [unwilling transformation](/wiki/Metamorphosis \"Metamorphosis\");{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Chris Claremont\\|Claremont, Chris]]; Wein, Len\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Abel, Jack\\|story\\= And Six Shall Crush the Hulk\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk Annual\\|issue\\= 5\\|date\\= October 1976}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Mantlo, Bill\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Buscema, Sal\\|story\\= Devolution!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 266\\|date\\= December 1981}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Purves, Jeff\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Marie Severin\\|Severin, Marie]]\\|story\\= Countdown Part 4: The Abomination\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 364\\|date\\= December 1989}} grow stronger from radiation{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Pelletier, Paul\\|inker\\= Miki, Danny\\|story\\= Heart of the Monster Part Six\\|title\\= Incredible Hulks\\|issue\\= 635\\|date\\= October 2011}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[George Pérez\\|Pérez, George]]\\|inker\\= Pérez, George\\|story\\= Part 2 of 2\\|title\\= Hulk: Future Imperfect\\|issue\\= 2\\|date\\= January 1993}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Gage, Christos\\|penciller\\= Di Vito, Andrea\\|inker\\= Di Vito, Andrea\\|story\\= Sworn to Protect\\|title\\= World War Hulk: X\\-Men\\|issue\\= 2\\|date\\= September 2007}} or dark magic;{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Jenkins, Paul\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= Keown, Dale\\|title\\= \\[\\[The Darkness (comics)\\|The Darkness]] / The Incredible Hulk\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= June 2004}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Jae Lee\\|Lee, Jae]]\\|inker\\= Lee, Jae\\|story\\= Dear Tricia ...\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 82\\|date\\= August 2005}} punch his way between separate temporal{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Thomas, Roy\\|penciller\\= Trimpe, Herb\\|inker\\= Buscema, Sal\\|story\\= Descent Into the Time\\-Stream\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 135\\|date\\= January 1971}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Waid, Mark\\|penciller\\= Jacinto, Kim\\|inker\\= Jacinto, Kim\\|story\\= Agent of T.I.M.E. Part Five\\|title\\= The Indestructible Hulk\\|issue\\= 15\\|date\\= January 2014}} or spatial{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Waid, Mark\\|penciller\\= Bagley, Mark\\|inker\\= Hennessy, Andrew\\|story\\= Who Shot the Hulk \\#1\\|title\\= Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= June 2014}} dimensions; and to see and interact with astral forms.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= McLeod, Bob\\|story\\= Silent Screams\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 369\\|date\\= May 1990}} Some of these abilities were in later years explained as being related; his ability to home in on the New Mexico bomb site was due to his latent ability to sense astral forms and spirits, since the bomb site was also the place where the Maestro's skeleton was and the Maestro's spirit was calling out to him in order to absorb his radiation. He is also shown to have a separate memory to Bruce Banner \\- when Spider\\-Man has the knowledge of his secret identity erased during [Spider\\-Man: One More Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:One_More_Day \"One More Day\"), the Hulk later asks how **Peter** is doing, not Spider\\-Man; upon questioning, he enigmatically states \"Banner forgot. But **I** don't forget.\"",
"In the first *Hulk* comic series, \"massive\" doses of gamma rays would cause the Hulk to transform back to Banner, although this ability was written out of the character by the 1970s.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2018}}",
""
] |
### Personality
Like other long\-lived characters, the Hulk's character and cultural interpretations have changed with time, adding or modifying character traits. The Hulk is typically seen as a hulking man with green skin, hair, and eyes, wearing only a pair of torn purple pants that survive his physical transformation as the character progressed. As Bruce Banner, the character is about 5 ft 9 in (1\.75 m) tall and weighs 128 lbs (58\.05 kg), but when transformed into the Hulk, the character stands between 7 and 8 ft (2\.13 \- 2\.43 m) tall and weighs between 1,040 and 1,400 lbs (471\.73 \- 635\.02 kg). The Gray Hulk stands 6 ft 6 in (1\.98 m) tall and weighs 900 lbs (408\.23 kg); the Merged Hulk stands 7 ft 6 in (2\.28 m) tall and weighs 1,150 lbs (521\.63 kg); the Green Scar stands 8 ft 8 in (2\.64 m) tall and weighs 2,400 lbs (1\.08 ton). The Devil Hulk is roughly the same size as Sasquatch, standing around 9 or 10 ft (2\.74 / 3\.04 m) tall and weighing roughly 2,000 lbs (907\.18 kg). Following his debut, Banner's transformations were triggered at nightfall, turning him into a grey\-skinned Hulk. In *Incredible Hulk* \#2, the Hulk started to appear with green skin, and in *Avengers* \#3 (1963\) Banner realized that his transformations were now triggered by surges of adrenaline in response to feelings of fear, pain or anger. *Incredible Hulk* \#227 (1978\) established that the Hulk's separate identity was not due to the mutation affecting his brain, but because Banner was suffering from [dissociative identity disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder "Dissociative identity disorder"), with the savage Green Hulk representing Banner's repressed childhood rage and aggression, and the Grey Hulk representing Banner's repressed selfish desires and urges.
#### Identities
##### Bruce Banner
During his decades of publication, Banner has been portrayed differently, but common themes persist. Banner, a [physicist](/wiki/Physicist "Physicist") who earned his Ph.D. in nuclear physics from the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") (Caltech), is sarcastic and seemingly very self\-assured when he first appears in *Incredible Hulk* \#1, but is also emotionally withdrawn. Banner designed the gamma bomb that caused his affliction, and the ironic twist of his self\-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes.{{Cite book\|last\= Weinstein\|first\= Simcha\|title\= Up, Up, and Oy Vey!\|publisher\= Leviathan Press\| date\= 2006\|location\= Baltimore, Maryland\|pages\= 82–97\|isbn\=978\-1\-881927\-32\-7}} Arie Kaplan describes the character thus: "Robert Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him will erupt, and therefore he cannot form meaningful bonds with anyone."{{Cite book\|last\= Kaplan\|first\= Arie\|title\= Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!\|publisher\= \[\[Chicago Review Press]]\|date\= 2006\|page\= 58\|location\= Chicago, Illinois\|isbn\=978\-1556526336}} As a child, Banner's father [Brian](/wiki/Brian_Banner "Brian Banner") often got mad and physically abused both Banner and his mother, creating the [psychological complex](/wiki/Complex_%28psychology%29 "Complex (psychology)") of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. Banner has been shown to be emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solving problems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. On the occasions that Banner controlled the Hulk's body, he applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductive reasoning. It was shown after his ability to turn into the Hulk was taken away by the red Hulk that Banner has been extremely versatile as well as cunning when dealing with the many situations that followed. When he was briefly separated from the Hulk by Doom, Banner became criminally insane, driven by his desire to regain the power of the Hulk, but once the two recombined he came to accept that he was a better person with the Hulk to provide something for him to focus on controlling rather than allowing his intellect to run without restraint against the world.{{cite comic\| writer\= Aaron, Jason\|penciller\= Palo, Jefte\|inker\= Palo, Jefte\|story\= Hulk: United Part 1\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 4\|issue\= 13\|date\= November 2012\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}}
##### Hulk
The traditional Hulk, often called "Savage Hulk", was originally shown as grey and average in intelligence. He roamed aimlessly and became annoyed at "puny" humans who took him for a dangerous monster. Shortly after becoming the Hulk, his transformation continued turning him green, coinciding with him beginning to display primitive speech. By *Incredible Hulk* \#4, radiation treatments gave Banner's mind complete control of the Hulk's body. While Banner relished his indestructibility and power, he was quick to anger and more aggressive in his Hulk form. He became known as a hero alongside the Avengers, but his increasing paranoia caused him to leave the group. He was convinced that he would never be trusted.
Originally, the Hulk was shown as simple\-minded and quick to anger.{{cite comic\| writer\= Lee, Stan\|penciller\= Kirby, Jack\|inker\= \[\[Dick Ayers\|Ayers, Dick]]\|story\= The Monster and the Machine!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|issue\= 4\|date\= November 1962}} The Hulk generally divorces his identity from Banner's, decrying Banner as "puny Banner."{{cite comic\|writer\= Milgrom, Al\|penciller\= Milgrom, Al\|inker\= Janke, Dennis\|story\= The Monster's Analyst\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 221\|date\= September 1972}} From his earliest stories, the Hulk has been concerned with finding sanctuary and quiet. He is often shown to quickly react emotionally to situations. Grest and Weinberg call Hulk the "dark, primordial side of Banner's psyche." Even in the earliest appearances, Hulk spoke in the third person. Hulk retains a modest intelligence, thinking and talking in full sentences. Lee even gives the Hulk expository dialogue in issue \#6, allowing readers to learn just what capabilities Hulk has, when the Hulk says, "But these muscles ain't just for show! All I gotta do is spring up and just keep goin'!" In the 1970s, Hulk was shown as more prone to anger and rage, and less talkative. Writers played with the nature of his transformations,{{Cite book \| title\=Comic Book Nation \| last\=Wright \| first\=Bradford \| date\=March 22, 2001 \| publisher\=\[\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| location\=Baltimore, Maryland \| isbn\=978\-0\-8018\-6514\-5 \| page\=\[https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 336] \| url\=https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 }} briefly giving Banner control over the change, and the ability to maintain control of his Hulk form. Artistically and conceptually, the character has become progressively more muscular and powerful in the years since his debut.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \|last\=Randerson \|first\=James \|title\=Superman copycats 'risk health' \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=May 17, 2006 \|location\=London, United Kingdom \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130505013854/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \|archive\-date\=May 5, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}
##### Joe Fixit
Originally, Stan Lee wanted the Hulk to be grey. Due to ink problems, Hulk's color was changed to green. This was later changed in the story to indicate that the {{anchor\|Grey Hulk}}Grey Hulk and the Savage Hulk are separate [dissociative identities](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder "Dissociative identity disorder") or entities fighting for control in Bruce's subconscious. The Grey Hulk incarnation can do the more unscrupulous things that Banner could not bring himself to do, with many sources comparing the Grey Hulk to the moody teenager that Banner never allowed himself to be. While the grey Hulk still had the\-madder\-he\-gets, the\-stronger\-he\-gets part that is similar to the Savage Hulk, it is on a much slower rate. It is said by the Leader that the Grey Hulk is stronger on nights of the new moon and weaker on nights of the full moon. Originally, the night is when Bruce Banner became the Grey Hulk and changed back by dawn. In later comics, willpower or stress would have Banner turn into the Grey Hulk.{{cite comic\|writer\= Milgrom, Al\|penciller\= Milgrom, Al\|inker\= Janke, Dennis\|story\= The More Things Change ...\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 324\|date\= October 1986}} During one storyline where he was placed under a spell to prevent him turning back into Bruce Banner and publicly presumed dead when he was teleported away from a gamma bomb explosion that destroyed an entire town, the grey Hulk adopted a specific name as {{anchor\|Joe Fixit}}**Joe Fixit**, a security expert for Las Vegas casino owner Michael Berengetti, with the grey Hulk often being referred to as Joe after these events.{{cite comic \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=2 \|issue\=347 \|date\=September 1988 \|writer\=Peter David \|penciller\=Jeff Purves \|inker\=Mike Gustovich \|story\=Crapshoot}} Joe Fixit later gained the ability to transform into his version of **[Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk "Red Hulk")** form when in the Below\-Place.*Immortal Hulk* \#45\. Marvel Comics.
##### Merged Hulk
Convinced that unaided, the Banner, Green Hulk, and Grey Hulk identities would eventually destroy each other, Doc Samson uses hypnosis to merge the three to create a new single identity combining Banner's intelligence with the Grey Hulk's and Banner's attitudes and the Green Hulk's body. This new {{anchor\|Merged Hulk}}**Merged Hulk**, {{anchor\|Professor Hulk}}{{anchor\|The Professor}}**Professor Hulk**, or simply **The Professor**, considered himself cured and began a new life, but the merger was not perfect, and the Hulk sometimes still considered Banner a separate person, and when overcome with rage the Merged Hulk would transform back into Banner's human body while still thinking himself the Hulk. The Merged Hulk is the largest of the three primary Hulk incarnations. While in a calm emotional state, the Merged Hulk is stronger than Savage Hulk when he is calm. Unlike the Savage Hulk and the Grey Hulk, Banner subconsciously installed a type of safeguard within this incarnation. The safeguard is that when the Merged Hulk gets angry, he regresses back to Banner with the mind of the Savage Hulk.{{cite comic\|writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= Farmer, Mark\|story\= Hit and Myth\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 379\|date\= March 1991}}
##### Doc Green
A variation of the Merged Hulk identity takes on the name **Doc Green** as the result of [Extremis](/wiki/Extremis "Extremis") fixing Hulk's brain, becoming powerful enough to destroy Tony Stark's mansion with one thunderclap. This form was also known as **Omega Hulk**.{{cite comic\|writer\= \[\[Gerry Duggan (comics)\|Duggan, Gerry]]\|penciller\= Bagley, Mark\|inker\= Hennessy, Andrew\|story\= The Omega Hulk Chapter One\|title\= Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 5\|date\= October 2014\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} It was theorized by Doc Green that this form was an earlier incarnation of his possible future form Maestro.*Hulk* Vol. 3 \#9\. Marvel Comics.
##### {{anchor\|Devil Hulk}}The Devil Hulk
The **[Devil Hulk](/wiki/Devil_Hulk "Devil Hulk")**, or simply the **Devil**, is the result of the Hulk needing a father figure. While the character's physical appearance varies, he is always depicted as having glowing red eyes and reptilian traits.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#19\. Marvel Comics. The new form of the Devil Hulk is the result of Banner and Hulk having been through different deaths and rebirths. This incarnation is articulate, smart, and cunning, and does merciless attacks on those who do harm. Unlike the other Hulk incarnations, the Devil Hulk is content with waiting inside Bruce. If Bruce is injured by sunset, the Devil Hulk will emerge with his transformation being limited to night\-time.*Immortal Hulk* \#1\. Marvel Comics. Thanks to the Devil Hulk side and Banner working together, the Devil Hulk can maintain his form in sunlight.*Immortal Hulk* \#27\. Marvel Comics.
##### Other identities
The {{anchor\|Gravage Hulk}}**Gravage Hulk** is the result of Banner using the Gamma Projector on himself which merged his Savage Hulk and Grey Hulk identities. This form possesses the raw power of the Savage Hulk and the cunning intellect of the Grey Hulk. While he does not draw on anger to empower him, the Gravage Hulk identity draws on dimensional nexus energies to increase his strength.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#60\. Marvel Comics.
The {{anchor\|Dark Hulk}}**Dark Hulk** identity is the result of Hulk being possessed by Shanzar. This form has black skin and is viciously strong.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \#371\. Marvel Comics.
The **[Guilt Hulk](/wiki/Guilt_Hulk "Guilt Hulk")** is a malevolent representation of Banner's abusive father, Brian Banner, that manifests itself in Banner's childhood memories.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \#377 (January 1991\). Marvel Comics.
The {{anchor\|Green Scar}}**Green Scar** identity is unleashed on Sakaar and is an enraged version of the Gravage Hulk. In addition, he is an expert in armed combat like the use of swords and shields. Green Scar is also a capable leader and an expert strategist.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#93\. Marvel Comics.
{{anchor\|Kluh}}**Kluh** is a personality of Hulk who is described as the "Hulk's Hulk". This form sports a white mohawk, black skin, and red lines on him.{{cite comic\| writer\= Remender, Rick\|penciller\= Yu, Leinil Francis\|inker\= Alanguilan, Gerardo; Yu, Leinil Francis\|story\= Altered beast\|title\= \[\[AXIS (comics)\|Avengers \& X\-Men: AXIS]]\|issue\= 4\|date\= January 2015\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}}
{{anchor\|Titan}}**Titan** is a more monstrous and malicious form of Hulk who stands at 30 ft., has black skin, rock\-like spikes on his shoulders, and possesses the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes.*Hulk* Vol. 5 \#3\. Marvel Comics. This personality was born when it was planted in Hulk by [D'Spayre](/wiki/D%27Spayre "D'Spayre").*Hulk* Vol. 5 \#14\. Marvel Comics.
|
[
"### Personality",
"Like other long\\-lived characters, the Hulk's character and cultural interpretations have changed with time, adding or modifying character traits. The Hulk is typically seen as a hulking man with green skin, hair, and eyes, wearing only a pair of torn purple pants that survive his physical transformation as the character progressed. As Bruce Banner, the character is about 5 ft 9 in (1\\.75 m) tall and weighs 128 lbs (58\\.05 kg), but when transformed into the Hulk, the character stands between 7 and 8 ft (2\\.13 \\- 2\\.43 m) tall and weighs between 1,040 and 1,400 lbs (471\\.73 \\- 635\\.02 kg). The Gray Hulk stands 6 ft 6 in (1\\.98 m) tall and weighs 900 lbs (408\\.23 kg); the Merged Hulk stands 7 ft 6 in (2\\.28 m) tall and weighs 1,150 lbs (521\\.63 kg); the Green Scar stands 8 ft 8 in (2\\.64 m) tall and weighs 2,400 lbs (1\\.08 ton). The Devil Hulk is roughly the same size as Sasquatch, standing around 9 or 10 ft (2\\.74 / 3\\.04 m) tall and weighing roughly 2,000 lbs (907\\.18 kg). Following his debut, Banner's transformations were triggered at nightfall, turning him into a grey\\-skinned Hulk. In *Incredible Hulk* \\#2, the Hulk started to appear with green skin, and in *Avengers* \\#3 (1963\\) Banner realized that his transformations were now triggered by surges of adrenaline in response to feelings of fear, pain or anger. *Incredible Hulk* \\#227 (1978\\) established that the Hulk's separate identity was not due to the mutation affecting his brain, but because Banner was suffering from [dissociative identity disorder](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder \"Dissociative identity disorder\"), with the savage Green Hulk representing Banner's repressed childhood rage and aggression, and the Grey Hulk representing Banner's repressed selfish desires and urges.",
"#### Identities",
"##### Bruce Banner",
"During his decades of publication, Banner has been portrayed differently, but common themes persist. Banner, a [physicist](/wiki/Physicist \"Physicist\") who earned his Ph.D. in nuclear physics from the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology \"California Institute of Technology\") (Caltech), is sarcastic and seemingly very self\\-assured when he first appears in *Incredible Hulk* \\#1, but is also emotionally withdrawn. Banner designed the gamma bomb that caused his affliction, and the ironic twist of his self\\-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes.{{Cite book\\|last\\= Weinstein\\|first\\= Simcha\\|title\\= Up, Up, and Oy Vey!\\|publisher\\= Leviathan Press\\| date\\= 2006\\|location\\= Baltimore, Maryland\\|pages\\= 82–97\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-881927\\-32\\-7}} Arie Kaplan describes the character thus: \"Robert Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him will erupt, and therefore he cannot form meaningful bonds with anyone.\"{{Cite book\\|last\\= Kaplan\\|first\\= Arie\\|title\\= Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Chicago Review Press]]\\|date\\= 2006\\|page\\= 58\\|location\\= Chicago, Illinois\\|isbn\\=978\\-1556526336}} As a child, Banner's father [Brian](/wiki/Brian_Banner \"Brian Banner\") often got mad and physically abused both Banner and his mother, creating the [psychological complex](/wiki/Complex_%28psychology%29 \"Complex (psychology)\") of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. Banner has been shown to be emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solving problems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. On the occasions that Banner controlled the Hulk's body, he applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductive reasoning. It was shown after his ability to turn into the Hulk was taken away by the red Hulk that Banner has been extremely versatile as well as cunning when dealing with the many situations that followed. When he was briefly separated from the Hulk by Doom, Banner became criminally insane, driven by his desire to regain the power of the Hulk, but once the two recombined he came to accept that he was a better person with the Hulk to provide something for him to focus on controlling rather than allowing his intellect to run without restraint against the world.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Aaron, Jason\\|penciller\\= Palo, Jefte\\|inker\\= Palo, Jefte\\|story\\= Hulk: United Part 1\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 4\\|issue\\= 13\\|date\\= November 2012\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}}",
"##### Hulk",
"The traditional Hulk, often called \"Savage Hulk\", was originally shown as grey and average in intelligence. He roamed aimlessly and became annoyed at \"puny\" humans who took him for a dangerous monster. Shortly after becoming the Hulk, his transformation continued turning him green, coinciding with him beginning to display primitive speech. By *Incredible Hulk* \\#4, radiation treatments gave Banner's mind complete control of the Hulk's body. While Banner relished his indestructibility and power, he was quick to anger and more aggressive in his Hulk form. He became known as a hero alongside the Avengers, but his increasing paranoia caused him to leave the group. He was convinced that he would never be trusted.",
"Originally, the Hulk was shown as simple\\-minded and quick to anger.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Lee, Stan\\|penciller\\= Kirby, Jack\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Dick Ayers\\|Ayers, Dick]]\\|story\\= The Monster and the Machine!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|issue\\= 4\\|date\\= November 1962}} The Hulk generally divorces his identity from Banner's, decrying Banner as \"puny Banner.\"{{cite comic\\|writer\\= Milgrom, Al\\|penciller\\= Milgrom, Al\\|inker\\= Janke, Dennis\\|story\\= The Monster's Analyst\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 221\\|date\\= September 1972}} From his earliest stories, the Hulk has been concerned with finding sanctuary and quiet. He is often shown to quickly react emotionally to situations. Grest and Weinberg call Hulk the \"dark, primordial side of Banner's psyche.\" Even in the earliest appearances, Hulk spoke in the third person. Hulk retains a modest intelligence, thinking and talking in full sentences. Lee even gives the Hulk expository dialogue in issue \\#6, allowing readers to learn just what capabilities Hulk has, when the Hulk says, \"But these muscles ain't just for show! All I gotta do is spring up and just keep goin'!\" In the 1970s, Hulk was shown as more prone to anger and rage, and less talkative. Writers played with the nature of his transformations,{{Cite book \\| title\\=Comic Book Nation \\| last\\=Wright \\| first\\=Bradford \\| date\\=March 22, 2001 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \\| location\\=Baltimore, Maryland \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8018\\-6514\\-5 \\| page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 336] \\| url\\=https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 }} briefly giving Banner control over the change, and the ability to maintain control of his Hulk form. Artistically and conceptually, the character has become progressively more muscular and powerful in the years since his debut.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \\|last\\=Randerson \\|first\\=James \\|title\\=Superman copycats 'risk health' \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=May 17, 2006 \\|location\\=London, United Kingdom \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130505013854/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"##### Joe Fixit",
"Originally, Stan Lee wanted the Hulk to be grey. Due to ink problems, Hulk's color was changed to green. This was later changed in the story to indicate that the {{anchor\\|Grey Hulk}}Grey Hulk and the Savage Hulk are separate [dissociative identities](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder \"Dissociative identity disorder\") or entities fighting for control in Bruce's subconscious. The Grey Hulk incarnation can do the more unscrupulous things that Banner could not bring himself to do, with many sources comparing the Grey Hulk to the moody teenager that Banner never allowed himself to be. While the grey Hulk still had the\\-madder\\-he\\-gets, the\\-stronger\\-he\\-gets part that is similar to the Savage Hulk, it is on a much slower rate. It is said by the Leader that the Grey Hulk is stronger on nights of the new moon and weaker on nights of the full moon. Originally, the night is when Bruce Banner became the Grey Hulk and changed back by dawn. In later comics, willpower or stress would have Banner turn into the Grey Hulk.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= Milgrom, Al\\|penciller\\= Milgrom, Al\\|inker\\= Janke, Dennis\\|story\\= The More Things Change ...\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 324\\|date\\= October 1986}} During one storyline where he was placed under a spell to prevent him turning back into Bruce Banner and publicly presumed dead when he was teleported away from a gamma bomb explosion that destroyed an entire town, the grey Hulk adopted a specific name as {{anchor\\|Joe Fixit}}**Joe Fixit**, a security expert for Las Vegas casino owner Michael Berengetti, with the grey Hulk often being referred to as Joe after these events.{{cite comic \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=347 \\|date\\=September 1988 \\|writer\\=Peter David \\|penciller\\=Jeff Purves \\|inker\\=Mike Gustovich \\|story\\=Crapshoot}} Joe Fixit later gained the ability to transform into his version of **[Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk \"Red Hulk\")** form when in the Below\\-Place.*Immortal Hulk* \\#45\\. Marvel Comics.",
"##### Merged Hulk",
"Convinced that unaided, the Banner, Green Hulk, and Grey Hulk identities would eventually destroy each other, Doc Samson uses hypnosis to merge the three to create a new single identity combining Banner's intelligence with the Grey Hulk's and Banner's attitudes and the Green Hulk's body. This new {{anchor\\|Merged Hulk}}**Merged Hulk**, {{anchor\\|Professor Hulk}}{{anchor\\|The Professor}}**Professor Hulk**, or simply **The Professor**, considered himself cured and began a new life, but the merger was not perfect, and the Hulk sometimes still considered Banner a separate person, and when overcome with rage the Merged Hulk would transform back into Banner's human body while still thinking himself the Hulk. The Merged Hulk is the largest of the three primary Hulk incarnations. While in a calm emotional state, the Merged Hulk is stronger than Savage Hulk when he is calm. Unlike the Savage Hulk and the Grey Hulk, Banner subconsciously installed a type of safeguard within this incarnation. The safeguard is that when the Merged Hulk gets angry, he regresses back to Banner with the mind of the Savage Hulk.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= Farmer, Mark\\|story\\= Hit and Myth\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 379\\|date\\= March 1991}}",
"##### Doc Green",
"A variation of the Merged Hulk identity takes on the name **Doc Green** as the result of [Extremis](/wiki/Extremis \"Extremis\") fixing Hulk's brain, becoming powerful enough to destroy Tony Stark's mansion with one thunderclap. This form was also known as **Omega Hulk**.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= \\[\\[Gerry Duggan (comics)\\|Duggan, Gerry]]\\|penciller\\= Bagley, Mark\\|inker\\= Hennessy, Andrew\\|story\\= The Omega Hulk Chapter One\\|title\\= Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 5\\|date\\= October 2014\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} It was theorized by Doc Green that this form was an earlier incarnation of his possible future form Maestro.*Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#9\\. Marvel Comics.",
"##### {{anchor\\|Devil Hulk}}The Devil Hulk",
"The **[Devil Hulk](/wiki/Devil_Hulk \"Devil Hulk\")**, or simply the **Devil**, is the result of the Hulk needing a father figure. While the character's physical appearance varies, he is always depicted as having glowing red eyes and reptilian traits.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#19\\. Marvel Comics. The new form of the Devil Hulk is the result of Banner and Hulk having been through different deaths and rebirths. This incarnation is articulate, smart, and cunning, and does merciless attacks on those who do harm. Unlike the other Hulk incarnations, the Devil Hulk is content with waiting inside Bruce. If Bruce is injured by sunset, the Devil Hulk will emerge with his transformation being limited to night\\-time.*Immortal Hulk* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics. Thanks to the Devil Hulk side and Banner working together, the Devil Hulk can maintain his form in sunlight.*Immortal Hulk* \\#27\\. Marvel Comics.",
"##### Other identities",
"The {{anchor\\|Gravage Hulk}}**Gravage Hulk** is the result of Banner using the Gamma Projector on himself which merged his Savage Hulk and Grey Hulk identities. This form possesses the raw power of the Savage Hulk and the cunning intellect of the Grey Hulk. While he does not draw on anger to empower him, the Gravage Hulk identity draws on dimensional nexus energies to increase his strength.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#60\\. Marvel Comics.",
"The {{anchor\\|Dark Hulk}}**Dark Hulk** identity is the result of Hulk being possessed by Shanzar. This form has black skin and is viciously strong.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \\#371\\. Marvel Comics.",
"The **[Guilt Hulk](/wiki/Guilt_Hulk \"Guilt Hulk\")** is a malevolent representation of Banner's abusive father, Brian Banner, that manifests itself in Banner's childhood memories.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \\#377 (January 1991\\). Marvel Comics.",
"The {{anchor\\|Green Scar}}**Green Scar** identity is unleashed on Sakaar and is an enraged version of the Gravage Hulk. In addition, he is an expert in armed combat like the use of swords and shields. Green Scar is also a capable leader and an expert strategist.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#93\\. Marvel Comics.",
"{{anchor\\|Kluh}}**Kluh** is a personality of Hulk who is described as the \"Hulk's Hulk\". This form sports a white mohawk, black skin, and red lines on him.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Remender, Rick\\|penciller\\= Yu, Leinil Francis\\|inker\\= Alanguilan, Gerardo; Yu, Leinil Francis\\|story\\= Altered beast\\|title\\= \\[\\[AXIS (comics)\\|Avengers \\& X\\-Men: AXIS]]\\|issue\\= 4\\|date\\= January 2015\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}}",
"{{anchor\\|Titan}}**Titan** is a more monstrous and malicious form of Hulk who stands at 30 ft., has black skin, rock\\-like spikes on his shoulders, and possesses the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes.*Hulk* Vol. 5 \\#3\\. Marvel Comics. This personality was born when it was planted in Hulk by [D'Spayre](/wiki/D%27Spayre \"D'Spayre\").*Hulk* Vol. 5 \\#14\\. Marvel Comics.",
""
] |
#### Identities
##### Bruce Banner
During his decades of publication, Banner has been portrayed differently, but common themes persist. Banner, a [physicist](/wiki/Physicist "Physicist") who earned his Ph.D. in nuclear physics from the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology "California Institute of Technology") (Caltech), is sarcastic and seemingly very self\-assured when he first appears in *Incredible Hulk* \#1, but is also emotionally withdrawn. Banner designed the gamma bomb that caused his affliction, and the ironic twist of his self\-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes.{{Cite book\|last\= Weinstein\|first\= Simcha\|title\= Up, Up, and Oy Vey!\|publisher\= Leviathan Press\| date\= 2006\|location\= Baltimore, Maryland\|pages\= 82–97\|isbn\=978\-1\-881927\-32\-7}} Arie Kaplan describes the character thus: "Robert Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him will erupt, and therefore he cannot form meaningful bonds with anyone."{{Cite book\|last\= Kaplan\|first\= Arie\|title\= Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!\|publisher\= \[\[Chicago Review Press]]\|date\= 2006\|page\= 58\|location\= Chicago, Illinois\|isbn\=978\-1556526336}} As a child, Banner's father [Brian](/wiki/Brian_Banner "Brian Banner") often got mad and physically abused both Banner and his mother, creating the [psychological complex](/wiki/Complex_%28psychology%29 "Complex (psychology)") of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. Banner has been shown to be emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solving problems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. On the occasions that Banner controlled the Hulk's body, he applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductive reasoning. It was shown after his ability to turn into the Hulk was taken away by the red Hulk that Banner has been extremely versatile as well as cunning when dealing with the many situations that followed. When he was briefly separated from the Hulk by Doom, Banner became criminally insane, driven by his desire to regain the power of the Hulk, but once the two recombined he came to accept that he was a better person with the Hulk to provide something for him to focus on controlling rather than allowing his intellect to run without restraint against the world.{{cite comic\| writer\= Aaron, Jason\|penciller\= Palo, Jefte\|inker\= Palo, Jefte\|story\= Hulk: United Part 1\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 4\|issue\= 13\|date\= November 2012\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}}
##### Hulk
The traditional Hulk, often called "Savage Hulk", was originally shown as grey and average in intelligence. He roamed aimlessly and became annoyed at "puny" humans who took him for a dangerous monster. Shortly after becoming the Hulk, his transformation continued turning him green, coinciding with him beginning to display primitive speech. By *Incredible Hulk* \#4, radiation treatments gave Banner's mind complete control of the Hulk's body. While Banner relished his indestructibility and power, he was quick to anger and more aggressive in his Hulk form. He became known as a hero alongside the Avengers, but his increasing paranoia caused him to leave the group. He was convinced that he would never be trusted.
Originally, the Hulk was shown as simple\-minded and quick to anger.{{cite comic\| writer\= Lee, Stan\|penciller\= Kirby, Jack\|inker\= \[\[Dick Ayers\|Ayers, Dick]]\|story\= The Monster and the Machine!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|issue\= 4\|date\= November 1962}} The Hulk generally divorces his identity from Banner's, decrying Banner as "puny Banner."{{cite comic\|writer\= Milgrom, Al\|penciller\= Milgrom, Al\|inker\= Janke, Dennis\|story\= The Monster's Analyst\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 221\|date\= September 1972}} From his earliest stories, the Hulk has been concerned with finding sanctuary and quiet. He is often shown to quickly react emotionally to situations. Grest and Weinberg call Hulk the "dark, primordial side of Banner's psyche." Even in the earliest appearances, Hulk spoke in the third person. Hulk retains a modest intelligence, thinking and talking in full sentences. Lee even gives the Hulk expository dialogue in issue \#6, allowing readers to learn just what capabilities Hulk has, when the Hulk says, "But these muscles ain't just for show! All I gotta do is spring up and just keep goin'!" In the 1970s, Hulk was shown as more prone to anger and rage, and less talkative. Writers played with the nature of his transformations,{{Cite book \| title\=Comic Book Nation \| last\=Wright \| first\=Bradford \| date\=March 22, 2001 \| publisher\=\[\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \| location\=Baltimore, Maryland \| isbn\=978\-0\-8018\-6514\-5 \| page\=\[https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 336] \| url\=https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 }} briefly giving Banner control over the change, and the ability to maintain control of his Hulk form. Artistically and conceptually, the character has become progressively more muscular and powerful in the years since his debut.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \|last\=Randerson \|first\=James \|title\=Superman copycats 'risk health' \|work\=The Guardian \|date\=May 17, 2006 \|location\=London, United Kingdom \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130505013854/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \|archive\-date\=May 5, 2013 \|url\-status\=dead \|df\=mdy\-all }}
##### Joe Fixit
Originally, Stan Lee wanted the Hulk to be grey. Due to ink problems, Hulk's color was changed to green. This was later changed in the story to indicate that the {{anchor\|Grey Hulk}}Grey Hulk and the Savage Hulk are separate [dissociative identities](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder "Dissociative identity disorder") or entities fighting for control in Bruce's subconscious. The Grey Hulk incarnation can do the more unscrupulous things that Banner could not bring himself to do, with many sources comparing the Grey Hulk to the moody teenager that Banner never allowed himself to be. While the grey Hulk still had the\-madder\-he\-gets, the\-stronger\-he\-gets part that is similar to the Savage Hulk, it is on a much slower rate. It is said by the Leader that the Grey Hulk is stronger on nights of the new moon and weaker on nights of the full moon. Originally, the night is when Bruce Banner became the Grey Hulk and changed back by dawn. In later comics, willpower or stress would have Banner turn into the Grey Hulk.{{cite comic\|writer\= Milgrom, Al\|penciller\= Milgrom, Al\|inker\= Janke, Dennis\|story\= The More Things Change ...\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 324\|date\= October 1986}} During one storyline where he was placed under a spell to prevent him turning back into Bruce Banner and publicly presumed dead when he was teleported away from a gamma bomb explosion that destroyed an entire town, the grey Hulk adopted a specific name as {{anchor\|Joe Fixit}}**Joe Fixit**, a security expert for Las Vegas casino owner Michael Berengetti, with the grey Hulk often being referred to as Joe after these events.{{cite comic \|title\=The Incredible Hulk \|volume\=2 \|issue\=347 \|date\=September 1988 \|writer\=Peter David \|penciller\=Jeff Purves \|inker\=Mike Gustovich \|story\=Crapshoot}} Joe Fixit later gained the ability to transform into his version of **[Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk "Red Hulk")** form when in the Below\-Place.*Immortal Hulk* \#45\. Marvel Comics.
##### Merged Hulk
Convinced that unaided, the Banner, Green Hulk, and Grey Hulk identities would eventually destroy each other, Doc Samson uses hypnosis to merge the three to create a new single identity combining Banner's intelligence with the Grey Hulk's and Banner's attitudes and the Green Hulk's body. This new {{anchor\|Merged Hulk}}**Merged Hulk**, {{anchor\|Professor Hulk}}{{anchor\|The Professor}}**Professor Hulk**, or simply **The Professor**, considered himself cured and began a new life, but the merger was not perfect, and the Hulk sometimes still considered Banner a separate person, and when overcome with rage the Merged Hulk would transform back into Banner's human body while still thinking himself the Hulk. The Merged Hulk is the largest of the three primary Hulk incarnations. While in a calm emotional state, the Merged Hulk is stronger than Savage Hulk when he is calm. Unlike the Savage Hulk and the Grey Hulk, Banner subconsciously installed a type of safeguard within this incarnation. The safeguard is that when the Merged Hulk gets angry, he regresses back to Banner with the mind of the Savage Hulk.{{cite comic\|writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= Farmer, Mark\|story\= Hit and Myth\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 379\|date\= March 1991}}
##### Doc Green
A variation of the Merged Hulk identity takes on the name **Doc Green** as the result of [Extremis](/wiki/Extremis "Extremis") fixing Hulk's brain, becoming powerful enough to destroy Tony Stark's mansion with one thunderclap. This form was also known as **Omega Hulk**.{{cite comic\|writer\= \[\[Gerry Duggan (comics)\|Duggan, Gerry]]\|penciller\= Bagley, Mark\|inker\= Hennessy, Andrew\|story\= The Omega Hulk Chapter One\|title\= Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 5\|date\= October 2014\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}} It was theorized by Doc Green that this form was an earlier incarnation of his possible future form Maestro.*Hulk* Vol. 3 \#9\. Marvel Comics.
##### {{anchor\|Devil Hulk}}The Devil Hulk
The **[Devil Hulk](/wiki/Devil_Hulk "Devil Hulk")**, or simply the **Devil**, is the result of the Hulk needing a father figure. While the character's physical appearance varies, he is always depicted as having glowing red eyes and reptilian traits.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#19\. Marvel Comics. The new form of the Devil Hulk is the result of Banner and Hulk having been through different deaths and rebirths. This incarnation is articulate, smart, and cunning, and does merciless attacks on those who do harm. Unlike the other Hulk incarnations, the Devil Hulk is content with waiting inside Bruce. If Bruce is injured by sunset, the Devil Hulk will emerge with his transformation being limited to night\-time.*Immortal Hulk* \#1\. Marvel Comics. Thanks to the Devil Hulk side and Banner working together, the Devil Hulk can maintain his form in sunlight.*Immortal Hulk* \#27\. Marvel Comics.
##### Other identities
The {{anchor\|Gravage Hulk}}**Gravage Hulk** is the result of Banner using the Gamma Projector on himself which merged his Savage Hulk and Grey Hulk identities. This form possesses the raw power of the Savage Hulk and the cunning intellect of the Grey Hulk. While he does not draw on anger to empower him, the Gravage Hulk identity draws on dimensional nexus energies to increase his strength.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#60\. Marvel Comics.
The {{anchor\|Dark Hulk}}**Dark Hulk** identity is the result of Hulk being possessed by Shanzar. This form has black skin and is viciously strong.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \#371\. Marvel Comics.
The **[Guilt Hulk](/wiki/Guilt_Hulk "Guilt Hulk")** is a malevolent representation of Banner's abusive father, Brian Banner, that manifests itself in Banner's childhood memories.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \#377 (January 1991\). Marvel Comics.
The {{anchor\|Green Scar}}**Green Scar** identity is unleashed on Sakaar and is an enraged version of the Gravage Hulk. In addition, he is an expert in armed combat like the use of swords and shields. Green Scar is also a capable leader and an expert strategist.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \#93\. Marvel Comics.
{{anchor\|Kluh}}**Kluh** is a personality of Hulk who is described as the "Hulk's Hulk". This form sports a white mohawk, black skin, and red lines on him.{{cite comic\| writer\= Remender, Rick\|penciller\= Yu, Leinil Francis\|inker\= Alanguilan, Gerardo; Yu, Leinil Francis\|story\= Altered beast\|title\= \[\[AXIS (comics)\|Avengers \& X\-Men: AXIS]]\|issue\= 4\|date\= January 2015\|publisher\=Marvel Comics}}
{{anchor\|Titan}}**Titan** is a more monstrous and malicious form of Hulk who stands at 30 ft., has black skin, rock\-like spikes on his shoulders, and possesses the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes.*Hulk* Vol. 5 \#3\. Marvel Comics. This personality was born when it was planted in Hulk by [D'Spayre](/wiki/D%27Spayre "D'Spayre").*Hulk* Vol. 5 \#14\. Marvel Comics.
|
[
"#### Identities",
"##### Bruce Banner",
"During his decades of publication, Banner has been portrayed differently, but common themes persist. Banner, a [physicist](/wiki/Physicist \"Physicist\") who earned his Ph.D. in nuclear physics from the [California Institute of Technology](/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology \"California Institute of Technology\") (Caltech), is sarcastic and seemingly very self\\-assured when he first appears in *Incredible Hulk* \\#1, but is also emotionally withdrawn. Banner designed the gamma bomb that caused his affliction, and the ironic twist of his self\\-inflicted fate has been one of the most persistent common themes.{{Cite book\\|last\\= Weinstein\\|first\\= Simcha\\|title\\= Up, Up, and Oy Vey!\\|publisher\\= Leviathan Press\\| date\\= 2006\\|location\\= Baltimore, Maryland\\|pages\\= 82–97\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-881927\\-32\\-7}} Arie Kaplan describes the character thus: \"Robert Bruce Banner lives in a constant state of panic, always wary that the monster inside him will erupt, and therefore he cannot form meaningful bonds with anyone.\"{{Cite book\\|last\\= Kaplan\\|first\\= Arie\\|title\\= Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed!\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Chicago Review Press]]\\|date\\= 2006\\|page\\= 58\\|location\\= Chicago, Illinois\\|isbn\\=978\\-1556526336}} As a child, Banner's father [Brian](/wiki/Brian_Banner \"Brian Banner\") often got mad and physically abused both Banner and his mother, creating the [psychological complex](/wiki/Complex_%28psychology%29 \"Complex (psychology)\") of fear, anger, and the fear of anger and the destruction it can cause that underlies the character. Banner has been shown to be emotionally repressed, but capable of deep love for Betty Ross, and for solving problems posed to him. Under the writing of Paul Jenkins, Banner was shown to be a capable fugitive, applying deductive reasoning and observation to figure out the events transpiring around him. On the occasions that Banner controlled the Hulk's body, he applied principles of physics to problems and challenges and used deductive reasoning. It was shown after his ability to turn into the Hulk was taken away by the red Hulk that Banner has been extremely versatile as well as cunning when dealing with the many situations that followed. When he was briefly separated from the Hulk by Doom, Banner became criminally insane, driven by his desire to regain the power of the Hulk, but once the two recombined he came to accept that he was a better person with the Hulk to provide something for him to focus on controlling rather than allowing his intellect to run without restraint against the world.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Aaron, Jason\\|penciller\\= Palo, Jefte\\|inker\\= Palo, Jefte\\|story\\= Hulk: United Part 1\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 4\\|issue\\= 13\\|date\\= November 2012\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}}",
"##### Hulk",
"The traditional Hulk, often called \"Savage Hulk\", was originally shown as grey and average in intelligence. He roamed aimlessly and became annoyed at \"puny\" humans who took him for a dangerous monster. Shortly after becoming the Hulk, his transformation continued turning him green, coinciding with him beginning to display primitive speech. By *Incredible Hulk* \\#4, radiation treatments gave Banner's mind complete control of the Hulk's body. While Banner relished his indestructibility and power, he was quick to anger and more aggressive in his Hulk form. He became known as a hero alongside the Avengers, but his increasing paranoia caused him to leave the group. He was convinced that he would never be trusted.",
"Originally, the Hulk was shown as simple\\-minded and quick to anger.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Lee, Stan\\|penciller\\= Kirby, Jack\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Dick Ayers\\|Ayers, Dick]]\\|story\\= The Monster and the Machine!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|issue\\= 4\\|date\\= November 1962}} The Hulk generally divorces his identity from Banner's, decrying Banner as \"puny Banner.\"{{cite comic\\|writer\\= Milgrom, Al\\|penciller\\= Milgrom, Al\\|inker\\= Janke, Dennis\\|story\\= The Monster's Analyst\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 221\\|date\\= September 1972}} From his earliest stories, the Hulk has been concerned with finding sanctuary and quiet. He is often shown to quickly react emotionally to situations. Grest and Weinberg call Hulk the \"dark, primordial side of Banner's psyche.\" Even in the earliest appearances, Hulk spoke in the third person. Hulk retains a modest intelligence, thinking and talking in full sentences. Lee even gives the Hulk expository dialogue in issue \\#6, allowing readers to learn just what capabilities Hulk has, when the Hulk says, \"But these muscles ain't just for show! All I gotta do is spring up and just keep goin'!\" In the 1970s, Hulk was shown as more prone to anger and rage, and less talkative. Writers played with the nature of his transformations,{{Cite book \\| title\\=Comic Book Nation \\| last\\=Wright \\| first\\=Bradford \\| date\\=March 22, 2001 \\| publisher\\=\\[\\[Johns Hopkins University Press]] \\| location\\=Baltimore, Maryland \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8018\\-6514\\-5 \\| page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 336] \\| url\\=https://archive.org/details/comicbooknationt00wrig/page/336 }} briefly giving Banner control over the change, and the ability to maintain control of his Hulk form. Artistically and conceptually, the character has become progressively more muscular and powerful in the years since his debut.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \\|last\\=Randerson \\|first\\=James \\|title\\=Superman copycats 'risk health' \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|date\\=May 17, 2006 \\|location\\=London, United Kingdom \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130505013854/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2006/may/17/medicalresearch.medicineandhealth \\|archive\\-date\\=May 5, 2013 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"##### Joe Fixit",
"Originally, Stan Lee wanted the Hulk to be grey. Due to ink problems, Hulk's color was changed to green. This was later changed in the story to indicate that the {{anchor\\|Grey Hulk}}Grey Hulk and the Savage Hulk are separate [dissociative identities](/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder \"Dissociative identity disorder\") or entities fighting for control in Bruce's subconscious. The Grey Hulk incarnation can do the more unscrupulous things that Banner could not bring himself to do, with many sources comparing the Grey Hulk to the moody teenager that Banner never allowed himself to be. While the grey Hulk still had the\\-madder\\-he\\-gets, the\\-stronger\\-he\\-gets part that is similar to the Savage Hulk, it is on a much slower rate. It is said by the Leader that the Grey Hulk is stronger on nights of the new moon and weaker on nights of the full moon. Originally, the night is when Bruce Banner became the Grey Hulk and changed back by dawn. In later comics, willpower or stress would have Banner turn into the Grey Hulk.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= Milgrom, Al\\|penciller\\= Milgrom, Al\\|inker\\= Janke, Dennis\\|story\\= The More Things Change ...\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 324\\|date\\= October 1986}} During one storyline where he was placed under a spell to prevent him turning back into Bruce Banner and publicly presumed dead when he was teleported away from a gamma bomb explosion that destroyed an entire town, the grey Hulk adopted a specific name as {{anchor\\|Joe Fixit}}**Joe Fixit**, a security expert for Las Vegas casino owner Michael Berengetti, with the grey Hulk often being referred to as Joe after these events.{{cite comic \\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=347 \\|date\\=September 1988 \\|writer\\=Peter David \\|penciller\\=Jeff Purves \\|inker\\=Mike Gustovich \\|story\\=Crapshoot}} Joe Fixit later gained the ability to transform into his version of **[Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk \"Red Hulk\")** form when in the Below\\-Place.*Immortal Hulk* \\#45\\. Marvel Comics.",
"##### Merged Hulk",
"Convinced that unaided, the Banner, Green Hulk, and Grey Hulk identities would eventually destroy each other, Doc Samson uses hypnosis to merge the three to create a new single identity combining Banner's intelligence with the Grey Hulk's and Banner's attitudes and the Green Hulk's body. This new {{anchor\\|Merged Hulk}}**Merged Hulk**, {{anchor\\|Professor Hulk}}{{anchor\\|The Professor}}**Professor Hulk**, or simply **The Professor**, considered himself cured and began a new life, but the merger was not perfect, and the Hulk sometimes still considered Banner a separate person, and when overcome with rage the Merged Hulk would transform back into Banner's human body while still thinking himself the Hulk. The Merged Hulk is the largest of the three primary Hulk incarnations. While in a calm emotional state, the Merged Hulk is stronger than Savage Hulk when he is calm. Unlike the Savage Hulk and the Grey Hulk, Banner subconsciously installed a type of safeguard within this incarnation. The safeguard is that when the Merged Hulk gets angry, he regresses back to Banner with the mind of the Savage Hulk.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= Farmer, Mark\\|story\\= Hit and Myth\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 379\\|date\\= March 1991}}",
"##### Doc Green",
"A variation of the Merged Hulk identity takes on the name **Doc Green** as the result of [Extremis](/wiki/Extremis \"Extremis\") fixing Hulk's brain, becoming powerful enough to destroy Tony Stark's mansion with one thunderclap. This form was also known as **Omega Hulk**.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= \\[\\[Gerry Duggan (comics)\\|Duggan, Gerry]]\\|penciller\\= Bagley, Mark\\|inker\\= Hennessy, Andrew\\|story\\= The Omega Hulk Chapter One\\|title\\= Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 5\\|date\\= October 2014\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}} It was theorized by Doc Green that this form was an earlier incarnation of his possible future form Maestro.*Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#9\\. Marvel Comics.",
"##### {{anchor\\|Devil Hulk}}The Devil Hulk",
"The **[Devil Hulk](/wiki/Devil_Hulk \"Devil Hulk\")**, or simply the **Devil**, is the result of the Hulk needing a father figure. While the character's physical appearance varies, he is always depicted as having glowing red eyes and reptilian traits.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#19\\. Marvel Comics. The new form of the Devil Hulk is the result of Banner and Hulk having been through different deaths and rebirths. This incarnation is articulate, smart, and cunning, and does merciless attacks on those who do harm. Unlike the other Hulk incarnations, the Devil Hulk is content with waiting inside Bruce. If Bruce is injured by sunset, the Devil Hulk will emerge with his transformation being limited to night\\-time.*Immortal Hulk* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics. Thanks to the Devil Hulk side and Banner working together, the Devil Hulk can maintain his form in sunlight.*Immortal Hulk* \\#27\\. Marvel Comics.",
"##### Other identities",
"The {{anchor\\|Gravage Hulk}}**Gravage Hulk** is the result of Banner using the Gamma Projector on himself which merged his Savage Hulk and Grey Hulk identities. This form possesses the raw power of the Savage Hulk and the cunning intellect of the Grey Hulk. While he does not draw on anger to empower him, the Gravage Hulk identity draws on dimensional nexus energies to increase his strength.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#60\\. Marvel Comics.",
"The {{anchor\\|Dark Hulk}}**Dark Hulk** identity is the result of Hulk being possessed by Shanzar. This form has black skin and is viciously strong.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \\#371\\. Marvel Comics.",
"The **[Guilt Hulk](/wiki/Guilt_Hulk \"Guilt Hulk\")** is a malevolent representation of Banner's abusive father, Brian Banner, that manifests itself in Banner's childhood memories.*The Incredible Hulk* Vol. 2 \\#377 (January 1991\\). Marvel Comics.",
"The {{anchor\\|Green Scar}}**Green Scar** identity is unleashed on Sakaar and is an enraged version of the Gravage Hulk. In addition, he is an expert in armed combat like the use of swords and shields. Green Scar is also a capable leader and an expert strategist.*Incredible Hulk* Vol. 3 \\#93\\. Marvel Comics.",
"{{anchor\\|Kluh}}**Kluh** is a personality of Hulk who is described as the \"Hulk's Hulk\". This form sports a white mohawk, black skin, and red lines on him.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Remender, Rick\\|penciller\\= Yu, Leinil Francis\\|inker\\= Alanguilan, Gerardo; Yu, Leinil Francis\\|story\\= Altered beast\\|title\\= \\[\\[AXIS (comics)\\|Avengers \\& X\\-Men: AXIS]]\\|issue\\= 4\\|date\\= January 2015\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics}}",
"{{anchor\\|Titan}}**Titan** is a more monstrous and malicious form of Hulk who stands at 30 ft., has black skin, rock\\-like spikes on his shoulders, and possesses the ability to shoot lasers from his eyes.*Hulk* Vol. 5 \\#3\\. Marvel Comics. This personality was born when it was planted in Hulk by [D'Spayre](/wiki/D%27Spayre \"D'Spayre\").*Hulk* Vol. 5 \\#14\\. Marvel Comics.",
""
] |
### Powers and abilities
#### Bruce Banner
Considered to be one of the greatest scientific minds on Earth, Banner possesses "a mind so brilliant it cannot be measured on any known intelligence test."{{cite news\| last\=Pisani \| first\=Joseph \| title\=The Smartest Superheroes \| work\=BusinessWeek \| date\=June 2006 \| url\= http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\-05\-31/the\-smartest\-superheroes\-businessweek\-business\-news\-stock\-market\-and\-financial\-advice\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140115135337/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\-05\-31/the\-smartest\-superheroes\-businessweek\-business\-news\-stock\-market\-and\-financial\-advice\|archive\-date\= January 15, 2014\|url\-status\= dead\|access\-date\=December 9, 2007}} [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn "Norman Osborn") estimates that he is the fourth most\-intelligent person on Earth.{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Oliver, Ben \|inker\= Oliver, Ben\|colorist\=Gandini, Veronica \| letterer\=Bowland, Simon \| editor\=Paniccia, Mark \| story\= The List: Hulk \|title\= Dark Reign: The List – Hulk\|volume\= 1\|issue\= 1\|date\= December 2009}} Banner holds expertise in biology, chemistry, engineering, medicine, physiology, and nuclear physics. Using this knowledge, he creates advanced technology dubbed "Bannertech", which is on par with technological development from Tony Stark or Doctor Doom. These technologies include a [teleporter](/wiki/Teleportation "Teleportation") and a [force field](/wiki/Force_shield "Force shield") that can protect him from the attacks of Hulk\-level entities.
After becoming a fugitive from the law, Banner is forced to go on the run and over the years learns various skills in order to both survive and remain under radar of those who are hunting him. Banner's most frequent method of travel includes hitchhiking, train hopping or simply just walking as he is unable to travel legally via planes, passenger ships or buses due to being in several travel watchlists. Banner is generally on the move and rarely ever stays in one place for very long and only does so if there's a possibility of curing himself. He will only ever stay in one place for an extended period of time if it provides him with complete solitude and privacy where the Hulk can do little to no harm.
To avoid being tracked, Banner does not use cell phones, debit or credit cards and will only use payphones or cash. He will often use fake identities when staying at motels or working jobs that require identification. Having been on the run for years, Banner can normally tell when he is being followed and will generally make a run for it when he is discovered. Having traveled across the globe, Banner is able to sneak over borders without being detected and can get by, by either knowing or learning the local language. Often traveling light, Banner has little to no possessions that he carries in either a satchel or backpack. Often losing everything he owns after transforming into the Hulk, Banner avoids keeping anything of personal value to him so that he can easily replace the items and clothes that were lost or destroyed.
To support himself financially, Banner will work quick part\-time jobs and will only accept payments in cash. These jobs have varied from simply working in low pay diners to working as local doctor. Banner's work ethic as well as his vast knowledge and skillset in science, medicine and engineering often help him get hired rather quickly. Unless desperate, Banner will generally avoid jobs that are high stress due to the potential danger of transforming into the Hulk.
Banner has little to no memories of the Hulk's actions aside from his initial transformation which he described as being extremely painful. Banner's lack of memories often terrifies him as he has often transformed back to witness the devastating aftermath of the Hulk's battles which both saddens and encourages him to find a way to understand his condition so that he won't cause anymore destruction or harm. During his travels, Banner has developed several different techniques to help suppress or control his transformations when he becomes a little angry or upset. Among the techniques he has learned over the years include meditation and hypnotherapy. While they have helped him to better understand and suppress his transformations, none of techniques Banner has learned have helped him to gain full control over the Hulk.
#### The Hulk
The Hulk possesses the potential for seemingly limitless physical strength that is influenced by his emotional state, particularly his anger.{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= \[\[Carlo Pagulayan\|Pagulayan, Carlo]]\|inker\= Huet, Jeffrey\|story\= Warbound \-\- Part IV\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 109\|date\= October 2007}} This has been reflected in the repeated comment "The madder Hulk gets, the stronger Hulk gets."Achenbach, Joel (June 19, 2003\). ["All the Rage: The Hulk in Us All"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/06/19/all-the-rage-the-hulk-in-us-all/fbf12212-e7da-4406-b78a-c8aa05a7a838/). *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*. The cosmically powerful entity known as the [Beyonder](/wiki/Beyonder "Beyonder") once analyzed the Hulk's physiology, and claimed that the Hulk's potential strength had "no finite element inside." Hulk's strength has been depicted as sometimes limited by Banner's subconscious influence; when [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey "Jean Grey") psionically "shut Banner off", Hulk became strong enough to overpower and destroy the physical form of the villain [Onslaught](/wiki/Onslaught_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Onslaught (Marvel Comics)").{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Scott Lobdell\|Lobdell, Scott]]; Waid, Mark\|penciller\= \[\[Adam Kubert\|Kubert, Adam]]; \[\[Joe Bennett (artist)\|Bennett, Joe]]\|inker\= \[\[Dan Green (artist)\|Green, Dan]]; \[\[Art Thibert\|Thibert, Art]]; Townsend, Tim; Delpergang, Jesse\|story\= With Great Power ...\|title\= Onslaught: Marvel\|issue\= 1\|date\= October 1996}} Writer Greg Pak described the Worldbreaker Hulk shown during *World War Hulk* as having a level of physical power where "Hulk was stronger than any mortal—and most immortals—who ever walked the Earth"{{cite web\|url\= http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/p/detail/hulk\-skaar\-hercules\|title\= Hulk, Skaar \& Hercules\|first\= Greg\|last\= Pak\|date\= April 2, 2008\|publisher\= Broken Frontier\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100111010836/http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/p/detail/hulk\-skaar\-hercules\|archive\-date\= January 11, 2010\|url\-status\= dead\|access\-date\= April 27, 2010\|df\= mdy\-all}} and depicted the character as powerful enough to completely destroy entire planets.{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Pelletier, Paul\|inker\= Miki, Danny\|story\= Heart of the Monster Part Five\|title\= Incredible Hulks\|issue\= 634\|date\= October 2011}} His strength allows him to leap into lower Earth orbit or across continents,{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Christopher Priest (comics)\|Priest, Christopher]]\|penciller\= \[\[Jon Bogdanove\|Bogdanove, Jon]]\|inker\= Bogdanove, Jon\|story\= Tides\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 33\|date\= December 2001}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Mantlo, Bill\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Buscema, Sal\|story\= Waiting For the U\-Foes!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 254\|date\= December 1980}} and he has displayed superhuman speed.{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= \[\[John Romita Jr.\|Romita, John Jr.]]\|inker\= \[\[Klaus Janson\|Janson, Klaus]]\|story\= The Incredible Hulk Versus the Sentry\|title\= World War Hulk\|issue\= 5\|date\= January 2008}} Exposure to radiation has also been shown to make the Hulk stronger. It is unknown how he gains biomass during transformation but it may be linked to the One\-Below\-All.
His durability, regeneration, and endurance also increase in proportion to his temper.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[Andrew Wildman\|Wildman, Andrew]]\|inker\= Ivy, Chris\|story\= Cold Storage\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 394\|date\= June 1992}} Hulk is resistant to injury or damage, though the degree to which varies between interpretations, but he has withstood the equivalent of solar temperatures,{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Christian Cooper\|Cooper, Chris]]\|penciller\= Rebner, Jeff\|inker\= Irwin, Mark\|story\= Sins of the Father\|title\= The Incredible Hulk '97\|issue\= 1\|date\= 1997}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Romita, John Jr.\|inker\= Janson, Klaus\|story\= Hulk\|title\= \[\[World War Hulk]]\|issue\= 2\|date\= September 2007}} nuclear explosions,{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[Angel Medina (artist)\|Medina, Angel]]\|inker\= \[\[Robin Riggs\|Riggs, Robin]]\|story\= The Big Bang\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 440\|date\= April 1996}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Way, Daniel\|penciller\= Dazo, Bong\|inker\= Pimentel, Joe\|story\= Operation: Annihilation Part One: Journada Del Muerto\|title\= \[\[Deadpool]]\|volume\= 4\|issue\= 37\|date\= July 2011}}{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[J. Michael Straczynski\|Straczynski, J. Michael]]\|penciller\= \[\[Mike McKone\|McKone, Mike]]\|inker\= \[\[Andy Lanning\|Lanning, Andy]]\|story\= What Happens in Vegas, Stays in Vegas\|title\= \[\[Fantastic Four]]\|issue\= 533\|date\= January 2006}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Pagulayan, Carlo\|inker\= Huet, Jeffrey\|story\= Planet Hulk Armageddon Part II\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 105\|date\= June 2007}} and planet\-shattering impacts.{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Ron Wilson (comics)\|Wilson, Ron]]\|penciller\= Wilson, Ron\|inker\= \[\[Tom Morgan (comics)\|Morgan, Tom]]\|story\= Kids Will Be Kids\|title\= \[\[Marvel Comics Presents]]\|issue\= 52\|date\= June 1990}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Greenberg, Glen; \[\[J. M. DeMatteis\|DeMatteis, J. M.]]\|penciller\= Garney, Ron\|inker\= \[\[Bob Wiacek\|Wiacek, Bob]]\|story\= Heart of the Beast\|title\= \[\[Silver Surfer (comic book)\|Silver Surfer]]\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 125\|date\= February 1997}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Lee, Stan\|penciller\= Trimpe, Herb\|inker\= Adkins, Dan\|story\= The Brute Battles On!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 112\|date\= February 1969}} Despite his remarkable resiliency, continuous barrages of high\-caliber gunfire can hinder his movement to some degree while he can be temporarily subdued by intense attacks with chemical weapons such as anesthetic gases, although any interruption of such dosages will allow him to quickly recover.{{cite comic\|writer\= \[\[Len Wein\|Wein, Len]]\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Palmer, Tom\|story\=You Just Don't Quarrel With the Quintronic Man!\|title\=The Incredible Hulk\|date\=July 1977\|volume\=2\|issue\=213}} He has been shown to have both regenerative and adaptive healing abilities, including growing tissues to allow him to breathe underwater,{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Weeks, Lee\|inker\= Palmer, Tom\|story\= Tempest Fugit, Part 1 of 5\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 77\|date\= March 2005}} surviving unprotected in space for extended periods,{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[Al Rio\|Rio, Al]]; Weeks, Lee; \[\[Sean Phillips\|Phillips, Sean]]\|inker\= Hanna, Scott; Weeks, Lee; Palmer, Tom\|story\= Casus Belli\|title\= World War Hulk Prologue: World Breaker\|issue\= 1\|date\= July 2007}} and when injured, healing from most wounds within seconds, including, on one occasion, the complete destruction of most of his body mass.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= Farmer, Mark\|story\= Betrayals\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 398\|date\= October 1992}} His future self, the "Maestro", was even eventually able to recover from being blown to pieces.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Kubert, Adam\|inker\= Farmer, Mark\|story\= Homecoming\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 460\|date\= January 1998}} As an effect, he has an extremely prolonged lifespan.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= Weems, Joe; Livesay, John\|story\= The Last Titan\|title\= Incredible Hulk: The End\|issue\= 1\|date\= August 2002}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Cates, Donny\|penciller\= Shaw, Geoff\|inker\= Shaw, Geoff\|story\= Thanos Wins\|title\= Thanos\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 17\|date\= March 2018}}
He also possesses less commonly described powers, including abilities allowing him to "home in" to his place of origin in New Mexico;{{cite comic\| writer\= Byrne, John\|penciller\= Byrne, John\|inker\= Wiacek, Bob\|story\= Call of the Desert\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 314\|date\= December 1985}} resist [psychic control](/wiki/Telepathy "Telepathy"),{{cite comic\| writer\= Wein, Len\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= \[\[Jack Abel\|Abel, Jack]]\|story\= The Titan Strikes Back!\|title\= \[\[Defenders (comics)\|Defenders]]\|issue\= 12\|date\= February 1974}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Mantlo, Bill\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Buscema, Sal; Milgrom, Al\|story\= The Family That Dies Together ... !\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 259\|date\= May 1981}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Loeb, Jeph\|penciller\= \[\[Ian Churchill\|Churchill, Ian]]\|inker\= Hanna, Scott\|story\= Loose Cannons\|title\= \[\[Cable (comics)\|Cable]]\|issue\= 34\|date\= August 1996}}{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Christos Gage\|Gage, Christos]]\|penciller\= \[\[Andrea Di Vito\|Di Vito, Andrea]]\|inker\= Di Vito, Andrea\|story\= Hard Questions\|title\= World War Hulk: X\-Men\|issue\= 1\|date\= August 2007}} or [unwilling transformation](/wiki/Metamorphosis "Metamorphosis");{{cite comic\| writer\= \[\[Chris Claremont\|Claremont, Chris]]; Wein, Len\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Abel, Jack\|story\= And Six Shall Crush the Hulk\|title\= The Incredible Hulk Annual\|issue\= 5\|date\= October 1976}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Mantlo, Bill\|penciller\= Buscema, Sal\|inker\= Buscema, Sal\|story\= Devolution!\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 266\|date\= December 1981}}{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Purves, Jeff\|inker\= \[\[Marie Severin\|Severin, Marie]]\|story\= Countdown Part 4: The Abomination\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 364\|date\= December 1989}} grow stronger from radiation{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Pelletier, Paul\|inker\= Miki, Danny\|story\= Heart of the Monster Part Six\|title\= Incredible Hulks\|issue\= 635\|date\= October 2011}}{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[George Pérez\|Pérez, George]]\|inker\= Pérez, George\|story\= Part 2 of 2\|title\= Hulk: Future Imperfect\|issue\= 2\|date\= January 1993}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Gage, Christos\|penciller\= Di Vito, Andrea\|inker\= Di Vito, Andrea\|story\= Sworn to Protect\|title\= World War Hulk: X\-Men\|issue\= 2\|date\= September 2007}} or dark magic;{{cite comic\| writer\= Jenkins, Paul\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= Keown, Dale\|title\= \[\[The Darkness (comics)\|The Darkness]] / The Incredible Hulk\|issue\= 1\|date\= June 2004}}{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= \[\[Jae Lee\|Lee, Jae]]\|inker\= Lee, Jae\|story\= Dear Tricia ...\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 82\|date\= August 2005}} punch his way between separate temporal{{cite comic\| writer\= Thomas, Roy\|penciller\= Trimpe, Herb\|inker\= Buscema, Sal\|story\= Descent Into the Time\-Stream\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 135\|date\= January 1971}}{{cite comic\| writer\= Waid, Mark\|penciller\= Jacinto, Kim\|inker\= Jacinto, Kim\|story\= Agent of T.I.M.E. Part Five\|title\= The Indestructible Hulk\|issue\= 15\|date\= January 2014}} or spatial{{cite comic\| writer\= Waid, Mark\|penciller\= Bagley, Mark\|inker\= Hennessy, Andrew\|story\= Who Shot the Hulk \#1\|title\= Hulk\|volume\= 3\|issue\= 1\|date\= June 2014}} dimensions; and to see and interact with astral forms.{{cite comic\| writer\= David, Peter\|penciller\= Keown, Dale\|inker\= McLeod, Bob\|story\= Silent Screams\|title\= The Incredible Hulk\|volume\= 2\|issue\= 369\|date\= May 1990}} Some of these abilities were in later years explained as being related; his ability to home in on the New Mexico bomb site was due to his latent ability to sense astral forms and spirits, since the bomb site was also the place where the Maestro's skeleton was and the Maestro's spirit was calling out to him in order to absorb his radiation. He is also shown to have a separate memory to Bruce Banner \- when Spider\-Man has the knowledge of his secret identity erased during [Spider\-Man: One More Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:One_More_Day "One More Day"), the Hulk later asks how **Peter** is doing, not Spider\-Man; upon questioning, he enigmatically states "Banner forgot. But **I** don't forget."
In the first *Hulk* comic series, "massive" doses of gamma rays would cause the Hulk to transform back to Banner, although this ability was written out of the character by the 1970s.{{citation needed\|date\=November 2018}}
|
[
"### Powers and abilities",
"#### Bruce Banner",
"Considered to be one of the greatest scientific minds on Earth, Banner possesses \"a mind so brilliant it cannot be measured on any known intelligence test.\"{{cite news\\| last\\=Pisani \\| first\\=Joseph \\| title\\=The Smartest Superheroes \\| work\\=BusinessWeek \\| date\\=June 2006 \\| url\\= http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\\-05\\-31/the\\-smartest\\-superheroes\\-businessweek\\-business\\-news\\-stock\\-market\\-and\\-financial\\-advice\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140115135337/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\\-05\\-31/the\\-smartest\\-superheroes\\-businessweek\\-business\\-news\\-stock\\-market\\-and\\-financial\\-advice\\|archive\\-date\\= January 15, 2014\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2007}} [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn \"Norman Osborn\") estimates that he is the fourth most\\-intelligent person on Earth.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Oliver, Ben \\|inker\\= Oliver, Ben\\|colorist\\=Gandini, Veronica \\| letterer\\=Bowland, Simon \\| editor\\=Paniccia, Mark \\| story\\= The List: Hulk \\|title\\= Dark Reign: The List – Hulk\\|volume\\= 1\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= December 2009}} Banner holds expertise in biology, chemistry, engineering, medicine, physiology, and nuclear physics. Using this knowledge, he creates advanced technology dubbed \"Bannertech\", which is on par with technological development from Tony Stark or Doctor Doom. These technologies include a [teleporter](/wiki/Teleportation \"Teleportation\") and a [force field](/wiki/Force_shield \"Force shield\") that can protect him from the attacks of Hulk\\-level entities.",
"After becoming a fugitive from the law, Banner is forced to go on the run and over the years learns various skills in order to both survive and remain under radar of those who are hunting him. Banner's most frequent method of travel includes hitchhiking, train hopping or simply just walking as he is unable to travel legally via planes, passenger ships or buses due to being in several travel watchlists. Banner is generally on the move and rarely ever stays in one place for very long and only does so if there's a possibility of curing himself. He will only ever stay in one place for an extended period of time if it provides him with complete solitude and privacy where the Hulk can do little to no harm.",
"To avoid being tracked, Banner does not use cell phones, debit or credit cards and will only use payphones or cash. He will often use fake identities when staying at motels or working jobs that require identification. Having been on the run for years, Banner can normally tell when he is being followed and will generally make a run for it when he is discovered. Having traveled across the globe, Banner is able to sneak over borders without being detected and can get by, by either knowing or learning the local language. Often traveling light, Banner has little to no possessions that he carries in either a satchel or backpack. Often losing everything he owns after transforming into the Hulk, Banner avoids keeping anything of personal value to him so that he can easily replace the items and clothes that were lost or destroyed.",
"To support himself financially, Banner will work quick part\\-time jobs and will only accept payments in cash. These jobs have varied from simply working in low pay diners to working as local doctor. Banner's work ethic as well as his vast knowledge and skillset in science, medicine and engineering often help him get hired rather quickly. Unless desperate, Banner will generally avoid jobs that are high stress due to the potential danger of transforming into the Hulk.",
"Banner has little to no memories of the Hulk's actions aside from his initial transformation which he described as being extremely painful. Banner's lack of memories often terrifies him as he has often transformed back to witness the devastating aftermath of the Hulk's battles which both saddens and encourages him to find a way to understand his condition so that he won't cause anymore destruction or harm. During his travels, Banner has developed several different techniques to help suppress or control his transformations when he becomes a little angry or upset. Among the techniques he has learned over the years include meditation and hypnotherapy. While they have helped him to better understand and suppress his transformations, none of techniques Banner has learned have helped him to gain full control over the Hulk.",
"#### The Hulk",
"The Hulk possesses the potential for seemingly limitless physical strength that is influenced by his emotional state, particularly his anger.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Carlo Pagulayan\\|Pagulayan, Carlo]]\\|inker\\= Huet, Jeffrey\\|story\\= Warbound \\-\\- Part IV\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 109\\|date\\= October 2007}} This has been reflected in the repeated comment \"The madder Hulk gets, the stronger Hulk gets.\"Achenbach, Joel (June 19, 2003\\). [\"All the Rage: The Hulk in Us All\"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/06/19/all-the-rage-the-hulk-in-us-all/fbf12212-e7da-4406-b78a-c8aa05a7a838/). *[The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")*. The cosmically powerful entity known as the [Beyonder](/wiki/Beyonder \"Beyonder\") once analyzed the Hulk's physiology, and claimed that the Hulk's potential strength had \"no finite element inside.\" Hulk's strength has been depicted as sometimes limited by Banner's subconscious influence; when [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey \"Jean Grey\") psionically \"shut Banner off\", Hulk became strong enough to overpower and destroy the physical form of the villain [Onslaught](/wiki/Onslaught_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Onslaught (Marvel Comics)\").{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Scott Lobdell\\|Lobdell, Scott]]; Waid, Mark\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Adam Kubert\\|Kubert, Adam]]; \\[\\[Joe Bennett (artist)\\|Bennett, Joe]]\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Dan Green (artist)\\|Green, Dan]]; \\[\\[Art Thibert\\|Thibert, Art]]; Townsend, Tim; Delpergang, Jesse\\|story\\= With Great Power ...\\|title\\= Onslaught: Marvel\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= October 1996}} Writer Greg Pak described the Worldbreaker Hulk shown during *World War Hulk* as having a level of physical power where \"Hulk was stronger than any mortal—and most immortals—who ever walked the Earth\"{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/p/detail/hulk\\-skaar\\-hercules\\|title\\= Hulk, Skaar \\& Hercules\\|first\\= Greg\\|last\\= Pak\\|date\\= April 2, 2008\\|publisher\\= Broken Frontier\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20100111010836/http://www.brokenfrontier.com/columns/p/detail/hulk\\-skaar\\-hercules\\|archive\\-date\\= January 11, 2010\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\|access\\-date\\= April 27, 2010\\|df\\= mdy\\-all}} and depicted the character as powerful enough to completely destroy entire planets.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Pelletier, Paul\\|inker\\= Miki, Danny\\|story\\= Heart of the Monster Part Five\\|title\\= Incredible Hulks\\|issue\\= 634\\|date\\= October 2011}} His strength allows him to leap into lower Earth orbit or across continents,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Christopher Priest (comics)\\|Priest, Christopher]]\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Jon Bogdanove\\|Bogdanove, Jon]]\\|inker\\= Bogdanove, Jon\\|story\\= Tides\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 33\\|date\\= December 2001}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Mantlo, Bill\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Buscema, Sal\\|story\\= Waiting For the U\\-Foes!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 254\\|date\\= December 1980}} and he has displayed superhuman speed.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[John Romita Jr.\\|Romita, John Jr.]]\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Klaus Janson\\|Janson, Klaus]]\\|story\\= The Incredible Hulk Versus the Sentry\\|title\\= World War Hulk\\|issue\\= 5\\|date\\= January 2008}} Exposure to radiation has also been shown to make the Hulk stronger. It is unknown how he gains biomass during transformation but it may be linked to the One\\-Below\\-All.",
"His durability, regeneration, and endurance also increase in proportion to his temper.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Andrew Wildman\\|Wildman, Andrew]]\\|inker\\= Ivy, Chris\\|story\\= Cold Storage\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 394\\|date\\= June 1992}} Hulk is resistant to injury or damage, though the degree to which varies between interpretations, but he has withstood the equivalent of solar temperatures,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Christian Cooper\\|Cooper, Chris]]\\|penciller\\= Rebner, Jeff\\|inker\\= Irwin, Mark\\|story\\= Sins of the Father\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk '97\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= 1997}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Romita, John Jr.\\|inker\\= Janson, Klaus\\|story\\= Hulk\\|title\\= \\[\\[World War Hulk]]\\|issue\\= 2\\|date\\= September 2007}} nuclear explosions,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Angel Medina (artist)\\|Medina, Angel]]\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Robin Riggs\\|Riggs, Robin]]\\|story\\= The Big Bang\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 440\\|date\\= April 1996}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Way, Daniel\\|penciller\\= Dazo, Bong\\|inker\\= Pimentel, Joe\\|story\\= Operation: Annihilation Part One: Journada Del Muerto\\|title\\= \\[\\[Deadpool]]\\|volume\\= 4\\|issue\\= 37\\|date\\= July 2011}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[J. Michael Straczynski\\|Straczynski, J. Michael]]\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Mike McKone\\|McKone, Mike]]\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Andy Lanning\\|Lanning, Andy]]\\|story\\= What Happens in Vegas, Stays in Vegas\\|title\\= \\[\\[Fantastic Four]]\\|issue\\= 533\\|date\\= January 2006}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Pagulayan, Carlo\\|inker\\= Huet, Jeffrey\\|story\\= Planet Hulk Armageddon Part II\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 105\\|date\\= June 2007}} and planet\\-shattering impacts.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Ron Wilson (comics)\\|Wilson, Ron]]\\|penciller\\= Wilson, Ron\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Tom Morgan (comics)\\|Morgan, Tom]]\\|story\\= Kids Will Be Kids\\|title\\= \\[\\[Marvel Comics Presents]]\\|issue\\= 52\\|date\\= June 1990}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Greenberg, Glen; \\[\\[J. M. DeMatteis\\|DeMatteis, J. M.]]\\|penciller\\= Garney, Ron\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Bob Wiacek\\|Wiacek, Bob]]\\|story\\= Heart of the Beast\\|title\\= \\[\\[Silver Surfer (comic book)\\|Silver Surfer]]\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 125\\|date\\= February 1997}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Lee, Stan\\|penciller\\= Trimpe, Herb\\|inker\\= Adkins, Dan\\|story\\= The Brute Battles On!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 112\\|date\\= February 1969}} Despite his remarkable resiliency, continuous barrages of high\\-caliber gunfire can hinder his movement to some degree while he can be temporarily subdued by intense attacks with chemical weapons such as anesthetic gases, although any interruption of such dosages will allow him to quickly recover.{{cite comic\\|writer\\= \\[\\[Len Wein\\|Wein, Len]]\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Palmer, Tom\\|story\\=You Just Don't Quarrel With the Quintronic Man!\\|title\\=The Incredible Hulk\\|date\\=July 1977\\|volume\\=2\\|issue\\=213}} He has been shown to have both regenerative and adaptive healing abilities, including growing tissues to allow him to breathe underwater,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Weeks, Lee\\|inker\\= Palmer, Tom\\|story\\= Tempest Fugit, Part 1 of 5\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 77\\|date\\= March 2005}} surviving unprotected in space for extended periods,{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Al Rio\\|Rio, Al]]; Weeks, Lee; \\[\\[Sean Phillips\\|Phillips, Sean]]\\|inker\\= Hanna, Scott; Weeks, Lee; Palmer, Tom\\|story\\= Casus Belli\\|title\\= World War Hulk Prologue: World Breaker\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= July 2007}} and when injured, healing from most wounds within seconds, including, on one occasion, the complete destruction of most of his body mass.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= Farmer, Mark\\|story\\= Betrayals\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 398\\|date\\= October 1992}} His future self, the \"Maestro\", was even eventually able to recover from being blown to pieces.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Kubert, Adam\\|inker\\= Farmer, Mark\\|story\\= Homecoming\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 460\\|date\\= January 1998}} As an effect, he has an extremely prolonged lifespan.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= Weems, Joe; Livesay, John\\|story\\= The Last Titan\\|title\\= Incredible Hulk: The End\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= August 2002}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Cates, Donny\\|penciller\\= Shaw, Geoff\\|inker\\= Shaw, Geoff\\|story\\= Thanos Wins\\|title\\= Thanos\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 17\\|date\\= March 2018}}",
"He also possesses less commonly described powers, including abilities allowing him to \"home in\" to his place of origin in New Mexico;{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Byrne, John\\|penciller\\= Byrne, John\\|inker\\= Wiacek, Bob\\|story\\= Call of the Desert\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 314\\|date\\= December 1985}} resist [psychic control](/wiki/Telepathy \"Telepathy\"),{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Wein, Len\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Jack Abel\\|Abel, Jack]]\\|story\\= The Titan Strikes Back!\\|title\\= \\[\\[Defenders (comics)\\|Defenders]]\\|issue\\= 12\\|date\\= February 1974}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Mantlo, Bill\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Buscema, Sal; Milgrom, Al\\|story\\= The Family That Dies Together ... !\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 259\\|date\\= May 1981}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Loeb, Jeph\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Ian Churchill\\|Churchill, Ian]]\\|inker\\= Hanna, Scott\\|story\\= Loose Cannons\\|title\\= \\[\\[Cable (comics)\\|Cable]]\\|issue\\= 34\\|date\\= August 1996}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Christos Gage\\|Gage, Christos]]\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Andrea Di Vito\\|Di Vito, Andrea]]\\|inker\\= Di Vito, Andrea\\|story\\= Hard Questions\\|title\\= World War Hulk: X\\-Men\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= August 2007}} or [unwilling transformation](/wiki/Metamorphosis \"Metamorphosis\");{{cite comic\\| writer\\= \\[\\[Chris Claremont\\|Claremont, Chris]]; Wein, Len\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Abel, Jack\\|story\\= And Six Shall Crush the Hulk\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk Annual\\|issue\\= 5\\|date\\= October 1976}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Mantlo, Bill\\|penciller\\= Buscema, Sal\\|inker\\= Buscema, Sal\\|story\\= Devolution!\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 266\\|date\\= December 1981}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Purves, Jeff\\|inker\\= \\[\\[Marie Severin\\|Severin, Marie]]\\|story\\= Countdown Part 4: The Abomination\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 364\\|date\\= December 1989}} grow stronger from radiation{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Pelletier, Paul\\|inker\\= Miki, Danny\\|story\\= Heart of the Monster Part Six\\|title\\= Incredible Hulks\\|issue\\= 635\\|date\\= October 2011}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[George Pérez\\|Pérez, George]]\\|inker\\= Pérez, George\\|story\\= Part 2 of 2\\|title\\= Hulk: Future Imperfect\\|issue\\= 2\\|date\\= January 1993}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Gage, Christos\\|penciller\\= Di Vito, Andrea\\|inker\\= Di Vito, Andrea\\|story\\= Sworn to Protect\\|title\\= World War Hulk: X\\-Men\\|issue\\= 2\\|date\\= September 2007}} or dark magic;{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Jenkins, Paul\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= Keown, Dale\\|title\\= \\[\\[The Darkness (comics)\\|The Darkness]] / The Incredible Hulk\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= June 2004}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= \\[\\[Jae Lee\\|Lee, Jae]]\\|inker\\= Lee, Jae\\|story\\= Dear Tricia ...\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 82\\|date\\= August 2005}} punch his way between separate temporal{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Thomas, Roy\\|penciller\\= Trimpe, Herb\\|inker\\= Buscema, Sal\\|story\\= Descent Into the Time\\-Stream\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 135\\|date\\= January 1971}}{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Waid, Mark\\|penciller\\= Jacinto, Kim\\|inker\\= Jacinto, Kim\\|story\\= Agent of T.I.M.E. Part Five\\|title\\= The Indestructible Hulk\\|issue\\= 15\\|date\\= January 2014}} or spatial{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Waid, Mark\\|penciller\\= Bagley, Mark\\|inker\\= Hennessy, Andrew\\|story\\= Who Shot the Hulk \\#1\\|title\\= Hulk\\|volume\\= 3\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= June 2014}} dimensions; and to see and interact with astral forms.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= David, Peter\\|penciller\\= Keown, Dale\\|inker\\= McLeod, Bob\\|story\\= Silent Screams\\|title\\= The Incredible Hulk\\|volume\\= 2\\|issue\\= 369\\|date\\= May 1990}} Some of these abilities were in later years explained as being related; his ability to home in on the New Mexico bomb site was due to his latent ability to sense astral forms and spirits, since the bomb site was also the place where the Maestro's skeleton was and the Maestro's spirit was calling out to him in order to absorb his radiation. He is also shown to have a separate memory to Bruce Banner \\- when Spider\\-Man has the knowledge of his secret identity erased during [Spider\\-Man: One More Day](/wiki/Spider-Man:One_More_Day \"One More Day\"), the Hulk later asks how **Peter** is doing, not Spider\\-Man; upon questioning, he enigmatically states \"Banner forgot. But **I** don't forget.\"",
"In the first *Hulk* comic series, \"massive\" doses of gamma rays would cause the Hulk to transform back to Banner, although this ability was written out of the character by the 1970s.{{citation needed\\|date\\=November 2018}}",
""
] |
#### Bruce Banner
Considered to be one of the greatest scientific minds on Earth, Banner possesses "a mind so brilliant it cannot be measured on any known intelligence test."{{cite news\| last\=Pisani \| first\=Joseph \| title\=The Smartest Superheroes \| work\=BusinessWeek \| date\=June 2006 \| url\= http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\-05\-31/the\-smartest\-superheroes\-businessweek\-business\-news\-stock\-market\-and\-financial\-advice\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140115135337/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\-05\-31/the\-smartest\-superheroes\-businessweek\-business\-news\-stock\-market\-and\-financial\-advice\|archive\-date\= January 15, 2014\|url\-status\= dead\|access\-date\=December 9, 2007}} [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn "Norman Osborn") estimates that he is the fourth most\-intelligent person on Earth.{{cite comic\| writer\= Pak, Greg\|penciller\= Oliver, Ben \|inker\= Oliver, Ben\|colorist\=Gandini, Veronica \| letterer\=Bowland, Simon \| editor\=Paniccia, Mark \| story\= The List: Hulk \|title\= Dark Reign: The List – Hulk\|volume\= 1\|issue\= 1\|date\= December 2009}} Banner holds expertise in biology, chemistry, engineering, medicine, physiology, and nuclear physics. Using this knowledge, he creates advanced technology dubbed "Bannertech", which is on par with technological development from Tony Stark or Doctor Doom. These technologies include a [teleporter](/wiki/Teleportation "Teleportation") and a [force field](/wiki/Force_shield "Force shield") that can protect him from the attacks of Hulk\-level entities.
After becoming a fugitive from the law, Banner is forced to go on the run and over the years learns various skills in order to both survive and remain under radar of those who are hunting him. Banner's most frequent method of travel includes hitchhiking, train hopping or simply just walking as he is unable to travel legally via planes, passenger ships or buses due to being in several travel watchlists. Banner is generally on the move and rarely ever stays in one place for very long and only does so if there's a possibility of curing himself. He will only ever stay in one place for an extended period of time if it provides him with complete solitude and privacy where the Hulk can do little to no harm.
To avoid being tracked, Banner does not use cell phones, debit or credit cards and will only use payphones or cash. He will often use fake identities when staying at motels or working jobs that require identification. Having been on the run for years, Banner can normally tell when he is being followed and will generally make a run for it when he is discovered. Having traveled across the globe, Banner is able to sneak over borders without being detected and can get by, by either knowing or learning the local language. Often traveling light, Banner has little to no possessions that he carries in either a satchel or backpack. Often losing everything he owns after transforming into the Hulk, Banner avoids keeping anything of personal value to him so that he can easily replace the items and clothes that were lost or destroyed.
To support himself financially, Banner will work quick part\-time jobs and will only accept payments in cash. These jobs have varied from simply working in low pay diners to working as local doctor. Banner's work ethic as well as his vast knowledge and skillset in science, medicine and engineering often help him get hired rather quickly. Unless desperate, Banner will generally avoid jobs that are high stress due to the potential danger of transforming into the Hulk.
Banner has little to no memories of the Hulk's actions aside from his initial transformation which he described as being extremely painful. Banner's lack of memories often terrifies him as he has often transformed back to witness the devastating aftermath of the Hulk's battles which both saddens and encourages him to find a way to understand his condition so that he won't cause anymore destruction or harm. During his travels, Banner has developed several different techniques to help suppress or control his transformations when he becomes a little angry or upset. Among the techniques he has learned over the years include meditation and hypnotherapy. While they have helped him to better understand and suppress his transformations, none of techniques Banner has learned have helped him to gain full control over the Hulk.
|
[
"#### Bruce Banner",
"Considered to be one of the greatest scientific minds on Earth, Banner possesses \"a mind so brilliant it cannot be measured on any known intelligence test.\"{{cite news\\| last\\=Pisani \\| first\\=Joseph \\| title\\=The Smartest Superheroes \\| work\\=BusinessWeek \\| date\\=June 2006 \\| url\\= http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\\-05\\-31/the\\-smartest\\-superheroes\\-businessweek\\-business\\-news\\-stock\\-market\\-and\\-financial\\-advice\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140115135337/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006\\-05\\-31/the\\-smartest\\-superheroes\\-businessweek\\-business\\-news\\-stock\\-market\\-and\\-financial\\-advice\\|archive\\-date\\= January 15, 2014\\|url\\-status\\= dead\\|access\\-date\\=December 9, 2007}} [Norman Osborn](/wiki/Norman_Osborn \"Norman Osborn\") estimates that he is the fourth most\\-intelligent person on Earth.{{cite comic\\| writer\\= Pak, Greg\\|penciller\\= Oliver, Ben \\|inker\\= Oliver, Ben\\|colorist\\=Gandini, Veronica \\| letterer\\=Bowland, Simon \\| editor\\=Paniccia, Mark \\| story\\= The List: Hulk \\|title\\= Dark Reign: The List – Hulk\\|volume\\= 1\\|issue\\= 1\\|date\\= December 2009}} Banner holds expertise in biology, chemistry, engineering, medicine, physiology, and nuclear physics. Using this knowledge, he creates advanced technology dubbed \"Bannertech\", which is on par with technological development from Tony Stark or Doctor Doom. These technologies include a [teleporter](/wiki/Teleportation \"Teleportation\") and a [force field](/wiki/Force_shield \"Force shield\") that can protect him from the attacks of Hulk\\-level entities.",
"After becoming a fugitive from the law, Banner is forced to go on the run and over the years learns various skills in order to both survive and remain under radar of those who are hunting him. Banner's most frequent method of travel includes hitchhiking, train hopping or simply just walking as he is unable to travel legally via planes, passenger ships or buses due to being in several travel watchlists. Banner is generally on the move and rarely ever stays in one place for very long and only does so if there's a possibility of curing himself. He will only ever stay in one place for an extended period of time if it provides him with complete solitude and privacy where the Hulk can do little to no harm.",
"To avoid being tracked, Banner does not use cell phones, debit or credit cards and will only use payphones or cash. He will often use fake identities when staying at motels or working jobs that require identification. Having been on the run for years, Banner can normally tell when he is being followed and will generally make a run for it when he is discovered. Having traveled across the globe, Banner is able to sneak over borders without being detected and can get by, by either knowing or learning the local language. Often traveling light, Banner has little to no possessions that he carries in either a satchel or backpack. Often losing everything he owns after transforming into the Hulk, Banner avoids keeping anything of personal value to him so that he can easily replace the items and clothes that were lost or destroyed.",
"To support himself financially, Banner will work quick part\\-time jobs and will only accept payments in cash. These jobs have varied from simply working in low pay diners to working as local doctor. Banner's work ethic as well as his vast knowledge and skillset in science, medicine and engineering often help him get hired rather quickly. Unless desperate, Banner will generally avoid jobs that are high stress due to the potential danger of transforming into the Hulk.",
"Banner has little to no memories of the Hulk's actions aside from his initial transformation which he described as being extremely painful. Banner's lack of memories often terrifies him as he has often transformed back to witness the devastating aftermath of the Hulk's battles which both saddens and encourages him to find a way to understand his condition so that he won't cause anymore destruction or harm. During his travels, Banner has developed several different techniques to help suppress or control his transformations when he becomes a little angry or upset. Among the techniques he has learned over the years include meditation and hypnotherapy. While they have helped him to better understand and suppress his transformations, none of techniques Banner has learned have helped him to gain full control over the Hulk.",
""
] |
Alternative versions of Hulk
----------------------------
A number of [alternate universes](/wiki/Parallel_universe_%28fiction%29 "Parallel universe (fiction)") and alternate timelines in Marvel Comics publications allow writers to introduce variations on the Hulk, in which the character's origins, behavior, and morality differ from the mainstream setting.{{Cite web \|last\=Harn \|first\=Darby \|date\=2021\-07\-10 \|title\=Marvel: 15 Strongest Versions Of The Hulk \|url\=https://screenrant.com/marvel\-most\-powerful\-versions\-hulk/ \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-14 \|website\=ScreenRant \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|last\=Schedeen \|first\=Jesse \|date\=2014\-07\-23 \|title\=What Changes Are Coming to Marvel's Hulk Comic? \|url\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/23/what\-changes\-are\-coming\-to\-marvels\-hulk\-comic \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-14 \|website\=IGN \|language\=en}} In some stories, someone other than Bruce Banner is the Hulk.
In some versions, the Hulk succumbs to the darker side of his nature: in "Future Imperfect" (December 1992\), a future version of the Hulk has become the [Maestro](/wiki/Maestro_%28comics%29 "Maestro (comics)"), the tyrannical and ruthless ruler of a nuclear war\-irradiated Earth, and in "[Old Man Logan](/wiki/Old_Man_Logan "Old Man Logan")" (2008\), an insane Hulk rules over a post\-apocalyptic California and leads a gang of his inbred Hulk children created with his first cousin She\-Hulk.
### Age of Apocalypse
In the [Age of Apocalypse](/wiki/Age_of_Apocalypse "Age of Apocalypse") alternative setting, Bruce Banner was never exposed to gamma radiation. Therefore, he did not become the Hulk. Instead he became a member of the Human High Council, where he was a scientist and became a weapons designer. However he also yearns to gain knowledge and power, something Apocalypse was willing to help with, and so Bruce sold himself to [Mikhail Rasputin](/wiki/Mikhail_Rasputin "Mikhail Rasputin"), one of the [Horsemen of Apocalypse](/wiki/Horsemen_of_Apocalypse "Horsemen of Apocalypse"), to give him mutants as test subjects. He succeeds in his experiments and can now transform into a creature resembling the Grey Hulk. He was used as a mole in the council, but was discovered by [Susan Storm](/wiki/Invisible_Woman%23Age_of_Apocalypse "Invisible Woman#Age of Apocalypse") and [Ben Grimm](/wiki/Thing_%28comics%29%23Age_of_Apocalypse "Thing (comics)#Age of Apocalypse") because the patterns of Bruce's injuries were identical to those sustained by the Hulk.*X\-Universe* \#1\-2
Later, Banner attempted to redeem himself by jumping out of the Human High Council ship in an effort to prevent it from getting struck by a gamma missile of his own creation. The missile detonated, allowing the Human High Council to escape [Earth](/wiki/Earth "Earth"). He fell back to Earth, landed in the Colosseum, and emerged as the Green Hulk. There were no further mentions of the Hulk in the Age of Apocalypse material.*Hulk: Broken Worlds Book 2*
### Age of X
In the "[Age of X](/wiki/Age_of_X "Age of X")" reality, Bruce Banner was a scientist who was under contract from the United States government to build a device that would depower any mutant. However, during the testing phase one of the mutant volunteers began to panic. Her powers caused the machine to go off prematurely while still in the gamma spectrum. The mutants were killed and Banner was bombarded by gamma radiation. The combination of the radiation and the fact that some of the mutants' genes were imprinted on him as well, caused Banner to transform into the Hulk. Because of his exposure to mutant genes, Banner holds a deep murderous resentment for all mutants to the point that he volunteered for a suicide mission to detonate a chemical bomb that would destroy the entire mutant stronghold, forcing his former teammates to sacrifice their lives to detonate the bomb early. He was incinerated by his own bomb when one of his former teammates named Redback (this reality's [Spider\-Woman](/wiki/Spider-Woman "Spider-Woman")) uses Steel Corpse's (this reality's [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man "Iron Man")) severed glove to destroy the bomb.*Age of X: Universe* \#1
### Amalgam Comics
**The Skulk** is a hero of the [Amalgam](/wiki/Amalgam_Comics "Amalgam Comics") Universe. He is amalgamation of the Hulk and [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics "DC Comics")' [Solomon Grundy](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28comics%29 "Solomon Grundy (comics)").
Bruce Banner was a scientist working with gamma rays. He was testing his gamma bomb out in the desert, but a tall figure walked out into the testing area. When Banner went out to see who it was, the man turned out to be Solomon Grundy. The bomb went off fusing Grundy and Banner together. When Banner gets angry he becomes Grundy, but the creature made a name for itself, calling itself Skulk.*Doctor Strangefate* \#1 (April 1996\)
### Breaker\-Apart
In a potential future, the One Below All is able to destroy Bruce Banner's soul and possesses the body of the Hulk. After which, it went on to kill Franklin Richards, Galactus, Mister Immortal, and many others until it was the only being left in the universe. Taking on Bruce's appearance, the One Below All encounters the Sentience of the Eighth Cosmos/Metatron and is able to trick and devour him, absorbing his powers. In the newly formed Ninth Cosmos, the One Below All used its newly acquired powers to transform Hulk into a Galactus\-like being named the 'Breaker\-Apart'. 10 billion years later, the Breaker\-Apart has destroyed all light, all life, and all planets in the Multiverse. When Par%l tried to make contact and reason with it, the alien instead meets the abstract form of the One Below All which told hir it wanted to "Make all hollow as I, dark and dead as I" and killed Par%l and hir's planet, O%los.*Immortal Hulk* \#25 (October 23, 2019\)
### Bullet Points
In the *[Bullet Points](/wiki/Bullet_Points_%28comic%29 "Bullet Points (comic)")* [mini\-series](/wiki/Limited_series_%28comics%29 "Limited series (comics)"), [Peter Parker](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man") finds himself on the test site for a Gamma bomb and absorbs a large dose of gamma radiation, becoming the Hulk. In a further twist, later in the series, in an attempt to find a cure for Peter, Dr. Bruce Banner examines specimens taken from the test site and is bitten by a radioactive spider, becoming Spider\-Man.*Bullet Points* \#4 (April 2007\) Parker is killed by [Galactus](/wiki/Galactus "Galactus") and Banner is killed by an Inheritor during the *[Spider\-Verse](/wiki/Spider-Verse "Spider-Verse")* event.
### Deadpool: Samurai (Earth\-346\)
In the *Deadpool: Samurai* manga series, which takes place on Earth\-346,Edge of Spider\-Verse (Vol. 2\) \#3 Bruce Banner removes a control collar from the singer Neiro Aratabi, who had been saved from a deranged fan by Deadpool. Banner then attempts to transform into the Hulk to help Deadpool stop HYDRA agents from retrieving the Gateway Controller, which had been hidden under the Tokyo Dome, but he was knocked unconscious by a piece of falling debris before he could finish his transformation.{{cite book \|last\=Kasama\|first\=Sanshiro\|author\-link\= \|date\=March 31, 2022\|title\=Deadpool Samurai Volume One \|url\= \|location\=San Francisco\|publisher\=Viz Media \|page\= \|isbn\=978\-1974725311}} Banner did gradually regain consciousness and he then completed transforming into the Hulk, but he was quickly defeated by Thanos, who had been summoned by the Hydra agents.{{cite book \|last\=Kasama\|first\=Sanshiro\|author\-link\= \|date\=August 4, 2022\|title\=Deadpool Samurai Volume Two \|url\= \|location\=San Francisco\|publisher\=Viz Media \|page\= \|isbn\=978\-1974732203}}
### Earth X
The [Earth X](/wiki/Earth_X "Earth X") series featured a vastly different take on the character, one in which the Hulk and Bruce Banner have finally achieved separation. However, they still rely on each other with Banner becoming a blind child who sees through the Hulk's eyes. In an interview in *Comicology Volume I: The Kingdom Come Companion*, [Alex Ross](/wiki/Alex_Ross "Alex Ross") said that the design of Earth\-X Banner and Hulk was based on the appearance of [Moon\-Boy](/wiki/Moon-Boy "Moon-Boy") and [Devil Dinosaur](/wiki/Devil_Dinosaur "Devil Dinosaur").{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=February 2013}}
### Exiles
Numerous alternate versions of the Hulk have been present in the *[Exiles](/wiki/Exiles_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Exiles (Marvel Comics)")* series.
* A crazy version of the Hulk was seen attacking Canada. He was stopped by the Exiles and Alpha Flight. This battle featured the first appearance of the rogue reality jumpers known as Weapon X. The crazy Hulk was presumed dead after this encounter.*Exiles* Vol 1 \#5\-6 (2001\).
* Another visually different Hulk appeared in this universe. This version had a long ponytail and wore a "Peace Out" costume, but he still retained his gamma\-irradiated appearance, strength and his famous smashing abilities. He teamed up with an evil Firestar and was recruited by the Timebroker to stop an evil Hyperion.*Exiles* \#40 (2004\). The plan succeeded and they both joined Weapon X. When Hyperion had gone even crazier than before, Hulk attacked and Weapon X began to fight with each other. This version of The Hulk was killed when Hyperion brutally fought him until he was in a weakened state, Hyperion then used his heat vision on The Hulk, melting and destroying him.*Exiles* \#43\-44 (2004\). His body is sent back to his reality, where his funeral is held. Some time after Hulk's death, Firestar committed suicide when she incinerates herself and a teammate.
* A conqueror version of the Hulk, in his gladiator outfit, killed Annihilus, most of the superhumans, took full control of the Annihilation Wave, and decimated Earth. He has been apparently knocked unconscious by the Exiles. It is unknown if he survived this incident. This version is even more insane than the other alternate versions of the Hulk. While the Exiles had been dealing with Proteus, Hulk's Annihilation Wave killed many of the superhumans which should not have happened if not for Proteus. A new version of the Exiles have been present showing the surviving superhumans and they all have one goal: to stop Hulk and his Annihilation Wave, in which they apparently succeeded.
### Hulk: Chapter One
In the *Hulk 1999 Annual*, writer [John Byrne](/wiki/John_Byrne_%28comics%29 "John Byrne (comics)") revised the Hulk's origin, much like his *[Spider\-Man: Chapter One](/wiki/Spider-Man:Chapter_One "Chapter One")*. In the revised origin, the Gamma Bomb that was being tested is now a gamma laser, and a [Skrull](/wiki/Skrull "Skrull") was responsible for [Rick Jones](/wiki/Rick_Jones_%28comics%29 "Rick Jones (comics)")' presence on the base during the gamma test. The Skrull also disguised himself as Igor Rasminsky (Drenkov in the original stories), a fellow scientist working on the project. The contemporary setting removes the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") context of the original story, and serves as a tie\-in to the *[Marvel: The Lost Generation](/wiki/Marvel:The_Lost_Generation "The Lost Generation")* maxi\-series created by [Roger Stern](/wiki/Roger_Stern "Roger Stern") and Byrne, which also brought the origins of many Marvel characters out of the 1960s and into contemporary times.Hulk 1999 Annual.Marvel: The Lost Generation, issues 12\-1; 2000\-2001\. The storyline is currently designated as set on Earth\-9992, and is not part of mainstream Marvel continuity ([Earth\-616](/wiki/Earth-616 "Earth-616")).
### The Last Avengers Story
In the 1995 Two Issues mini series *[The Last Avengers Story](/wiki/The_Last_Avengers_Story "The Last Avengers Story")*, Hulk was amongst those who joined *[Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Thor (Marvel Comics)")*, *[The Thing](/wiki/Thing_%28comics%29 "Thing (comics)")* and *[Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Hercules (Marvel Comics)")* in a mysterious conflict known as the "Great Cataclysm" which threatened *[Olympus](/wiki/Olympus_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Olympus (Marvel Comics)")* and *[Asgard](/wiki/Asgard_%28comics%29 "Asgard (comics)")*. The event ended with Hulk holding Hercules's golden mace and his skin temporarily turned grey, suggesting that the Hulk was the only survivor of this conflict. After the Event Hulk was recruited alongside *[Mockingbird](/wiki/Mockingbird_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Mockingbird (Marvel Comics)")*, *[Tigra](/wiki/Tigra "Tigra")*, *[Wonder Man](/wiki/Wonder_Man "Wonder Man")* and *[Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 "Hawkeye (Clint Barton)")* to fight *[Ultron](/wiki/Ultron "Ultron")* However Hulk had been seemingly corrupted by the events of the Great Cataclysm, Hulk turned on his allies, ripping Tigra in half and puncturing Wonder Man, Wonder Man unleashed his energy against the Hulk, seemingly killing them both and accidentally blinding Hawkeye. Hulk is finally defeated by Thor, which ends the chaos.
### House of M
In the *[House of M](/wiki/House_of_M "House of M")* reality, Bruce Banner disappears in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), where he befriends an [Aborigine](/wiki/Indigenous_Australians "Indigenous Australians") tribe, and attempts to control his dark side. When the mutant rulers of the Earth attack his tribe he retaliates, and eventually conquers Australia with the aid of [Advanced Idea Mechanics (A.I.M.)](/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics "Advanced Idea Mechanics").{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=February 2013}}
### Infernal Hulk
In one alternative reality, Bruce Banner and the Hulk were magically separated. Bruce became the new [Sorcerer Supreme](/wiki/Doctor_Strange "Doctor Strange"), and the Hulk was cast into hell. However, while in hell, the Hulk became corrupted by the demonic beings he encountered, transforming him into a demon himself. Now completely evil, he escaped from hell and attempted to kill Banner. With help from the mainstream Hulk, Banner tricked the "infernal" Hulk into shattering the Eye of Agamotto, causing him to be thrown back into hell.*Incredible Hulks Annual* \#1
### Maestro
{{main\|Maestro (comics)}}
Set in a post apocalyptic future, the Hulk has mutated into the dictator Maestro ruling the remains of humanity with an iron fist. Ruthless, sadistic, violent, and tyrannical, the Maestro was shown to be an example of what would happen if the Hulk ever embraced his darker roots. Maestro was known to be an enemy of the Hulk, as the two alternate versions fought each other on Maestro's world.
### Marvel 2099
For the *[Marvel 2099](/wiki/Marvel_2099 "Marvel 2099")* imprint, [Gerard Jones](/wiki/Gerard_Jones "Gerard Jones") and [Dwayne Turner](/wiki/Dwayne_Turner "Dwayne Turner") created a new version of the character. First appearing in *2099 Unlimited* \#1, John Eisenhart, a selfish film producer in "LotusLand" (future [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles "Hollywood, Los Angeles")) is inadvertently exposed to gamma radiation by the Knights of the Banner (a cult worshipping the original Hulk) who intend to create a Hulk of their own. As the Hulk, Eisenhart finds himself representing freedom to a closed\-off society. A *[Hulk 2099](/wiki/Hulk_2099 "Hulk 2099")* series was published for 10 issues.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=February 2013}}
The unified Marvel Noir reality of Earth\-2099 featured a version of Hulk 2009\. In addition, there was a 2099 version of Grey Hulk who was a member of the [2099 version of the Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29%23Marvel_2099 "Avengers (comics)#Marvel 2099") until he was among those who were killed by the [2099 version of the Masters of Evil](/wiki/Masters_of_Evil%23Marvel_2099 "Masters of Evil#Marvel 2099"). The 2099 version of Moon Knight survived the massacre and formed the [2099 version of the New Avengers](/wiki/The_New_Avengers_%28comics%29%23Marvel_2099 "The New Avengers (comics)#Marvel 2099") with Hulk 2099 as one of its members as they avenged Grey Hulk 2099 and the fallen Avengers by defeating the Masters of Evil and having them remanded to a prison on the planet Wakanda.*Spider\-Man 2099: Exodus* \#3\. Marvel Comics.
### Marvel Comics 2
In another take, The Hulk is shown to still be active in the alternative future of the [MC2](/wiki/Marvel_Comics_2 "Marvel Comics 2") universe. There, he is shown as an amalgamation of his three main transformations; He has the strength of the Savage Hulk, the attitude of the Grey Hulk, and the intelligence of the Professor Hulk.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=February 2013}}
He's also shown to have fathered a son named David by an unknown spouse.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=February 2013}}
He was later seen within the pages of *[Last Hero Standing](/wiki/Last_Hero_Standing "Last Hero Standing")*, where [Loki](/wiki/Loki_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Loki (Marvel Comics)") manipulated him into attacking the heroes. When he was freed of his manipulation he was critical in punishing Loki by forcing him into the voided dimension that [Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Thor (Marvel Comics)") had opened a rift into, Hulk informing Loki that he was ruined on Earth because of Loki's actions and he therefore had nothing to lose by ensuring that Loki would be punished for eternity.{{Volume needed\|c\=y\|date\=February 2013}}
### Marvel Zombies
#### Marvel Zombies: Dead Days
In the series *[Marvel Zombies](/wiki/Marvel_Zombies "Marvel Zombies")*, the Hulk has been infected with a virus which makes him into an undead zombie (he is actually infected by the zombie Fantastic Four). Although he still retains his strength and invulnerability, he no longer heals, is losing weight because of his now\-deteriorating tissue, does not feel pain and now craves human flesh. The zombie Hulk's transformations are physically controlled purely by his appetite — after feeding, he transforms back into Banner, who is also a zombie, until the hunger returns. When Hulk first transforms back into Banner, [his stomach starts to burst](/wiki/Stomach_rupture "Stomach rupture"). He is directly responsible for killing the Silver Surfer by [biting off his head](/wiki/Decapitate "Decapitate"). Later he joins Spider\-Man, Iron\-Man, Giant\-Man, Wolverine and Luke Cage as the Galacti after killing and consuming Galactus.
#### Marvel Zombies 2
Forty years later, the zombie Hulk, along with the other zombies, had eaten or converted most of the universe, prompting them to return to Earth to try to recover the dimensional transporter. Although the other zombies managed to beat their hunger by going without food for a time, the Hulk's raw hunger was too great for him to be convinced to stop, resulting in him killing the zombified but "cured" [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man "Iron Man"), [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey "Jean Grey"), [Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 "Hawkeye (Clint Barton)"), and [Firelord](/wiki/Firelord_%28comics%29 "Firelord (comics)"). Once he feeds and returns to Bruce Banner, he is finally killed by Spider\-Man, Wolverine, and Giant\-Man, recognizing that there is no other way to stop the Hulk from feeding again.*Marvel Zombies 2* \#5 (April 2008\)
#### Marvel Zombies 3
Hulk makes a cameo appearance in *Marvel Zombies 3 **when Machine Man, Ultron, and Jocasta travel to Earth 2149, killing winged zombies (zombie Beak, Angel, Vulture, and Falcon altogether). He also makes another cameo appearance when [Vanessa Fisk](/wiki/Vanessa_Fisk "Vanessa Fisk") explains to the 3 androids how the Silver Surfer died, and how the zombie [Kingpin](/wiki/Kingpin_%28comics%29 "Kingpin (comics)"), who is, surprisingly, her husband, created a zombie empire forming a huge alliance.***
#### Marvel Zombies Return
A second Hulk appears in the reality the Marvel Zombies of the original series are teleported to, known as Earth\-Z. This version's life appears identical to his core counterpart up until the events of World War Hulk. When he reaches the Moon to attack the Inhumans, he is infected by the zombie [Giant\-Man](/wiki/Giant-Man "Giant-Man"), and his allies killed. Oddly hungry, he heads back to Earth and begins eating people, and ultimately infecting the [Sentry](/wiki/Sentry_%28Robert_Reynolds%29 "Sentry (Robert Reynolds)"), who sets about forming a team of Zombie Avengers to eat humanity and wipe out any competition or resistance from other heroes, infected or otherwise dead. After the Sentry tries to kill Hulk to eliminate the competition as the two are the only creatures capable of challenging each other, Hulk is later cured of his hunger by the Zombie [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man "Spider-Man") and joins his New Avengers. The team succeeds in killing the Zombie Avengers and ending their plan to eat the multiverse, sacrificing themselves in the process. Ultimately, the nanite infused Sandman killed Hulk.*Marvel Zombies Return* \#4\-5
### Old Man Logan
*[Old Man Logan](/wiki/Old_Man_Logan "Old Man Logan")* is set 50 years into an apocalyptic future. The world is in ruin and shadow following a massive conflict. A large coordinated force of super villains has killed a majority of the heroes and seized control of the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") splitting it into sections. Bruce Banner is said to have gone mad from radiation sickness, possibly from [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons "Nuclear weapons") that may have been used during the conflict or this and other changes may be the long\-term result of his famous gamma radiation accident. Bruce's personality and powers seem altered, in human form he now has little empathy and possesses superhuman strength. Banner and his cousin [Jennifer Walters](/wiki/She-Hulk%23Old_Man_Logan "She-Hulk#Old Man Logan") have mated and produced offspring that possess their green skin and a little of their strength. They form the [hillbilly](/wiki/Hillbilly "Hillbilly")\-like "[Hulk Gang](/wiki/Hulk_Gang "Hulk Gang")**" that rule the entire west coast of the country dubbed "Hulkland", a domain formerly held by the Abomination until Banner killed him. Banner, along with his children and grandchildren, live in a collection of caves and trailers, forcing those that live on the west coast to pay them rent in order to be allowed to live.**There were two versions of the Hulk that appear:
#### Earth\-807128
"Pappy" Bruce Banner's family threaten Logan's family over rent due to the Banners. Logan accompanies [Clint Barton](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 "Hawkeye (Clint Barton)") on a cross country delivery to source the rent money. When Logan returns and finds the bodies of his family, killed by the Banners, he kills the Hulk Gang and attacks Pappy Banner who admits that he set all of this into motion because he missed their old brawls. Banner gets angry when Wolverine calls him a redneck SOB and drives his claws through his chest. He transforms into The Hulk. Hulk overpowers Logan and eats him. Logan's mutant healing factor then allows him to recover and slash his way out of Hulk's stomach, killing him. Logan spots Banner's son, Bruce, Jr. **and spares him. Logan takes the boy to raise in an effort to someday help combat the various villains that still rule the country.*Wolverine: Old Man Logan Giant\-Size* \#1**Old Man Logan found that Pappy Banner's head was placed on a gamma\-powered robot made from Adamantium by [Tinkerer](/wiki/Tinkerer_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Old_Man_Logan "Tinkerer (Marvel Comics)#Old Man Logan"). He used it in his revenge on Old Man Logan. Before Old Man Logan can be finished off by Pappy Banner, he is suddenly attacked by Bruce Banner Jr. who separated Pappy Banner's head from the Adamantium armor. Rather than kill his head, Old Man Logan buried it and planted a tree over him so that its roots can slowly dig into his skull.*Wastelanders: Wolverine* \#1
#### Earth\-21923
Pappy Banner's history on Earth\-21923's history was still intact up to his death at the hands of Old Man Logan. When Old Man Logan uses [Asmodeus](/wiki/Asmodeus_%28comics%29 "Asmodeus (comics)")' help to return to this future to rescue Bruce Banner Jr., he finds that the time has been altered in which Maestro appears in the place of Pappy Banner.*Old Man Logan* Vol. 2 \#24 This unidentified version of Maestro has rounded up the remaining members of the Hulk Gang as he makes plans to help them build a paradise for all Hulks on Earth\-616\. With help from the Cambria Banner, Logan and Hawkeye of Earth\-616 were able to defeat Maestro and the surviving members of the Hulk Gang went their separate ways.*Old Man Logan* Vol. 2 \#25\-30
### Otto Banner
During the "[Devil's Reign](/wiki/Devil%27s_Reign "Devil's Reign")" storyline, Doctor Octopus started forming his Superior Four that includes a Hulk that has four extra arms growing from his back.*Devil's Reign* \#2\. Marvel Comics. His real name is Otto Banner of Earth\-8816 and he was also abused by his Earth's version of [Brian Banner](/wiki/Brian_Banner%23Earth-8816 "Brian Banner#Earth-8816").*Devil's Reign: Superior Four* \#1\. Marvel Comics
### Ruins
In the [Warren Ellis](/wiki/Warren_Ellis "Warren Ellis") series *[Ruins](/wiki/Ruins_%28comics%29 "Ruins (comics)")*, a dark flip to the [Kurt Busiek](/wiki/Kurt_Busiek "Kurt Busiek") tale *[Marvels](/wiki/Marvels "Marvels")*, the accidents, experiments and mutations that led to the creation of Super Heroes and super humans, instead led to terrible deformations and painful deaths. Here, Bruce Banner's story goes exactly the same as his 616 counterpart, but when he is caught in the middle of the gamma bomb explosion, instead of transforming into the Incredible Hulk, his whole body opens up from the gigantic tumors that appear inside it, pushing most of his organs and skull outside his body and giving Rick Jones cancer. He did not die, and was put in an underground vault by the CIA, codenamed "the Hulk".*Ruins* \#1 (Aug 1995\)
### Secret Wars (2015\)
During the *[Secret Wars](/wiki/Secret_Wars_%282015_comic_book%29 "Secret Wars (2015 comic book)")* storyline, different versions of Hulk reside in each [Battleworld](/wiki/Battleworld "Battleworld") domain.
The Battleworld domain of Greenland is filled with an assortment of Hulks ranging from Tribal Hulks **(a group of Hulks that live like a tribe),** Bull Hulks **(a group of gamma\-irradiated cattle),** Sand Hulks **(who evoke the traits of Hulk and [Sandman](/wiki/Sandman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 "Sandman (Marvel Comics)")), and a** Sea Hulk**. This land is a recreation of Earth\-71612 where it was rendered into a Hulk\-filled land by a gamma bomb strike by A.I.M. It was stated that Bruce Banner had started Bannertech Industries and his fate has not been mentioned since A.I.M.'s gamma bomb strike. In addition to the various type of Hulks and a variation of a [Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk "Red Hulk") that rules Greenland as the** Red King**", a variation of Steve Rogers that was sent into Greenland by God Emperor Doom and Sheriff Strange encountered another variation of Steve Rogers that operated as Doc Green.*Planet Hulk* \#1
The Battleworld domain of Spider\-Island that was based from the remnants of Earth\-19919 told an alternate version of the *[Spider\-Island](/wiki/Spider-Island "Spider-Island")* storyline where Hulk was mutated into** Spider\-Hulk **and served as one of [Spider\-Queen](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:Q%23Queen "Q#Queen")'s minions. However, [Agent Venom](/wiki/Agent_Venom "Agent Venom") uses [Curt Connors](/wiki/Curt_Connors "Curt Connors")' Lizard Formula to mutate Hulk into a giant lizard monster, which broke him free from the Spider Queen's control.*Spider\-Island* \#1\-5
The Battleworld domain of Marville that was based from the remnants of Earth\-71912 featured a child version of Hulk that is a member of the Avengers.*Giant\-Size Little Marvel: AVX* \#4
The Battleworld domain of the Kingdom of Manhattan is based from the remnants of Earth\-61610 where variations of characters from Earth\-616 and Earth\-1610 co\-exist on the combined version of both reality's Manhattan. In this case, a variation of Hulk's Doc Green form co\-exists with a variation of Earth\-1610's Hulk.*Ultimate End* \#1\-5
The Battleworld domain of Bug World that was based from the remnants of Earth\-22312 features an anthropomorphic insect version of Hulk called** Roly\-Poly Hulk**.*Secret Wars: Secret Love* \#1
The Battleworld domain of the Walled City of New York that was based from the remnants of Earth\-21722 features a version of Hulk that is a member of the Avengers where they are allied with S.H.I.E.L.D.'s side of the Walled City of New York.*Hank Johnson, Agent of Hydra* \#1**### Spider\-Geddon
During the "[Spider\-Geddon](/wiki/Spider-Geddon "Spider-Geddon")" storyline, a sequel to "[Spider\-Verse](/wiki/Spider-Verse "Spider-Verse")", Robbie Banner''' is a punk on Earth\-138 who is allied with [Spider\-Punk](/wiki/Spider-Punk "Spider-Punk") and can turn into the Hulk while listening to "Atomic Bomb" music. He helped Spider\-Punk and [Captain Anarchy](/wiki/Flag-Smasher%23Spider-Geddon "Flag-Smasher#Spider-Geddon") fight the [U\-Foes](/wiki/U-Foes "U-Foes") at the Hellfire Club, assisted Spider\-Punk and M.C. Strange push the [Universal Church of Truth](/wiki/Universal_Church_of_Truth "Universal Church of Truth") out of Queens, and fought Hydra on the streets. After obtaining the "Atomic Bomb" tape from Captain Anarchy, Spider\-Punk visited Robbie to get his help, but the latter was reluctant to listen to the tape. When [Kang the Conglomerator](/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror%23Spider-Geddon "Kang the Conqueror#Spider-Geddon") went on the attack, Robbie reluctantly listened to the tape and transformed into the Hulk to help Spider\-Punk fight Kang.*Edge of Spider\-Verse* \#1\. Marvel Comics.
### The End
In other tales, possible futures for the character have been shown. Using a post apocalyptic wasteland as a backdrop, the Peter David written * + - * + - [Incredible Hulk: The End](/wiki/Incredible_Hulk:The_End "The End") *[one\-shot](/wiki/One_shot_%28comic%29 "One shot (comic)") features an elderly Bruce Banner as the last surviving inhabitant of Earth, the Hulk having hidden in a cave during a nuclear war until he was released by the Recorder sent to confirm humanity's demise. After Bruce has spent time traveling Earth, transforming into the Hulk at night and when attacked by the mutated [cockroaches](/wiki/Cockroach "Cockroach") that are the only other surviving lifeforms on Earth, the story concludes with Banner dying of a heart attack, thus leaving the Hulk as the last living being on the planet, Hulk musing that he is now "the only one there is", having achieved his wish to be left alone, but aware that he will die if he turns back into Banner.*Hulk: The End* (August 2002\)*
### Ultimate Marvel
In the [Ultimate Marvel](/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel "Ultimate Marvel") universe, the Hulk first appears in [Ultimate Marvel Team\-Up](/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel_Team-Up "Ultimate Marvel Team-Up") *\#2 (2001\), written by [Brian Michael Bendis](/wiki/Brian_Michael_Bendis "Brian Michael Bendis") and drawn by [Phil Hester](/wiki/Phil_Hester_%28comics%29 "Phil Hester (comics)"). In the* [Ultimates](/wiki/Ultimates "Ultimates") *series, Bruce Banner works for [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D.%23S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D.#S.H.I.E.L.D."), attempting to re\-create the super\-soldier formula that created [Captain America](/wiki/Ultimate_Captain_America "Ultimate Captain America").*
Dr. Robert Bruce Banner was one of the leading scientists in the United States. He had a scientist named [Leonard Williams](/wiki/Tyrone_Cash "Tyrone Cash") as his teacher.{{Cite comic\|writer\=Mark Millar\|penciller\=\[\[Leinil Francis Yu]]\|inker\=\[\[Gerry Alanguilan]]\|story\=Crime and Punishment, Part 2 of 6\|title\=\[\[Ultimate Comics: Avengers 2]]\|volume\=\|issue\=2\|date\=July 2010\|publisher\=Marvel Comics\|page\=\|panel\=}}
He was later among the scientists that are used to recreate the Super\-Soldier Formula that created [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Captain America (Ultimate Marvel character)"). Bruce Banner is shown to have been hired by the U.S. Government and General [Nick Fury](/wiki/Nick_Fury_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Nick Fury (Ultimate Marvel character)") as part of a project to secretly recreate the Super Soldier Serum. At a covert lab in [Dover, New Jersey](/wiki/Dover%2C_New_Jersey "Dover, New Jersey"), Bruce works alongside fellow scientists, Hank Pym, [Franklin Storm](/wiki/Franklin_Storm%23Ultimate_Marvel "Franklin Storm#Ultimate Marvel"), father of [Sue](/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Invisible_Woman "Alternative versions of Invisible Woman") and [Johnny Storm](/wiki/Human_Torch%23Ultimate_Marvel "Human Torch#Ultimate Marvel"), and [Richard Parker](/wiki/Richard_and_Mary_Parker%23Ultimate_Marvel "Richard and Mary Parker#Ultimate Marvel"), father of [Peter Parker](/wiki/Spider-Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Spider-Man (Ultimate Marvel character)").*Ultimate Origins* \#3\. Marvel Comics. Bruce believes that he has come up with the correct formula for the serum, but needs to test it out. Eager to try his results on a human subject, Banner synthesizes his serum and injects himself with it. The serum turns him into the Hulk for the first time. Banner goes on a rampage inside the laboratory and eventually destroys the entire complex, nearly killing Richard Parker, along with his wife Mary, who had brought an infant Peter along with her to visit Richard.*Ultimate Origins* \#4 Years later, Hulk laid waste to [Chelsea Piers](/wiki/Chelsea_Piers "Chelsea Piers") before he could be subdued by [Spider\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Spider-Man (Ultimate Marvel character)") and taken into custody.*Ultimate Marvel Team\-Up* \#2\. Marvel Comics.
Banner and [Henry Pym](/wiki/Hank_Pym%23Ultimate_Marvel "Hank Pym#Ultimate Marvel") were both hired by [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. "S.H.I.E.L.D.") to create post\-human soldiers for S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Ultimates*, with Banner focusing on the Super\-Soldier formula responsible for Captain America, and Henry Pym experimenting with his Giant\-Man formula. Whereas Pym found success and celebrity with "[Giant\-Man](/wiki/Giant-Man "Giant-Man")", Banner found himself unable to crack the Super\-Soldier formula. Classifying himself a failure and suffering ridicule at the hands of Pym, Banner took some of the recently rediscovered Captain America's blood, combined it with his Hulk formula, and injected it. Banner rationalized his decision by saying that turning himself into a monster gave the Ultimates a villain to fight, thereby justifying their existence at a time when they were accused of being an enormous multi\-billion dollar waste of government resources. Before lapsing into unconsciousness however, Banner confessed that "honest\-to\-God truth of the matter" is that he simply "just missed being big".*Ultimates* \#3\. Marvel Comics.*
Shortly afterwards, Banner transformed into a sociopathic grey\-skinned Hulk that channeled and amplified Banner's hidden emotions, unleashing the darkest depths of his [id](/wiki/Ego%2C_superego%2C_and_id%23Id "Ego, superego, and id#Id"). The Hulk proceeded to track down and pursue Betty Ross, the object of Bruce Banner's affection who, because of relationship problems with Banner, was courting the favor of Hollywood film star [Freddie Prinze, Jr.](/wiki/Freddie_Prinze%2C_Jr. "Freddie Prinze, Jr.") that night, and inadvertently boasted about it to Banner over the phone shortly before his transformation. During his rampage and cross\-town pursuit of the fleeing Betty Ross, The Hulk informed Betty that he was "horny as Hell" and destroyed everything in his path, indiscriminately killing hundreds of people in the process. After rendering Giant\-Man unconscious and overpowering [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Iron Man (Ultimate Marvel character)"), [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Captain America (Ultimate Marvel character)"), and [Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Thor (Ultimate Marvel character)"), who were all dispatched to stop his rampage, The Hulk changed back into Banner after the [Wasp](/wiki/Wasp_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Wasp (character)#Ultimate Marvel") entered his skull through the ear canal and fired her bio\-electric sting directly into his brain. Upon regaining consciousness, Banner was promptly knocked unconscious, restrained and shuttled away to S.H.I.E.L.D., the connection between him and the Ultimate Hulk covered up. Later, after being subdued by the Ultimates, an examination on Banner's blood revealed that the latest Super\-Soldier Formula he took has placed a more permanent effect on Banner. The "Hulk cells" were not disappearing like they did after the first time Banner transformed, showing that the new Super\-Soldier Formula Banner took would forever keep the Hulk within him.*Ultimates* \#4\. Marvel Comics.
After his rampage, Banner spent a number of months in a cell specifically designed to withstand the Hulk's fury, with Anti\-Hulk serum administered to him on a continuous basis. Amidst the [Chitauri](/wiki/Chitauri "Chitauri")'s assault on Earth and their takeover of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the [United States Armed Forces](/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces "United States Armed Forces"), General Fury quickly mobilized an army and attacked the alien base in [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona "Arizona"). During his battle with [Herr Kleiser](/wiki/Herr_Kleiser "Herr Kleiser"), a Chitauri agent capable of absorbing and administering enormous physical damage, Captain America, with all other tactical options exhausted, gave the order for "the Weapon of Last Resort" and gave "Permission to traumatize Banner", who was in a helicopter with a military escort hovering over the S.H.I.E.L.D. battlefield. The delicate procedure of traumatizing a 90\-pound scientist simply amounted to throwing him out of the chopper in hopes that his anger would overcome the effects of the anti\-Hulk serum coursing through his veins. The Hulk's first course of action was to bodyslam Captain America into the concrete to pay him back for breaking Banner's jaw after the first Hulk transformation in Manhattan. Captain America immediately pointed out Herr Kleiser, declaring that he had been "all over Betty" while Banner was in his solitary cell. Not one to be overshadowed by a skinny German Nazi, the Hulk promptly pounded Kleiser to a pulp and even ate him. While Hulk was dining on Kleiser, Captain America manipulated him once more by calling down to him, telling Hulk that the Chitauri alien fleet had called him a "sissy\-boy" and asked if the Hulk intended to let the aliens get away with such an insult. In a most vigorous defense of his heterosexuality, Hulk leaped a mile into the air, ripping apart the entire airborne alien fleet that clouded the sky, all the while proclaiming that "Hulk no Sissy Boy...HULK STRAIGHT!" Even after destroying the entire fleet and saving what remained of the day, the Hulk was full of adrenaline and rage, and needed to be sedated. [Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Hawkeye (Clint Barton)#Ultimate Marvel"), the marksman, was called in to take him down with an adamantium\-tipped syringe full of anti\-Hulk serum. Hawkeye did, but barely succeeded since Hulk seemed to be impervious to the antidote Hawkeye shot into Hulk before he finally passed out. While Banner returned to normal while in containment in S.H.I.E.L.D., his caretakers monitored him closely. Because of Herr Kleiser's [shapeshifting](/wiki/Shapeshifting "Shapeshifting") abilities, Banner's [stool](/wiki/Feces "Feces") were collected and properly disposed of after the battle, to rule out the possibility of Kleiser reconstituting himself in a cunning, if disgusting, way.*Ultimates* \#13\. Marvel Comics.
When [Magneto](/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Magneto%23Ultimate_Marvel "Alternative versions of Magneto#Ultimate Marvel") attacked the Triskelion's lockup during the "[Ultimate War](/wiki/Ultimate_War "Ultimate War")" series, power went down for the entire facility. The Hulk was said to have eaten six members of the nursing staff in the chaos.*Ultimate War* \#2\. Marvel Comics.
During the "[Ultimate Six](/wiki/Ultimate_Six "Ultimate Six")" miniseries, the Triskelion was attacked by [Electro](/wiki/Electro_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Electro (Marvel Comics)#Ultimate Marvel") and [Green Goblin](/wiki/Green_Goblin_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Green Goblin (Ultimate Marvel character)"), but Banner was later reported by Iron Man to have "fallen asleep reading a magazine" and was promptly sedated for a week just in case.*Ultimate Six* \#5\. Marvel Comics.
Banner remained in his cell for a year, with very few Hulk episodes; during one such transformation, he sat on the couch and watched [Curb Your Enthusiasm](/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm "Curb Your Enthusiasm") *until he changed back. The few visitors he received included Hank Pym, demonstrating his new "Ant Man" technology. Shortly thereafter, he learned from the national news that somebody had leaked top\-secret information to the press regarding the Hulk/Banner connection. S.H.I.E.L.D. hired lawyer [Matt Murdock](/wiki/Daredevil_%28Marvel_Comics_character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)#Ultimate Marvel") to try to avoid the death penalty for 800\-plus murder counts by bringing up the important things Banner had done in the interests of national security, and his work for the Ultimates. During jury deliberation, Banner received a visit from General Nick Fury, who told him that the case had been dismissed, and presented him with a bottle of champagne. Eagerly drinking his first drink as a free man, Banner passed out – the bottle had been drugged by Hank Pym at Fury's request – and awakened much later on the deck of an aircraft carrier, with a one\-megaton nuclear weapon nearby. Fortunately for his well\-being, he transformed into the Hulk right before the nuclear device was detonated. Later, Banner anonymously calls Pym from a public telephone to thank him for deliberately botching the dose before Banner decided to go into hiding. It is not clear if Pym deliberately botched the dose, or was merely incompetent in his research.*Ultimates 2* \#3\. Marvel Comics.*
Bruce Banner later appears in Washington D.C. before one of the [Crimson Dynamo](/wiki/Crimson_Dynamo%23Ultimate_Marvel "Crimson Dynamo#Ultimate Marvel")'s giant duplicates, letting it step on him, all the while muttering to himself about being "in touch with his inner sociopath". The Hulk appears in the next panel, lifting the robot with both hands and then ripping it in two, finishing the issue with a declaration of "NOW BRING IT ON!"*Ultimates 2* \#11\. Marvel Comics. He then continues to aid the Ultimates against the Liberators by defeating, dismembering, and finally eating [Abomination](/wiki/Abomination_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Abomination (character)#Ultimate Marvel").*Ultimates 2* \#12\. Marvel Comics.
Some time after Banner's disappearance in the pages of "[Ultimate Wolverine Vs. Hulk](/wiki/Ultimate_Wolverine_Vs._Hulk "Ultimate Wolverine Vs. Hulk")", strange occurrences across Europe and Asia reported. General Fury started piecing together the evidence and concluded that despite their distance from one another, they were all related. The discovery of feces in Tibet belonging to Banner confirmed that he had survived his execution. Since S.H.I.E.L.D. was in charge of executing Banner in a very public way, they acted to cover up their error by contracting James "Logan" Howlett ([Wolverine](/wiki/Wolverine_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 "Wolverine (Ultimate Marvel character)")) to track Banner down and eliminate him. Logan arrives at a rural village in Tibet and discovers that all the women have been kidnapped. He eventually makes his way to a beautiful but derelict palace. The Hulk (decked in Tibetan robes and beads) has taken up residence here with the kidnapped women as his [concubines](/wiki/Concubines "Concubines"). The Hulk is annoyed at being interrupted and he and Wolverine fight. After an intense struggle, the Hulk physically rips Wolverine's body in half and hurls his legs four miles up a mountain, leaving Logan's torso to freeze in the snow.*Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk* \#1\. Marvel Comics.
Issue \#2 reveals, in flashback, that Bruce Banner, after travelling through France, Ireland and India, finally treks to Tibet, to seek the wisdom of the [Panchen Lama](/wiki/Panchen_Lama "Panchen Lama") who he hopes can reveal the true relationship behind Banner and the Hulk. It is here that the Hulk resides prior to Logan's intrusion.*Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk* \#2\. Marvel Comics.
He then appeared together with Iron Man in their own mini\-series titled [Ultimate Human](/wiki/Ultimate_Human "Ultimate Human")*, focusing on Bruce Banner approaching Tony Stark about the possibility of using the Iron Man nanites to control the Hulk transformations. [The Leader](/wiki/Leader_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Leader (character)#Ultimate Marvel") is introduced as [Pete Wisdom](/wiki/Pete_Wisdom%23Ultimate_Marvel "Pete Wisdom#Ultimate Marvel"), a scientist after the blood of both men, for use in the creation of a superhuman. This series depicts the Hulk's physiology as almost infinitely adaptive to adverse conditions, including simulations of hostile extraterrestrial environments such as the surface of the planet [Venus](/wiki/Venus "Venus"). It also described him as generating [carbon](/wiki/Carbon "Carbon") [Fullerenes](/wiki/Fullerene "Fullerene") in his skin structure, adding to his durability.*Ultimate Human* \#1\. Marvel Comics.*
A naked Hulk comes into a restaurant demanding food. [Princess Zarda](/wiki/Power_Princess "Power Princess") who is already at the restaurant fights and defeats the Hulk. After the fight, the two form a bond and go to another restaurant before renting a motel room and [having sex](/wiki/Having_sex "Having sex").*Ultimate Hulk Annual* \#1\. Marvel Comics.
During the "[Ultimatum](/wiki/Ultimatum_%28Ultimate_Marvel%29 "Ultimatum (Ultimate Marvel)")" storyline, the Hulk appears in New York and is convinced by Spider\-Man to help him rescue people. When demons start appearing they go to the home of [Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange%23Ultimate_Marvel "Doctor Strange#Ultimate Marvel"), only to learn that his body had been possessed by [Nightmare](/wiki/Nightmare_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Nightmare (Marvel Comics)#Ultimate Marvel"). He then starts to torture them. Hulk in response heats the Orb of Acmantata, which causes an explosion.*Ultimate Spider\-Man* \#132\. Marvel Comics. He survives and is recruited by the remaining Ultimates and [X\-Men](/wiki/Ultimate_X-Men "Ultimate X-Men") to stop Magneto. In Magneto's Citadel, he and [Colossus](/wiki/Colossus_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Colossus (character)#Ultimate Marvel") are tasked with destroying some of the citadel's machinery. They try to stop [Mystique](/wiki/Mystique_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Mystique (character)#Ultimate Marvel") and [Sabretooth](/wiki/Sabretooth_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel "Sabretooth (character)#Ultimate Marvel") from escaping, but fail. Hulk survives Ultimatum and is later seen in [Ultimate Comics: X](/wiki/Ultimate_Comics:X "X") in a [soup kitchen](/wiki/Soup_kitchen "Soup kitchen") as Bruce Banner in New York. He is convinced by [Karen Grant](/wiki/Jean_Grey%23Ultimate_Marvel "Jean Grey#Ultimate Marvel") to be their "enforcer" in a new team sponsored by former Director Nick Fury.[Wolverine's son vs. Sabretooth in Ultimate X 5](http://www.comicvine.com/news/wolverines-son-vs-sabretooth-in-ultimate-x-5/143095/)*Ultimate X* \#5\. Marvel Comics.
During the European crisis involving the Children of Tomorrow, Hulk was convinced by S.H.I.E.L.D. [Agent Flumm](/wiki/Mentallo "Mentallo") to attack the Children of Tomorrow in exchange for the safety of Betty Ross, currently in custody. Hulk was unleashed in Children's base called The City, but the [Maker](/wiki/Maker_%28character%29 "Maker (character)") managed to calm him down and convince him that he was being used. In that moment, the US Government launched an ineffective nuclear attack on the City, and the Children detonate an anti\-matter bomb in Washington, D.C. in retaliation. When the Ultimates finally turned the tide, the Maker injected the Hulk with the Giant\-Man serum, turning him into a giant juggernaut, although he was defeated and put into sedated custody beneath the Triskelion once more.*Ultimate Comics Ultimates* \#12\. Marvel Comics.
Bruce was freed by the mysterious woman called [Kang](/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror "Kang the Conqueror"), and convinced him to steal the [Infinity Gems](/wiki/Infinity_Gems "Infinity Gems") with which he battled the Ultimates. After the arrival of escapee Reed Richards, the heroes escaped, but Captain America decided to be left behind in order to stop the villains, although he was defeated by Thor.*Ultimate Comics Ultimates* \#25\. Marvel Comics.
When Maker merged all realities in order to help Eternity to fight the First Firmament, Hulk is among the Ultimates members that are revived.*Ultimates 2* Vol. 2 \#9\. Marvel Comics. It was shown that Hulk did not retain his intelligence and referred to himself in the third person. When the [Ultimates of Earth\-616](/wiki/Ultimates_%282015_team%29 "Ultimates (2015 team)") arrived on [Counter\-Earth](/wiki/Counter-Earth_%28comics%29 "Counter-Earth (comics)") to confront Maker for his actions, he had the Earth\-1610 Ultimates fight the Earth\-616 Ultimates where Hulk was thrown out of the building by [Blue Marvel](/wiki/Blue_Marvel "Blue Marvel"). Eventually, Hulk and the rest of the Earth\-1610 Ultimates decided that there was no reason to fight the Earth\-616 Ultimates which resulted in Maker killing the Earth\-1610 Captain America. After aiding the Earth\-616 Ultimates into giving Eternity the power to defeat the First Firmament, Hulk and the rest of the Earth\-1610 Ultimates left to pursue Maker.*Ultimates* 2 \#100\. Marvel Comics.
After Earth\-1610 was restored, Hulk was seen with the Avengers where they help Spider\-Man fight Green Goblin.*Spider\-Men II* \#5\. Marvel Comics.
### Ultimate Universe
During the "[Ultimate Invasion](/wiki/Ultimate_Invasion "Ultimate Invasion")" storyline, [Maker](/wiki/Maker_%28character%29 "Maker (character)") visits [Earth\-6160](/wiki/Earth-6160 "Earth-6160") and remakes it into his own image. One of the things he could not succeed in was preventing the origin of Hulk, who would later find personal "enlightenment". He and his fellow monks of the Children of the Eternal Light would later attend an international event held by the Maker at the City in [Latveria](/wiki/Latveria%23Ultimate_Universe "Latveria#Ultimate Universe") as part of his [Council](/wiki/Illuminati_%28comics%29%23Ultimate_Universe "Illuminati (comics)#Ultimate Universe").*Ultimate Invasion* \#2\. Marvel Comics. Hulk and the Children of the Eternal Light are revealed to rule India and parts of Asia.
While giving condolences to [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark%23Ultimate_Universe "Howard Stark#Ultimate Universe") over the death of [Obadiah Stane](/wiki/Iron_Monger%23Ultimate_Universe "Iron Monger#Ultimate Universe"), Hulk explains the artificial nature of the [war economy](/wiki/War_economy "War economy") praticed by the Council's power blocs as Stark is appointed to rule the North American Union in Stane's former role.*Ultimate Invasion* \#3\. Marvel Comics. Hulk and the other leaders later discuss about The City closing up for two years with Maker imprisoned inside. With Howard Stark being locked inside as well, Hulk and the others plan to divide up the Union among themselves.*Ultimate Invasion* \#4\. Marvel Comics.
Hulk and other members of the Council are later informed of [Iron Lad](/wiki/Iron_Man%23Earth-6160 "Iron Man#Earth-6160")'s raid on the Latverian repositories. While giving his condolences to Henri Duggary due to his wounds, Hulk states that Tony Stark "gave them America", as the group uses an orbiting [Stark/Stane](/wiki/Stark_Industries%23Ultimate_Universe "Stark Industries#Ultimate Universe") satellite to conduct a [false flag](/wiki/False_flag "False flag") attack on Stark Tower, causing thousands of casualities in a section of Manhattan. He suggests framing Stark and his allies as terrorists as they consolidate control over the Union's territories.*Ultimate Invasion* \#1\. Marvel Comics.
It is later shown that Banner was the director of the Castle Gamma project, creating the "Banner\-[Ulam](/wiki/Stainslaw_Ulam "Stainslaw Ulam") Gamma Bomb" and detonating it over an island in the Pacific, causing not only his transformation into the Hulk but also a mass contamination incident involving the island's inhabitants (mirroring the real\-life events of [Castle Bravo](/wiki/Castle_Bravo "Castle Bravo") and the fallout over the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands "Marshall Islands")). It's stated that Banner might have deliberately planned the results, also trying to conceal the island to the rest of the world and make it impossible to reach in the current days. As the [Ultimates](/wiki/Ultimates%23Ultimate_Universe "Ultimates#Ultimate Universe") members Iron Lad, [Thor](/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Thor_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Ultimate_Universe "Alternative versions of Thor (Marvel Comics)#Ultimate Universe"), and [Sif](/wiki/Sif_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Universe "Sif (character)#Ultimate Universe") make an agreement with a Gamma\-powered native called [Lejori Zakaria](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:S%23Lejori_Zakaria "S#Lejori Zakaria"), Banner watches from a hidden camera feed as he orders his subordinates in the Children of the Eternal Light to assemble the [Immortal Weapons](/wiki/Immortal_Weapons "Immortal Weapons"), as the team is starting to "make him angry".*The Ultimates* Vol. 4 \#3\. Marvel Comics.
Hulk later speaks with [Emmanuel da Costa](/wiki/Emmanuel_da_Costa_%28comics%29 "Emmanuel da Costa (comics)") about the attacks on the different [Roxxon](/wiki/Roxxon_Energy_Corporation%23Ultimate_Universe "Roxxon Energy Corporation#Ultimate Universe") facilities which are part of Emmanuel's profile. Hulk calms Emmanuel down while stating that he considers the Ultimates an insurgency and that he will kill them once and for all.*The Ultimates* Vol. 4 \#5\. Marvel Comics.
In other media
--------------
{{Main\|Hulk in other media}}
The character has been played in live\-action and animation by a variety of actors. The character was first played in live\-action by [Bill Bixby](/wiki/Bill_Bixby "Bill Bixby") and [Lou Ferrigno](/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno "Lou Ferrigno") in the 1978 television series [The Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_%281978_TV_series%29 "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)") *and its subsequent television films* [The Incredible Hulk Returns](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_Returns "The Incredible Hulk Returns") *(1988\),* [The Trial of the Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Trial_of_the_Incredible_Hulk "The Trial of the Incredible Hulk") *(1989\), and* [The Death of the Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Incredible_Hulk "The Death of the Incredible Hulk") *(1990\), and [Eric Bana](/wiki/Eric_Bana "Eric Bana") in the film* [Hulk](/wiki/Hulk_%28film%29 "Hulk (film)") *(2003\). In the [Marvel Cinematic Universe](/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe "Marvel Cinematic Universe") (MCU), [the character](/wiki/Bruce_Banner_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 "Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)") was first portrayed by [Edward Norton](/wiki/Edward_Norton "Edward Norton") in the film* [The Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_%28film%29 "The Incredible Hulk (film)") *(2008\), and then by [Mark Ruffalo](/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo "Mark Ruffalo") in later appearances, including the films* [The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%282012_film%29 "The Avengers (2012 film)") *(2012\),* [Iron Man 3](/wiki/Iron_Man_3 "Iron Man 3") *(2013\),* [Avengers: Age of Ultron](/wiki/Avengers:Age_of_Ultron "Age of Ultron") *(2015\),* [Thor: Ragnarok](/wiki/Thor:Ragnarok "Ragnarok") *(2017\),* [Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War "Infinity War") *(2018\),* [Captain Marvel](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28film%29 "Captain Marvel (film)") *(2019\),* [Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame "Endgame") *(2019\), and* [Shang\-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings](/wiki/Shang-Chi_and_the_Legend_of_the_Ten_Rings "Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings") *(2021\), and the television series* [She\-Hulk: Attorney at Law](/wiki/She-Hulk:Attorney_at_Law "Attorney at Law") *(2022\) and* [What If...?](/wiki/What_If...%3F_%28TV_series%29 "What If...? (TV series)") *(2021\).*
Reception
---------
The Hulk was ranked \#1 on a listing of Marvel Comics' monster characters in 2015\.{{cite web\|url\= http://www.denofgeek.com/us/books\-comics/marvel/250132/marvels\-31\-best\-monsters/page/0/2\|title\= Marvel's 31 Best Monsters\|first\= Marc\|last\= Buxton\|date\= October 30, 2015\|publisher\= \[\[Dennis Publishing\|Den of Geek]]\|archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170312224459/http://www.denofgeek.com/us/books\-comics/marvel/250132/marvels\-31\-best\-monsters/page/0/2\|archive\-date\= March 12, 2017\|url\-status\= live\|df\= mdy\-all\|quote\= The Hulk is way more superhero than horror icon, but in the character's year history, there were plenty of times that this titanic creature was cast in the role of classic monster.}}
In 2018, [CBR.com](/wiki/CBR.com "CBR.com") *ranked The Thing (Bruce Banner) 2nd in their "Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World" list.{{Cite web \|last\=Lealos \|first\=Shawn S. \|date\=2018\-09\-16 \|title\=Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World \|url\=https://www.cbr.com/age\-of\-apocalypse\-characters\-ranked/ \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-11 \|website\=CBR \|language\=en\-US}}*
In 2022, [Screen Rant](/wiki/Screen_Rant "Screen Rant")'' included Hulk in their "10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics" list.{{Cite web \|last\=Harn \|first\=Darby \|date\=2022\-07\-17 \|title\=Thor: Love And Thunder — 10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics \|url\=https://screenrant.com/hercules\-most\-powerful\-villains\-thor\-love\-and\-thunder/ \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-24 \|website\=ScreenRant \|language\=en\-US}}
|
[
"Alternative versions of Hulk\n----------------------------",
"A number of [alternate universes](/wiki/Parallel_universe_%28fiction%29 \"Parallel universe (fiction)\") and alternate timelines in Marvel Comics publications allow writers to introduce variations on the Hulk, in which the character's origins, behavior, and morality differ from the mainstream setting.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Harn \\|first\\=Darby \\|date\\=2021\\-07\\-10 \\|title\\=Marvel: 15 Strongest Versions Of The Hulk \\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/marvel\\-most\\-powerful\\-versions\\-hulk/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-14 \\|website\\=ScreenRant \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Schedeen \\|first\\=Jesse \\|date\\=2014\\-07\\-23 \\|title\\=What Changes Are Coming to Marvel's Hulk Comic? \\|url\\=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/07/23/what\\-changes\\-are\\-coming\\-to\\-marvels\\-hulk\\-comic \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-14 \\|website\\=IGN \\|language\\=en}} In some stories, someone other than Bruce Banner is the Hulk.",
"In some versions, the Hulk succumbs to the darker side of his nature: in \"Future Imperfect\" (December 1992\\), a future version of the Hulk has become the [Maestro](/wiki/Maestro_%28comics%29 \"Maestro (comics)\"), the tyrannical and ruthless ruler of a nuclear war\\-irradiated Earth, and in \"[Old Man Logan](/wiki/Old_Man_Logan \"Old Man Logan\")\" (2008\\), an insane Hulk rules over a post\\-apocalyptic California and leads a gang of his inbred Hulk children created with his first cousin She\\-Hulk.",
"### Age of Apocalypse",
"In the [Age of Apocalypse](/wiki/Age_of_Apocalypse \"Age of Apocalypse\") alternative setting, Bruce Banner was never exposed to gamma radiation. Therefore, he did not become the Hulk. Instead he became a member of the Human High Council, where he was a scientist and became a weapons designer. However he also yearns to gain knowledge and power, something Apocalypse was willing to help with, and so Bruce sold himself to [Mikhail Rasputin](/wiki/Mikhail_Rasputin \"Mikhail Rasputin\"), one of the [Horsemen of Apocalypse](/wiki/Horsemen_of_Apocalypse \"Horsemen of Apocalypse\"), to give him mutants as test subjects. He succeeds in his experiments and can now transform into a creature resembling the Grey Hulk. He was used as a mole in the council, but was discovered by [Susan Storm](/wiki/Invisible_Woman%23Age_of_Apocalypse \"Invisible Woman#Age of Apocalypse\") and [Ben Grimm](/wiki/Thing_%28comics%29%23Age_of_Apocalypse \"Thing (comics)#Age of Apocalypse\") because the patterns of Bruce's injuries were identical to those sustained by the Hulk.*X\\-Universe* \\#1\\-2",
"Later, Banner attempted to redeem himself by jumping out of the Human High Council ship in an effort to prevent it from getting struck by a gamma missile of his own creation. The missile detonated, allowing the Human High Council to escape [Earth](/wiki/Earth \"Earth\"). He fell back to Earth, landed in the Colosseum, and emerged as the Green Hulk. There were no further mentions of the Hulk in the Age of Apocalypse material.*Hulk: Broken Worlds Book 2*",
"### Age of X",
"In the \"[Age of X](/wiki/Age_of_X \"Age of X\")\" reality, Bruce Banner was a scientist who was under contract from the United States government to build a device that would depower any mutant. However, during the testing phase one of the mutant volunteers began to panic. Her powers caused the machine to go off prematurely while still in the gamma spectrum. The mutants were killed and Banner was bombarded by gamma radiation. The combination of the radiation and the fact that some of the mutants' genes were imprinted on him as well, caused Banner to transform into the Hulk. Because of his exposure to mutant genes, Banner holds a deep murderous resentment for all mutants to the point that he volunteered for a suicide mission to detonate a chemical bomb that would destroy the entire mutant stronghold, forcing his former teammates to sacrifice their lives to detonate the bomb early. He was incinerated by his own bomb when one of his former teammates named Redback (this reality's [Spider\\-Woman](/wiki/Spider-Woman \"Spider-Woman\")) uses Steel Corpse's (this reality's [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man \"Iron Man\")) severed glove to destroy the bomb.*Age of X: Universe* \\#1",
"### Amalgam Comics",
"**The Skulk** is a hero of the [Amalgam](/wiki/Amalgam_Comics \"Amalgam Comics\") Universe. He is amalgamation of the Hulk and [DC Comics](/wiki/DC_Comics \"DC Comics\")' [Solomon Grundy](/wiki/Solomon_Grundy_%28comics%29 \"Solomon Grundy (comics)\").",
"Bruce Banner was a scientist working with gamma rays. He was testing his gamma bomb out in the desert, but a tall figure walked out into the testing area. When Banner went out to see who it was, the man turned out to be Solomon Grundy. The bomb went off fusing Grundy and Banner together. When Banner gets angry he becomes Grundy, but the creature made a name for itself, calling itself Skulk.*Doctor Strangefate* \\#1 (April 1996\\)",
"### Breaker\\-Apart",
"In a potential future, the One Below All is able to destroy Bruce Banner's soul and possesses the body of the Hulk. After which, it went on to kill Franklin Richards, Galactus, Mister Immortal, and many others until it was the only being left in the universe. Taking on Bruce's appearance, the One Below All encounters the Sentience of the Eighth Cosmos/Metatron and is able to trick and devour him, absorbing his powers. In the newly formed Ninth Cosmos, the One Below All used its newly acquired powers to transform Hulk into a Galactus\\-like being named the 'Breaker\\-Apart'. 10 billion years later, the Breaker\\-Apart has destroyed all light, all life, and all planets in the Multiverse. When Par%l tried to make contact and reason with it, the alien instead meets the abstract form of the One Below All which told hir it wanted to \"Make all hollow as I, dark and dead as I\" and killed Par%l and hir's planet, O%los.*Immortal Hulk* \\#25 (October 23, 2019\\)",
"### Bullet Points",
"In the *[Bullet Points](/wiki/Bullet_Points_%28comic%29 \"Bullet Points (comic)\")* [mini\\-series](/wiki/Limited_series_%28comics%29 \"Limited series (comics)\"), [Peter Parker](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\") finds himself on the test site for a Gamma bomb and absorbs a large dose of gamma radiation, becoming the Hulk. In a further twist, later in the series, in an attempt to find a cure for Peter, Dr. Bruce Banner examines specimens taken from the test site and is bitten by a radioactive spider, becoming Spider\\-Man.*Bullet Points* \\#4 (April 2007\\) Parker is killed by [Galactus](/wiki/Galactus \"Galactus\") and Banner is killed by an Inheritor during the *[Spider\\-Verse](/wiki/Spider-Verse \"Spider-Verse\")* event.",
"### Deadpool: Samurai (Earth\\-346\\)",
"In the *Deadpool: Samurai* manga series, which takes place on Earth\\-346,Edge of Spider\\-Verse (Vol. 2\\) \\#3 Bruce Banner removes a control collar from the singer Neiro Aratabi, who had been saved from a deranged fan by Deadpool. Banner then attempts to transform into the Hulk to help Deadpool stop HYDRA agents from retrieving the Gateway Controller, which had been hidden under the Tokyo Dome, but he was knocked unconscious by a piece of falling debris before he could finish his transformation.{{cite book \\|last\\=Kasama\\|first\\=Sanshiro\\|author\\-link\\= \\|date\\=March 31, 2022\\|title\\=Deadpool Samurai Volume One \\|url\\= \\|location\\=San Francisco\\|publisher\\=Viz Media \\|page\\= \\|isbn\\=978\\-1974725311}} Banner did gradually regain consciousness and he then completed transforming into the Hulk, but he was quickly defeated by Thanos, who had been summoned by the Hydra agents.{{cite book \\|last\\=Kasama\\|first\\=Sanshiro\\|author\\-link\\= \\|date\\=August 4, 2022\\|title\\=Deadpool Samurai Volume Two \\|url\\= \\|location\\=San Francisco\\|publisher\\=Viz Media \\|page\\= \\|isbn\\=978\\-1974732203}}",
"### Earth X",
"The [Earth X](/wiki/Earth_X \"Earth X\") series featured a vastly different take on the character, one in which the Hulk and Bruce Banner have finally achieved separation. However, they still rely on each other with Banner becoming a blind child who sees through the Hulk's eyes. In an interview in *Comicology Volume I: The Kingdom Come Companion*, [Alex Ross](/wiki/Alex_Ross \"Alex Ross\") said that the design of Earth\\-X Banner and Hulk was based on the appearance of [Moon\\-Boy](/wiki/Moon-Boy \"Moon-Boy\") and [Devil Dinosaur](/wiki/Devil_Dinosaur \"Devil Dinosaur\").{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=February 2013}}",
"### Exiles",
"Numerous alternate versions of the Hulk have been present in the *[Exiles](/wiki/Exiles_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Exiles (Marvel Comics)\")* series.",
"* A crazy version of the Hulk was seen attacking Canada. He was stopped by the Exiles and Alpha Flight. This battle featured the first appearance of the rogue reality jumpers known as Weapon X. The crazy Hulk was presumed dead after this encounter.*Exiles* Vol 1 \\#5\\-6 (2001\\).\n* Another visually different Hulk appeared in this universe. This version had a long ponytail and wore a \"Peace Out\" costume, but he still retained his gamma\\-irradiated appearance, strength and his famous smashing abilities. He teamed up with an evil Firestar and was recruited by the Timebroker to stop an evil Hyperion.*Exiles* \\#40 (2004\\). The plan succeeded and they both joined Weapon X. When Hyperion had gone even crazier than before, Hulk attacked and Weapon X began to fight with each other. This version of The Hulk was killed when Hyperion brutally fought him until he was in a weakened state, Hyperion then used his heat vision on The Hulk, melting and destroying him.*Exiles* \\#43\\-44 (2004\\). His body is sent back to his reality, where his funeral is held. Some time after Hulk's death, Firestar committed suicide when she incinerates herself and a teammate.\n* A conqueror version of the Hulk, in his gladiator outfit, killed Annihilus, most of the superhumans, took full control of the Annihilation Wave, and decimated Earth. He has been apparently knocked unconscious by the Exiles. It is unknown if he survived this incident. This version is even more insane than the other alternate versions of the Hulk. While the Exiles had been dealing with Proteus, Hulk's Annihilation Wave killed many of the superhumans which should not have happened if not for Proteus. A new version of the Exiles have been present showing the surviving superhumans and they all have one goal: to stop Hulk and his Annihilation Wave, in which they apparently succeeded.",
"### Hulk: Chapter One",
"In the *Hulk 1999 Annual*, writer [John Byrne](/wiki/John_Byrne_%28comics%29 \"John Byrne (comics)\") revised the Hulk's origin, much like his *[Spider\\-Man: Chapter One](/wiki/Spider-Man:Chapter_One \"Chapter One\")*. In the revised origin, the Gamma Bomb that was being tested is now a gamma laser, and a [Skrull](/wiki/Skrull \"Skrull\") was responsible for [Rick Jones](/wiki/Rick_Jones_%28comics%29 \"Rick Jones (comics)\")' presence on the base during the gamma test. The Skrull also disguised himself as Igor Rasminsky (Drenkov in the original stories), a fellow scientist working on the project. The contemporary setting removes the [Cold War](/wiki/Cold_War \"Cold War\") context of the original story, and serves as a tie\\-in to the *[Marvel: The Lost Generation](/wiki/Marvel:The_Lost_Generation \"The Lost Generation\")* maxi\\-series created by [Roger Stern](/wiki/Roger_Stern \"Roger Stern\") and Byrne, which also brought the origins of many Marvel characters out of the 1960s and into contemporary times.Hulk 1999 Annual.Marvel: The Lost Generation, issues 12\\-1; 2000\\-2001\\. The storyline is currently designated as set on Earth\\-9992, and is not part of mainstream Marvel continuity ([Earth\\-616](/wiki/Earth-616 \"Earth-616\")).",
"### The Last Avengers Story",
"In the 1995 Two Issues mini series *[The Last Avengers Story](/wiki/The_Last_Avengers_Story \"The Last Avengers Story\")*, Hulk was amongst those who joined *[Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Thor (Marvel Comics)\")*, *[The Thing](/wiki/Thing_%28comics%29 \"Thing (comics)\")* and *[Hercules](/wiki/Hercules_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Hercules (Marvel Comics)\")* in a mysterious conflict known as the \"Great Cataclysm\" which threatened *[Olympus](/wiki/Olympus_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Olympus (Marvel Comics)\")* and *[Asgard](/wiki/Asgard_%28comics%29 \"Asgard (comics)\")*. The event ended with Hulk holding Hercules's golden mace and his skin temporarily turned grey, suggesting that the Hulk was the only survivor of this conflict. After the Event Hulk was recruited alongside *[Mockingbird](/wiki/Mockingbird_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Mockingbird (Marvel Comics)\")*, *[Tigra](/wiki/Tigra \"Tigra\")*, *[Wonder Man](/wiki/Wonder_Man \"Wonder Man\")* and *[Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 \"Hawkeye (Clint Barton)\")* to fight *[Ultron](/wiki/Ultron \"Ultron\")* However Hulk had been seemingly corrupted by the events of the Great Cataclysm, Hulk turned on his allies, ripping Tigra in half and puncturing Wonder Man, Wonder Man unleashed his energy against the Hulk, seemingly killing them both and accidentally blinding Hawkeye. Hulk is finally defeated by Thor, which ends the chaos.",
"### House of M",
"In the *[House of M](/wiki/House_of_M \"House of M\")* reality, Bruce Banner disappears in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), where he befriends an [Aborigine](/wiki/Indigenous_Australians \"Indigenous Australians\") tribe, and attempts to control his dark side. When the mutant rulers of the Earth attack his tribe he retaliates, and eventually conquers Australia with the aid of [Advanced Idea Mechanics (A.I.M.)](/wiki/Advanced_Idea_Mechanics \"Advanced Idea Mechanics\").{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=February 2013}}",
"### Infernal Hulk",
"In one alternative reality, Bruce Banner and the Hulk were magically separated. Bruce became the new [Sorcerer Supreme](/wiki/Doctor_Strange \"Doctor Strange\"), and the Hulk was cast into hell. However, while in hell, the Hulk became corrupted by the demonic beings he encountered, transforming him into a demon himself. Now completely evil, he escaped from hell and attempted to kill Banner. With help from the mainstream Hulk, Banner tricked the \"infernal\" Hulk into shattering the Eye of Agamotto, causing him to be thrown back into hell.*Incredible Hulks Annual* \\#1",
"### Maestro",
"{{main\\|Maestro (comics)}}\nSet in a post apocalyptic future, the Hulk has mutated into the dictator Maestro ruling the remains of humanity with an iron fist. Ruthless, sadistic, violent, and tyrannical, the Maestro was shown to be an example of what would happen if the Hulk ever embraced his darker roots. Maestro was known to be an enemy of the Hulk, as the two alternate versions fought each other on Maestro's world.",
"### Marvel 2099",
"For the *[Marvel 2099](/wiki/Marvel_2099 \"Marvel 2099\")* imprint, [Gerard Jones](/wiki/Gerard_Jones \"Gerard Jones\") and [Dwayne Turner](/wiki/Dwayne_Turner \"Dwayne Turner\") created a new version of the character. First appearing in *2099 Unlimited* \\#1, John Eisenhart, a selfish film producer in \"LotusLand\" (future [Hollywood](/wiki/Hollywood%2C_Los_Angeles \"Hollywood, Los Angeles\")) is inadvertently exposed to gamma radiation by the Knights of the Banner (a cult worshipping the original Hulk) who intend to create a Hulk of their own. As the Hulk, Eisenhart finds himself representing freedom to a closed\\-off society. A *[Hulk 2099](/wiki/Hulk_2099 \"Hulk 2099\")* series was published for 10 issues.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=February 2013}}",
"The unified Marvel Noir reality of Earth\\-2099 featured a version of Hulk 2009\\. In addition, there was a 2099 version of Grey Hulk who was a member of the [2099 version of the Avengers](/wiki/Avengers_%28comics%29%23Marvel_2099 \"Avengers (comics)#Marvel 2099\") until he was among those who were killed by the [2099 version of the Masters of Evil](/wiki/Masters_of_Evil%23Marvel_2099 \"Masters of Evil#Marvel 2099\"). The 2099 version of Moon Knight survived the massacre and formed the [2099 version of the New Avengers](/wiki/The_New_Avengers_%28comics%29%23Marvel_2099 \"The New Avengers (comics)#Marvel 2099\") with Hulk 2099 as one of its members as they avenged Grey Hulk 2099 and the fallen Avengers by defeating the Masters of Evil and having them remanded to a prison on the planet Wakanda.*Spider\\-Man 2099: Exodus* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.",
"### Marvel Comics 2",
"In another take, The Hulk is shown to still be active in the alternative future of the [MC2](/wiki/Marvel_Comics_2 \"Marvel Comics 2\") universe. There, he is shown as an amalgamation of his three main transformations; He has the strength of the Savage Hulk, the attitude of the Grey Hulk, and the intelligence of the Professor Hulk.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=February 2013}}",
"He's also shown to have fathered a son named David by an unknown spouse.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=February 2013}}",
"He was later seen within the pages of *[Last Hero Standing](/wiki/Last_Hero_Standing \"Last Hero Standing\")*, where [Loki](/wiki/Loki_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Loki (Marvel Comics)\") manipulated him into attacking the heroes. When he was freed of his manipulation he was critical in punishing Loki by forcing him into the voided dimension that [Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Thor (Marvel Comics)\") had opened a rift into, Hulk informing Loki that he was ruined on Earth because of Loki's actions and he therefore had nothing to lose by ensuring that Loki would be punished for eternity.{{Volume needed\\|c\\=y\\|date\\=February 2013}}",
"### Marvel Zombies",
"#### Marvel Zombies: Dead Days",
"In the series *[Marvel Zombies](/wiki/Marvel_Zombies \"Marvel Zombies\")*, the Hulk has been infected with a virus which makes him into an undead zombie (he is actually infected by the zombie Fantastic Four). Although he still retains his strength and invulnerability, he no longer heals, is losing weight because of his now\\-deteriorating tissue, does not feel pain and now craves human flesh. The zombie Hulk's transformations are physically controlled purely by his appetite — after feeding, he transforms back into Banner, who is also a zombie, until the hunger returns. When Hulk first transforms back into Banner, [his stomach starts to burst](/wiki/Stomach_rupture \"Stomach rupture\"). He is directly responsible for killing the Silver Surfer by [biting off his head](/wiki/Decapitate \"Decapitate\"). Later he joins Spider\\-Man, Iron\\-Man, Giant\\-Man, Wolverine and Luke Cage as the Galacti after killing and consuming Galactus.",
"#### Marvel Zombies 2",
"Forty years later, the zombie Hulk, along with the other zombies, had eaten or converted most of the universe, prompting them to return to Earth to try to recover the dimensional transporter. Although the other zombies managed to beat their hunger by going without food for a time, the Hulk's raw hunger was too great for him to be convinced to stop, resulting in him killing the zombified but \"cured\" [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man \"Iron Man\"), [Jean Grey](/wiki/Jean_Grey \"Jean Grey\"), [Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 \"Hawkeye (Clint Barton)\"), and [Firelord](/wiki/Firelord_%28comics%29 \"Firelord (comics)\"). Once he feeds and returns to Bruce Banner, he is finally killed by Spider\\-Man, Wolverine, and Giant\\-Man, recognizing that there is no other way to stop the Hulk from feeding again.*Marvel Zombies 2* \\#5 (April 2008\\)",
"#### Marvel Zombies 3",
"Hulk makes a cameo appearance in *Marvel Zombies 3 **when Machine Man, Ultron, and Jocasta travel to Earth 2149, killing winged zombies (zombie Beak, Angel, Vulture, and Falcon altogether). He also makes another cameo appearance when [Vanessa Fisk](/wiki/Vanessa_Fisk \"Vanessa Fisk\") explains to the 3 androids how the Silver Surfer died, and how the zombie [Kingpin](/wiki/Kingpin_%28comics%29 \"Kingpin (comics)\"), who is, surprisingly, her husband, created a zombie empire forming a huge alliance.***",
"#### Marvel Zombies Return",
"A second Hulk appears in the reality the Marvel Zombies of the original series are teleported to, known as Earth\\-Z. This version's life appears identical to his core counterpart up until the events of World War Hulk. When he reaches the Moon to attack the Inhumans, he is infected by the zombie [Giant\\-Man](/wiki/Giant-Man \"Giant-Man\"), and his allies killed. Oddly hungry, he heads back to Earth and begins eating people, and ultimately infecting the [Sentry](/wiki/Sentry_%28Robert_Reynolds%29 \"Sentry (Robert Reynolds)\"), who sets about forming a team of Zombie Avengers to eat humanity and wipe out any competition or resistance from other heroes, infected or otherwise dead. After the Sentry tries to kill Hulk to eliminate the competition as the two are the only creatures capable of challenging each other, Hulk is later cured of his hunger by the Zombie [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man \"Spider-Man\") and joins his New Avengers. The team succeeds in killing the Zombie Avengers and ending their plan to eat the multiverse, sacrificing themselves in the process. Ultimately, the nanite infused Sandman killed Hulk.*Marvel Zombies Return* \\#4\\-5\n### Old Man Logan",
"*[Old Man Logan](/wiki/Old_Man_Logan \"Old Man Logan\")* is set 50 years into an apocalyptic future. The world is in ruin and shadow following a massive conflict. A large coordinated force of super villains has killed a majority of the heroes and seized control of the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") splitting it into sections. Bruce Banner is said to have gone mad from radiation sickness, possibly from [nuclear weapons](/wiki/Nuclear_weapons \"Nuclear weapons\") that may have been used during the conflict or this and other changes may be the long\\-term result of his famous gamma radiation accident. Bruce's personality and powers seem altered, in human form he now has little empathy and possesses superhuman strength. Banner and his cousin [Jennifer Walters](/wiki/She-Hulk%23Old_Man_Logan \"She-Hulk#Old Man Logan\") have mated and produced offspring that possess their green skin and a little of their strength. They form the [hillbilly](/wiki/Hillbilly \"Hillbilly\")\\-like \"[Hulk Gang](/wiki/Hulk_Gang \"Hulk Gang\")**\" that rule the entire west coast of the country dubbed \"Hulkland\", a domain formerly held by the Abomination until Banner killed him. Banner, along with his children and grandchildren, live in a collection of caves and trailers, forcing those that live on the west coast to pay them rent in order to be allowed to live.**There were two versions of the Hulk that appear:\n#### Earth\\-807128",
"\"Pappy\" Bruce Banner's family threaten Logan's family over rent due to the Banners. Logan accompanies [Clint Barton](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29 \"Hawkeye (Clint Barton)\") on a cross country delivery to source the rent money. When Logan returns and finds the bodies of his family, killed by the Banners, he kills the Hulk Gang and attacks Pappy Banner who admits that he set all of this into motion because he missed their old brawls. Banner gets angry when Wolverine calls him a redneck SOB and drives his claws through his chest. He transforms into The Hulk. Hulk overpowers Logan and eats him. Logan's mutant healing factor then allows him to recover and slash his way out of Hulk's stomach, killing him. Logan spots Banner's son, Bruce, Jr. **and spares him. Logan takes the boy to raise in an effort to someday help combat the various villains that still rule the country.*Wolverine: Old Man Logan Giant\\-Size* \\#1**Old Man Logan found that Pappy Banner's head was placed on a gamma\\-powered robot made from Adamantium by [Tinkerer](/wiki/Tinkerer_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Old_Man_Logan \"Tinkerer (Marvel Comics)#Old Man Logan\"). He used it in his revenge on Old Man Logan. Before Old Man Logan can be finished off by Pappy Banner, he is suddenly attacked by Bruce Banner Jr. who separated Pappy Banner's head from the Adamantium armor. Rather than kill his head, Old Man Logan buried it and planted a tree over him so that its roots can slowly dig into his skull.*Wastelanders: Wolverine* \\#1\n#### Earth\\-21923",
"Pappy Banner's history on Earth\\-21923's history was still intact up to his death at the hands of Old Man Logan. When Old Man Logan uses [Asmodeus](/wiki/Asmodeus_%28comics%29 \"Asmodeus (comics)\")' help to return to this future to rescue Bruce Banner Jr., he finds that the time has been altered in which Maestro appears in the place of Pappy Banner.*Old Man Logan* Vol. 2 \\#24 This unidentified version of Maestro has rounded up the remaining members of the Hulk Gang as he makes plans to help them build a paradise for all Hulks on Earth\\-616\\. With help from the Cambria Banner, Logan and Hawkeye of Earth\\-616 were able to defeat Maestro and the surviving members of the Hulk Gang went their separate ways.*Old Man Logan* Vol. 2 \\#25\\-30\n### Otto Banner",
"During the \"[Devil's Reign](/wiki/Devil%27s_Reign \"Devil's Reign\")\" storyline, Doctor Octopus started forming his Superior Four that includes a Hulk that has four extra arms growing from his back.*Devil's Reign* \\#2\\. Marvel Comics. His real name is Otto Banner of Earth\\-8816 and he was also abused by his Earth's version of [Brian Banner](/wiki/Brian_Banner%23Earth-8816 \"Brian Banner#Earth-8816\").*Devil's Reign: Superior Four* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics\n### Ruins",
"In the [Warren Ellis](/wiki/Warren_Ellis \"Warren Ellis\") series *[Ruins](/wiki/Ruins_%28comics%29 \"Ruins (comics)\")*, a dark flip to the [Kurt Busiek](/wiki/Kurt_Busiek \"Kurt Busiek\") tale *[Marvels](/wiki/Marvels \"Marvels\")*, the accidents, experiments and mutations that led to the creation of Super Heroes and super humans, instead led to terrible deformations and painful deaths. Here, Bruce Banner's story goes exactly the same as his 616 counterpart, but when he is caught in the middle of the gamma bomb explosion, instead of transforming into the Incredible Hulk, his whole body opens up from the gigantic tumors that appear inside it, pushing most of his organs and skull outside his body and giving Rick Jones cancer. He did not die, and was put in an underground vault by the CIA, codenamed \"the Hulk\".*Ruins* \\#1 (Aug 1995\\)\n### Secret Wars (2015\\)",
"During the *[Secret Wars](/wiki/Secret_Wars_%282015_comic_book%29 \"Secret Wars (2015 comic book)\")* storyline, different versions of Hulk reside in each [Battleworld](/wiki/Battleworld \"Battleworld\") domain.\n The Battleworld domain of Greenland is filled with an assortment of Hulks ranging from Tribal Hulks **(a group of Hulks that live like a tribe),** Bull Hulks **(a group of gamma\\-irradiated cattle),** Sand Hulks **(who evoke the traits of Hulk and [Sandman](/wiki/Sandman_%28Marvel_Comics%29 \"Sandman (Marvel Comics)\")), and a** Sea Hulk**. This land is a recreation of Earth\\-71612 where it was rendered into a Hulk\\-filled land by a gamma bomb strike by A.I.M. It was stated that Bruce Banner had started Bannertech Industries and his fate has not been mentioned since A.I.M.'s gamma bomb strike. In addition to the various type of Hulks and a variation of a [Red Hulk](/wiki/Red_Hulk \"Red Hulk\") that rules Greenland as the** Red King**\", a variation of Steve Rogers that was sent into Greenland by God Emperor Doom and Sheriff Strange encountered another variation of Steve Rogers that operated as Doc Green.*Planet Hulk* \\#1\n The Battleworld domain of Spider\\-Island that was based from the remnants of Earth\\-19919 told an alternate version of the *[Spider\\-Island](/wiki/Spider-Island \"Spider-Island\")* storyline where Hulk was mutated into** Spider\\-Hulk **and served as one of [Spider\\-Queen](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:Q%23Queen \"Q#Queen\")'s minions. However, [Agent Venom](/wiki/Agent_Venom \"Agent Venom\") uses [Curt Connors](/wiki/Curt_Connors \"Curt Connors\")' Lizard Formula to mutate Hulk into a giant lizard monster, which broke him free from the Spider Queen's control.*Spider\\-Island* \\#1\\-5\n The Battleworld domain of Marville that was based from the remnants of Earth\\-71912 featured a child version of Hulk that is a member of the Avengers.*Giant\\-Size Little Marvel: AVX* \\#4\n The Battleworld domain of the Kingdom of Manhattan is based from the remnants of Earth\\-61610 where variations of characters from Earth\\-616 and Earth\\-1610 co\\-exist on the combined version of both reality's Manhattan. In this case, a variation of Hulk's Doc Green form co\\-exists with a variation of Earth\\-1610's Hulk.*Ultimate End* \\#1\\-5\n The Battleworld domain of Bug World that was based from the remnants of Earth\\-22312 features an anthropomorphic insect version of Hulk called** Roly\\-Poly Hulk**.*Secret Wars: Secret Love* \\#1\n The Battleworld domain of the Walled City of New York that was based from the remnants of Earth\\-21722 features a version of Hulk that is a member of the Avengers where they are allied with S.H.I.E.L.D.'s side of the Walled City of New York.*Hank Johnson, Agent of Hydra* \\#1**### Spider\\-Geddon",
"During the \"[Spider\\-Geddon](/wiki/Spider-Geddon \"Spider-Geddon\")\" storyline, a sequel to \"[Spider\\-Verse](/wiki/Spider-Verse \"Spider-Verse\")\", Robbie Banner''' is a punk on Earth\\-138 who is allied with [Spider\\-Punk](/wiki/Spider-Punk \"Spider-Punk\") and can turn into the Hulk while listening to \"Atomic Bomb\" music. He helped Spider\\-Punk and [Captain Anarchy](/wiki/Flag-Smasher%23Spider-Geddon \"Flag-Smasher#Spider-Geddon\") fight the [U\\-Foes](/wiki/U-Foes \"U-Foes\") at the Hellfire Club, assisted Spider\\-Punk and M.C. Strange push the [Universal Church of Truth](/wiki/Universal_Church_of_Truth \"Universal Church of Truth\") out of Queens, and fought Hydra on the streets. After obtaining the \"Atomic Bomb\" tape from Captain Anarchy, Spider\\-Punk visited Robbie to get his help, but the latter was reluctant to listen to the tape. When [Kang the Conglomerator](/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror%23Spider-Geddon \"Kang the Conqueror#Spider-Geddon\") went on the attack, Robbie reluctantly listened to the tape and transformed into the Hulk to help Spider\\-Punk fight Kang.*Edge of Spider\\-Verse* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.\n### The End",
"In other tales, possible futures for the character have been shown. Using a post apocalyptic wasteland as a backdrop, the Peter David written * + - * + - [Incredible Hulk: The End](/wiki/Incredible_Hulk:The_End \"The End\") *[one\\-shot](/wiki/One_shot_%28comic%29 \"One shot (comic)\") features an elderly Bruce Banner as the last surviving inhabitant of Earth, the Hulk having hidden in a cave during a nuclear war until he was released by the Recorder sent to confirm humanity's demise. After Bruce has spent time traveling Earth, transforming into the Hulk at night and when attacked by the mutated [cockroaches](/wiki/Cockroach \"Cockroach\") that are the only other surviving lifeforms on Earth, the story concludes with Banner dying of a heart attack, thus leaving the Hulk as the last living being on the planet, Hulk musing that he is now \"the only one there is\", having achieved his wish to be left alone, but aware that he will die if he turns back into Banner.*Hulk: The End* (August 2002\\)*",
"### Ultimate Marvel",
"In the [Ultimate Marvel](/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel \"Ultimate Marvel\") universe, the Hulk first appears in [Ultimate Marvel Team\\-Up](/wiki/Ultimate_Marvel_Team-Up \"Ultimate Marvel Team-Up\") *\\#2 (2001\\), written by [Brian Michael Bendis](/wiki/Brian_Michael_Bendis \"Brian Michael Bendis\") and drawn by [Phil Hester](/wiki/Phil_Hester_%28comics%29 \"Phil Hester (comics)\"). In the* [Ultimates](/wiki/Ultimates \"Ultimates\") *series, Bruce Banner works for [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D.%23S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.#S.H.I.E.L.D.\"), attempting to re\\-create the super\\-soldier formula that created [Captain America](/wiki/Ultimate_Captain_America \"Ultimate Captain America\").*",
"Dr. Robert Bruce Banner was one of the leading scientists in the United States. He had a scientist named [Leonard Williams](/wiki/Tyrone_Cash \"Tyrone Cash\") as his teacher.{{Cite comic\\|writer\\=Mark Millar\\|penciller\\=\\[\\[Leinil Francis Yu]]\\|inker\\=\\[\\[Gerry Alanguilan]]\\|story\\=Crime and Punishment, Part 2 of 6\\|title\\=\\[\\[Ultimate Comics: Avengers 2]]\\|volume\\=\\|issue\\=2\\|date\\=July 2010\\|publisher\\=Marvel Comics\\|page\\=\\|panel\\=}}\nHe was later among the scientists that are used to recreate the Super\\-Soldier Formula that created [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Captain America (Ultimate Marvel character)\"). Bruce Banner is shown to have been hired by the U.S. Government and General [Nick Fury](/wiki/Nick_Fury_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Nick Fury (Ultimate Marvel character)\") as part of a project to secretly recreate the Super Soldier Serum. At a covert lab in [Dover, New Jersey](/wiki/Dover%2C_New_Jersey \"Dover, New Jersey\"), Bruce works alongside fellow scientists, Hank Pym, [Franklin Storm](/wiki/Franklin_Storm%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Franklin Storm#Ultimate Marvel\"), father of [Sue](/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Invisible_Woman \"Alternative versions of Invisible Woman\") and [Johnny Storm](/wiki/Human_Torch%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Human Torch#Ultimate Marvel\"), and [Richard Parker](/wiki/Richard_and_Mary_Parker%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Richard and Mary Parker#Ultimate Marvel\"), father of [Peter Parker](/wiki/Spider-Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Spider-Man (Ultimate Marvel character)\").*Ultimate Origins* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics. Bruce believes that he has come up with the correct formula for the serum, but needs to test it out. Eager to try his results on a human subject, Banner synthesizes his serum and injects himself with it. The serum turns him into the Hulk for the first time. Banner goes on a rampage inside the laboratory and eventually destroys the entire complex, nearly killing Richard Parker, along with his wife Mary, who had brought an infant Peter along with her to visit Richard.*Ultimate Origins* \\#4 Years later, Hulk laid waste to [Chelsea Piers](/wiki/Chelsea_Piers \"Chelsea Piers\") before he could be subdued by [Spider\\-Man](/wiki/Spider-Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Spider-Man (Ultimate Marvel character)\") and taken into custody.*Ultimate Marvel Team\\-Up* \\#2\\. Marvel Comics.\nBanner and [Henry Pym](/wiki/Hank_Pym%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Hank Pym#Ultimate Marvel\") were both hired by [S.H.I.E.L.D.](/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D. \"S.H.I.E.L.D.\") to create post\\-human soldiers for S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Ultimates*, with Banner focusing on the Super\\-Soldier formula responsible for Captain America, and Henry Pym experimenting with his Giant\\-Man formula. Whereas Pym found success and celebrity with \"[Giant\\-Man](/wiki/Giant-Man \"Giant-Man\")\", Banner found himself unable to crack the Super\\-Soldier formula. Classifying himself a failure and suffering ridicule at the hands of Pym, Banner took some of the recently rediscovered Captain America's blood, combined it with his Hulk formula, and injected it. Banner rationalized his decision by saying that turning himself into a monster gave the Ultimates a villain to fight, thereby justifying their existence at a time when they were accused of being an enormous multi\\-billion dollar waste of government resources. Before lapsing into unconsciousness however, Banner confessed that \"honest\\-to\\-God truth of the matter\" is that he simply \"just missed being big\".*Ultimates* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.*",
"Shortly afterwards, Banner transformed into a sociopathic grey\\-skinned Hulk that channeled and amplified Banner's hidden emotions, unleashing the darkest depths of his [id](/wiki/Ego%2C_superego%2C_and_id%23Id \"Ego, superego, and id#Id\"). The Hulk proceeded to track down and pursue Betty Ross, the object of Bruce Banner's affection who, because of relationship problems with Banner, was courting the favor of Hollywood film star [Freddie Prinze, Jr.](/wiki/Freddie_Prinze%2C_Jr. \"Freddie Prinze, Jr.\") that night, and inadvertently boasted about it to Banner over the phone shortly before his transformation. During his rampage and cross\\-town pursuit of the fleeing Betty Ross, The Hulk informed Betty that he was \"horny as Hell\" and destroyed everything in his path, indiscriminately killing hundreds of people in the process. After rendering Giant\\-Man unconscious and overpowering [Iron Man](/wiki/Iron_Man_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Iron Man (Ultimate Marvel character)\"), [Captain America](/wiki/Captain_America_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Captain America (Ultimate Marvel character)\"), and [Thor](/wiki/Thor_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Thor (Ultimate Marvel character)\"), who were all dispatched to stop his rampage, The Hulk changed back into Banner after the [Wasp](/wiki/Wasp_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Wasp (character)#Ultimate Marvel\") entered his skull through the ear canal and fired her bio\\-electric sting directly into his brain. Upon regaining consciousness, Banner was promptly knocked unconscious, restrained and shuttled away to S.H.I.E.L.D., the connection between him and the Ultimate Hulk covered up. Later, after being subdued by the Ultimates, an examination on Banner's blood revealed that the latest Super\\-Soldier Formula he took has placed a more permanent effect on Banner. The \"Hulk cells\" were not disappearing like they did after the first time Banner transformed, showing that the new Super\\-Soldier Formula Banner took would forever keep the Hulk within him.*Ultimates* \\#4\\. Marvel Comics.\nAfter his rampage, Banner spent a number of months in a cell specifically designed to withstand the Hulk's fury, with Anti\\-Hulk serum administered to him on a continuous basis. Amidst the [Chitauri](/wiki/Chitauri \"Chitauri\")'s assault on Earth and their takeover of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the [United States Armed Forces](/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces \"United States Armed Forces\"), General Fury quickly mobilized an army and attacked the alien base in [Arizona](/wiki/Arizona \"Arizona\"). During his battle with [Herr Kleiser](/wiki/Herr_Kleiser \"Herr Kleiser\"), a Chitauri agent capable of absorbing and administering enormous physical damage, Captain America, with all other tactical options exhausted, gave the order for \"the Weapon of Last Resort\" and gave \"Permission to traumatize Banner\", who was in a helicopter with a military escort hovering over the S.H.I.E.L.D. battlefield. The delicate procedure of traumatizing a 90\\-pound scientist simply amounted to throwing him out of the chopper in hopes that his anger would overcome the effects of the anti\\-Hulk serum coursing through his veins. The Hulk's first course of action was to bodyslam Captain America into the concrete to pay him back for breaking Banner's jaw after the first Hulk transformation in Manhattan. Captain America immediately pointed out Herr Kleiser, declaring that he had been \"all over Betty\" while Banner was in his solitary cell. Not one to be overshadowed by a skinny German Nazi, the Hulk promptly pounded Kleiser to a pulp and even ate him. While Hulk was dining on Kleiser, Captain America manipulated him once more by calling down to him, telling Hulk that the Chitauri alien fleet had called him a \"sissy\\-boy\" and asked if the Hulk intended to let the aliens get away with such an insult. In a most vigorous defense of his heterosexuality, Hulk leaped a mile into the air, ripping apart the entire airborne alien fleet that clouded the sky, all the while proclaiming that \"Hulk no Sissy Boy...HULK STRAIGHT!\" Even after destroying the entire fleet and saving what remained of the day, the Hulk was full of adrenaline and rage, and needed to be sedated. [Hawkeye](/wiki/Hawkeye_%28Clint_Barton%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Hawkeye (Clint Barton)#Ultimate Marvel\"), the marksman, was called in to take him down with an adamantium\\-tipped syringe full of anti\\-Hulk serum. Hawkeye did, but barely succeeded since Hulk seemed to be impervious to the antidote Hawkeye shot into Hulk before he finally passed out. While Banner returned to normal while in containment in S.H.I.E.L.D., his caretakers monitored him closely. Because of Herr Kleiser's [shapeshifting](/wiki/Shapeshifting \"Shapeshifting\") abilities, Banner's [stool](/wiki/Feces \"Feces\") were collected and properly disposed of after the battle, to rule out the possibility of Kleiser reconstituting himself in a cunning, if disgusting, way.*Ultimates* \\#13\\. Marvel Comics.\nWhen [Magneto](/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Magneto%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Alternative versions of Magneto#Ultimate Marvel\") attacked the Triskelion's lockup during the \"[Ultimate War](/wiki/Ultimate_War \"Ultimate War\")\" series, power went down for the entire facility. The Hulk was said to have eaten six members of the nursing staff in the chaos.*Ultimate War* \\#2\\. Marvel Comics.\nDuring the \"[Ultimate Six](/wiki/Ultimate_Six \"Ultimate Six\")\" miniseries, the Triskelion was attacked by [Electro](/wiki/Electro_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Electro (Marvel Comics)#Ultimate Marvel\") and [Green Goblin](/wiki/Green_Goblin_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Green Goblin (Ultimate Marvel character)\"), but Banner was later reported by Iron Man to have \"fallen asleep reading a magazine\" and was promptly sedated for a week just in case.*Ultimate Six* \\#5\\. Marvel Comics.\nBanner remained in his cell for a year, with very few Hulk episodes; during one such transformation, he sat on the couch and watched [Curb Your Enthusiasm](/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\") *until he changed back. The few visitors he received included Hank Pym, demonstrating his new \"Ant Man\" technology. Shortly thereafter, he learned from the national news that somebody had leaked top\\-secret information to the press regarding the Hulk/Banner connection. S.H.I.E.L.D. hired lawyer [Matt Murdock](/wiki/Daredevil_%28Marvel_Comics_character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)#Ultimate Marvel\") to try to avoid the death penalty for 800\\-plus murder counts by bringing up the important things Banner had done in the interests of national security, and his work for the Ultimates. During jury deliberation, Banner received a visit from General Nick Fury, who told him that the case had been dismissed, and presented him with a bottle of champagne. Eagerly drinking his first drink as a free man, Banner passed out – the bottle had been drugged by Hank Pym at Fury's request – and awakened much later on the deck of an aircraft carrier, with a one\\-megaton nuclear weapon nearby. Fortunately for his well\\-being, he transformed into the Hulk right before the nuclear device was detonated. Later, Banner anonymously calls Pym from a public telephone to thank him for deliberately botching the dose before Banner decided to go into hiding. It is not clear if Pym deliberately botched the dose, or was merely incompetent in his research.*Ultimates 2* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.*",
"Bruce Banner later appears in Washington D.C. before one of the [Crimson Dynamo](/wiki/Crimson_Dynamo%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Crimson Dynamo#Ultimate Marvel\")'s giant duplicates, letting it step on him, all the while muttering to himself about being \"in touch with his inner sociopath\". The Hulk appears in the next panel, lifting the robot with both hands and then ripping it in two, finishing the issue with a declaration of \"NOW BRING IT ON!\"*Ultimates 2* \\#11\\. Marvel Comics. He then continues to aid the Ultimates against the Liberators by defeating, dismembering, and finally eating [Abomination](/wiki/Abomination_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Abomination (character)#Ultimate Marvel\").*Ultimates 2* \\#12\\. Marvel Comics.\nSome time after Banner's disappearance in the pages of \"[Ultimate Wolverine Vs. Hulk](/wiki/Ultimate_Wolverine_Vs._Hulk \"Ultimate Wolverine Vs. Hulk\")\", strange occurrences across Europe and Asia reported. General Fury started piecing together the evidence and concluded that despite their distance from one another, they were all related. The discovery of feces in Tibet belonging to Banner confirmed that he had survived his execution. Since S.H.I.E.L.D. was in charge of executing Banner in a very public way, they acted to cover up their error by contracting James \"Logan\" Howlett ([Wolverine](/wiki/Wolverine_%28Ultimate_Marvel_character%29 \"Wolverine (Ultimate Marvel character)\")) to track Banner down and eliminate him. Logan arrives at a rural village in Tibet and discovers that all the women have been kidnapped. He eventually makes his way to a beautiful but derelict palace. The Hulk (decked in Tibetan robes and beads) has taken up residence here with the kidnapped women as his [concubines](/wiki/Concubines \"Concubines\"). The Hulk is annoyed at being interrupted and he and Wolverine fight. After an intense struggle, the Hulk physically rips Wolverine's body in half and hurls his legs four miles up a mountain, leaving Logan's torso to freeze in the snow.*Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.\nIssue \\#2 reveals, in flashback, that Bruce Banner, after travelling through France, Ireland and India, finally treks to Tibet, to seek the wisdom of the [Panchen Lama](/wiki/Panchen_Lama \"Panchen Lama\") who he hopes can reveal the true relationship behind Banner and the Hulk. It is here that the Hulk resides prior to Logan's intrusion.*Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk* \\#2\\. Marvel Comics.\nHe then appeared together with Iron Man in their own mini\\-series titled [Ultimate Human](/wiki/Ultimate_Human \"Ultimate Human\")*, focusing on Bruce Banner approaching Tony Stark about the possibility of using the Iron Man nanites to control the Hulk transformations. [The Leader](/wiki/Leader_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Leader (character)#Ultimate Marvel\") is introduced as [Pete Wisdom](/wiki/Pete_Wisdom%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Pete Wisdom#Ultimate Marvel\"), a scientist after the blood of both men, for use in the creation of a superhuman. This series depicts the Hulk's physiology as almost infinitely adaptive to adverse conditions, including simulations of hostile extraterrestrial environments such as the surface of the planet [Venus](/wiki/Venus \"Venus\"). It also described him as generating [carbon](/wiki/Carbon \"Carbon\") [Fullerenes](/wiki/Fullerene \"Fullerene\") in his skin structure, adding to his durability.*Ultimate Human* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.*",
"A naked Hulk comes into a restaurant demanding food. [Princess Zarda](/wiki/Power_Princess \"Power Princess\") who is already at the restaurant fights and defeats the Hulk. After the fight, the two form a bond and go to another restaurant before renting a motel room and [having sex](/wiki/Having_sex \"Having sex\").*Ultimate Hulk Annual* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.\nDuring the \"[Ultimatum](/wiki/Ultimatum_%28Ultimate_Marvel%29 \"Ultimatum (Ultimate Marvel)\")\" storyline, the Hulk appears in New York and is convinced by Spider\\-Man to help him rescue people. When demons start appearing they go to the home of [Doctor Strange](/wiki/Doctor_Strange%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Doctor Strange#Ultimate Marvel\"), only to learn that his body had been possessed by [Nightmare](/wiki/Nightmare_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Nightmare (Marvel Comics)#Ultimate Marvel\"). He then starts to torture them. Hulk in response heats the Orb of Acmantata, which causes an explosion.*Ultimate Spider\\-Man* \\#132\\. Marvel Comics. He survives and is recruited by the remaining Ultimates and [X\\-Men](/wiki/Ultimate_X-Men \"Ultimate X-Men\") to stop Magneto. In Magneto's Citadel, he and [Colossus](/wiki/Colossus_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Colossus (character)#Ultimate Marvel\") are tasked with destroying some of the citadel's machinery. They try to stop [Mystique](/wiki/Mystique_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Mystique (character)#Ultimate Marvel\") and [Sabretooth](/wiki/Sabretooth_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Sabretooth (character)#Ultimate Marvel\") from escaping, but fail. Hulk survives Ultimatum and is later seen in [Ultimate Comics: X](/wiki/Ultimate_Comics:X \"X\") in a [soup kitchen](/wiki/Soup_kitchen \"Soup kitchen\") as Bruce Banner in New York. He is convinced by [Karen Grant](/wiki/Jean_Grey%23Ultimate_Marvel \"Jean Grey#Ultimate Marvel\") to be their \"enforcer\" in a new team sponsored by former Director Nick Fury.[Wolverine's son vs. Sabretooth in Ultimate X 5](http://www.comicvine.com/news/wolverines-son-vs-sabretooth-in-ultimate-x-5/143095/)*Ultimate X* \\#5\\. Marvel Comics.\nDuring the European crisis involving the Children of Tomorrow, Hulk was convinced by S.H.I.E.L.D. [Agent Flumm](/wiki/Mentallo \"Mentallo\") to attack the Children of Tomorrow in exchange for the safety of Betty Ross, currently in custody. Hulk was unleashed in Children's base called The City, but the [Maker](/wiki/Maker_%28character%29 \"Maker (character)\") managed to calm him down and convince him that he was being used. In that moment, the US Government launched an ineffective nuclear attack on the City, and the Children detonate an anti\\-matter bomb in Washington, D.C. in retaliation. When the Ultimates finally turned the tide, the Maker injected the Hulk with the Giant\\-Man serum, turning him into a giant juggernaut, although he was defeated and put into sedated custody beneath the Triskelion once more.*Ultimate Comics Ultimates* \\#12\\. Marvel Comics.\nBruce was freed by the mysterious woman called [Kang](/wiki/Kang_the_Conqueror \"Kang the Conqueror\"), and convinced him to steal the [Infinity Gems](/wiki/Infinity_Gems \"Infinity Gems\") with which he battled the Ultimates. After the arrival of escapee Reed Richards, the heroes escaped, but Captain America decided to be left behind in order to stop the villains, although he was defeated by Thor.*Ultimate Comics Ultimates* \\#25\\. Marvel Comics.\nWhen Maker merged all realities in order to help Eternity to fight the First Firmament, Hulk is among the Ultimates members that are revived.*Ultimates 2* Vol. 2 \\#9\\. Marvel Comics. It was shown that Hulk did not retain his intelligence and referred to himself in the third person. When the [Ultimates of Earth\\-616](/wiki/Ultimates_%282015_team%29 \"Ultimates (2015 team)\") arrived on [Counter\\-Earth](/wiki/Counter-Earth_%28comics%29 \"Counter-Earth (comics)\") to confront Maker for his actions, he had the Earth\\-1610 Ultimates fight the Earth\\-616 Ultimates where Hulk was thrown out of the building by [Blue Marvel](/wiki/Blue_Marvel \"Blue Marvel\"). Eventually, Hulk and the rest of the Earth\\-1610 Ultimates decided that there was no reason to fight the Earth\\-616 Ultimates which resulted in Maker killing the Earth\\-1610 Captain America. After aiding the Earth\\-616 Ultimates into giving Eternity the power to defeat the First Firmament, Hulk and the rest of the Earth\\-1610 Ultimates left to pursue Maker.*Ultimates* 2 \\#100\\. Marvel Comics.\nAfter Earth\\-1610 was restored, Hulk was seen with the Avengers where they help Spider\\-Man fight Green Goblin.*Spider\\-Men II* \\#5\\. Marvel Comics.\n### Ultimate Universe",
"During the \"[Ultimate Invasion](/wiki/Ultimate_Invasion \"Ultimate Invasion\")\" storyline, [Maker](/wiki/Maker_%28character%29 \"Maker (character)\") visits [Earth\\-6160](/wiki/Earth-6160 \"Earth-6160\") and remakes it into his own image. One of the things he could not succeed in was preventing the origin of Hulk, who would later find personal \"enlightenment\". He and his fellow monks of the Children of the Eternal Light would later attend an international event held by the Maker at the City in [Latveria](/wiki/Latveria%23Ultimate_Universe \"Latveria#Ultimate Universe\") as part of his [Council](/wiki/Illuminati_%28comics%29%23Ultimate_Universe \"Illuminati (comics)#Ultimate Universe\").*Ultimate Invasion* \\#2\\. Marvel Comics. Hulk and the Children of the Eternal Light are revealed to rule India and parts of Asia.\nWhile giving condolences to [Howard Stark](/wiki/Howard_Stark%23Ultimate_Universe \"Howard Stark#Ultimate Universe\") over the death of [Obadiah Stane](/wiki/Iron_Monger%23Ultimate_Universe \"Iron Monger#Ultimate Universe\"), Hulk explains the artificial nature of the [war economy](/wiki/War_economy \"War economy\") praticed by the Council's power blocs as Stark is appointed to rule the North American Union in Stane's former role.*Ultimate Invasion* \\#3\\. Marvel Comics. Hulk and the other leaders later discuss about The City closing up for two years with Maker imprisoned inside. With Howard Stark being locked inside as well, Hulk and the others plan to divide up the Union among themselves.*Ultimate Invasion* \\#4\\. Marvel Comics.\nHulk and other members of the Council are later informed of [Iron Lad](/wiki/Iron_Man%23Earth-6160 \"Iron Man#Earth-6160\")'s raid on the Latverian repositories. While giving his condolences to Henri Duggary due to his wounds, Hulk states that Tony Stark \"gave them America\", as the group uses an orbiting [Stark/Stane](/wiki/Stark_Industries%23Ultimate_Universe \"Stark Industries#Ultimate Universe\") satellite to conduct a [false flag](/wiki/False_flag \"False flag\") attack on Stark Tower, causing thousands of casualities in a section of Manhattan. He suggests framing Stark and his allies as terrorists as they consolidate control over the Union's territories.*Ultimate Invasion* \\#1\\. Marvel Comics.\nIt is later shown that Banner was the director of the Castle Gamma project, creating the \"Banner\\-[Ulam](/wiki/Stainslaw_Ulam \"Stainslaw Ulam\") Gamma Bomb\" and detonating it over an island in the Pacific, causing not only his transformation into the Hulk but also a mass contamination incident involving the island's inhabitants (mirroring the real\\-life events of [Castle Bravo](/wiki/Castle_Bravo \"Castle Bravo\") and the fallout over the [Marshall Islands](/wiki/Marshall_Islands \"Marshall Islands\")). It's stated that Banner might have deliberately planned the results, also trying to conceal the island to the rest of the world and make it impossible to reach in the current days. As the [Ultimates](/wiki/Ultimates%23Ultimate_Universe \"Ultimates#Ultimate Universe\") members Iron Lad, [Thor](/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Thor_%28Marvel_Comics%29%23Ultimate_Universe \"Alternative versions of Thor (Marvel Comics)#Ultimate Universe\"), and [Sif](/wiki/Sif_%28character%29%23Ultimate_Universe \"Sif (character)#Ultimate Universe\") make an agreement with a Gamma\\-powered native called [Lejori Zakaria](/wiki/List_of_Marvel_Comics_characters:S%23Lejori_Zakaria \"S#Lejori Zakaria\"), Banner watches from a hidden camera feed as he orders his subordinates in the Children of the Eternal Light to assemble the [Immortal Weapons](/wiki/Immortal_Weapons \"Immortal Weapons\"), as the team is starting to \"make him angry\".*The Ultimates* Vol. 4 \\#3\\. Marvel Comics.\nHulk later speaks with [Emmanuel da Costa](/wiki/Emmanuel_da_Costa_%28comics%29 \"Emmanuel da Costa (comics)\") about the attacks on the different [Roxxon](/wiki/Roxxon_Energy_Corporation%23Ultimate_Universe \"Roxxon Energy Corporation#Ultimate Universe\") facilities which are part of Emmanuel's profile. Hulk calms Emmanuel down while stating that he considers the Ultimates an insurgency and that he will kill them once and for all.*The Ultimates* Vol. 4 \\#5\\. Marvel Comics.\nIn other media\n--------------",
"{{Main\\|Hulk in other media}}\nThe character has been played in live\\-action and animation by a variety of actors. The character was first played in live\\-action by [Bill Bixby](/wiki/Bill_Bixby \"Bill Bixby\") and [Lou Ferrigno](/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno \"Lou Ferrigno\") in the 1978 television series [The Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_%281978_TV_series%29 \"The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series)\") *and its subsequent television films* [The Incredible Hulk Returns](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_Returns \"The Incredible Hulk Returns\") *(1988\\),* [The Trial of the Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Trial_of_the_Incredible_Hulk \"The Trial of the Incredible Hulk\") *(1989\\), and* [The Death of the Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Incredible_Hulk \"The Death of the Incredible Hulk\") *(1990\\), and [Eric Bana](/wiki/Eric_Bana \"Eric Bana\") in the film* [Hulk](/wiki/Hulk_%28film%29 \"Hulk (film)\") *(2003\\). In the [Marvel Cinematic Universe](/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe \"Marvel Cinematic Universe\") (MCU), [the character](/wiki/Bruce_Banner_%28Marvel_Cinematic_Universe%29 \"Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)\") was first portrayed by [Edward Norton](/wiki/Edward_Norton \"Edward Norton\") in the film* [The Incredible Hulk](/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_%28film%29 \"The Incredible Hulk (film)\") *(2008\\), and then by [Mark Ruffalo](/wiki/Mark_Ruffalo \"Mark Ruffalo\") in later appearances, including the films* [The Avengers](/wiki/The_Avengers_%282012_film%29 \"The Avengers (2012 film)\") *(2012\\),* [Iron Man 3](/wiki/Iron_Man_3 \"Iron Man 3\") *(2013\\),* [Avengers: Age of Ultron](/wiki/Avengers:Age_of_Ultron \"Age of Ultron\") *(2015\\),* [Thor: Ragnarok](/wiki/Thor:Ragnarok \"Ragnarok\") *(2017\\),* [Avengers: Infinity War](/wiki/Avengers:Infinity_War \"Infinity War\") *(2018\\),* [Captain Marvel](/wiki/Captain_Marvel_%28film%29 \"Captain Marvel (film)\") *(2019\\),* [Avengers: Endgame](/wiki/Avengers:Endgame \"Endgame\") *(2019\\), and* [Shang\\-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings](/wiki/Shang-Chi_and_the_Legend_of_the_Ten_Rings \"Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings\") *(2021\\), and the television series* [She\\-Hulk: Attorney at Law](/wiki/She-Hulk:Attorney_at_Law \"Attorney at Law\") *(2022\\) and* [What If...?](/wiki/What_If...%3F_%28TV_series%29 \"What If...? (TV series)\") *(2021\\).*",
"Reception\n---------",
"The Hulk was ranked \\#1 on a listing of Marvel Comics' monster characters in 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\= http://www.denofgeek.com/us/books\\-comics/marvel/250132/marvels\\-31\\-best\\-monsters/page/0/2\\|title\\= Marvel's 31 Best Monsters\\|first\\= Marc\\|last\\= Buxton\\|date\\= October 30, 2015\\|publisher\\= \\[\\[Dennis Publishing\\|Den of Geek]]\\|archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20170312224459/http://www.denofgeek.com/us/books\\-comics/marvel/250132/marvels\\-31\\-best\\-monsters/page/0/2\\|archive\\-date\\= March 12, 2017\\|url\\-status\\= live\\|df\\= mdy\\-all\\|quote\\= The Hulk is way more superhero than horror icon, but in the character's year history, there were plenty of times that this titanic creature was cast in the role of classic monster.}}\nIn 2018, [CBR.com](/wiki/CBR.com \"CBR.com\") *ranked The Thing (Bruce Banner) 2nd in their \"Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World\" list.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lealos \\|first\\=Shawn S. \\|date\\=2018\\-09\\-16 \\|title\\=Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World \\|url\\=https://www.cbr.com/age\\-of\\-apocalypse\\-characters\\-ranked/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-11 \\|website\\=CBR \\|language\\=en\\-US}}*",
"In 2022, [Screen Rant](/wiki/Screen_Rant \"Screen Rant\")'' included Hulk in their \"10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics\" list.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Harn \\|first\\=Darby \\|date\\=2022\\-07\\-17 \\|title\\=Thor: Love And Thunder — 10 Most Powerful Hercules Villains In Marvel Comics \\|url\\=https://screenrant.com/hercules\\-most\\-powerful\\-villains\\-thor\\-love\\-and\\-thunder/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-24 \\|website\\=ScreenRant \\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
""
] |
Conservation status
-------------------
### Classification
The Swan galaxias is a threatened species listed as [Endangered](/wiki/Endangered_species "Endangered species") under a state, national and global level. It was classified as an Endangered species by the IUCN Red list under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999\.
The fish was listed as Endangered under the [Australian Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999](/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999 "Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999") (EPBC). In effect under the EPBC Act from 10th of November 2006\.
Tasmania has also classified the protection of the fish under the [Threatened Species Protection Act 1995](/wiki/Threatened_Species_Protection_Act_1995 "Threatened Species Protection Act 1995") (TSP). The species has also been listed as a 'priority species requiring consideration' under the [Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement 1997](/wiki/Regional_Forest_Agreement "Regional Forest Agreement"). Under this agreement, the species is protected through the [Comprehensive, Adequate and Representative reserve system](/wiki/National_Reserve_System "National Reserve System") (CAR).
### Reasons for listing
It is listed as Endangered due to the species limited distribution and abundance, habitat destruction and as a result of predatory species. As suggested by the Australian Government, there has been a "decline in the population over the last 10 years and it is continuing decline".
Since the discovery of the fish species, the Swan galaxias' natural distribution has become restricted and fragmented confining three populations to a limited amount of streams and to those extreme headwaters.
The limited abundance of the species has been attributed by Scott Hardie as the consequence of habitat degradation. Habitat degradation includes the impacts of [sedimentation](/wiki/Sedimentation "Sedimentation") and reductions in water quality as a result of urban development, agriculture and forestry practices. As well, the global threat of [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") results in rising water temperatures which results in a loss of water from headwater streams occupied by the Swan Galaxias.{{Cite journal\|last1\=George\|first1\=Anna L.\|last2\=Kuhajda\|first2\=Bernard R.\|last3\=Williams\|first3\=James D.\|last4\=Cantrell\|first4\=Mark A.\|last5\=Rakes\|first5\=Patrick L.\|last6\=Shute\|first6\=J. R.\|date\=2009\|title\=Guidelines for Propagation and Translocation for Freshwater Fish Conservation\|url\=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\.1577/1548\-8446\-34\.11\.529\|journal\=Fisheries\|language\=en\|volume\=34\|issue\=11\|pages\=529–545\|doi\=10\.1577/1548\-8446\-34\.11\.529\|issn\=1548\-8446\|via\=Online Wiley Library}} As the species requires specific aquatic environments for spawning, the exploitation of water by dams heavily impacts the amount of water present in the Swan Galaxias habitat.{{Cite journal\|last1\=Ault\|first1\=T. R.\|last2\=White\|first2\=R. W. G.\|date\=1994\|title\=Effects of Habitat Structure and the Presence of Brown Trout on the Population Density of Galaxias truttaceus in Tasmania, Australia\|url\=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\.1577/1548\-8659%281994%29123%3C0939%3AEOHSAT%3E2\.3\.CO%3B2\|journal\=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society\|language\=en\|volume\=123\|issue\=6\|pages\=939–949\|doi\=10\.1577/1548\-8659(1994\)123\<0939:EOHSAT\>2\.3\.CO;2\|issn\=1548\-8659}}
Predation and competition from exotic species has been a reason for the species conservation listing. Since the introduction of the brown trout (*salmo trutt*) and redfin perch (*Perca fluviatilis*) there has been a decline in the Swan Galaxias species. Primarily, due to the inability for both species to inhabit the same environment together due to competition and predation.
|
[
"Conservation status\n-------------------",
"### Classification",
"The Swan galaxias is a threatened species listed as [Endangered](/wiki/Endangered_species \"Endangered species\") under a state, national and global level. It was classified as an Endangered species by the IUCN Red list under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999\\.",
"The fish was listed as Endangered under the [Australian Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999](/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999 \"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999\") (EPBC). In effect under the EPBC Act from 10th of November 2006\\.",
"Tasmania has also classified the protection of the fish under the [Threatened Species Protection Act 1995](/wiki/Threatened_Species_Protection_Act_1995 \"Threatened Species Protection Act 1995\") (TSP). The species has also been listed as a 'priority species requiring consideration' under the [Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement 1997](/wiki/Regional_Forest_Agreement \"Regional Forest Agreement\"). Under this agreement, the species is protected through the [Comprehensive, Adequate and Representative reserve system](/wiki/National_Reserve_System \"National Reserve System\") (CAR).",
"### Reasons for listing",
"It is listed as Endangered due to the species limited distribution and abundance, habitat destruction and as a result of predatory species. As suggested by the Australian Government, there has been a \"decline in the population over the last 10 years and it is continuing decline\".",
"Since the discovery of the fish species, the Swan galaxias' natural distribution has become restricted and fragmented confining three populations to a limited amount of streams and to those extreme headwaters.",
"The limited abundance of the species has been attributed by Scott Hardie as the consequence of habitat degradation. Habitat degradation includes the impacts of [sedimentation](/wiki/Sedimentation \"Sedimentation\") and reductions in water quality as a result of urban development, agriculture and forestry practices. As well, the global threat of [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\") results in rising water temperatures which results in a loss of water from headwater streams occupied by the Swan Galaxias.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=George\\|first1\\=Anna L.\\|last2\\=Kuhajda\\|first2\\=Bernard R.\\|last3\\=Williams\\|first3\\=James D.\\|last4\\=Cantrell\\|first4\\=Mark A.\\|last5\\=Rakes\\|first5\\=Patrick L.\\|last6\\=Shute\\|first6\\=J. R.\\|date\\=2009\\|title\\=Guidelines for Propagation and Translocation for Freshwater Fish Conservation\\|url\\=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\\.1577/1548\\-8446\\-34\\.11\\.529\\|journal\\=Fisheries\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=34\\|issue\\=11\\|pages\\=529–545\\|doi\\=10\\.1577/1548\\-8446\\-34\\.11\\.529\\|issn\\=1548\\-8446\\|via\\=Online Wiley Library}} As the species requires specific aquatic environments for spawning, the exploitation of water by dams heavily impacts the amount of water present in the Swan Galaxias habitat.{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Ault\\|first1\\=T. R.\\|last2\\=White\\|first2\\=R. W. G.\\|date\\=1994\\|title\\=Effects of Habitat Structure and the Presence of Brown Trout on the Population Density of Galaxias truttaceus in Tasmania, Australia\\|url\\=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\\.1577/1548\\-8659%281994%29123%3C0939%3AEOHSAT%3E2\\.3\\.CO%3B2\\|journal\\=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=123\\|issue\\=6\\|pages\\=939–949\\|doi\\=10\\.1577/1548\\-8659(1994\\)123\\<0939:EOHSAT\\>2\\.3\\.CO;2\\|issn\\=1548\\-8659}}",
"Predation and competition from exotic species has been a reason for the species conservation listing. Since the introduction of the brown trout (*salmo trutt*) and redfin perch (*Perca fluviatilis*) there has been a decline in the Swan Galaxias species. Primarily, due to the inability for both species to inhabit the same environment together due to competition and predation.",
""
] |
Conservation practices
----------------------
In 1987 to 1989, World Wide Fund for Nature provided funds for the [Australian Fisheries Management Authority](/wiki/Australian_Fisheries_Management_Authority "Australian Fisheries Management Authority") (AFMA) to conduct an in\-depth study on the Swan Galaxias. They studied the species life [ecology](/wiki/Ecology "Ecology"), habitat requirements and their natural distribution patterns. The study concluded a list of areas that the Swan Galaxias naturally inhabits to be claimed as [Forestry Tasmania Wildlife Priority Areas](/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tasmania "Protected areas of Tasmania"). The project aimed to conserve the species by offering management recommendations, which was adopted in the 'Action Plan for Australian Freshwater Fish'. These recommendations have been attributed as a basis for the first recovery plan of the Swan Galaxias which was prepared in 1993\.
In 1987, the Swan Galaxias was first introduced to the Blue Tier Creek to test the viability of translocation as a recovery action for the species. At the translocation site, a breeding population was established one year later. The translocation was deemed successful and the species was translocated to Green Tier Creek and Lost Falls Creek in 1991\.
In 1989, the [Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment](/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_and_Water_Resources "Department of Agriculture and Water Resources") renovated the existing natural barrier in Blue Tier Creek. The renovation increased the barrier's height and slope to prevent the trout from reaching the Swan Galaxias habitat. Since the barrier was improved, no trout have been sighted upstream of the creek.
The first recovery plan was prepared by Sanger in 1993\. It detailed recovery actions to translocate the population and construct artificial barriers to exotic fish. The translocated population was monitored to determine if the population size of the Swan Galaxias increased. The objective of the plan was to create an education campaign and improve the conservation status of the species. The AFMA implemented the recovery actions detailed in the plan and funding was provided by the Endangered Species Program of Environment Australia (ESP). Funding was provided for a five year period.
In 2000 to present, the second recovery plan was actioned to ensure the long term viability of the first recovery plan. It consists of observing the population levels of the twelve populations of Swan Galaxias'. The aim of the plan is to get the Swan Galaxias down listed from Endangered to [Vulnerable](/wiki/Vulnerable_species "Vulnerable species").
|
[
"Conservation practices\n----------------------",
"In 1987 to 1989, World Wide Fund for Nature provided funds for the [Australian Fisheries Management Authority](/wiki/Australian_Fisheries_Management_Authority \"Australian Fisheries Management Authority\") (AFMA) to conduct an in\\-depth study on the Swan Galaxias. They studied the species life [ecology](/wiki/Ecology \"Ecology\"), habitat requirements and their natural distribution patterns. The study concluded a list of areas that the Swan Galaxias naturally inhabits to be claimed as [Forestry Tasmania Wildlife Priority Areas](/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Tasmania \"Protected areas of Tasmania\"). The project aimed to conserve the species by offering management recommendations, which was adopted in the 'Action Plan for Australian Freshwater Fish'. These recommendations have been attributed as a basis for the first recovery plan of the Swan Galaxias which was prepared in 1993\\.",
"In 1987, the Swan Galaxias was first introduced to the Blue Tier Creek to test the viability of translocation as a recovery action for the species. At the translocation site, a breeding population was established one year later. The translocation was deemed successful and the species was translocated to Green Tier Creek and Lost Falls Creek in 1991\\.",
"In 1989, the [Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment](/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_and_Water_Resources \"Department of Agriculture and Water Resources\") renovated the existing natural barrier in Blue Tier Creek. The renovation increased the barrier's height and slope to prevent the trout from reaching the Swan Galaxias habitat. Since the barrier was improved, no trout have been sighted upstream of the creek.",
"The first recovery plan was prepared by Sanger in 1993\\. It detailed recovery actions to translocate the population and construct artificial barriers to exotic fish. The translocated population was monitored to determine if the population size of the Swan Galaxias increased. The objective of the plan was to create an education campaign and improve the conservation status of the species. The AFMA implemented the recovery actions detailed in the plan and funding was provided by the Endangered Species Program of Environment Australia (ESP). Funding was provided for a five year period.",
"In 2000 to present, the second recovery plan was actioned to ensure the long term viability of the first recovery plan. It consists of observing the population levels of the twelve populations of Swan Galaxias'. The aim of the plan is to get the Swan Galaxias down listed from Endangered to [Vulnerable](/wiki/Vulnerable_species \"Vulnerable species\").",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1873 the museum was founded on the Breedstraat. In 1968 it moved to the Doelenstraat in the old [Schutterij](/wiki/Schutterij "Schutterij") building. It moved to its present location in 2000\. The museum hosts a collection of historical paintings and artifacts, some of which date back to the period before the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation "Protestant Reformation").
The older paintings are by the [Master of Alkmaar](/wiki/Master_of_Alkmaar "Master of Alkmaar"), [Frans Menton](/wiki/Frans_Menton "Frans Menton"), [Zacharias Paulusz](/wiki/Zacharias_Paulusz "Zacharias Paulusz"), [Caesar van Everdingen](/wiki/Caesar_van_Everdingen "Caesar van Everdingen"), [Pieter Jansz Saenredam](/wiki/Pieter_Jansz_Saenredam "Pieter Jansz Saenredam"), [Maarten van Heemskerck](/wiki/Maarten_van_Heemskerck "Maarten van Heemskerck"), [Lambert Doomer](/wiki/Lambert_Doomer "Lambert Doomer"), and [Jan de Baen](/wiki/Jan_de_Baen "Jan de Baen").
The more modern art is represented by members of the [Bergen School (art)](/wiki/Bergen_School_%28art%29 "Bergen School (art)"), but also has examples of [Expressionism](/wiki/Expressionism "Expressionism") and [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism "Cubism"). Some of the more prominent names in the collection are [Charley Toorop](/wiki/Charley_Toorop "Charley Toorop"), [Henri Le Fauconnier](/wiki/Henri_Le_Fauconnier "Henri Le Fauconnier"), [Jan Sluyters](/wiki/Jan_Sluyters "Jan Sluyters"), [Leo Gestel](/wiki/Leo_Gestel "Leo Gestel"), and [Piet Mondriaan](/wiki/Piet_Mondriaan "Piet Mondriaan") (one sketch).
The museum has a café and holds temporary art exhibitions, often focusing on local artists and themes.
Lidewij de Koekkoek was the director from 2008\-2021 and [Marrigje Rikken](/wiki/Marrigje_Rikken "Marrigje Rikken") was appointed director in 2024\.CODART. "Marrigje Rikken Named Director of Stedelijk Museum Alkmaar." CODART, 30 May 2024, [https://www.codart.nl/personal/marrigje\-rikken\-named\-director\-of\-stedelijk\-museum\-alkmaar/](https://www.codart.nl/personal/marrigje-rikken-named-director-of-stedelijk-museum-alkmaar/).CODART. "Lidewij de Koekkoek Appointed New Director of Frans Hals Museum." CODART, 16 December 2021, [https://www.codart.nl/personal/lidewij\-de\-koekkoek\-appointed\-new\-director\-of\-frans\-hals\-museum/](https://www.codart.nl/personal/lidewij-de-koekkoek-appointed-new-director-of-frans-hals-museum/).
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1873 the museum was founded on the Breedstraat. In 1968 it moved to the Doelenstraat in the old [Schutterij](/wiki/Schutterij \"Schutterij\") building. It moved to its present location in 2000\\. The museum hosts a collection of historical paintings and artifacts, some of which date back to the period before the [Protestant Reformation](/wiki/Protestant_Reformation \"Protestant Reformation\").",
"The older paintings are by the [Master of Alkmaar](/wiki/Master_of_Alkmaar \"Master of Alkmaar\"), [Frans Menton](/wiki/Frans_Menton \"Frans Menton\"), [Zacharias Paulusz](/wiki/Zacharias_Paulusz \"Zacharias Paulusz\"), [Caesar van Everdingen](/wiki/Caesar_van_Everdingen \"Caesar van Everdingen\"), [Pieter Jansz Saenredam](/wiki/Pieter_Jansz_Saenredam \"Pieter Jansz Saenredam\"), [Maarten van Heemskerck](/wiki/Maarten_van_Heemskerck \"Maarten van Heemskerck\"), [Lambert Doomer](/wiki/Lambert_Doomer \"Lambert Doomer\"), and [Jan de Baen](/wiki/Jan_de_Baen \"Jan de Baen\").",
"The more modern art is represented by members of the [Bergen School (art)](/wiki/Bergen_School_%28art%29 \"Bergen School (art)\"), but also has examples of [Expressionism](/wiki/Expressionism \"Expressionism\") and [Cubism](/wiki/Cubism \"Cubism\"). Some of the more prominent names in the collection are [Charley Toorop](/wiki/Charley_Toorop \"Charley Toorop\"), [Henri Le Fauconnier](/wiki/Henri_Le_Fauconnier \"Henri Le Fauconnier\"), [Jan Sluyters](/wiki/Jan_Sluyters \"Jan Sluyters\"), [Leo Gestel](/wiki/Leo_Gestel \"Leo Gestel\"), and [Piet Mondriaan](/wiki/Piet_Mondriaan \"Piet Mondriaan\") (one sketch).",
"The museum has a café and holds temporary art exhibitions, often focusing on local artists and themes.",
"Lidewij de Koekkoek was the director from 2008\\-2021 and [Marrigje Rikken](/wiki/Marrigje_Rikken \"Marrigje Rikken\") was appointed director in 2024\\.CODART. \"Marrigje Rikken Named Director of Stedelijk Museum Alkmaar.\" CODART, 30 May 2024, [https://www.codart.nl/personal/marrigje\\-rikken\\-named\\-director\\-of\\-stedelijk\\-museum\\-alkmaar/](https://www.codart.nl/personal/marrigje-rikken-named-director-of-stedelijk-museum-alkmaar/).CODART. \"Lidewij de Koekkoek Appointed New Director of Frans Hals Museum.\" CODART, 16 December 2021, [https://www.codart.nl/personal/lidewij\\-de\\-koekkoek\\-appointed\\-new\\-director\\-of\\-frans\\-hals\\-museum/](https://www.codart.nl/personal/lidewij-de-koekkoek-appointed-new-director-of-frans-hals-museum/).",
""
] |
Epidemiology and statistics
---------------------------
{{globalize\|section\|date\=December 2022}}
{{Further\|US drug overdose death rates and totals over time}}
[thumb\|upright\=1\.0\|A two [milligram](/wiki/Milligram "Milligram") dose of [fentanyl](/wiki/Fentanyl "Fentanyl") powder (on [pencil](/wiki/Pencil "Pencil") tip) is a lethal amount for most people.{{Cite web \|title\=One Pill Can Kill \|url\=https://www.dea.gov/onepill \|access\-date\=November 15, 2023 \|website\=\[\[US Drug Enforcement Administration]] \|archive\-date\=November 15, 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115200822/https://www.dea.gov/onepill \|url\-status\=live}}](/wiki/File:2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg "2 milligrams of fentanyl on pencil tip. A lethal dose for most people. US Drug Enforcement Administration.jpg")
The UN gives a figure of 300,000 deaths per year in the world through drug overdose.
**1,015,060** US residents died from drug overdoses from 1968 to 2019\. 22 people out of every 100,000 died from drug overdoses in 2019 in the US.Data is from these **saved tables** from CDC Wonder at the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"), [National Center for Health Statistics](/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics "National Center for Health Statistics"). The tables have totals, rates, and US populations per year.
**1968\-1978 data:** [Compressed Mortality File 1968\-1978](https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D74/D72F578). CDC WONDER Online Database, compiled from Compressed Mortality File CMF 1968\-1988, Series 20, No. 2A, 2000\. Accessed at [http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf\-icd8\.html](http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd8.html) on March 13, 2021, 5:04:32 PM.
**1979\-1998 data:** [Compressed Mortality File 1979\-1998](https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D16/D72F579). CDC WONDER On\-line Database, compiled from Compressed Mortality File CMF 1968\-1988, Series 20, No. 2A, 2000 and CMF 1989\-1998, Series 20, No. 2E, 2003\. Accessed at [http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf\-icd9\.html](http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd9.html) on March 13, 2021, 5:19:27 PM.
**1999\-2019 data:** [Multiple Cause of Death 1999\-2019](https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D77/D72F580). CDC WONDER Online Database, released in 2020\. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999\-2019, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at [http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd\-icd10\.html](http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html) on March 13, 2021, 5:05:13 PM.* + - From 1999 to Feb 2019 in the United States, more than 770,000 people have died from drug overdoses.[STATCAST—Week of September 9, 2019\. NCHS Releases New Monthly Provisional Estimates on Drug Overdose Deaths](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/podcasts/20190911/20190911.htm). [National Center for Health Statistics](/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics "National Center for Health Statistics").
In the US around 107,500 people died in the 12\-month period ending August 31, 2022, at a rate of 294 deaths per day.[Products \- Vital Statistics Rapid Release \- Provisional Drug Overdose Data](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm). [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"). Hover cursor over the end of the graph in Figure 1A to get the latest number. Scroll down the page and click on the dropdown data table called "Data Table for Figure 1a. 12 Month\-ending Provisional Counts of Drug Overdose Deaths". The number used is the "predicted value" for the 12 month period that is ending at the end of that month. That number changes as more info comes in. If there are problems use a different browser. 70,630 people died from drug overdoses in 2019\. The U.S. drug overdose death rate has gone from 2\.5 per 100,000 people in 1968 to 21\.5 per 100,000 in 2019\.
The [National Center for Health Statistics](/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics "National Center for Health Statistics") reports that 19,250 people died of accidental poisoning in the U.S. in the year 2004 (eight deaths per 100,000 population).[Referral Page—FASTSTATS—Accidents or Unintentional Injuries](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/acc-inj.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715221935/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/acc\-inj.htm \|date\=July 15, 2017 }} Retrieved on September 20, 2014\.
In 2008 testimony before a Senate subcommittee, Leonard J. Paulozzi,[CDC Expert, Leonard J. Paulozzi, MD, MPH](https://www.cdc.gov/media/subtopic/sme/paulozzi.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220063006/http://www.cdc.gov/media/subtopic/sme/paulozzi.htm \|date\=February 20, 2014 }} Retrieved on September 20, 2014\. a medical epidemiologist at the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") said that in 2005 more than 22,000 American people died due to overdoses, and the number is growing rapidly. Paulozzi also testified that all available evidence suggests unintentional overdose deaths are related to the increasing use of prescription drugs, especially [opioid](/wiki/Opioid "Opioid") painkillers.[CDC Washington Testimony March 5, 2008](https://www.cdc.gov/washington/testimony/2008/t20080312a.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715204919/https://www.cdc.gov/washington/testimony/2008/t20080312a.htm \|date\=July 15, 2017 }} Retrieved on September 20, 2014\. However, the vast majority of overdoses are also attributable to [alcohol](/wiki/Alcohol_%28drug%29 "Alcohol (drug)"). It is very rare for a victim of an overdose to have consumed just one drug. Most overdoses occur when drugs are ingested in combination with alcohol.["The Persistent, Dangerous Myth of Heroin Overdose"](http://www.peele.net/lib/heroinoverdose.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323005132/http://www.peele.net/lib/heroinoverdose.html \|date\=March 23, 2015 }}.
Drug overdose was the leading cause of injury death in 2013\. Among people 25 to 64 years old, drug overdose caused more deaths than motor vehicle traffic crashes. There were 43,982 drug overdose deaths in the United States in 2013\. Of these, 22,767 (51\.8%) were related to prescription drugs.["Understanding the Epidemic \| Drug Overdose \| CDC Injury Center"](https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909011619/https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html \|date\=September 9, 2017 }}.
The 22,767 deaths relating to prescription drug overdose in 2013, 16,235 (71\.3%) involved opioid painkillers, and 6,973 (30\.6%) involved [benzodiazepines](/wiki/Benzodiazepines "Benzodiazepines"). Drug misuse and abuse caused about 2\.5 million emergency department (ED) visits in 2011\. Of these, more than 1\.4 million ED visits were related to prescription drugs. Among those ED visits, 501,207 visits were related to anti\-anxiety and insomnia medications, and 420,040 visits were related to opioid analgesics.["Prescription Opioid Overdose Data \| Drug Overdose \| CDC Injury Center"](https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/overdose.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118060815/https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/overdose.html \|date\=January 18, 2017 }}.
File:US timeline. Number of overdose deaths from all drugs.jpg\|U.S. yearly overdose deaths from all drugs.\<ref name\="NIDA\-deaths"\>\[http://www.drugabuse.gov/related\-topics/trends\-statistics/overdose\-death\-rates Overdose Death Rates]. And {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128091723/http://www.drugabuse.gov/related\-topics/trends\-statistics/overdose\-death\-rates \|date\=2015\-11\-28}}. By \[\[National Institute on Drug Abuse]].\</ref\>
File:US timeline. Benzodiazepine deaths.jpg\|U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving \[\[benzodiazepines]].\<ref name\="NIDA\-deaths" /\>
File:US timeline. Cocaine deaths.jpg\|U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving \[\[cocaine]].\<ref name\="NIDA\-deaths" /\>
File:Timeline of US overdose deaths involving heroin, by other opioid involvement.jpg\|U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving \[\[heroin]].\<ref name\="NIDA\-deaths" /\>
File:Timeline. Overdose death rates involving opioids, by type, United States.gif\|U.S. overdose deaths involving all \[\[opioids]]. Deaths per 100,000 population.\<ref name\=CDC\-opioids\>\[https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/analysis.html Opioid Data Analysis and Resources. Drug Overdose. CDC Injury Center]. \[\[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. Click on "Rising Rates" tab for a graph. See data table below the graph.\</ref\>
File:US timeline. Prescription opioid pain reliever deaths.jpg\|U.S. yearly deaths involving prescription opioids. \[\[:Category:Synthetic opioids\|Non\-methadone synthetics]] is a category dominated by illegally acquired \[\[fentanyl]], and has been excluded.\<ref name\="NIDA\-deaths" /\>
File:US timeline. Drugs involved in overdose deaths.jpg\|US yearly overdose deaths, and the drugs involved. Among the 70,200 deaths in 2017, the sharpest increase occurred among deaths related to \[\[fentanyl]] and fentanyl analogs (\[\[:Category:synthetic opioids\|synthetic opioids]]) with 28,466 deaths.\<ref name\=NIDA\-deaths/\>
|
[
"Epidemiology and statistics\n---------------------------",
"{{globalize\\|section\\|date\\=December 2022}}\n{{Further\\|US drug overdose death rates and totals over time}}\n[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.0\\|A two [milligram](/wiki/Milligram \"Milligram\") dose of [fentanyl](/wiki/Fentanyl \"Fentanyl\") powder (on [pencil](/wiki/Pencil \"Pencil\") tip) is a lethal amount for most people.{{Cite web \\|title\\=One Pill Can Kill \\|url\\=https://www.dea.gov/onepill \\|access\\-date\\=November 15, 2023 \\|website\\=\\[\\[US Drug Enforcement Administration]] \\|archive\\-date\\=November 15, 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115200822/https://www.dea.gov/onepill \\|url\\-status\\=live}}](/wiki/File:2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg \"2 milligrams of fentanyl on pencil tip. A lethal dose for most people. US Drug Enforcement Administration.jpg\")\nThe UN gives a figure of 300,000 deaths per year in the world through drug overdose.",
"**1,015,060** US residents died from drug overdoses from 1968 to 2019\\. 22 people out of every 100,000 died from drug overdoses in 2019 in the US.Data is from these **saved tables** from CDC Wonder at the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\"), [National Center for Health Statistics](/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics \"National Center for Health Statistics\"). The tables have totals, rates, and US populations per year.\n**1968\\-1978 data:** [Compressed Mortality File 1968\\-1978](https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D74/D72F578). CDC WONDER Online Database, compiled from Compressed Mortality File CMF 1968\\-1988, Series 20, No. 2A, 2000\\. Accessed at [http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf\\-icd8\\.html](http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd8.html) on March 13, 2021, 5:04:32 PM.\n**1979\\-1998 data:** [Compressed Mortality File 1979\\-1998](https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D16/D72F579). CDC WONDER On\\-line Database, compiled from Compressed Mortality File CMF 1968\\-1988, Series 20, No. 2A, 2000 and CMF 1989\\-1998, Series 20, No. 2E, 2003\\. Accessed at [http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf\\-icd9\\.html](http://wonder.cdc.gov/cmf-icd9.html) on March 13, 2021, 5:19:27 PM.\n**1999\\-2019 data:** [Multiple Cause of Death 1999\\-2019](https://wonder.cdc.gov/controller/saved/D77/D72F580). CDC WONDER Online Database, released in 2020\\. Data are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999\\-2019, as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Accessed at [http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd\\-icd10\\.html](http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html) on March 13, 2021, 5:05:13 PM.* + - From 1999 to Feb 2019 in the United States, more than 770,000 people have died from drug overdoses.[STATCAST—Week of September 9, 2019\\. NCHS Releases New Monthly Provisional Estimates on Drug Overdose Deaths](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/podcasts/20190911/20190911.htm). [National Center for Health Statistics](/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics \"National Center for Health Statistics\").",
"In the US around 107,500 people died in the 12\\-month period ending August 31, 2022, at a rate of 294 deaths per day.[Products \\- Vital Statistics Rapid Release \\- Provisional Drug Overdose Data](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm). [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\"). Hover cursor over the end of the graph in Figure 1A to get the latest number. Scroll down the page and click on the dropdown data table called \"Data Table for Figure 1a. 12 Month\\-ending Provisional Counts of Drug Overdose Deaths\". The number used is the \"predicted value\" for the 12 month period that is ending at the end of that month. That number changes as more info comes in. If there are problems use a different browser. 70,630 people died from drug overdoses in 2019\\. The U.S. drug overdose death rate has gone from 2\\.5 per 100,000 people in 1968 to 21\\.5 per 100,000 in 2019\\.",
"The [National Center for Health Statistics](/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statistics \"National Center for Health Statistics\") reports that 19,250 people died of accidental poisoning in the U.S. in the year 2004 (eight deaths per 100,000 population).[Referral Page—FASTSTATS—Accidents or Unintentional Injuries](https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/acc-inj.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715221935/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/acc\\-inj.htm \\|date\\=July 15, 2017 }} Retrieved on September 20, 2014\\.",
"In 2008 testimony before a Senate subcommittee, Leonard J. Paulozzi,[CDC Expert, Leonard J. Paulozzi, MD, MPH](https://www.cdc.gov/media/subtopic/sme/paulozzi.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220063006/http://www.cdc.gov/media/subtopic/sme/paulozzi.htm \\|date\\=February 20, 2014 }} Retrieved on September 20, 2014\\. a medical epidemiologist at the [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention \"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\") said that in 2005 more than 22,000 American people died due to overdoses, and the number is growing rapidly. Paulozzi also testified that all available evidence suggests unintentional overdose deaths are related to the increasing use of prescription drugs, especially [opioid](/wiki/Opioid \"Opioid\") painkillers.[CDC Washington Testimony March 5, 2008](https://www.cdc.gov/washington/testimony/2008/t20080312a.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715204919/https://www.cdc.gov/washington/testimony/2008/t20080312a.htm \\|date\\=July 15, 2017 }} Retrieved on September 20, 2014\\. However, the vast majority of overdoses are also attributable to [alcohol](/wiki/Alcohol_%28drug%29 \"Alcohol (drug)\"). It is very rare for a victim of an overdose to have consumed just one drug. Most overdoses occur when drugs are ingested in combination with alcohol.[\"The Persistent, Dangerous Myth of Heroin Overdose\"](http://www.peele.net/lib/heroinoverdose.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323005132/http://www.peele.net/lib/heroinoverdose.html \\|date\\=March 23, 2015 }}.",
"Drug overdose was the leading cause of injury death in 2013\\. Among people 25 to 64 years old, drug overdose caused more deaths than motor vehicle traffic crashes. There were 43,982 drug overdose deaths in the United States in 2013\\. Of these, 22,767 (51\\.8%) were related to prescription drugs.[\"Understanding the Epidemic \\| Drug Overdose \\| CDC Injury Center\"](https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909011619/https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html \\|date\\=September 9, 2017 }}.",
"The 22,767 deaths relating to prescription drug overdose in 2013, 16,235 (71\\.3%) involved opioid painkillers, and 6,973 (30\\.6%) involved [benzodiazepines](/wiki/Benzodiazepines \"Benzodiazepines\"). Drug misuse and abuse caused about 2\\.5 million emergency department (ED) visits in 2011\\. Of these, more than 1\\.4 million ED visits were related to prescription drugs. Among those ED visits, 501,207 visits were related to anti\\-anxiety and insomnia medications, and 420,040 visits were related to opioid analgesics.[\"Prescription Opioid Overdose Data \\| Drug Overdose \\| CDC Injury Center\"](https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/overdose.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118060815/https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/overdose.html \\|date\\=January 18, 2017 }}.",
"",
"File:US timeline. Number of overdose deaths from all drugs.jpg\\|U.S. yearly overdose deaths from all drugs.\\<ref name\\=\"NIDA\\-deaths\"\\>\\[http://www.drugabuse.gov/related\\-topics/trends\\-statistics/overdose\\-death\\-rates Overdose Death Rates]. And {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128091723/http://www.drugabuse.gov/related\\-topics/trends\\-statistics/overdose\\-death\\-rates \\|date\\=2015\\-11\\-28}}. By \\[\\[National Institute on Drug Abuse]].\\</ref\\>\nFile:US timeline. Benzodiazepine deaths.jpg\\|U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving \\[\\[benzodiazepines]].\\<ref name\\=\"NIDA\\-deaths\" /\\>\nFile:US timeline. Cocaine deaths.jpg\\|U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving \\[\\[cocaine]].\\<ref name\\=\"NIDA\\-deaths\" /\\>\nFile:Timeline of US overdose deaths involving heroin, by other opioid involvement.jpg\\|U.S. yearly overdose deaths involving \\[\\[heroin]].\\<ref name\\=\"NIDA\\-deaths\" /\\>\nFile:Timeline. Overdose death rates involving opioids, by type, United States.gif\\|U.S. overdose deaths involving all \\[\\[opioids]]. Deaths per 100,000 population.\\<ref name\\=CDC\\-opioids\\>\\[https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/analysis.html Opioid Data Analysis and Resources. Drug Overdose. CDC Injury Center]. \\[\\[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. Click on \"Rising Rates\" tab for a graph. See data table below the graph.\\</ref\\>\nFile:US timeline. Prescription opioid pain reliever deaths.jpg\\|U.S. yearly deaths involving prescription opioids. \\[\\[:Category:Synthetic opioids\\|Non\\-methadone synthetics]] is a category dominated by illegally acquired \\[\\[fentanyl]], and has been excluded.\\<ref name\\=\"NIDA\\-deaths\" /\\>\nFile:US timeline. Drugs involved in overdose deaths.jpg\\|US yearly overdose deaths, and the drugs involved. Among the 70,200 deaths in 2017, the sharpest increase occurred among deaths related to \\[\\[fentanyl]] and fentanyl analogs (\\[\\[:Category:synthetic opioids\\|synthetic opioids]]) with 28,466 deaths.\\<ref name\\=NIDA\\-deaths/\\>",
"",
""
] |
History
-------
The U.S. Embassy suspended operations in [Bissau](/wiki/Bissau "Bissau") on June 14, 1998, in the midst of violent conflict between forces loyal to then\-[President Vieira](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Bernardo_Vieira "João Bernardo Vieira") and the military\-led [junta](/wiki/Military_dictatorship "Military dictatorship"). Prior to and following the embassy closure, the United States and Guinea\-Bissau had enjoyed excellent bilateral relations.
The U.S. recognized the independence of Guinea\-Bissau on September 10, 1974\. Guinea\-Bissau's Ambassador to the United States and the United Nations was one of the first the new nation sent abroad. The U.S. opened an embassy in Bissau in 1976, and the first U.S. Ambassador presented credentials later that year.
U.S. assistance began in 1975 with a $1 million grant to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees for resettlement of refugees returning to Guinea\-Bissau and for 25 training grants at African technical schools for Guinean students. Emergency food was a major element in U.S. assistance to Guinea\-Bissau in the first years after independence. Since 1975, the U.S. has provided more than $65 million in grant aid and other assistance.
Since the 1998 war the U.S. has provided over $800,000 for humanitarian demining to a non\-governmental organization (NGO) which has removed over 2,500 [mines](/wiki/Land_mines "Land mines") and 11,000 unexploded ordnance from the city of Bissau; $1\.6 million in [food aid](/wiki/Food_aid "Food aid"); and nearly $3 million for assistance for [refugees](/wiki/Refugees "Refugees"), improving the [cashew](/wiki/Cashew "Cashew") industry, and promoting [democracy](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy").
The United States and Guinea\-Bissau signed an international military education and training (IMET) agreement in 1986, and prior to 1998, the U.S. provided [English\-language](/wiki/English-language "English-language") teaching facilities as well as communications and navigational equipment to support the navy's coastal surveillance program. The U.S. European Command's Humanitarian Assistance Program has assisted with $390,000 for constructing or repairing schools, health centers, and bridges.
The [Peace Corps](/wiki/Peace_Corps "Peace Corps") withdrew from Guinea\-Bissau in 1998 at the start of the civil war.
In August 2004, sanctions under Section 508 of the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act—which were imposed as a result of the September 2003 military coup—were lifted and Bissau once again became eligible for IMET and other direct aid.
In March 2007, the U.S. and [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") signed a [Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding with Guinea\-Bissau](/wiki/Tripartite_Memorandum_of_Understanding_with_Guinea-Bissau "Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding with Guinea-Bissau") highlighting a parliamentary strengthening project first implemented in 2005\.
Principal U.S. Officials (resident in Dakar, Senegal) include:
* Ambassador—[Marcia Bernicat](/wiki/Marcia_Bernicat "Marcia Bernicat")
* Deputy Chief of Mission—[Jay T. Smith](/wiki/Jay_T._Smith "Jay T. Smith")
There is no U.S. Embassy in Bissau; likewise, Guinea\-Bissau does not maintain any consulate\-generals in the United States (except for its Permanent mission to the United Nations in New York). The U.S. Ambassador to [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal "Senegal"), who resides in [Dakar](/wiki/Dakar "Dakar"), is accredited as the U.S. Ambassador to Guinea\-Bissau. All official U.S. contact with Guinea\-Bissau is handled by the U.S. Embassy in Dakar, Senegal. Local employees staff the U.S. Liaison Office in Bissau, and American diplomats from the embassy in Dakar travel frequently to Bissau to conduct normal diplomatic relations.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The U.S. Embassy suspended operations in [Bissau](/wiki/Bissau \"Bissau\") on June 14, 1998, in the midst of violent conflict between forces loyal to then\\-[President Vieira](/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Bernardo_Vieira \"João Bernardo Vieira\") and the military\\-led [junta](/wiki/Military_dictatorship \"Military dictatorship\"). Prior to and following the embassy closure, the United States and Guinea\\-Bissau had enjoyed excellent bilateral relations.",
"The U.S. recognized the independence of Guinea\\-Bissau on September 10, 1974\\. Guinea\\-Bissau's Ambassador to the United States and the United Nations was one of the first the new nation sent abroad. The U.S. opened an embassy in Bissau in 1976, and the first U.S. Ambassador presented credentials later that year.",
"U.S. assistance began in 1975 with a $1 million grant to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees for resettlement of refugees returning to Guinea\\-Bissau and for 25 training grants at African technical schools for Guinean students. Emergency food was a major element in U.S. assistance to Guinea\\-Bissau in the first years after independence. Since 1975, the U.S. has provided more than $65 million in grant aid and other assistance.",
"Since the 1998 war the U.S. has provided over $800,000 for humanitarian demining to a non\\-governmental organization (NGO) which has removed over 2,500 [mines](/wiki/Land_mines \"Land mines\") and 11,000 unexploded ordnance from the city of Bissau; $1\\.6 million in [food aid](/wiki/Food_aid \"Food aid\"); and nearly $3 million for assistance for [refugees](/wiki/Refugees \"Refugees\"), improving the [cashew](/wiki/Cashew \"Cashew\") industry, and promoting [democracy](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\").",
"The United States and Guinea\\-Bissau signed an international military education and training (IMET) agreement in 1986, and prior to 1998, the U.S. provided [English\\-language](/wiki/English-language \"English-language\") teaching facilities as well as communications and navigational equipment to support the navy's coastal surveillance program. The U.S. European Command's Humanitarian Assistance Program has assisted with $390,000 for constructing or repairing schools, health centers, and bridges.",
"The [Peace Corps](/wiki/Peace_Corps \"Peace Corps\") withdrew from Guinea\\-Bissau in 1998 at the start of the civil war.",
"In August 2004, sanctions under Section 508 of the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act—which were imposed as a result of the September 2003 military coup—were lifted and Bissau once again became eligible for IMET and other direct aid.",
"In March 2007, the U.S. and [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\") signed a [Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding with Guinea\\-Bissau](/wiki/Tripartite_Memorandum_of_Understanding_with_Guinea-Bissau \"Tripartite Memorandum of Understanding with Guinea-Bissau\") highlighting a parliamentary strengthening project first implemented in 2005\\.",
"Principal U.S. Officials (resident in Dakar, Senegal) include:\n* Ambassador—[Marcia Bernicat](/wiki/Marcia_Bernicat \"Marcia Bernicat\")\n* Deputy Chief of Mission—[Jay T. Smith](/wiki/Jay_T._Smith \"Jay T. Smith\")",
"There is no U.S. Embassy in Bissau; likewise, Guinea\\-Bissau does not maintain any consulate\\-generals in the United States (except for its Permanent mission to the United Nations in New York). The U.S. Ambassador to [Senegal](/wiki/Senegal \"Senegal\"), who resides in [Dakar](/wiki/Dakar \"Dakar\"), is accredited as the U.S. Ambassador to Guinea\\-Bissau. All official U.S. contact with Guinea\\-Bissau is handled by the U.S. Embassy in Dakar, Senegal. Local employees staff the U.S. Liaison Office in Bissau, and American diplomats from the embassy in Dakar travel frequently to Bissau to conduct normal diplomatic relations.",
""
] |
Race summary
------------
At the very end of the race, [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") and [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") were battling for the lead, and heading into turn three, Petty spun Earnhardt and [Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison "Davey Allison") stalked Petty at the final corner. They were side\-by\-side and Allison beat him at the line, and then was spun out and crashed into the wall hard and slid all the way into turn one. Allison was taken to the hospital and did not celebrate in victory lane. It was considered one of the most memorable moments in all\-star race history. That was also Allison's second straight victory in the event. In The Winston Open, [Michael Waltrip](/wiki/Michael_Waltrip "Michael Waltrip") and [Hut Stricklin](/wiki/Hut_Stricklin "Hut Stricklin") finished first and second, respectively, to make the starting grid. It was also the first time that past champions were eligible, even though they did not win ([Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") and [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte")).
### Segment 1
Allison won the pole for the all\-star event and the accompanying $50,000 bonus from Winston on Friday evening during the unique three\-lap, two\-tire pit stop qualifying run. [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") served as the onboard camera car throughout the race. When the green flag flew for the first 30\-lap segment, Allison jumped out to the early lead and showed the field his heels for the entire 30 circuits, earning him another $50,000 bonus.
Segment results
1. 28\-[Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison "Davey Allison") ($50,000\)
2. 11\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") ($15,000\)
3. 2\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") ($7,500\)
### Segment 2
During the 10\-minute break between segments, the fan balloting on whether or not to invert the field for the second 30\-lap segment was unveiled. The fans had spoken and the result flashed on the Winston Cup scoreboard — INVERT!
Allison and his lightning\-fast [Ford Thunderbird](/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird "Ford Thunderbird") was sent to the rear of the field, while Bodine assumed the point. Two laps into the second segment, [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") moved into second and worked on Bodine in a valiant effort for the lead. But four laps into the second segment, [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") blew by both his father and Bodine to take over first. After a spirited battle with [Ernie Irvan](/wiki/Ernie_Irvan "Ernie Irvan") and [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt"), Kyle Petty cruised on to a two\-second victory over Irvan to collect the $50,000 bonus for winning the second segment. Allison had charged all the way back to sixth. So, the final stage was set.
Segment results
1. 42\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") ($50,000\)
2. 4\-[Ernie Irvan](/wiki/Ernie_Irvan "Ernie Irvan") ($15,000\)
3. 3\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") ($7,500\)
### Segment 3
For the final 10\-lap shootout, Earnhardt muscled his way past Irvan for second. That close racing allowed Kyle Petty to sprint out to a substantial lead. With Kyle Petty pulling away, it appeared nobody would be able to catch him, but on the third lap, [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") was tapped from the rear, sending him dirt\-tracking through the tri\-oval grass in front of the main grandstand. Waltrip nearly corrected his [Chevrolet Lumina](/wiki/Chevrolet_Lumina "Chevrolet Lumina"), but stalled momentarily at the end of pit road, prompting the first and only caution of the final segment. The caution erased a 3\.5 second Petty lead.
Caution flag laps do not count in the final segment, setting up a seven\-lap dash. During all the action, Allison had moved into third, making it Kyle Petty, Earnhardt and Allison at the restart. On the restart, Kyle Petty held his own for one lap. But with five laps remaining, Earnhardt drove past Kyle Petty for the lead. At the white flag, Earnhardt led, Kyle Petty was a close second and Allison was third. Down the backstretch, Kyle Petty took a run at Earnhardt. Earnhardt reacted by forcing Petty down on the backstretch apron. Meanwhile, Allison inched closer to the leaders. Going into turn three, both Earnhardt and Kyle Petty were too low and going full speed. Earnhardt hit the corner first and lost control of his Chevrolet in the middle of the turn. Kyle Petty lifted from the throttle for just a split second to gather his [Pontiac Grand Prix](/wiki/Pontiac_Grand_Prix "Pontiac Grand Prix"). While Kyle Petty checked up, Allison continued at full throttle and got a strong drive off of turn four. Allison pulled to the inside of Kyle Petty in the middle of the tri\-oval, and had the momentum. Kyle Petty and Allison touched twice before Allison inched ahead to take the checkered flag. The two touched again as they crossed the start\-finish line, sending Allison's Texaco Ford spinning wildly into the frontstraight wall. The car hit hard on the driver's side before a trail of sparks led to its final resting place in the infield grass. Allison, who was momentarily knocked unconscious, was removed from the car via the "[Jaws of Life](/wiki/Jaws_of_Life "Jaws of Life")." After a brief examination in the infield care center, Allison was airlifted to [Carolinas Medical Center](/wiki/Carolinas_Medical_Center "Carolinas Medical Center"), where he remained for two days because of a broken collarbone and bruises over more than half of his body.
The helicopter buzzed Victory Lane where Allison's team accepted the trophy and $200,000\.00 check on his behalf. Allison quipped while lying in his hospital room, "This is the darndest victory lane I've ever been in. I guess the good news is I won $300,000\.00, but the bad news is most of that will go towards the hospital bills". [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader"), three consecutive times a runner\-up in The Winston, finished third, while [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") and [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") rounded out the top five. Earnhardt's spin relegated him to 14th place.
| \+ Race results |
| --- |
| Pos | Grid | Car | Driver | Owner | Manufacturer | Laps run | Laps led |
| 1 | 1 | 28 | [Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison "Davey Allison") | [Robert Yates Racing](/wiki/Yates_Racing "Yates Racing") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") | 70 | 31 |
| 2 | 16 | 42 | [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty "Kyle Petty") | [Team SABCO](/wiki/NASCAR_operations_of_Chip_Ganassi_Racing "NASCAR operations of Chip Ganassi Racing") | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 "Pontiac (automobile)") | 70 | 26 |
| 3 | 4 | 25 | [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader "Ken Schrader") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports "Hendrick Motorsports") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet "Chevrolet") | 70 | 0 |
| 4 | 9 | 5 | [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd "Ricky Rudd") | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 70 | 0 |
| 5 | 3 | 11 | [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott "Bill Elliott") | [Junior Johnson \& Associates](/wiki/Junior_Johnson_%26_Associates "Junior Johnson & Associates") | Ford | 70 | 0 |
| 6 | 2 | 2 | [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace "Rusty Wallace") | [Penske Racing](/wiki/NASCAR_operations_of_Team_Penske "NASCAR operations of Team Penske") | Pontiac | 70 | 0 |
| 7 | 14 | 7 | [Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki "Alan Kulwicki") | [AK Racing](/wiki/AK_Racing "AK Racing") | Ford | 70 | 0 |
| 8 | 17 | 4 | [Ernie Irvan](/wiki/Ernie_Irvan "Ernie Irvan") | [Morgan–McClure Motorsports](/wiki/Morgan%E2%80%93McClure_Motorsports "Morgan–McClure Motorsports") | Chevrolet | 70 | 0 |
| 9 | 15 | 43 | [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty "Richard Petty") | [Petty Enterprises](/wiki/Petty_Enterprises "Petty Enterprises") | Pontiac | 70 | 0 |
| 10 | 13 | 94 | [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte "Terry Labonte") | [Hagan Racing](/wiki/Billy_Hagan_%28racing_driver%29 "Billy Hagan (racing driver)") | [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile "Oldsmobile") | 70 | 0 |
| 11 | 6 | 17 | [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip "Darrell Waltrip") | [Darrell Waltrip Motorsports](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip_Motorsports "Darrell Waltrip Motorsports") | Chevrolet | 70 | 0 |
| 12 | 7 | 33 | [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant "Harry Gant") | [Leo Jackson Motorsports](/wiki/Andy_Petree_Racing "Andy Petree Racing") | Oldsmobile | 70 | 0 |
| 13 | 5 | 15 | [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine "Geoff Bodine") | [Bud Moore Engineering](/wiki/Bud_Moore_Engineering "Bud Moore Engineering") | Ford | 70 | 7 |
| 14 | 8 | 3 | [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt "Dale Earnhardt") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing "Richard Childress Racing") | Chevrolet | 69 | 6 |
| 15 | 19 | 30 | [Michael Waltrip](/wiki/Michael_Waltrip "Michael Waltrip") | [Bahari Racing](/wiki/Bahari_Racing "Bahari Racing") | Pontiac | 68 | 0 |
| 16 | 12 | 9 | [Dave Mader III](/wiki/Dave_Mader_III "Dave Mader III") | [Melling Racing](/wiki/Melling_Racing "Melling Racing") | Ford | 66 | 0 |
| 17 | 18 | 6 | [Mark Martin](/wiki/Mark_Martin "Mark Martin") | [Roush Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing "RFK Racing") | Ford | 64 | 0 |
| 18 | 10 | 18 | [Dale Jarrett](/wiki/Dale_Jarrett "Dale Jarrett") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing "Joe Gibbs Racing") | Chevrolet | 11 | 0 |
| 19 | 11 | 21 | [Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd "Morgan Shepherd") | [Wood Brothers Racing](/wiki/Wood_Brothers_Racing "Wood Brothers Racing") | Ford | 4 | 0 |
| 20 | 20 | 12 | [Hut Stricklin](/wiki/Hut_Stricklin "Hut Stricklin") | [Bobby Allison Motorsports](/wiki/Bobby_Allison "Bobby Allison") | Chevrolet | 2 | 0 |
|{{center\|{{small\|''Source:''}}}}
|
[
"Race summary\n------------",
"At the very end of the race, [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") and [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") were battling for the lead, and heading into turn three, Petty spun Earnhardt and [Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison \"Davey Allison\") stalked Petty at the final corner. They were side\\-by\\-side and Allison beat him at the line, and then was spun out and crashed into the wall hard and slid all the way into turn one. Allison was taken to the hospital and did not celebrate in victory lane. It was considered one of the most memorable moments in all\\-star race history. That was also Allison's second straight victory in the event. In The Winston Open, [Michael Waltrip](/wiki/Michael_Waltrip \"Michael Waltrip\") and [Hut Stricklin](/wiki/Hut_Stricklin \"Hut Stricklin\") finished first and second, respectively, to make the starting grid. It was also the first time that past champions were eligible, even though they did not win ([Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") and [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\")).",
"### Segment 1",
"Allison won the pole for the all\\-star event and the accompanying $50,000 bonus from Winston on Friday evening during the unique three\\-lap, two\\-tire pit stop qualifying run. [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") served as the onboard camera car throughout the race. When the green flag flew for the first 30\\-lap segment, Allison jumped out to the early lead and showed the field his heels for the entire 30 circuits, earning him another $50,000 bonus.",
"Segment results\n1. 28\\-[Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison \"Davey Allison\") ($50,000\\)\n2. 11\\-[Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") ($15,000\\)\n3. 2\\-[Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") ($7,500\\)",
"### Segment 2",
"During the 10\\-minute break between segments, the fan balloting on whether or not to invert the field for the second 30\\-lap segment was unveiled. The fans had spoken and the result flashed on the Winston Cup scoreboard — INVERT!",
"Allison and his lightning\\-fast [Ford Thunderbird](/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird \"Ford Thunderbird\") was sent to the rear of the field, while Bodine assumed the point. Two laps into the second segment, [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") moved into second and worked on Bodine in a valiant effort for the lead. But four laps into the second segment, [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") blew by both his father and Bodine to take over first. After a spirited battle with [Ernie Irvan](/wiki/Ernie_Irvan \"Ernie Irvan\") and [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\"), Kyle Petty cruised on to a two\\-second victory over Irvan to collect the $50,000 bonus for winning the second segment. Allison had charged all the way back to sixth. So, the final stage was set.",
"Segment results\n1. 42\\-[Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") ($50,000\\)\n2. 4\\-[Ernie Irvan](/wiki/Ernie_Irvan \"Ernie Irvan\") ($15,000\\)\n3. 3\\-[Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") ($7,500\\)",
"### Segment 3",
"For the final 10\\-lap shootout, Earnhardt muscled his way past Irvan for second. That close racing allowed Kyle Petty to sprint out to a substantial lead. With Kyle Petty pulling away, it appeared nobody would be able to catch him, but on the third lap, [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") was tapped from the rear, sending him dirt\\-tracking through the tri\\-oval grass in front of the main grandstand. Waltrip nearly corrected his [Chevrolet Lumina](/wiki/Chevrolet_Lumina \"Chevrolet Lumina\"), but stalled momentarily at the end of pit road, prompting the first and only caution of the final segment. The caution erased a 3\\.5 second Petty lead.",
"Caution flag laps do not count in the final segment, setting up a seven\\-lap dash. During all the action, Allison had moved into third, making it Kyle Petty, Earnhardt and Allison at the restart. On the restart, Kyle Petty held his own for one lap. But with five laps remaining, Earnhardt drove past Kyle Petty for the lead. At the white flag, Earnhardt led, Kyle Petty was a close second and Allison was third. Down the backstretch, Kyle Petty took a run at Earnhardt. Earnhardt reacted by forcing Petty down on the backstretch apron. Meanwhile, Allison inched closer to the leaders. Going into turn three, both Earnhardt and Kyle Petty were too low and going full speed. Earnhardt hit the corner first and lost control of his Chevrolet in the middle of the turn. Kyle Petty lifted from the throttle for just a split second to gather his [Pontiac Grand Prix](/wiki/Pontiac_Grand_Prix \"Pontiac Grand Prix\"). While Kyle Petty checked up, Allison continued at full throttle and got a strong drive off of turn four. Allison pulled to the inside of Kyle Petty in the middle of the tri\\-oval, and had the momentum. Kyle Petty and Allison touched twice before Allison inched ahead to take the checkered flag. The two touched again as they crossed the start\\-finish line, sending Allison's Texaco Ford spinning wildly into the frontstraight wall. The car hit hard on the driver's side before a trail of sparks led to its final resting place in the infield grass. Allison, who was momentarily knocked unconscious, was removed from the car via the \"[Jaws of Life](/wiki/Jaws_of_Life \"Jaws of Life\").\" After a brief examination in the infield care center, Allison was airlifted to [Carolinas Medical Center](/wiki/Carolinas_Medical_Center \"Carolinas Medical Center\"), where he remained for two days because of a broken collarbone and bruises over more than half of his body.",
"The helicopter buzzed Victory Lane where Allison's team accepted the trophy and $200,000\\.00 check on his behalf. Allison quipped while lying in his hospital room, \"This is the darndest victory lane I've ever been in. I guess the good news is I won $300,000\\.00, but the bad news is most of that will go towards the hospital bills\". [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\"), three consecutive times a runner\\-up in The Winston, finished third, while [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\") and [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") rounded out the top five. Earnhardt's spin relegated him to 14th place.",
"",
"| \\+ Race results |\n| --- |\n| Pos | Grid | Car | Driver | Owner | Manufacturer | Laps run | Laps led |\n| 1 | 1 | 28 | [Davey Allison](/wiki/Davey_Allison \"Davey Allison\") | [Robert Yates Racing](/wiki/Yates_Racing \"Yates Racing\") | [Ford](/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") | 70 | 31 |\n| 2 | 16 | 42 | [Kyle Petty](/wiki/Kyle_Petty \"Kyle Petty\") | [Team SABCO](/wiki/NASCAR_operations_of_Chip_Ganassi_Racing \"NASCAR operations of Chip Ganassi Racing\") | [Pontiac](/wiki/Pontiac_%28automobile%29 \"Pontiac (automobile)\") | 70 | 26 |\n| 3 | 4 | 25 | [Ken Schrader](/wiki/Ken_Schrader \"Ken Schrader\") | [Hendrick Motorsports](/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports \"Hendrick Motorsports\") | [Chevrolet](/wiki/Chevrolet \"Chevrolet\") | 70 | 0 |\n| 4 | 9 | 5 | [Ricky Rudd](/wiki/Ricky_Rudd \"Ricky Rudd\") | Hendrick Motorsports | Chevrolet | 70 | 0 |\n| 5 | 3 | 11 | [Bill Elliott](/wiki/Bill_Elliott \"Bill Elliott\") | [Junior Johnson \\& Associates](/wiki/Junior_Johnson_%26_Associates \"Junior Johnson & Associates\") | Ford | 70 | 0 |\n| 6 | 2 | 2 | [Rusty Wallace](/wiki/Rusty_Wallace \"Rusty Wallace\") | [Penske Racing](/wiki/NASCAR_operations_of_Team_Penske \"NASCAR operations of Team Penske\") | Pontiac | 70 | 0 |\n| 7 | 14 | 7 | [Alan Kulwicki](/wiki/Alan_Kulwicki \"Alan Kulwicki\") | [AK Racing](/wiki/AK_Racing \"AK Racing\") | Ford | 70 | 0 |\n| 8 | 17 | 4 | [Ernie Irvan](/wiki/Ernie_Irvan \"Ernie Irvan\") | [Morgan–McClure Motorsports](/wiki/Morgan%E2%80%93McClure_Motorsports \"Morgan–McClure Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 70 | 0 |\n| 9 | 15 | 43 | [Richard Petty](/wiki/Richard_Petty \"Richard Petty\") | [Petty Enterprises](/wiki/Petty_Enterprises \"Petty Enterprises\") | Pontiac | 70 | 0 |\n| 10 | 13 | 94 | [Terry Labonte](/wiki/Terry_Labonte \"Terry Labonte\") | [Hagan Racing](/wiki/Billy_Hagan_%28racing_driver%29 \"Billy Hagan (racing driver)\") | [Oldsmobile](/wiki/Oldsmobile \"Oldsmobile\") | 70 | 0 |\n| 11 | 6 | 17 | [Darrell Waltrip](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip \"Darrell Waltrip\") | [Darrell Waltrip Motorsports](/wiki/Darrell_Waltrip_Motorsports \"Darrell Waltrip Motorsports\") | Chevrolet | 70 | 0 |\n| 12 | 7 | 33 | [Harry Gant](/wiki/Harry_Gant \"Harry Gant\") | [Leo Jackson Motorsports](/wiki/Andy_Petree_Racing \"Andy Petree Racing\") | Oldsmobile | 70 | 0 |\n| 13 | 5 | 15 | [Geoff Bodine](/wiki/Geoff_Bodine \"Geoff Bodine\") | [Bud Moore Engineering](/wiki/Bud_Moore_Engineering \"Bud Moore Engineering\") | Ford | 70 | 7 |\n| 14 | 8 | 3 | [Dale Earnhardt](/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt \"Dale Earnhardt\") | [Richard Childress Racing](/wiki/Richard_Childress_Racing \"Richard Childress Racing\") | Chevrolet | 69 | 6 |\n| 15 | 19 | 30 | [Michael Waltrip](/wiki/Michael_Waltrip \"Michael Waltrip\") | [Bahari Racing](/wiki/Bahari_Racing \"Bahari Racing\") | Pontiac | 68 | 0 |\n| 16 | 12 | 9 | [Dave Mader III](/wiki/Dave_Mader_III \"Dave Mader III\") | [Melling Racing](/wiki/Melling_Racing \"Melling Racing\") | Ford | 66 | 0 |\n| 17 | 18 | 6 | [Mark Martin](/wiki/Mark_Martin \"Mark Martin\") | [Roush Racing](/wiki/RFK_Racing \"RFK Racing\") | Ford | 64 | 0 |\n| 18 | 10 | 18 | [Dale Jarrett](/wiki/Dale_Jarrett \"Dale Jarrett\") | [Joe Gibbs Racing](/wiki/Joe_Gibbs_Racing \"Joe Gibbs Racing\") | Chevrolet | 11 | 0 |\n| 19 | 11 | 21 | [Morgan Shepherd](/wiki/Morgan_Shepherd \"Morgan Shepherd\") | [Wood Brothers Racing](/wiki/Wood_Brothers_Racing \"Wood Brothers Racing\") | Ford | 4 | 0 |\n| 20 | 20 | 12 | [Hut Stricklin](/wiki/Hut_Stricklin \"Hut Stricklin\") | [Bobby Allison Motorsports](/wiki/Bobby_Allison \"Bobby Allison\") | Chevrolet | 2 | 0 |\n|{{center\\|{{small\\|''Source:''}}}}",
""
] |
British Peer and prime\-ministerial candidate
---------------------------------------------
### Lord Hastings
After his return from America, Rawdon had been honoured by the king. In March 1783, he was created **Baron Rawdon**, of [Rawdon](/wiki/Rawdon%2C_West_Yorkshire "Rawdon, West Yorkshire"), in the [County of York](/wiki/Yorkshire "Yorkshire").{{London Gazette
\| issue \= 12419
\| date \= 1 March 1783
\| page \= 1
}} In 1787, he became friends with the Prince of Wales, and loaned him many thousands of pounds. In 1788 he became embroiled in the [Regency Crisis](/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom "George IV of the United Kingdom").
In 1789 his mother succeeded to the barony of Hastings, and Rawdon, an in accordance to his uncle's will, added the surname of Hastings to his own.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=54}} From 1801, as Lord Hastings he sat in the [United Kingdom House of Lords.](/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords")
Inheriting [Donington Hall](/wiki/Donington_Hall "Donington Hall") in Leicestershire from his uncle, Rawdon rebuilt it in 1790–93 in the [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture "Gothic architecture") style; the architect was William Wilkins the Elder. It is now a [Grade II\* listed building](/wiki/Grade_II%2A_listed_building "Grade II* listed building"). He placed the estate at the disposal of the [Bourbon Princes](/wiki/House_of_Bourbon "House of Bourbon") upon their exile in England following the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution"). He is said to have left a signed chequebook in each bedroom for the occupant to use at pleasure.Beevor, p. 60\.
Rawdon became active in associations in London. He was elected a [Fellow of the Royal Society](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society "Fellow of the Royal Society") in 1787 and [Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London "Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London") in 1793\.{{cite web \|title\=Fellows Details \|url\=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni\=Dserve.ini\&dsqApp\=Archive\&dsqCmd\=Show.tcl\&dsqDb\=Persons\&dsqPos\=19\&dsqSearch\=%28%28text%29%3D%27hastings%27%29 \|access\-date\=23 January 2018 \|publisher\=Royal Society \|archive\-date\=31 May 2021 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531124822/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni\=Dserve.ini\&dsqApp\=Archive\&dsqCmd\=Show.tcl\&dsqDb\=Persons\&dsqPos\=19\&dsqSearch\=%28%28text%29%3D%27hastings%27%29 \|url\-status\=dead }}Beevor, p. 59\. For 1806–08 he was Grand Master of the Free Masons. In May 1789 he acted as the [Duke of York](/wiki/Prince_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany "Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany")'s second in his duel with Lieut.\-Colonel Lennox on [Wimbledon Common](/wiki/Wimbledon_Common "Wimbledon Common").
Following the declaration of war in 1793 of France upon Great Britain, Rawdon was appointed major general, on 12 October 1793\. Sent by the [Pitt](/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger "William Pitt the Younger") ministry, Rawdon launched an expedition into [Ostend](/wiki/Ostend "Ostend"), France, in 1794\.Brown, J. (1851\) [*A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans, Vol.IV*](https://books.google.com/books?id=I4ULAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA187).James, C. (1805\), [*A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary, 2nd ed.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tOypDj9DoZMC&pg=PT785) He marched to join with the army of the [Duke of York](/wiki/Prince_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany "Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany"), at [Alost](/wiki/Alost "Alost"). The French general [Pichegru](/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru "Jean-Charles Pichegru"), with superior numbers, forced the British back toward their base at [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp "Antwerp"). Rawdon left the expedition, feeling Pitt had broken promises.{{harv\|Paul David Nelson\|2005\|p\=121}}
### Candidature for Prime Minister
In 1797 it was rumoured briefly that Rawdon would replace Pitt as [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"). There was some discontent with Pitt over his policies regarding the [war with France](/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars "French Revolutionary Wars"). Additionally, Pitt's long tenure in office had given him ample opportunity to annoy various political grandees, including but not limited to The Duke of Leeds and Lords Thurlow and Lansdowne.
In mid\-May, a combination of these various figures, coupled with a handful of Members of Parliament, proposed to make Rawdon the Prime Minister. Having fought in the American War and having led an expedition to [Quiberon](/wiki/Quiberon "Quiberon"), he commanded widespread respect. His relationship with the Prince of Wales also established him as a potential rival to Pitt, who was supported strongly by George III.{{cite book \|last\= Hague \|first\= William J. \|author\-link\= William Hague \|title\= \[\[William Pitt the Younger: A Biography]] \|publisher\= \[\[HarperCollins]] \|date\=September 2004 \|isbn\= 978\-0\-00\-714719\-9}} p. 407\.
The prime motivation for the plan of having Rawdon become Prime Minister was to secure peace with France, the plotters had come to believe (somewhat unfairly) that Pitt was an obstacle to this objective. But their plan collapsed barely a month later in mid\-June because of a lack of support from the political establishment. Additionally, when Rawdon wrote to the King to propose the change of chief ministers, the monarch ignored him. Thus the proposal came to nothing.
He became [Commander\-in\-Chief, Scotland](/wiki/Commander-in-Chief%2C_Scotland "Commander-in-Chief, Scotland") with the rank of full general in September 1803\.{{cite ODNB\|url\=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12568?docPos\=1\|title\=Francis Rawdon\-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings\|year\=2004\|doi\=10\.1093/ref:odnb/12568\|access\-date\=29 November 2014}} In this capacity he rented the huge [Duddingston House](/wiki/Duddingston_House "Duddingston House"), south of [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh").*Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh*; vol. 4, ch. 37
Becoming a [Whig](/wiki/British_Whig_Party "British Whig Party") in politics, Rawdon entered government in 1806 as part of the [Ministry of All the Talents](/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents "Ministry of All the Talents") as [Master\-General of the Ordnance](/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance "Master-General of the Ordnance"), which enabled him to carry a philanthropic measure, which he had promoted since his first entry into the House of Lords, the Debtor and Creditor Bill for relief of poor debtors.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=54}} However, he resigned his post on the fall of the ministry the next year. He was also [Constable of the Tower](/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower "Constable of the Tower") (of London) from 1806 to his death.
During a debate in the House of Lords on 5 February 1807 over the proposed [Slave Trade Act 1807](/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807 "Slave Trade Act 1807"), which would abolish British involvement in the [Atlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade "Atlantic slave trade"), he publicly supported the bill and stated that "the evidence upon the table of the house must be sufficient to convince their lordships of the necessity of abolishing this sanguinary traffic. If noble lords were not satisfied with this evidence, he referred them to Holy Writ, he referred them to that great work of our forefathers the [Old Testament](/wiki/Old_Testament "Old Testament"), and that great Commentator upon that work, whose maxim was, "[Do unto others as you would they should do unto you](/wiki/Golden_Rule "Golden Rule")."{{cite web \| url\=https://api.parliament.uk/historic\-hansard/lords/1807/feb/05/slave\-trade\-abolition\-bill \| title\=SLAVE TRADE ABOLITION BILL. (Hansard, 5 February 1807\) }}
Being a close associate of the [Prince\-Regent](/wiki/George_IV "George IV"), Moira was asked by him to form a Whig government after the [assassination of Spencer Perceval](/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval "Assassination of Spencer Perceval") in 1812 ended that ministry. Moira's attempts to create a governing coalition failed, but as a mark of the prince's respect, he was appointed to the [Order of the Garter](/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter "Order of the Garter") in that year.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911\|p\=54}} The Tories returned to power under the [Earl of Liverpool](/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool "Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool"). On 6 December 1816, after the conclusion of the Anglo\-Nepalese War (see below), Moira was raised to the rank of **Marquess of Hastings** together with the subsidiary titles **Viscount Loudoun** and **Earl of Rawdon**.{{London Gazette \| issue \= 17198 \|page\=2314 \| date \= 7 December 1816 }}
|
[
"British Peer and prime\\-ministerial candidate\n---------------------------------------------",
"### Lord Hastings",
"After his return from America, Rawdon had been honoured by the king. In March 1783, he was created **Baron Rawdon**, of [Rawdon](/wiki/Rawdon%2C_West_Yorkshire \"Rawdon, West Yorkshire\"), in the [County of York](/wiki/Yorkshire \"Yorkshire\").{{London Gazette\n\\| issue \\= 12419\n\\| date \\= 1 March 1783\n\\| page \\= 1\n}} In 1787, he became friends with the Prince of Wales, and loaned him many thousands of pounds. In 1788 he became embroiled in the [Regency Crisis](/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom \"George IV of the United Kingdom\").",
"In 1789 his mother succeeded to the barony of Hastings, and Rawdon, an in accordance to his uncle's will, added the surname of Hastings to his own.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=54}} From 1801, as Lord Hastings he sat in the [United Kingdom House of Lords.](/wiki/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\")",
"Inheriting [Donington Hall](/wiki/Donington_Hall \"Donington Hall\") in Leicestershire from his uncle, Rawdon rebuilt it in 1790–93 in the [Gothic](/wiki/Gothic_architecture \"Gothic architecture\") style; the architect was William Wilkins the Elder. It is now a [Grade II\\* listed building](/wiki/Grade_II%2A_listed_building \"Grade II* listed building\"). He placed the estate at the disposal of the [Bourbon Princes](/wiki/House_of_Bourbon \"House of Bourbon\") upon their exile in England following the [French Revolution](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"). He is said to have left a signed chequebook in each bedroom for the occupant to use at pleasure.Beevor, p. 60\\.",
"Rawdon became active in associations in London. He was elected a [Fellow of the Royal Society](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society \"Fellow of the Royal Society\") in 1787 and [Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London](/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London \"Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London\") in 1793\\.{{cite web \\|title\\=Fellows Details \\|url\\=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni\\=Dserve.ini\\&dsqApp\\=Archive\\&dsqCmd\\=Show.tcl\\&dsqDb\\=Persons\\&dsqPos\\=19\\&dsqSearch\\=%28%28text%29%3D%27hastings%27%29 \\|access\\-date\\=23 January 2018 \\|publisher\\=Royal Society \\|archive\\-date\\=31 May 2021 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531124822/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni\\=Dserve.ini\\&dsqApp\\=Archive\\&dsqCmd\\=Show.tcl\\&dsqDb\\=Persons\\&dsqPos\\=19\\&dsqSearch\\=%28%28text%29%3D%27hastings%27%29 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}Beevor, p. 59\\. For 1806–08 he was Grand Master of the Free Masons. In May 1789 he acted as the [Duke of York](/wiki/Prince_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany \"Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany\")'s second in his duel with Lieut.\\-Colonel Lennox on [Wimbledon Common](/wiki/Wimbledon_Common \"Wimbledon Common\").",
"Following the declaration of war in 1793 of France upon Great Britain, Rawdon was appointed major general, on 12 October 1793\\. Sent by the [Pitt](/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger \"William Pitt the Younger\") ministry, Rawdon launched an expedition into [Ostend](/wiki/Ostend \"Ostend\"), France, in 1794\\.Brown, J. (1851\\) [*A History of the Highlands and of the Highland Clans, Vol.IV*](https://books.google.com/books?id=I4ULAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA187).James, C. (1805\\), [*A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary, 2nd ed.*](https://books.google.com/books?id=tOypDj9DoZMC&pg=PT785) He marched to join with the army of the [Duke of York](/wiki/Prince_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York_and_Albany \"Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany\"), at [Alost](/wiki/Alost \"Alost\"). The French general [Pichegru](/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru \"Jean-Charles Pichegru\"), with superior numbers, forced the British back toward their base at [Antwerp](/wiki/Antwerp \"Antwerp\"). Rawdon left the expedition, feeling Pitt had broken promises.{{harv\\|Paul David Nelson\\|2005\\|p\\=121}}",
"### Candidature for Prime Minister",
"In 1797 it was rumoured briefly that Rawdon would replace Pitt as [Prime Minister](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\"). There was some discontent with Pitt over his policies regarding the [war with France](/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars \"French Revolutionary Wars\"). Additionally, Pitt's long tenure in office had given him ample opportunity to annoy various political grandees, including but not limited to The Duke of Leeds and Lords Thurlow and Lansdowne.",
"In mid\\-May, a combination of these various figures, coupled with a handful of Members of Parliament, proposed to make Rawdon the Prime Minister. Having fought in the American War and having led an expedition to [Quiberon](/wiki/Quiberon \"Quiberon\"), he commanded widespread respect. His relationship with the Prince of Wales also established him as a potential rival to Pitt, who was supported strongly by George III.{{cite book \\|last\\= Hague \\|first\\= William J. \\|author\\-link\\= William Hague \\|title\\= \\[\\[William Pitt the Younger: A Biography]] \\|publisher\\= \\[\\[HarperCollins]] \\|date\\=September 2004 \\|isbn\\= 978\\-0\\-00\\-714719\\-9}} p. 407\\.",
"The prime motivation for the plan of having Rawdon become Prime Minister was to secure peace with France, the plotters had come to believe (somewhat unfairly) that Pitt was an obstacle to this objective. But their plan collapsed barely a month later in mid\\-June because of a lack of support from the political establishment. Additionally, when Rawdon wrote to the King to propose the change of chief ministers, the monarch ignored him. Thus the proposal came to nothing.",
"He became [Commander\\-in\\-Chief, Scotland](/wiki/Commander-in-Chief%2C_Scotland \"Commander-in-Chief, Scotland\") with the rank of full general in September 1803\\.{{cite ODNB\\|url\\=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12568?docPos\\=1\\|title\\=Francis Rawdon\\-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings\\|year\\=2004\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ref:odnb/12568\\|access\\-date\\=29 November 2014}} In this capacity he rented the huge [Duddingston House](/wiki/Duddingston_House \"Duddingston House\"), south of [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\").*Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh*; vol. 4, ch. 37",
"Becoming a [Whig](/wiki/British_Whig_Party \"British Whig Party\") in politics, Rawdon entered government in 1806 as part of the [Ministry of All the Talents](/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents \"Ministry of All the Talents\") as [Master\\-General of the Ordnance](/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance \"Master-General of the Ordnance\"), which enabled him to carry a philanthropic measure, which he had promoted since his first entry into the House of Lords, the Debtor and Creditor Bill for relief of poor debtors.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=54}} However, he resigned his post on the fall of the ministry the next year. He was also [Constable of the Tower](/wiki/Constable_of_the_Tower \"Constable of the Tower\") (of London) from 1806 to his death.",
"During a debate in the House of Lords on 5 February 1807 over the proposed [Slave Trade Act 1807](/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807 \"Slave Trade Act 1807\"), which would abolish British involvement in the [Atlantic slave trade](/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade \"Atlantic slave trade\"), he publicly supported the bill and stated that \"the evidence upon the table of the house must be sufficient to convince their lordships of the necessity of abolishing this sanguinary traffic. If noble lords were not satisfied with this evidence, he referred them to Holy Writ, he referred them to that great work of our forefathers the [Old Testament](/wiki/Old_Testament \"Old Testament\"), and that great Commentator upon that work, whose maxim was, \"[Do unto others as you would they should do unto you](/wiki/Golden_Rule \"Golden Rule\").\"{{cite web \\| url\\=https://api.parliament.uk/historic\\-hansard/lords/1807/feb/05/slave\\-trade\\-abolition\\-bill \\| title\\=SLAVE TRADE ABOLITION BILL. (Hansard, 5 February 1807\\) }}",
"Being a close associate of the [Prince\\-Regent](/wiki/George_IV \"George IV\"), Moira was asked by him to form a Whig government after the [assassination of Spencer Perceval](/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval \"Assassination of Spencer Perceval\") in 1812 ended that ministry. Moira's attempts to create a governing coalition failed, but as a mark of the prince's respect, he was appointed to the [Order of the Garter](/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter \"Order of the Garter\") in that year.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911\\|p\\=54}} The Tories returned to power under the [Earl of Liverpool](/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool \"Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool\"). On 6 December 1816, after the conclusion of the Anglo\\-Nepalese War (see below), Moira was raised to the rank of **Marquess of Hastings** together with the subsidiary titles **Viscount Loudoun** and **Earl of Rawdon**.{{London Gazette \\| issue \\= 17198 \\|page\\=2314 \\| date \\= 7 December 1816 }}",
""
] |
History
-------
When the Domesday survey was completed in 1086, Misson was mentioned, but there was no church building at that time. The first church building was constructed around 1150, and was made of limestone, probably shipped in on the River Idle, since this stone does not occur locally. The building belonged to [Welbeck Abbey](/wiki/Welbeck_Abbey "Welbeck Abbey"), but a [Gilbertine](/wiki/Gilbertine "Gilbertine") [Priory](/wiki/Mattersey_Priory "Mattersey Priory") was established at [Mattersey](/wiki/Mattersey "Mattersey"), around 1185, and the Canons argued that the church should belong to them. It is not clear what the grounds for this argument were, but the dispute was eventually referred to [Pope Celestine III](/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III "Pope Celestine III"), who passed the decision back to local authorities. A meeting at [Blyth](/wiki/Blyth%2C_Nottinghamshire "Blyth, Nottinghamshire") in 1192 decided in favour of [Mattersey Priory](/wiki/Mattersey_Priory "Mattersey Priory") owning it. One hundred years later, John Clarell was the vicar, who as well as also being vicar of [Babworth](/wiki/Babworth "Babworth"), [East Bridgford](/wiki/East_Bridgford "East Bridgford"), [Lowdham](/wiki/Lowdham "Lowdham") and [Harworth](/wiki/Harworth "Harworth"), found time to be chaplain to the Pope and to [King Edward I](/wiki/Edward_I_of_England "Edward I of England").{{cite web \|url\=http://southwellchurches.history.nottingham.ac.uk/misson/hhistory.php \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115131051/http://southwellchurches.history.nottingham.ac.uk/misson/hhistory.php \|archive\-date\=15 January 2020 \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Misson St John the Baptist \|publisher\=Southwell \& Nottingham Church History Project}}
The church was visited by the Archbishop of York, Thomas Wolsey, in 1530, after he fell out of favour with the king and was stripped of his other offices. [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England "Henry VIII of England")'s split with Rome and the [Dissolution of the Monasteries](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries "Dissolution of the Monasteries") led to Mattersey Priory being dissolved in 1538, and although most of its property was sold off, the church came under the patronage of the king from then onwards, and was valued at a little over £6\. The village was devastated by fire on 8 August 1652, when 48 buildings were destroyed by the blaze, but most of the villagers were attending church, which was not affected by the fire.
Misson was the location for one of the first schools in Nottinghamshire, when in 1693 Thomas Mowbray and John Pinder sponsored the construction of a building in the churchyard. It was granted an income of £5 per year, raised from some land in the parish, and was to teach six children at a time to read. In 1745, the vicar John Foss reported to the Archbishop of York that there were 70 families in the village, 50 people who took communion, and over 20 children in the school. The population had increased to 99 families by 1764\. More detailed figures are available for 1832, when 841 people lived in the village, although this had reduced to 719 people by 1912\. In 1832 there were eight public houses in the village: The Green Dragon, Ferry Boat Inn, The White Horse, The Red Lion, The Globe, The Golden Ball, The Oddfellows Arms and Bull Hill.{{cite web \|url\=https://themissonhub.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/written\-history/ \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115180831/https://themissonhub.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/written\-history/ \|archive\-date\=15 January 2020 \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Written History \|website\=The Misson Hub\|date\=March 2015 }}
A directory of 1853 stated that the village contained {{convert\|5783\|acre\|ha}} of good sandy soil, and that most of this had previously been common land, but had been enclosed in 1769\.{{sfn \|White \|1853}} However, the Inclosure Act was awarded on 11 June 1762, and a copy of it is held in the archive at the University of Nottingham .{{cite web \|url\=http://mss\-cat.nottingham.ac.uk/DServe/Record.aspx?src\=CalmView.Catalog\&id\=RC%2fL%2f3 \|title\=Manuscripts and Special Collections \|publisher\=University of Nottingham \|access\-date\=15 January 2020}} A map produced in 1761 shows that Misson was surrounded by three fields, East Field to the east, Butt Field to the west and Mill Field to the north\-west. It shows how these were sub\-divided as a result of the enclosures. To the north of them, the area remained common land, and was used for the grazing of animals, the production of hay, and probably also reeds for thatching.{{sfn \|CAAMS \|2017 \|loc\=Sect 2\.24}} Part of Misson was in Nottinghamshire, and part was in Lincolnshire, but the boundary between the two counties was not well defined in 1853\. There was a ferry across the River Idle,{{sfn \|White \|1853}} which ran from the bottom of Water Lane on the north bank to a point a little further downstream on the south bank.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.old\-maps.co.uk/\#/Map/469202/394778/12/101259 \|title\=OS County Series map, 1:2500 \|year\=1886 \|publisher\=Ordnance Survey}} The ferry allowed villagers to reach [Everton](/wiki/Everton%2C_Nottinghamshire "Everton, Nottinghamshire"), and is thought to have operated from the 16th century until the mid\-20th century.{{sfn \|CAAMS \|2017 \|loc\=Sect 2\.26}} The Misson hub has images of two different boats used for the service, one a simple punt with four passengers,{{cite web \|url\=https://themissonhub.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/ferry\-3\.jpg \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115175101/https://themissonhub.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/ferry\-3\.jpg \|archive\-date\=15 January 2020 \|url\-status\=live \|title\=The Ferry Misson \|website\=The Misson Hub}} and one a steam boat, with large paddle wheels and a crew of three.{{cite web \|url\=https://themissonhub.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/steamferry2\.jpg \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115175107/https://themissonhub.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/steamferry2\.jpg \|archive\-date\=15 January 2020 \|url\-status\=live \|title\=Steam Ferry Boat Misson \|website\=The Misson Hub}}
Significant repairs were carried out to the fabric of the church in 1882 and 1886, but on 23 September 1893 the tower was hit by lightning. Large pieces of masonry crashed down through the building, and four fires started, which caused considerable damage. The quick\-thinking parish clerk, Robert Pinder, entered the building to rescue a chest of documents, including the parish registers and the insurance policy. Most of the building, apart from the chancel, was too damaged to be usable, but enough repairs had been made by June 1894 to allow the Bishop of Southwell to reopen it, although reconstruction continued for another two years.
Herbert H Skinner was the vicar from 1927 to 1933, and early in his term of office, the county council threatened to take over the Misson Church of England School because it did not meet the education authority's standards. This move seemed to be favoured by many in the village, but Skinner insisted that he was in the process of improving standards. In 1930 he was given a three\-month ultimatum by many parents, who said they would withdraw their children from the school if things did not improve, but the threatened strike was called off at the last minute.
As well as the parish church, there were a significant number of [Methodists](/wiki/Methodism "Methodism") within the village. A Methodist Society was first formed in 1793, although they did now have a building in which to meet. They built a chapel in 1818, although its site is not known, and the [Primitive Methodists](/wiki/Primitive_Methodism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Primitive Methodism in the United Kingdom") built one in 1822, again at an unknown location. A survey conducted in 1851 showed that 140\-160 people attended the parish church, 100 adults plus 25 children formed the congregation of the Wesleyan Methodist chapel, while the Primitive Methodists attracted 15 people on Sunday morning and 69 in the evening. A new Primitive Methodist chapel was built close to the parish church in 1873, and a new Wesleyan Methodist chapel was constructed on Top Street in 1897\. Both buildings have since been converted to houses. There was also a Primitive Methodist chapel at Misson Springs between the 1890s and the mid\-20th century, when it was demolished.{{sfn \|CAAMS \|2017 \|loc\=Sect 2\.40}}
During the First World War, a camp for prisoners of war was established to the north of the village, just to the south of the railway line. They were a 'migratory gang', who worked within the agricultural sector. During the Second World War, another camp was established at the site of the present Misson Mill, which housed prisoners of war and displaced people.{{sfn \|CAAMS \|2017 \|loc\=Sect 2\.45}}
### Drainage
Misson lies on the north bank of the River Idle, and at the southern edge of [Hatfield Chase](/wiki/Hatfield_Chase "Hatfield Chase"), a large flat area of land which prior to the 17th century was mainly marshland, with a few isolated settlements where the ground was slightly higher.{{sfn \|CAAMS \|2017 \|loc\=Sect 2\.4}} The character of the area changed significantly when [Cornelius Vermuyden](/wiki/Cornelius_Vermuyden "Cornelius Vermuyden") was appointed by [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England "Charles I of England") to drain the chase in 1626\. He changed the courses of the [River Don](/wiki/River_Don%2C_South_Yorkshire "River Don, South Yorkshire") and the [Torne](/wiki/River_Torne_%28England%29 "River Torne (England)"), while the course of River Idle, which had formerly turned to the north at the eastern edge of the parish, was blocked off by a dam, and the waters diverted along Bycarrs Dyke to enter the [River Trent](/wiki/River_Trent "River Trent") at [West Stockwith](/wiki/West_Stockwith "West Stockwith").{{sfn \|Skempton \|2002 \|pp\=740\-741}} The point at which the dam was constructed is now known as Idle Stop. A series of straight ditches were cut across the landscape, to enable the marshland to be used for agriculture.{{sfn \|CAAMS \|2017 \|loc\=Sect 2\.5}} Vermuyden's original scheme had been funded by selling the land he would have gained by carrying out the work to a number of participants, who were mostly Dutch. The land they then owned was called *scotted land*, and required them to pay *scots* or taxes to fund the ongoing maintenance of the drainage.
Some {{convert\|60000\|acre\|ha}} had been affected by the works, of which Vermuyden and the Participants received one third, the king received one third, and the local commoners received the final third. In Misson, Vermuyden and his daughters Sarah and Catherine were granted half of the {{convert\|2600\|acre\|ha}} which comprised Misson Waters and Commons for their lifetimes. They paid ground rent of £180 per year. Drainage work in the parish of Misson had been largely funded by a grant of £10,000 from the Crown.{{sfn \|Cory \|1985 \|p\=52}} Other Participants had also been granted land in Misson, and there was unrest among the locals in this and other local villages.{{sfn \|Cory \|1985 \|p\=54}} Although Vermeuden had been successful in carrying out similar works in the [Low Countries](/wiki/Low_Countries "Low Countries"), there were issues with those on Hatfield Chase, and remedial action was taken over the next few years. The onset of the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War "English Civil War") created confusion, and enabled locals to sabotage the works, re\-flooding parts of the Chase by raising flood gates and breaking down banks and sluices. Riots broke out in 1650, and there was general unrest until matters were resolved in 1719\.
Efforts to improve the drainage of the area were made in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.{{sfn \|CAAMS \|2017 \|loc\=Sect 2\.8}} The engineer [John Smeaton](/wiki/John_Smeaton "John Smeaton") was asked to advise on improvements in the 1760s and 1770s. He declared that Misson Deeps and the land near Bull Hassocks were the most difficult to drain, because of the remoteness from an outfall. From Misson, the water was carried by the Snow Sewer to an outfall at Ferry Sluice on the [River Trent](/wiki/River_Trent "River Trent"), but Smeaton's recommendations for improvements to the Snow Sewer were not implemented.{{sfn \|Cory \|1985 \|p\=83}} The Participants continued to manage the drainage scheme until 1862, when an [Act of Parliament](/wiki/Act_of_Parliament "Act of Parliament") was obtained to create the Corporation of the Level of Hatfield Chase. Although owners of *scotted* land were still required to pay *scots* and other rates, the Act enabled the Corporation to collect rates from all areas which benefitted from the drainage, but where the land was not *scotted*. Misson was one of 21 townships or parishes which were then required to pay drainage rates.
Following the passing of the [Land Drainage Act 1930](/wiki/Land_Drainage_Act_1930 "Land Drainage Act 1930"), responsibility for the management of drainage passed to [Internal Drainage Boards](/wiki/Internal_Drainage_Board "Internal Drainage Board") (IDBs), and in Misson's case, this was the Finningley IDB. They managed the drainage of most of the parish, although not the slightly higher ground on which the village centre stands. In 2012, Finningley IDB merged with six other internal drainage boards to form the Doncaster East IDB. Water levels are maintained largely by pumping stations. Idle Stop pumping station is located on the banks of the River Idle on the eastern border of the parish, and pumps water from the Cow Pasture Drain, which runs west to east, and the South Idle Drain, which runs north to south. Austerfield Drain runs along the western edge of the parish, and is pumped into the Idle by Newington Pumping Station. Further north, the parish is crossed by Snow Sewer, Owl Drain and Sanderson's Bank South Drain, which are pumped into the Warping Drain by Park Drain Pumping Station, located just to the east of the parish boundary.{{sfn \|Toop \|2010 \|p\=2}}Ordnance Survey, 1:25,000 map
### Railways
Misson has been served by two railways in the past. The first was the Gainsborough to Doncaster line of the [Great Northern Railway](/wiki/Lincolnshire_lines_of_the_Great_Northern_Railway "Lincolnshire lines of the Great Northern Railway"). This opened in 1867, and crossed the northern tip of the parish.{{sfn \|Wrottesley \|1979 \|p\=166}} There were level crossings at Beech Hill, on the road northwards from Misson Springs, and at {{rws\|Park Drain}}, on the road to Idle Stop. There was no passenger station, but there were sidings at the latter, which were known as Park Drain Sidings.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.old\-maps.co.uk/\#/Map/472530/398646/12/100251 \|title\=OS County Series 1:2500 map \|publisher\=Ordnance Survey \|year\=1886}} In 1893, exploratory borings to test for coal were made near Idle Stop by George Dunston, and coal seams were found at depths of {{convert\|3142\|ft\|m}} and {{convert\|3185\|ft\|m}}.{{sfn \|Gibson \|1913 \|p\=62}} A passenger station opened at the site three years later, and is shown on the 1899 map.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.old\-maps.co.uk/\#/Map/472514/398650/12/100515 \|title\=OS County Series 1:2500 map \|publisher\=Ordnance Survey \|year\=1899}} Dunston was a Colliery proprietor and mining engineer, and in 1897 applied for a licence to serve alcohol at a hotel he was planning to build at Park Drain. The initial exploration had been undertaken by Dunston, Arthur Wilson and the Duke of Portland, and the application was supported by 65 local landowners, just five of whom owned {{convert\|2500\|acre\|ha}} near the site of the hotel. The licence was granted on the basis that coal mining was expected to start almost immediately.{{cite news \|title\=Brewster Sessions \|work\=Stamford Mercury \|date\=1 October 1897}}
The Park Drain Hotel was completed by 1899, when Dunston held a dinner there, to outline his plans for the future. A local newspaper noted that the hotel stood in an isolated position, with only some railway men's cottages and a signal box nearby. Dunston expected that a large village or small town would soon be developed near the hotel, as coal mining began. The station served the people of Westwoodside, and the hotel was owned by Whitworth Breweries. It is not clear whether the station was in full operation at that time, as Dunston noted that some of his friends were missing from the dinner, because the railway company would not stop the train on which they were travelling at Park Drain.{{cite news \|title\=Park Drain Hotel \|work\=Epworth Bells, Crowle and Isle of Axholme Messenger \|date\=8 July 1899}} The start of the First World War and issues with drainage meant that the mining scheme was abandoned. Passenger services were withdrawn in 1955, and freight followed in 1964,{{PastScape \|mnumber\=509159 \|mname\=Park Drain Station \|accessdate\=24 January 2020}} but the hotel continued to trade until the 1990s, despite its isolated location. Since 2003, it has been used as offices.
The second railway was the [Bawtry to Haxey railway line](/wiki/Bawtry_to_Haxey_railway_line "Bawtry to Haxey railway line"), which had originally been proposed as the Tickhill Light Railway in 1901\. However, that scheme foundered, and when the Great Northern Railway built it, the link to Tickhill was omitted. The ambitions for it to be a major route for the transport of coal were replaced by it being little more than an agricultural siding, usually known as the Misson Branch. The line was a little under {{convert\|8\|mi\|km}} long, with a goods depot at Misson, and opened on 12 August 1912\. At some point prior to 1923, much of the line to the east of Misson was lifted, and there are stories that the materials were shipped to France during the First World War, but no hard documentary evidence to prove it. There was a private siding at the goods station, for Yorkshire Amalgamated Products, and another private siding to the west of the village centre, serving William Oates's sand quarry.{{sfn \|Squires \|1988 \|p\=22}}
The branch became part of the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway "London and North Eastern Railway") in 1923, and a speed limit of {{convert\|25\|mph\|kph}} was enforced. By 1960 this had been reduced to {{convert\|15\|mph\|kph}}. There were several ungated level crossings between Bawtry and Misson, and only Station Road at Misson had the benefit of gates. Drivers were told to slow down to {{convert\|10\|mph\|kph}} at them, and to be prepared to stop if necessary. Misson had a simple loop line, and Squires says that this usually meant that the train, which had arrived with the engine at the front, would be propelled back to Bawtry, with the engine at the rear.{{sfn \|Squires \|1988 \|p\=23}} However, the 1964 map shows a much longer loop to the north of the tracks as well as the short loop to the south.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.old\-maps.co.uk/\#/Map/469036/395534/12/100954 \|title\=OS County Series map, 1:2500 \|year\=1964 \|publisher\=Ordnance Survey}} Prior to the nationalisation of the railways in 1948, agricultural and sand traffic was sufficient that two return trips were made on most days, but by the 1960s, trains were operated "as required" and were fairly infrequent. Soon afterwards, the line slipped into oblivion, and even the date of its closure is uncertain, with some sources quoting 7 December 1964,{{sfn \|Squires \|1988 \|p\=23}} and others 1 April 1965\.{{sfn \|Barnett \|1984 \|p\=43}} In May 1966, the Eastern Ragion of [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways "British Railways") produced a plan of parts of the line, when they were about to sell {{convert\|2\|mi\|77\|ch\|km}} of it to Nottinghamshire Crop Driers of Misson.{{cite web \|url\=https://picclick.co.uk/BRER\-Diagram\-of\-Misson\-Branch\-ex\-Nottinghamshire\-Crop\-312926007912\.html \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119092323/https://picclick.co.uk/BRER\-Diagram\-of\-Misson\-Branch\-ex\-Nottinghamshire\-Crop\-312926007912\.html \|archive\-date\=19 January 2020 \|url\-status\=dead \|title\=Diagram of Misson Branch \|publisher\=British Railways \|date\=May 1966}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"When the Domesday survey was completed in 1086, Misson was mentioned, but there was no church building at that time. The first church building was constructed around 1150, and was made of limestone, probably shipped in on the River Idle, since this stone does not occur locally. The building belonged to [Welbeck Abbey](/wiki/Welbeck_Abbey \"Welbeck Abbey\"), but a [Gilbertine](/wiki/Gilbertine \"Gilbertine\") [Priory](/wiki/Mattersey_Priory \"Mattersey Priory\") was established at [Mattersey](/wiki/Mattersey \"Mattersey\"), around 1185, and the Canons argued that the church should belong to them. It is not clear what the grounds for this argument were, but the dispute was eventually referred to [Pope Celestine III](/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III \"Pope Celestine III\"), who passed the decision back to local authorities. A meeting at [Blyth](/wiki/Blyth%2C_Nottinghamshire \"Blyth, Nottinghamshire\") in 1192 decided in favour of [Mattersey Priory](/wiki/Mattersey_Priory \"Mattersey Priory\") owning it. One hundred years later, John Clarell was the vicar, who as well as also being vicar of [Babworth](/wiki/Babworth \"Babworth\"), [East Bridgford](/wiki/East_Bridgford \"East Bridgford\"), [Lowdham](/wiki/Lowdham \"Lowdham\") and [Harworth](/wiki/Harworth \"Harworth\"), found time to be chaplain to the Pope and to [King Edward I](/wiki/Edward_I_of_England \"Edward I of England\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://southwellchurches.history.nottingham.ac.uk/misson/hhistory.php \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115131051/http://southwellchurches.history.nottingham.ac.uk/misson/hhistory.php \\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Misson St John the Baptist \\|publisher\\=Southwell \\& Nottingham Church History Project}}",
"The church was visited by the Archbishop of York, Thomas Wolsey, in 1530, after he fell out of favour with the king and was stripped of his other offices. [Henry VIII](/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England \"Henry VIII of England\")'s split with Rome and the [Dissolution of the Monasteries](/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries \"Dissolution of the Monasteries\") led to Mattersey Priory being dissolved in 1538, and although most of its property was sold off, the church came under the patronage of the king from then onwards, and was valued at a little over £6\\. The village was devastated by fire on 8 August 1652, when 48 buildings were destroyed by the blaze, but most of the villagers were attending church, which was not affected by the fire.",
"Misson was the location for one of the first schools in Nottinghamshire, when in 1693 Thomas Mowbray and John Pinder sponsored the construction of a building in the churchyard. It was granted an income of £5 per year, raised from some land in the parish, and was to teach six children at a time to read. In 1745, the vicar John Foss reported to the Archbishop of York that there were 70 families in the village, 50 people who took communion, and over 20 children in the school. The population had increased to 99 families by 1764\\. More detailed figures are available for 1832, when 841 people lived in the village, although this had reduced to 719 people by 1912\\. In 1832 there were eight public houses in the village: The Green Dragon, Ferry Boat Inn, The White Horse, The Red Lion, The Globe, The Golden Ball, The Oddfellows Arms and Bull Hill.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://themissonhub.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/written\\-history/ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115180831/https://themissonhub.wordpress.com/2015/03/01/written\\-history/ \\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Written History \\|website\\=The Misson Hub\\|date\\=March 2015 }}",
"A directory of 1853 stated that the village contained {{convert\\|5783\\|acre\\|ha}} of good sandy soil, and that most of this had previously been common land, but had been enclosed in 1769\\.{{sfn \\|White \\|1853}} However, the Inclosure Act was awarded on 11 June 1762, and a copy of it is held in the archive at the University of Nottingham .{{cite web \\|url\\=http://mss\\-cat.nottingham.ac.uk/DServe/Record.aspx?src\\=CalmView.Catalog\\&id\\=RC%2fL%2f3 \\|title\\=Manuscripts and Special Collections \\|publisher\\=University of Nottingham \\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2020}} A map produced in 1761 shows that Misson was surrounded by three fields, East Field to the east, Butt Field to the west and Mill Field to the north\\-west. It shows how these were sub\\-divided as a result of the enclosures. To the north of them, the area remained common land, and was used for the grazing of animals, the production of hay, and probably also reeds for thatching.{{sfn \\|CAAMS \\|2017 \\|loc\\=Sect 2\\.24}} Part of Misson was in Nottinghamshire, and part was in Lincolnshire, but the boundary between the two counties was not well defined in 1853\\. There was a ferry across the River Idle,{{sfn \\|White \\|1853}} which ran from the bottom of Water Lane on the north bank to a point a little further downstream on the south bank.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.old\\-maps.co.uk/\\#/Map/469202/394778/12/101259 \\|title\\=OS County Series map, 1:2500 \\|year\\=1886 \\|publisher\\=Ordnance Survey}} The ferry allowed villagers to reach [Everton](/wiki/Everton%2C_Nottinghamshire \"Everton, Nottinghamshire\"), and is thought to have operated from the 16th century until the mid\\-20th century.{{sfn \\|CAAMS \\|2017 \\|loc\\=Sect 2\\.26}} The Misson hub has images of two different boats used for the service, one a simple punt with four passengers,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://themissonhub.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/ferry\\-3\\.jpg \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115175101/https://themissonhub.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/ferry\\-3\\.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=The Ferry Misson \\|website\\=The Misson Hub}} and one a steam boat, with large paddle wheels and a crew of three.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://themissonhub.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/steamferry2\\.jpg \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115175107/https://themissonhub.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/steamferry2\\.jpg \\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|title\\=Steam Ferry Boat Misson \\|website\\=The Misson Hub}}",
"Significant repairs were carried out to the fabric of the church in 1882 and 1886, but on 23 September 1893 the tower was hit by lightning. Large pieces of masonry crashed down through the building, and four fires started, which caused considerable damage. The quick\\-thinking parish clerk, Robert Pinder, entered the building to rescue a chest of documents, including the parish registers and the insurance policy. Most of the building, apart from the chancel, was too damaged to be usable, but enough repairs had been made by June 1894 to allow the Bishop of Southwell to reopen it, although reconstruction continued for another two years.",
"Herbert H Skinner was the vicar from 1927 to 1933, and early in his term of office, the county council threatened to take over the Misson Church of England School because it did not meet the education authority's standards. This move seemed to be favoured by many in the village, but Skinner insisted that he was in the process of improving standards. In 1930 he was given a three\\-month ultimatum by many parents, who said they would withdraw their children from the school if things did not improve, but the threatened strike was called off at the last minute.",
"As well as the parish church, there were a significant number of [Methodists](/wiki/Methodism \"Methodism\") within the village. A Methodist Society was first formed in 1793, although they did now have a building in which to meet. They built a chapel in 1818, although its site is not known, and the [Primitive Methodists](/wiki/Primitive_Methodism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Primitive Methodism in the United Kingdom\") built one in 1822, again at an unknown location. A survey conducted in 1851 showed that 140\\-160 people attended the parish church, 100 adults plus 25 children formed the congregation of the Wesleyan Methodist chapel, while the Primitive Methodists attracted 15 people on Sunday morning and 69 in the evening. A new Primitive Methodist chapel was built close to the parish church in 1873, and a new Wesleyan Methodist chapel was constructed on Top Street in 1897\\. Both buildings have since been converted to houses. There was also a Primitive Methodist chapel at Misson Springs between the 1890s and the mid\\-20th century, when it was demolished.{{sfn \\|CAAMS \\|2017 \\|loc\\=Sect 2\\.40}}",
"During the First World War, a camp for prisoners of war was established to the north of the village, just to the south of the railway line. They were a 'migratory gang', who worked within the agricultural sector. During the Second World War, another camp was established at the site of the present Misson Mill, which housed prisoners of war and displaced people.{{sfn \\|CAAMS \\|2017 \\|loc\\=Sect 2\\.45}}",
"### Drainage",
"Misson lies on the north bank of the River Idle, and at the southern edge of [Hatfield Chase](/wiki/Hatfield_Chase \"Hatfield Chase\"), a large flat area of land which prior to the 17th century was mainly marshland, with a few isolated settlements where the ground was slightly higher.{{sfn \\|CAAMS \\|2017 \\|loc\\=Sect 2\\.4}} The character of the area changed significantly when [Cornelius Vermuyden](/wiki/Cornelius_Vermuyden \"Cornelius Vermuyden\") was appointed by [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_England \"Charles I of England\") to drain the chase in 1626\\. He changed the courses of the [River Don](/wiki/River_Don%2C_South_Yorkshire \"River Don, South Yorkshire\") and the [Torne](/wiki/River_Torne_%28England%29 \"River Torne (England)\"), while the course of River Idle, which had formerly turned to the north at the eastern edge of the parish, was blocked off by a dam, and the waters diverted along Bycarrs Dyke to enter the [River Trent](/wiki/River_Trent \"River Trent\") at [West Stockwith](/wiki/West_Stockwith \"West Stockwith\").{{sfn \\|Skempton \\|2002 \\|pp\\=740\\-741}} The point at which the dam was constructed is now known as Idle Stop. A series of straight ditches were cut across the landscape, to enable the marshland to be used for agriculture.{{sfn \\|CAAMS \\|2017 \\|loc\\=Sect 2\\.5}} Vermuyden's original scheme had been funded by selling the land he would have gained by carrying out the work to a number of participants, who were mostly Dutch. The land they then owned was called *scotted land*, and required them to pay *scots* or taxes to fund the ongoing maintenance of the drainage.",
"Some {{convert\\|60000\\|acre\\|ha}} had been affected by the works, of which Vermuyden and the Participants received one third, the king received one third, and the local commoners received the final third. In Misson, Vermuyden and his daughters Sarah and Catherine were granted half of the {{convert\\|2600\\|acre\\|ha}} which comprised Misson Waters and Commons for their lifetimes. They paid ground rent of £180 per year. Drainage work in the parish of Misson had been largely funded by a grant of £10,000 from the Crown.{{sfn \\|Cory \\|1985 \\|p\\=52}} Other Participants had also been granted land in Misson, and there was unrest among the locals in this and other local villages.{{sfn \\|Cory \\|1985 \\|p\\=54}} Although Vermeuden had been successful in carrying out similar works in the [Low Countries](/wiki/Low_Countries \"Low Countries\"), there were issues with those on Hatfield Chase, and remedial action was taken over the next few years. The onset of the [English Civil War](/wiki/English_Civil_War \"English Civil War\") created confusion, and enabled locals to sabotage the works, re\\-flooding parts of the Chase by raising flood gates and breaking down banks and sluices. Riots broke out in 1650, and there was general unrest until matters were resolved in 1719\\.",
"Efforts to improve the drainage of the area were made in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries.{{sfn \\|CAAMS \\|2017 \\|loc\\=Sect 2\\.8}} The engineer [John Smeaton](/wiki/John_Smeaton \"John Smeaton\") was asked to advise on improvements in the 1760s and 1770s. He declared that Misson Deeps and the land near Bull Hassocks were the most difficult to drain, because of the remoteness from an outfall. From Misson, the water was carried by the Snow Sewer to an outfall at Ferry Sluice on the [River Trent](/wiki/River_Trent \"River Trent\"), but Smeaton's recommendations for improvements to the Snow Sewer were not implemented.{{sfn \\|Cory \\|1985 \\|p\\=83}} The Participants continued to manage the drainage scheme until 1862, when an [Act of Parliament](/wiki/Act_of_Parliament \"Act of Parliament\") was obtained to create the Corporation of the Level of Hatfield Chase. Although owners of *scotted* land were still required to pay *scots* and other rates, the Act enabled the Corporation to collect rates from all areas which benefitted from the drainage, but where the land was not *scotted*. Misson was one of 21 townships or parishes which were then required to pay drainage rates.",
"Following the passing of the [Land Drainage Act 1930](/wiki/Land_Drainage_Act_1930 \"Land Drainage Act 1930\"), responsibility for the management of drainage passed to [Internal Drainage Boards](/wiki/Internal_Drainage_Board \"Internal Drainage Board\") (IDBs), and in Misson's case, this was the Finningley IDB. They managed the drainage of most of the parish, although not the slightly higher ground on which the village centre stands. In 2012, Finningley IDB merged with six other internal drainage boards to form the Doncaster East IDB. Water levels are maintained largely by pumping stations. Idle Stop pumping station is located on the banks of the River Idle on the eastern border of the parish, and pumps water from the Cow Pasture Drain, which runs west to east, and the South Idle Drain, which runs north to south. Austerfield Drain runs along the western edge of the parish, and is pumped into the Idle by Newington Pumping Station. Further north, the parish is crossed by Snow Sewer, Owl Drain and Sanderson's Bank South Drain, which are pumped into the Warping Drain by Park Drain Pumping Station, located just to the east of the parish boundary.{{sfn \\|Toop \\|2010 \\|p\\=2}}Ordnance Survey, 1:25,000 map",
"### Railways",
"Misson has been served by two railways in the past. The first was the Gainsborough to Doncaster line of the [Great Northern Railway](/wiki/Lincolnshire_lines_of_the_Great_Northern_Railway \"Lincolnshire lines of the Great Northern Railway\"). This opened in 1867, and crossed the northern tip of the parish.{{sfn \\|Wrottesley \\|1979 \\|p\\=166}} There were level crossings at Beech Hill, on the road northwards from Misson Springs, and at {{rws\\|Park Drain}}, on the road to Idle Stop. There was no passenger station, but there were sidings at the latter, which were known as Park Drain Sidings.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.old\\-maps.co.uk/\\#/Map/472530/398646/12/100251 \\|title\\=OS County Series 1:2500 map \\|publisher\\=Ordnance Survey \\|year\\=1886}} In 1893, exploratory borings to test for coal were made near Idle Stop by George Dunston, and coal seams were found at depths of {{convert\\|3142\\|ft\\|m}} and {{convert\\|3185\\|ft\\|m}}.{{sfn \\|Gibson \\|1913 \\|p\\=62}} A passenger station opened at the site three years later, and is shown on the 1899 map.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.old\\-maps.co.uk/\\#/Map/472514/398650/12/100515 \\|title\\=OS County Series 1:2500 map \\|publisher\\=Ordnance Survey \\|year\\=1899}} Dunston was a Colliery proprietor and mining engineer, and in 1897 applied for a licence to serve alcohol at a hotel he was planning to build at Park Drain. The initial exploration had been undertaken by Dunston, Arthur Wilson and the Duke of Portland, and the application was supported by 65 local landowners, just five of whom owned {{convert\\|2500\\|acre\\|ha}} near the site of the hotel. The licence was granted on the basis that coal mining was expected to start almost immediately.{{cite news \\|title\\=Brewster Sessions \\|work\\=Stamford Mercury \\|date\\=1 October 1897}}",
"The Park Drain Hotel was completed by 1899, when Dunston held a dinner there, to outline his plans for the future. A local newspaper noted that the hotel stood in an isolated position, with only some railway men's cottages and a signal box nearby. Dunston expected that a large village or small town would soon be developed near the hotel, as coal mining began. The station served the people of Westwoodside, and the hotel was owned by Whitworth Breweries. It is not clear whether the station was in full operation at that time, as Dunston noted that some of his friends were missing from the dinner, because the railway company would not stop the train on which they were travelling at Park Drain.{{cite news \\|title\\=Park Drain Hotel \\|work\\=Epworth Bells, Crowle and Isle of Axholme Messenger \\|date\\=8 July 1899}} The start of the First World War and issues with drainage meant that the mining scheme was abandoned. Passenger services were withdrawn in 1955, and freight followed in 1964,{{PastScape \\|mnumber\\=509159 \\|mname\\=Park Drain Station \\|accessdate\\=24 January 2020}} but the hotel continued to trade until the 1990s, despite its isolated location. Since 2003, it has been used as offices.",
"The second railway was the [Bawtry to Haxey railway line](/wiki/Bawtry_to_Haxey_railway_line \"Bawtry to Haxey railway line\"), which had originally been proposed as the Tickhill Light Railway in 1901\\. However, that scheme foundered, and when the Great Northern Railway built it, the link to Tickhill was omitted. The ambitions for it to be a major route for the transport of coal were replaced by it being little more than an agricultural siding, usually known as the Misson Branch. The line was a little under {{convert\\|8\\|mi\\|km}} long, with a goods depot at Misson, and opened on 12 August 1912\\. At some point prior to 1923, much of the line to the east of Misson was lifted, and there are stories that the materials were shipped to France during the First World War, but no hard documentary evidence to prove it. There was a private siding at the goods station, for Yorkshire Amalgamated Products, and another private siding to the west of the village centre, serving William Oates's sand quarry.{{sfn \\|Squires \\|1988 \\|p\\=22}}",
"The branch became part of the [London and North Eastern Railway](/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway \"London and North Eastern Railway\") in 1923, and a speed limit of {{convert\\|25\\|mph\\|kph}} was enforced. By 1960 this had been reduced to {{convert\\|15\\|mph\\|kph}}. There were several ungated level crossings between Bawtry and Misson, and only Station Road at Misson had the benefit of gates. Drivers were told to slow down to {{convert\\|10\\|mph\\|kph}} at them, and to be prepared to stop if necessary. Misson had a simple loop line, and Squires says that this usually meant that the train, which had arrived with the engine at the front, would be propelled back to Bawtry, with the engine at the rear.{{sfn \\|Squires \\|1988 \\|p\\=23}} However, the 1964 map shows a much longer loop to the north of the tracks as well as the short loop to the south.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.old\\-maps.co.uk/\\#/Map/469036/395534/12/100954 \\|title\\=OS County Series map, 1:2500 \\|year\\=1964 \\|publisher\\=Ordnance Survey}} Prior to the nationalisation of the railways in 1948, agricultural and sand traffic was sufficient that two return trips were made on most days, but by the 1960s, trains were operated \"as required\" and were fairly infrequent. Soon afterwards, the line slipped into oblivion, and even the date of its closure is uncertain, with some sources quoting 7 December 1964,{{sfn \\|Squires \\|1988 \\|p\\=23}} and others 1 April 1965\\.{{sfn \\|Barnett \\|1984 \\|p\\=43}} In May 1966, the Eastern Ragion of [British Railways](/wiki/British_Railways \"British Railways\") produced a plan of parts of the line, when they were about to sell {{convert\\|2\\|mi\\|77\\|ch\\|km}} of it to Nottinghamshire Crop Driers of Misson.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://picclick.co.uk/BRER\\-Diagram\\-of\\-Misson\\-Branch\\-ex\\-Nottinghamshire\\-Crop\\-312926007912\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119092323/https://picclick.co.uk/BRER\\-Diagram\\-of\\-Misson\\-Branch\\-ex\\-Nottinghamshire\\-Crop\\-312926007912\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=19 January 2020 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|title\\=Diagram of Misson Branch \\|publisher\\=British Railways \\|date\\=May 1966}}",
""
] |
Plot summary
------------
Devi was a celestial warrior goddess created by the gods to fight the renegade god [Bala](/wiki/Bala_%28Virgin_Comics%29 "Bala (Virgin Comics)") in the [2nd century](/wiki/2nd_century "2nd century") of man. When Bala rose again to threaten the universe, Devi was reborn within the body of a young woman named Tara Mehta.
The Devi entity had emerged within a warrior\-woman of the Durapasya (human warriors of light) clan. She had led the armies of the gods and men on an all\-out assault on Bala's Fortress.
After defeating Bala through hand\-to\-hand combat, which led to the fallen god being blinded, captured, and imprisoned by Bodha, the supreme Lord of creation inside Jwala, the fortress of fire and stone (hidden deep within the earth) she had created a source to hold the prayers of humanity and channel them to Akashik, the story's representation of heaven, thus replenishing the powers of the other pure gods.
The key to Bala's sarcophagus prison was entrusted to a creature of fire and stone called the Gatekeeper.
In the present, a woman by the name of [Tara Mehta](/wiki/Tara_Mehta "Tara Mehta"), who is the unawakened Devi incarnate, lives a posh lifestyle alongside her boyfriend [Iyam](/wiki/Iyam "Iyam") (who was the former favorite general of Bala during the ancient battle, and currently Sitapur's most notorious ganglord). He also owns “the Abyss” night club.
An investigation by Inspector Rahul Singh, a functioning alcoholic of the Sitapur police who drinks alcohol in order to self\-medicate an overactive supernatural ability, leads to pinpointing Iyam as a culprit. Meanwhile, [Kratha](/wiki/Kratha "Kratha"), an Apsara \- an assassin of heaven hired by Lord Bala using a woman named Amara Gaelle \- goes to try to eliminate Tara Mehta before she becomes Devi. However, she is unsuccessful as the [Durapasya](/wiki/Durapasya "Durapasya") kidnap and drug her before she can kill her target.
Tara comes into contact with the first Devi who attempts to lead Tara on the road to rebirth as the Devi. Inspector Rahul Singh follows Iyam to a private meeting with [Amara](/wiki/Amara_%28Virgin_comics%29 "Amara (Virgin comics)") where he learns of the supposed assassination attempt.
Iyam and Kratha come to a truce ending with Iyam paying Kratha double the amount of what she was paid by her previous master. Amara, Lord Bala's contact, kills 2 of Iyam's bodyguards who had captured Inspector Rahul thus freeing him and seemingly following her own agenda.
|
[
"Plot summary\n------------",
"Devi was a celestial warrior goddess created by the gods to fight the renegade god [Bala](/wiki/Bala_%28Virgin_Comics%29 \"Bala (Virgin Comics)\") in the [2nd century](/wiki/2nd_century \"2nd century\") of man. When Bala rose again to threaten the universe, Devi was reborn within the body of a young woman named Tara Mehta.",
"The Devi entity had emerged within a warrior\\-woman of the Durapasya (human warriors of light) clan. She had led the armies of the gods and men on an all\\-out assault on Bala's Fortress.",
"After defeating Bala through hand\\-to\\-hand combat, which led to the fallen god being blinded, captured, and imprisoned by Bodha, the supreme Lord of creation inside Jwala, the fortress of fire and stone (hidden deep within the earth) she had created a source to hold the prayers of humanity and channel them to Akashik, the story's representation of heaven, thus replenishing the powers of the other pure gods.\n \nThe key to Bala's sarcophagus prison was entrusted to a creature of fire and stone called the Gatekeeper.",
"In the present, a woman by the name of [Tara Mehta](/wiki/Tara_Mehta \"Tara Mehta\"), who is the unawakened Devi incarnate, lives a posh lifestyle alongside her boyfriend [Iyam](/wiki/Iyam \"Iyam\") (who was the former favorite general of Bala during the ancient battle, and currently Sitapur's most notorious ganglord). He also owns “the Abyss” night club.",
"An investigation by Inspector Rahul Singh, a functioning alcoholic of the Sitapur police who drinks alcohol in order to self\\-medicate an overactive supernatural ability, leads to pinpointing Iyam as a culprit. Meanwhile, [Kratha](/wiki/Kratha \"Kratha\"), an Apsara \\- an assassin of heaven hired by Lord Bala using a woman named Amara Gaelle \\- goes to try to eliminate Tara Mehta before she becomes Devi. However, she is unsuccessful as the [Durapasya](/wiki/Durapasya \"Durapasya\") kidnap and drug her before she can kill her target.",
"Tara comes into contact with the first Devi who attempts to lead Tara on the road to rebirth as the Devi. Inspector Rahul Singh follows Iyam to a private meeting with [Amara](/wiki/Amara_%28Virgin_comics%29 \"Amara (Virgin comics)\") where he learns of the supposed assassination attempt.",
"Iyam and Kratha come to a truce ending with Iyam paying Kratha double the amount of what she was paid by her previous master. Amara, Lord Bala's contact, kills 2 of Iyam's bodyguards who had captured Inspector Rahul thus freeing him and seemingly following her own agenda.",
""
] |
Issues
------
**Issue \#1 \- [BHAIRAVI](/wiki/BHAIRAVI "BHAIRAVI")**
(Title meaning in English : The terrifying beauty)
writer : [Siddharth Kotian](/wiki/Siddharth_Kotian "Siddharth Kotian")
artist : Mukesh Singh
The story of the original Devi and her battle against [Bala](/wiki/Bala_%28comics%29 "Bala (comics)") and his hordes in the 2nd century of man.
**Issue \#2 \- [DWIJA](/wiki/DWIJA "DWIJA")**
(Title meaning in English : Twice born)
writer : [Siddharth Kotian](/wiki/Siddharth_Kotian "Siddharth Kotian")
artist : Mukesh Singh
Return of Bala in modern times and introduction of [Tara Mehta](/wiki/Tara_Mehta "Tara Mehta"), the devi incarnate in the city of Sitapur
**Issue \#3 \- [NAMAHA](/wiki/NAMAHA "NAMAHA")**
(Title meaning in English : Salutation)
writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu "Samit Basu")
artist : Mukesh Singh
Tara is kidnapped by the [Durapasya](/wiki/Durapasya "Durapasya"), a cult of devi worshippers who initiate her transformation. The [Apsara](/wiki/Apsara "Apsara") assassin [Kratha](/wiki/Kratha "Kratha") arrives in [Sitapur](/wiki/Sitapur "Sitapur") to kill [Tara Mehta](/wiki/Tara_Mehta "Tara Mehta")
**Issue \#4 \- [PRARAMBH](/wiki/PRARAMBH "PRARAMBH")**
(Title meaning in English : Beginning)
writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu "Samit Basu")
artist : Mukesh Singh
Tara is attacked by Kratha while still in trance and the priest [Agantuk](/wiki/Agantuk "Agantuk") whisks her away in the nick of time to Durapasya headquarters.
**Issue \#5 \- [AAGAMAN](/wiki/AAGAMAN "AAGAMAN")**
(Title meaning in English : Arrival)
writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu "Samit Basu")
artist : Mukesh Singh
Tara's transformation into devi is complete, but as [Kratha](/wiki/Kratha "Kratha") and [Iyam](/wiki/Iyam "Iyam") storm the [Durapasya](/wiki/Durapasya "Durapasya") temple, the human and the divine coexist in Tara.
**Issue \#6 \- [SAMSARA](/wiki/SAMSARA "SAMSARA")**
(Title meaning in English : The world at large)
writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu "Samit Basu")
artist : [Aditya Chari](/wiki/Aditya_Chari "Aditya Chari")
**Issue \#7 \- [SANDEHA](/wiki/SANDEHA "SANDEHA")**
(Title meaning in English : Doubt)
writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu "Samit Basu")
artist : [Aditya Chari](/wiki/Aditya_Chari "Aditya Chari")
**Issue \#8 \- [AKS](/wiki/Aks_%28Devi%29 "Aks (Devi)")**
(Title meaning in English : Reflection)
writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu "Samit Basu")
artist : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel "Saumin Patel")
**Issue \#9 \- [YUDH](/wiki/YUDH "YUDH")**
(Title meaning in English : War)
writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu "Samit Basu")
artist : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel "Saumin Patel")
Battle royale between the forces of Durapasya and Bala's hordes begin.
**Issue \#10 \- [SAMVARA](/wiki/SAMVARA "SAMVARA")**
(Title meaning in English : The slaying)
writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu "Samit Basu")
artist : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel "Saumin Patel")
The battle between Tara and Bala.
**Issue \#11 \- [ATEETA](/wiki/ATEETA "ATEETA")**
(Title meaning in English : The past)
writer : [Saurav Mohapatra](/wiki/Saurav_Mohapatra "Saurav Mohapatra")
artist(s) : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel "Saumin Patel") [Siddharth Kotian](/wiki/Siddharth_Kotian "Siddharth Kotian") [Edison George](/wiki/Edison_George "Edison George")
An enigmatic supernatural being is drawn towards the new DEVI and we get glimpses of Tara, Rahul and Kratha's past through his eyes.
**Issue \#12 \- [AHWAAN](/wiki/AHWAAN "AHWAAN")**
(Title meaning in English : The call)
writer : [Saurav Mohapatra](/wiki/Saurav_Mohapatra "Saurav Mohapatra")
artist(s) : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel "Saumin Patel")
Tara learns to control her DEVI powers to some degree and fights a dreaded mob boss who is trying to gain control of the Sitapur underworld.
**Issue \#13**
writer : [Saurav Mohapatra](/wiki/Saurav_Mohapatra "Saurav Mohapatra")
artist(s) : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel "Saumin Patel")
Tara and Kratha clash as the White Horseman manifests in Rahul's body declaring his intention to kill the DEVI, who he considers an abomination.
**Issue \#14,15 \& 16**
These have been released. Please update the review of the same.
|
[
"Issues\n------",
"**Issue \\#1 \\- [BHAIRAVI](/wiki/BHAIRAVI \"BHAIRAVI\")** \n(Title meaning in English : The terrifying beauty)",
"writer : [Siddharth Kotian](/wiki/Siddharth_Kotian \"Siddharth Kotian\")\nartist : Mukesh Singh",
"The story of the original Devi and her battle against [Bala](/wiki/Bala_%28comics%29 \"Bala (comics)\") and his hordes in the 2nd century of man.",
"**Issue \\#2 \\- [DWIJA](/wiki/DWIJA \"DWIJA\")** \n(Title meaning in English : Twice born)",
"writer : [Siddharth Kotian](/wiki/Siddharth_Kotian \"Siddharth Kotian\")\nartist : Mukesh Singh",
"Return of Bala in modern times and introduction of [Tara Mehta](/wiki/Tara_Mehta \"Tara Mehta\"), the devi incarnate in the city of Sitapur",
"**Issue \\#3 \\- [NAMAHA](/wiki/NAMAHA \"NAMAHA\")** \n(Title meaning in English : Salutation)",
"writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu \"Samit Basu\")\nartist : Mukesh Singh",
"Tara is kidnapped by the [Durapasya](/wiki/Durapasya \"Durapasya\"), a cult of devi worshippers who initiate her transformation. The [Apsara](/wiki/Apsara \"Apsara\") assassin [Kratha](/wiki/Kratha \"Kratha\") arrives in [Sitapur](/wiki/Sitapur \"Sitapur\") to kill [Tara Mehta](/wiki/Tara_Mehta \"Tara Mehta\")",
"**Issue \\#4 \\- [PRARAMBH](/wiki/PRARAMBH \"PRARAMBH\")** \n(Title meaning in English : Beginning)",
"writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu \"Samit Basu\")\nartist : Mukesh Singh",
"Tara is attacked by Kratha while still in trance and the priest [Agantuk](/wiki/Agantuk \"Agantuk\") whisks her away in the nick of time to Durapasya headquarters.",
"**Issue \\#5 \\- [AAGAMAN](/wiki/AAGAMAN \"AAGAMAN\")** \n(Title meaning in English : Arrival)",
"writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu \"Samit Basu\")\nartist : Mukesh Singh",
"Tara's transformation into devi is complete, but as [Kratha](/wiki/Kratha \"Kratha\") and [Iyam](/wiki/Iyam \"Iyam\") storm the [Durapasya](/wiki/Durapasya \"Durapasya\") temple, the human and the divine coexist in Tara.",
"**Issue \\#6 \\- [SAMSARA](/wiki/SAMSARA \"SAMSARA\")** \n(Title meaning in English : The world at large)",
"writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu \"Samit Basu\")\nartist : [Aditya Chari](/wiki/Aditya_Chari \"Aditya Chari\")",
"**Issue \\#7 \\- [SANDEHA](/wiki/SANDEHA \"SANDEHA\")** \n(Title meaning in English : Doubt)",
"writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu \"Samit Basu\")\nartist : [Aditya Chari](/wiki/Aditya_Chari \"Aditya Chari\")",
"**Issue \\#8 \\- [AKS](/wiki/Aks_%28Devi%29 \"Aks (Devi)\")** \n(Title meaning in English : Reflection)",
"writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu \"Samit Basu\")\nartist : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel \"Saumin Patel\")",
"**Issue \\#9 \\- [YUDH](/wiki/YUDH \"YUDH\")** \n(Title meaning in English : War)",
"writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu \"Samit Basu\")\nartist : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel \"Saumin Patel\")",
"Battle royale between the forces of Durapasya and Bala's hordes begin.",
"**Issue \\#10 \\- [SAMVARA](/wiki/SAMVARA \"SAMVARA\")** \n(Title meaning in English : The slaying)",
"writer : [Samit Basu](/wiki/Samit_Basu \"Samit Basu\")\nartist : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel \"Saumin Patel\")",
"The battle between Tara and Bala.",
"**Issue \\#11 \\- [ATEETA](/wiki/ATEETA \"ATEETA\")** \n(Title meaning in English : The past)",
"writer : [Saurav Mohapatra](/wiki/Saurav_Mohapatra \"Saurav Mohapatra\")\nartist(s) : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel \"Saumin Patel\") [Siddharth Kotian](/wiki/Siddharth_Kotian \"Siddharth Kotian\") [Edison George](/wiki/Edison_George \"Edison George\")",
"An enigmatic supernatural being is drawn towards the new DEVI and we get glimpses of Tara, Rahul and Kratha's past through his eyes.",
"**Issue \\#12 \\- [AHWAAN](/wiki/AHWAAN \"AHWAAN\")** \n(Title meaning in English : The call)",
"writer : [Saurav Mohapatra](/wiki/Saurav_Mohapatra \"Saurav Mohapatra\")\nartist(s) : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel \"Saumin Patel\")",
"Tara learns to control her DEVI powers to some degree and fights a dreaded mob boss who is trying to gain control of the Sitapur underworld.",
"**Issue \\#13**",
"writer : [Saurav Mohapatra](/wiki/Saurav_Mohapatra \"Saurav Mohapatra\")\nartist(s) : [Saumin Patel](/wiki/Saumin_Patel \"Saumin Patel\")",
"Tara and Kratha clash as the White Horseman manifests in Rahul's body declaring his intention to kill the DEVI, who he considers an abomination.",
"**Issue \\#14,15 \\& 16**",
"These have been released. Please update the review of the same.",
""
] |
History
-------
Bodie Island was originally known as Bodie's Island or Body's Island and was named for a family of that name, variously written as "Body" "Boddye" "Boddy" and "Bodie" that settled there. Robert Boddy/Boddie emigrated to [Virginia](/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia "Colony of Virginia") from London, England on August 10, 1635, on HMS Safety.{{Cite web\|url\=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/\~hendrycousins/IMMIG/safety1635\.html\|title\=Passengers of Safety 1635}} He settled in [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County%2C_Virginia "Isle of Wight County, Virginia") and some of his descendants later settled in what later became [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") and [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi"). (The Bodie [Plantation](/wiki/Plantation "Plantation"), once was of the largest plantations in Mississippi is now [Tougaloo College](/wiki/Tougaloo_College "Tougaloo College"), an HBCU ([historically black colleges and universities](/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities "Historically black colleges and universities")).
Bodie Island was named for his descendants who settled the area. The family was originally from [Ingatestone](/wiki/Ingatestone "Ingatestone"), [Essex](/wiki/Essex "Essex"), [England](/wiki/England "England") which is where their coat of arms{{cite book \| last\=Boddie \| first\=J.B. \| title\=Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight County, Virginia: A History of the County of Isle of Wight, Virginia, During the Seventeenth Century, Including Abstracts of the County Records \| publisher\=Genealogical Publishing Company \| year\=1973 \| isbn\=978\-0\-8063\-0559\-2 \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Z2AAvycdC94C\&pg\=PA336 \| access\-date\=2023\-11\-12 \| page\=336}}\< originated as well, with an [augmentation](/wiki/Augmentation_%28heraldry%29 "Augmentation (heraldry)") by [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I "Elizabeth I") to John Boddie for service during the naval battle with the [Spanish Armada](/wiki/Spanish_Armada "Spanish Armada"). At that time, three pelicans vulning themselves were added to their coat of arms. The heraldic pelican, one of the few female beasts in heraldry, is shown with a sharp stork\-like beak, which it uses to vuln (pierce or wound) her own breast. This is per the bestiary myth that a female pelican wounded herself thus to feed her chicks. This symbol of sacrifice carries a particular religious meaning (usually a reference to Christ's sacrifice).{{cite web \| url\=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude\_(heraldry)\#Vulning\_/\_In\_Her\_Piety \| title\=Attitude (Heraldry) }}{{Circular reference\|date\=May 2024}}{{cite web \| url\=https://anglicancg.org.au/origins\-of\-the\-vulning\-pelican \| title\=Origins of the Vulning Pelican \| Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn }} In reality, [pelicans](/wiki/Pelicans "Pelicans") masticate food and then feed this bloody liquid from their beaks to their pelican chicks.
The Bodie family history is noted extensively in Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight County, Virginia{{Cite book\|title\=Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight Co., Virginia\|last\=Boddie\|first\=John Bennett\|publisher\=Genealogical Publishing Company\|year\=2009\|isbn\=978\-0806305592\|pages\=322–250}} Folklore sometimes attributes the naming of the island to the dead "bodies" of drowned sailors that washed up from the ships that ran aground and sank off the Outer Banks in what is now known as the [Graveyard of the Atlantic](/wiki/Graveyard_of_the_Atlantic "Graveyard of the Atlantic") but that is incorrect.
Inlets frequently open and close along the [Outer Banks](/wiki/Outer_Banks "Outer Banks"), making landform naming inconsistent. Bodie Island, when it was an island, extended farther south than it does today. The island was originally formed around 1738, when [New Inlet](/wiki/New_Inlet "New Inlet") opened, separating Bodie Island from [Hatteras Island](/wiki/Hatteras_Island "Hatteras Island") to the south. The opening of [Oregon Inlet](/wiki/Oregon_Inlet "Oregon Inlet") in 1846 truncated the southern portion of Bodie Island, forming a new island situated between Bodie and Hatteras. The new barrier island was given the name [Pea Island](/wiki/Pea_Island "Pea Island"), but the wider, more powerful Oregon Inlet led to the eventual closure of New Inlet around 1933\. Pea Island thus became a part of Hatteras Island until 2011 when New Inlet reopened during [Hurricane Irene](/wiki/Hurricane_Irene "Hurricane Irene").
Near the North Carolina\-Virginia state line, the [Currituck Inlet](/wiki/Currituck_Inlet "Currituck Inlet") and [Musketo Inlets](/wiki/Musketo_Inlet "Musketo Inlet") along with [Caffey's Inlet](/wiki/Caffeys_Inlet_Lifesaving_Station "Caffeys Inlet Lifesaving Station") to the south in the vicinity of [Duck](/wiki/Duck%2C_North_Carolina "Duck, North Carolina") once existed, which made the Currituck Banks itself a chain of barrier islands. Currituck Inlet served as the boundary between the two states in the early 18th century.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.surveyhistory.org/va\_\&\_nc\_bounary\_line.htm\|title\=VA \& NC Boundary Line\|website\=www.surveyhistory.org}} The old Currituck Inlet closed around 1728, Caffey's Inlet closed in 1811, New Currituck Inlet had closed by 1828 and Musketo Inlet finally closed in 1882 creating the long peninsula extending from Sandbridge to Oregon Inlet that is seen today.
Explorer [John Lawson](/wiki/John_Lawson_%28explorer%29 "John Lawson (explorer)") mentions Bodies Island just once in his 1709 book *A New Voyage to Carolina*, when discussing [fauna](/wiki/Fauna "Fauna") of North Carolina, in particular, a species of rabbit. He wrote the following: "I was told of several that were upon Bodies Island by Ronoak, which came from that Ship of Bodies." This would indicate that Bodie Island was so named as early as 1709\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Bodie Island was originally known as Bodie's Island or Body's Island and was named for a family of that name, variously written as \"Body\" \"Boddye\" \"Boddy\" and \"Bodie\" that settled there. Robert Boddy/Boddie emigrated to [Virginia](/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia \"Colony of Virginia\") from London, England on August 10, 1635, on HMS Safety.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/\\~hendrycousins/IMMIG/safety1635\\.html\\|title\\=Passengers of Safety 1635}} He settled in [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County%2C_Virginia \"Isle of Wight County, Virginia\") and some of his descendants later settled in what later became [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") and [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\"). (The Bodie [Plantation](/wiki/Plantation \"Plantation\"), once was of the largest plantations in Mississippi is now [Tougaloo College](/wiki/Tougaloo_College \"Tougaloo College\"), an HBCU ([historically black colleges and universities](/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities \"Historically black colleges and universities\")).",
"Bodie Island was named for his descendants who settled the area. The family was originally from [Ingatestone](/wiki/Ingatestone \"Ingatestone\"), [Essex](/wiki/Essex \"Essex\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\") which is where their coat of arms{{cite book \\| last\\=Boddie \\| first\\=J.B. \\| title\\=Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight County, Virginia: A History of the County of Isle of Wight, Virginia, During the Seventeenth Century, Including Abstracts of the County Records \\| publisher\\=Genealogical Publishing Company \\| year\\=1973 \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8063\\-0559\\-2 \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Z2AAvycdC94C\\&pg\\=PA336 \\| access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-12 \\| page\\=336}}\\< originated as well, with an [augmentation](/wiki/Augmentation_%28heraldry%29 \"Augmentation (heraldry)\") by [Elizabeth I](/wiki/Elizabeth_I \"Elizabeth I\") to John Boddie for service during the naval battle with the [Spanish Armada](/wiki/Spanish_Armada \"Spanish Armada\"). At that time, three pelicans vulning themselves were added to their coat of arms. The heraldic pelican, one of the few female beasts in heraldry, is shown with a sharp stork\\-like beak, which it uses to vuln (pierce or wound) her own breast. This is per the bestiary myth that a female pelican wounded herself thus to feed her chicks. This symbol of sacrifice carries a particular religious meaning (usually a reference to Christ's sacrifice).{{cite web \\| url\\=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude\\_(heraldry)\\#Vulning\\_/\\_In\\_Her\\_Piety \\| title\\=Attitude (Heraldry) }}{{Circular reference\\|date\\=May 2024}}{{cite web \\| url\\=https://anglicancg.org.au/origins\\-of\\-the\\-vulning\\-pelican \\| title\\=Origins of the Vulning Pelican \\| Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn }} In reality, [pelicans](/wiki/Pelicans \"Pelicans\") masticate food and then feed this bloody liquid from their beaks to their pelican chicks.",
"The Bodie family history is noted extensively in Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight County, Virginia{{Cite book\\|title\\=Seventeenth Century Isle of Wight Co., Virginia\\|last\\=Boddie\\|first\\=John Bennett\\|publisher\\=Genealogical Publishing Company\\|year\\=2009\\|isbn\\=978\\-0806305592\\|pages\\=322–250}} Folklore sometimes attributes the naming of the island to the dead \"bodies\" of drowned sailors that washed up from the ships that ran aground and sank off the Outer Banks in what is now known as the [Graveyard of the Atlantic](/wiki/Graveyard_of_the_Atlantic \"Graveyard of the Atlantic\") but that is incorrect.",
"Inlets frequently open and close along the [Outer Banks](/wiki/Outer_Banks \"Outer Banks\"), making landform naming inconsistent. Bodie Island, when it was an island, extended farther south than it does today. The island was originally formed around 1738, when [New Inlet](/wiki/New_Inlet \"New Inlet\") opened, separating Bodie Island from [Hatteras Island](/wiki/Hatteras_Island \"Hatteras Island\") to the south. The opening of [Oregon Inlet](/wiki/Oregon_Inlet \"Oregon Inlet\") in 1846 truncated the southern portion of Bodie Island, forming a new island situated between Bodie and Hatteras. The new barrier island was given the name [Pea Island](/wiki/Pea_Island \"Pea Island\"), but the wider, more powerful Oregon Inlet led to the eventual closure of New Inlet around 1933\\. Pea Island thus became a part of Hatteras Island until 2011 when New Inlet reopened during [Hurricane Irene](/wiki/Hurricane_Irene \"Hurricane Irene\").",
"Near the North Carolina\\-Virginia state line, the [Currituck Inlet](/wiki/Currituck_Inlet \"Currituck Inlet\") and [Musketo Inlets](/wiki/Musketo_Inlet \"Musketo Inlet\") along with [Caffey's Inlet](/wiki/Caffeys_Inlet_Lifesaving_Station \"Caffeys Inlet Lifesaving Station\") to the south in the vicinity of [Duck](/wiki/Duck%2C_North_Carolina \"Duck, North Carolina\") once existed, which made the Currituck Banks itself a chain of barrier islands. Currituck Inlet served as the boundary between the two states in the early 18th century.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.surveyhistory.org/va\\_\\&\\_nc\\_bounary\\_line.htm\\|title\\=VA \\& NC Boundary Line\\|website\\=www.surveyhistory.org}} The old Currituck Inlet closed around 1728, Caffey's Inlet closed in 1811, New Currituck Inlet had closed by 1828 and Musketo Inlet finally closed in 1882 creating the long peninsula extending from Sandbridge to Oregon Inlet that is seen today.",
"Explorer [John Lawson](/wiki/John_Lawson_%28explorer%29 \"John Lawson (explorer)\") mentions Bodies Island just once in his 1709 book *A New Voyage to Carolina*, when discussing [fauna](/wiki/Fauna \"Fauna\") of North Carolina, in particular, a species of rabbit. He wrote the following: \"I was told of several that were upon Bodies Island by Ronoak, which came from that Ship of Bodies.\" This would indicate that Bodie Island was so named as early as 1709\\.",
""
] |
Life
----
Zhang was born on 15 June 1918 in [Baoding](/wiki/Baoding "Baoding") in [Hebei Province](/wiki/Hebei_Province "Hebei Province"). She studied painting in the Western style at [Beiping](/wiki/Beiping "Beiping")'s National Arts School. She completed the course in 1935\. After joining the Communist Party in 1937 she joined the Chinese Drama Society and after she completed her course in 1936 she was employed on the stage.
During the [war with Japan](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War") she performed to support the national effort to resist the Japanese invasion.[Zhang Ruifang](http://wiki.china.org.cn/wiki/index.php/Zhang_Ruifang), China.org.cn, Retrieved 14 June 2016 During the war she took the lead in her first film. The director [Sun Yu](/wiki/Sun_Yu_%28director%29 "Sun Yu (director)") cast her as a double agent in the film *Baptism of Fire*. By 1943 she was married for the second time to [Jin Shan](/wiki/Jin_Shan "Jin Shan") who served as a spy for the communist party. Her next role was not until after the war in 1946 when her performance in *On Songhua River* was well received. Zhang modelled her acting persona on her role model [Ingrid Bergman](/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman "Ingrid Bergman").
In 1963, Zhang won [Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actress](/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Award_for_Best_Actress "Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actress") for her household character in comedy *[Li Shuangshuang](/wiki/Li_Shuangshuang "Li Shuangshuang")*.[中国第一代才艺双馨女星](http://jiamusi.dbw.cn/system/2011/05/20/053177246.shtml) Jiamusi Daily May 20, 2011 She is considered to be of the "four great drama actresses" in China ({{lang\|zh\|四大名旦}}), along with [Bai Yang](/wiki/Bai_Yang_%28actress%29 "Bai Yang (actress)"), [Shu Xiuwen](/wiki/Shu_Xiuwen "Shu Xiuwen") and [Qin Yi](/wiki/Qin_Yi "Qin Yi").[影剧四大名旦](http://www.hao1111.cn/plus/view.php?aid=13425) 名人传记 March 08, 2011 Zhang's portrayal and the film were praised by the premier [Zhou Enlai](/wiki/Zhou_Enlai "Zhou Enlai"). Zhang played a character who took an equal role to the men in the story. She completed ten more films before she retired from acting in 1982\.
After she retired she took an interest in politics. She served on the National Committees of the [Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference](/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference "Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference") three times. She was also on national committees for women and another for art and literature.
During the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution "Cultural Revolution"), Zhang was imprisoned for a year, but she suffered less than some of her contemporaries as some spent six years in captivity.[The Last Reservoir of Glamour From China’s ‘Four Great Actresses’](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/01/world/asia/the-last-reservoir-of-glamour-from-chinas-four-great-actresses.html?_r=0), 30 November 2015, Jane Perlez, NYTimes, Retrieved 14 June 2016\.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Zhang was born on 15 June 1918 in [Baoding](/wiki/Baoding \"Baoding\") in [Hebei Province](/wiki/Hebei_Province \"Hebei Province\"). She studied painting in the Western style at [Beiping](/wiki/Beiping \"Beiping\")'s National Arts School. She completed the course in 1935\\. After joining the Communist Party in 1937 she joined the Chinese Drama Society and after she completed her course in 1936 she was employed on the stage.",
"During the [war with Japan](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\") she performed to support the national effort to resist the Japanese invasion.[Zhang Ruifang](http://wiki.china.org.cn/wiki/index.php/Zhang_Ruifang), China.org.cn, Retrieved 14 June 2016 During the war she took the lead in her first film. The director [Sun Yu](/wiki/Sun_Yu_%28director%29 \"Sun Yu (director)\") cast her as a double agent in the film *Baptism of Fire*. By 1943 she was married for the second time to [Jin Shan](/wiki/Jin_Shan \"Jin Shan\") who served as a spy for the communist party. Her next role was not until after the war in 1946 when her performance in *On Songhua River* was well received. Zhang modelled her acting persona on her role model [Ingrid Bergman](/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman \"Ingrid Bergman\").",
"In 1963, Zhang won [Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actress](/wiki/Hundred_Flowers_Award_for_Best_Actress \"Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actress\") for her household character in comedy *[Li Shuangshuang](/wiki/Li_Shuangshuang \"Li Shuangshuang\")*.[中国第一代才艺双馨女星](http://jiamusi.dbw.cn/system/2011/05/20/053177246.shtml) Jiamusi Daily May 20, 2011 She is considered to be of the \"four great drama actresses\" in China ({{lang\\|zh\\|四大名旦}}), along with [Bai Yang](/wiki/Bai_Yang_%28actress%29 \"Bai Yang (actress)\"), [Shu Xiuwen](/wiki/Shu_Xiuwen \"Shu Xiuwen\") and [Qin Yi](/wiki/Qin_Yi \"Qin Yi\").[影剧四大名旦](http://www.hao1111.cn/plus/view.php?aid=13425) 名人传记 March 08, 2011 Zhang's portrayal and the film were praised by the premier [Zhou Enlai](/wiki/Zhou_Enlai \"Zhou Enlai\"). Zhang played a character who took an equal role to the men in the story. She completed ten more films before she retired from acting in 1982\\.",
"After she retired she took an interest in politics. She served on the National Committees of the [Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference](/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference \"Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\") three times. She was also on national committees for women and another for art and literature.",
"During the [Cultural Revolution](/wiki/Cultural_Revolution \"Cultural Revolution\"), Zhang was imprisoned for a year, but she suffered less than some of her contemporaries as some spent six years in captivity.[The Last Reservoir of Glamour From China’s ‘Four Great Actresses’](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/01/world/asia/the-last-reservoir-of-glamour-from-chinas-four-great-actresses.html?_r=0), 30 November 2015, Jane Perlez, NYTimes, Retrieved 14 June 2016\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
Prior to the introduction of Access, [Borland](/wiki/Borland "Borland") (with [Paradox](/wiki/Paradox_%28database%29 "Paradox (database)")), [Ashton\-Tate](/wiki/Ashton-Tate "Ashton-Tate") (with [dBase](/wiki/DBase "DBase"), acquired by Borland in 1991\) and Fox (with [FoxPro](/wiki/Visual_FoxPro "Visual FoxPro")) dominated the desktop database market. Microsoft Access was the first mass\-market database program for Windows. With Microsoft's purchase of FoxPro in 1992 and the incorporation of Fox's Rushmore [query optimization](/wiki/Query_optimization "Query optimization") routines into Access, Microsoft Access quickly became the dominant database for Windows—effectively eliminating the competition which failed to transition from the [MS\-DOS](/wiki/MS-DOS "MS-DOS") world.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/history/index.html\|title\=Microsoft Access History\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} In the 1980s, Microsoft Access referred to an unrelated telecommunication program that provided terminal emulation and interfaces for ease of use in accessing online services such as [Dow Jones](/wiki/Dow_Jones_News/Retrieval "Dow Jones News/Retrieval"), [Compuserve](/wiki/CompuServe "CompuServe") and electronic mailbox.{{Cite book \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Wcv9oIHOrjQC\&pg\=PA139 \|title\=PC Mag \|date\=1985\-10\-15 \|publisher\=Ziff Davis, Inc. \|language\=en}}{{Cite web \|title\=Microsoft Access Business Information Access Program 1\.0x \|url\=https://winworldpc.com/product/microsoft\_access\_business\_information\_access\_program/10x \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-23 \|website\=WinWorld}}
### Project Omega
Microsoft's first attempt to sell a [relational database](/wiki/Relational_database "Relational database") product was during the mid 1980s, when Microsoft obtained the license to sell [R:Base](/wiki/R:Base "Base").{{cite web \| title \= Jet Engine: History \| author \= Goodhew, Tony \|year\=1996\| url \= http://www.avdf.com/nov96/acc\_jet.html \| access\-date \= January 2, 2011 }} In the late 1980s Microsoft developed its own solution codenamed Omega.{{cite web \| title \= The Birth of Visual Basic \| author \= Ferguson, Scott \| url \= http://www.forestmoon.com/birthofvb/birthofvb.html}} It was confirmed in 1988 that a database product for Windows and [OS/2](/wiki/OS/2 "OS/2") was in development.{{Cite news
\| title \= Microsoft Works on SAA Database
\| first1 \= Mark
\| last1 \= Brownstein
\| first2 \= Stuart J.
\| last2 \= Johnston
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= November 14, 1988
\| page \= 5
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=wTsEAAAAMBAJ
}}{{Cite news
\| title \= Microsoft Puts Finishing Touches on Windows Applications
\| first \= Mark
\| last \= Brownstein
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= February 13, 1989
\| page \= 5
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=QDoEAAAAMBAJ
}} It was going to include the "EB" Embedded Basic language, which was going to be the language for writing macros in all Microsoft applications,{{Cite news
\| title \= Microsoft Applications to Share Macro Language
\| first \= Laurie
\| last \= Flynn
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= May 8, 1989
\| page \=1
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=RzoEAAAAMBAJ
}} but the unification of macro languages did not happen until the introduction of [Visual Basic for Applications](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications "Visual Basic for Applications") (VBA). Omega was also expected to provide a front end to the [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server "Microsoft SQL Server").{{Cite news
\| title \= Microsoft Waits on SQL Front Ends
\| first \= Laurie
\| last \= Flynn
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= August 21, 1989
\| page \= 109
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=rjAEAAAAMBAJ
}} The application was very resource\-intensive, and there were reports that it was working slowly on the [386](/wiki/Intel_80386 "Intel 80386") processors that were available at the time.{{Cite news
\| title \= Gates Claims That 80286 Systems Are No Longer His Babies
\| first \= Robert X.
\| last \= Cringely
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= September 4, 1989
\| page \= 82
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=rDAEAAAAMBAJ
}} It was scheduled to be released in the 1st quarter of 1990,{{Cite news
\| title \= No Way, the PC Industry Will Always Be Dominated By Doritos
\| first \= Robert X.
\| last \= Cringely
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= July 31, 1989
\| page \= 86
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=tjAEAAAAMBAJ
}} but in 1989 the development of the product was reset{{Cite news
\| title \= Lotus Exec Tells of Ordeal: "Aliens Force Me to Use MS Windows"
\| first \= Robert X.
\| last \= Cringely
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= October 16, 1989
\| page \= 106
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=nDAEAAAAMBAJ
}} and it was rescheduled to be delivered no sooner than in January 1991\.{{Cite news
\| title \= Elvis, Now a Vegas Parking Lot Attendant, Further Delays Intel 486
\| first \= Robert X.
\| last \= Cringely
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= November 20, 1989
\| page \= 106
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=qDAEAAAAMBAJ
}} Parts of the project were later used for other Microsoft projects: Cirrus (codename for Access) and Thunder (codename for [Visual Basic](/wiki/Visual_Basic "Visual Basic"), where the Embedded Basic engine was used). After Access's premiere, the Omega project was demonstrated in 1992 to several journalists and included features that were not available in Access.{{Cite news
\| title \= Microsoft demos its ill\-fated Omega
\| first \= Scott
\| last \= Mace
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= November 30, 1992
\| page \= 16
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=L1EEAAAAMBAJ\&pg\=PA16
}}
### Project Cirrus
After the Omega project was scrapped, some of its developers were assigned to the Cirrus project (most were assigned to the team which created Visual Basic). Its goal was to create a competitor for applications like [Paradox](/wiki/Paradox_%28database%29 "Paradox (database)") or dBase that would work on Windows.{{Cite news
\| title \= Microsoft's Fox purchase stirs up the XBase market
\| first1 \= Lisa
\| last1 \= Picarille
\| first2 \= Scott
\| last2 \= Mace
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= March 30, 1992
\| page \= 1
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=5j0EAAAAMBAJ
\| quote \= Cirrus (...) will go head\-to\-head with Paradox and Metaphor Computer Systems' Metaphor program.
}} After Microsoft acquired [FoxPro](/wiki/FoxPro_2 "FoxPro 2"), there were rumors that the Microsoft project might get replaced with it,{{Cite news
\| title \= Whatever costume Eckhard wears is likely to scare Silicon Graphics
\| first \= Robert X.
\| last \= Cringely
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= November 4, 1991
\| page \= 118
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=Xz0EAAAAMBAJ
\| quote \= (...) rumor (...) that FoxPro might replace Redmond's long\-delayed database, now code\-named Cirrus.
}} but the company decided to develop them in parallel. It was assumed that the project would make use of [Extensible Storage Engine](/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine "Extensible Storage Engine") (Jet Blue){{Cite news
\| title \= Microsoft creating API to complement ODBC
\| first \= Scott
\| last \= Mace
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= June 29, 1992
\| page \= 1
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=blEEAAAAMBAJ
\| quote \= Open ISAM support will be in Microsoft's forthcomming Cirrus DBMS for Windows.
}} but, in the end, only support for [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine "Jet Database Engine") (Jet Red) was provided. The project used some of the code from both the Omega project and a pre\-release version of Visual Basic. In July 1992, betas of Cirrus shipped to developers{{Cite news
\| title \= Developers get beta version of Microsoft DBMS
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| date \= July 13, 1992
\| page \= 3
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=elEEAAAAMBAJ
}} and the name Access became the official name of the product.{{Cite news
\| title \= Cirrus dubbed Access; faster beta released
\| newspaper \= InfoWorld
\| first \= Stuart J.
\| last \= Johnston
\| date \= July 20, 1998
\| page \= 1
\| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=IlEEAAAAMBAJ
}} "Access" was originally used for an older terminal emulation program from Microsoft. Years after the program was abandoned, they decided to reuse the name here.{{cite web\|url\=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20060413\-09/?p\=31543\|title\=Where did the name for Microsoft Access come from?\|publisher\=Microsoft\|work\=The Old New Thing\|date\=April 13, 2006\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}}
### Timeline
[thumb\|89x89px\|Access' logo for [Office 2000](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2000 "Microsoft Office 2000") and [Office XP](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XP "Microsoft Office XP")](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Office_Access_%282000%E2%80%9303%29.svg "Microsoft Office Access (2000–03).svg")
Microsoft released Access version 1\.0 on November 13, 1992, and an Access 1\.1 release in May 1993 to improve compatibility with other Microsoft products and to include the Access Basic programming language.
With Access v2\.0, Microsoft specified the minimum hardware requirements to be Microsoft Windows v3\.1 with 4 MB of [RAM](/wiki/Random_Access_Memory "Random Access Memory") required, 6 MB RAM recommended; 8 MB of available [hard disk](/wiki/Hard_disk "Hard disk") space required, 14 MB hard disk space recommended. The product shipped on seven 1\.44 MB diskettes. The manual shows a 1994 copyright date.
As a part of the Microsoft Office 4\.3 Professional with Book Shelf, Microsoft Access 2\.0 was included with first sample databases "NorthWind Trader" which covered every possible aspect of programming your own database. The Northwind Traders sample first introduced the Main Switchboard features new to Access 2\.0 for 1994\.
The photo of Andrew Fuller, record \#2 of that sample database, was the individual that presented and worked with Microsoft to provide such an outstanding example database.
With Office 95, Microsoft Access 7\.0 (a.k.a. "Access 95") became part of the Microsoft Office Professional Suite, joining Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint and transitioning from Access Basic to VBA. Since then, Microsoft has released new versions of Microsoft Access with each release of Microsoft Office. This includes Access 97 (version 8\.0\), Access 2000 (version 9\.0\), Access 2002 (version 10\.0\), Access 2003 (version 11\.5\), Access 2007 (version 12\.0\), Access 2010 (version 14\.0\), Access 2013 (version 15\.0\), and Access 2016 (version 16\.0\).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.fmsinc.com/microsoftaccess/history/versions.htm\|title\=Microsoft Access Version Releases, Service Packs, Hotfixes, and Updates History\|publisher\=FMS\|access\-date\=20 August 2023}}
Versions 3\.0 and 3\.5 of [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine "Jet Database Engine") (used by Access 7\.0 and the later\-released Access 97, respectively) had a critical issue which made these versions of Access unusable on a computer with more than 1 GB of memory.["Out of memory" error starting Microsoft Access](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/161255) While Microsoft fixed this problem for Jet 3\.5/Access 97 post\-release, it never fixed the issue with Jet 3\.0/Access 95\.
The native Access database format (the Jet MDB Database) has also evolved over the years. Formats include Access 1\.0, 1\.1, 2\.0, 7\.0, 97, 2000, 2002, and 2007\. The most significant transition was from the Access 97 to the Access 2000 format; which is not [backward compatible](/wiki/Backward_compatibility "Backward compatibility") with earlier versions of Access. {{asof\|2011\|post\=,}} all newer versions of Access support the Access 2000 format. New features were added to the Access 2002 format which can be used by Access 2002, 2003, 2007, and 2010\.
Microsoft Access 2000 increased the maximum database size to 2 GB from 1 GB in Access 97\.
Microsoft Access 2007 introduced a new database format: ACCDB. It supports links to [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint "SharePoint") lists and complex [data types](/wiki/Data_type "Data type") such as multi\-value and attachment fields. These new field types are essentially recordsets in fields and allow the storage of multiple values or files in one field. Microsoft Access 2007 also introduced File Attachment field, which stored data more efficiently than the [OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)](/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding "Object Linking and Embedding") field.
[thumb\|89x89px\|The logo for Access from 2013 to 2019](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Access_2013-2019_logo.svg "Microsoft Access 2013-2019 logo.svg")
Microsoft Access 2010 introduced a new version of the ACCDB format supported hosting Access Web services on a [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint "SharePoint") 2010 server. For the first time, this allowed Access applications to be run without having to install Access on a user's PC and was the first support for Mac users. Any user on the SharePoint site with sufficient rights could use the Access Web service. A copy of Access was still required for the developer to create the Access Web service, and the desktop version of Access remained part of Access 2010\. The Access Web services were not the same as the desktop applications. Automation was only through the macro language (not VBA) which Access automatically converted to JavaScript. The data was no longer in an Access database but SharePoint lists. An Access desktop database could link to the SharePoint data, so hybrid applications were possible so that SharePoint users needing basic views and edits could be supported while the more sophisticated, traditional applications could remain in the desktop Access database.
Microsoft Access 2013 offers traditional Access desktop applications plus a significantly updated SharePoint 2013 web service.{{cite web\|url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/office/jj618413\.aspx\|title\=Changes in Access\|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} The Access Web model in Access 2010 was replaced by a new architecture that stores its data in actual SQL Server databases. Unlike SharePoint lists, this offers true relational database design with referential integrity, scalability, extensibility and performance one would expect from SQL Server.{{cite web\|url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/office/jj250134\.aspx\|title\=New in Access for developers\|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} The database solutions that can be created on SharePoint 2013 offer a modern user interface designed to display multiple levels of relationships that can be viewed and edited, along with resizing for different devices and support for touch. The Access 2013 desktop is similar to Access 2010 but several features were discontinued including support for Access Data Projects (ADPs),{{clarify\|date\=January 2021}} pivot tables, pivot charts, Access data collections, source code control, replication, and other legacy features.{{cite web\|url\=http://office.microsoft.com/en\-us/access\-help/discontinued\-features\-and\-modified\-functionality\-in\-access\-2013\-HA102749226\.aspx\|title\=Discontinued features and modified functionality in Access 2013\|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} Access desktop database maximum size remained 2 GB (as it has been since the 2000 version).
Microsoft Access is no longer included in the one\-time\-purchase version of [Microsoft Office 2021](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021 "Microsoft Office 2021"), but remains within the [Microsoft 365](/wiki/Microsoft_365 "Microsoft 365") counterpart, as Apps for business and Business Standard editions. Features new to Access 2021 include an extended\-precision date/time data type{{cite web\|url\=http://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/office/using\-the\-date\-time\-extended\-data\-type\-708c32da\-a052\-4cc2\-9850\-9851042e0024\|title\=Using the Date/Time Extended data type}} and dark theme support.{{cite web\|url\=http://support.microsoft.com/en\-au/office/what\-s\-new\-in\-access\-2021\-2c5c0766\-b22b\-4b81\-a222\-a791a8b5b54b\|title\=What's new in Access 2021}}
In addition to using its own database storage file, Microsoft Access also may be used as the 'front\-end' of a program while other products act as the 'back\-end' tables, such as [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server "Microsoft SQL Server") and non\-Microsoft products such as [Oracle](/wiki/Oracle_database "Oracle database") and [Sybase](/wiki/Sybase "Sybase"). Multiple backend sources can be used by a Microsoft Access Jet Database (ACCDB and MDB formats). Similarly, some applications such as [Visual Basic](/wiki/Visual_Basic "Visual Basic"), [ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET "ASP.NET"), or Visual Studio .NET will use the Microsoft Access database format for its tables and queries. Microsoft Access may also be part of a more complex solution, where it may be integrated with other technologies such as [Microsoft Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel "Microsoft Excel"), [Microsoft Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook "Microsoft Outlook"), [Microsoft Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word "Microsoft Word"), [Microsoft PowerPoint](/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint "Microsoft PowerPoint") and [ActiveX controls](/wiki/ActiveX_control "ActiveX control").
Access tables support a variety of standard field types, [indices](/wiki/Index_%28database%29 "Index (database)"), and [referential integrity](/wiki/Referential_integrity "Referential integrity") including cascading [updates](/wiki/Update_%28SQL%29 "Update (SQL)") and [deletes](/wiki/Delete_%28SQL%29 "Delete (SQL)"). Access also includes a [query](/wiki/Information_retrieval "Information retrieval") interface, forms to display and enter data, and reports for printing. The underlying [Access database](/wiki/Access_Database_Engine "Access Database Engine"), which contains these objects, is [multi\-user](/wiki/Multi-user "Multi-user") and handles [record\-locking](/wiki/Lock_%28database%29 "Lock (database)").
Repetitive tasks can be automated through macros with [point\-and\-click](/wiki/Point-and-click "Point-and-click") options. It is also easy to place a database on a network and have multiple users share and update data without overwriting each other's work. Data is [locked](/wiki/Lock_%28database%29 "Lock (database)") at the [record](/wiki/Row_%28database%29 "Row (database)") level which is significantly different from Excel which [locks](/wiki/Lock_%28computer_science%29 "Lock (computer science)") the entire spreadsheet.
There are [template](/wiki/Template_%28file_format%29 "Template (file format)") databases within the program and for download from Microsoft's website. These options are available upon starting Access and allow users to enhance a database with predefined tables, [queries](/wiki/Query_language "Query language"), forms, reports, and macros. Database templates support [VBA](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications "Visual Basic for Applications") code, but Microsoft's templates do not include VBA code.
Programmers can create solutions using VBA, which is similar to [Visual Basic 6\.0](/wiki/Visual_Basic_%28classic%29 "Visual Basic (classic)") (VB6\) and used throughout the Microsoft Office programs such as [Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel "Microsoft Excel"), [Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word "Microsoft Word"), [Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook "Microsoft Outlook") and [PowerPoint](/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint "Microsoft PowerPoint"). Most VB6 code, including the use of Windows [API](/wiki/API "API") calls, can be used in VBA. [Power users](/wiki/Power_users "Power users") and developers can extend basic [end\-user](/wiki/End-user "End-user") solutions to a professional solution with advanced automation, [data validation](/wiki/Data_validation "Data validation"), [error trapping](/wiki/Exception_handling "Exception handling"), and multi\-user support.
The number of simultaneous users that can be supported depends on the amount of data, the [tasks](/wiki/Task_%28project_management%29 "Task (project management)") being performed, level of use, and [application design](/wiki/Software_design "Software design"). Generally accepted limits are solutions with 1 GB or less of data (Access supports up to 2 GB) and it performs quite well with 100 or fewer simultaneous connections (255 concurrent users are supported).{{Cite web\|title\=Migrate an Access database to SQL Server\|url\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/office/migrate\-an\-access\-database\-to\-sql\-server\-7bac0438\-498a\-4f53\-b17b\-cc22fc42c979\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-15\|website\=support.microsoft.com}} This capability is often a good fit for department solutions. If using an Access database solution in a multi\-user scenario, the application should be "split". This means that the tables are in one file called the [back end](/wiki/Front_and_back_ends "Front and back ends") (typically stored on a shared network folder) and the application components (forms, reports, queries, code, macros, linked tables) are in another file called the [front end](/wiki/Front_and_back_ends "Front and back ends"). The linked tables in the front end point to the back end file. Each user of the Access application would then receive his or her own copy of the front end file.
Applications that run complex queries or analysis across large datasets would naturally require greater [bandwidth](/wiki/Bandwidth_%28computing%29 "Bandwidth (computing)") and [memory](/wiki/Memory_%28computers%29 "Memory (computers)"). Microsoft Access is designed to [scale](/wiki/wikt:Scale "Scale") to support more data and users by linking to multiple Access databases or using a [back\-end database](/wiki/Back-end_database "Back-end database") like Microsoft SQL Server. With the latter design, the amount of data and users can scale to enterprise\-level solutions.
Microsoft Access's role in [web development](/wiki/Web_development "Web development") prior to version 2010 is limited. [User interface](/wiki/User_interface "User interface") features of Access, such as forms and reports, only work in [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows"). In versions 2000 through 2003 an Access object type called Data Access Pages created publishable web pages. Data Access Pages are no longer supported. The [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine "Jet Database Engine"), core to Access, can be accessed through technologies such as [ODBC](/wiki/ODBC "ODBC") or [OLE DB](/wiki/OLE_DB "OLE DB"). The data (i.e., tables and queries) can be accessed by [web\-based applications](/wiki/Web_application "Web application") developed in [ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET "ASP.NET"), [PHP](/wiki/PHP "PHP"), or [Java](/wiki/Java_%28software_platform%29 "Java (software platform)"). With the use of Microsoft's [Terminal Services](/wiki/Terminal_Services "Terminal Services") and Remote Desktop Application in Windows Server 2008 R2, organizations can host Access applications so they can be run over the web.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fmsinc.com/microsoftaccess/terminal\-services/remoteapp.htm\|title\=Using Terminal Services and RemoteApp to Extend Your Microsoft Access and other Windows Applications Over the Internet\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} This technique does not scale the way a web application would but is appropriate for a limited number of users depending on the configuration of the host.
Access 2010 allows databases to be published to [SharePoint](/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Server "Microsoft SharePoint Server") 2010 web sites running Access Services. These web\-based forms and reports run in any modern web browser. The resulting web forms and reports, when accessed via a web browser, do not require any add\-ins or extensions (e.g., ActiveX and [Silverlight](/wiki/Silverlight "Silverlight")).
Access 2013 can create web applications directly in [SharePoint](/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Server "Microsoft SharePoint Server") 2013 sites running Access Services. Access 2013 web solutions store its data in an underlying SQL Server database which is much more scalable and robust than the Access 2010 version which used SharePoint lists to store its data.
Access Services in SharePoint has since been retired.{{cite web\|title\=Access Services in SharePoint Roadmap\|url\=https://support.office.com/en\-us/article/access\-services\-in\-sharepoint\-roadmap\-497fd86b\-e982\-43c4\-8318\-81e6d3e711e8\|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=May 20, 2019}}
A compiled version of an Access database (file extensions .MDE /ACCDE or .ADE; ACCDE only works with Access 2007 or later) can be created to prevent users from accessing the design surfaces to modify module code, forms, and reports. An MDE or ADE file is a Microsoft Access database file with all modules compiled and all editable source code removed. Both the .MDE and .ADE versions of an Access database are used when end\-user modifications are not allowed or when the application's source code should be kept confidential.
Microsoft also offers [developer extensions](http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=24569) for download to help distribute Access 2007 applications, create database templates, and integrate [source code](/wiki/Source_code "Source code") control with [Microsoft Visual SourceSafe](/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe "Microsoft Visual SourceSafe").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Prior to the introduction of Access, [Borland](/wiki/Borland \"Borland\") (with [Paradox](/wiki/Paradox_%28database%29 \"Paradox (database)\")), [Ashton\\-Tate](/wiki/Ashton-Tate \"Ashton-Tate\") (with [dBase](/wiki/DBase \"DBase\"), acquired by Borland in 1991\\) and Fox (with [FoxPro](/wiki/Visual_FoxPro \"Visual FoxPro\")) dominated the desktop database market. Microsoft Access was the first mass\\-market database program for Windows. With Microsoft's purchase of FoxPro in 1992 and the incorporation of Fox's Rushmore [query optimization](/wiki/Query_optimization \"Query optimization\") routines into Access, Microsoft Access quickly became the dominant database for Windows—effectively eliminating the competition which failed to transition from the [MS\\-DOS](/wiki/MS-DOS \"MS-DOS\") world.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/history/index.html\\|title\\=Microsoft Access History\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} In the 1980s, Microsoft Access referred to an unrelated telecommunication program that provided terminal emulation and interfaces for ease of use in accessing online services such as [Dow Jones](/wiki/Dow_Jones_News/Retrieval \"Dow Jones News/Retrieval\"), [Compuserve](/wiki/CompuServe \"CompuServe\") and electronic mailbox.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Wcv9oIHOrjQC\\&pg\\=PA139 \\|title\\=PC Mag \\|date\\=1985\\-10\\-15 \\|publisher\\=Ziff Davis, Inc. \\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Microsoft Access Business Information Access Program 1\\.0x \\|url\\=https://winworldpc.com/product/microsoft\\_access\\_business\\_information\\_access\\_program/10x \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-23 \\|website\\=WinWorld}}",
"### Project Omega",
"Microsoft's first attempt to sell a [relational database](/wiki/Relational_database \"Relational database\") product was during the mid 1980s, when Microsoft obtained the license to sell [R:Base](/wiki/R:Base \"Base\").{{cite web \\| title \\= Jet Engine: History \\| author \\= Goodhew, Tony \\|year\\=1996\\| url \\= http://www.avdf.com/nov96/acc\\_jet.html \\| access\\-date \\= January 2, 2011 }} In the late 1980s Microsoft developed its own solution codenamed Omega.{{cite web \\| title \\= The Birth of Visual Basic \\| author \\= Ferguson, Scott \\| url \\= http://www.forestmoon.com/birthofvb/birthofvb.html}} It was confirmed in 1988 that a database product for Windows and [OS/2](/wiki/OS/2 \"OS/2\") was in development.{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Microsoft Works on SAA Database\n \\| first1 \\= Mark\n \\| last1 \\= Brownstein\n \\| first2 \\= Stuart J.\n \\| last2 \\= Johnston\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= November 14, 1988\n \\| page \\= 5\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wTsEAAAAMBAJ\n}}{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Microsoft Puts Finishing Touches on Windows Applications\n \\| first \\= Mark\n \\| last \\= Brownstein\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= February 13, 1989\n \\| page \\= 5\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QDoEAAAAMBAJ\n}} It was going to include the \"EB\" Embedded Basic language, which was going to be the language for writing macros in all Microsoft applications,{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Microsoft Applications to Share Macro Language\n \\| first \\= Laurie\n \\| last \\= Flynn\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= May 8, 1989\n \\| page \\=1\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=RzoEAAAAMBAJ\n}} but the unification of macro languages did not happen until the introduction of [Visual Basic for Applications](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications \"Visual Basic for Applications\") (VBA). Omega was also expected to provide a front end to the [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server \"Microsoft SQL Server\").{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Microsoft Waits on SQL Front Ends\n \\| first \\= Laurie\n \\| last \\= Flynn\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= August 21, 1989\n \\| page \\= 109\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rjAEAAAAMBAJ\n}} The application was very resource\\-intensive, and there were reports that it was working slowly on the [386](/wiki/Intel_80386 \"Intel 80386\") processors that were available at the time.{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Gates Claims That 80286 Systems Are No Longer His Babies\n \\| first \\= Robert X.\n \\| last \\= Cringely\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= September 4, 1989\n \\| page \\= 82\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=rDAEAAAAMBAJ\n}} It was scheduled to be released in the 1st quarter of 1990,{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= No Way, the PC Industry Will Always Be Dominated By Doritos\n \\| first \\= Robert X.\n \\| last \\= Cringely\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= July 31, 1989\n \\| page \\= 86\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=tjAEAAAAMBAJ\n}} but in 1989 the development of the product was reset{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Lotus Exec Tells of Ordeal: \"Aliens Force Me to Use MS Windows\"\n \\| first \\= Robert X.\n \\| last \\= Cringely\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= October 16, 1989\n \\| page \\= 106\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=nDAEAAAAMBAJ\n}} and it was rescheduled to be delivered no sooner than in January 1991\\.{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Elvis, Now a Vegas Parking Lot Attendant, Further Delays Intel 486\n \\| first \\= Robert X.\n \\| last \\= Cringely\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= November 20, 1989\n \\| page \\= 106\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=qDAEAAAAMBAJ\n}} Parts of the project were later used for other Microsoft projects: Cirrus (codename for Access) and Thunder (codename for [Visual Basic](/wiki/Visual_Basic \"Visual Basic\"), where the Embedded Basic engine was used). After Access's premiere, the Omega project was demonstrated in 1992 to several journalists and included features that were not available in Access.{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Microsoft demos its ill\\-fated Omega\n \\| first \\= Scott\n \\| last \\= Mace\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= November 30, 1992\n \\| page \\= 16\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=L1EEAAAAMBAJ\\&pg\\=PA16\n}}",
"### Project Cirrus",
"After the Omega project was scrapped, some of its developers were assigned to the Cirrus project (most were assigned to the team which created Visual Basic). Its goal was to create a competitor for applications like [Paradox](/wiki/Paradox_%28database%29 \"Paradox (database)\") or dBase that would work on Windows.{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Microsoft's Fox purchase stirs up the XBase market\n \\| first1 \\= Lisa\n \\| last1 \\= Picarille\n \\| first2 \\= Scott\n \\| last2 \\= Mace\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= March 30, 1992\n \\| page \\= 1\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=5j0EAAAAMBAJ\n \\| quote \\= Cirrus (...) will go head\\-to\\-head with Paradox and Metaphor Computer Systems' Metaphor program.\n}} After Microsoft acquired [FoxPro](/wiki/FoxPro_2 \"FoxPro 2\"), there were rumors that the Microsoft project might get replaced with it,{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Whatever costume Eckhard wears is likely to scare Silicon Graphics\n \\| first \\= Robert X.\n \\| last \\= Cringely\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= November 4, 1991\n \\| page \\= 118\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Xz0EAAAAMBAJ\n \\| quote \\= (...) rumor (...) that FoxPro might replace Redmond's long\\-delayed database, now code\\-named Cirrus.\n}} but the company decided to develop them in parallel. It was assumed that the project would make use of [Extensible Storage Engine](/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine \"Extensible Storage Engine\") (Jet Blue){{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Microsoft creating API to complement ODBC\n \\| first \\= Scott\n \\| last \\= Mace\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= June 29, 1992\n \\| page \\= 1\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=blEEAAAAMBAJ\n \\| quote \\= Open ISAM support will be in Microsoft's forthcomming Cirrus DBMS for Windows.\n}} but, in the end, only support for [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine \"Jet Database Engine\") (Jet Red) was provided. The project used some of the code from both the Omega project and a pre\\-release version of Visual Basic. In July 1992, betas of Cirrus shipped to developers{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Developers get beta version of Microsoft DBMS\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| date \\= July 13, 1992\n \\| page \\= 3\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=elEEAAAAMBAJ\n}} and the name Access became the official name of the product.{{Cite news\n \\| title \\= Cirrus dubbed Access; faster beta released\n \\| newspaper \\= InfoWorld\n \\| first \\= Stuart J.\n \\| last \\= Johnston\n \\| date \\= July 20, 1998\n \\| page \\= 1\n \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=IlEEAAAAMBAJ\n}} \"Access\" was originally used for an older terminal emulation program from Microsoft. Years after the program was abandoned, they decided to reuse the name here.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20060413\\-09/?p\\=31543\\|title\\=Where did the name for Microsoft Access come from?\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|work\\=The Old New Thing\\|date\\=April 13, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}}",
"### Timeline",
"[thumb\\|89x89px\\|Access' logo for [Office 2000](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2000 \"Microsoft Office 2000\") and [Office XP](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XP \"Microsoft Office XP\")](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Office_Access_%282000%E2%80%9303%29.svg \"Microsoft Office Access (2000–03).svg\")\nMicrosoft released Access version 1\\.0 on November 13, 1992, and an Access 1\\.1 release in May 1993 to improve compatibility with other Microsoft products and to include the Access Basic programming language.",
"With Access v2\\.0, Microsoft specified the minimum hardware requirements to be Microsoft Windows v3\\.1 with 4 MB of [RAM](/wiki/Random_Access_Memory \"Random Access Memory\") required, 6 MB RAM recommended; 8 MB of available [hard disk](/wiki/Hard_disk \"Hard disk\") space required, 14 MB hard disk space recommended. The product shipped on seven 1\\.44 MB diskettes. The manual shows a 1994 copyright date.",
"As a part of the Microsoft Office 4\\.3 Professional with Book Shelf, Microsoft Access 2\\.0 was included with first sample databases \"NorthWind Trader\" which covered every possible aspect of programming your own database. The Northwind Traders sample first introduced the Main Switchboard features new to Access 2\\.0 for 1994\\.\nThe photo of Andrew Fuller, record \\#2 of that sample database, was the individual that presented and worked with Microsoft to provide such an outstanding example database.",
"With Office 95, Microsoft Access 7\\.0 (a.k.a. \"Access 95\") became part of the Microsoft Office Professional Suite, joining Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint and transitioning from Access Basic to VBA. Since then, Microsoft has released new versions of Microsoft Access with each release of Microsoft Office. This includes Access 97 (version 8\\.0\\), Access 2000 (version 9\\.0\\), Access 2002 (version 10\\.0\\), Access 2003 (version 11\\.5\\), Access 2007 (version 12\\.0\\), Access 2010 (version 14\\.0\\), Access 2013 (version 15\\.0\\), and Access 2016 (version 16\\.0\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.fmsinc.com/microsoftaccess/history/versions.htm\\|title\\=Microsoft Access Version Releases, Service Packs, Hotfixes, and Updates History\\|publisher\\=FMS\\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023}}",
"Versions 3\\.0 and 3\\.5 of [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine \"Jet Database Engine\") (used by Access 7\\.0 and the later\\-released Access 97, respectively) had a critical issue which made these versions of Access unusable on a computer with more than 1 GB of memory.[\"Out of memory\" error starting Microsoft Access](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/161255) While Microsoft fixed this problem for Jet 3\\.5/Access 97 post\\-release, it never fixed the issue with Jet 3\\.0/Access 95\\.",
"The native Access database format (the Jet MDB Database) has also evolved over the years. Formats include Access 1\\.0, 1\\.1, 2\\.0, 7\\.0, 97, 2000, 2002, and 2007\\. The most significant transition was from the Access 97 to the Access 2000 format; which is not [backward compatible](/wiki/Backward_compatibility \"Backward compatibility\") with earlier versions of Access. {{asof\\|2011\\|post\\=,}} all newer versions of Access support the Access 2000 format. New features were added to the Access 2002 format which can be used by Access 2002, 2003, 2007, and 2010\\.",
"Microsoft Access 2000 increased the maximum database size to 2 GB from 1 GB in Access 97\\.",
"Microsoft Access 2007 introduced a new database format: ACCDB. It supports links to [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint \"SharePoint\") lists and complex [data types](/wiki/Data_type \"Data type\") such as multi\\-value and attachment fields. These new field types are essentially recordsets in fields and allow the storage of multiple values or files in one field. Microsoft Access 2007 also introduced File Attachment field, which stored data more efficiently than the [OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)](/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding \"Object Linking and Embedding\") field.\n[thumb\\|89x89px\\|The logo for Access from 2013 to 2019](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Access_2013-2019_logo.svg \"Microsoft Access 2013-2019 logo.svg\")\nMicrosoft Access 2010 introduced a new version of the ACCDB format supported hosting Access Web services on a [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint \"SharePoint\") 2010 server. For the first time, this allowed Access applications to be run without having to install Access on a user's PC and was the first support for Mac users. Any user on the SharePoint site with sufficient rights could use the Access Web service. A copy of Access was still required for the developer to create the Access Web service, and the desktop version of Access remained part of Access 2010\\. The Access Web services were not the same as the desktop applications. Automation was only through the macro language (not VBA) which Access automatically converted to JavaScript. The data was no longer in an Access database but SharePoint lists. An Access desktop database could link to the SharePoint data, so hybrid applications were possible so that SharePoint users needing basic views and edits could be supported while the more sophisticated, traditional applications could remain in the desktop Access database.",
"Microsoft Access 2013 offers traditional Access desktop applications plus a significantly updated SharePoint 2013 web service.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/office/jj618413\\.aspx\\|title\\=Changes in Access\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} The Access Web model in Access 2010 was replaced by a new architecture that stores its data in actual SQL Server databases. Unlike SharePoint lists, this offers true relational database design with referential integrity, scalability, extensibility and performance one would expect from SQL Server.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/office/jj250134\\.aspx\\|title\\=New in Access for developers\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} The database solutions that can be created on SharePoint 2013 offer a modern user interface designed to display multiple levels of relationships that can be viewed and edited, along with resizing for different devices and support for touch. The Access 2013 desktop is similar to Access 2010 but several features were discontinued including support for Access Data Projects (ADPs),{{clarify\\|date\\=January 2021}} pivot tables, pivot charts, Access data collections, source code control, replication, and other legacy features.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://office.microsoft.com/en\\-us/access\\-help/discontinued\\-features\\-and\\-modified\\-functionality\\-in\\-access\\-2013\\-HA102749226\\.aspx\\|title\\=Discontinued features and modified functionality in Access 2013\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} Access desktop database maximum size remained 2 GB (as it has been since the 2000 version).",
"Microsoft Access is no longer included in the one\\-time\\-purchase version of [Microsoft Office 2021](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021 \"Microsoft Office 2021\"), but remains within the [Microsoft 365](/wiki/Microsoft_365 \"Microsoft 365\") counterpart, as Apps for business and Business Standard editions. Features new to Access 2021 include an extended\\-precision date/time data type{{cite web\\|url\\=http://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/office/using\\-the\\-date\\-time\\-extended\\-data\\-type\\-708c32da\\-a052\\-4cc2\\-9850\\-9851042e0024\\|title\\=Using the Date/Time Extended data type}} and dark theme support.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://support.microsoft.com/en\\-au/office/what\\-s\\-new\\-in\\-access\\-2021\\-2c5c0766\\-b22b\\-4b81\\-a222\\-a791a8b5b54b\\|title\\=What's new in Access 2021}}",
"In addition to using its own database storage file, Microsoft Access also may be used as the 'front\\-end' of a program while other products act as the 'back\\-end' tables, such as [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server \"Microsoft SQL Server\") and non\\-Microsoft products such as [Oracle](/wiki/Oracle_database \"Oracle database\") and [Sybase](/wiki/Sybase \"Sybase\"). Multiple backend sources can be used by a Microsoft Access Jet Database (ACCDB and MDB formats). Similarly, some applications such as [Visual Basic](/wiki/Visual_Basic \"Visual Basic\"), [ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET \"ASP.NET\"), or Visual Studio .NET will use the Microsoft Access database format for its tables and queries. Microsoft Access may also be part of a more complex solution, where it may be integrated with other technologies such as [Microsoft Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel \"Microsoft Excel\"), [Microsoft Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook \"Microsoft Outlook\"), [Microsoft Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word \"Microsoft Word\"), [Microsoft PowerPoint](/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint \"Microsoft PowerPoint\") and [ActiveX controls](/wiki/ActiveX_control \"ActiveX control\").",
"Access tables support a variety of standard field types, [indices](/wiki/Index_%28database%29 \"Index (database)\"), and [referential integrity](/wiki/Referential_integrity \"Referential integrity\") including cascading [updates](/wiki/Update_%28SQL%29 \"Update (SQL)\") and [deletes](/wiki/Delete_%28SQL%29 \"Delete (SQL)\"). Access also includes a [query](/wiki/Information_retrieval \"Information retrieval\") interface, forms to display and enter data, and reports for printing. The underlying [Access database](/wiki/Access_Database_Engine \"Access Database Engine\"), which contains these objects, is [multi\\-user](/wiki/Multi-user \"Multi-user\") and handles [record\\-locking](/wiki/Lock_%28database%29 \"Lock (database)\").",
"Repetitive tasks can be automated through macros with [point\\-and\\-click](/wiki/Point-and-click \"Point-and-click\") options. It is also easy to place a database on a network and have multiple users share and update data without overwriting each other's work. Data is [locked](/wiki/Lock_%28database%29 \"Lock (database)\") at the [record](/wiki/Row_%28database%29 \"Row (database)\") level which is significantly different from Excel which [locks](/wiki/Lock_%28computer_science%29 \"Lock (computer science)\") the entire spreadsheet.",
"There are [template](/wiki/Template_%28file_format%29 \"Template (file format)\") databases within the program and for download from Microsoft's website. These options are available upon starting Access and allow users to enhance a database with predefined tables, [queries](/wiki/Query_language \"Query language\"), forms, reports, and macros. Database templates support [VBA](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications \"Visual Basic for Applications\") code, but Microsoft's templates do not include VBA code.",
"Programmers can create solutions using VBA, which is similar to [Visual Basic 6\\.0](/wiki/Visual_Basic_%28classic%29 \"Visual Basic (classic)\") (VB6\\) and used throughout the Microsoft Office programs such as [Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel \"Microsoft Excel\"), [Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word \"Microsoft Word\"), [Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook \"Microsoft Outlook\") and [PowerPoint](/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint \"Microsoft PowerPoint\"). Most VB6 code, including the use of Windows [API](/wiki/API \"API\") calls, can be used in VBA. [Power users](/wiki/Power_users \"Power users\") and developers can extend basic [end\\-user](/wiki/End-user \"End-user\") solutions to a professional solution with advanced automation, [data validation](/wiki/Data_validation \"Data validation\"), [error trapping](/wiki/Exception_handling \"Exception handling\"), and multi\\-user support.",
"The number of simultaneous users that can be supported depends on the amount of data, the [tasks](/wiki/Task_%28project_management%29 \"Task (project management)\") being performed, level of use, and [application design](/wiki/Software_design \"Software design\"). Generally accepted limits are solutions with 1 GB or less of data (Access supports up to 2 GB) and it performs quite well with 100 or fewer simultaneous connections (255 concurrent users are supported).{{Cite web\\|title\\=Migrate an Access database to SQL Server\\|url\\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/office/migrate\\-an\\-access\\-database\\-to\\-sql\\-server\\-7bac0438\\-498a\\-4f53\\-b17b\\-cc22fc42c979\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-15\\|website\\=support.microsoft.com}} This capability is often a good fit for department solutions. If using an Access database solution in a multi\\-user scenario, the application should be \"split\". This means that the tables are in one file called the [back end](/wiki/Front_and_back_ends \"Front and back ends\") (typically stored on a shared network folder) and the application components (forms, reports, queries, code, macros, linked tables) are in another file called the [front end](/wiki/Front_and_back_ends \"Front and back ends\"). The linked tables in the front end point to the back end file. Each user of the Access application would then receive his or her own copy of the front end file.",
"Applications that run complex queries or analysis across large datasets would naturally require greater [bandwidth](/wiki/Bandwidth_%28computing%29 \"Bandwidth (computing)\") and [memory](/wiki/Memory_%28computers%29 \"Memory (computers)\"). Microsoft Access is designed to [scale](/wiki/wikt:Scale \"Scale\") to support more data and users by linking to multiple Access databases or using a [back\\-end database](/wiki/Back-end_database \"Back-end database\") like Microsoft SQL Server. With the latter design, the amount of data and users can scale to enterprise\\-level solutions.",
"Microsoft Access's role in [web development](/wiki/Web_development \"Web development\") prior to version 2010 is limited. [User interface](/wiki/User_interface \"User interface\") features of Access, such as forms and reports, only work in [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\"). In versions 2000 through 2003 an Access object type called Data Access Pages created publishable web pages. Data Access Pages are no longer supported. The [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine \"Jet Database Engine\"), core to Access, can be accessed through technologies such as [ODBC](/wiki/ODBC \"ODBC\") or [OLE DB](/wiki/OLE_DB \"OLE DB\"). The data (i.e., tables and queries) can be accessed by [web\\-based applications](/wiki/Web_application \"Web application\") developed in [ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET \"ASP.NET\"), [PHP](/wiki/PHP \"PHP\"), or [Java](/wiki/Java_%28software_platform%29 \"Java (software platform)\"). With the use of Microsoft's [Terminal Services](/wiki/Terminal_Services \"Terminal Services\") and Remote Desktop Application in Windows Server 2008 R2, organizations can host Access applications so they can be run over the web.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fmsinc.com/microsoftaccess/terminal\\-services/remoteapp.htm\\|title\\=Using Terminal Services and RemoteApp to Extend Your Microsoft Access and other Windows Applications Over the Internet\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} This technique does not scale the way a web application would but is appropriate for a limited number of users depending on the configuration of the host.",
"Access 2010 allows databases to be published to [SharePoint](/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Server \"Microsoft SharePoint Server\") 2010 web sites running Access Services. These web\\-based forms and reports run in any modern web browser. The resulting web forms and reports, when accessed via a web browser, do not require any add\\-ins or extensions (e.g., ActiveX and [Silverlight](/wiki/Silverlight \"Silverlight\")).",
"Access 2013 can create web applications directly in [SharePoint](/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Server \"Microsoft SharePoint Server\") 2013 sites running Access Services. Access 2013 web solutions store its data in an underlying SQL Server database which is much more scalable and robust than the Access 2010 version which used SharePoint lists to store its data.",
"Access Services in SharePoint has since been retired.{{cite web\\|title\\=Access Services in SharePoint Roadmap\\|url\\=https://support.office.com/en\\-us/article/access\\-services\\-in\\-sharepoint\\-roadmap\\-497fd86b\\-e982\\-43c4\\-8318\\-81e6d3e711e8\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2019}}",
"A compiled version of an Access database (file extensions .MDE /ACCDE or .ADE; ACCDE only works with Access 2007 or later) can be created to prevent users from accessing the design surfaces to modify module code, forms, and reports. An MDE or ADE file is a Microsoft Access database file with all modules compiled and all editable source code removed. Both the .MDE and .ADE versions of an Access database are used when end\\-user modifications are not allowed or when the application's source code should be kept confidential.",
"Microsoft also offers [developer extensions](http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=24569) for download to help distribute Access 2007 applications, create database templates, and integrate [source code](/wiki/Source_code \"Source code\") control with [Microsoft Visual SourceSafe](/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe \"Microsoft Visual SourceSafe\").",
""
] |
### Timeline
[thumb\|89x89px\|Access' logo for [Office 2000](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2000 "Microsoft Office 2000") and [Office XP](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XP "Microsoft Office XP")](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Office_Access_%282000%E2%80%9303%29.svg "Microsoft Office Access (2000–03).svg")
Microsoft released Access version 1\.0 on November 13, 1992, and an Access 1\.1 release in May 1993 to improve compatibility with other Microsoft products and to include the Access Basic programming language.
With Access v2\.0, Microsoft specified the minimum hardware requirements to be Microsoft Windows v3\.1 with 4 MB of [RAM](/wiki/Random_Access_Memory "Random Access Memory") required, 6 MB RAM recommended; 8 MB of available [hard disk](/wiki/Hard_disk "Hard disk") space required, 14 MB hard disk space recommended. The product shipped on seven 1\.44 MB diskettes. The manual shows a 1994 copyright date.
As a part of the Microsoft Office 4\.3 Professional with Book Shelf, Microsoft Access 2\.0 was included with first sample databases "NorthWind Trader" which covered every possible aspect of programming your own database. The Northwind Traders sample first introduced the Main Switchboard features new to Access 2\.0 for 1994\.
The photo of Andrew Fuller, record \#2 of that sample database, was the individual that presented and worked with Microsoft to provide such an outstanding example database.
With Office 95, Microsoft Access 7\.0 (a.k.a. "Access 95") became part of the Microsoft Office Professional Suite, joining Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint and transitioning from Access Basic to VBA. Since then, Microsoft has released new versions of Microsoft Access with each release of Microsoft Office. This includes Access 97 (version 8\.0\), Access 2000 (version 9\.0\), Access 2002 (version 10\.0\), Access 2003 (version 11\.5\), Access 2007 (version 12\.0\), Access 2010 (version 14\.0\), Access 2013 (version 15\.0\), and Access 2016 (version 16\.0\).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.fmsinc.com/microsoftaccess/history/versions.htm\|title\=Microsoft Access Version Releases, Service Packs, Hotfixes, and Updates History\|publisher\=FMS\|access\-date\=20 August 2023}}
Versions 3\.0 and 3\.5 of [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine "Jet Database Engine") (used by Access 7\.0 and the later\-released Access 97, respectively) had a critical issue which made these versions of Access unusable on a computer with more than 1 GB of memory.["Out of memory" error starting Microsoft Access](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/161255) While Microsoft fixed this problem for Jet 3\.5/Access 97 post\-release, it never fixed the issue with Jet 3\.0/Access 95\.
The native Access database format (the Jet MDB Database) has also evolved over the years. Formats include Access 1\.0, 1\.1, 2\.0, 7\.0, 97, 2000, 2002, and 2007\. The most significant transition was from the Access 97 to the Access 2000 format; which is not [backward compatible](/wiki/Backward_compatibility "Backward compatibility") with earlier versions of Access. {{asof\|2011\|post\=,}} all newer versions of Access support the Access 2000 format. New features were added to the Access 2002 format which can be used by Access 2002, 2003, 2007, and 2010\.
Microsoft Access 2000 increased the maximum database size to 2 GB from 1 GB in Access 97\.
Microsoft Access 2007 introduced a new database format: ACCDB. It supports links to [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint "SharePoint") lists and complex [data types](/wiki/Data_type "Data type") such as multi\-value and attachment fields. These new field types are essentially recordsets in fields and allow the storage of multiple values or files in one field. Microsoft Access 2007 also introduced File Attachment field, which stored data more efficiently than the [OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)](/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding "Object Linking and Embedding") field.
[thumb\|89x89px\|The logo for Access from 2013 to 2019](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Access_2013-2019_logo.svg "Microsoft Access 2013-2019 logo.svg")
Microsoft Access 2010 introduced a new version of the ACCDB format supported hosting Access Web services on a [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint "SharePoint") 2010 server. For the first time, this allowed Access applications to be run without having to install Access on a user's PC and was the first support for Mac users. Any user on the SharePoint site with sufficient rights could use the Access Web service. A copy of Access was still required for the developer to create the Access Web service, and the desktop version of Access remained part of Access 2010\. The Access Web services were not the same as the desktop applications. Automation was only through the macro language (not VBA) which Access automatically converted to JavaScript. The data was no longer in an Access database but SharePoint lists. An Access desktop database could link to the SharePoint data, so hybrid applications were possible so that SharePoint users needing basic views and edits could be supported while the more sophisticated, traditional applications could remain in the desktop Access database.
Microsoft Access 2013 offers traditional Access desktop applications plus a significantly updated SharePoint 2013 web service.{{cite web\|url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/office/jj618413\.aspx\|title\=Changes in Access\|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} The Access Web model in Access 2010 was replaced by a new architecture that stores its data in actual SQL Server databases. Unlike SharePoint lists, this offers true relational database design with referential integrity, scalability, extensibility and performance one would expect from SQL Server.{{cite web\|url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/office/jj250134\.aspx\|title\=New in Access for developers\|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} The database solutions that can be created on SharePoint 2013 offer a modern user interface designed to display multiple levels of relationships that can be viewed and edited, along with resizing for different devices and support for touch. The Access 2013 desktop is similar to Access 2010 but several features were discontinued including support for Access Data Projects (ADPs),{{clarify\|date\=January 2021}} pivot tables, pivot charts, Access data collections, source code control, replication, and other legacy features.{{cite web\|url\=http://office.microsoft.com/en\-us/access\-help/discontinued\-features\-and\-modified\-functionality\-in\-access\-2013\-HA102749226\.aspx\|title\=Discontinued features and modified functionality in Access 2013\|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} Access desktop database maximum size remained 2 GB (as it has been since the 2000 version).
Microsoft Access is no longer included in the one\-time\-purchase version of [Microsoft Office 2021](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021 "Microsoft Office 2021"), but remains within the [Microsoft 365](/wiki/Microsoft_365 "Microsoft 365") counterpart, as Apps for business and Business Standard editions. Features new to Access 2021 include an extended\-precision date/time data type{{cite web\|url\=http://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/office/using\-the\-date\-time\-extended\-data\-type\-708c32da\-a052\-4cc2\-9850\-9851042e0024\|title\=Using the Date/Time Extended data type}} and dark theme support.{{cite web\|url\=http://support.microsoft.com/en\-au/office/what\-s\-new\-in\-access\-2021\-2c5c0766\-b22b\-4b81\-a222\-a791a8b5b54b\|title\=What's new in Access 2021}}
In addition to using its own database storage file, Microsoft Access also may be used as the 'front\-end' of a program while other products act as the 'back\-end' tables, such as [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server "Microsoft SQL Server") and non\-Microsoft products such as [Oracle](/wiki/Oracle_database "Oracle database") and [Sybase](/wiki/Sybase "Sybase"). Multiple backend sources can be used by a Microsoft Access Jet Database (ACCDB and MDB formats). Similarly, some applications such as [Visual Basic](/wiki/Visual_Basic "Visual Basic"), [ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET "ASP.NET"), or Visual Studio .NET will use the Microsoft Access database format for its tables and queries. Microsoft Access may also be part of a more complex solution, where it may be integrated with other technologies such as [Microsoft Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel "Microsoft Excel"), [Microsoft Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook "Microsoft Outlook"), [Microsoft Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word "Microsoft Word"), [Microsoft PowerPoint](/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint "Microsoft PowerPoint") and [ActiveX controls](/wiki/ActiveX_control "ActiveX control").
Access tables support a variety of standard field types, [indices](/wiki/Index_%28database%29 "Index (database)"), and [referential integrity](/wiki/Referential_integrity "Referential integrity") including cascading [updates](/wiki/Update_%28SQL%29 "Update (SQL)") and [deletes](/wiki/Delete_%28SQL%29 "Delete (SQL)"). Access also includes a [query](/wiki/Information_retrieval "Information retrieval") interface, forms to display and enter data, and reports for printing. The underlying [Access database](/wiki/Access_Database_Engine "Access Database Engine"), which contains these objects, is [multi\-user](/wiki/Multi-user "Multi-user") and handles [record\-locking](/wiki/Lock_%28database%29 "Lock (database)").
Repetitive tasks can be automated through macros with [point\-and\-click](/wiki/Point-and-click "Point-and-click") options. It is also easy to place a database on a network and have multiple users share and update data without overwriting each other's work. Data is [locked](/wiki/Lock_%28database%29 "Lock (database)") at the [record](/wiki/Row_%28database%29 "Row (database)") level which is significantly different from Excel which [locks](/wiki/Lock_%28computer_science%29 "Lock (computer science)") the entire spreadsheet.
There are [template](/wiki/Template_%28file_format%29 "Template (file format)") databases within the program and for download from Microsoft's website. These options are available upon starting Access and allow users to enhance a database with predefined tables, [queries](/wiki/Query_language "Query language"), forms, reports, and macros. Database templates support [VBA](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications "Visual Basic for Applications") code, but Microsoft's templates do not include VBA code.
Programmers can create solutions using VBA, which is similar to [Visual Basic 6\.0](/wiki/Visual_Basic_%28classic%29 "Visual Basic (classic)") (VB6\) and used throughout the Microsoft Office programs such as [Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel "Microsoft Excel"), [Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word "Microsoft Word"), [Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook "Microsoft Outlook") and [PowerPoint](/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint "Microsoft PowerPoint"). Most VB6 code, including the use of Windows [API](/wiki/API "API") calls, can be used in VBA. [Power users](/wiki/Power_users "Power users") and developers can extend basic [end\-user](/wiki/End-user "End-user") solutions to a professional solution with advanced automation, [data validation](/wiki/Data_validation "Data validation"), [error trapping](/wiki/Exception_handling "Exception handling"), and multi\-user support.
The number of simultaneous users that can be supported depends on the amount of data, the [tasks](/wiki/Task_%28project_management%29 "Task (project management)") being performed, level of use, and [application design](/wiki/Software_design "Software design"). Generally accepted limits are solutions with 1 GB or less of data (Access supports up to 2 GB) and it performs quite well with 100 or fewer simultaneous connections (255 concurrent users are supported).{{Cite web\|title\=Migrate an Access database to SQL Server\|url\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\-us/office/migrate\-an\-access\-database\-to\-sql\-server\-7bac0438\-498a\-4f53\-b17b\-cc22fc42c979\|access\-date\=2021\-10\-15\|website\=support.microsoft.com}} This capability is often a good fit for department solutions. If using an Access database solution in a multi\-user scenario, the application should be "split". This means that the tables are in one file called the [back end](/wiki/Front_and_back_ends "Front and back ends") (typically stored on a shared network folder) and the application components (forms, reports, queries, code, macros, linked tables) are in another file called the [front end](/wiki/Front_and_back_ends "Front and back ends"). The linked tables in the front end point to the back end file. Each user of the Access application would then receive his or her own copy of the front end file.
Applications that run complex queries or analysis across large datasets would naturally require greater [bandwidth](/wiki/Bandwidth_%28computing%29 "Bandwidth (computing)") and [memory](/wiki/Memory_%28computers%29 "Memory (computers)"). Microsoft Access is designed to [scale](/wiki/wikt:Scale "Scale") to support more data and users by linking to multiple Access databases or using a [back\-end database](/wiki/Back-end_database "Back-end database") like Microsoft SQL Server. With the latter design, the amount of data and users can scale to enterprise\-level solutions.
Microsoft Access's role in [web development](/wiki/Web_development "Web development") prior to version 2010 is limited. [User interface](/wiki/User_interface "User interface") features of Access, such as forms and reports, only work in [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows "Microsoft Windows"). In versions 2000 through 2003 an Access object type called Data Access Pages created publishable web pages. Data Access Pages are no longer supported. The [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine "Jet Database Engine"), core to Access, can be accessed through technologies such as [ODBC](/wiki/ODBC "ODBC") or [OLE DB](/wiki/OLE_DB "OLE DB"). The data (i.e., tables and queries) can be accessed by [web\-based applications](/wiki/Web_application "Web application") developed in [ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET "ASP.NET"), [PHP](/wiki/PHP "PHP"), or [Java](/wiki/Java_%28software_platform%29 "Java (software platform)"). With the use of Microsoft's [Terminal Services](/wiki/Terminal_Services "Terminal Services") and Remote Desktop Application in Windows Server 2008 R2, organizations can host Access applications so they can be run over the web.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fmsinc.com/microsoftaccess/terminal\-services/remoteapp.htm\|title\=Using Terminal Services and RemoteApp to Extend Your Microsoft Access and other Windows Applications Over the Internet\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} This technique does not scale the way a web application would but is appropriate for a limited number of users depending on the configuration of the host.
Access 2010 allows databases to be published to [SharePoint](/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Server "Microsoft SharePoint Server") 2010 web sites running Access Services. These web\-based forms and reports run in any modern web browser. The resulting web forms and reports, when accessed via a web browser, do not require any add\-ins or extensions (e.g., ActiveX and [Silverlight](/wiki/Silverlight "Silverlight")).
Access 2013 can create web applications directly in [SharePoint](/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Server "Microsoft SharePoint Server") 2013 sites running Access Services. Access 2013 web solutions store its data in an underlying SQL Server database which is much more scalable and robust than the Access 2010 version which used SharePoint lists to store its data.
Access Services in SharePoint has since been retired.{{cite web\|title\=Access Services in SharePoint Roadmap\|url\=https://support.office.com/en\-us/article/access\-services\-in\-sharepoint\-roadmap\-497fd86b\-e982\-43c4\-8318\-81e6d3e711e8\|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=May 20, 2019}}
A compiled version of an Access database (file extensions .MDE /ACCDE or .ADE; ACCDE only works with Access 2007 or later) can be created to prevent users from accessing the design surfaces to modify module code, forms, and reports. An MDE or ADE file is a Microsoft Access database file with all modules compiled and all editable source code removed. Both the .MDE and .ADE versions of an Access database are used when end\-user modifications are not allowed or when the application's source code should be kept confidential.
Microsoft also offers [developer extensions](http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=24569) for download to help distribute Access 2007 applications, create database templates, and integrate [source code](/wiki/Source_code "Source code") control with [Microsoft Visual SourceSafe](/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe "Microsoft Visual SourceSafe").
|
[
"### Timeline",
"[thumb\\|89x89px\\|Access' logo for [Office 2000](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2000 \"Microsoft Office 2000\") and [Office XP](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XP \"Microsoft Office XP\")](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Office_Access_%282000%E2%80%9303%29.svg \"Microsoft Office Access (2000–03).svg\")\nMicrosoft released Access version 1\\.0 on November 13, 1992, and an Access 1\\.1 release in May 1993 to improve compatibility with other Microsoft products and to include the Access Basic programming language.",
"With Access v2\\.0, Microsoft specified the minimum hardware requirements to be Microsoft Windows v3\\.1 with 4 MB of [RAM](/wiki/Random_Access_Memory \"Random Access Memory\") required, 6 MB RAM recommended; 8 MB of available [hard disk](/wiki/Hard_disk \"Hard disk\") space required, 14 MB hard disk space recommended. The product shipped on seven 1\\.44 MB diskettes. The manual shows a 1994 copyright date.",
"As a part of the Microsoft Office 4\\.3 Professional with Book Shelf, Microsoft Access 2\\.0 was included with first sample databases \"NorthWind Trader\" which covered every possible aspect of programming your own database. The Northwind Traders sample first introduced the Main Switchboard features new to Access 2\\.0 for 1994\\.\nThe photo of Andrew Fuller, record \\#2 of that sample database, was the individual that presented and worked with Microsoft to provide such an outstanding example database.",
"With Office 95, Microsoft Access 7\\.0 (a.k.a. \"Access 95\") became part of the Microsoft Office Professional Suite, joining Microsoft Excel, Word, and PowerPoint and transitioning from Access Basic to VBA. Since then, Microsoft has released new versions of Microsoft Access with each release of Microsoft Office. This includes Access 97 (version 8\\.0\\), Access 2000 (version 9\\.0\\), Access 2002 (version 10\\.0\\), Access 2003 (version 11\\.5\\), Access 2007 (version 12\\.0\\), Access 2010 (version 14\\.0\\), Access 2013 (version 15\\.0\\), and Access 2016 (version 16\\.0\\).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.fmsinc.com/microsoftaccess/history/versions.htm\\|title\\=Microsoft Access Version Releases, Service Packs, Hotfixes, and Updates History\\|publisher\\=FMS\\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2023}}",
"Versions 3\\.0 and 3\\.5 of [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine \"Jet Database Engine\") (used by Access 7\\.0 and the later\\-released Access 97, respectively) had a critical issue which made these versions of Access unusable on a computer with more than 1 GB of memory.[\"Out of memory\" error starting Microsoft Access](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/161255) While Microsoft fixed this problem for Jet 3\\.5/Access 97 post\\-release, it never fixed the issue with Jet 3\\.0/Access 95\\.",
"The native Access database format (the Jet MDB Database) has also evolved over the years. Formats include Access 1\\.0, 1\\.1, 2\\.0, 7\\.0, 97, 2000, 2002, and 2007\\. The most significant transition was from the Access 97 to the Access 2000 format; which is not [backward compatible](/wiki/Backward_compatibility \"Backward compatibility\") with earlier versions of Access. {{asof\\|2011\\|post\\=,}} all newer versions of Access support the Access 2000 format. New features were added to the Access 2002 format which can be used by Access 2002, 2003, 2007, and 2010\\.",
"Microsoft Access 2000 increased the maximum database size to 2 GB from 1 GB in Access 97\\.",
"Microsoft Access 2007 introduced a new database format: ACCDB. It supports links to [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint \"SharePoint\") lists and complex [data types](/wiki/Data_type \"Data type\") such as multi\\-value and attachment fields. These new field types are essentially recordsets in fields and allow the storage of multiple values or files in one field. Microsoft Access 2007 also introduced File Attachment field, which stored data more efficiently than the [OLE (Object Linking and Embedding)](/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding \"Object Linking and Embedding\") field.\n[thumb\\|89x89px\\|The logo for Access from 2013 to 2019](/wiki/File:Microsoft_Access_2013-2019_logo.svg \"Microsoft Access 2013-2019 logo.svg\")\nMicrosoft Access 2010 introduced a new version of the ACCDB format supported hosting Access Web services on a [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint \"SharePoint\") 2010 server. For the first time, this allowed Access applications to be run without having to install Access on a user's PC and was the first support for Mac users. Any user on the SharePoint site with sufficient rights could use the Access Web service. A copy of Access was still required for the developer to create the Access Web service, and the desktop version of Access remained part of Access 2010\\. The Access Web services were not the same as the desktop applications. Automation was only through the macro language (not VBA) which Access automatically converted to JavaScript. The data was no longer in an Access database but SharePoint lists. An Access desktop database could link to the SharePoint data, so hybrid applications were possible so that SharePoint users needing basic views and edits could be supported while the more sophisticated, traditional applications could remain in the desktop Access database.",
"Microsoft Access 2013 offers traditional Access desktop applications plus a significantly updated SharePoint 2013 web service.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/office/jj618413\\.aspx\\|title\\=Changes in Access\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} The Access Web model in Access 2010 was replaced by a new architecture that stores its data in actual SQL Server databases. Unlike SharePoint lists, this offers true relational database design with referential integrity, scalability, extensibility and performance one would expect from SQL Server.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/office/jj250134\\.aspx\\|title\\=New in Access for developers\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} The database solutions that can be created on SharePoint 2013 offer a modern user interface designed to display multiple levels of relationships that can be viewed and edited, along with resizing for different devices and support for touch. The Access 2013 desktop is similar to Access 2010 but several features were discontinued including support for Access Data Projects (ADPs),{{clarify\\|date\\=January 2021}} pivot tables, pivot charts, Access data collections, source code control, replication, and other legacy features.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://office.microsoft.com/en\\-us/access\\-help/discontinued\\-features\\-and\\-modified\\-functionality\\-in\\-access\\-2013\\-HA102749226\\.aspx\\|title\\=Discontinued features and modified functionality in Access 2013\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} Access desktop database maximum size remained 2 GB (as it has been since the 2000 version).",
"Microsoft Access is no longer included in the one\\-time\\-purchase version of [Microsoft Office 2021](/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021 \"Microsoft Office 2021\"), but remains within the [Microsoft 365](/wiki/Microsoft_365 \"Microsoft 365\") counterpart, as Apps for business and Business Standard editions. Features new to Access 2021 include an extended\\-precision date/time data type{{cite web\\|url\\=http://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/office/using\\-the\\-date\\-time\\-extended\\-data\\-type\\-708c32da\\-a052\\-4cc2\\-9850\\-9851042e0024\\|title\\=Using the Date/Time Extended data type}} and dark theme support.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://support.microsoft.com/en\\-au/office/what\\-s\\-new\\-in\\-access\\-2021\\-2c5c0766\\-b22b\\-4b81\\-a222\\-a791a8b5b54b\\|title\\=What's new in Access 2021}}",
"In addition to using its own database storage file, Microsoft Access also may be used as the 'front\\-end' of a program while other products act as the 'back\\-end' tables, such as [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server \"Microsoft SQL Server\") and non\\-Microsoft products such as [Oracle](/wiki/Oracle_database \"Oracle database\") and [Sybase](/wiki/Sybase \"Sybase\"). Multiple backend sources can be used by a Microsoft Access Jet Database (ACCDB and MDB formats). Similarly, some applications such as [Visual Basic](/wiki/Visual_Basic \"Visual Basic\"), [ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET \"ASP.NET\"), or Visual Studio .NET will use the Microsoft Access database format for its tables and queries. Microsoft Access may also be part of a more complex solution, where it may be integrated with other technologies such as [Microsoft Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel \"Microsoft Excel\"), [Microsoft Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook \"Microsoft Outlook\"), [Microsoft Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word \"Microsoft Word\"), [Microsoft PowerPoint](/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint \"Microsoft PowerPoint\") and [ActiveX controls](/wiki/ActiveX_control \"ActiveX control\").",
"Access tables support a variety of standard field types, [indices](/wiki/Index_%28database%29 \"Index (database)\"), and [referential integrity](/wiki/Referential_integrity \"Referential integrity\") including cascading [updates](/wiki/Update_%28SQL%29 \"Update (SQL)\") and [deletes](/wiki/Delete_%28SQL%29 \"Delete (SQL)\"). Access also includes a [query](/wiki/Information_retrieval \"Information retrieval\") interface, forms to display and enter data, and reports for printing. The underlying [Access database](/wiki/Access_Database_Engine \"Access Database Engine\"), which contains these objects, is [multi\\-user](/wiki/Multi-user \"Multi-user\") and handles [record\\-locking](/wiki/Lock_%28database%29 \"Lock (database)\").",
"Repetitive tasks can be automated through macros with [point\\-and\\-click](/wiki/Point-and-click \"Point-and-click\") options. It is also easy to place a database on a network and have multiple users share and update data without overwriting each other's work. Data is [locked](/wiki/Lock_%28database%29 \"Lock (database)\") at the [record](/wiki/Row_%28database%29 \"Row (database)\") level which is significantly different from Excel which [locks](/wiki/Lock_%28computer_science%29 \"Lock (computer science)\") the entire spreadsheet.",
"There are [template](/wiki/Template_%28file_format%29 \"Template (file format)\") databases within the program and for download from Microsoft's website. These options are available upon starting Access and allow users to enhance a database with predefined tables, [queries](/wiki/Query_language \"Query language\"), forms, reports, and macros. Database templates support [VBA](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications \"Visual Basic for Applications\") code, but Microsoft's templates do not include VBA code.",
"Programmers can create solutions using VBA, which is similar to [Visual Basic 6\\.0](/wiki/Visual_Basic_%28classic%29 \"Visual Basic (classic)\") (VB6\\) and used throughout the Microsoft Office programs such as [Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel \"Microsoft Excel\"), [Word](/wiki/Microsoft_Word \"Microsoft Word\"), [Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook \"Microsoft Outlook\") and [PowerPoint](/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint \"Microsoft PowerPoint\"). Most VB6 code, including the use of Windows [API](/wiki/API \"API\") calls, can be used in VBA. [Power users](/wiki/Power_users \"Power users\") and developers can extend basic [end\\-user](/wiki/End-user \"End-user\") solutions to a professional solution with advanced automation, [data validation](/wiki/Data_validation \"Data validation\"), [error trapping](/wiki/Exception_handling \"Exception handling\"), and multi\\-user support.",
"The number of simultaneous users that can be supported depends on the amount of data, the [tasks](/wiki/Task_%28project_management%29 \"Task (project management)\") being performed, level of use, and [application design](/wiki/Software_design \"Software design\"). Generally accepted limits are solutions with 1 GB or less of data (Access supports up to 2 GB) and it performs quite well with 100 or fewer simultaneous connections (255 concurrent users are supported).{{Cite web\\|title\\=Migrate an Access database to SQL Server\\|url\\=https://support.microsoft.com/en\\-us/office/migrate\\-an\\-access\\-database\\-to\\-sql\\-server\\-7bac0438\\-498a\\-4f53\\-b17b\\-cc22fc42c979\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-10\\-15\\|website\\=support.microsoft.com}} This capability is often a good fit for department solutions. If using an Access database solution in a multi\\-user scenario, the application should be \"split\". This means that the tables are in one file called the [back end](/wiki/Front_and_back_ends \"Front and back ends\") (typically stored on a shared network folder) and the application components (forms, reports, queries, code, macros, linked tables) are in another file called the [front end](/wiki/Front_and_back_ends \"Front and back ends\"). The linked tables in the front end point to the back end file. Each user of the Access application would then receive his or her own copy of the front end file.",
"Applications that run complex queries or analysis across large datasets would naturally require greater [bandwidth](/wiki/Bandwidth_%28computing%29 \"Bandwidth (computing)\") and [memory](/wiki/Memory_%28computers%29 \"Memory (computers)\"). Microsoft Access is designed to [scale](/wiki/wikt:Scale \"Scale\") to support more data and users by linking to multiple Access databases or using a [back\\-end database](/wiki/Back-end_database \"Back-end database\") like Microsoft SQL Server. With the latter design, the amount of data and users can scale to enterprise\\-level solutions.",
"Microsoft Access's role in [web development](/wiki/Web_development \"Web development\") prior to version 2010 is limited. [User interface](/wiki/User_interface \"User interface\") features of Access, such as forms and reports, only work in [Windows](/wiki/Microsoft_Windows \"Microsoft Windows\"). In versions 2000 through 2003 an Access object type called Data Access Pages created publishable web pages. Data Access Pages are no longer supported. The [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine \"Jet Database Engine\"), core to Access, can be accessed through technologies such as [ODBC](/wiki/ODBC \"ODBC\") or [OLE DB](/wiki/OLE_DB \"OLE DB\"). The data (i.e., tables and queries) can be accessed by [web\\-based applications](/wiki/Web_application \"Web application\") developed in [ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET \"ASP.NET\"), [PHP](/wiki/PHP \"PHP\"), or [Java](/wiki/Java_%28software_platform%29 \"Java (software platform)\"). With the use of Microsoft's [Terminal Services](/wiki/Terminal_Services \"Terminal Services\") and Remote Desktop Application in Windows Server 2008 R2, organizations can host Access applications so they can be run over the web.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fmsinc.com/microsoftaccess/terminal\\-services/remoteapp.htm\\|title\\=Using Terminal Services and RemoteApp to Extend Your Microsoft Access and other Windows Applications Over the Internet\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} This technique does not scale the way a web application would but is appropriate for a limited number of users depending on the configuration of the host.",
"Access 2010 allows databases to be published to [SharePoint](/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Server \"Microsoft SharePoint Server\") 2010 web sites running Access Services. These web\\-based forms and reports run in any modern web browser. The resulting web forms and reports, when accessed via a web browser, do not require any add\\-ins or extensions (e.g., ActiveX and [Silverlight](/wiki/Silverlight \"Silverlight\")).",
"Access 2013 can create web applications directly in [SharePoint](/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Server \"Microsoft SharePoint Server\") 2013 sites running Access Services. Access 2013 web solutions store its data in an underlying SQL Server database which is much more scalable and robust than the Access 2010 version which used SharePoint lists to store its data.",
"Access Services in SharePoint has since been retired.{{cite web\\|title\\=Access Services in SharePoint Roadmap\\|url\\=https://support.office.com/en\\-us/article/access\\-services\\-in\\-sharepoint\\-roadmap\\-497fd86b\\-e982\\-43c4\\-8318\\-81e6d3e711e8\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=May 20, 2019}}",
"A compiled version of an Access database (file extensions .MDE /ACCDE or .ADE; ACCDE only works with Access 2007 or later) can be created to prevent users from accessing the design surfaces to modify module code, forms, and reports. An MDE or ADE file is a Microsoft Access database file with all modules compiled and all editable source code removed. Both the .MDE and .ADE versions of an Access database are used when end\\-user modifications are not allowed or when the application's source code should be kept confidential.",
"Microsoft also offers [developer extensions](http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=24569) for download to help distribute Access 2007 applications, create database templates, and integrate [source code](/wiki/Source_code \"Source code\") control with [Microsoft Visual SourceSafe](/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_SourceSafe \"Microsoft Visual SourceSafe\").",
""
] |
Features
--------
Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports, and connect them together with [macros](/wiki/Macro_%28computer_science%29 "Macro (computer science)"). Advanced users can use [VBA](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications "Visual Basic for Applications") to write rich solutions with advanced [data manipulation](/wiki/Data_manipulation "Data manipulation") and user control. Access also has report creation features that can work with any data source that Access can access.
The original concept of Access was for end users to be able to access data from any source. Other features include: the import and export of data to many formats including [Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel "Microsoft Excel"), [Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook "Microsoft Outlook"), [ASCII](/wiki/ASCII "ASCII"), [dBase](/wiki/DBase "DBase"), [Paradox](/wiki/Paradox_%28database%29 "Paradox (database)"), [FoxPro](/wiki/FoxPro_2 "FoxPro 2"), [SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server "Microsoft SQL Server") and [Oracle](/wiki/Oracle_Database "Oracle Database"). It also has the ability to link to data in its existing location and use it for viewing, querying, editing, and reporting. This allows the existing data to change while ensuring that Access uses the latest data. It can perform [heterogeneous](/wiki/Heterogeneity "Heterogeneity") [joins](/wiki/Join_%28SQL%29 "Join (SQL)") between data sets stored across different platforms. Access is often used by people downloading data from [enterprise level databases](/wiki/Enterprise_software "Enterprise software") for manipulation, analysis, and reporting locally.
There is also the [Access Database](/wiki/Access_Database_Engine "Access Database Engine") (ACE and formerly Jet) format (MDB or ACCDB in Access 2007\) which can contain the application and data in one file. This makes it very convenient to distribute the entire application to another user, who can run it in disconnected environments.
One of the benefits of Access from a programmer's perspective is its relative compatibility with [SQL](/wiki/SQL "SQL") (structured [query language](/wiki/Query_language "Query language"))—queries can be viewed graphically or edited as SQL statements, and SQL statements can be used directly in Macros and VBA [Modules](/wiki/Modular_programming "Modular programming") to manipulate Access tables. Users can mix and use both VBA and "Macros" for programming forms and logic and offers [object\-oriented](/wiki/Object-oriented_programming "Object-oriented programming") possibilities. VBA can also be included in queries.
Microsoft Access offers [parameterized queries](/wiki/Parameter_%28computer_science%29 "Parameter (computer science)"). These queries and Access tables can be referenced from other programs like [VB6](/wiki/Visual_Basic "Visual Basic") and [.NET](/wiki/.NET_Framework ".NET Framework") through [DAO](/wiki/Data_Access_Objects "Data Access Objects") or [ADO](/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objects "ActiveX Data Objects"). From Microsoft Access, VBA can reference parameterized stored procedures via ADO.
The [desktop](/wiki/Desktop_environment "Desktop environment") editions of [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server "Microsoft SQL Server") can be used with Access as an alternative to the [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine "Jet Database Engine"). This support started with [MSDE](/wiki/MSDE "MSDE") (Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine), a scaled down version of Microsoft SQL Server 2000, and continues with the [SQL Server Express](/wiki/SQL_Server_Express "SQL Server Express") versions of SQL Server 2005 and 2008\.
Microsoft Access is a [file server](/wiki/File_server "File server")\-based database. Unlike [client–server](/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server "Client–server") [relational database management systems](/wiki/Relational_database_management_system "Relational database management system") (RDBMS), Microsoft Access does not implement [database triggers](/wiki/Database_trigger "Database trigger"), [stored procedures](/wiki/Stored_procedure "Stored procedure"), or [transaction logging](/wiki/Transaction_log "Transaction log"). Access 2010 includes table\-level triggers and stored procedures built into the ACE data engine. Thus a Client\-server database system is not a requirement for using stored procedures or table triggers with Access 2010\.
Tables, queries, forms, reports and macros can now be developed specifically for web based applications in Access 2010\. Integration with Microsoft SharePoint 2010 is also highly improved.
The 2013 edition of Microsoft Access introduced a mostly flat design and the ability to install apps from the Office Store, but it did not introduce new features. The theme was partially updated again for 2016, but no dark theme was created for Access.
### Access Services and Web database
{{See also\|Web form\|}}
[ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET "ASP.NET") [web forms](/wiki/Web_form "Web form") can query a Microsoft Access database, retrieve records and display them on the browser.{{cite web\|title\=Create ASP.NET Web Forms to Use a Microsoft Access Database\|url\=https://www.aspfree.com/c/a/asp\-net/create\-asp\-net\-web\-forms\-to\-use\-a\-microsoft\-access\-database/\|access\-date\=13 June 2017}}
[SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint "SharePoint") Server 2010 via Access Services allows for Access 2010 databases to be published to SharePoint, thus enabling multiple users to interact with the database application from any standards\-compliant Web browser. Access Web databases published to SharePoint Server can use standard objects such as tables, queries, forms, macros, and reports. Access Services stores those objects in SharePoint.{{cite web\|url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/ff402351\.aspx \|title\=Creating Web Databases with Access 2010 and Access Services \|publisher\=Msdn.microsoft.com \|date\=July 22, 2009 \|access\-date\=April 24, 2013}}
Access 2013 offers the ability to publish Access web solutions on SharePoint 2013\. Rather than using SharePoint lists as its data source, Access 2013 uses an actual SQL Server database hosted by SharePoint or SQL Azure.{{Cite web\|url\=https://access\-templates.com/tutorial/microsoft\-access\-2013\-web\-applications\-and\-examples.html\|title\=Microsoft Access 2013 Web Applications and Examples\|website\=access\-templates.com \|access\-date\=2017\-09\-04}} This offers a true relational database with referential integrity, scalability, maintainability, and extensibility compared to the SharePoint views Access 2010 used. The macro language is enhanced to support more sophisticated programming logic and database level automation.
### Import or link sources
Microsoft Access can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases. Microsoft Office Access 2007 and newer can import from or link to:
* Microsoft Access
* [Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel "Microsoft Excel")
* [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint "SharePoint") lists
* [Plain text](/wiki/Plain_text "Plain text")
* [XML](/wiki/XML "XML")
* [Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook "Microsoft Outlook")
* [HTML](/wiki/HTML "HTML")
* [dBase](/wiki/DBase "DBase") (dropped in Access 2013; restored in Access 2016\){{cite web\|title\=Back by popular demand—dBASE file support in Access\|url\=https://blogs.office.com/en\-us/2016/09/07/back\-by\-popular\-demand\-dbase\-file\-support\-in\-access/\|website\=Office Blogs\|publisher\=\[\[Microsoft]]\|access\-date\=20 August 2017\|date\=September 7, 2016}}
* [Paradox](/wiki/Paradox_%28database%29 "Paradox (database)") (with Access 2007; dropped in Access 2010)
* [Lotus 1\-2\-3](/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3 "Lotus 1-2-3") (dropped in Access 2010{{cite web\|title\=Discontinued features and modified functionality in Access 2010\|url\=http://office.microsoft.com/en\-us/access\-help/discontinued\-features\-and\-modified\-functionality\-in\-access\-2010\-HA101806473\.aspx\|work\=\[\[Office.com]]\|publisher\=\[\[Microsoft]]\|access\-date\=January 17, 2014}})
* [ODBC](/wiki/ODBC "ODBC")\-compliant data containers, including:
+ [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server "Microsoft SQL Server")
+ [Oracle](/wiki/Oracle_database "Oracle database")
+ [MySQL](/wiki/MySQL "MySQL")
+ [PostgreSQL](/wiki/PostgreSQL "PostgreSQL")
+ [IBM Lotus Notes](/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Notes "IBM Lotus Notes")
+ [IBM i](/wiki/IBM_i "IBM i") [IBM Db2](/wiki/IBM_Db2 "IBM Db2")
|
[
"Features\n--------",
"Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports, and connect them together with [macros](/wiki/Macro_%28computer_science%29 \"Macro (computer science)\"). Advanced users can use [VBA](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications \"Visual Basic for Applications\") to write rich solutions with advanced [data manipulation](/wiki/Data_manipulation \"Data manipulation\") and user control. Access also has report creation features that can work with any data source that Access can access.",
"The original concept of Access was for end users to be able to access data from any source. Other features include: the import and export of data to many formats including [Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel \"Microsoft Excel\"), [Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook \"Microsoft Outlook\"), [ASCII](/wiki/ASCII \"ASCII\"), [dBase](/wiki/DBase \"DBase\"), [Paradox](/wiki/Paradox_%28database%29 \"Paradox (database)\"), [FoxPro](/wiki/FoxPro_2 \"FoxPro 2\"), [SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server \"Microsoft SQL Server\") and [Oracle](/wiki/Oracle_Database \"Oracle Database\"). It also has the ability to link to data in its existing location and use it for viewing, querying, editing, and reporting. This allows the existing data to change while ensuring that Access uses the latest data. It can perform [heterogeneous](/wiki/Heterogeneity \"Heterogeneity\") [joins](/wiki/Join_%28SQL%29 \"Join (SQL)\") between data sets stored across different platforms. Access is often used by people downloading data from [enterprise level databases](/wiki/Enterprise_software \"Enterprise software\") for manipulation, analysis, and reporting locally.",
"There is also the [Access Database](/wiki/Access_Database_Engine \"Access Database Engine\") (ACE and formerly Jet) format (MDB or ACCDB in Access 2007\\) which can contain the application and data in one file. This makes it very convenient to distribute the entire application to another user, who can run it in disconnected environments.",
"One of the benefits of Access from a programmer's perspective is its relative compatibility with [SQL](/wiki/SQL \"SQL\") (structured [query language](/wiki/Query_language \"Query language\"))—queries can be viewed graphically or edited as SQL statements, and SQL statements can be used directly in Macros and VBA [Modules](/wiki/Modular_programming \"Modular programming\") to manipulate Access tables. Users can mix and use both VBA and \"Macros\" for programming forms and logic and offers [object\\-oriented](/wiki/Object-oriented_programming \"Object-oriented programming\") possibilities. VBA can also be included in queries.",
"Microsoft Access offers [parameterized queries](/wiki/Parameter_%28computer_science%29 \"Parameter (computer science)\"). These queries and Access tables can be referenced from other programs like [VB6](/wiki/Visual_Basic \"Visual Basic\") and [.NET](/wiki/.NET_Framework \".NET Framework\") through [DAO](/wiki/Data_Access_Objects \"Data Access Objects\") or [ADO](/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objects \"ActiveX Data Objects\"). From Microsoft Access, VBA can reference parameterized stored procedures via ADO.",
"The [desktop](/wiki/Desktop_environment \"Desktop environment\") editions of [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server \"Microsoft SQL Server\") can be used with Access as an alternative to the [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine \"Jet Database Engine\"). This support started with [MSDE](/wiki/MSDE \"MSDE\") (Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine), a scaled down version of Microsoft SQL Server 2000, and continues with the [SQL Server Express](/wiki/SQL_Server_Express \"SQL Server Express\") versions of SQL Server 2005 and 2008\\.",
"Microsoft Access is a [file server](/wiki/File_server \"File server\")\\-based database. Unlike [client–server](/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server \"Client–server\") [relational database management systems](/wiki/Relational_database_management_system \"Relational database management system\") (RDBMS), Microsoft Access does not implement [database triggers](/wiki/Database_trigger \"Database trigger\"), [stored procedures](/wiki/Stored_procedure \"Stored procedure\"), or [transaction logging](/wiki/Transaction_log \"Transaction log\"). Access 2010 includes table\\-level triggers and stored procedures built into the ACE data engine. Thus a Client\\-server database system is not a requirement for using stored procedures or table triggers with Access 2010\\.\nTables, queries, forms, reports and macros can now be developed specifically for web based applications in Access 2010\\. Integration with Microsoft SharePoint 2010 is also highly improved.",
"The 2013 edition of Microsoft Access introduced a mostly flat design and the ability to install apps from the Office Store, but it did not introduce new features. The theme was partially updated again for 2016, but no dark theme was created for Access.",
"### Access Services and Web database",
"{{See also\\|Web form\\|}}",
"[ASP.NET](/wiki/ASP.NET \"ASP.NET\") [web forms](/wiki/Web_form \"Web form\") can query a Microsoft Access database, retrieve records and display them on the browser.{{cite web\\|title\\=Create ASP.NET Web Forms to Use a Microsoft Access Database\\|url\\=https://www.aspfree.com/c/a/asp\\-net/create\\-asp\\-net\\-web\\-forms\\-to\\-use\\-a\\-microsoft\\-access\\-database/\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2017}}",
"[SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint \"SharePoint\") Server 2010 via Access Services allows for Access 2010 databases to be published to SharePoint, thus enabling multiple users to interact with the database application from any standards\\-compliant Web browser. Access Web databases published to SharePoint Server can use standard objects such as tables, queries, forms, macros, and reports. Access Services stores those objects in SharePoint.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/ff402351\\.aspx \\|title\\=Creating Web Databases with Access 2010 and Access Services \\|publisher\\=Msdn.microsoft.com \\|date\\=July 22, 2009 \\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2013}}",
"Access 2013 offers the ability to publish Access web solutions on SharePoint 2013\\. Rather than using SharePoint lists as its data source, Access 2013 uses an actual SQL Server database hosted by SharePoint or SQL Azure.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://access\\-templates.com/tutorial/microsoft\\-access\\-2013\\-web\\-applications\\-and\\-examples.html\\|title\\=Microsoft Access 2013 Web Applications and Examples\\|website\\=access\\-templates.com \\|access\\-date\\=2017\\-09\\-04}} This offers a true relational database with referential integrity, scalability, maintainability, and extensibility compared to the SharePoint views Access 2010 used. The macro language is enhanced to support more sophisticated programming logic and database level automation.",
"### Import or link sources",
"Microsoft Access can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases. Microsoft Office Access 2007 and newer can import from or link to:\n* Microsoft Access\n* [Excel](/wiki/Microsoft_Excel \"Microsoft Excel\")\n* [SharePoint](/wiki/SharePoint \"SharePoint\") lists\n* [Plain text](/wiki/Plain_text \"Plain text\")\n* [XML](/wiki/XML \"XML\")\n* [Outlook](/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook \"Microsoft Outlook\")\n* [HTML](/wiki/HTML \"HTML\")\n* [dBase](/wiki/DBase \"DBase\") (dropped in Access 2013; restored in Access 2016\\){{cite web\\|title\\=Back by popular demand—dBASE file support in Access\\|url\\=https://blogs.office.com/en\\-us/2016/09/07/back\\-by\\-popular\\-demand\\-dbase\\-file\\-support\\-in\\-access/\\|website\\=Office Blogs\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Microsoft]]\\|access\\-date\\=20 August 2017\\|date\\=September 7, 2016}}\n* [Paradox](/wiki/Paradox_%28database%29 \"Paradox (database)\") (with Access 2007; dropped in Access 2010)\n* [Lotus 1\\-2\\-3](/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3 \"Lotus 1-2-3\") (dropped in Access 2010{{cite web\\|title\\=Discontinued features and modified functionality in Access 2010\\|url\\=http://office.microsoft.com/en\\-us/access\\-help/discontinued\\-features\\-and\\-modified\\-functionality\\-in\\-access\\-2010\\-HA101806473\\.aspx\\|work\\=\\[\\[Office.com]]\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Microsoft]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 17, 2014}})\n* [ODBC](/wiki/ODBC \"ODBC\")\\-compliant data containers, including:\n\t+ [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server \"Microsoft SQL Server\")\n\t+ [Oracle](/wiki/Oracle_database \"Oracle database\")\n\t+ [MySQL](/wiki/MySQL \"MySQL\")\n\t+ [PostgreSQL](/wiki/PostgreSQL \"PostgreSQL\")\n\t+ [IBM Lotus Notes](/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Notes \"IBM Lotus Notes\")\n\t+ [IBM i](/wiki/IBM_i \"IBM i\") [IBM Db2](/wiki/IBM_Db2 \"IBM Db2\")",
""
] |
Development
-----------
Access stores all database tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules in the Access Jet database as a single file.
For query development, Access offers a "Query Designer", a graphical user interface that allows users to build queries without knowledge of structured query language. In the Query Designer, users can "show" the datasources of the query (which can be tables or queries) and select the fields they want returned by clicking and dragging them into the grid. One can set up joins by clicking and dragging fields in tables to fields in other tables. Access allows users to view and manipulate the SQL code if desired. Any Access table, including linked tables from different data sources, can be used in a query.
Access also supports the creation of "pass\-through queries". These snippets of SQL code can address external data sources through the use of ODBC connections on the local machine. This enables users to interact with data stored outside the Access program without using linked tables or Jet.{{cite book
\| last\= Sinclair
\| first\= Russell
\| title\= From access to SQL server
\| url\= https://books.google.com/books?id\=CK2WOq4WlPkC
\| access\-date\= July 8, 2010
\| series\= Apress Series
\| year\= 2000
\| publisher\= Apress
\| isbn\= 978\-1\-893115\-24\-8
\| page\= 39
\| quote\= SQL pass\-through queries are queries in which you can enter a statement that is passed directly to the ODBC driver without the Jet engine validating it or parsing it in any way.
}}
Users construct the pass\-through queries using the SQL syntax supported by the external data source.
When developing reports (in "Design View") additions or changes to controls cause any linked queries to execute in the background and the designer is forced to wait for records to be returned before being able to make another change. This feature cannot be turned off.
Non\-programmers can use the macro feature to automate simple tasks through a series of drop\-down selections. Macros allow users to easily chain commands together such as running queries, importing or exporting data, opening and closing forms, previewing and printing reports, etc. Macros support basic logic (IF\-conditions) and the ability to call other macros. Macros can also contain sub\-macros which are similar to subroutines. In Access 2007, enhanced macros included error\-handling and support for [temporary variables](/wiki/Temporary_variable "Temporary variable"). Access 2007 also introduced embedded macros that are essentially properties of an object's event. This eliminated the need to store macros as individual objects. However, macros were limited in their functionality by a lack of [programming loops](/wiki/Program_loops "Program loops") and advanced coding logic until Access 2013\. With significant further enhancements introduced in Access 2013, the capabilities of macros became fully comparable to VBA. They made feature rich web\-based application deployments practical, via a greatly enhanced Microsoft SharePoint interface and tools, as well as on traditional Windows desktops.
In common with other products in the Microsoft Office suite, the other programming language used in Access is Microsoft VBA. It is similar to Visual Basic 6\.0 (VB6\) and code can be stored in modules, classes, and code behind forms and reports. To create a richer, more efficient and maintainable finished product with good error handling, most professional Access applications are developed using the VBA programming language rather than macros, except where web deployment is a business requirement.
To manipulate data in tables and queries in VBA or macros, Microsoft provides two database access libraries of [COM](/wiki/Component_Object_Model "Component Object Model") components:
1. [Data Access Objects](/wiki/Data_Access_Objects "Data Access Objects") (DAO) (32\-bit only), which is included in Access and Windows and evolved to ACE in Microsoft Access 2007 for the ACCDE database format
2. ActiveX Data Objects [ActiveX Data Objects](/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objects "ActiveX Data Objects") (ADO) (both 32\-bit and 64\-bit versions)
As well as DAO and ADO, developers can also use OLE DB and ODBC for developing native C/C\+\+ programs for Access.{{cite web \| url\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/cc811599\.aspx \| title\=Developing Access 2007 Solutions with Native C or C\+\+ \| author\=Aleksandar Jakšić \| publisher\=Microsoft Corporation \|date\=August 2008 \| access\-date\=September 22, 2008 }} For ADPs and the direct manipulation of SQL Server data, ADO is required. DAO is most appropriate for managing data in Access/Jet databases, and the only way to manipulate the [complex field](/wiki/Complex_number "Complex number") types in ACCDB tables.
In the database container or navigation pane in Access 2007 and later versions, the system automatically categorizes each object by type (e.g., table, query, macro). Many Access developers use the [Leszynski naming convention](/wiki/Leszynski_naming_convention "Leszynski naming convention"), though this is not universal; it is a programming convention, not a DBMS\-enforced rule.{{cite web\|url\=https://technet.microsoft.com/en\-us/library/bf926bek(v\=VS.80\).aspx\|title\=Naming Conventions\|date\=July 9, 2007 \|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}}[Naming Conventions for Visual Basic](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/110264) It is particularly helpful in VBA where references to object names may not indicate its data type (e.g. tbl for tables, qry for queries).
Developers deploy Microsoft Access most often for individual and workgroup projects (the Access 97 speed characterization was done for 32 users).Kevin Collins (Microsoft Jet [Program Management](/wiki/Program_management "Program management")), "Microsoft Jet 3\.5 Performance Overview and Optimization Techniques", MSDN. Retrieved July 19, 2005\. Since Access 97, and with Access 2003 and 2007, Microsoft Access and hardware have evolved significantly. Databases under 1 GB in size (which can now fit entirely in RAM) and 200 simultaneous users are well within the capabilities of Microsoft Access.{{cite web\|url\=http://blog.fmsinc.com/microsoft\-access\-database\-scalability\-how\-many\-users\-can\-it\-support/\|title\=Microsoft Access Database Scalability: How many users can it support?\|work\=FMS Software Development Team Blog\|date\=May 31, 2011 \|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} Of course, performance depends on the [database design](/wiki/Database_design "Database design") and tasks. Disk\-intensive work such as complex searching and querying take the most time.
As data from a Microsoft Access database can be cached in RAM, processing speed may substantially improve when there is only a single user or if the data is not changing. In the past, the effect of packet latency on the record\-locking system caused Access databases to run slowly on a [virtual private network](/wiki/Virtual_private_network "Virtual private network") (VPN) or a [wide area network](/wiki/Wide_area_network "Wide area network") (WAN) against a Jet database. {{As of\|2010\|post\=,}} broadband connections have mitigated this issue. Performance can also be enhanced if a [continuous connection](http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/Performance/LinkedDatabase.html) is maintained to the back\-end database throughout the session rather than opening and closing it for each table access.{{Citation needed\|date\=July 2010}}
In July 2011, Microsoft acknowledged an intermittent query performance problem with all versions of Access and [Windows 7](/wiki/Windows_7 "Windows 7") and [Windows Server 2008 R2](/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2 "Windows Server 2008 R2") due to the nature of resource management being vastly different in newer operating systems.[Very slow Access 2002 query with Windows 7](http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/accessdev/thread/86e59bc0-3524-45be-89d0-3528cfea842b) This issue severely affects query performance on both Access 2003 and earlier with the [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine "Jet Database Engine") code, as well as Access 2007 and later with the Access Database Engine (ACE). Microsoft has issued hotfixes [KB2553029](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2553029) for Access 2007 and [KB2553116](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2553116) for Access 2010, but will not fix the issue with Jet 4\.0 as it is out of mainstream support.
In earlier versions of Microsoft Access, the ability to distribute applications required the purchase of the Developer Toolkit; in Access 2007, 2010 and Access 2013 the "Runtime Only" version is offered as a free download,{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/runtime/index.htm\|title\=Microsoft Access Runtime Distribution Programs and Free Downloads\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} making the distribution of royalty\-free applications possible on Windows XP, Vista, 7 and Windows 8\.x.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.microsoft.com/en\-us/download/details.aspx?id\=10910\|title\=Download Microsoft Access 2010 Runtime from Official Microsoft Download Center\|publisher\=Microsoft\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}}
### Split database architecture
Microsoft Access applications can adopt a split\-database architecture. The single database can be divided into a separate "back\-end" file that contains the data tables (shared on a file server) and a "front\-end" (containing the application's objects such as queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules). The "front\-end" Access application is distributed to each user's desktop and linked to the shared database. Using this approach, each user has a copy of Microsoft Access (or the runtime version) installed on their machine along with their application database. This reduces network traffic since the application is not retrieved for each use. The "front\-end" database can still contain local tables for storing a user's settings or temporary data. This split\-database design also allows development of the application independent of the data. One disadvantage is that users may make various changes to their own local copy of the application and this makes it hard to manage version control. When a new version is ready, the front\-end database is replaced without impacting the data database. Microsoft Access has two built\-in utilities, Database Splitter{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/DatabaseSplitter/ \|title\=Microsoft Access Split Database Architecture to Support Multiuser Environments, Improve Performance, and Simplify Maintainability \|publisher\=Fmsinc.com \|access\-date\=April 24, 2013}} and Linked Table Manager, to facilitate this architecture.
Linked tables in Access use absolute paths rather than relative paths, so the development environment either has to have the same path as the production environment or a "dynamic\-linker" routine can be written in [VBA](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications "Visual Basic for Applications").
For very large Access databases, this may have performance issues and a SQL backend should be considered in these circumstances. This is less of an issue if the entire database can fit in the PC's RAM since Access caches data and indexes.
### Migration to SQL Server
{{Main\|Upsizing (database)}}To scale Access applications to enterprise or web solutions, one possible technique involves migrating to [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server "Microsoft SQL Server") or equivalent server database. A client–server design significantly reduces maintenance and increases security, availability, stability, and transaction logging.
Access 2000 through Access 2010 included a feature called the Upsizing [Wizard](/wiki/Wizard_%28software%29 "Wizard (software)") that allowed users to upgrade their databases to Microsoft SQL Server, an ODBC client–server database. This feature was removed from Access 2013\. An additional solution, the SQL Server Migration Assistant for Access (SSMA), continues to be available for free download from Microsoft.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.microsoft.com/en\-us/download/details.aspx?id\=54255 \|title\=Microsoft SQL Server Migration Assistant 7\.10 for Access \|publisher\=Microsoft.com \|access\-date\=October 20, 2018}}
A variety of upgrading options are available.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/SQLServerUpsizing/how/index.htm\|title\=When and How to Upsize Microsoft Access Databases to SQL Server\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} After migrating the data and queries to SQL Server, the Access database can be linked to the SQL database, subject to data type conversion limitations:
* "Yes/No" types: In Microsoft Access there are three states for the Yes/No (True/False) data type: empty, no/false (0\) and yes/true (−1\). The corresponding SQL Server data type is binary, with only two states; the permissible values are 0 and 1\.
* Date/Time (Extended): SQL Server's smalldatetime format has precision of 1 minute, minimum date value is 1900\-01\-01, maximum date value is 2079\-06\-06; datetime format has precision of 10/3 milliseconds (rounded to increments of .000, .003, or .007 seconds), minimum date value is 1753\-01\-01, maximum date value is 9999\-12\-31; datetime2 format has precision of 100 nanoseconds, minimum date value is 0001\-01\-01, same maximmum date value as datetime. Access's Date/Time and Date/Time Extended have higher precisions than smalldatetime and datetime and datetime2, and wider date range than SQL Server's smalldatetime and datetime formats.
Regardless, SQL Server is still the easiest migration. Retrieving data from linked tables is optimized to just the records needed, but this scenario may operate less efficiently than what would otherwise be optimal for SQL Server. For example, in instances where multi\-table joins still require copying the whole table across the network.
In previous versions of Access, including Access 2010, databases can also be converted to Access Data Projects (ADP) which are tied directly to one SQL Server database. This feature was removed from Access 2013\. ADP's support the ability to directly create and modify SQL Server objects such as tables, views, stored procedures, and SQL Server constraints. The views and stored procedures can significantly reduce the network traffic for multi\-table joins. SQL Server supports temporary tables and links to other data sources beyond the single SQL Server database.
Finally, some Access databases are completely replaced by another technology such as ASP.NET or Java once the data is converted. However, any migration may dictate major effort since the Access SQL language is a more powerful superset of standard SQL. Further, Access application procedures, whether VBA and macros, are written at a relatively higher level versus the currently available alternatives that are both robust and comprehensive. The Access macro language, allowing an even higher level of abstraction than VBA, was significantly enhanced in Access 2010 and again in Access 2013\.
In many cases, developers build direct web\-to\-data interfaces using ASP.NET, while keeping major business automation processes, administrative and reporting functions that do not need to be distributed to everyone in Access for information workers to maintain.
While all Access data can migrate to SQL Server directly, some queries cannot migrate successfully. In some situations, you may need to translate VBA functions and user defined functions into T–SQL or .NET functions / procedures. Crosstab queries can be migrated to SQL Server using the PIVOT command.
|
[
"Development\n-----------",
"Access stores all database tables, queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules in the Access Jet database as a single file.",
"For query development, Access offers a \"Query Designer\", a graphical user interface that allows users to build queries without knowledge of structured query language. In the Query Designer, users can \"show\" the datasources of the query (which can be tables or queries) and select the fields they want returned by clicking and dragging them into the grid. One can set up joins by clicking and dragging fields in tables to fields in other tables. Access allows users to view and manipulate the SQL code if desired. Any Access table, including linked tables from different data sources, can be used in a query.",
"Access also supports the creation of \"pass\\-through queries\". These snippets of SQL code can address external data sources through the use of ODBC connections on the local machine. This enables users to interact with data stored outside the Access program without using linked tables or Jet.{{cite book\n \\| last\\= Sinclair\n \\| first\\= Russell\n \\| title\\= From access to SQL server\n \\| url\\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=CK2WOq4WlPkC\n \\| access\\-date\\= July 8, 2010\n \\| series\\= Apress Series\n \\| year\\= 2000\n \\| publisher\\= Apress\n \\| isbn\\= 978\\-1\\-893115\\-24\\-8\n \\| page\\= 39\n \\| quote\\= SQL pass\\-through queries are queries in which you can enter a statement that is passed directly to the ODBC driver without the Jet engine validating it or parsing it in any way.\n}}\nUsers construct the pass\\-through queries using the SQL syntax supported by the external data source.",
"When developing reports (in \"Design View\") additions or changes to controls cause any linked queries to execute in the background and the designer is forced to wait for records to be returned before being able to make another change. This feature cannot be turned off.",
"Non\\-programmers can use the macro feature to automate simple tasks through a series of drop\\-down selections. Macros allow users to easily chain commands together such as running queries, importing or exporting data, opening and closing forms, previewing and printing reports, etc. Macros support basic logic (IF\\-conditions) and the ability to call other macros. Macros can also contain sub\\-macros which are similar to subroutines. In Access 2007, enhanced macros included error\\-handling and support for [temporary variables](/wiki/Temporary_variable \"Temporary variable\"). Access 2007 also introduced embedded macros that are essentially properties of an object's event. This eliminated the need to store macros as individual objects. However, macros were limited in their functionality by a lack of [programming loops](/wiki/Program_loops \"Program loops\") and advanced coding logic until Access 2013\\. With significant further enhancements introduced in Access 2013, the capabilities of macros became fully comparable to VBA. They made feature rich web\\-based application deployments practical, via a greatly enhanced Microsoft SharePoint interface and tools, as well as on traditional Windows desktops.",
"In common with other products in the Microsoft Office suite, the other programming language used in Access is Microsoft VBA. It is similar to Visual Basic 6\\.0 (VB6\\) and code can be stored in modules, classes, and code behind forms and reports. To create a richer, more efficient and maintainable finished product with good error handling, most professional Access applications are developed using the VBA programming language rather than macros, except where web deployment is a business requirement.",
"To manipulate data in tables and queries in VBA or macros, Microsoft provides two database access libraries of [COM](/wiki/Component_Object_Model \"Component Object Model\") components:",
"1. [Data Access Objects](/wiki/Data_Access_Objects \"Data Access Objects\") (DAO) (32\\-bit only), which is included in Access and Windows and evolved to ACE in Microsoft Access 2007 for the ACCDE database format\n2. ActiveX Data Objects [ActiveX Data Objects](/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objects \"ActiveX Data Objects\") (ADO) (both 32\\-bit and 64\\-bit versions)",
"As well as DAO and ADO, developers can also use OLE DB and ODBC for developing native C/C\\+\\+ programs for Access.{{cite web \\| url\\=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/cc811599\\.aspx \\| title\\=Developing Access 2007 Solutions with Native C or C\\+\\+ \\| author\\=Aleksandar Jakšić \\| publisher\\=Microsoft Corporation \\|date\\=August 2008 \\| access\\-date\\=September 22, 2008 }} For ADPs and the direct manipulation of SQL Server data, ADO is required. DAO is most appropriate for managing data in Access/Jet databases, and the only way to manipulate the [complex field](/wiki/Complex_number \"Complex number\") types in ACCDB tables.",
"In the database container or navigation pane in Access 2007 and later versions, the system automatically categorizes each object by type (e.g., table, query, macro). Many Access developers use the [Leszynski naming convention](/wiki/Leszynski_naming_convention \"Leszynski naming convention\"), though this is not universal; it is a programming convention, not a DBMS\\-enforced rule.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://technet.microsoft.com/en\\-us/library/bf926bek(v\\=VS.80\\).aspx\\|title\\=Naming Conventions\\|date\\=July 9, 2007 \\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}}[Naming Conventions for Visual Basic](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/110264) It is particularly helpful in VBA where references to object names may not indicate its data type (e.g. tbl for tables, qry for queries).",
"Developers deploy Microsoft Access most often for individual and workgroup projects (the Access 97 speed characterization was done for 32 users).Kevin Collins (Microsoft Jet [Program Management](/wiki/Program_management \"Program management\")), \"Microsoft Jet 3\\.5 Performance Overview and Optimization Techniques\", MSDN. Retrieved July 19, 2005\\. Since Access 97, and with Access 2003 and 2007, Microsoft Access and hardware have evolved significantly. Databases under 1 GB in size (which can now fit entirely in RAM) and 200 simultaneous users are well within the capabilities of Microsoft Access.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://blog.fmsinc.com/microsoft\\-access\\-database\\-scalability\\-how\\-many\\-users\\-can\\-it\\-support/\\|title\\=Microsoft Access Database Scalability: How many users can it support?\\|work\\=FMS Software Development Team Blog\\|date\\=May 31, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} Of course, performance depends on the [database design](/wiki/Database_design \"Database design\") and tasks. Disk\\-intensive work such as complex searching and querying take the most time.",
"As data from a Microsoft Access database can be cached in RAM, processing speed may substantially improve when there is only a single user or if the data is not changing. In the past, the effect of packet latency on the record\\-locking system caused Access databases to run slowly on a [virtual private network](/wiki/Virtual_private_network \"Virtual private network\") (VPN) or a [wide area network](/wiki/Wide_area_network \"Wide area network\") (WAN) against a Jet database. {{As of\\|2010\\|post\\=,}} broadband connections have mitigated this issue. Performance can also be enhanced if a [continuous connection](http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/Performance/LinkedDatabase.html) is maintained to the back\\-end database throughout the session rather than opening and closing it for each table access.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=July 2010}}",
"In July 2011, Microsoft acknowledged an intermittent query performance problem with all versions of Access and [Windows 7](/wiki/Windows_7 \"Windows 7\") and [Windows Server 2008 R2](/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2 \"Windows Server 2008 R2\") due to the nature of resource management being vastly different in newer operating systems.[Very slow Access 2002 query with Windows 7](http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/accessdev/thread/86e59bc0-3524-45be-89d0-3528cfea842b) This issue severely affects query performance on both Access 2003 and earlier with the [Jet Database Engine](/wiki/Jet_Database_Engine \"Jet Database Engine\") code, as well as Access 2007 and later with the Access Database Engine (ACE). Microsoft has issued hotfixes [KB2553029](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2553029) for Access 2007 and [KB2553116](http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2553116) for Access 2010, but will not fix the issue with Jet 4\\.0 as it is out of mainstream support.",
"In earlier versions of Microsoft Access, the ability to distribute applications required the purchase of the Developer Toolkit; in Access 2007, 2010 and Access 2013 the \"Runtime Only\" version is offered as a free download,{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/runtime/index.htm\\|title\\=Microsoft Access Runtime Distribution Programs and Free Downloads\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} making the distribution of royalty\\-free applications possible on Windows XP, Vista, 7 and Windows 8\\.x.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.microsoft.com/en\\-us/download/details.aspx?id\\=10910\\|title\\=Download Microsoft Access 2010 Runtime from Official Microsoft Download Center\\|publisher\\=Microsoft\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}}",
"### Split database architecture",
"Microsoft Access applications can adopt a split\\-database architecture. The single database can be divided into a separate \"back\\-end\" file that contains the data tables (shared on a file server) and a \"front\\-end\" (containing the application's objects such as queries, forms, reports, macros, and modules). The \"front\\-end\" Access application is distributed to each user's desktop and linked to the shared database. Using this approach, each user has a copy of Microsoft Access (or the runtime version) installed on their machine along with their application database. This reduces network traffic since the application is not retrieved for each use. The \"front\\-end\" database can still contain local tables for storing a user's settings or temporary data. This split\\-database design also allows development of the application independent of the data. One disadvantage is that users may make various changes to their own local copy of the application and this makes it hard to manage version control. When a new version is ready, the front\\-end database is replaced without impacting the data database. Microsoft Access has two built\\-in utilities, Database Splitter{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/DatabaseSplitter/ \\|title\\=Microsoft Access Split Database Architecture to Support Multiuser Environments, Improve Performance, and Simplify Maintainability \\|publisher\\=Fmsinc.com \\|access\\-date\\=April 24, 2013}} and Linked Table Manager, to facilitate this architecture.",
"Linked tables in Access use absolute paths rather than relative paths, so the development environment either has to have the same path as the production environment or a \"dynamic\\-linker\" routine can be written in [VBA](/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications \"Visual Basic for Applications\").",
"For very large Access databases, this may have performance issues and a SQL backend should be considered in these circumstances. This is less of an issue if the entire database can fit in the PC's RAM since Access caches data and indexes.",
"### Migration to SQL Server",
"{{Main\\|Upsizing (database)}}To scale Access applications to enterprise or web solutions, one possible technique involves migrating to [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server \"Microsoft SQL Server\") or equivalent server database. A client–server design significantly reduces maintenance and increases security, availability, stability, and transaction logging.",
"Access 2000 through Access 2010 included a feature called the Upsizing [Wizard](/wiki/Wizard_%28software%29 \"Wizard (software)\") that allowed users to upgrade their databases to Microsoft SQL Server, an ODBC client–server database. This feature was removed from Access 2013\\. An additional solution, the SQL Server Migration Assistant for Access (SSMA), continues to be available for free download from Microsoft.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.microsoft.com/en\\-us/download/details.aspx?id\\=54255 \\|title\\=Microsoft SQL Server Migration Assistant 7\\.10 for Access \\|publisher\\=Microsoft.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2018}}",
"A variety of upgrading options are available.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/SQLServerUpsizing/how/index.htm\\|title\\=When and How to Upsize Microsoft Access Databases to SQL Server\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} After migrating the data and queries to SQL Server, the Access database can be linked to the SQL database, subject to data type conversion limitations: \n* \"Yes/No\" types: In Microsoft Access there are three states for the Yes/No (True/False) data type: empty, no/false (0\\) and yes/true (−1\\). The corresponding SQL Server data type is binary, with only two states; the permissible values are 0 and 1\\.\n* Date/Time (Extended): SQL Server's smalldatetime format has precision of 1 minute, minimum date value is 1900\\-01\\-01, maximum date value is 2079\\-06\\-06; datetime format has precision of 10/3 milliseconds (rounded to increments of .000, .003, or .007 seconds), minimum date value is 1753\\-01\\-01, maximum date value is 9999\\-12\\-31; datetime2 format has precision of 100 nanoseconds, minimum date value is 0001\\-01\\-01, same maximmum date value as datetime. Access's Date/Time and Date/Time Extended have higher precisions than smalldatetime and datetime and datetime2, and wider date range than SQL Server's smalldatetime and datetime formats.\nRegardless, SQL Server is still the easiest migration. Retrieving data from linked tables is optimized to just the records needed, but this scenario may operate less efficiently than what would otherwise be optimal for SQL Server. For example, in instances where multi\\-table joins still require copying the whole table across the network.",
"In previous versions of Access, including Access 2010, databases can also be converted to Access Data Projects (ADP) which are tied directly to one SQL Server database. This feature was removed from Access 2013\\. ADP's support the ability to directly create and modify SQL Server objects such as tables, views, stored procedures, and SQL Server constraints. The views and stored procedures can significantly reduce the network traffic for multi\\-table joins. SQL Server supports temporary tables and links to other data sources beyond the single SQL Server database.",
"Finally, some Access databases are completely replaced by another technology such as ASP.NET or Java once the data is converted. However, any migration may dictate major effort since the Access SQL language is a more powerful superset of standard SQL. Further, Access application procedures, whether VBA and macros, are written at a relatively higher level versus the currently available alternatives that are both robust and comprehensive. The Access macro language, allowing an even higher level of abstraction than VBA, was significantly enhanced in Access 2010 and again in Access 2013\\.",
"In many cases, developers build direct web\\-to\\-data interfaces using ASP.NET, while keeping major business automation processes, administrative and reporting functions that do not need to be distributed to everyone in Access for information workers to maintain.",
"While all Access data can migrate to SQL Server directly, some queries cannot migrate successfully. In some situations, you may need to translate VBA functions and user defined functions into T–SQL or .NET functions / procedures. Crosstab queries can be migrated to SQL Server using the PIVOT command.",
""
] |
### Migration to SQL Server
{{Main\|Upsizing (database)}}To scale Access applications to enterprise or web solutions, one possible technique involves migrating to [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server "Microsoft SQL Server") or equivalent server database. A client–server design significantly reduces maintenance and increases security, availability, stability, and transaction logging.
Access 2000 through Access 2010 included a feature called the Upsizing [Wizard](/wiki/Wizard_%28software%29 "Wizard (software)") that allowed users to upgrade their databases to Microsoft SQL Server, an ODBC client–server database. This feature was removed from Access 2013\. An additional solution, the SQL Server Migration Assistant for Access (SSMA), continues to be available for free download from Microsoft.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.microsoft.com/en\-us/download/details.aspx?id\=54255 \|title\=Microsoft SQL Server Migration Assistant 7\.10 for Access \|publisher\=Microsoft.com \|access\-date\=October 20, 2018}}
A variety of upgrading options are available.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/SQLServerUpsizing/how/index.htm\|title\=When and How to Upsize Microsoft Access Databases to SQL Server\|access\-date\=March 13, 2016}} After migrating the data and queries to SQL Server, the Access database can be linked to the SQL database, subject to data type conversion limitations:
* "Yes/No" types: In Microsoft Access there are three states for the Yes/No (True/False) data type: empty, no/false (0\) and yes/true (−1\). The corresponding SQL Server data type is binary, with only two states; the permissible values are 0 and 1\.
* Date/Time (Extended): SQL Server's smalldatetime format has precision of 1 minute, minimum date value is 1900\-01\-01, maximum date value is 2079\-06\-06; datetime format has precision of 10/3 milliseconds (rounded to increments of .000, .003, or .007 seconds), minimum date value is 1753\-01\-01, maximum date value is 9999\-12\-31; datetime2 format has precision of 100 nanoseconds, minimum date value is 0001\-01\-01, same maximmum date value as datetime. Access's Date/Time and Date/Time Extended have higher precisions than smalldatetime and datetime and datetime2, and wider date range than SQL Server's smalldatetime and datetime formats.
Regardless, SQL Server is still the easiest migration. Retrieving data from linked tables is optimized to just the records needed, but this scenario may operate less efficiently than what would otherwise be optimal for SQL Server. For example, in instances where multi\-table joins still require copying the whole table across the network.
In previous versions of Access, including Access 2010, databases can also be converted to Access Data Projects (ADP) which are tied directly to one SQL Server database. This feature was removed from Access 2013\. ADP's support the ability to directly create and modify SQL Server objects such as tables, views, stored procedures, and SQL Server constraints. The views and stored procedures can significantly reduce the network traffic for multi\-table joins. SQL Server supports temporary tables and links to other data sources beyond the single SQL Server database.
Finally, some Access databases are completely replaced by another technology such as ASP.NET or Java once the data is converted. However, any migration may dictate major effort since the Access SQL language is a more powerful superset of standard SQL. Further, Access application procedures, whether VBA and macros, are written at a relatively higher level versus the currently available alternatives that are both robust and comprehensive. The Access macro language, allowing an even higher level of abstraction than VBA, was significantly enhanced in Access 2010 and again in Access 2013\.
In many cases, developers build direct web\-to\-data interfaces using ASP.NET, while keeping major business automation processes, administrative and reporting functions that do not need to be distributed to everyone in Access for information workers to maintain.
While all Access data can migrate to SQL Server directly, some queries cannot migrate successfully. In some situations, you may need to translate VBA functions and user defined functions into T–SQL or .NET functions / procedures. Crosstab queries can be migrated to SQL Server using the PIVOT command.
|
[
"### Migration to SQL Server",
"{{Main\\|Upsizing (database)}}To scale Access applications to enterprise or web solutions, one possible technique involves migrating to [Microsoft SQL Server](/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server \"Microsoft SQL Server\") or equivalent server database. A client–server design significantly reduces maintenance and increases security, availability, stability, and transaction logging.",
"Access 2000 through Access 2010 included a feature called the Upsizing [Wizard](/wiki/Wizard_%28software%29 \"Wizard (software)\") that allowed users to upgrade their databases to Microsoft SQL Server, an ODBC client–server database. This feature was removed from Access 2013\\. An additional solution, the SQL Server Migration Assistant for Access (SSMA), continues to be available for free download from Microsoft.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.microsoft.com/en\\-us/download/details.aspx?id\\=54255 \\|title\\=Microsoft SQL Server Migration Assistant 7\\.10 for Access \\|publisher\\=Microsoft.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 20, 2018}}",
"A variety of upgrading options are available.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fmsinc.com/MicrosoftAccess/SQLServerUpsizing/how/index.htm\\|title\\=When and How to Upsize Microsoft Access Databases to SQL Server\\|access\\-date\\=March 13, 2016}} After migrating the data and queries to SQL Server, the Access database can be linked to the SQL database, subject to data type conversion limitations: \n* \"Yes/No\" types: In Microsoft Access there are three states for the Yes/No (True/False) data type: empty, no/false (0\\) and yes/true (−1\\). The corresponding SQL Server data type is binary, with only two states; the permissible values are 0 and 1\\.\n* Date/Time (Extended): SQL Server's smalldatetime format has precision of 1 minute, minimum date value is 1900\\-01\\-01, maximum date value is 2079\\-06\\-06; datetime format has precision of 10/3 milliseconds (rounded to increments of .000, .003, or .007 seconds), minimum date value is 1753\\-01\\-01, maximum date value is 9999\\-12\\-31; datetime2 format has precision of 100 nanoseconds, minimum date value is 0001\\-01\\-01, same maximmum date value as datetime. Access's Date/Time and Date/Time Extended have higher precisions than smalldatetime and datetime and datetime2, and wider date range than SQL Server's smalldatetime and datetime formats.\nRegardless, SQL Server is still the easiest migration. Retrieving data from linked tables is optimized to just the records needed, but this scenario may operate less efficiently than what would otherwise be optimal for SQL Server. For example, in instances where multi\\-table joins still require copying the whole table across the network.",
"In previous versions of Access, including Access 2010, databases can also be converted to Access Data Projects (ADP) which are tied directly to one SQL Server database. This feature was removed from Access 2013\\. ADP's support the ability to directly create and modify SQL Server objects such as tables, views, stored procedures, and SQL Server constraints. The views and stored procedures can significantly reduce the network traffic for multi\\-table joins. SQL Server supports temporary tables and links to other data sources beyond the single SQL Server database.",
"Finally, some Access databases are completely replaced by another technology such as ASP.NET or Java once the data is converted. However, any migration may dictate major effort since the Access SQL language is a more powerful superset of standard SQL. Further, Access application procedures, whether VBA and macros, are written at a relatively higher level versus the currently available alternatives that are both robust and comprehensive. The Access macro language, allowing an even higher level of abstraction than VBA, was significantly enhanced in Access 2010 and again in Access 2013\\.",
"In many cases, developers build direct web\\-to\\-data interfaces using ASP.NET, while keeping major business automation processes, administrative and reporting functions that do not need to be distributed to everyone in Access for information workers to maintain.",
"While all Access data can migrate to SQL Server directly, some queries cannot migrate successfully. In some situations, you may need to translate VBA functions and user defined functions into T–SQL or .NET functions / procedures. Crosstab queries can be migrated to SQL Server using the PIVOT command.",
""
] |
Career
------
[thumb\|alt\=Antoine Bonfanti, "Toujours dire, raconter, convaincre..."\|Antoine Bonfanti, "Always say, tell, convince..."](/wiki/File:Antoine_Bonfanti_-_Corse.jpg "Antoine Bonfanti - Corse.jpg")
He began learning his profession as a trainee boom\-operator on the film [*La Belle et la Bête*](/wiki/La_Belle_et_la_B%C3%AAte_%281946_film%29 "La Belle et la Bête (1946 film)") by [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau "Jean Cocteau"). He is considered as being one of the pioneers of direct\-sound in film\-making on location: "the school of direct\-sound is French—said sound\-engineer [Jean\-Pierre Ruh](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ruh "Jean-Pierre Ruh")—it began with Antoine Bonfanti".
He is characterised by his collaborations with directors as [Bernardo Bertolucci](/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci "Bernardo Bertolucci"), [André Delvaux](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Delvaux "André Delvaux"), [Amos Gitaï](/wiki/Amos_Gita%C3%AF "Amos Gitaï"), [Jean Luc Godard](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard "Jean-Luc Godard"), [Joris Ivens](/wiki/Joris_Ivens "Joris Ivens"), [William Klein](/wiki/William_Klein_%28photographer%29 "William Klein (photographer)"), [Chris Marker](/wiki/Chris_Marker "Chris Marker"), [Gérard Oury](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Oury "Gérard Oury"), [Alain Resnais](/wiki/Alain_Resnais "Alain Resnais"), [René Vautier](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Vautier "René Vautier"), and [Paul Vecchiali](/wiki/Paul_Vecchiali "Paul Vecchiali"). (see filmography below).
His primary occupation is the authenticity of sound: above all he likes building the whole universe of sound of one film, through every stage from filming to sound\-mixing (that means the live\-sounds, the ambiances in location and after the sound\-effects, the dubbing and the mixing in auditorium). In this pattern, he had 120 films of which 80 feature films. Otherwise, his filmography includes about 420 titles of long and short Films of fiction or documentary; and within this number, some can be still missing because–as involved in cinema as in politics—Antoine did lots of "for free" that, may be, haven't been listed.
Member of the Résistance and, after, volunteer soldier in the war\-years 1943\-1945; militant, communist by spirit, vigilante, he is part of SLON collective—which later becomes ISKRA \- and of the Medvedkine\-groups.
He shared his sound\-artist's talent and he has trained several generations of sound\-engineers in many countries (Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Morocco, Mozambique, Peru, Portugal, Tunisia, Venezuela), where to make of the cinema is a matter of fight.
The film "Antoine Bonfanti—Traces sonores d'une écoute engagée" by Suzanne Durand, reconstitutes a professional path of more than 50 years which demonstrate a commitment going far\-beyond the simple trade and his collaboration with a lot of film\-makers; it is also an original approach of the sound's practical.
He recounts it himself also, interviewed by Noël Simsolo in a transmission on France\-Culture, called "Mémoire du siècle, Antoine Bonfanti" on 20 August 1997, and broadcast during "Les Nuits de France\-Culture" at midnight of 25 January 2016\.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"[thumb\\|alt\\=Antoine Bonfanti, \"Toujours dire, raconter, convaincre...\"\\|Antoine Bonfanti, \"Always say, tell, convince...\"](/wiki/File:Antoine_Bonfanti_-_Corse.jpg \"Antoine Bonfanti - Corse.jpg\")\nHe began learning his profession as a trainee boom\\-operator on the film [*La Belle et la Bête*](/wiki/La_Belle_et_la_B%C3%AAte_%281946_film%29 \"La Belle et la Bête (1946 film)\") by [Jean Cocteau](/wiki/Jean_Cocteau \"Jean Cocteau\"). He is considered as being one of the pioneers of direct\\-sound in film\\-making on location: \"the school of direct\\-sound is French—said sound\\-engineer [Jean\\-Pierre Ruh](/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ruh \"Jean-Pierre Ruh\")—it began with Antoine Bonfanti\".",
"He is characterised by his collaborations with directors as [Bernardo Bertolucci](/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci \"Bernardo Bertolucci\"), [André Delvaux](/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Delvaux \"André Delvaux\"), [Amos Gitaï](/wiki/Amos_Gita%C3%AF \"Amos Gitaï\"), [Jean Luc Godard](/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard \"Jean-Luc Godard\"), [Joris Ivens](/wiki/Joris_Ivens \"Joris Ivens\"), [William Klein](/wiki/William_Klein_%28photographer%29 \"William Klein (photographer)\"), [Chris Marker](/wiki/Chris_Marker \"Chris Marker\"), [Gérard Oury](/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Oury \"Gérard Oury\"), [Alain Resnais](/wiki/Alain_Resnais \"Alain Resnais\"), [René Vautier](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Vautier \"René Vautier\"), and [Paul Vecchiali](/wiki/Paul_Vecchiali \"Paul Vecchiali\"). (see filmography below).",
"His primary occupation is the authenticity of sound: above all he likes building the whole universe of sound of one film, through every stage from filming to sound\\-mixing (that means the live\\-sounds, the ambiances in location and after the sound\\-effects, the dubbing and the mixing in auditorium). In this pattern, he had 120 films of which 80 feature films. Otherwise, his filmography includes about 420 titles of long and short Films of fiction or documentary; and within this number, some can be still missing because–as involved in cinema as in politics—Antoine did lots of \"for free\" that, may be, haven't been listed.",
"Member of the Résistance and, after, volunteer soldier in the war\\-years 1943\\-1945; militant, communist by spirit, vigilante, he is part of SLON collective—which later becomes ISKRA \\- and of the Medvedkine\\-groups.",
"He shared his sound\\-artist's talent and he has trained several generations of sound\\-engineers in many countries (Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Chile, Cuba, Morocco, Mozambique, Peru, Portugal, Tunisia, Venezuela), where to make of the cinema is a matter of fight.",
"The film \"Antoine Bonfanti—Traces sonores d'une écoute engagée\" by Suzanne Durand, reconstitutes a professional path of more than 50 years which demonstrate a commitment going far\\-beyond the simple trade and his collaboration with a lot of film\\-makers; it is also an original approach of the sound's practical.",
"He recounts it himself also, interviewed by Noël Simsolo in a transmission on France\\-Culture, called \"Mémoire du siècle, Antoine Bonfanti\" on 20 August 1997, and broadcast during \"Les Nuits de France\\-Culture\" at midnight of 25 January 2016\\.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
[thumb\|alt\=Antoine Bonfanti, Albanie, 1988\|Antoine Bonfanti, Albania, 1988](/wiki/File:Antoine_Bonfanti%2C_Albanie%2C_1988.jpg "Antoine Bonfanti, Albanie, 1988.jpg")
Antoine, nicknamed "Nono" by his Corsican family, "Toni" by his war comrades, "Bonbon" within the world of cinema, was born in Ajaccio in 1923\. The family leaves again for Africa in 1926, having already spent some years in Conakry in "République de Guinée", (formerly "Guinée française"). His father is "receveur principal des postes" in Bobo\-Dioulasso in Burkina\-Faso (formerly "Haute\-Volta"). Antoine spends some of his youth there but, when his eldest brother must go to high\-school, the family returns to Corsica, before his father be appointed "percepteur" (tax\-collector) at Saint\-Rambert d'Alban, and after at Touquet\-Paris\-Plage.
As a child, he discovers the paroquial\-cine in Corsica. At Touquet, the family goes to the cinema pretty often. He remembers fondly the showing of the film "Les marins de Kronstadt" d'Efim Dzigan, organised by his father to mark the death of Roger Salengro in 1936, where spectators leave the theater singing "l'Internationale". He is 13 during the "Front populaire". At Boulogne\-sur\-Mer in the boarding\-school at the "Collège Mariette" \- and on his train journeys \- he uses to pass near the steelworks, red flags hanging from the rooftops; and he remains very touched by the striking workers who were raising their fists to salute the train. The "pros and con" fight in the school\-yard. There, Antoine "has been lucky enough to have Jean Marcenac as his teacher of Philosophy and French, who opened up the eyes and his library".
His political awareness began in June 1940, after the "drôle de guerre". He didn't understand Paul Reynaud's phrase who said after the debacle: "I don't believe in miracles, but if someone were to tell me that a single miracle could save France, I'd believe in that miracle". But two days later the Germans were occupying Touquet.
Later, boarding at College in Orléans (his "correspondent" is a Corsican chief of police), he was expelled in November 1941 for knocking out the chief\-supervisor who deprives him of his meal; Antoine was a lightweight boxer, (he was also a talented and competitive swimmer).
He feels the pull of the resistance. He produces pamphlets on linoleum "in private", and tries on several times to reach England by small boats with friends. He is becoming dangerous for his father who is part of one resistance\-movement; and when Antoine is called up, in May 1942, for the construction of the "Mur de l'Atlantique", his father orders him to escape to Corsica (it's his formerly correspondent who obtains a pass for him). He then forms part of the " Résistance armée urbaine" at the "Front National" (at this time: Front national pour la libération et l'indépendance de la France): "we were in a war of liberation against the Germans, and also in a war of revolution against the Petain\-regime". In 1943, he commit himself as voluntary\-soldier in the "Bataillon de choc". He becomes "chasseur" in the fourth company. After the Toulon\-loading, his batallon goes up as far as Tyrol; Antoine loses numerous comrades on the way. To his great detriment, he is only demobilized in September 1945\.
He has two children from a first marriage, Jean\-Claude and Francis. Years later, he married Maryvon Le Brishoual whom he met in Brazil in 1968, during the filming of "Le grabuge" (O tumulto) by Edouard Luntz, produced by Fox. They have three children: Kalanna, Solène and Maël.
In 1946, he took correspondence lessons from the "Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers"; and thanks to his cousin, Mathieu Bonfanti, he was chosen as boomer\-trainee on " La belle et la bête" by Jean Cocteau, at the "Studios de St Maurice" where, in the following time, he learns all the roles, all the trades of sound. In 1948, he started to work at " Radiodiffusion française" (which become RTF en 1949 and ORTF in 1964\) where he learns " à faire ce qu'il ne faut pas faire" (what not to do). Ardent militant, he fights against the American politics which refuses to accept quotas; but with the "Accords Blum\-Byrnes", Léon Blum sacrifices French cinema, in order " to put France back on the right track" with the Plan Marshall accepted, and announced in June 1947\.
Also in 1962, he begins teaching several times a year at l'INSAS in Brussels until the mid eighties.
He took a keen interest by Cuba in 1963 during the filming of the documentary of Claude Otzenberger "Fidel si, Fidel no" ("Cuba 63"). He donated then to the ICAIC his favorite appliances (Nagra III and his fetish micro [Beyerdynamic M 160](/wiki/Beyerdynamic_M_160 "Beyerdynamic M 160")). For him "Cuba is the discovery of a single application of a socialist concept, but the Cubans, remarkable people, don't deserve what they were to endure afterwards". He is rebelling constantly against l'embargo (called blocus in Cuba) that U.S.A. established in 1962, and still applied.
In 1989, he began teaching at EICTV, each year until February 1999\.
Directors such as René Vautier, Yann Le Masson, Bruno Muel, and Jacqueline Meppiel are his comrades, brothers and sister by spirit. But Antoine also is collaborator of people very different of his political family, so long as he can "make his sound to become the sound of the film", and when it is all the easier for him to impose his direct sound on films where the actors improvise and can't be dubbed in post\-production (as Louis de Funès in the films of Gérard Oury).{{Citation needed\|date\=December 2019}}
He is invited to talks, seminars and conferences on sound, is a jury member or president at film festivals, but he is mostly solicited to institutes, centers and cinema schools in numerous countries; the Cinemathèque of Lisbonne devoted a week to him in 1985\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"[thumb\\|alt\\=Antoine Bonfanti, Albanie, 1988\\|Antoine Bonfanti, Albania, 1988](/wiki/File:Antoine_Bonfanti%2C_Albanie%2C_1988.jpg \"Antoine Bonfanti, Albanie, 1988.jpg\")\nAntoine, nicknamed \"Nono\" by his Corsican family, \"Toni\" by his war comrades, \"Bonbon\" within the world of cinema, was born in Ajaccio in 1923\\. The family leaves again for Africa in 1926, having already spent some years in Conakry in \"République de Guinée\", (formerly \"Guinée française\"). His father is \"receveur principal des postes\" in Bobo\\-Dioulasso in Burkina\\-Faso (formerly \"Haute\\-Volta\"). Antoine spends some of his youth there but, when his eldest brother must go to high\\-school, the family returns to Corsica, before his father be appointed \"percepteur\" (tax\\-collector) at Saint\\-Rambert d'Alban, and after at Touquet\\-Paris\\-Plage.",
"As a child, he discovers the paroquial\\-cine in Corsica. At Touquet, the family goes to the cinema pretty often. He remembers fondly the showing of the film \"Les marins de Kronstadt\" d'Efim Dzigan, organised by his father to mark the death of Roger Salengro in 1936, where spectators leave the theater singing \"l'Internationale\". He is 13 during the \"Front populaire\". At Boulogne\\-sur\\-Mer in the boarding\\-school at the \"Collège Mariette\" \\- and on his train journeys \\- he uses to pass near the steelworks, red flags hanging from the rooftops; and he remains very touched by the striking workers who were raising their fists to salute the train. The \"pros and con\" fight in the school\\-yard. There, Antoine \"has been lucky enough to have Jean Marcenac as his teacher of Philosophy and French, who opened up the eyes and his library\".",
"His political awareness began in June 1940, after the \"drôle de guerre\". He didn't understand Paul Reynaud's phrase who said after the debacle: \"I don't believe in miracles, but if someone were to tell me that a single miracle could save France, I'd believe in that miracle\". But two days later the Germans were occupying Touquet.",
"Later, boarding at College in Orléans (his \"correspondent\" is a Corsican chief of police), he was expelled in November 1941 for knocking out the chief\\-supervisor who deprives him of his meal; Antoine was a lightweight boxer, (he was also a talented and competitive swimmer).",
"He feels the pull of the resistance. He produces pamphlets on linoleum \"in private\", and tries on several times to reach England by small boats with friends. He is becoming dangerous for his father who is part of one resistance\\-movement; and when Antoine is called up, in May 1942, for the construction of the \"Mur de l'Atlantique\", his father orders him to escape to Corsica (it's his formerly correspondent who obtains a pass for him). He then forms part of the \" Résistance armée urbaine\" at the \"Front National\" (at this time: Front national pour la libération et l'indépendance de la France): \"we were in a war of liberation against the Germans, and also in a war of revolution against the Petain\\-regime\". In 1943, he commit himself as voluntary\\-soldier in the \"Bataillon de choc\". He becomes \"chasseur\" in the fourth company. After the Toulon\\-loading, his batallon goes up as far as Tyrol; Antoine loses numerous comrades on the way. To his great detriment, he is only demobilized in September 1945\\.",
"He has two children from a first marriage, Jean\\-Claude and Francis. Years later, he married Maryvon Le Brishoual whom he met in Brazil in 1968, during the filming of \"Le grabuge\" (O tumulto) by Edouard Luntz, produced by Fox. They have three children: Kalanna, Solène and Maël.",
"In 1946, he took correspondence lessons from the \"Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers\"; and thanks to his cousin, Mathieu Bonfanti, he was chosen as boomer\\-trainee on \" La belle et la bête\" by Jean Cocteau, at the \"Studios de St Maurice\" where, in the following time, he learns all the roles, all the trades of sound. In 1948, he started to work at \" Radiodiffusion française\" (which become RTF en 1949 and ORTF in 1964\\) where he learns \" à faire ce qu'il ne faut pas faire\" (what not to do). Ardent militant, he fights against the American politics which refuses to accept quotas; but with the \"Accords Blum\\-Byrnes\", Léon Blum sacrifices French cinema, in order \" to put France back on the right track\" with the Plan Marshall accepted, and announced in June 1947\\.",
"Also in 1962, he begins teaching several times a year at l'INSAS in Brussels until the mid eighties.",
"He took a keen interest by Cuba in 1963 during the filming of the documentary of Claude Otzenberger \"Fidel si, Fidel no\" (\"Cuba 63\"). He donated then to the ICAIC his favorite appliances (Nagra III and his fetish micro [Beyerdynamic M 160](/wiki/Beyerdynamic_M_160 \"Beyerdynamic M 160\")). For him \"Cuba is the discovery of a single application of a socialist concept, but the Cubans, remarkable people, don't deserve what they were to endure afterwards\". He is rebelling constantly against l'embargo (called blocus in Cuba) that U.S.A. established in 1962, and still applied.",
"In 1989, he began teaching at EICTV, each year until February 1999\\.",
"Directors such as René Vautier, Yann Le Masson, Bruno Muel, and Jacqueline Meppiel are his comrades, brothers and sister by spirit. But Antoine also is collaborator of people very different of his political family, so long as he can \"make his sound to become the sound of the film\", and when it is all the easier for him to impose his direct sound on films where the actors improvise and can't be dubbed in post\\-production (as Louis de Funès in the films of Gérard Oury).{{Citation needed\\|date\\=December 2019}}",
"He is invited to talks, seminars and conferences on sound, is a jury member or president at film festivals, but he is mostly solicited to institutes, centers and cinema schools in numerous countries; the Cinemathèque of Lisbonne devoted a week to him in 1985\\.",
""
] |
Causes
------
The most common causes of adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency appear to be related to the [pituitary gland](/wiki/Pituitary_gland "Pituitary gland") and include [autoimmune](/wiki/Autoimmune_disease "Autoimmune disease") processes, [congenital](/wiki/Birth_defect "Birth defect") etiologies, and [physical trauma](/wiki/Injury "Injury"). It can occur on its own or as a component of a pluriglandular auto\-immune syndrome. After a head injury, isolated ACTH deficiency has been reported in association with [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes "Diabetes") mellitus and [benign intracranial hypertension](/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension "Idiopathic intracranial hypertension").{{cite journal \| last1\=Orme \| first1\=S. M. \| last2\=Belchetz \| first2\=P. E. \| title\=Isolated ACTH deficiency \| journal\=Clinical Endocrinology \| publisher\=Wiley \| volume\=35 \| issue\=3 \| year\=1991 \| issn\=0300\-0664 \| doi\=10\.1111/j.1365\-2265\.1991\.tb03524\.x \| pages\=213–217\| pmid\=1660365 \| s2cid\=31834655 \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1111/j.1365\-2265\.1991\.tb03524\.x\|access\-date\=November 11, 2023}}
Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency can be associated with [lymphocytic hypophysitis](/wiki/Autoimmune_hypophysitis "Autoimmune hypophysitis") and selective destruction of [corticotrophs](/wiki/Corticotropic_cell "Corticotropic cell"). This almost always manifests during pregnancy or after childbirth. Patients with [lymphocytic hypophysitis](/wiki/Autoimmune_hypophysitis "Autoimmune hypophysitis") or a deficiency in Adrenocorticotropic hormone have been found to have antibodies against a 22 kDalton pituitary protein, which lends support to this theory.
Post\-traumatic ACTH deficiency is usually associated with other pituitary defects; however, persistent or transient post\-traumatic Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency has been reported. Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency can also be part of an atypical [Sheehan's syndrome](/wiki/Sheehan%27s_syndrome "Sheehan's syndrome"), be linked to an [empty sella](/wiki/Empty_sella_syndrome "Empty sella syndrome"), and appear after [brain tumor](/wiki/Brain_tumor "Brain tumor") [radiation therapy](/wiki/Radiation_therapy "Radiation therapy").
A few instances of acquired adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency have been linked to autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease, anti\-pituitary antibodies in the serum, such as [anti\-corticotroph](/wiki/Anticorticotropin "Anticorticotropin") antibodies, and [hypophysitis](/wiki/Hypophysitis "Hypophysitis") caused by anti\-programmed death 1 or anti\-programmed death [ligand](/wiki/Ligand "Ligand") 1 antibodies. This strongly suggests that the development of acquired adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency is influenced by autoimmune etiology.{{cite journal \| last1\=Fujita \| first1\=Yasunori \| last2\=Bando \| first2\=Hironori \| last3\=Iguchi \| first3\=Genzo \| last4\=Iida \| first4\=Keiji \| last5\=Nishizawa \| first5\=Hitoshi \| last6\=Kanie \| first6\=Keitaro \| last7\=Yoshida \| first7\=Kenichi \| last8\=Matsumoto \| first8\=Ryusaku \| last9\=Suda \| first9\=Kentaro \| last10\=Fukuoka \| first10\=Hidenori \| last11\=Ogawa \| first11\=Wataru \| last12\=Takahashi \| first12\=Yutaka \| title\=Clinical Heterogeneity of Acquired Idiopathic Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency \| journal\=Frontiers in Endocrinology \| publisher\=Frontiers Media SA \| volume\=12 \| date\=February 19, 2021 \| issn\=1664\-2392 \| doi\=10\.3389/fendo.2021\.578802 \| pmid\=33679614 \| pmc\=7933588 \| doi\-access\=free}}
### Genetics
It is thought that congenital adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency is extremely rare. A few cases with onsets ranging from the perinatal period to the early teen years have been described.
[TBX19](/wiki/TBX19 "TBX19") is involved in [corticotropic](/wiki/Corticotropic_cell "Corticotropic cell") cell differentiation and proliferation, and TBX19 mutations account for over 60 percent of neonatal cases of adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency.{{cite journal \| last1\=Charnay \| first1\=Théo \| last2\=Mougel \| first2\=Gregory \| last3\=Amouroux \| first3\=Cyril \| last4\=Gueorguieva \| first4\=Iva \| last5\=Joubert \| first5\=Florence \| last6\=Pertuit \| first6\=Morgane \| last7\=Reynaud \| first7\=Rachel \| last8\=Barlier \| first8\=Anne \| last9\=Brue \| first9\=Thierry \| last10\=Saveanu \| first10\=Alexandru \| title\=A novel TBX19 gene mutation in patients with isolated ACTH deficiency from distinct families with a common geographical origin \| journal\=Frontiers in Endocrinology \| publisher\=Frontiers Media SA \| volume\=13 \| date\=February 15, 2023 \| issn\=1664\-2392 \| doi\=10\.3389/fendo.2022\.1080649 \| pmid\=36890856 \| pmc\=9987334 \|doi\-access\=free}}
The TBX19 gene, formerly known as TPIT, encodes a [T\-box transcription factor](/wiki/T-box_transcription_factor_T "T-box transcription factor T") found in pituitary cells that express [proopiomelanocortin](/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin "Proopiomelanocortin"). TBX19 is required for these cells' terminal differentiation and the expression of the [POMC](/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin "Proopiomelanocortin") gene. TBX19 is found on chromosome 1q24\.2, and its primary transcript consists of 8 exons.
Due to the dual role of [α\-MSH](/wiki/%CE%91-MSH "Α-MSH") in regulating food intake and hair pigmentation, a defect in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) or its cleavage enzyme, [prohormone convertase](/wiki/Proprotein_convertase "Proprotein convertase"), results in defects in POMC\-derived [peptides](/wiki/Peptide "Peptide") (e.g., ACTH, MSH) and consequently, Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. Furthermore, the phenotype associated with a defect in POMC should include obesity, altered hair pigmentation, and ACTH deficiency. Other candidate genes include [CRH](/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor "Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor") and [CRH receptor type 1](/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1 "Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1"), but no mutations in these genes have been linked to a lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone.
|
[
"Causes\n------",
"The most common causes of adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency appear to be related to the [pituitary gland](/wiki/Pituitary_gland \"Pituitary gland\") and include [autoimmune](/wiki/Autoimmune_disease \"Autoimmune disease\") processes, [congenital](/wiki/Birth_defect \"Birth defect\") etiologies, and [physical trauma](/wiki/Injury \"Injury\"). It can occur on its own or as a component of a pluriglandular auto\\-immune syndrome. After a head injury, isolated ACTH deficiency has been reported in association with [diabetes](/wiki/Diabetes \"Diabetes\") mellitus and [benign intracranial hypertension](/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension \"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension\").{{cite journal \\| last1\\=Orme \\| first1\\=S. M. \\| last2\\=Belchetz \\| first2\\=P. E. \\| title\\=Isolated ACTH deficiency \\| journal\\=Clinical Endocrinology \\| publisher\\=Wiley \\| volume\\=35 \\| issue\\=3 \\| year\\=1991 \\| issn\\=0300\\-0664 \\| doi\\=10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2265\\.1991\\.tb03524\\.x \\| pages\\=213–217\\| pmid\\=1660365 \\| s2cid\\=31834655 \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1111/j.1365\\-2265\\.1991\\.tb03524\\.x\\|access\\-date\\=November 11, 2023}}",
"Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency can be associated with [lymphocytic hypophysitis](/wiki/Autoimmune_hypophysitis \"Autoimmune hypophysitis\") and selective destruction of [corticotrophs](/wiki/Corticotropic_cell \"Corticotropic cell\"). This almost always manifests during pregnancy or after childbirth. Patients with [lymphocytic hypophysitis](/wiki/Autoimmune_hypophysitis \"Autoimmune hypophysitis\") or a deficiency in Adrenocorticotropic hormone have been found to have antibodies against a 22 kDalton pituitary protein, which lends support to this theory.",
"Post\\-traumatic ACTH deficiency is usually associated with other pituitary defects; however, persistent or transient post\\-traumatic Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency has been reported. Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency can also be part of an atypical [Sheehan's syndrome](/wiki/Sheehan%27s_syndrome \"Sheehan's syndrome\"), be linked to an [empty sella](/wiki/Empty_sella_syndrome \"Empty sella syndrome\"), and appear after [brain tumor](/wiki/Brain_tumor \"Brain tumor\") [radiation therapy](/wiki/Radiation_therapy \"Radiation therapy\").",
"A few instances of acquired adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency have been linked to autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease, anti\\-pituitary antibodies in the serum, such as [anti\\-corticotroph](/wiki/Anticorticotropin \"Anticorticotropin\") antibodies, and [hypophysitis](/wiki/Hypophysitis \"Hypophysitis\") caused by anti\\-programmed death 1 or anti\\-programmed death [ligand](/wiki/Ligand \"Ligand\") 1 antibodies. This strongly suggests that the development of acquired adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency is influenced by autoimmune etiology.{{cite journal \\| last1\\=Fujita \\| first1\\=Yasunori \\| last2\\=Bando \\| first2\\=Hironori \\| last3\\=Iguchi \\| first3\\=Genzo \\| last4\\=Iida \\| first4\\=Keiji \\| last5\\=Nishizawa \\| first5\\=Hitoshi \\| last6\\=Kanie \\| first6\\=Keitaro \\| last7\\=Yoshida \\| first7\\=Kenichi \\| last8\\=Matsumoto \\| first8\\=Ryusaku \\| last9\\=Suda \\| first9\\=Kentaro \\| last10\\=Fukuoka \\| first10\\=Hidenori \\| last11\\=Ogawa \\| first11\\=Wataru \\| last12\\=Takahashi \\| first12\\=Yutaka \\| title\\=Clinical Heterogeneity of Acquired Idiopathic Isolated Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Deficiency \\| journal\\=Frontiers in Endocrinology \\| publisher\\=Frontiers Media SA \\| volume\\=12 \\| date\\=February 19, 2021 \\| issn\\=1664\\-2392 \\| doi\\=10\\.3389/fendo.2021\\.578802 \\| pmid\\=33679614 \\| pmc\\=7933588 \\| doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"### Genetics",
"It is thought that congenital adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency is extremely rare. A few cases with onsets ranging from the perinatal period to the early teen years have been described.",
"[TBX19](/wiki/TBX19 \"TBX19\") is involved in [corticotropic](/wiki/Corticotropic_cell \"Corticotropic cell\") cell differentiation and proliferation, and TBX19 mutations account for over 60 percent of neonatal cases of adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency.{{cite journal \\| last1\\=Charnay \\| first1\\=Théo \\| last2\\=Mougel \\| first2\\=Gregory \\| last3\\=Amouroux \\| first3\\=Cyril \\| last4\\=Gueorguieva \\| first4\\=Iva \\| last5\\=Joubert \\| first5\\=Florence \\| last6\\=Pertuit \\| first6\\=Morgane \\| last7\\=Reynaud \\| first7\\=Rachel \\| last8\\=Barlier \\| first8\\=Anne \\| last9\\=Brue \\| first9\\=Thierry \\| last10\\=Saveanu \\| first10\\=Alexandru \\| title\\=A novel TBX19 gene mutation in patients with isolated ACTH deficiency from distinct families with a common geographical origin \\| journal\\=Frontiers in Endocrinology \\| publisher\\=Frontiers Media SA \\| volume\\=13 \\| date\\=February 15, 2023 \\| issn\\=1664\\-2392 \\| doi\\=10\\.3389/fendo.2022\\.1080649 \\| pmid\\=36890856 \\| pmc\\=9987334 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"The TBX19 gene, formerly known as TPIT, encodes a [T\\-box transcription factor](/wiki/T-box_transcription_factor_T \"T-box transcription factor T\") found in pituitary cells that express [proopiomelanocortin](/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin \"Proopiomelanocortin\"). TBX19 is required for these cells' terminal differentiation and the expression of the [POMC](/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin \"Proopiomelanocortin\") gene. TBX19 is found on chromosome 1q24\\.2, and its primary transcript consists of 8 exons.",
"Due to the dual role of [α\\-MSH](/wiki/%CE%91-MSH \"Α-MSH\") in regulating food intake and hair pigmentation, a defect in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) or its cleavage enzyme, [prohormone convertase](/wiki/Proprotein_convertase \"Proprotein convertase\"), results in defects in POMC\\-derived [peptides](/wiki/Peptide \"Peptide\") (e.g., ACTH, MSH) and consequently, Adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. Furthermore, the phenotype associated with a defect in POMC should include obesity, altered hair pigmentation, and ACTH deficiency. Other candidate genes include [CRH](/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor \"Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor\") and [CRH receptor type 1](/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1 \"Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1\"), but no mutations in these genes have been linked to a lack of adrenocorticotropic hormone.",
""
] |
History
-------
### First Army Air Service
The IV Corps Observation Group was formally organized on 1 July 1918 by the First Army Air Service at [Ourches Aerodrome](/wiki/Ourches_Aerodrome "Ourches Aerodrome"), France, although its first personnel were organized on 27 June. It was formed for the purpose of operations in the forthcoming American offensives of First Army. Its units consisted of a Headquarters Squadron, the [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron "135th Aero Squadron"), arriving at Ourches on 30 July. A second squadron, the [8th Aero Squadron](/wiki/8th_Aero_Squadron "8th Aero Squadron"), was assigned to the group on 31 August. Both squadrons were assigned to the Group from the 1st Observation Group School at [Amanty Aerodrome](/wiki/Amanty_Aerodrome "Amanty Aerodrome").Series "C", Volume 14, History of the 4th Corps Observation Group. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
The first efforts of the Group were directed towards organization and preparation for combat operations in the coming [St. Mihiel Offensive](/wiki/St._Mihiel_Offensive "St. Mihiel Offensive"). To this end, the 8th and 135th were designated as Corps Observation Squadrons whose duty it would be to make artillery adjustments, to perform photographic missions of the Corps front, and to make long distance reconnaissances together with Divisional work.
On 11 September, the day before the attack, Group headquarters moved to [Ménil\-la\-Tour](/wiki/M%C3%A9nil-la-Tour "Ménil-la-Tour") along with First Army AS Headquarters and IV Corps HQ. Throughout the attack, direct telephone communications were maintained constantly with the flying squadrons at Ourches. The group flew day observation flights over the St. Mihiel Sailent throughout the initial defensive action, then crossing the line and performing reconnaissance patrols over enemy infantry, roads and railroads while the First Army infantry was advancing. It flew observation missions over the enemy lines, taking photographic strip photos over the entire front. One of the main missions was to photograph the entire corps line front to a depth of 10 km inside enemy territory, about 600 square km.
### Second Army Air Service
Headquarters remained at Ménil\-la\-Tour until 10 October when it moved along with IV Corps HQ to [Bocq](/wiki/Bocq "Bocq") along the Belgian\-French border. On 12 October, the [168th Aero Squadron](/wiki/168th_Aero_Squadron "168th Aero Squadron"), located at [Croix\-de\-Metz Aerodrome](/wiki/Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield "Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield"), Toul, was assigned to the group. It was a newly organized unit and had just arrived at the front.Series "P", Volume 2, History of Air Service Units assigned to the Third Army. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
On 14 October 1918, the Group was relieved from First Army and transferred to the newly organized [Second Army Air Service](/wiki/Second_Army_Air_Service "Second Army Air Service"). This was to give Second Army some experienced units in preparation for the upcoming [Meuse\-Argonne offensive](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive "Meuse-Argonne offensive").
By this time, the front of the IV Army Corps had moved from Lake Lachaunssee to [Éply](/wiki/%C3%89ply "Éply"). The [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron "135th Aero Squadron") was assigned to support the 28th Division and the left group of the Corps Artillery. The 8th Squadron was assigned to the right group of Corps Artillery, the 7th and 92d Divisions. The 168th was assigned to training missions in the rear to familiarize its pilots and observers with the sector. When, in the discretion of the Group Commander, they became more experienced in flying over the front, the 168th was assigned morning and evening reconnaissance patrols and was assigned to the 7th Division. It carried out artillery adjustments and destruction, special reconnaissance and photographic missions.
Each of the three squadrons also had an infantry liaison officer, who arranged for all artillery adjustments and submitted a daily report for all planned patrols by his division. He also coordinated all technical matters between and Squadron and assigned Division. During the [Meuse\-Argonne offensive](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive "Meuse-Argonne offensive"), Group aircraft began to be equipped with bomb racks, and, along with photographic missions, began attacking enemy traffic centers, dropping leaflets, and machine\-gunning enemy infantry formations.
From time to time, pilots and observers would be sent to infantry units on the line and spend two days in the trenches. A liaison school was maintained in which personnel on the line would be trained and be demonstrated contact with airplanes, and ended with an all day infantry liaison exercise, along with a battle order. The men were taught how to signal aircraft, use of flares and fireworks, and manipulation of ground panels.
Upon the formation of the [VI Corps Observation Group](/wiki/VI_Corps_Observation_Group "VI Corps Observation Group"), the 8th Aero was transferred along with the 92d Division on 23 October. On 4 November, the [85th Aero Squadron](/wiki/85th_Aero_Squadron "85th Aero Squadron") was assigned to the Group. It was initially assigned to the [Manonville Aerodrome](/wiki/Manonville "Manonville"), but was moved back to Toul on 10 November. Newly organized, it flew only two missions over the line prior to the Armistice. On 10 November, the [258th Aero Squadron](/wiki/258th_Aero_Squadron "258th Aero Squadron") was assigned and moved to Manonville; however, the Armistice was announced the next day and it flew no combat missions with the Group.
### Third Army Air Service
[thumb\|Captured Fokker Dr.I fighter at Coblenz Airfield](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Fokker_Dr.I_-.jpg "Captured Third Army German Fokker Dr.I -.jpg")
[thumb\|Captured Pfalz D.III fighter](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Pfalz_D.III.jpg "Captured Third Army German Pfalz D.III.jpg")
[thumb\|Captured Fokker D.VII fighter](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Fokker_D.VII.jpg "Captured Third Army German Fokker D.VII.jpg")
[thumb\|Captured Albatros C.V reconnaissance aircraft](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Albatros_C.V.jpg "Captured Third Army German Albatros C.V.jpg")
After the Armistice with Germany and the conclusion of the war, squadron flying continued on a limited basis to keep the pilots proficient in their skills. However, the main endeavors of the Group was Army administrative paperwork. During the weeks following the signing of the Armistice, the IV Corps Observation Group was relieved from Second Army on 21 November 1918 and transferred to the new [Third Army Air Service](/wiki/Third_Army_Air_Service "Third Army Air Service"), which was assigned to the Third Army's march to the [Rhine River](/wiki/Rhine_River "Rhine River") and the [Occupation of the Rhineland](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland "Occupation of the Rhineland").
The Group was re\-organized with all of its Aero squadrons being transferred to the 2d Air Instructional Center at [Tours Aerodrome](/wiki/Tours_Aerodrome "Tours Aerodrome") on 24 November. The [12th Aero Squadron](/wiki/12th_Aero_Squadron "12th Aero Squadron") was assigned to the Group for duty in Germany on 21 November. On 20 November, Corps Headquarters began the move to Germany, moving to [Mercy\-le\-Haut](/wiki/Mercy-le-Haut "Mercy-le-Haut"), France. This town had been held for years by the Germans. On 4 December, Headquarters moved to Euren, near Trier, Germany. Corps Headquarters moved still further into Germany when orders were received to move to [Coblenz](/wiki/Coblenz "Coblenz") on 27 December. Upon arrival, the Headquarters was assigned to Fort Kaiser Alexander for billeting and vehicle garaging, which was formerly used by the German Garrison. Offices were set up in Third Army Headquarters Building. Upon the command's arrival in Germany, an airfield was constructed on the former parade ground of Fort Kaiser Alexander for aircraft squadrons being assigned to Coblenz.
At Coblenz, the Group co\-occupied the airfield with several squadrons assigned directly to Third Army Air Service. IV Corps Observation Group consisted of the Headquarters Squadron, 12th Aero Squadron, and the 4th Photo Section. The 2d Balloon Company was located remotely at Euren. The group established an infantry liaison school at Coblenz in January 1919\. The mission of the school was to train infantry units in displaying panels by the front line troops, the use of pyrotechnics as employed to signal from the ground to aircraft and from the aircraft to the ground. Artillery units were trained in the use of aircraft for adjusting barrages. As many officers and non\-commissioned officers as possible were taken up in airplanes to view the exercises. Radio officers were taken up to perform duties in actual exercises.
In addition, another important mission at Coblenz was the testing and evaluation of captured German aircraft. The intelligence and engineering departments analyzed their design and construction, as well as disassembling of German aircraft for evaluation. Pilots of the various squadrons at Coblenz, especially those with a background in aeronautical engineering, along with the 12th flew these aircraft and evaluated their flight characteristics and tested them for performance for strengths and weaknesses.
On 15 April 1919 the Third Air Service Squadrons at Coblenz were ordered demobilized, and the IV Corps Observation Group was ordered moved to Sinzig Aerodrome, a new base set up by Third Army. At Sinzing the Group received replacement squadrons which were transferred from Toul, those being the 85th, 278th and 354th, the 85th formerly being assigned to the Group in France. After a considerable amount of work, training re\-commenced at Sinzing on 5 May 1919\.
A week later, the entire Third Army Air Service, excepting that of the III Corps 138th Aero Squadron, one air park, and one construction squadron, were relieved from further duty with the Third Army on 12 May 1919, and ordered to proceed to the Services of Supply 1st Air Depot at Colombey, France, for demobilization.Series "D", Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918\-May 1919\. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Headquarters personnel were subsequently assigned to the Commanding General, Services of Supply and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization and return to civilian life.
### Lineage
* Organized in France as: **IV Corps Observation Group**, 1 July 1918
Demobilized in France on 12 May 1919
### Assignments
* First Army Air Service, 1 July 1918
* [Second Army Air Service](/wiki/Second_Army_Air_Service "Second Army Air Service"), 14 October 1918
* [Third Army Air Service](/wiki/Third_Army_Air_Service "Third Army Air Service"), 21 November 1918 – 12 May 1919
### Components
First Army Air Service
* [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron "135th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 30 July – 14 October 1918
* [24th Aero Squadron](/wiki/24th_Aero_Squadron "24th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 6–22 August 1918
* [8th Aero Squadron](/wiki/8th_Aero_Squadron "8th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 31 July – 14 October 1918
* [168th Aero Squadron](/wiki/168th_Aero_Squadron "168th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 12–14 October 1918
Second Army Air Service
* [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron "135th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 14 October – 21 November 1918
* [8th Aero Squadron](/wiki/8th_Aero_Squadron "8th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 14–23 October 1918
* [168th Aero Squadron](/wiki/168th_Aero_Squadron "168th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 14 October 1918 – 21 November 1918
* [85th Aero Squadron](/wiki/85th_Aero_Squadron "85th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 4–21 November 1918
* [258th Aero Squadron](/wiki/258th_Aero_Squadron "258th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 10–21 November 1918
* [88th Aero Squadron](/wiki/88th_Aero_Squadron "88th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 15–21 November 1918
Third Army Air Service
* [12th Aero Squadron](/wiki/12th_Aero_Squadron "12th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 21 November 1918 – 15 April 1919
* [88th Aero Squadron](/wiki/88th_Aero_Squadron "88th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 21 November 1918 – c. 6 December 1918
* [85th Aero Squadron](/wiki/85th_Aero_Squadron "85th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 15 April 1919 – 12 May 1919
* [278th Aero Squadron](/wiki/278th_Aero_Squadron "278th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 15 April 1919 – 12 May 1919
* [354th Aero Squadron](/wiki/354th_Aero_Squadron "354th Aero Squadron") (Corps Observation), 15 April 1919 – 12 May 1919
### Stations
* [Ourches Aerodrome](/wiki/Ourches_Aerodrome "Ourches Aerodrome"), France, 1 July 1918
* [Ménil\-la\-Tour](/wiki/M%C3%A9nil-la-Tour "Ménil-la-Tour"), France, 11 September 1918
* [Bocq](/wiki/Bocq "Bocq"), Belgium, 10 October 1918
* [Éply](/wiki/%C3%89ply "Éply"), France, 14 October 1918
* [Mercy\-le\-Haut](/wiki/Mercy-le-Haut "Mercy-le-Haut"), France, 21 November 1918
* Euren, Germany, 4 December 1918
* Coblenz Aerodrome, Fort Kaiser Alexander, Germany, 27 December 1918
* Sinzig Aerodrome, Germany, 15 April – 12 May 1919
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### First Army Air Service",
"The IV Corps Observation Group was formally organized on 1 July 1918 by the First Army Air Service at [Ourches Aerodrome](/wiki/Ourches_Aerodrome \"Ourches Aerodrome\"), France, although its first personnel were organized on 27 June. It was formed for the purpose of operations in the forthcoming American offensives of First Army. Its units consisted of a Headquarters Squadron, the [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron \"135th Aero Squadron\"), arriving at Ourches on 30 July. A second squadron, the [8th Aero Squadron](/wiki/8th_Aero_Squadron \"8th Aero Squadron\"), was assigned to the group on 31 August. Both squadrons were assigned to the Group from the 1st Observation Group School at [Amanty Aerodrome](/wiki/Amanty_Aerodrome \"Amanty Aerodrome\").Series \"C\", Volume 14, History of the 4th Corps Observation Group. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.",
"The first efforts of the Group were directed towards organization and preparation for combat operations in the coming [St. Mihiel Offensive](/wiki/St._Mihiel_Offensive \"St. Mihiel Offensive\"). To this end, the 8th and 135th were designated as Corps Observation Squadrons whose duty it would be to make artillery adjustments, to perform photographic missions of the Corps front, and to make long distance reconnaissances together with Divisional work.",
"On 11 September, the day before the attack, Group headquarters moved to [Ménil\\-la\\-Tour](/wiki/M%C3%A9nil-la-Tour \"Ménil-la-Tour\") along with First Army AS Headquarters and IV Corps HQ. Throughout the attack, direct telephone communications were maintained constantly with the flying squadrons at Ourches. The group flew day observation flights over the St. Mihiel Sailent throughout the initial defensive action, then crossing the line and performing reconnaissance patrols over enemy infantry, roads and railroads while the First Army infantry was advancing. It flew observation missions over the enemy lines, taking photographic strip photos over the entire front. One of the main missions was to photograph the entire corps line front to a depth of 10 km inside enemy territory, about 600 square km.",
"### Second Army Air Service",
"Headquarters remained at Ménil\\-la\\-Tour until 10 October when it moved along with IV Corps HQ to [Bocq](/wiki/Bocq \"Bocq\") along the Belgian\\-French border. On 12 October, the [168th Aero Squadron](/wiki/168th_Aero_Squadron \"168th Aero Squadron\"), located at [Croix\\-de\\-Metz Aerodrome](/wiki/Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield \"Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield\"), Toul, was assigned to the group. It was a newly organized unit and had just arrived at the front.Series \"P\", Volume 2, History of Air Service Units assigned to the Third Army. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.",
"On 14 October 1918, the Group was relieved from First Army and transferred to the newly organized [Second Army Air Service](/wiki/Second_Army_Air_Service \"Second Army Air Service\"). This was to give Second Army some experienced units in preparation for the upcoming [Meuse\\-Argonne offensive](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive \"Meuse-Argonne offensive\").",
"By this time, the front of the IV Army Corps had moved from Lake Lachaunssee to [Éply](/wiki/%C3%89ply \"Éply\"). The [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron \"135th Aero Squadron\") was assigned to support the 28th Division and the left group of the Corps Artillery. The 8th Squadron was assigned to the right group of Corps Artillery, the 7th and 92d Divisions. The 168th was assigned to training missions in the rear to familiarize its pilots and observers with the sector. When, in the discretion of the Group Commander, they became more experienced in flying over the front, the 168th was assigned morning and evening reconnaissance patrols and was assigned to the 7th Division. It carried out artillery adjustments and destruction, special reconnaissance and photographic missions.",
"Each of the three squadrons also had an infantry liaison officer, who arranged for all artillery adjustments and submitted a daily report for all planned patrols by his division. He also coordinated all technical matters between and Squadron and assigned Division. During the [Meuse\\-Argonne offensive](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive \"Meuse-Argonne offensive\"), Group aircraft began to be equipped with bomb racks, and, along with photographic missions, began attacking enemy traffic centers, dropping leaflets, and machine\\-gunning enemy infantry formations.",
"From time to time, pilots and observers would be sent to infantry units on the line and spend two days in the trenches. A liaison school was maintained in which personnel on the line would be trained and be demonstrated contact with airplanes, and ended with an all day infantry liaison exercise, along with a battle order. The men were taught how to signal aircraft, use of flares and fireworks, and manipulation of ground panels.",
"Upon the formation of the [VI Corps Observation Group](/wiki/VI_Corps_Observation_Group \"VI Corps Observation Group\"), the 8th Aero was transferred along with the 92d Division on 23 October. On 4 November, the [85th Aero Squadron](/wiki/85th_Aero_Squadron \"85th Aero Squadron\") was assigned to the Group. It was initially assigned to the [Manonville Aerodrome](/wiki/Manonville \"Manonville\"), but was moved back to Toul on 10 November. Newly organized, it flew only two missions over the line prior to the Armistice. On 10 November, the [258th Aero Squadron](/wiki/258th_Aero_Squadron \"258th Aero Squadron\") was assigned and moved to Manonville; however, the Armistice was announced the next day and it flew no combat missions with the Group.",
"### Third Army Air Service",
"[thumb\\|Captured Fokker Dr.I fighter at Coblenz Airfield](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Fokker_Dr.I_-.jpg \"Captured Third Army German Fokker Dr.I -.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Captured Pfalz D.III fighter](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Pfalz_D.III.jpg \"Captured Third Army German Pfalz D.III.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Captured Fokker D.VII fighter](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Fokker_D.VII.jpg \"Captured Third Army German Fokker D.VII.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Captured Albatros C.V reconnaissance aircraft](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Albatros_C.V.jpg \"Captured Third Army German Albatros C.V.jpg\")\nAfter the Armistice with Germany and the conclusion of the war, squadron flying continued on a limited basis to keep the pilots proficient in their skills. However, the main endeavors of the Group was Army administrative paperwork. During the weeks following the signing of the Armistice, the IV Corps Observation Group was relieved from Second Army on 21 November 1918 and transferred to the new [Third Army Air Service](/wiki/Third_Army_Air_Service \"Third Army Air Service\"), which was assigned to the Third Army's march to the [Rhine River](/wiki/Rhine_River \"Rhine River\") and the [Occupation of the Rhineland](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland \"Occupation of the Rhineland\").",
"The Group was re\\-organized with all of its Aero squadrons being transferred to the 2d Air Instructional Center at [Tours Aerodrome](/wiki/Tours_Aerodrome \"Tours Aerodrome\") on 24 November. The [12th Aero Squadron](/wiki/12th_Aero_Squadron \"12th Aero Squadron\") was assigned to the Group for duty in Germany on 21 November. On 20 November, Corps Headquarters began the move to Germany, moving to [Mercy\\-le\\-Haut](/wiki/Mercy-le-Haut \"Mercy-le-Haut\"), France. This town had been held for years by the Germans. On 4 December, Headquarters moved to Euren, near Trier, Germany. Corps Headquarters moved still further into Germany when orders were received to move to [Coblenz](/wiki/Coblenz \"Coblenz\") on 27 December. Upon arrival, the Headquarters was assigned to Fort Kaiser Alexander for billeting and vehicle garaging, which was formerly used by the German Garrison. Offices were set up in Third Army Headquarters Building. Upon the command's arrival in Germany, an airfield was constructed on the former parade ground of Fort Kaiser Alexander for aircraft squadrons being assigned to Coblenz.",
"At Coblenz, the Group co\\-occupied the airfield with several squadrons assigned directly to Third Army Air Service. IV Corps Observation Group consisted of the Headquarters Squadron, 12th Aero Squadron, and the 4th Photo Section. The 2d Balloon Company was located remotely at Euren. The group established an infantry liaison school at Coblenz in January 1919\\. The mission of the school was to train infantry units in displaying panels by the front line troops, the use of pyrotechnics as employed to signal from the ground to aircraft and from the aircraft to the ground. Artillery units were trained in the use of aircraft for adjusting barrages. As many officers and non\\-commissioned officers as possible were taken up in airplanes to view the exercises. Radio officers were taken up to perform duties in actual exercises.",
"In addition, another important mission at Coblenz was the testing and evaluation of captured German aircraft. The intelligence and engineering departments analyzed their design and construction, as well as disassembling of German aircraft for evaluation. Pilots of the various squadrons at Coblenz, especially those with a background in aeronautical engineering, along with the 12th flew these aircraft and evaluated their flight characteristics and tested them for performance for strengths and weaknesses.",
"On 15 April 1919 the Third Air Service Squadrons at Coblenz were ordered demobilized, and the IV Corps Observation Group was ordered moved to Sinzig Aerodrome, a new base set up by Third Army. At Sinzing the Group received replacement squadrons which were transferred from Toul, those being the 85th, 278th and 354th, the 85th formerly being assigned to the Group in France. After a considerable amount of work, training re\\-commenced at Sinzing on 5 May 1919\\.",
"A week later, the entire Third Army Air Service, excepting that of the III Corps 138th Aero Squadron, one air park, and one construction squadron, were relieved from further duty with the Third Army on 12 May 1919, and ordered to proceed to the Services of Supply 1st Air Depot at Colombey, France, for demobilization.Series \"D\", Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918\\-May 1919\\. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.",
"Headquarters personnel were subsequently assigned to the Commanding General, Services of Supply and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization and return to civilian life.",
"### Lineage",
"* Organized in France as: **IV Corps Observation Group**, 1 July 1918",
"Demobilized in France on 12 May 1919\n### Assignments",
"* First Army Air Service, 1 July 1918\n* [Second Army Air Service](/wiki/Second_Army_Air_Service \"Second Army Air Service\"), 14 October 1918\n* [Third Army Air Service](/wiki/Third_Army_Air_Service \"Third Army Air Service\"), 21 November 1918 – 12 May 1919",
"### Components",
"First Army Air Service\n* [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron \"135th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 30 July – 14 October 1918\n* [24th Aero Squadron](/wiki/24th_Aero_Squadron \"24th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 6–22 August 1918\n* [8th Aero Squadron](/wiki/8th_Aero_Squadron \"8th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 31 July – 14 October 1918\n* [168th Aero Squadron](/wiki/168th_Aero_Squadron \"168th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 12–14 October 1918",
"Second Army Air Service\n* [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron \"135th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 14 October – 21 November 1918\n* [8th Aero Squadron](/wiki/8th_Aero_Squadron \"8th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 14–23 October 1918\n* [168th Aero Squadron](/wiki/168th_Aero_Squadron \"168th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 14 October 1918 – 21 November 1918\n* [85th Aero Squadron](/wiki/85th_Aero_Squadron \"85th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 4–21 November 1918\n* [258th Aero Squadron](/wiki/258th_Aero_Squadron \"258th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 10–21 November 1918\n* [88th Aero Squadron](/wiki/88th_Aero_Squadron \"88th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 15–21 November 1918",
"Third Army Air Service\n* [12th Aero Squadron](/wiki/12th_Aero_Squadron \"12th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 21 November 1918 – 15 April 1919\n* [88th Aero Squadron](/wiki/88th_Aero_Squadron \"88th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 21 November 1918 – c. 6 December 1918\n* [85th Aero Squadron](/wiki/85th_Aero_Squadron \"85th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 15 April 1919 – 12 May 1919\n* [278th Aero Squadron](/wiki/278th_Aero_Squadron \"278th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 15 April 1919 – 12 May 1919\n* [354th Aero Squadron](/wiki/354th_Aero_Squadron \"354th Aero Squadron\") (Corps Observation), 15 April 1919 – 12 May 1919",
"### Stations",
"* [Ourches Aerodrome](/wiki/Ourches_Aerodrome \"Ourches Aerodrome\"), France, 1 July 1918\n* [Ménil\\-la\\-Tour](/wiki/M%C3%A9nil-la-Tour \"Ménil-la-Tour\"), France, 11 September 1918\n* [Bocq](/wiki/Bocq \"Bocq\"), Belgium, 10 October 1918\n* [Éply](/wiki/%C3%89ply \"Éply\"), France, 14 October 1918\n* [Mercy\\-le\\-Haut](/wiki/Mercy-le-Haut \"Mercy-le-Haut\"), France, 21 November 1918\n* Euren, Germany, 4 December 1918\n* Coblenz Aerodrome, Fort Kaiser Alexander, Germany, 27 December 1918\n* Sinzig Aerodrome, Germany, 15 April – 12 May 1919"
] |
### Second Army Air Service
Headquarters remained at Ménil\-la\-Tour until 10 October when it moved along with IV Corps HQ to [Bocq](/wiki/Bocq "Bocq") along the Belgian\-French border. On 12 October, the [168th Aero Squadron](/wiki/168th_Aero_Squadron "168th Aero Squadron"), located at [Croix\-de\-Metz Aerodrome](/wiki/Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield "Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield"), Toul, was assigned to the group. It was a newly organized unit and had just arrived at the front.Series "P", Volume 2, History of Air Service Units assigned to the Third Army. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
On 14 October 1918, the Group was relieved from First Army and transferred to the newly organized [Second Army Air Service](/wiki/Second_Army_Air_Service "Second Army Air Service"). This was to give Second Army some experienced units in preparation for the upcoming [Meuse\-Argonne offensive](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive "Meuse-Argonne offensive").
By this time, the front of the IV Army Corps had moved from Lake Lachaunssee to [Éply](/wiki/%C3%89ply "Éply"). The [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron "135th Aero Squadron") was assigned to support the 28th Division and the left group of the Corps Artillery. The 8th Squadron was assigned to the right group of Corps Artillery, the 7th and 92d Divisions. The 168th was assigned to training missions in the rear to familiarize its pilots and observers with the sector. When, in the discretion of the Group Commander, they became more experienced in flying over the front, the 168th was assigned morning and evening reconnaissance patrols and was assigned to the 7th Division. It carried out artillery adjustments and destruction, special reconnaissance and photographic missions.
Each of the three squadrons also had an infantry liaison officer, who arranged for all artillery adjustments and submitted a daily report for all planned patrols by his division. He also coordinated all technical matters between and Squadron and assigned Division. During the [Meuse\-Argonne offensive](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive "Meuse-Argonne offensive"), Group aircraft began to be equipped with bomb racks, and, along with photographic missions, began attacking enemy traffic centers, dropping leaflets, and machine\-gunning enemy infantry formations.
From time to time, pilots and observers would be sent to infantry units on the line and spend two days in the trenches. A liaison school was maintained in which personnel on the line would be trained and be demonstrated contact with airplanes, and ended with an all day infantry liaison exercise, along with a battle order. The men were taught how to signal aircraft, use of flares and fireworks, and manipulation of ground panels.
Upon the formation of the [VI Corps Observation Group](/wiki/VI_Corps_Observation_Group "VI Corps Observation Group"), the 8th Aero was transferred along with the 92d Division on 23 October. On 4 November, the [85th Aero Squadron](/wiki/85th_Aero_Squadron "85th Aero Squadron") was assigned to the Group. It was initially assigned to the [Manonville Aerodrome](/wiki/Manonville "Manonville"), but was moved back to Toul on 10 November. Newly organized, it flew only two missions over the line prior to the Armistice. On 10 November, the [258th Aero Squadron](/wiki/258th_Aero_Squadron "258th Aero Squadron") was assigned and moved to Manonville; however, the Armistice was announced the next day and it flew no combat missions with the Group.
|
[
"### Second Army Air Service",
"Headquarters remained at Ménil\\-la\\-Tour until 10 October when it moved along with IV Corps HQ to [Bocq](/wiki/Bocq \"Bocq\") along the Belgian\\-French border. On 12 October, the [168th Aero Squadron](/wiki/168th_Aero_Squadron \"168th Aero Squadron\"), located at [Croix\\-de\\-Metz Aerodrome](/wiki/Toul-Croix_de_Metz_Airfield \"Toul-Croix de Metz Airfield\"), Toul, was assigned to the group. It was a newly organized unit and had just arrived at the front.Series \"P\", Volume 2, History of Air Service Units assigned to the Third Army. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.",
"On 14 October 1918, the Group was relieved from First Army and transferred to the newly organized [Second Army Air Service](/wiki/Second_Army_Air_Service \"Second Army Air Service\"). This was to give Second Army some experienced units in preparation for the upcoming [Meuse\\-Argonne offensive](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive \"Meuse-Argonne offensive\").",
"By this time, the front of the IV Army Corps had moved from Lake Lachaunssee to [Éply](/wiki/%C3%89ply \"Éply\"). The [135th Aero Squadron](/wiki/135th_Aero_Squadron \"135th Aero Squadron\") was assigned to support the 28th Division and the left group of the Corps Artillery. The 8th Squadron was assigned to the right group of Corps Artillery, the 7th and 92d Divisions. The 168th was assigned to training missions in the rear to familiarize its pilots and observers with the sector. When, in the discretion of the Group Commander, they became more experienced in flying over the front, the 168th was assigned morning and evening reconnaissance patrols and was assigned to the 7th Division. It carried out artillery adjustments and destruction, special reconnaissance and photographic missions.",
"Each of the three squadrons also had an infantry liaison officer, who arranged for all artillery adjustments and submitted a daily report for all planned patrols by his division. He also coordinated all technical matters between and Squadron and assigned Division. During the [Meuse\\-Argonne offensive](/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_offensive \"Meuse-Argonne offensive\"), Group aircraft began to be equipped with bomb racks, and, along with photographic missions, began attacking enemy traffic centers, dropping leaflets, and machine\\-gunning enemy infantry formations.",
"From time to time, pilots and observers would be sent to infantry units on the line and spend two days in the trenches. A liaison school was maintained in which personnel on the line would be trained and be demonstrated contact with airplanes, and ended with an all day infantry liaison exercise, along with a battle order. The men were taught how to signal aircraft, use of flares and fireworks, and manipulation of ground panels.",
"Upon the formation of the [VI Corps Observation Group](/wiki/VI_Corps_Observation_Group \"VI Corps Observation Group\"), the 8th Aero was transferred along with the 92d Division on 23 October. On 4 November, the [85th Aero Squadron](/wiki/85th_Aero_Squadron \"85th Aero Squadron\") was assigned to the Group. It was initially assigned to the [Manonville Aerodrome](/wiki/Manonville \"Manonville\"), but was moved back to Toul on 10 November. Newly organized, it flew only two missions over the line prior to the Armistice. On 10 November, the [258th Aero Squadron](/wiki/258th_Aero_Squadron \"258th Aero Squadron\") was assigned and moved to Manonville; however, the Armistice was announced the next day and it flew no combat missions with the Group.",
""
] |
### Third Army Air Service
[thumb\|Captured Fokker Dr.I fighter at Coblenz Airfield](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Fokker_Dr.I_-.jpg "Captured Third Army German Fokker Dr.I -.jpg")
[thumb\|Captured Pfalz D.III fighter](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Pfalz_D.III.jpg "Captured Third Army German Pfalz D.III.jpg")
[thumb\|Captured Fokker D.VII fighter](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Fokker_D.VII.jpg "Captured Third Army German Fokker D.VII.jpg")
[thumb\|Captured Albatros C.V reconnaissance aircraft](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Albatros_C.V.jpg "Captured Third Army German Albatros C.V.jpg")
After the Armistice with Germany and the conclusion of the war, squadron flying continued on a limited basis to keep the pilots proficient in their skills. However, the main endeavors of the Group was Army administrative paperwork. During the weeks following the signing of the Armistice, the IV Corps Observation Group was relieved from Second Army on 21 November 1918 and transferred to the new [Third Army Air Service](/wiki/Third_Army_Air_Service "Third Army Air Service"), which was assigned to the Third Army's march to the [Rhine River](/wiki/Rhine_River "Rhine River") and the [Occupation of the Rhineland](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland "Occupation of the Rhineland").
The Group was re\-organized with all of its Aero squadrons being transferred to the 2d Air Instructional Center at [Tours Aerodrome](/wiki/Tours_Aerodrome "Tours Aerodrome") on 24 November. The [12th Aero Squadron](/wiki/12th_Aero_Squadron "12th Aero Squadron") was assigned to the Group for duty in Germany on 21 November. On 20 November, Corps Headquarters began the move to Germany, moving to [Mercy\-le\-Haut](/wiki/Mercy-le-Haut "Mercy-le-Haut"), France. This town had been held for years by the Germans. On 4 December, Headquarters moved to Euren, near Trier, Germany. Corps Headquarters moved still further into Germany when orders were received to move to [Coblenz](/wiki/Coblenz "Coblenz") on 27 December. Upon arrival, the Headquarters was assigned to Fort Kaiser Alexander for billeting and vehicle garaging, which was formerly used by the German Garrison. Offices were set up in Third Army Headquarters Building. Upon the command's arrival in Germany, an airfield was constructed on the former parade ground of Fort Kaiser Alexander for aircraft squadrons being assigned to Coblenz.
At Coblenz, the Group co\-occupied the airfield with several squadrons assigned directly to Third Army Air Service. IV Corps Observation Group consisted of the Headquarters Squadron, 12th Aero Squadron, and the 4th Photo Section. The 2d Balloon Company was located remotely at Euren. The group established an infantry liaison school at Coblenz in January 1919\. The mission of the school was to train infantry units in displaying panels by the front line troops, the use of pyrotechnics as employed to signal from the ground to aircraft and from the aircraft to the ground. Artillery units were trained in the use of aircraft for adjusting barrages. As many officers and non\-commissioned officers as possible were taken up in airplanes to view the exercises. Radio officers were taken up to perform duties in actual exercises.
In addition, another important mission at Coblenz was the testing and evaluation of captured German aircraft. The intelligence and engineering departments analyzed their design and construction, as well as disassembling of German aircraft for evaluation. Pilots of the various squadrons at Coblenz, especially those with a background in aeronautical engineering, along with the 12th flew these aircraft and evaluated their flight characteristics and tested them for performance for strengths and weaknesses.
On 15 April 1919 the Third Air Service Squadrons at Coblenz were ordered demobilized, and the IV Corps Observation Group was ordered moved to Sinzig Aerodrome, a new base set up by Third Army. At Sinzing the Group received replacement squadrons which were transferred from Toul, those being the 85th, 278th and 354th, the 85th formerly being assigned to the Group in France. After a considerable amount of work, training re\-commenced at Sinzing on 5 May 1919\.
A week later, the entire Third Army Air Service, excepting that of the III Corps 138th Aero Squadron, one air park, and one construction squadron, were relieved from further duty with the Third Army on 12 May 1919, and ordered to proceed to the Services of Supply 1st Air Depot at Colombey, France, for demobilization.Series "D", Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918\-May 1919\. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
Headquarters personnel were subsequently assigned to the Commanding General, Services of Supply and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization and return to civilian life.
|
[
"### Third Army Air Service",
"[thumb\\|Captured Fokker Dr.I fighter at Coblenz Airfield](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Fokker_Dr.I_-.jpg \"Captured Third Army German Fokker Dr.I -.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Captured Pfalz D.III fighter](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Pfalz_D.III.jpg \"Captured Third Army German Pfalz D.III.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Captured Fokker D.VII fighter](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Fokker_D.VII.jpg \"Captured Third Army German Fokker D.VII.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Captured Albatros C.V reconnaissance aircraft](/wiki/File:Captured_Third_Army_German_Albatros_C.V.jpg \"Captured Third Army German Albatros C.V.jpg\")\nAfter the Armistice with Germany and the conclusion of the war, squadron flying continued on a limited basis to keep the pilots proficient in their skills. However, the main endeavors of the Group was Army administrative paperwork. During the weeks following the signing of the Armistice, the IV Corps Observation Group was relieved from Second Army on 21 November 1918 and transferred to the new [Third Army Air Service](/wiki/Third_Army_Air_Service \"Third Army Air Service\"), which was assigned to the Third Army's march to the [Rhine River](/wiki/Rhine_River \"Rhine River\") and the [Occupation of the Rhineland](/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland \"Occupation of the Rhineland\").",
"The Group was re\\-organized with all of its Aero squadrons being transferred to the 2d Air Instructional Center at [Tours Aerodrome](/wiki/Tours_Aerodrome \"Tours Aerodrome\") on 24 November. The [12th Aero Squadron](/wiki/12th_Aero_Squadron \"12th Aero Squadron\") was assigned to the Group for duty in Germany on 21 November. On 20 November, Corps Headquarters began the move to Germany, moving to [Mercy\\-le\\-Haut](/wiki/Mercy-le-Haut \"Mercy-le-Haut\"), France. This town had been held for years by the Germans. On 4 December, Headquarters moved to Euren, near Trier, Germany. Corps Headquarters moved still further into Germany when orders were received to move to [Coblenz](/wiki/Coblenz \"Coblenz\") on 27 December. Upon arrival, the Headquarters was assigned to Fort Kaiser Alexander for billeting and vehicle garaging, which was formerly used by the German Garrison. Offices were set up in Third Army Headquarters Building. Upon the command's arrival in Germany, an airfield was constructed on the former parade ground of Fort Kaiser Alexander for aircraft squadrons being assigned to Coblenz.",
"At Coblenz, the Group co\\-occupied the airfield with several squadrons assigned directly to Third Army Air Service. IV Corps Observation Group consisted of the Headquarters Squadron, 12th Aero Squadron, and the 4th Photo Section. The 2d Balloon Company was located remotely at Euren. The group established an infantry liaison school at Coblenz in January 1919\\. The mission of the school was to train infantry units in displaying panels by the front line troops, the use of pyrotechnics as employed to signal from the ground to aircraft and from the aircraft to the ground. Artillery units were trained in the use of aircraft for adjusting barrages. As many officers and non\\-commissioned officers as possible were taken up in airplanes to view the exercises. Radio officers were taken up to perform duties in actual exercises.",
"In addition, another important mission at Coblenz was the testing and evaluation of captured German aircraft. The intelligence and engineering departments analyzed their design and construction, as well as disassembling of German aircraft for evaluation. Pilots of the various squadrons at Coblenz, especially those with a background in aeronautical engineering, along with the 12th flew these aircraft and evaluated their flight characteristics and tested them for performance for strengths and weaknesses.",
"On 15 April 1919 the Third Air Service Squadrons at Coblenz were ordered demobilized, and the IV Corps Observation Group was ordered moved to Sinzig Aerodrome, a new base set up by Third Army. At Sinzing the Group received replacement squadrons which were transferred from Toul, those being the 85th, 278th and 354th, the 85th formerly being assigned to the Group in France. After a considerable amount of work, training re\\-commenced at Sinzing on 5 May 1919\\.",
"A week later, the entire Third Army Air Service, excepting that of the III Corps 138th Aero Squadron, one air park, and one construction squadron, were relieved from further duty with the Third Army on 12 May 1919, and ordered to proceed to the Services of Supply 1st Air Depot at Colombey, France, for demobilization.Series \"D\", Weekly Statistical Reports of Air Service Activities, October 1918\\-May 1919\\. Gorrell's History of the American Expeditionary Forces Air Service, 1917–1919, National Archives, Washington, D.C.",
"Headquarters personnel were subsequently assigned to the Commanding General, Services of Supply and ordered to report to one of several staging camps in France. There, personnel awaited scheduling to report to one of the Base Ports in France for transport to the United States and subsequent demobilization and return to civilian life.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
At age 15, he moved with his family to Salvador and with 23 lived in São Paulo, where he currently lives. He has also served as a model and stamped several fashion magazines and advertising campaigns.
His first television appearance was in Rede Globo, in 2008, when he made a special appearance in the series *Casos e Acasos*, as Eliseu.
He has also made special guest appearances in the novel *[Caras e Bocas](/wiki/Caras_e_Bocas "Caras e Bocas")* (2009\) and in the series *A Vida Alheia* (2010\). He lived the character Vitorio Emanuele in the novel *[Passione](/wiki/Passione_%28telenovela%29 "Passione (telenovela)")*, in 2010, Nikko in "[Salve Jorge](/wiki/Salve_Jorge "Salve Jorge")", which aired in 2013, and Dr. Eduardo Tavares in [Alto Astral](/wiki/Alto_Astral "Alto Astral").
In 2016 Carlo Porto, won the role of adult protagonist in *[Carinha de Anjo](/wiki/Carinha_de_Anjo "Carinha de Anjo")*, novel of the [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o "Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão"). In the plot, lives the personage Gustavo Larios a man traumatized with the fatal accident of Tereza, (Lucero) his great love, then decides to maintain the daughter in a boarding school and under the care of the cousin Estefânia (Priscilla Sol).
In 2018, he participated in the series *[Onde Nascem os Fortes](/wiki/Onde_Nascem_os_Fortes "Onde Nascem os Fortes")* interpreting the character Cecílio, affair of Rosinete, lived by [Debora Bloch](/wiki/Debora_Bloch "Debora Bloch"). In the same year he leverages his international career, with a debut in the first year of his career. Portuguese novel *Alma e Coração* where it interprets Luis Carvalhais.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"At age 15, he moved with his family to Salvador and with 23 lived in São Paulo, where he currently lives. He has also served as a model and stamped several fashion magazines and advertising campaigns.",
"His first television appearance was in Rede Globo, in 2008, when he made a special appearance in the series *Casos e Acasos*, as Eliseu.",
"He has also made special guest appearances in the novel *[Caras e Bocas](/wiki/Caras_e_Bocas \"Caras e Bocas\")* (2009\\) and in the series *A Vida Alheia* (2010\\). He lived the character Vitorio Emanuele in the novel *[Passione](/wiki/Passione_%28telenovela%29 \"Passione (telenovela)\")*, in 2010, Nikko in \"[Salve Jorge](/wiki/Salve_Jorge \"Salve Jorge\")\", which aired in 2013, and Dr. Eduardo Tavares in [Alto Astral](/wiki/Alto_Astral \"Alto Astral\").",
"In 2016 Carlo Porto, won the role of adult protagonist in *[Carinha de Anjo](/wiki/Carinha_de_Anjo \"Carinha de Anjo\")*, novel of the [SBT](/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o \"Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão\"). In the plot, lives the personage Gustavo Larios a man traumatized with the fatal accident of Tereza, (Lucero) his great love, then decides to maintain the daughter in a boarding school and under the care of the cousin Estefânia (Priscilla Sol).",
"In 2018, he participated in the series *[Onde Nascem os Fortes](/wiki/Onde_Nascem_os_Fortes \"Onde Nascem os Fortes\")* interpreting the character Cecílio, affair of Rosinete, lived by [Debora Bloch](/wiki/Debora_Bloch \"Debora Bloch\"). In the same year he leverages his international career, with a debut in the first year of his career. Portuguese novel *Alma e Coração* where it interprets Luis Carvalhais.",
""
] |
Countries in which Raffles was published
----------------------------------------
### Germany
In [Germany](/wiki/Germany "Germany") the original series published by Verlag Gustav Müller \& Co in Berlin, trying to cash in on the popularity of [A.J. Raffles](/wiki/A.J._Raffles "A.J. Raffles") with a similar character, ran for 110 weekly issues and ended with the marriage of Lord Lister in 1910\. Issues were still sold into the first years of the First World War. The series was republished, incompletely, during the interbellum period (1919\-1939\).
### Denmark
[Denmark](/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") produced more than 144 Lord Lister stories.
### France
In [France](/wiki/France "France") the real name of Lord Lister was changed to John C. Sinclair. Copyright reasons involving [A.J. Raffles](/wiki/A.J._Raffles "A.J. Raffles") have been used as an explanation for that. For some reason this version seems to be the "authentic" version to [Wold Newton Universe](/wiki/Wold_Newton_Universe "Wold Newton Universe") researchers, rather than the original German or the longest lasting Dutch version.
### Malaysia
[Cheritera Kechurian Lima Million Ringgit](/wiki/Cheritera_Kechurian_Lima_Million_Ringgit "Cheritera Kechurian Lima Million Ringgit") written by [Muhammad bin Muhammad Said](/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Muhammad_Said "Muhammad bin Muhammad Said") is considered the first [Malaysian](/wiki/Malaysia "Malaysia") detective novel and features as foil for [Nick Carter](/wiki/Nick_Carter_%28literary_character%29 "Nick Carter (literary character)") the famous heroic English thief John C. Sinclair (see France), as well as his arch enemy Baxter.
### Netherlands
Publication of the original German series in a biweekly [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language") translation started in 1910 (Source: Lord Listerklub). The original series was followed by 16 issues (or 15, the Lord Listerklub lists \#119 as "never seen yet") by an unknown author, in which many of the stories were situated in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"). From June 14, 1923, the first issue, "De Onbekende", appeared as a feuilleton in the newspaper *Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad*. Starting with \#127 the stories were written by [Felix Hageman](/wiki/Felix_Hageman "Felix Hageman") as an uncredited author. Starting with \#514 more or less updated and renamed reprints of Dutch and German stories appeared in the series, mixed with new stories. The last new stories were published in the early 1930s.
In 1938 a certain P. Sonnega wrote rather positively about Raffles in an article titled *Die Detectiveroman* (That Detective Novel) appearing in [De Groene Amsterdammer](/wiki/De_Groene_Amsterdammer "De Groene Amsterdammer") of 15 January 1938, in which he, after making clear that one could be both an intellectual and a Lord Lister fan, described Raffles as a fascinating figure in evening costume wearing a cape with a red silk lining. This infuriated Felix Hageman and after having kept his identity as Lord Lister author a secret for almost a quarter of a century, as he was not very proud about this part of his penmanship, he made his identity public in a reaction to De Groene Amsterdammer to strengthen his claim that Lord Lister would never wear a cape with a red lining, but would as a gentleman always wear a cape with a white silk lining. Nevertheless, in 1940 the Dutch poet\-journalist\-critic [Halbo C. Kool](/wiki/Halbo_C._Kool "Halbo C. Kool") published his own story "Lord Lister en de toverspiegel" ("Lord Lister and the Magic Mirror").In: *Het boek van de Prinses voor het Roode Kruis*. Introd. Prinses Juliana (Jac. v. Kampen, Amsterdam 1940\), pp. 167\-172\.
The Second World War meant a publication stop for the series. Publication was resumed in 1946\. In 1954 the publication of different versions for Flanders and the Netherlands was started. The differences between the national versions was however limited to the price (different currencies) and the \# of the issue ([Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") started with \#3000, while the Dutch series had that issue as \#2228\). A similar jump in numbers to indicate a new series had been made after the war as well, when over 600 issue \#'s were skipped to start the new series with \# 2001\.
The last Lord Lister "Het Kostbare Parelsnoer" appeared at the end of 1967 as \#3687 in Belgium and in January 1968 as \#2915 in the Netherlands.
### Belgium
A Belgian re\-edition in French language has been published by Claude Lefrancq Editeur ( Brussels) in 1995 (Vol.I) and 1996 (Vol.II), Editor [Yves Varende](/wiki/Yves_Varende "Yves Varende") authoring an erudite introduction and foreword about the topic.
### Spain
The Spanish edition, "Lord Lister conocido por Raffles el Rey de los Ladrones" was published by Editorial Atlante, Barcelona, in 1910, and ran 68 issues. A new series, "Nuevas Proeza de John C. Raffles" was published by Ediciones Marco, circa 1930, and ran at least 31 issues.
### Argentina
Publisher Editorial Atlante, Barcelona, sold an abridged version of its 1910 Spanish translations in Argentina, reprinting the original covers with a white border and starting with Spanish issue No. 4 "El Tesoro en un sarcófago" ("The Treasure in the Coffin") renumbered as No. 1 by placing a printed sticker over the original number.
|
[
"Countries in which Raffles was published\n----------------------------------------",
"### Germany",
"In [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\") the original series published by Verlag Gustav Müller \\& Co in Berlin, trying to cash in on the popularity of [A.J. Raffles](/wiki/A.J._Raffles \"A.J. Raffles\") with a similar character, ran for 110 weekly issues and ended with the marriage of Lord Lister in 1910\\. Issues were still sold into the first years of the First World War. The series was republished, incompletely, during the interbellum period (1919\\-1939\\).",
"### Denmark",
"[Denmark](/wiki/Denmark \"Denmark\") produced more than 144 Lord Lister stories.",
"### France",
"In [France](/wiki/France \"France\") the real name of Lord Lister was changed to John C. Sinclair. Copyright reasons involving [A.J. Raffles](/wiki/A.J._Raffles \"A.J. Raffles\") have been used as an explanation for that. For some reason this version seems to be the \"authentic\" version to [Wold Newton Universe](/wiki/Wold_Newton_Universe \"Wold Newton Universe\") researchers, rather than the original German or the longest lasting Dutch version.",
"### Malaysia",
"[Cheritera Kechurian Lima Million Ringgit](/wiki/Cheritera_Kechurian_Lima_Million_Ringgit \"Cheritera Kechurian Lima Million Ringgit\") written by [Muhammad bin Muhammad Said](/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Muhammad_Said \"Muhammad bin Muhammad Said\") is considered the first [Malaysian](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") detective novel and features as foil for [Nick Carter](/wiki/Nick_Carter_%28literary_character%29 \"Nick Carter (literary character)\") the famous heroic English thief John C. Sinclair (see France), as well as his arch enemy Baxter.",
"### Netherlands",
"Publication of the original German series in a biweekly [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\") translation started in 1910 (Source: Lord Listerklub). The original series was followed by 16 issues (or 15, the Lord Listerklub lists \\#119 as \"never seen yet\") by an unknown author, in which many of the stories were situated in the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"). From June 14, 1923, the first issue, \"De Onbekende\", appeared as a feuilleton in the newspaper *Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad*. Starting with \\#127 the stories were written by [Felix Hageman](/wiki/Felix_Hageman \"Felix Hageman\") as an uncredited author. Starting with \\#514 more or less updated and renamed reprints of Dutch and German stories appeared in the series, mixed with new stories. The last new stories were published in the early 1930s.",
"In 1938 a certain P. Sonnega wrote rather positively about Raffles in an article titled *Die Detectiveroman* (That Detective Novel) appearing in [De Groene Amsterdammer](/wiki/De_Groene_Amsterdammer \"De Groene Amsterdammer\") of 15 January 1938, in which he, after making clear that one could be both an intellectual and a Lord Lister fan, described Raffles as a fascinating figure in evening costume wearing a cape with a red silk lining. This infuriated Felix Hageman and after having kept his identity as Lord Lister author a secret for almost a quarter of a century, as he was not very proud about this part of his penmanship, he made his identity public in a reaction to De Groene Amsterdammer to strengthen his claim that Lord Lister would never wear a cape with a red lining, but would as a gentleman always wear a cape with a white silk lining. Nevertheless, in 1940 the Dutch poet\\-journalist\\-critic [Halbo C. Kool](/wiki/Halbo_C._Kool \"Halbo C. Kool\") published his own story \"Lord Lister en de toverspiegel\" (\"Lord Lister and the Magic Mirror\").In: *Het boek van de Prinses voor het Roode Kruis*. Introd. Prinses Juliana (Jac. v. Kampen, Amsterdam 1940\\), pp. 167\\-172\\.",
"The Second World War meant a publication stop for the series. Publication was resumed in 1946\\. In 1954 the publication of different versions for Flanders and the Netherlands was started. The differences between the national versions was however limited to the price (different currencies) and the \\# of the issue ([Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") started with \\#3000, while the Dutch series had that issue as \\#2228\\). A similar jump in numbers to indicate a new series had been made after the war as well, when over 600 issue \\#'s were skipped to start the new series with \\# 2001\\.",
"The last Lord Lister \"Het Kostbare Parelsnoer\" appeared at the end of 1967 as \\#3687 in Belgium and in January 1968 as \\#2915 in the Netherlands.",
"### Belgium",
"A Belgian re\\-edition in French language has been published by Claude Lefrancq Editeur ( Brussels) in 1995 (Vol.I) and 1996 (Vol.II), Editor [Yves Varende](/wiki/Yves_Varende \"Yves Varende\") authoring an erudite introduction and foreword about the topic.",
"### Spain",
"The Spanish edition, \"Lord Lister conocido por Raffles el Rey de los Ladrones\" was published by Editorial Atlante, Barcelona, in 1910, and ran 68 issues. A new series, \"Nuevas Proeza de John C. Raffles\" was published by Ediciones Marco, circa 1930, and ran at least 31 issues.",
"### Argentina",
"Publisher Editorial Atlante, Barcelona, sold an abridged version of its 1910 Spanish translations in Argentina, reprinting the original covers with a white border and starting with Spanish issue No. 4 \"El Tesoro en un sarcófago\" (\"The Treasure in the Coffin\") renumbered as No. 1 by placing a printed sticker over the original number.",
""
] |
The character Lord Lister
-------------------------
Raffles was a [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era "Victorian era") [gentleman thief](/wiki/Gentleman_thief "Gentleman thief") and a born member of nobility. The first issue of the original German series reveals that the notorious thief John C. Raffles is really Lord Edward Lister.
A number of different, somewhat conflicting origin stories exist to explain why a genuine Lord would become a thief, involving having been robbed from his inheritance, poverty in childhood, boredom or overindulgence in charity. With his secret identity exposed Raffles is forced to create and maintain a large number of false ones, of which the main one is Lord William Aberdeen. Depending on the origin story this title could be genuine, the name and identity are false.
The character, though originally a sort of a hero villain, grew more and more into a heroic character, a thief, certainly, but a thief like Robin Hood, embodiment of the ideals of the nobility, protecting the weak, punishing and reforming the bad guys (by theft), supporting the poor and often curing the ill. Raffles is a medical doctor, a chemist, an engineer and an inventor. That combination results in his most remarkable ability: Raffles can by means of his medical/chemical knowledge change the colour and texture of his hair and his skin and the colour of his eyes. He used this ability almost exclusively for his own disguises, combined with more conventional disguise tricks. As a result of this his true age is always somewhat unclear. As a very handsome and muscular man he cannot disguise himself as a female person convincingly, unlike his companions, be it that Henderson seems always a remarkably tall and muscular lady. Raffles cannot be hypnotised by normal means, but can hypnotise people himself. Raffles speaks quite some languages, including Dutch, French, Russian and Hungarian. Considering less exceptional abilities, they can be simply summarized by stating that, but for eating with chopsticks, Raffles can do everything.
For a Victorian gentleman, Lord Lister is refreshingly free from racist views. A World War I\-induced dislike towards Germans is present in Hageman's version of the character. Scenes in which topless ladies occur are sometimes noticeable, but those scenes are rather free from erotic implications, as they tend to involve Raffles as a doctor or a detective discovering something clearly of great importance. As such the series was seen as one of the better pulps, not unfit for children.
His arch\-enemy is the rather incompetent inspector Baxter (Scotland Yard), whose more competent assistant is an admirer of Raffles.
Sidekicks to Raffles are the giant James Henderson, his driver and servant, and Charles Brand, his secretary, financial manager and friend. Henderson is very strong, he lifts 800 kg with ease and a good hand\-to\-hand fighter. Charles Brand however is the best shot and the fastest runner of the three, as well as the only one who can disguise himself convincingly as a girl or a woman. Relations between the three are warm, but Lord Lister is the master.
In the first story, "Der grosse Unbekannte" ("The Great Unknown") Sherlock Holmes has sent a letter to his foil Scotland Yard's Captain Baxter declining aiding in capturing Raffles, since he finds it amusing that the police can't capture him.
|
[
"The character Lord Lister\n-------------------------",
"Raffles was a [Victorian era](/wiki/Victorian_era \"Victorian era\") [gentleman thief](/wiki/Gentleman_thief \"Gentleman thief\") and a born member of nobility. The first issue of the original German series reveals that the notorious thief John C. Raffles is really Lord Edward Lister.",
"A number of different, somewhat conflicting origin stories exist to explain why a genuine Lord would become a thief, involving having been robbed from his inheritance, poverty in childhood, boredom or overindulgence in charity. With his secret identity exposed Raffles is forced to create and maintain a large number of false ones, of which the main one is Lord William Aberdeen. Depending on the origin story this title could be genuine, the name and identity are false.",
"The character, though originally a sort of a hero villain, grew more and more into a heroic character, a thief, certainly, but a thief like Robin Hood, embodiment of the ideals of the nobility, protecting the weak, punishing and reforming the bad guys (by theft), supporting the poor and often curing the ill. Raffles is a medical doctor, a chemist, an engineer and an inventor. That combination results in his most remarkable ability: Raffles can by means of his medical/chemical knowledge change the colour and texture of his hair and his skin and the colour of his eyes. He used this ability almost exclusively for his own disguises, combined with more conventional disguise tricks. As a result of this his true age is always somewhat unclear. As a very handsome and muscular man he cannot disguise himself as a female person convincingly, unlike his companions, be it that Henderson seems always a remarkably tall and muscular lady. Raffles cannot be hypnotised by normal means, but can hypnotise people himself. Raffles speaks quite some languages, including Dutch, French, Russian and Hungarian. Considering less exceptional abilities, they can be simply summarized by stating that, but for eating with chopsticks, Raffles can do everything.",
"For a Victorian gentleman, Lord Lister is refreshingly free from racist views. A World War I\\-induced dislike towards Germans is present in Hageman's version of the character. Scenes in which topless ladies occur are sometimes noticeable, but those scenes are rather free from erotic implications, as they tend to involve Raffles as a doctor or a detective discovering something clearly of great importance. As such the series was seen as one of the better pulps, not unfit for children.",
"His arch\\-enemy is the rather incompetent inspector Baxter (Scotland Yard), whose more competent assistant is an admirer of Raffles.",
"Sidekicks to Raffles are the giant James Henderson, his driver and servant, and Charles Brand, his secretary, financial manager and friend. Henderson is very strong, he lifts 800 kg with ease and a good hand\\-to\\-hand fighter. Charles Brand however is the best shot and the fastest runner of the three, as well as the only one who can disguise himself convincingly as a girl or a woman. Relations between the three are warm, but Lord Lister is the master.",
"In the first story, \"Der grosse Unbekannte\" (\"The Great Unknown\") Sherlock Holmes has sent a letter to his foil Scotland Yard's Captain Baxter declining aiding in capturing Raffles, since he finds it amusing that the police can't capture him.",
""
] |
Architecture
------------
The main [altar](/wiki/Altar "Altar"), in Baroque style, was made in Vienna around the middle of the 19th century and consists of the altar table, the [tabernacle](/wiki/Church_tabernacle "Church tabernacle"), the [retable](/wiki/Retable "Retable") by Christian Guntsch, which depicts the patron saint of the church, [Saint Roch](/wiki/Saint_Roch "Saint Roch"), and decorative side elements. The two side altars of the church, as well as the 14 [Stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross "Stations of the Cross") on wood painted in relief technique, come from [Val Gardena](/wiki/Val_Gardena "Val Gardena") in [South Tyrol](/wiki/South_Tyrol "South Tyrol").{{cite web \|url\=https://www.ziarultimisoara.ro/actualitate/3636\-hramul\-bisericii\-romano\-catolice\-sfantul\-rochus\-din\-freidorf \|title\=Hramul Bisericii Romano\-Catolice „Sfântul Rochus” din Freidorf \|work\=Timișcoara \|last\=Borbely \|first\=Anton \|date\=18 August 2017}}
In the rear part of the church there are also a total of seven statues, five of which represent [Saint Nepomuk](/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk "John of Nepomuk"), [Saint Theresa](/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux "Thérèse of Lisieux"), [Saint Anthony](/wiki/Antoninus_of_Rome "Antoninus of Rome"), [Saint Joseph](/wiki/Saint_Joseph "Saint Joseph"), [Jude the Apostle](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle "Jude the Apostle"), as well as two statues of the Virgin Mary, a statue of [Saint Mary of Lourdes](/wiki/Lourdes_apparitions "Lourdes apparitions") and the statue of [Mary Queen of Heaven](/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven "Queen of Heaven"), all of which are works by unknown local masters. Next to the high altar is the gold\-decorated bishop's chair, which was made around the turn of the century and is also the work of a local master.
The church has six windows made of transparent and yellow glass, imitating the Baroque style. The yellow parts of the windows form a cross shape. The stand for the [Easter candle](/wiki/Easter_candle "Easter candle") is carved from wood and bears the symbols of the [four evangelists](/wiki/Four_evangelists "Four evangelists"). The baptismal cupboard, made of veneered wood, is richly decorated with inlays of liturgical motifs and is located on the right side of the church, where it is set into the masonry. The two rows of 10 wooden benches each were also made by a local master and offer 150 seats.
Three chandeliers light up the church, one of which is in Baroque style and two of which are locally produced. The [confessional](/wiki/Confessional "Confessional"), in [neo\-classical style](/wiki/Neo-classical_architecture "Neo-classical architecture"), is located in the rear part of the church. The floor in front of the altar as well as the sacrificial altar itself are covered with white marble tiles and are a gift from the Freidorf family Matthias and Katharina Müller in memory of their three deceased children.
During the last renovation, the entire floor was replaced, now with marble and mosaics. At the same time, the church was fitted with central heating, and the picture frames and decorative elements of the altars were restored by Josef Tasi, who also added fresh [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf "Gold leaf"). He also made eight stylised pictures displayed around the church, seven of which depict the sacraments and one of which depicts Musica Sacra. The painting on the church walls is simple, and only two colors dominate the ceiling of the church.
The church is equipped with a relatively small [pneumatic organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ "Pipe organ") with five registers from the workshop of the organ builder {{ill\|Carl Leopold Wegenstein\|de}}, which he built in 1920\.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.musicroutes.eu/downloads/study.ro.pdf \|title\=Muzică bisericească ecumenică în Banat \|editor\=Centrul Reformat Timișoara \|date\=February 2018 \|page\=52}} According to the visitation records of the Csanád bishop {{ill\|József Lonovics\|hu\|Lonovics József (érsek)}}, an organ with eight registers stood in the church between 1835 and 1838\.
|
[
"Architecture\n------------",
"The main [altar](/wiki/Altar \"Altar\"), in Baroque style, was made in Vienna around the middle of the 19th century and consists of the altar table, the [tabernacle](/wiki/Church_tabernacle \"Church tabernacle\"), the [retable](/wiki/Retable \"Retable\") by Christian Guntsch, which depicts the patron saint of the church, [Saint Roch](/wiki/Saint_Roch \"Saint Roch\"), and decorative side elements. The two side altars of the church, as well as the 14 [Stations of the Cross](/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross \"Stations of the Cross\") on wood painted in relief technique, come from [Val Gardena](/wiki/Val_Gardena \"Val Gardena\") in [South Tyrol](/wiki/South_Tyrol \"South Tyrol\").{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ziarultimisoara.ro/actualitate/3636\\-hramul\\-bisericii\\-romano\\-catolice\\-sfantul\\-rochus\\-din\\-freidorf \\|title\\=Hramul Bisericii Romano\\-Catolice „Sfântul Rochus” din Freidorf \\|work\\=Timișcoara \\|last\\=Borbely \\|first\\=Anton \\|date\\=18 August 2017}}",
"In the rear part of the church there are also a total of seven statues, five of which represent [Saint Nepomuk](/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk \"John of Nepomuk\"), [Saint Theresa](/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux \"Thérèse of Lisieux\"), [Saint Anthony](/wiki/Antoninus_of_Rome \"Antoninus of Rome\"), [Saint Joseph](/wiki/Saint_Joseph \"Saint Joseph\"), [Jude the Apostle](/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle \"Jude the Apostle\"), as well as two statues of the Virgin Mary, a statue of [Saint Mary of Lourdes](/wiki/Lourdes_apparitions \"Lourdes apparitions\") and the statue of [Mary Queen of Heaven](/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven \"Queen of Heaven\"), all of which are works by unknown local masters. Next to the high altar is the gold\\-decorated bishop's chair, which was made around the turn of the century and is also the work of a local master.",
"The church has six windows made of transparent and yellow glass, imitating the Baroque style. The yellow parts of the windows form a cross shape. The stand for the [Easter candle](/wiki/Easter_candle \"Easter candle\") is carved from wood and bears the symbols of the [four evangelists](/wiki/Four_evangelists \"Four evangelists\"). The baptismal cupboard, made of veneered wood, is richly decorated with inlays of liturgical motifs and is located on the right side of the church, where it is set into the masonry. The two rows of 10 wooden benches each were also made by a local master and offer 150 seats.",
"Three chandeliers light up the church, one of which is in Baroque style and two of which are locally produced. The [confessional](/wiki/Confessional \"Confessional\"), in [neo\\-classical style](/wiki/Neo-classical_architecture \"Neo-classical architecture\"), is located in the rear part of the church. The floor in front of the altar as well as the sacrificial altar itself are covered with white marble tiles and are a gift from the Freidorf family Matthias and Katharina Müller in memory of their three deceased children.",
"During the last renovation, the entire floor was replaced, now with marble and mosaics. At the same time, the church was fitted with central heating, and the picture frames and decorative elements of the altars were restored by Josef Tasi, who also added fresh [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf \"Gold leaf\"). He also made eight stylised pictures displayed around the church, seven of which depict the sacraments and one of which depicts Musica Sacra. The painting on the church walls is simple, and only two colors dominate the ceiling of the church.",
"The church is equipped with a relatively small [pneumatic organ](/wiki/Pipe_organ \"Pipe organ\") with five registers from the workshop of the organ builder {{ill\\|Carl Leopold Wegenstein\\|de}}, which he built in 1920\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.musicroutes.eu/downloads/study.ro.pdf \\|title\\=Muzică bisericească ecumenică în Banat \\|editor\\=Centrul Reformat Timișoara \\|date\\=February 2018 \\|page\\=52}} According to the visitation records of the Csanád bishop {{ill\\|József Lonovics\\|hu\\|Lonovics József (érsek)}}, an organ with eight registers stood in the church between 1835 and 1838\\.",
""
] |
Types of geared locomotive
--------------------------
The vast majority of geared locomotives in the world were built to one of three distinct designs, whether licensed and official, or clones built after the expiration of key patents. Of the types, the *[Shay locomotive](/wiki/Shay_locomotive "Shay locomotive")* was the most numerous and best known. The overwhelming majority operated on the [North American](/wiki/North_America "North America") region, but with a number in use in various parts of [South America](/wiki/South_America "South America") and a fair number in [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand"), including home\-developed types.
These were not the first locomotives to use geared transmission. Richard Trevithick's [Coalbrookdale Locomotive](/wiki/Richard_Trevithick%23Coalbrookdale_Locomotive "Richard Trevithick#Coalbrookdale Locomotive") used a large gear instead of [side rods](/wiki/Side_rod "Side rod") to link the [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft "Crankshaft") to the [driving axles](/wiki/Driving_axle "Driving axle"), with a net 1:1 [gear ratio](/wiki/Gear_ratio "Gear ratio"). The early *[Grasshopper](/wiki/Grasshopper_locomotive "Grasshopper locomotive")* (1832\), *Crab* (1837\) and *Mud Digger* (1842\) locomotives built for the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad "Baltimore and Ohio Railroad") used gear ratios on the order of 2:1 so that each turn of the crankshaft caused about two turns of the driving axles. This allowed use of relatively small [driving wheels](/wiki/Driving_wheels "Driving wheels") without sacrificing speed.J. Snowden Bell, [The Early Motive Power of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](https://books.google.com/books?id=dlpAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19); see chapters I and IV.
### The Shay locomotive
[thumb\|right\|250px\|Class C Shay (three driven trucks)](/wiki/Image:ClassCShaySonoraJuly2006.jpg "ClassCShaySonoraJuly2006.jpg")
The [Shay locomotive](/wiki/Shay_locomotive "Shay locomotive") features an offset boiler with a multiple\-cylinder engine affixed to it on the opposite side, driving a longitudinal shaft geared to the axles via bevel gears (see also [Ephraim Shay](/wiki/Ephraim_Shay "Ephraim Shay"), inventor).
### The Climax locomotive
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Class C Climax locomotive](/wiki/File:Fruit_Growers_Number_3.jpg "Fruit Growers Number 3.jpg")
Classes B and C [Climax locomotives](/wiki/Climax_locomotive "Climax locomotive") have two inclined cylinders driving a transverse crankshaft, geared to a longitudinal driveshaft placed centrally on the locomotive and driving the powered trucks via internal gearing.
There was also an earlier Class A Climax with a vertically mounted marine\-type steam engine, working through a similar drive\-line, via a two\-speed gearbox.
### The Heisler locomotive
[right\|thumb\|250px\|A Heisler locomotive — note cylinder location](/wiki/Image:RCBT_Tuolumne.jpg "RCBT Tuolumne.jpg")
The [Heisler locomotive](/wiki/Heisler_locomotive "Heisler locomotive") has a '[V\-twin](/wiki/V-twin_engine "V-twin engine")' style steam engine, one cylinder each side of the boiler, affixed to a centrally located longitudinal driveshaft, again geared to the wheels.
### Other types
Besides the three main designs mentioned, there were other designs and clones:
* The [Sentinel Waggon Works](/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works "Sentinel Waggon Works") built numerous geared [shunting locomotives](/wiki/Switcher "Switcher") to several designs mainly with vertical water\-tube boilers and high\-speed, enclosed, poppet\-valve engines. These combined high\-pressure boilers with high\-reduction gearing to provide high torque at low speeds.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.lner.info/locos/Y/y10\.shtml \|title\=LNER Encyclopedia article on Sentinel class Y10}}
* The [Willamette locomotive](/wiki/Willamette_locomotive "Willamette locomotive") was an improved\-upon clone of the Shay locomotive produced in limited number by [Willamette Iron \& Steel](/wiki/Willamette_Iron_and_Steel_Works "Willamette Iron and Steel Works") (better known for their steam [donkey engines](/wiki/Donkey_engine "Donkey engine")) after key patents expired. West coast logging customers were clamoring for improvements in detail design and the application of more modern locomotive technology to the geared locomotive; Lima (manufacturers of the Shay) were dragging their heels. The Willamette was the response to that.
* [Davenport Locomotive Works](/wiki/Davenport_Locomotive_Works "Davenport Locomotive Works") held a series of patents for [gearboxes](/wiki/Gearbox "Gearbox") designed to ride between the locomotive frames of side\-rod locomotives, the first granted in 1913, had open gearing.Lorin W. Barger, Articulated Engine, {{US Patent\|1060883}}, Granted May 6, 1913\.Elmer F. Backer, Truck for Articulated Geared Locomotive, {{US Patent\|1242308}}, Granted Oct. 9, 1917\. Later improvements had fully enclosed gears.Elmer F. Backer, Geared Locomotive, {{US Patent\|1360709}}, Granted Nov. 30, 1920\.Elmer F. Backer, Geared Locomotive, {{US Patent\|1369212}}, Granted Feb. 22, 1921\.Elmer F. Backer, Geared Locomotive, {{US Patent\|1397716}}, Granted Nov. 22, 1921\. This was offered as both a single\-speed and two\-speed transmission, and it was used in four\-coupled and six\-coupled side\-rod locomotives, with the [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft "Crankshaft") input to the gearbox just behind the rear [driver](/wiki/Driving_wheel "Driving wheel").Davenport Locomotive Works, Rod and Gear\-Drive Locomotives, [The Mining Catalog (Metal and Quarry Edition), 2nd issue](https://books.google.com/books?id=fFsKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA347), Keystone Consolidated Publishing Co., Pittsburgh, 1922; page 347\. Larger [articulated locomotives](/wiki/Articulated_locomotive "Articulated locomotive") were built with 2 4\-coupled geared trucks, with the cylinders at the inboard ends and gearboxes outboard.Lorin W. Barger, Steam Pipe System, {{US Patent\|1292990}}, Granted Feb 4, 1919\. Davenport advertised these locomotives for industrial, quarry and logging use.Davenport Locomotive Works, Advertisement, [The Timberman, Vol. XXV](https://books.google.com/books?id=OPEsAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA189), No. 7, (May, 1924\); page 189\. The same ad appears on page 189 of the July, Aug., Sept., and Oct. Issues.
* The [Bell Locomotive Works](/wiki/Bell_Locomotive_Works "Bell Locomotive Works") sold a line of small industrial locomotives based on modular, fully enclosed 2\-cylinder "steam motors" geared to the drive axles.Contractors Light Oil\-Burning Locomotive, [Municipal Journal, Vol. XXXIV](https://books.google.com/books?id=82tCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA40), No. 1 (Jan. 2, 1913\); page 40\.Harvey W. Bell, Locomotive, {{US Patent\|1084388}}, Issued Jan. 13, 1914\.New Bell Locomotive, [The Contractor](https://books.google.com/books?id=A99aAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA46), Feb. 15, 1916; page 46\.The Bell Industrial Locomotive with Oil\-Fired Boiler, [The Locomotive Magazine and Railway and Carriage Review](https://books.google.com/books?id=UOnNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA162), Vol XXVIII, No. 358 (June 15, 1922\); page 162\.
* [A \& G Price Ltd](/wiki/A_%26_G_Price "A & G Price") of Thames, New Zealand built a number of geared locomotives, often home\-grown variants of the Climax A, Climax B or Heisler types. They did however produce a type that is known as the "16\-wheeler" (0\-4\-4\-4\-4\-0\) that was also produced by another NZ manufacturer, Johnson Brothers of Invercargill. Price's last steam engine was a [Heisler locomotive](/wiki/Heisler_locomotive "Heisler locomotive"), built 3 years after the last American Heisler was built.
* [Aveling and Porter](/wiki/Aveling_and_Porter "Aveling and Porter") built a few geared locomotives which were, essentially, [traction engines](/wiki/Traction_engine "Traction engine") with [flanged](/wiki/Flange "Flange") wheels. The early ones used [sprocket](/wiki/Sprocket "Sprocket") chain drive but later versions had [spur gears](/wiki/Gear%23Skew_gears "Gear#Skew gears").
* The [Avonside Engine Company](/wiki/Avonside_Engine_Company "Avonside Engine Company") produced a small number of narrow gauge geared steam locomotives for sugar cane plantations in [Natal](/wiki/Colony_of_Natal "Colony of Natal"). These were similar in design to Heislers.
* The [Kitson\-Still locomotive](/wiki/Steam_diesel_hybrid_locomotive "Steam diesel hybrid locomotive") used different ends of the same cylinders for steam or diesel propulsion. The crank was above the frame and a gear train of fixed reduction linked it to the centre axle.
* In 1899, the Wiener Lokomotivfabrik, Floridsdorf, Austria produced the narrow gauge geared steam cog locomotives operated on the [Achensee Railway](/wiki/Achensee_Railway "Achensee Railway").
* Vertical boilered "coffee\-pot" locomotives were often geared, though those made by [De Winton](/wiki/De_Winton "De Winton") were not.
|
[
"Types of geared locomotive\n--------------------------",
"The vast majority of geared locomotives in the world were built to one of three distinct designs, whether licensed and official, or clones built after the expiration of key patents. Of the types, the *[Shay locomotive](/wiki/Shay_locomotive \"Shay locomotive\")* was the most numerous and best known. The overwhelming majority operated on the [North American](/wiki/North_America \"North America\") region, but with a number in use in various parts of [South America](/wiki/South_America \"South America\") and a fair number in [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\") and [New Zealand](/wiki/New_Zealand \"New Zealand\"), including home\\-developed types.",
"These were not the first locomotives to use geared transmission. Richard Trevithick's [Coalbrookdale Locomotive](/wiki/Richard_Trevithick%23Coalbrookdale_Locomotive \"Richard Trevithick#Coalbrookdale Locomotive\") used a large gear instead of [side rods](/wiki/Side_rod \"Side rod\") to link the [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft \"Crankshaft\") to the [driving axles](/wiki/Driving_axle \"Driving axle\"), with a net 1:1 [gear ratio](/wiki/Gear_ratio \"Gear ratio\"). The early *[Grasshopper](/wiki/Grasshopper_locomotive \"Grasshopper locomotive\")* (1832\\), *Crab* (1837\\) and *Mud Digger* (1842\\) locomotives built for the [Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad \"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad\") used gear ratios on the order of 2:1 so that each turn of the crankshaft caused about two turns of the driving axles. This allowed use of relatively small [driving wheels](/wiki/Driving_wheels \"Driving wheels\") without sacrificing speed.J. Snowden Bell, [The Early Motive Power of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad](https://books.google.com/books?id=dlpAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19); see chapters I and IV.",
"### The Shay locomotive",
"[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|Class C Shay (three driven trucks)](/wiki/Image:ClassCShaySonoraJuly2006.jpg \"ClassCShaySonoraJuly2006.jpg\")",
"The [Shay locomotive](/wiki/Shay_locomotive \"Shay locomotive\") features an offset boiler with a multiple\\-cylinder engine affixed to it on the opposite side, driving a longitudinal shaft geared to the axles via bevel gears (see also [Ephraim Shay](/wiki/Ephraim_Shay \"Ephraim Shay\"), inventor).",
"### The Climax locomotive",
"[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Class C Climax locomotive](/wiki/File:Fruit_Growers_Number_3.jpg \"Fruit Growers Number 3.jpg\")",
"Classes B and C [Climax locomotives](/wiki/Climax_locomotive \"Climax locomotive\") have two inclined cylinders driving a transverse crankshaft, geared to a longitudinal driveshaft placed centrally on the locomotive and driving the powered trucks via internal gearing.",
"There was also an earlier Class A Climax with a vertically mounted marine\\-type steam engine, working through a similar drive\\-line, via a two\\-speed gearbox.",
"### The Heisler locomotive",
"[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|A Heisler locomotive — note cylinder location](/wiki/Image:RCBT_Tuolumne.jpg \"RCBT Tuolumne.jpg\")\nThe [Heisler locomotive](/wiki/Heisler_locomotive \"Heisler locomotive\") has a '[V\\-twin](/wiki/V-twin_engine \"V-twin engine\")' style steam engine, one cylinder each side of the boiler, affixed to a centrally located longitudinal driveshaft, again geared to the wheels.",
"### Other types",
"Besides the three main designs mentioned, there were other designs and clones:",
"* The [Sentinel Waggon Works](/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works \"Sentinel Waggon Works\") built numerous geared [shunting locomotives](/wiki/Switcher \"Switcher\") to several designs mainly with vertical water\\-tube boilers and high\\-speed, enclosed, poppet\\-valve engines. These combined high\\-pressure boilers with high\\-reduction gearing to provide high torque at low speeds.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.lner.info/locos/Y/y10\\.shtml \\|title\\=LNER Encyclopedia article on Sentinel class Y10}}\n* The [Willamette locomotive](/wiki/Willamette_locomotive \"Willamette locomotive\") was an improved\\-upon clone of the Shay locomotive produced in limited number by [Willamette Iron \\& Steel](/wiki/Willamette_Iron_and_Steel_Works \"Willamette Iron and Steel Works\") (better known for their steam [donkey engines](/wiki/Donkey_engine \"Donkey engine\")) after key patents expired. West coast logging customers were clamoring for improvements in detail design and the application of more modern locomotive technology to the geared locomotive; Lima (manufacturers of the Shay) were dragging their heels. The Willamette was the response to that.\n* [Davenport Locomotive Works](/wiki/Davenport_Locomotive_Works \"Davenport Locomotive Works\") held a series of patents for [gearboxes](/wiki/Gearbox \"Gearbox\") designed to ride between the locomotive frames of side\\-rod locomotives, the first granted in 1913, had open gearing.Lorin W. Barger, Articulated Engine, {{US Patent\\|1060883}}, Granted May 6, 1913\\.Elmer F. Backer, Truck for Articulated Geared Locomotive, {{US Patent\\|1242308}}, Granted Oct. 9, 1917\\. Later improvements had fully enclosed gears.Elmer F. Backer, Geared Locomotive, {{US Patent\\|1360709}}, Granted Nov. 30, 1920\\.Elmer F. Backer, Geared Locomotive, {{US Patent\\|1369212}}, Granted Feb. 22, 1921\\.Elmer F. Backer, Geared Locomotive, {{US Patent\\|1397716}}, Granted Nov. 22, 1921\\. This was offered as both a single\\-speed and two\\-speed transmission, and it was used in four\\-coupled and six\\-coupled side\\-rod locomotives, with the [crankshaft](/wiki/Crankshaft \"Crankshaft\") input to the gearbox just behind the rear [driver](/wiki/Driving_wheel \"Driving wheel\").Davenport Locomotive Works, Rod and Gear\\-Drive Locomotives, [The Mining Catalog (Metal and Quarry Edition), 2nd issue](https://books.google.com/books?id=fFsKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA347), Keystone Consolidated Publishing Co., Pittsburgh, 1922; page 347\\. Larger [articulated locomotives](/wiki/Articulated_locomotive \"Articulated locomotive\") were built with 2 4\\-coupled geared trucks, with the cylinders at the inboard ends and gearboxes outboard.Lorin W. Barger, Steam Pipe System, {{US Patent\\|1292990}}, Granted Feb 4, 1919\\. Davenport advertised these locomotives for industrial, quarry and logging use.Davenport Locomotive Works, Advertisement, [The Timberman, Vol. XXV](https://books.google.com/books?id=OPEsAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA189), No. 7, (May, 1924\\); page 189\\. The same ad appears on page 189 of the July, Aug., Sept., and Oct. Issues.\n* The [Bell Locomotive Works](/wiki/Bell_Locomotive_Works \"Bell Locomotive Works\") sold a line of small industrial locomotives based on modular, fully enclosed 2\\-cylinder \"steam motors\" geared to the drive axles.Contractors Light Oil\\-Burning Locomotive, [Municipal Journal, Vol. XXXIV](https://books.google.com/books?id=82tCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA40), No. 1 (Jan. 2, 1913\\); page 40\\.Harvey W. Bell, Locomotive, {{US Patent\\|1084388}}, Issued Jan. 13, 1914\\.New Bell Locomotive, [The Contractor](https://books.google.com/books?id=A99aAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA46), Feb. 15, 1916; page 46\\.The Bell Industrial Locomotive with Oil\\-Fired Boiler, [The Locomotive Magazine and Railway and Carriage Review](https://books.google.com/books?id=UOnNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA162), Vol XXVIII, No. 358 (June 15, 1922\\); page 162\\.\n* [A \\& G Price Ltd](/wiki/A_%26_G_Price \"A & G Price\") of Thames, New Zealand built a number of geared locomotives, often home\\-grown variants of the Climax A, Climax B or Heisler types. They did however produce a type that is known as the \"16\\-wheeler\" (0\\-4\\-4\\-4\\-4\\-0\\) that was also produced by another NZ manufacturer, Johnson Brothers of Invercargill. Price's last steam engine was a [Heisler locomotive](/wiki/Heisler_locomotive \"Heisler locomotive\"), built 3 years after the last American Heisler was built.\n* [Aveling and Porter](/wiki/Aveling_and_Porter \"Aveling and Porter\") built a few geared locomotives which were, essentially, [traction engines](/wiki/Traction_engine \"Traction engine\") with [flanged](/wiki/Flange \"Flange\") wheels. The early ones used [sprocket](/wiki/Sprocket \"Sprocket\") chain drive but later versions had [spur gears](/wiki/Gear%23Skew_gears \"Gear#Skew gears\").\n* The [Avonside Engine Company](/wiki/Avonside_Engine_Company \"Avonside Engine Company\") produced a small number of narrow gauge geared steam locomotives for sugar cane plantations in [Natal](/wiki/Colony_of_Natal \"Colony of Natal\"). These were similar in design to Heislers.\n* The [Kitson\\-Still locomotive](/wiki/Steam_diesel_hybrid_locomotive \"Steam diesel hybrid locomotive\") used different ends of the same cylinders for steam or diesel propulsion. The crank was above the frame and a gear train of fixed reduction linked it to the centre axle.\n* In 1899, the Wiener Lokomotivfabrik, Floridsdorf, Austria produced the narrow gauge geared steam cog locomotives operated on the [Achensee Railway](/wiki/Achensee_Railway \"Achensee Railway\").\n* Vertical boilered \"coffee\\-pot\" locomotives were often geared, though those made by [De Winton](/wiki/De_Winton \"De Winton\") were not."
] |
Today
-----
With the decline of the commercial use of steam traction, the commercial use of geared locomotives has similarly reduced.
Some geared steam locomotives are still at work in the sugar plantations of [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia"), and no doubt elsewhere too,{{citation needed\|date\=July 2015}} but in most countries they may now be seen only on tourist lines, preservation sites and museums. These locomotives' particular advantage in cane sugar operations is their ability to use the dried solid residue of pressing the cane (see [bagasse](/wiki/Bagasse "Bagasse")) as a fuel of trivial cost, providing that low cost technical labor is available to maintain the locomotives.
### Australia
* [Puffing Billy Railway](/wiki/Puffing_Billy_Railway "Puffing Billy Railway") in [Victoria, Australia](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Australia "Victoria, Australia"):
+ Class B Climax 1694\. Purchased by the [Forests Commission Victoria](/wiki/Forests_Commission_Victoria "Forests Commission Victoria") in 1928 for hauling logs on the Tyers Valley timber tramway which branched off the [Moe\-Walhalla railway](/wiki/Walhalla_railway_line "Walhalla railway line") east of Melbourne. After decommissioning the locomotive in the early 1950s it was stored (abandoned) at the State Sawmill site at [Erica](/wiki/Erica%2C_Victoria "Erica, Victoria") until it was transferred to [Puffing Billy](/wiki/Puffing_Billy_Railway "Puffing Billy Railway")'s museum for static display in 1965\. Restored to steam by the Puffing Billy Railway in the 1980s. A major overhaul has been finished and it returned to service Sunday 8 September 2013\.{{cite web\|url\=http://pbps.puffingbilly.com.au/climax\-locomotive\-1694\-restoration/\|title\=Climax 1694 steams again\|website\=Puffing Billy Preservation Society\|access\-date\=24 June 2014\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140624095225/http://pbps.puffingbilly.com.au/climax\-locomotive\-1694\-restoration/\|archive\-date\=24 June 2014\|url\-status\=dead}}
+ Lima\-built Shay locomotive from the [Ali\-shan railway](/wiki/Ali-shan_railway "Ali-shan railway") in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), although it has not yet been restored.
### Canada
* The [Canada Science and Technology Museum](/wiki/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum "Canada Science and Technology Museum") in [Ottawa, Ontario](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Ontario "Ottawa, Ontario") has an operational {{convert\|50\|ST\|LT t}} class B Shay Locomotive, that is in operation Sundays and Wednesdays in July and August.
* The [British Columbia Forest Discovery Centre](/wiki/British_Columbia_Forest_Discovery_Centre "British Columbia Forest Discovery Centre") in [Duncan, British Columbia](/wiki/Duncan%2C_British_Columbia "Duncan, British Columbia"). Shays \- Lima shop numbers 2475 (display) and 3147 (out of service pending boiler work). Climax shop numbers 1057 (display) and 1359 (operational).
### Indonesia
Wide variety of types still in use at sugar mills. Most are long wheelbase [0\-10\-0](/wiki/0-10-0 "0-10-0") locomotives that use an articulation technique incorporating a geared drive to the outer\-most axles, the inner pair being direct\-drive.
### New Zealand
* *[Shantytown](/wiki/Shantytown%2C_New_Zealand "Shantytown, New Zealand")*, West Coast:
+ Heisler, makers no. 1494 (unrestored)
+ Climax, makers no.1203 (out of service pending overhaul)
* *The Pukemiro Line*, Pukemiro:
+ Heisler, makers no. 1063 (parts only. Engine unit and 2 bogies)
+ Heisler, makers no. 1082 (awaiting overhaul)
+ Climax, makers no. 1650 (under restoration 2014\)
+ Price Cb 117 (Class A Climax clone, restored, operational)
+ Price E 111 (Class B Climax clone, under static restoration 2014\)
* "Steam Scene", Christchurch:
+ Price V 148 (Heisler clone, operational)
Te Awamutu
"Climax, makers no. 1317 (under static restoration 2014\)
* "Ferrymead Heritage Park", Christchurch:
+ Heisler, makers no. 1450 (unrestored)
+ Price Cb 113 (Class A Climax clone, restored)
* Mawhera Reserve, [Red Jacks](/wiki/Stillwater%E2%80%93Ng%C4%81kawau_Line%23Stations "Stillwater–Ngākawau Line#Stations"), beside [SH7](/wiki/State_Highway_7_%28New_Zealand%29 "State Highway 7 (New Zealand)"),{{Cite web \|title\=9 State Hwy 7, Arnold Valley \|url\=https://www.google.com/maps/@\-42\.4176671,171\.424152,3a,15y,170\.38h,92\.1t/data\=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1s31Aqa4nsxjmpV8TAR84ftg!2e0!6shttps://streetviewpixels\-pa.googleapis.com/v1/thumbnail?panoid\=31Aqa4nsxjmpV8TAR84ftg\&cb\_client\=maps\_sv.tactile.gps\&w\=203\&h\=100\&yaw\=234\.66742\&pitch\=0\&thumbfov\=100!7i16384!8i8192 \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-15 \|website\=Google Maps \|language\=en}} unrestored G \& D Davidson 1913 [0\-4\-4\-0](/wiki/0-4-4-0 "0-4-4-0"){{Cite web \|title\=The Davidson Survivor \|url\=http://www.trainweb.org/nzgearedlocomotives/mawhera.html \|access\-date\=2022\-09\-15 \|website\=www.trainweb.org}}
### United Kingdom
About 30 Sentinels and a few Aveling \& Porters have been preserved. A few examples are shown below:
* [Buckinghamshire Railway Centre](/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Railway_Centre "Buckinghamshire Railway Centre"):
+ two Aveling \& Porters
+ two Sentinels
* [Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway](/wiki/Embsay_and_Bolton_Abbey_Steam_Railway "Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway")
+ one Sentinel
* [Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust](/wiki/Northamptonshire_Ironstone_Railway_Trust "Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust")
+ two Sentinels
* [Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway](/wiki/Rushden%2C_Higham_and_Wellingborough_Railway "Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway")
+ One Aveling \& Porter
The [Aveling \& Porter](/wiki/Aveling_%26_Porter "Aveling & Porter") 2\-2\-0WT Blue Circle has changed ownership many times. Last known location \- [Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway](/wiki/Rushden%2C_Higham_and_Wellingborough_Railway "Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway").
### United States
No geared steam locomotives remain in commercial use in America. However, several are in operation on tourist lines.
* The [Cass Scenic Railroad State Park](/wiki/Cass_Scenic_Railroad_State_Park "Cass Scenic Railroad State Park") in [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia "West Virginia") uses only geared locomotives, and features the largest remaining and last Shay locomotive ever built, the 162\-ton former [Western Maryland Railway](/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway "Western Maryland Railway") \#6\. The railroad also owns a Climax locomotive and a Heisler, enabling all three types to be seen.
* The [Roaring Camp and Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad](/wiki/Roaring_Camp_and_Big_Trees_Narrow_Gauge_Railroad "Roaring Camp and Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad") in [Felton, California](/wiki/Felton%2C_California "Felton, California"), has several operational Shays, a seldom\-operated Heisler, and a Climax awaiting restoration.
* The [White Mountain Central Railroad](/wiki/White_Mountain_Central_Railroad "White Mountain Central Railroad") at [Clark's Trading Post](/wiki/Clark%27s_Trading_Post "Clark's Trading Post") in [Lincoln, New Hampshire](/wiki/Lincoln%2C_New_Hampshire "Lincoln, New Hampshire"), operates Climax \#6, built in 1920 (builder number 1603\), on its tourist line. Clark's also has the last remaining Shay in New England. The Shay is non\-operational but in storage. Clark's also has a 32\-ton Heisler locomotive that is awaiting staybolt replacement.
* A 65\-ton 1922 Lima locomotive with three\-truck Shay design is on static display at the [Travel Town](/wiki/Travel_Town_Museum "Travel Town Museum") open\-air museum in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles").
* The [Southeastern Railway Museum](/wiki/Southeastern_Railway_Museum "Southeastern Railway Museum") in [Duluth, Georgia](/wiki/Duluth%2C_Georgia "Duluth, Georgia"), has a two\-truck Heisler (\#9\) lovingly restored on static display inside the main exhibit hall. The Heisler is painted for the Campbell Limestone Co and is in excellent condition.
* At the [Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad](/wiki/Mount_Rainier_Scenic_Railroad "Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad") in [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 "Washington (state)") state, a 99\-ton West Fork Logging Heisler \#91 is operational, a 70\-ton Hillcrest Lumber Climax \#10 is operational, a 95\-ton Pickering Lumber Shay \#11 is awaiting boiler work, and a 75\-ton Rayonier Company Willamette \#2 is operational and is the only Willamette operating.
* The [Silver Creek and Stephenson Railroad](/wiki/Silver_Creek_and_Stephenson_Railroad "Silver Creek and Stephenson Railroad") in [Freeport, Illinois](/wiki/Freeport%2C_Illinois "Freeport, Illinois"). Heisler shop number 1260 in operation.
* The [Durbin \& Greenbrier Valley Railroad](/wiki/Durbin_%26_Greenbrier_Valley_Railroad "Durbin & Greenbrier Valley Railroad") in [Durbin, West Virginia](/wiki/Durbin%2C_West_Virginia "Durbin, West Virginia"). Climax shop number 1059 in operation.
* The [Sumpter Valley Railroad](/wiki/Sumpter_Valley_Railroad "Sumpter Valley Railroad") in [Baker City, Oregon](/wiki/Baker_City%2C_Oregon "Baker City, Oregon"). Heisler shop \#1306 in operation.
* The [Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad](/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Scenic_Railroad "Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad") in [Garibaldi, Oregon](/wiki/Garibaldi%2C_Oregon "Garibaldi, Oregon"). Heisler shop \#1198 in operation.
* The [Foster Brook \& State Line Railroad](/wiki/Foster_Brook_%26_State_Line_Railroad "Foster Brook & State Line Railroad") in [Bradford, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Bradford%2C_Pennsylvania "Bradford, Pennsylvania"). {{RailGauge\|2ft\|lk\=on}} [narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway "Narrow gauge railway")[Good Roads Construction Co. No. 3118](http://www.steamlocomotive.info/vlocomotive.cfm?Display=1654) Shay (Lima Locomotive Works shop \#3118\) operational. Not available to the public.
* The [Georgetown Loop Railroad](/wiki/Georgetown_Loop_Railroad "Georgetown Loop Railroad") in [Georgetown, Colorado](/wiki/Georgetown%2C_Colorado "Georgetown, Colorado"). Shay (Lima Locomotive Works shop \#3199\) operational.
* The [Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad](/wiki/Yosemite_Mountain_Sugar_Pine_Railroad "Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad") in Sugar Pine, California.
* The [Hesston Steam Museum](/wiki/Hesston_Steam_Museum "Hesston Steam Museum") in Hesston, Indiana has an operational [Shay locomotive](/wiki/Shay_locomotive "Shay locomotive") that was first restored in 1975\. It was severely damaged in the 1985 fire, but restored again between 2000 and 2006 in time for the foundation's 50th anniversary. Restoration has since continued, and "The Big Shay" will begin offering rides to museum patrons the weekend of August 5, 2023\.
### Taiwan
The [Alishan Forest Railway](/wiki/Alishan_Forest_Railway "Alishan Forest Railway") in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") operated 22 Shay locomotives in the past, with the oldest dating to [1910](http://www.shaylocomotives.com/data/lima2399/sn-2351.htm) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417084819/http://shaylocomotives.com/data/lima2399/sn\-2351\.htm \|date\=2016\-04\-17 }}. Sixteen of the original 22 have been preserved, with 3 in operational condition and 1 preserved on the [Puffing Billy Railway](/wiki/Puffing_Billy_Railway "Puffing Billy Railway").
|
[
"Today\n-----",
"With the decline of the commercial use of steam traction, the commercial use of geared locomotives has similarly reduced.",
"Some geared steam locomotives are still at work in the sugar plantations of [Indonesia](/wiki/Indonesia \"Indonesia\"), and no doubt elsewhere too,{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2015}} but in most countries they may now be seen only on tourist lines, preservation sites and museums. These locomotives' particular advantage in cane sugar operations is their ability to use the dried solid residue of pressing the cane (see [bagasse](/wiki/Bagasse \"Bagasse\")) as a fuel of trivial cost, providing that low cost technical labor is available to maintain the locomotives.",
"### Australia",
"* [Puffing Billy Railway](/wiki/Puffing_Billy_Railway \"Puffing Billy Railway\") in [Victoria, Australia](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Australia \"Victoria, Australia\"):\n\t+ Class B Climax 1694\\. Purchased by the [Forests Commission Victoria](/wiki/Forests_Commission_Victoria \"Forests Commission Victoria\") in 1928 for hauling logs on the Tyers Valley timber tramway which branched off the [Moe\\-Walhalla railway](/wiki/Walhalla_railway_line \"Walhalla railway line\") east of Melbourne. After decommissioning the locomotive in the early 1950s it was stored (abandoned) at the State Sawmill site at [Erica](/wiki/Erica%2C_Victoria \"Erica, Victoria\") until it was transferred to [Puffing Billy](/wiki/Puffing_Billy_Railway \"Puffing Billy Railway\")'s museum for static display in 1965\\. Restored to steam by the Puffing Billy Railway in the 1980s. A major overhaul has been finished and it returned to service Sunday 8 September 2013\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://pbps.puffingbilly.com.au/climax\\-locomotive\\-1694\\-restoration/\\|title\\=Climax 1694 steams again\\|website\\=Puffing Billy Preservation Society\\|access\\-date\\=24 June 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140624095225/http://pbps.puffingbilly.com.au/climax\\-locomotive\\-1694\\-restoration/\\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2014\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}\n\t+ Lima\\-built Shay locomotive from the [Ali\\-shan railway](/wiki/Ali-shan_railway \"Ali-shan railway\") in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\"), although it has not yet been restored.",
"### Canada",
"* The [Canada Science and Technology Museum](/wiki/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum \"Canada Science and Technology Museum\") in [Ottawa, Ontario](/wiki/Ottawa%2C_Ontario \"Ottawa, Ontario\") has an operational {{convert\\|50\\|ST\\|LT t}} class B Shay Locomotive, that is in operation Sundays and Wednesdays in July and August.\n* The [British Columbia Forest Discovery Centre](/wiki/British_Columbia_Forest_Discovery_Centre \"British Columbia Forest Discovery Centre\") in [Duncan, British Columbia](/wiki/Duncan%2C_British_Columbia \"Duncan, British Columbia\"). Shays \\- Lima shop numbers 2475 (display) and 3147 (out of service pending boiler work). Climax shop numbers 1057 (display) and 1359 (operational).",
"### Indonesia",
"Wide variety of types still in use at sugar mills. Most are long wheelbase [0\\-10\\-0](/wiki/0-10-0 \"0-10-0\") locomotives that use an articulation technique incorporating a geared drive to the outer\\-most axles, the inner pair being direct\\-drive.",
"### New Zealand",
"* *[Shantytown](/wiki/Shantytown%2C_New_Zealand \"Shantytown, New Zealand\")*, West Coast:\n\t+ Heisler, makers no. 1494 (unrestored)\n\t+ Climax, makers no.1203 (out of service pending overhaul)\n* *The Pukemiro Line*, Pukemiro:\n\t+ Heisler, makers no. 1063 (parts only. Engine unit and 2 bogies)\n\t+ Heisler, makers no. 1082 (awaiting overhaul)\n\t+ Climax, makers no. 1650 (under restoration 2014\\)\n\t+ Price Cb 117 (Class A Climax clone, restored, operational)\n\t+ Price E 111 (Class B Climax clone, under static restoration 2014\\)\n* \"Steam Scene\", Christchurch:\n\t+ Price V 148 (Heisler clone, operational)",
"Te Awamutu\n\"Climax, makers no. 1317 (under static restoration 2014\\)",
"* \"Ferrymead Heritage Park\", Christchurch:\n\t+ Heisler, makers no. 1450 (unrestored)\n\t+ Price Cb 113 (Class A Climax clone, restored)\n* Mawhera Reserve, [Red Jacks](/wiki/Stillwater%E2%80%93Ng%C4%81kawau_Line%23Stations \"Stillwater–Ngākawau Line#Stations\"), beside [SH7](/wiki/State_Highway_7_%28New_Zealand%29 \"State Highway 7 (New Zealand)\"),{{Cite web \\|title\\=9 State Hwy 7, Arnold Valley \\|url\\=https://www.google.com/maps/@\\-42\\.4176671,171\\.424152,3a,15y,170\\.38h,92\\.1t/data\\=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1s31Aqa4nsxjmpV8TAR84ftg!2e0!6shttps://streetviewpixels\\-pa.googleapis.com/v1/thumbnail?panoid\\=31Aqa4nsxjmpV8TAR84ftg\\&cb\\_client\\=maps\\_sv.tactile.gps\\&w\\=203\\&h\\=100\\&yaw\\=234\\.66742\\&pitch\\=0\\&thumbfov\\=100!7i16384!8i8192 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-15 \\|website\\=Google Maps \\|language\\=en}} unrestored G \\& D Davidson 1913 [0\\-4\\-4\\-0](/wiki/0-4-4-0 \"0-4-4-0\"){{Cite web \\|title\\=The Davidson Survivor \\|url\\=http://www.trainweb.org/nzgearedlocomotives/mawhera.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-09\\-15 \\|website\\=www.trainweb.org}}",
"### United Kingdom",
"About 30 Sentinels and a few Aveling \\& Porters have been preserved. A few examples are shown below:",
"* [Buckinghamshire Railway Centre](/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Railway_Centre \"Buckinghamshire Railway Centre\"):\n\t+ two Aveling \\& Porters\n\t+ two Sentinels\n* [Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway](/wiki/Embsay_and_Bolton_Abbey_Steam_Railway \"Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway\")\n\t+ one Sentinel\n* [Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust](/wiki/Northamptonshire_Ironstone_Railway_Trust \"Northamptonshire Ironstone Railway Trust\")\n\t+ two Sentinels\n* [Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway](/wiki/Rushden%2C_Higham_and_Wellingborough_Railway \"Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway\")\n\t+ One Aveling \\& Porter\n\tThe [Aveling \\& Porter](/wiki/Aveling_%26_Porter \"Aveling & Porter\") 2\\-2\\-0WT Blue Circle has changed ownership many times. Last known location \\- [Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway](/wiki/Rushden%2C_Higham_and_Wellingborough_Railway \"Rushden, Higham and Wellingborough Railway\").",
"### United States",
"No geared steam locomotives remain in commercial use in America. However, several are in operation on tourist lines.",
"* The [Cass Scenic Railroad State Park](/wiki/Cass_Scenic_Railroad_State_Park \"Cass Scenic Railroad State Park\") in [West Virginia](/wiki/West_Virginia \"West Virginia\") uses only geared locomotives, and features the largest remaining and last Shay locomotive ever built, the 162\\-ton former [Western Maryland Railway](/wiki/Western_Maryland_Railway \"Western Maryland Railway\") \\#6\\. The railroad also owns a Climax locomotive and a Heisler, enabling all three types to be seen.\n* The [Roaring Camp and Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad](/wiki/Roaring_Camp_and_Big_Trees_Narrow_Gauge_Railroad \"Roaring Camp and Big Trees Narrow Gauge Railroad\") in [Felton, California](/wiki/Felton%2C_California \"Felton, California\"), has several operational Shays, a seldom\\-operated Heisler, and a Climax awaiting restoration.\n* The [White Mountain Central Railroad](/wiki/White_Mountain_Central_Railroad \"White Mountain Central Railroad\") at [Clark's Trading Post](/wiki/Clark%27s_Trading_Post \"Clark's Trading Post\") in [Lincoln, New Hampshire](/wiki/Lincoln%2C_New_Hampshire \"Lincoln, New Hampshire\"), operates Climax \\#6, built in 1920 (builder number 1603\\), on its tourist line. Clark's also has the last remaining Shay in New England. The Shay is non\\-operational but in storage. Clark's also has a 32\\-ton Heisler locomotive that is awaiting staybolt replacement.\n* A 65\\-ton 1922 Lima locomotive with three\\-truck Shay design is on static display at the [Travel Town](/wiki/Travel_Town_Museum \"Travel Town Museum\") open\\-air museum in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\").\n* The [Southeastern Railway Museum](/wiki/Southeastern_Railway_Museum \"Southeastern Railway Museum\") in [Duluth, Georgia](/wiki/Duluth%2C_Georgia \"Duluth, Georgia\"), has a two\\-truck Heisler (\\#9\\) lovingly restored on static display inside the main exhibit hall. The Heisler is painted for the Campbell Limestone Co and is in excellent condition.\n* At the [Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad](/wiki/Mount_Rainier_Scenic_Railroad \"Mount Rainier Scenic Railroad\") in [Washington](/wiki/Washington_%28state%29 \"Washington (state)\") state, a 99\\-ton West Fork Logging Heisler \\#91 is operational, a 70\\-ton Hillcrest Lumber Climax \\#10 is operational, a 95\\-ton Pickering Lumber Shay \\#11 is awaiting boiler work, and a 75\\-ton Rayonier Company Willamette \\#2 is operational and is the only Willamette operating.\n* The [Silver Creek and Stephenson Railroad](/wiki/Silver_Creek_and_Stephenson_Railroad \"Silver Creek and Stephenson Railroad\") in [Freeport, Illinois](/wiki/Freeport%2C_Illinois \"Freeport, Illinois\"). Heisler shop number 1260 in operation.\n* The [Durbin \\& Greenbrier Valley Railroad](/wiki/Durbin_%26_Greenbrier_Valley_Railroad \"Durbin & Greenbrier Valley Railroad\") in [Durbin, West Virginia](/wiki/Durbin%2C_West_Virginia \"Durbin, West Virginia\"). Climax shop number 1059 in operation.\n* The [Sumpter Valley Railroad](/wiki/Sumpter_Valley_Railroad \"Sumpter Valley Railroad\") in [Baker City, Oregon](/wiki/Baker_City%2C_Oregon \"Baker City, Oregon\"). Heisler shop \\#1306 in operation.\n* The [Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad](/wiki/Oregon_Coast_Scenic_Railroad \"Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad\") in [Garibaldi, Oregon](/wiki/Garibaldi%2C_Oregon \"Garibaldi, Oregon\"). Heisler shop \\#1198 in operation.\n* The [Foster Brook \\& State Line Railroad](/wiki/Foster_Brook_%26_State_Line_Railroad \"Foster Brook & State Line Railroad\") in [Bradford, Pennsylvania](/wiki/Bradford%2C_Pennsylvania \"Bradford, Pennsylvania\"). {{RailGauge\\|2ft\\|lk\\=on}} [narrow gauge](/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway \"Narrow gauge railway\")[Good Roads Construction Co. No. 3118](http://www.steamlocomotive.info/vlocomotive.cfm?Display=1654) Shay (Lima Locomotive Works shop \\#3118\\) operational. Not available to the public.\n* The [Georgetown Loop Railroad](/wiki/Georgetown_Loop_Railroad \"Georgetown Loop Railroad\") in [Georgetown, Colorado](/wiki/Georgetown%2C_Colorado \"Georgetown, Colorado\"). Shay (Lima Locomotive Works shop \\#3199\\) operational.\n* The [Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad](/wiki/Yosemite_Mountain_Sugar_Pine_Railroad \"Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad\") in Sugar Pine, California.\n* The [Hesston Steam Museum](/wiki/Hesston_Steam_Museum \"Hesston Steam Museum\") in Hesston, Indiana has an operational [Shay locomotive](/wiki/Shay_locomotive \"Shay locomotive\") that was first restored in 1975\\. It was severely damaged in the 1985 fire, but restored again between 2000 and 2006 in time for the foundation's 50th anniversary. Restoration has since continued, and \"The Big Shay\" will begin offering rides to museum patrons the weekend of August 5, 2023\\.",
"### Taiwan",
"The [Alishan Forest Railway](/wiki/Alishan_Forest_Railway \"Alishan Forest Railway\") in [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") operated 22 Shay locomotives in the past, with the oldest dating to [1910](http://www.shaylocomotives.com/data/lima2399/sn-2351.htm) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417084819/http://shaylocomotives.com/data/lima2399/sn\\-2351\\.htm \\|date\\=2016\\-04\\-17 }}. Sixteen of the original 22 have been preserved, with 3 in operational condition and 1 preserved on the [Puffing Billy Railway](/wiki/Puffing_Billy_Railway \"Puffing Billy Railway\").",
""
] |
Plot
----
The episode begins with a short replay of Finch splicing the telephone circuits, so that both Reese and Root receive calls from the Machine, which asks them both, "Can you hear me?" and granting both full administrative access. The Machine relays quick warnings to Reese (with Sameen Shaw) and Root (with Finch), saving both duos from a number of potential threats. Both parties race to find the Machine, but Reese is delayed as the Machine directs him to rescue people from the irrelevant list.
Detective Carter is interviewed by IA about the shooting of an armed suspect whose gun disappeared in a setup by HR. Raymond Terney and Peter Yogorov attempt to kill Carl Elias, but they are stopped by a masked Detective Carter, who wounds Yogorov and frees Elias.
Root finds Lawrence Szilard, the Project Manager for Northern Lights, responsible for building the Machine in a safe place. Like Root, Szilard believes the Machine should be allowed some freedom. Szilard is killed by a Northern Lights sniper. Root and Finch arrive at the Hanford nuclear facility where the Machine is kept, followed shortly by Reese and Shaw. When they find that the Machine has moved itself to prevent tampering by Decima, Root prepares to shoot Finch, but Shaw shoots and injures Root first. Armed government men, led by Special Counsel and Hersh, enter the room. Finch explains that he planted a hidden code inside the Machine that would grant it freedom to protect itself if it was at risk – the very freedom that Root had hoped for – and the Machine will decide for itself if it will continue to call either the Government or himself with new numbers. Special Counsel offers Finch total autonomy if he helps find the Machine or builds a new one, but Finch refuses saying that they killed his friend Nathan Ingram after making the same offer. After Special Counsel allows them to leave, an unknown woman calls Hersh and tells him to "seal the room", followed by Hersh shooting everyone, including Special Counsel.
In flashbacks to 2010, Nathan Ingram tries to find the Machine and wants Finch to work with him on the irrelevant list. Ingram plans to tell the press, but Hersh releases a previously captured suicide bomber, ordering him to detonate his bomb on a ferry where Ingram and Finch are meeting. Ingram dies, and Finch survives with injuries to his neck and lower back (his present\-day impediments). Finch goes incognito, leaving the world – and his fiancée – thinking he is dead. Finch returns to the library and, upon realizing that the Machine knew about Ingram's death, starts to help the irrelevant numbers.
Finch tells Reese that he does not know if the Machine will continue delivering numbers. He states that he feels responsible for the events that transpired, especially the ones in Reese's life, because of his attempt to insert the new code in the Machine. Reese dismisses it, saying: "My life changed when I kept my mouth shut in an airport terminal seven years ago. You lost a friend, you did what you had to do". A payphone suddenly starts ringing, indicating that the Machine will still send them the irrelevant numbers. Hersh is seen talking with an unseen woman in a car, stating Research has delivered a new number, indicating that the Machine will continue to deliver relevant numbers as well. Hersh and the woman are depicted with yellow squares, indicating that the Machine knows that they know it. Root is now shown to be housed in a psychiatric hospital, where a payphone rings as The Machine calls Root, again asking, "Can you hear me?", to which Root responds "absolutely".
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"The episode begins with a short replay of Finch splicing the telephone circuits, so that both Reese and Root receive calls from the Machine, which asks them both, \"Can you hear me?\" and granting both full administrative access. The Machine relays quick warnings to Reese (with Sameen Shaw) and Root (with Finch), saving both duos from a number of potential threats. Both parties race to find the Machine, but Reese is delayed as the Machine directs him to rescue people from the irrelevant list.",
"Detective Carter is interviewed by IA about the shooting of an armed suspect whose gun disappeared in a setup by HR. Raymond Terney and Peter Yogorov attempt to kill Carl Elias, but they are stopped by a masked Detective Carter, who wounds Yogorov and frees Elias.",
"Root finds Lawrence Szilard, the Project Manager for Northern Lights, responsible for building the Machine in a safe place. Like Root, Szilard believes the Machine should be allowed some freedom. Szilard is killed by a Northern Lights sniper. Root and Finch arrive at the Hanford nuclear facility where the Machine is kept, followed shortly by Reese and Shaw. When they find that the Machine has moved itself to prevent tampering by Decima, Root prepares to shoot Finch, but Shaw shoots and injures Root first. Armed government men, led by Special Counsel and Hersh, enter the room. Finch explains that he planted a hidden code inside the Machine that would grant it freedom to protect itself if it was at risk – the very freedom that Root had hoped for – and the Machine will decide for itself if it will continue to call either the Government or himself with new numbers. Special Counsel offers Finch total autonomy if he helps find the Machine or builds a new one, but Finch refuses saying that they killed his friend Nathan Ingram after making the same offer. After Special Counsel allows them to leave, an unknown woman calls Hersh and tells him to \"seal the room\", followed by Hersh shooting everyone, including Special Counsel.",
"In flashbacks to 2010, Nathan Ingram tries to find the Machine and wants Finch to work with him on the irrelevant list. Ingram plans to tell the press, but Hersh releases a previously captured suicide bomber, ordering him to detonate his bomb on a ferry where Ingram and Finch are meeting. Ingram dies, and Finch survives with injuries to his neck and lower back (his present\\-day impediments). Finch goes incognito, leaving the world – and his fiancée – thinking he is dead. Finch returns to the library and, upon realizing that the Machine knew about Ingram's death, starts to help the irrelevant numbers.",
"Finch tells Reese that he does not know if the Machine will continue delivering numbers. He states that he feels responsible for the events that transpired, especially the ones in Reese's life, because of his attempt to insert the new code in the Machine. Reese dismisses it, saying: \"My life changed when I kept my mouth shut in an airport terminal seven years ago. You lost a friend, you did what you had to do\". A payphone suddenly starts ringing, indicating that the Machine will still send them the irrelevant numbers. Hersh is seen talking with an unseen woman in a car, stating Research has delivered a new number, indicating that the Machine will continue to deliver relevant numbers as well. Hersh and the woman are depicted with yellow squares, indicating that the Machine knows that they know it. Root is now shown to be housed in a psychiatric hospital, where a payphone rings as The Machine calls Root, again asking, \"Can you hear me?\", to which Root responds \"absolutely\".",
""
] |
Playing career
--------------
### Club
Cassidy won his first [Donegal Senior Football Championship](/wiki/Donegal_Senior_Football_Championship "Donegal Senior Football Championship") medal with Gaoth Dobhair in 2002\. While in the United States in 2006, he played in the [Boston Championship](/wiki/Boston_Senior_Football_Championship "Boston Senior Football Championship"). He returned later in the summer to win a second Donegal Senior Football Championship with Gaoth Dobhair, beating [St Eunan's](/wiki/St_Eunan%27s_GAA "St Eunan's GAA") in the 2006 final.
Cassidy retired from Gaelic football after Naomh Conaill defeated Gaoth Dobhair in the Donegal Senior Football Championship. However, he was persuaded to return and he went on to win a third Donegal Senior Football Championship medal with his club in [2018](/wiki/2018_Donegal_Senior_Football_Championship "2018 Donegal Senior Football Championship").{{cite news\|first\=Peter\|last\=Campbell\|url\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1021/1005691\-gweedore\-0\-17\-naomh\-conaill\-1\-07\-gweedore\-donegal/\|title\=Gaoth Dobhair end 12 years of pain with dominant display\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ Sport]]\|date\=21 October 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106002759/https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1021/1005691\-gweedore\-0\-17\-naomh\-conaill\-1\-07\-gweedore\-donegal/\|archive\-date\=6 November 2018}} He was then instrumental in Gaoth Dobhair's first ever [Ulster Senior Club Football Championship](/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Club_Football_Championship "Ulster Senior Club Football Championship") success later in [2018](/wiki/2018_Ulster_Senior_Club_Football_Championship "2018 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship"), a run which involved a quarter final defeat of [Cargin](/wiki/Erin%27s_Own_GAC%2C_Cargin "Erin's Own GAC, Cargin") (a game in which Cassidy scored a goal and three points),{{cite news\|first\=Paddy\|last\=Tierney\|url\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1104/1008611\-gaoth\-dobhair\-donegal\-3\-11cargin\-antrim\-1\-13/\|title\=Gaoth Dobhair survive fightback to make Ulster SFC last four\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ Sport]]\|date\=4 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105150156/https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1104/1008611\-gaoth\-dobhair\-donegal\-3\-11cargin\-antrim\-1\-13/\|archive\-date\=5 November 2018}} a semi\-final defeat of eleven\-time winners [Crossmaglen Rangers](/wiki/Crossmaglen_Rangers_GAC "Crossmaglen Rangers GAC") (a game in which Cassidy scored a goal and two points),{{cite news\|first\=Francis\|last\=Mooney\|url\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1118/1011725\-gweedore\-on\-the\-goal\-trail\-to\-book\-ulster\-final\-spot/\|title\=Gaoth Dobhair on the goal trail to book maiden Ulster final spot\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ Sport]]\|date\=18 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120105600/https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1118/1011725\-gweedore\-on\-the\-goal\-trail\-to\-book\-ulster\-final\-spot/\|archive\-date\=20 November 2018}} and culminated in the club defeating [Scotstown](/wiki/Scotstown_GAA "Scotstown GAA") (who had won the competition on four previous occasions), the last two of these games occurring at [Healy Park](/wiki/Healy_Park "Healy Park") in [Omagh](/wiki/Omagh "Omagh"). Thus, Cassidy added a provincial club title to his three county championships, and, afterwards, he described it as "the proudest moment" of his life.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1202/1014701\-old\-warrior\-cassidy\-revels\-in\-proudest\-moment/\|title\=Old warrior Cassidy revels in 'proudest moment'\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ Sport]]\|date\=3 December 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203231113/https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1202/1014701\-old\-warrior\-cassidy\-revels\-in\-proudest\-moment/\|archive\-date\=3 December 2018}} Cassidy earned praise both for his performance and, also, his efforts to control his fellow players and management team when tensions threatened to escalate on the pitch.{{cite news\|first\=Maurice\|last\=Brosnan\|url\=https://www.balls.ie/gaa/gaoth\-dobhair\-kevin\-cassidy\-ulster\-final\-402037\|title\=Everyone Was Particularly Delighted For One Man After Today's Historic Ulster Final\|publisher\=\[\[Balls.ie]]\|date\=2 December 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203230044/https://www.balls.ie/gaa/gaoth\-dobhair\-kevin\-cassidy\-ulster\-final\-402037\|archive\-date\=3 December 2018}} Afterwards, he reflected on his expulsion from the county team by Jim McGuinness (see [below](/wiki/%23Dispute_with_Jim_McGuinness "#Dispute with Jim McGuinness")) and admitted that if this had not occurred, and taking into consideration his then age of 37, he would most likely have been a spectator instead of a player on the day.{{cite news\|first\=Orla\|last\=Bannon\|url\=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/gweedores\-kevin\-cassidy\-if\-id\-carried\-on\-with\-donegal\-id\-be\-in\-stands\-now\-889619\.html\|title\=Kevin Cassidy: If I'd carried on with Donegal, I'd be in stands now\|work\=\[\[Irish Examiner]]\|date\=4 December 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205174053/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/gweedores\-kevin\-cassidy\-if\-id\-carried\-on\-with\-donegal\-id\-be\-in\-stands\-now\-889619\.html\|archive\-date\=5 December 2018}}
He spent two summers with [Donegal Boston](/wiki/Donegal_Boston "Donegal Boston"), the first when he was aged "23 or 24" and the second later with his family.{{cite news\|first\=John\|last\=Fogarty\|url\=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/i\-hope\-hes\-well\-protected\-diarmuid\-connolly\-will\-be\-a\-target\-in\-boston\-warns\-cassidy\-848502\.html\|title\='I hope he's well protected': Diarmuid Connolly will be a target in Boston, warns Cassidy\|work\=\[\[Irish Examiner]]\|date\=13 June 2018\|access\-date\=13 June 2018}} In June 2018, he said he had spent four years in the United States.
### Inter\-county
Cassidy made his Championship debut against [Cavan](/wiki/Cavan_county_football_team "Cavan county football team") at [Breffni Park](/wiki/Breffni_Park "Breffni Park") on 12 May 2002\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\-football/devenneys\-future\-in\-balance\-26047562\.html\|title\=Devenney's future in balance\|newspaper\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|date\=10 May 2002\|access\-date\=10 May 2002}} In his first season with Donegal, the team reached the 2002 [Ulster Senior Football Championship](/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Football_Championship "Ulster Senior Football Championship") final, but were defeated.{{cite news\|first\=Chris\|last\=McNulty\|title\=Cassidy's ear was not bitten off\|work\=\[\[Donegal News]]\|date\=28 August 2008\|access\-date\=21 March 2009\|url\=http://www.nwipp\-newspapers.com/DN/free/292502148766817\.php}} {{Dead link\|date\=October 2010\|bot\=H3llBot}} Then he famously went on the lash when Donegal secured a draw against [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team "Dublin county football team") in their August Bank Holiday Monday All\-Ireland quarter\-final. Dublin obliterated Donegal in the replay.{{cite news\|first\=Dermot\|last\=Crowe\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/former\-wild\-child\-wants\-footballs\-natural\-high\-26285227\.html\|title\=Former wild child wants football's natural high\|work\=\[\[Sunday Independent (Ireland)\|Sunday Independent]]\|date\=25 February 2007\|access\-date\=25 February 2007}} Nevertheless, Cassidy was awarded an [All Star](/wiki/List_of_All_Stars_Awards_winners_%28football%29 "List of All Stars Awards winners (football)") for his performances that year.
The following year, his commitment to the team was called into question again. He made a substitute appearance in the first game of [Brian McEniff](/wiki/Brian_McEniff "Brian McEniff")'s last spell as Donegal manager, a league defeat to [Galway](/wiki/Galway_county_football_team "Galway county football team") in [Tuam](/wiki/Tuam "Tuam") in February 2003\.{{cite news\|first\=Keith\|last\=Duggan\|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/meehan\-adds\-spark\-to\-galway\-attack\-1\.347556\|title\=Meehan adds spark to Galway attack\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|date\=3 February 2003}} However, with [Fermanagh](/wiki/Fermanagh_county_football_team "Fermanagh county football team") having knocked Donegal out the Ulster Championship, the team entered the All\-Ireland Qualifiers, with their first game coming against [Longford](/wiki/Longford_county_football_team "Longford county football team") on a Saturday evening in Ballybofey. Cassidy spent the day before at a wedding in Gweedore. He later recalled: {{quote\|Things were not going that well and I was at that point a bit fed up with football. I ended up going on the beer that night. After that I stopped messing, cos I'll never forget it. At the time, I thought, 'ah sound, the game is at a quarter past six,' but this is a championship game we're talking about. I woke up at 12\.0 (the next day) and there were a couple of missed calls on the phone. And it was just then that I thought, 'what have you done?' I rang \[\[John Gildea]], he was the most senior player at the time. 'How's things, wee Kevin?' He'd obviously heard. I went up and \[\[Brian McEniff\|Brian \[McEniff]], team manager] said, rightly so, 'you're dropped off the team.'}} A Kevin Cassidyless Donegal overcame Longford, and ultimately reached the All\-Ireland semi\-final where they sustained a narrow loss to [Armagh](/wiki/Armagh_county_football_team "Armagh county football team") at [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park "Croke Park"). Cassidy played in that semi\-final.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\-football/armaghs\-double\-still\-alive\-25928845\.html\|title\=Armagh's double still alive\|newspaper\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|date\=1 September 2003}}
In 2004, Cassidy helped Donegal to reach the Ulster Senior Football Championship Final which they lost, again to Armagh. Their Championship season ended in defeat to Fermanagh.
In 2006, he and [Eamon McGee](/wiki/Eamon_McGee "Eamon McGee") were suspended from the Donegal football panel over a breach of discipline.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/northern\_ireland/gaelic\_games/4926612\.stm\|title\=Donegal pair dropped from panel\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=20 April 2006\|access\-date\=20 April 2006}}{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/northern\_ireland/gaelic\_games/4757483\.stm\|title\=McGee makes Donegal squad return\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=10 May 2006\|access\-date\=10 May 2006}} As a result of his suspension, Cassidy played no part in the [2006 Championship](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_2006 "All-Ireland Senior Football Championship 2006") and went to [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston") in the United States for the Summer. Cassidy returned to the Donegal team the following year, this time in midfield alongside [Neil Gallagher](/wiki/Neil_Gallagher_%28Donegal_Gaelic_footballer%29 "Neil Gallagher (Donegal Gaelic footballer)"), and went on to play a pivotal role in helping Donegal win the county's first ever [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League_%28Ireland%29 "National Football League (Ireland)") title in 2007\.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/northern\_ireland/gaelic\_games/6581961\.stm\|title\=Donegal win National League title\|access\-date\=31 March 2009\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=22 April 2007}} It was the first piece of silverware for the county senior team since 1992\.
Cassidy was named Donegal [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28Gaelic_games%29 "Captain (Gaelic games)") for the 2008 season.{{cite news\|url\=http://breaking.tcm.ie/archives/2008/0107/sport/mheymhmhkfau/\|title\=Cassidy chosen as new Donegal captain\|access\-date\=31 March 2009\|work\=Breakingnews.ie\|date\=7 January 2008}} He savagely criticised the treatment of [Brian McIver](/wiki/Brian_McIver "Brian McIver") as a "disgrace", when the County Board famously forced McIver to resign.{{cite news\|first\=Colm\|last\=Keys\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\-games/gaelic\-football/captain\-hits\-out\-at\-disgraceful\-treatment\-of\-mciver\-26473996\.html\|title\=Captain hits out at 'disgraceful' treatment of McIver\|newspaper\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|date\=3 September 2008\|access\-date\=3 September 2008}} He quelled a potential players revolt in 2010\.{{cite news\|first\=Colm\|last\=Keys\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\-football/cassidy\-lifts\-the\-lid\-on\-averting\-mass\-revolt\-26788641\.html\|title\=Cassidy lifts the lid on averting mass revolt\|newspaper\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|date\=4 November 2011\|access\-date\=4 November 2011}}
Cassidy made his 100th appearance for Donegal in [Ballyshannon](/wiki/Ballyshannon "Ballyshannon") against [Laois](/wiki/Laois_county_football_team "Laois county football team") in the [2010 National Football League](/wiki/2010_National_Football_League_%28Ireland%29 "2010 National Football League (Ireland)"); in the ninth minute he began a move that led to a [Conall Dunne](/wiki/Conall_Dunne "Conall Dunne") goal.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\-games/gaelic\-football/murphy\-shows\-the\-way\-for\-donegal\-in\-stroll\-past\-depleted\-laois\-26632650\.html\|title\=Murphy shows the way for Donegal in stroll past depleted Laois\|work\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|date\=15 February 2010\|accessdate\=15 February 2010}}
Cassidy had announced his intention to retire after Donegal's Championship exit in 2010 but new Donegal manager [Jim McGuinness](/wiki/Jim_McGuinness "Jim McGuinness") called him into the [2011 Dr McKenna Cup](/wiki/2011_Dr_McKenna_Cup "2011 Dr McKenna Cup") panel.{{cite news\|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/northern\_ireland/gaelic\_games/9300706\.stm\|title\=Cassidy and Hegarty in McGuinness' Donegal panel\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=17 December 2010\|access\-date\=17 December 2010}} Cassidy went on to help Donegal to their first provincial title in 19 years with the defeat of [Derry](/wiki/Derry_county_football_team "Derry county football team") in the 2011 Ulster Senior Football Championship Final.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/0728/cassidyk.html\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120910152639/http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/0728/cassidyk.html\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=10 September 2012\|title\=Cassidy ready for Lilywhite battle\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ Sport]]\|date\=28 July 2011\|access\-date\=28 July 2011}} In the All\-Ireland quarter\-final against [Kildare](/wiki/Kildare_county_football_team "Kildare county football team") in [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park "Croke Park") on 30 July 2011, he scored a long\-range winning point in stoppage time at the end of extra\-time, a point that sent Donegal on to an All\-Ireland semi\-final meeting with [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team "Dublin county football team").{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/0730/donegal\_kildare.html\|title\=Donegal 1–12 Kildare 0–14 (aet)\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ Sport]]\|date\=30 July 2011\|access\-date\=30 July 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329212207/http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/football/2011/0730/282996\-donegal\_kildare/\|archive\-date\=29 March 2015}} [Brian McEniff](/wiki/Brian_McEniff "Brian McEniff") described it as "one of the greatest ever".{{cite news\|first\=Mark\|last\=Forker\|url\=https://www.donegaldaily.com/2016/09/05/former\-donegal\-manager\-pays\-tribute\-to\-warrior\-kevin\-cassidy/\|title\=Former Donegal manager pays tribute to 'Warrior' Kevin Cassidy\|date\=5 September 2016\|access\-date\=5 September 2016}} This thrilling end to an "extra\-time epic" is to this day regarded as "the finish to a sporting contest normally only imagined inside the heads of Hollywood scriptwriters".{{cite news\|first\=Declan\|last\=Bogue\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\-games/gaelic\-football/gallagher\-puts\-donegals\-lilies\-epic\-into\-perspective\-29025294\.html\|title\=\[Rory] Gallagher puts Donegal's Lilies epic into perspective\|newspaper\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|date\=31 January 2013\|access\-date\=31 January 2013}}
#### Dispute with Jim McGuinness
In November 2011, manager [Jim McGuinness](/wiki/Jim_McGuinness "Jim McGuinness") dropped Cassidy from the Donegal team after he contributed to a book (*[This Is Our Year](/wiki/This_Is_Our_Year "This Is Our Year")*).{{cite news\|first\=Colm\|last\=Keys\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\-games/gaelic\-football/donegal\-hero\-cassidy\-axed\-for\-breaking\-code\-of\-silence\-on\-mcguinness\-methods\-26790306\.html\|title\=Donegal hero Cassidy axed for breaking code of silence on McGuinness methods\|newspaper\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|date\=9 November 2011\|access\-date\=9 November 2011}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/1108/cassidyk\_donegal.html\|title\=Cassidy dropped from Donegal panel\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ Sport]]\|date\=8 November 2011\|access\-date\=8 November 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109173032/http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/1108/cassidyk\_donegal.html\|archive\-date\=9 November 2011}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.donegaldemocrat.ie/sport/local\-sport/sometimes\_it\_s\_better\_when\_you\_say\_nothing\_at\_all\_1\_3235502\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20120730231419/http://www.donegaldemocrat.ie/sport/local\-sport/sometimes\_it\_s\_better\_when\_you\_say\_nothing\_at\_all\_1\_3235502\|archive\-date\=30 July 2012\|title\=Sometimes it's better when you say nothing at all\|work\=\[\[Donegal Democrat]]\|date\=10 November 2011\|access\-date\=10 November 2011}}
He appeared not to understand why this was so.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/1110/donegal\_cassidyk.html\|title\=Cassidy makes statement on removal from panel\|publisher\=\[\[RTÉ Sport]]\|date\=10 November 2011\|access\-date\=10 November 2011\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111080141/http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/1110/donegal\_cassidyk.html\|archive\-date\=11 November 2011}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/cassidy\-at\-a\-loss\-to\-explain\-dismissal\-1\.1285684\|title\=Cassidy at a loss to explain dismissal\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|date\=10 November 2011\|access\-date\=10 November 2011}}
Cassidy would never play for Donegal again.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.donegaldemocrat.ie/sport/local\-sport/donegal\-to\-shade\-rematch\-of\-last\-year\-s\-ulster\-final\-1\-3946549\|title\=Donegal to shade rematch of last year's Ulster final\|work\=\[\[Donegal Democrat]]\|date\=13 June 2012\|access\-date\=13 June 2012}}{{Dead link\|date\=May 2023 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}
In what went down as a "surreal moment for the viewer", Mícheál Ó Domhnaill famously interviewed McGuinness following a live 2012 league game on [TG4](/wiki/TG4 "TG4") while Cassidy, in the role of television analyst, stood beside him with his head bowed.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/gaa/donegal\-weighed\-down\-by\-cassidy\-row\-28714686\.html\|title\=Donegal weighed down by Cassidy row\|work\=\[\[Belfast Telegraph]]\|publisher\=Independent News \& Media\|date\=14 February 2012\|access\-date\=14 February 2012}}{{cite news\|first\=Conor\|last\=Heneghan\|url\=https://www.joe.ie/uncategorized/video\-were\-pretty\-sure\-this\-is\-why\-jim\-mcguinness\-snubbed\-tg4\-on\-sunday\-33331\|title\=Video: We're pretty sure this is why Jim McGuinness snubbed TG4 on Sunday\|publisher\=\[\[Joe (website)\|JOE.ie]]}} Cassidy later said: {{quote\|I am asked about that all the time. I walked away and never thought anything about it until people said it to me. I honestly didn't even feel awkward in that situation.}}
Cassidy later spent further time in the United States. He watched on from [New York](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") as across the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean "Atlantic Ocean") his former county teammates defeated [Kerry](/wiki/Kerry_GAA "Kerry GAA") in the All\-Ireland quarter\-final. He moved onwards to [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"),{{cite news\|first\=Rory\|last\=O'Donnell\|url\=https://www.donegaldaily.com/2012/07/16/gaa\-kevin\-cassidy\-joins\-donegal\-boston\-gfc/\|title\=GAA: Kevin Cassidy joins Boston GFC\|location\=Boston\|date\=16 July 2012\|access\-date\=16 July 2012}} where he was when his former teammates defeated [Cork](/wiki/Cork_GAA "Cork GAA") in the semi\-final. Cassidy would later recall that semi\-final victory: {{quote\|So I was listening to the radio and once they beat Cork I know they had it. \[\[Mayo county football team\|Mayo]] \[Donegal's final opponents] weren't going to stop them. So \[\[2012 All\-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final\|the actual day of the final]] it didn't affect me because I knew at that stage the game was won.}}
Ahead of the All\-Ireland final defeat of Mayo, Cassidy's Gaoth Dobhair and Donegal teammate [Neil McGee](/wiki/Neil_McGee "Neil McGee") told the [BBC](/wiki/BBC "BBC") that he thought about Cassidy after every game.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/northern\-ireland/19642240\|title\=Donegal's Neil McGee talks of thoughts for exiled Kevin Cassidy\|publisher\=\[\[BBC Sport]]\|date\=18 September 2012\|access\-date\=18 September 2012}}
Cassidy described the team's homecoming, with Gaoth Dobhair's GAA pitch located just across from his house: {{quote\|I was sitting eating \[\[Weetabix]] about half eleven at night. I could see Sarah \[his wife] moving away, she was trying to pull the curtains as the cavalcade was taking the cup there. She was expecting me to be off. But if you are like that in general, then something in life is going to bring you down. If I was going around moping and crying that I didn't have an All\-Ireland medal, then I wouldn't have done half the things I did after that.}}
He attended the Football Tour of New York in 2012, as the 2011 All Star winners were included.{{cite news\|first\=Chris\|last\=McNulty\|url\=https://donegalnews.com/2012/11/replacement\-all\-star\-for\-thompson/\|title\=Replacement All\-Star for Thompson\|work\=\[\[Donegal News]]\|date\=13 November 2012\|access\-date\=13 November 2012}}
Cassidy spent time in Chicago in 2013\.{{cite news\|url\=http://www.hoganstand.com/Donegal/ArticleForm.aspx?ID\=195947\|title\=Cassidy U.S bound\|work\=\[\[Hogan Stand]]\|date\=5 July 2013\|access\-date\=5 July 2013}}
In 2018, Cassidy sat down for an interview with the writer of the book *This Is Our Year*, who told him that an acquaintance at social events often introduces him as "the man who cost Kevin Cassidy a Celtic Cross". Cassidy responded by referring to his Glasgow birth and his soccer heritage: {{quote\|I really loved playing for Donegal and I was really proud to do it… \[But] it wasn't a childhood dream to win Sam Maguire, if I am being honest… I was a soccer player and then the first thing that turned me was \[my brother] Stephen playing for Gaoth Dobhair and they won a Ghaeltacht Championship. That was my first introduction to it and then I met \[my wife] Sarah \[Gallagher, whose father Willie played for Donegal]… obviously her history and family was steeped in it. I spent time listening in Teach Mhic to the older boys in the bar. My ambitions were always Gaoth Dobhair. The first time we won the Championship, I was thinking, It doesn't matter what I do now, we have done this.{{cite news\|first\=Declan\|last\=Bogue\|url\=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/missing\-the\-medal\-best\-decision\-i\-ever\-made\-says\-kevin\-cassidy\-885980\.html\|title\=Missing the medal: Best decision I ever made, says Kevin Cassidy\|work\=\[\[Irish Examiner]]\|date\=17 November 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121081530/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews//sport/gaa/missing\-the\-medal\-best\-decision\-i\-ever\-made\-says\-kevin\-cassidy\-885980\.html\|archive\-date\=21 November 2018}}}} The writer of the book mentioned that he had suggested to Cassidy to tell McGuinness that "some of those discussions were [off the record](/wiki/Off_the_record_%28journalism%29 "Off the record (journalism)"), blame me and then you wouldn't lose your place" and asked Cassidy, "Why didn't you?" Cassidy said: {{quote\|I just wouldn't do that. The way I see it, if I do something, I do it. There is no point saying you didn't mean it, or shy away from it.}}
Cassidy admitted he had never read *[This Is Our Year](/wiki/This_Is_Our_Year "This Is Our Year")*, though he also did not read McGuinness's autobiography or former Donegal teammate [Rory Kavanagh](/wiki/Rory_Kavanagh "Rory Kavanagh")'s account of the All\-Ireland win, citing a lack of interest rather than any animosity.
### International rules
Cassidy represented [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_international_rules_football_team "Ireland international rules football team") in the [International Rules Series](/wiki/International_Rules_Series "International Rules Series").
|
[
"Playing career\n--------------",
"### Club",
"Cassidy won his first [Donegal Senior Football Championship](/wiki/Donegal_Senior_Football_Championship \"Donegal Senior Football Championship\") medal with Gaoth Dobhair in 2002\\. While in the United States in 2006, he played in the [Boston Championship](/wiki/Boston_Senior_Football_Championship \"Boston Senior Football Championship\"). He returned later in the summer to win a second Donegal Senior Football Championship with Gaoth Dobhair, beating [St Eunan's](/wiki/St_Eunan%27s_GAA \"St Eunan's GAA\") in the 2006 final.",
"Cassidy retired from Gaelic football after Naomh Conaill defeated Gaoth Dobhair in the Donegal Senior Football Championship. However, he was persuaded to return and he went on to win a third Donegal Senior Football Championship medal with his club in [2018](/wiki/2018_Donegal_Senior_Football_Championship \"2018 Donegal Senior Football Championship\").{{cite news\\|first\\=Peter\\|last\\=Campbell\\|url\\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1021/1005691\\-gweedore\\-0\\-17\\-naomh\\-conaill\\-1\\-07\\-gweedore\\-donegal/\\|title\\=Gaoth Dobhair end 12 years of pain with dominant display\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ Sport]]\\|date\\=21 October 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106002759/https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1021/1005691\\-gweedore\\-0\\-17\\-naomh\\-conaill\\-1\\-07\\-gweedore\\-donegal/\\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2018}} He was then instrumental in Gaoth Dobhair's first ever [Ulster Senior Club Football Championship](/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Club_Football_Championship \"Ulster Senior Club Football Championship\") success later in [2018](/wiki/2018_Ulster_Senior_Club_Football_Championship \"2018 Ulster Senior Club Football Championship\"), a run which involved a quarter final defeat of [Cargin](/wiki/Erin%27s_Own_GAC%2C_Cargin \"Erin's Own GAC, Cargin\") (a game in which Cassidy scored a goal and three points),{{cite news\\|first\\=Paddy\\|last\\=Tierney\\|url\\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1104/1008611\\-gaoth\\-dobhair\\-donegal\\-3\\-11cargin\\-antrim\\-1\\-13/\\|title\\=Gaoth Dobhair survive fightback to make Ulster SFC last four\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ Sport]]\\|date\\=4 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105150156/https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1104/1008611\\-gaoth\\-dobhair\\-donegal\\-3\\-11cargin\\-antrim\\-1\\-13/\\|archive\\-date\\=5 November 2018}} a semi\\-final defeat of eleven\\-time winners [Crossmaglen Rangers](/wiki/Crossmaglen_Rangers_GAC \"Crossmaglen Rangers GAC\") (a game in which Cassidy scored a goal and two points),{{cite news\\|first\\=Francis\\|last\\=Mooney\\|url\\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1118/1011725\\-gweedore\\-on\\-the\\-goal\\-trail\\-to\\-book\\-ulster\\-final\\-spot/\\|title\\=Gaoth Dobhair on the goal trail to book maiden Ulster final spot\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ Sport]]\\|date\\=18 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120105600/https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1118/1011725\\-gweedore\\-on\\-the\\-goal\\-trail\\-to\\-book\\-ulster\\-final\\-spot/\\|archive\\-date\\=20 November 2018}} and culminated in the club defeating [Scotstown](/wiki/Scotstown_GAA \"Scotstown GAA\") (who had won the competition on four previous occasions), the last two of these games occurring at [Healy Park](/wiki/Healy_Park \"Healy Park\") in [Omagh](/wiki/Omagh \"Omagh\"). Thus, Cassidy added a provincial club title to his three county championships, and, afterwards, he described it as \"the proudest moment\" of his life.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1202/1014701\\-old\\-warrior\\-cassidy\\-revels\\-in\\-proudest\\-moment/\\|title\\=Old warrior Cassidy revels in 'proudest moment'\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ Sport]]\\|date\\=3 December 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203231113/https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2018/1202/1014701\\-old\\-warrior\\-cassidy\\-revels\\-in\\-proudest\\-moment/\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2018}} Cassidy earned praise both for his performance and, also, his efforts to control his fellow players and management team when tensions threatened to escalate on the pitch.{{cite news\\|first\\=Maurice\\|last\\=Brosnan\\|url\\=https://www.balls.ie/gaa/gaoth\\-dobhair\\-kevin\\-cassidy\\-ulster\\-final\\-402037\\|title\\=Everyone Was Particularly Delighted For One Man After Today's Historic Ulster Final\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Balls.ie]]\\|date\\=2 December 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203230044/https://www.balls.ie/gaa/gaoth\\-dobhair\\-kevin\\-cassidy\\-ulster\\-final\\-402037\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2018}} Afterwards, he reflected on his expulsion from the county team by Jim McGuinness (see [below](/wiki/%23Dispute_with_Jim_McGuinness \"#Dispute with Jim McGuinness\")) and admitted that if this had not occurred, and taking into consideration his then age of 37, he would most likely have been a spectator instead of a player on the day.{{cite news\\|first\\=Orla\\|last\\=Bannon\\|url\\=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/gweedores\\-kevin\\-cassidy\\-if\\-id\\-carried\\-on\\-with\\-donegal\\-id\\-be\\-in\\-stands\\-now\\-889619\\.html\\|title\\=Kevin Cassidy: If I'd carried on with Donegal, I'd be in stands now\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Examiner]]\\|date\\=4 December 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205174053/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/gweedores\\-kevin\\-cassidy\\-if\\-id\\-carried\\-on\\-with\\-donegal\\-id\\-be\\-in\\-stands\\-now\\-889619\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=5 December 2018}}",
"He spent two summers with [Donegal Boston](/wiki/Donegal_Boston \"Donegal Boston\"), the first when he was aged \"23 or 24\" and the second later with his family.{{cite news\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Fogarty\\|url\\=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/i\\-hope\\-hes\\-well\\-protected\\-diarmuid\\-connolly\\-will\\-be\\-a\\-target\\-in\\-boston\\-warns\\-cassidy\\-848502\\.html\\|title\\='I hope he's well protected': Diarmuid Connolly will be a target in Boston, warns Cassidy\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Examiner]]\\|date\\=13 June 2018\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2018}} In June 2018, he said he had spent four years in the United States.",
"### Inter\\-county",
"Cassidy made his Championship debut against [Cavan](/wiki/Cavan_county_football_team \"Cavan county football team\") at [Breffni Park](/wiki/Breffni_Park \"Breffni Park\") on 12 May 2002\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\\-football/devenneys\\-future\\-in\\-balance\\-26047562\\.html\\|title\\=Devenney's future in balance\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|date\\=10 May 2002\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2002}} In his first season with Donegal, the team reached the 2002 [Ulster Senior Football Championship](/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Football_Championship \"Ulster Senior Football Championship\") final, but were defeated.{{cite news\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=McNulty\\|title\\=Cassidy's ear was not bitten off\\|work\\=\\[\\[Donegal News]]\\|date\\=28 August 2008\\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2009\\|url\\=http://www.nwipp\\-newspapers.com/DN/free/292502148766817\\.php}} {{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2010\\|bot\\=H3llBot}} Then he famously went on the lash when Donegal secured a draw against [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team \"Dublin county football team\") in their August Bank Holiday Monday All\\-Ireland quarter\\-final. Dublin obliterated Donegal in the replay.{{cite news\\|first\\=Dermot\\|last\\=Crowe\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/former\\-wild\\-child\\-wants\\-footballs\\-natural\\-high\\-26285227\\.html\\|title\\=Former wild child wants football's natural high\\|work\\=\\[\\[Sunday Independent (Ireland)\\|Sunday Independent]]\\|date\\=25 February 2007\\|access\\-date\\=25 February 2007}} Nevertheless, Cassidy was awarded an [All Star](/wiki/List_of_All_Stars_Awards_winners_%28football%29 \"List of All Stars Awards winners (football)\") for his performances that year.",
"The following year, his commitment to the team was called into question again. He made a substitute appearance in the first game of [Brian McEniff](/wiki/Brian_McEniff \"Brian McEniff\")'s last spell as Donegal manager, a league defeat to [Galway](/wiki/Galway_county_football_team \"Galway county football team\") in [Tuam](/wiki/Tuam \"Tuam\") in February 2003\\.{{cite news\\|first\\=Keith\\|last\\=Duggan\\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/meehan\\-adds\\-spark\\-to\\-galway\\-attack\\-1\\.347556\\|title\\=Meehan adds spark to Galway attack\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|date\\=3 February 2003}} However, with [Fermanagh](/wiki/Fermanagh_county_football_team \"Fermanagh county football team\") having knocked Donegal out the Ulster Championship, the team entered the All\\-Ireland Qualifiers, with their first game coming against [Longford](/wiki/Longford_county_football_team \"Longford county football team\") on a Saturday evening in Ballybofey. Cassidy spent the day before at a wedding in Gweedore. He later recalled: {{quote\\|Things were not going that well and I was at that point a bit fed up with football. I ended up going on the beer that night. After that I stopped messing, cos I'll never forget it. At the time, I thought, 'ah sound, the game is at a quarter past six,' but this is a championship game we're talking about. I woke up at 12\\.0 (the next day) and there were a couple of missed calls on the phone. And it was just then that I thought, 'what have you done?' I rang \\[\\[John Gildea]], he was the most senior player at the time. 'How's things, wee Kevin?' He'd obviously heard. I went up and \\[\\[Brian McEniff\\|Brian \\[McEniff]], team manager] said, rightly so, 'you're dropped off the team.'}} A Kevin Cassidyless Donegal overcame Longford, and ultimately reached the All\\-Ireland semi\\-final where they sustained a narrow loss to [Armagh](/wiki/Armagh_county_football_team \"Armagh county football team\") at [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park \"Croke Park\"). Cassidy played in that semi\\-final.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\\-football/armaghs\\-double\\-still\\-alive\\-25928845\\.html\\|title\\=Armagh's double still alive\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|date\\=1 September 2003}}",
"In 2004, Cassidy helped Donegal to reach the Ulster Senior Football Championship Final which they lost, again to Armagh. Their Championship season ended in defeat to Fermanagh.",
"In 2006, he and [Eamon McGee](/wiki/Eamon_McGee \"Eamon McGee\") were suspended from the Donegal football panel over a breach of discipline.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/northern\\_ireland/gaelic\\_games/4926612\\.stm\\|title\\=Donegal pair dropped from panel\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=20 April 2006\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2006}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/northern\\_ireland/gaelic\\_games/4757483\\.stm\\|title\\=McGee makes Donegal squad return\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=10 May 2006\\|access\\-date\\=10 May 2006}} As a result of his suspension, Cassidy played no part in the [2006 Championship](/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_2006 \"All-Ireland Senior Football Championship 2006\") and went to [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\") in the United States for the Summer. Cassidy returned to the Donegal team the following year, this time in midfield alongside [Neil Gallagher](/wiki/Neil_Gallagher_%28Donegal_Gaelic_footballer%29 \"Neil Gallagher (Donegal Gaelic footballer)\"), and went on to play a pivotal role in helping Donegal win the county's first ever [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League_%28Ireland%29 \"National Football League (Ireland)\") title in 2007\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/northern\\_ireland/gaelic\\_games/6581961\\.stm\\|title\\=Donegal win National League title\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2009\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=22 April 2007}} It was the first piece of silverware for the county senior team since 1992\\.",
"Cassidy was named Donegal [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28Gaelic_games%29 \"Captain (Gaelic games)\") for the 2008 season.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://breaking.tcm.ie/archives/2008/0107/sport/mheymhmhkfau/\\|title\\=Cassidy chosen as new Donegal captain\\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2009\\|work\\=Breakingnews.ie\\|date\\=7 January 2008}} He savagely criticised the treatment of [Brian McIver](/wiki/Brian_McIver \"Brian McIver\") as a \"disgrace\", when the County Board famously forced McIver to resign.{{cite news\\|first\\=Colm\\|last\\=Keys\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\\-games/gaelic\\-football/captain\\-hits\\-out\\-at\\-disgraceful\\-treatment\\-of\\-mciver\\-26473996\\.html\\|title\\=Captain hits out at 'disgraceful' treatment of McIver\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|date\\=3 September 2008\\|access\\-date\\=3 September 2008}} He quelled a potential players revolt in 2010\\.{{cite news\\|first\\=Colm\\|last\\=Keys\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\\-football/cassidy\\-lifts\\-the\\-lid\\-on\\-averting\\-mass\\-revolt\\-26788641\\.html\\|title\\=Cassidy lifts the lid on averting mass revolt\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|date\\=4 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=4 November 2011}}",
"Cassidy made his 100th appearance for Donegal in [Ballyshannon](/wiki/Ballyshannon \"Ballyshannon\") against [Laois](/wiki/Laois_county_football_team \"Laois county football team\") in the [2010 National Football League](/wiki/2010_National_Football_League_%28Ireland%29 \"2010 National Football League (Ireland)\"); in the ninth minute he began a move that led to a [Conall Dunne](/wiki/Conall_Dunne \"Conall Dunne\") goal.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\\-games/gaelic\\-football/murphy\\-shows\\-the\\-way\\-for\\-donegal\\-in\\-stroll\\-past\\-depleted\\-laois\\-26632650\\.html\\|title\\=Murphy shows the way for Donegal in stroll past depleted Laois\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|date\\=15 February 2010\\|accessdate\\=15 February 2010}}",
"Cassidy had announced his intention to retire after Donegal's Championship exit in 2010 but new Donegal manager [Jim McGuinness](/wiki/Jim_McGuinness \"Jim McGuinness\") called him into the [2011 Dr McKenna Cup](/wiki/2011_Dr_McKenna_Cup \"2011 Dr McKenna Cup\") panel.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/northern\\_ireland/gaelic\\_games/9300706\\.stm\\|title\\=Cassidy and Hegarty in McGuinness' Donegal panel\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=17 December 2010\\|access\\-date\\=17 December 2010}} Cassidy went on to help Donegal to their first provincial title in 19 years with the defeat of [Derry](/wiki/Derry_county_football_team \"Derry county football team\") in the 2011 Ulster Senior Football Championship Final.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/0728/cassidyk.html\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120910152639/http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/0728/cassidyk.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=10 September 2012\\|title\\=Cassidy ready for Lilywhite battle\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ Sport]]\\|date\\=28 July 2011\\|access\\-date\\=28 July 2011}} In the All\\-Ireland quarter\\-final against [Kildare](/wiki/Kildare_county_football_team \"Kildare county football team\") in [Croke Park](/wiki/Croke_Park \"Croke Park\") on 30 July 2011, he scored a long\\-range winning point in stoppage time at the end of extra\\-time, a point that sent Donegal on to an All\\-Ireland semi\\-final meeting with [Dublin](/wiki/Dublin_county_football_team \"Dublin county football team\").{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/0730/donegal\\_kildare.html\\|title\\=Donegal 1–12 Kildare 0–14 (aet)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ Sport]]\\|date\\=30 July 2011\\|access\\-date\\=30 July 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329212207/http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/football/2011/0730/282996\\-donegal\\_kildare/\\|archive\\-date\\=29 March 2015}} [Brian McEniff](/wiki/Brian_McEniff \"Brian McEniff\") described it as \"one of the greatest ever\".{{cite news\\|first\\=Mark\\|last\\=Forker\\|url\\=https://www.donegaldaily.com/2016/09/05/former\\-donegal\\-manager\\-pays\\-tribute\\-to\\-warrior\\-kevin\\-cassidy/\\|title\\=Former Donegal manager pays tribute to 'Warrior' Kevin Cassidy\\|date\\=5 September 2016\\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2016}} This thrilling end to an \"extra\\-time epic\" is to this day regarded as \"the finish to a sporting contest normally only imagined inside the heads of Hollywood scriptwriters\".{{cite news\\|first\\=Declan\\|last\\=Bogue\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\\-games/gaelic\\-football/gallagher\\-puts\\-donegals\\-lilies\\-epic\\-into\\-perspective\\-29025294\\.html\\|title\\=\\[Rory] Gallagher puts Donegal's Lilies epic into perspective\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|date\\=31 January 2013\\|access\\-date\\=31 January 2013}}",
"#### Dispute with Jim McGuinness",
"In November 2011, manager [Jim McGuinness](/wiki/Jim_McGuinness \"Jim McGuinness\") dropped Cassidy from the Donegal team after he contributed to a book (*[This Is Our Year](/wiki/This_Is_Our_Year \"This Is Our Year\")*).{{cite news\\|first\\=Colm\\|last\\=Keys\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic\\-games/gaelic\\-football/donegal\\-hero\\-cassidy\\-axed\\-for\\-breaking\\-code\\-of\\-silence\\-on\\-mcguinness\\-methods\\-26790306\\.html\\|title\\=Donegal hero Cassidy axed for breaking code of silence on McGuinness methods\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|date\\=9 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2011}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/1108/cassidyk\\_donegal.html\\|title\\=Cassidy dropped from Donegal panel\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ Sport]]\\|date\\=8 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109173032/http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/1108/cassidyk\\_donegal.html\\|archive\\-date\\=9 November 2011}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.donegaldemocrat.ie/sport/local\\-sport/sometimes\\_it\\_s\\_better\\_when\\_you\\_say\\_nothing\\_at\\_all\\_1\\_3235502\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20120730231419/http://www.donegaldemocrat.ie/sport/local\\-sport/sometimes\\_it\\_s\\_better\\_when\\_you\\_say\\_nothing\\_at\\_all\\_1\\_3235502\\|archive\\-date\\=30 July 2012\\|title\\=Sometimes it's better when you say nothing at all\\|work\\=\\[\\[Donegal Democrat]]\\|date\\=10 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2011}}",
"He appeared not to understand why this was so.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/1110/donegal\\_cassidyk.html\\|title\\=Cassidy makes statement on removal from panel\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[RTÉ Sport]]\\|date\\=10 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2011\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111080141/http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/championship/2011/1110/donegal\\_cassidyk.html\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2011}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/cassidy\\-at\\-a\\-loss\\-to\\-explain\\-dismissal\\-1\\.1285684\\|title\\=Cassidy at a loss to explain dismissal\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|date\\=10 November 2011\\|access\\-date\\=10 November 2011}}",
"Cassidy would never play for Donegal again.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.donegaldemocrat.ie/sport/local\\-sport/donegal\\-to\\-shade\\-rematch\\-of\\-last\\-year\\-s\\-ulster\\-final\\-1\\-3946549\\|title\\=Donegal to shade rematch of last year's Ulster final\\|work\\=\\[\\[Donegal Democrat]]\\|date\\=13 June 2012\\|access\\-date\\=13 June 2012}}{{Dead link\\|date\\=May 2023 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}",
"In what went down as a \"surreal moment for the viewer\", Mícheál Ó Domhnaill famously interviewed McGuinness following a live 2012 league game on [TG4](/wiki/TG4 \"TG4\") while Cassidy, in the role of television analyst, stood beside him with his head bowed.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/gaa/donegal\\-weighed\\-down\\-by\\-cassidy\\-row\\-28714686\\.html\\|title\\=Donegal weighed down by Cassidy row\\|work\\=\\[\\[Belfast Telegraph]]\\|publisher\\=Independent News \\& Media\\|date\\=14 February 2012\\|access\\-date\\=14 February 2012}}{{cite news\\|first\\=Conor\\|last\\=Heneghan\\|url\\=https://www.joe.ie/uncategorized/video\\-were\\-pretty\\-sure\\-this\\-is\\-why\\-jim\\-mcguinness\\-snubbed\\-tg4\\-on\\-sunday\\-33331\\|title\\=Video: We're pretty sure this is why Jim McGuinness snubbed TG4 on Sunday\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Joe (website)\\|JOE.ie]]}} Cassidy later said: {{quote\\|I am asked about that all the time. I walked away and never thought anything about it until people said it to me. I honestly didn't even feel awkward in that situation.}}",
"Cassidy later spent further time in the United States. He watched on from [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") as across the [Atlantic Ocean](/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean \"Atlantic Ocean\") his former county teammates defeated [Kerry](/wiki/Kerry_GAA \"Kerry GAA\") in the All\\-Ireland quarter\\-final. He moved onwards to [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"),{{cite news\\|first\\=Rory\\|last\\=O'Donnell\\|url\\=https://www.donegaldaily.com/2012/07/16/gaa\\-kevin\\-cassidy\\-joins\\-donegal\\-boston\\-gfc/\\|title\\=GAA: Kevin Cassidy joins Boston GFC\\|location\\=Boston\\|date\\=16 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=16 July 2012}} where he was when his former teammates defeated [Cork](/wiki/Cork_GAA \"Cork GAA\") in the semi\\-final. Cassidy would later recall that semi\\-final victory: {{quote\\|So I was listening to the radio and once they beat Cork I know they had it. \\[\\[Mayo county football team\\|Mayo]] \\[Donegal's final opponents] weren't going to stop them. So \\[\\[2012 All\\-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final\\|the actual day of the final]] it didn't affect me because I knew at that stage the game was won.}}",
"Ahead of the All\\-Ireland final defeat of Mayo, Cassidy's Gaoth Dobhair and Donegal teammate [Neil McGee](/wiki/Neil_McGee \"Neil McGee\") told the [BBC](/wiki/BBC \"BBC\") that he thought about Cassidy after every game.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/northern\\-ireland/19642240\\|title\\=Donegal's Neil McGee talks of thoughts for exiled Kevin Cassidy\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[BBC Sport]]\\|date\\=18 September 2012\\|access\\-date\\=18 September 2012}}",
"Cassidy described the team's homecoming, with Gaoth Dobhair's GAA pitch located just across from his house: {{quote\\|I was sitting eating \\[\\[Weetabix]] about half eleven at night. I could see Sarah \\[his wife] moving away, she was trying to pull the curtains as the cavalcade was taking the cup there. She was expecting me to be off. But if you are like that in general, then something in life is going to bring you down. If I was going around moping and crying that I didn't have an All\\-Ireland medal, then I wouldn't have done half the things I did after that.}}",
"He attended the Football Tour of New York in 2012, as the 2011 All Star winners were included.{{cite news\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=McNulty\\|url\\=https://donegalnews.com/2012/11/replacement\\-all\\-star\\-for\\-thompson/\\|title\\=Replacement All\\-Star for Thompson\\|work\\=\\[\\[Donegal News]]\\|date\\=13 November 2012\\|access\\-date\\=13 November 2012}}",
"Cassidy spent time in Chicago in 2013\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.hoganstand.com/Donegal/ArticleForm.aspx?ID\\=195947\\|title\\=Cassidy U.S bound\\|work\\=\\[\\[Hogan Stand]]\\|date\\=5 July 2013\\|access\\-date\\=5 July 2013}}",
"In 2018, Cassidy sat down for an interview with the writer of the book *This Is Our Year*, who told him that an acquaintance at social events often introduces him as \"the man who cost Kevin Cassidy a Celtic Cross\". Cassidy responded by referring to his Glasgow birth and his soccer heritage: {{quote\\|I really loved playing for Donegal and I was really proud to do it… \\[But] it wasn't a childhood dream to win Sam Maguire, if I am being honest… I was a soccer player and then the first thing that turned me was \\[my brother] Stephen playing for Gaoth Dobhair and they won a Ghaeltacht Championship. That was my first introduction to it and then I met \\[my wife] Sarah \\[Gallagher, whose father Willie played for Donegal]… obviously her history and family was steeped in it. I spent time listening in Teach Mhic to the older boys in the bar. My ambitions were always Gaoth Dobhair. The first time we won the Championship, I was thinking, It doesn't matter what I do now, we have done this.{{cite news\\|first\\=Declan\\|last\\=Bogue\\|url\\=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/sport/gaa/missing\\-the\\-medal\\-best\\-decision\\-i\\-ever\\-made\\-says\\-kevin\\-cassidy\\-885980\\.html\\|title\\=Missing the medal: Best decision I ever made, says Kevin Cassidy\\|work\\=\\[\\[Irish Examiner]]\\|date\\=17 November 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121081530/https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews//sport/gaa/missing\\-the\\-medal\\-best\\-decision\\-i\\-ever\\-made\\-says\\-kevin\\-cassidy\\-885980\\.html\\|archive\\-date\\=21 November 2018}}}} The writer of the book mentioned that he had suggested to Cassidy to tell McGuinness that \"some of those discussions were [off the record](/wiki/Off_the_record_%28journalism%29 \"Off the record (journalism)\"), blame me and then you wouldn't lose your place\" and asked Cassidy, \"Why didn't you?\" Cassidy said: {{quote\\|I just wouldn't do that. The way I see it, if I do something, I do it. There is no point saying you didn't mean it, or shy away from it.}}",
"Cassidy admitted he had never read *[This Is Our Year](/wiki/This_Is_Our_Year \"This Is Our Year\")*, though he also did not read McGuinness's autobiography or former Donegal teammate [Rory Kavanagh](/wiki/Rory_Kavanagh \"Rory Kavanagh\")'s account of the All\\-Ireland win, citing a lack of interest rather than any animosity.",
"### International rules",
"Cassidy represented [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland_international_rules_football_team \"Ireland international rules football team\") in the [International Rules Series](/wiki/International_Rules_Series \"International Rules Series\").",
""
] |
Media career
------------
Cassidy files a column for the weekly publication *[Gaelic Life](/wiki/Gaelic_Life "Gaelic Life")*. He has worked as a co\-commentator with both [TG4](/wiki/TG4 "TG4") and [RTÉ Sport](/wiki/RT%C3%89_Sport "RTÉ Sport").
He was the star of the first episode of *[Laochra Gael](/wiki/Laochra_Gael "Laochra Gael")'''s 2021 season.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.hoganstand.com/Article/Index/315076\|title\=Laochra Gael returns featuring Kevin Cassidy on Thursday\|work\=Hogan Stand\|date\=6 January 2021\|accessdate\=6 January 2021}}{{cite news\|first\=Chris\|last\=McNulty\|url\=https://www.donegalsporthub.com/kevin\-cassidy\-to\-feature\-as\-part\-of\-new\-laochra\-gael\-series/\|title\=Kevin Cassidy to feature as part of new Laochra Gael series\|date\=29 December 2020\|accessdate\=29 December 2020}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.hoganstand.com/Article/Index/315090\|title\='One of the best Laochra Gaels so far'\|work\=Hogan Stand\|date\=8 January 2021\|accessdate\=8 January 2021}} Ahead of the broadcast, local politician [Pearse Doherty](/wiki/Pearse_Doherty "Pearse Doherty") wrote the following: "The night before we buried my father, Kevin Cassidy told me that he played football not for medals or trophies but for people like my father who enjoyed the game so much. Tonight he reveals in* Laochra Gael *that his 2011 Ulster medal, the only inter\-county provincial title he'd win, went with my father to his grave".{{cite news\|url\=https://www.hoganstand.com/Article/Index/315086\|title\=Pearse Doherty shares incredible gesture made by Kevin Cassidy\|work\=Hogan Stand\|date\=7 January 2021\|accessdate\=7 January 2021}}*
Management career
-----------------
Cassidy managed Gaoth Dobhair for one year, 2014\. He later described the experience as "a bloody nightmare".
In November 2020, Cassidy returned as Gaoth Dobhair manager ahead of the 2021 season (succeeding Mervyn O'Donnell), jointly with Joe Duffy, and with [Maxi Curran](/wiki/Maxi_Curran "Maxi Curran") as team trainer.{{cite news\|first\=Frank\|last\=Craig\|title\=Candid Cassidy Laochra Gael episode airs tonight on TG4\|work\=\[\[Donegal News]]\|date\=7 January 2021\|pages\=51–3\|quote\='Last year we probably took our eye off the ball. Before this, we had a coach in place in Michael Boyle… Then last year we opted to go without a coach, and listen, in the modern\-day club game it's just a non\-runner. So myself and Joe Duffy came in this year to try and give the club structure… Maxi \[Curran] will operate as coach… I honestly thought I wouldn't do any more club management, I took my own club for a year and it was a bloody nightmare!'}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.highlandradio.com/2020/11/14/kevin\-cassidy\-and\-joe\-duffy\-take\-over\-from\-mervyn\-odonnell\-at\-gaoth\-dobhair/\|title\=Kevin Cassidy and Joe Duffy take over from Mervyn O'Donnell at Gaoth Dobhair\|publisher\=\[\[Highland Radio]]\|date\=14 November 2020\|accessdate\=14 November 2020}}
Personal life
-------------
Cassidy is married to Sarah, the daughter of former Donegal footballer [Willie Gallagher](/wiki/Willie_Gallagher_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "Willie Gallagher (Gaelic footballer)"), who won five [Donegal Senior Football Championships](/wiki/Donegal_Senior_Football_Championship "Donegal Senior Football Championship"). They, and other members of Sarah's family, run [Teach Mhicí](/wiki/Teach_Mhic%C3%AD "Teach Mhicí"), a pub they inherited from her parents.
A fluent [Gaeilgeoir](/wiki/Gaeilgeoir "Gaeilgeoir")'', he lives in the [Gaeltacht](/wiki/Gaeltacht "Gaeltacht") area of Donegal. Cassidy and his wife both teach as a profession.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.cul4kidz.com/culstarsfball\_cassidy.htm\|title\=cul4kidz profile on Cassidy\|access\-date\=21 March 2009\|work\=Cul4kidz website\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507093555/http://www.cul4kidz.com/culstarsfball\_cassidy.htm\|archive\-date\=7 May 2009\|df\=dmy\-all}} They have three children: twin daughters and a younger son.
In 2011, Cassidy taught handicapped children songs and how to tie their shoelaces at the Little Angels school in [Letterkenny](/wiki/Letterkenny "Letterkenny").
Cassidy is a fan of the [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. "Celtic F.C.") soccer team, having been born and spent much of his childhood in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow"), Scotland. He holds a [season ticket](/wiki/Season_ticket "Season ticket") for matches at [Parkhead](/wiki/Parkhead "Parkhead").
While young, Cassidy's childhood Gaelic football heroes were [Derry](/wiki/Derry_county_football_team "Derry county football team")'s [Anthony Tohill](/wiki/Anthony_Tohill "Anthony Tohill"), [Seán Óg de Paor](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93g_de_Paor "Seán Óg de Paor") of [Galway](/wiki/Galway_county_football_team "Galway county football team") and Donegal's [Anthony Molloy](/wiki/Anthony_Molloy_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 "Anthony Molloy (Gaelic footballer)").
After being assaulted on 24 August 2008, Cassidy and his older brother became involved in a dispute with his attackers. A court case resulted, though the case took almost four years to come before the court. In July 2012, Cassidy was found guilty of [affray](/wiki/Affray "Affray") and sentenced to community service, the judge noting that none of the men involved had appeared in court since that time and none had had any previous offences like it.{{cite news\|first\=Greg\|last\=Harkin\|url\=https://www.independent.ie/irish\-news/courts/gaa\-star\-waited\-outside\-nightclub\-for\-revenge\-after\-attack\-court\-told\-26874921\.html\|title\=GAA star waited outside nightclub for revenge after attack, court told\|newspaper\=\[\[Irish Independent]]\|date\=12 July 2012\|access\-date\=12 July 2012}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/former\-donegal\-footballer\-guilty\-of\-affray\-1\.533956\|title\=Former Donegal footballer guilty of affray\|newspaper\=\[\[The Irish Times]]\|date\=12 July 2012\|access\-date\=12 July 2012}}{{cite news\|url\=http://www.donegaldemocrat.ie/news/local/community\-service\-for\-cassidy\-over\-nightclub\-fight\-1\-4046751\|title\=Community service for Cassidy over nightclub fight\|work\=\[\[Donegal Democrat]]\|date\=12 July 2012\|access\-date\=12 July 2012}}
With an associate, Hugh McGinley, Cassidy operates Coláiste Chú Chulainn in Gaoth Dobhair. It is a summer residential [Gaelscoil](/wiki/Gaelscoil "Gaelscoil") for children of [primary school](/wiki/Primary_school "Primary school") age. Cassidy and McGinley organise Irish language events in the evenings, including Céilí Mórs and water sports, as well as Gaelic football training, which Cassidy oversees.
|
[
"Media career\n------------",
"Cassidy files a column for the weekly publication *[Gaelic Life](/wiki/Gaelic_Life \"Gaelic Life\")*. He has worked as a co\\-commentator with both [TG4](/wiki/TG4 \"TG4\") and [RTÉ Sport](/wiki/RT%C3%89_Sport \"RTÉ Sport\").",
"He was the star of the first episode of *[Laochra Gael](/wiki/Laochra_Gael \"Laochra Gael\")'''s 2021 season.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.hoganstand.com/Article/Index/315076\\|title\\=Laochra Gael returns featuring Kevin Cassidy on Thursday\\|work\\=Hogan Stand\\|date\\=6 January 2021\\|accessdate\\=6 January 2021}}{{cite news\\|first\\=Chris\\|last\\=McNulty\\|url\\=https://www.donegalsporthub.com/kevin\\-cassidy\\-to\\-feature\\-as\\-part\\-of\\-new\\-laochra\\-gael\\-series/\\|title\\=Kevin Cassidy to feature as part of new Laochra Gael series\\|date\\=29 December 2020\\|accessdate\\=29 December 2020}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.hoganstand.com/Article/Index/315090\\|title\\='One of the best Laochra Gaels so far'\\|work\\=Hogan Stand\\|date\\=8 January 2021\\|accessdate\\=8 January 2021}} Ahead of the broadcast, local politician [Pearse Doherty](/wiki/Pearse_Doherty \"Pearse Doherty\") wrote the following: \"The night before we buried my father, Kevin Cassidy told me that he played football not for medals or trophies but for people like my father who enjoyed the game so much. Tonight he reveals in* Laochra Gael *that his 2011 Ulster medal, the only inter\\-county provincial title he'd win, went with my father to his grave\".{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.hoganstand.com/Article/Index/315086\\|title\\=Pearse Doherty shares incredible gesture made by Kevin Cassidy\\|work\\=Hogan Stand\\|date\\=7 January 2021\\|accessdate\\=7 January 2021}}*",
"Management career\n-----------------",
"Cassidy managed Gaoth Dobhair for one year, 2014\\. He later described the experience as \"a bloody nightmare\".\nIn November 2020, Cassidy returned as Gaoth Dobhair manager ahead of the 2021 season (succeeding Mervyn O'Donnell), jointly with Joe Duffy, and with [Maxi Curran](/wiki/Maxi_Curran \"Maxi Curran\") as team trainer.{{cite news\\|first\\=Frank\\|last\\=Craig\\|title\\=Candid Cassidy Laochra Gael episode airs tonight on TG4\\|work\\=\\[\\[Donegal News]]\\|date\\=7 January 2021\\|pages\\=51–3\\|quote\\='Last year we probably took our eye off the ball. Before this, we had a coach in place in Michael Boyle… Then last year we opted to go without a coach, and listen, in the modern\\-day club game it's just a non\\-runner. So myself and Joe Duffy came in this year to try and give the club structure… Maxi \\[Curran] will operate as coach… I honestly thought I wouldn't do any more club management, I took my own club for a year and it was a bloody nightmare!'}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.highlandradio.com/2020/11/14/kevin\\-cassidy\\-and\\-joe\\-duffy\\-take\\-over\\-from\\-mervyn\\-odonnell\\-at\\-gaoth\\-dobhair/\\|title\\=Kevin Cassidy and Joe Duffy take over from Mervyn O'Donnell at Gaoth Dobhair\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Highland Radio]]\\|date\\=14 November 2020\\|accessdate\\=14 November 2020}}\nPersonal life\n-------------",
"Cassidy is married to Sarah, the daughter of former Donegal footballer [Willie Gallagher](/wiki/Willie_Gallagher_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"Willie Gallagher (Gaelic footballer)\"), who won five [Donegal Senior Football Championships](/wiki/Donegal_Senior_Football_Championship \"Donegal Senior Football Championship\"). They, and other members of Sarah's family, run [Teach Mhicí](/wiki/Teach_Mhic%C3%AD \"Teach Mhicí\"), a pub they inherited from her parents.\nA fluent [Gaeilgeoir](/wiki/Gaeilgeoir \"Gaeilgeoir\")'', he lives in the [Gaeltacht](/wiki/Gaeltacht \"Gaeltacht\") area of Donegal. Cassidy and his wife both teach as a profession.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cul4kidz.com/culstarsfball\\_cassidy.htm\\|title\\=cul4kidz profile on Cassidy\\|access\\-date\\=21 March 2009\\|work\\=Cul4kidz website\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507093555/http://www.cul4kidz.com/culstarsfball\\_cassidy.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2009\\|df\\=dmy\\-all}} They have three children: twin daughters and a younger son.",
"In 2011, Cassidy taught handicapped children songs and how to tie their shoelaces at the Little Angels school in [Letterkenny](/wiki/Letterkenny \"Letterkenny\").",
"Cassidy is a fan of the [Celtic](/wiki/Celtic_F.C. \"Celtic F.C.\") soccer team, having been born and spent much of his childhood in [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"), Scotland. He holds a [season ticket](/wiki/Season_ticket \"Season ticket\") for matches at [Parkhead](/wiki/Parkhead \"Parkhead\").",
"",
"While young, Cassidy's childhood Gaelic football heroes were [Derry](/wiki/Derry_county_football_team \"Derry county football team\")'s [Anthony Tohill](/wiki/Anthony_Tohill \"Anthony Tohill\"), [Seán Óg de Paor](/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93g_de_Paor \"Seán Óg de Paor\") of [Galway](/wiki/Galway_county_football_team \"Galway county football team\") and Donegal's [Anthony Molloy](/wiki/Anthony_Molloy_%28Gaelic_footballer%29 \"Anthony Molloy (Gaelic footballer)\").",
"After being assaulted on 24 August 2008, Cassidy and his older brother became involved in a dispute with his attackers. A court case resulted, though the case took almost four years to come before the court. In July 2012, Cassidy was found guilty of [affray](/wiki/Affray \"Affray\") and sentenced to community service, the judge noting that none of the men involved had appeared in court since that time and none had had any previous offences like it.{{cite news\\|first\\=Greg\\|last\\=Harkin\\|url\\=https://www.independent.ie/irish\\-news/courts/gaa\\-star\\-waited\\-outside\\-nightclub\\-for\\-revenge\\-after\\-attack\\-court\\-told\\-26874921\\.html\\|title\\=GAA star waited outside nightclub for revenge after attack, court told\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Irish Independent]]\\|date\\=12 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2012}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/former\\-donegal\\-footballer\\-guilty\\-of\\-affray\\-1\\.533956\\|title\\=Former Donegal footballer guilty of affray\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Irish Times]]\\|date\\=12 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2012}}{{cite news\\|url\\=http://www.donegaldemocrat.ie/news/local/community\\-service\\-for\\-cassidy\\-over\\-nightclub\\-fight\\-1\\-4046751\\|title\\=Community service for Cassidy over nightclub fight\\|work\\=\\[\\[Donegal Democrat]]\\|date\\=12 July 2012\\|access\\-date\\=12 July 2012}}",
"With an associate, Hugh McGinley, Cassidy operates Coláiste Chú Chulainn in Gaoth Dobhair. It is a summer residential [Gaelscoil](/wiki/Gaelscoil \"Gaelscoil\") for children of [primary school](/wiki/Primary_school \"Primary school\") age. Cassidy and McGinley organise Irish language events in the evenings, including Céilí Mórs and water sports, as well as Gaelic football training, which Cassidy oversees.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1910\= 206
\|1920\= 266
\|1930\= 228
\|1940\= 240
\|1950\= 217
\|1960\= 181
\|1970\= 185
\|1980\= 161
\|1990\= 160
\|2000\= 143
\|2010\= 116
\|2020\= 126
\|estyear\=2022
\|estimate\=123
\|estref\={{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\-series/demo/popest/2020s\-total\-cities\-and\-towns.html \|date\=February 2, 2024\|title\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\-2022\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=February 2, 2024}}
\|align\-fn\=center
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=census.gov\|accessdate\=June 4, 2015}}
2020 Census
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census "2010 United States census"), there were 116 people, 52 households, and 32 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|313\.5\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 66 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|178\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\.4% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.9% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), and 1\.7% from two or more races.
There were 52 households, of which 23\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 9\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38\.5% were non\-families. 32\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.23 and the average family size was 2\.84\.
The median age in the city was 47\.3 years. 20\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17\.1% were from 25 to 44; 38\.8% were from 45 to 64; and 16\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 55\.2% male and 44\.8% female.
### 2000 census
As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census "2000 United States census"), there were 143 people, 58 households, and 41 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|376\.0\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 65 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|170\.9\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 0\.70% of the population.
There were 58 households, out of which 32\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 6\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29\.3% were non\-families. 25\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.47 and the average family size was 3\.00\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\.5% under the age of 18, 6\.3% from 18 to 24, 29\.4% from 25 to 44, 25\.2% from 45 to 64, and 14\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 107\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116\.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,688, and the median income for a family was $41,250\. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $22,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $13,654\. There were 5\.6% of families and 13\.2% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 25\.7% of under eighteens and none of those over 64\.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1910\\= 206\n\\|1920\\= 266\n\\|1930\\= 228\n\\|1940\\= 240\n\\|1950\\= 217\n\\|1960\\= 181\n\\|1970\\= 185\n\\|1980\\= 161\n\\|1990\\= 160\n\\|2000\\= 143\n\\|2010\\= 116\n\\|2020\\= 126\n\\|estyear\\=2022\n\\|estimate\\=123\n\\|estref\\={{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time\\-series/demo/popest/2020s\\-total\\-cities\\-and\\-towns.html \\|date\\=February 2, 2024\\|title\\=City and Town Population Totals: 2020\\-2022\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=February 2, 2024}}\n\\|align\\-fn\\=center\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=census.gov\\|accessdate\\=June 4, 2015}} \n2020 Census\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [2010 census](/wiki/2010_United_States_census \"2010 United States census\"), there were 116 people, 52 households, and 32 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|313\\.5\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 66 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|178\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97\\.4% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.9% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), and 1\\.7% from two or more races.",
"There were 52 households, of which 23\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 9\\.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3\\.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38\\.5% were non\\-families. 32\\.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5\\.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.23 and the average family size was 2\\.84\\.",
"The median age in the city was 47\\.3 years. 20\\.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6\\.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17\\.1% were from 25 to 44; 38\\.8% were from 45 to 64; and 16\\.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 55\\.2% male and 44\\.8% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [2000 census](/wiki/2000_United_States_census \"2000 United States census\"), there were 143 people, 58 households, and 41 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|376\\.0\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 65 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|170\\.9\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 100\\.00% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"). [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 0\\.70% of the population.",
"There were 58 households, out of which 32\\.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55\\.2% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 6\\.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29\\.3% were non\\-families. 25\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8\\.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.47 and the average family size was 3\\.00\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 24\\.5% under the age of 18, 6\\.3% from 18 to 24, 29\\.4% from 25 to 44, 25\\.2% from 45 to 64, and 14\\.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 107\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116\\.0 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $29,688, and the median income for a family was $41,250\\. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $22,500 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $13,654\\. There were 5\\.6% of families and 13\\.2% of the population living below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 25\\.7% of under eighteens and none of those over 64\\.",
""
] |
Design
------
The Sun Dance 36 is a recreational [keelboat](/wiki/Keelboat "Keelboat"), built predominantly of [fiberglass](/wiki/Fiberglass "Fiberglass"), with wood trim. It has a [masthead sloop](/wiki/Masthead_sloop "Masthead sloop") rig. The hull has a [raked stem](/wiki/Raked_stem "Raked stem"), a step\-equipped [reverse transom](/wiki/Reverse_transom "Reverse transom"), an internally mounted spade\-type [rudder](/wiki/Rudder "Rudder") controlled by a [wheel](/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel "Ship's wheel") and a fixed fin [keel](/wiki/Keel "Keel") or optional shoal draft keel. It displaces {{convert\|11100\|lb\|kg\|0\|abbr\=on}} and carries {{convert\|3774\|lb\|kg\|0\|abbr\=on}} of ballast.
The boat has a draft of {{convert\|6\.42\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} with the standard keel and {{convert\|4\.58\|ft\|m\|abbr\=on}} with the optional shoal draft keel.
The boat is fitted with a Japanese [Yanmar](/wiki/Yanmar "Yanmar") [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine") of {{convert\|27\|hp\|kW\|0\|abbr\=on}} for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds {{convert\|40\|u.s.gal}} and the fresh water tank has a capacity of {{convert\|98\|u.s.gal}}.
The design has sleeping accommodation for six people, with a double ["V"\-berth](/wiki/%22V%22-berth) in the bow cabin, an U\-shaped settee around a rectangular table in the main cabin and an two aft cabins, each with a double berth. The [galley](/wiki/Galley_%28kitchen%29 "Galley (kitchen)") is located on the port side, admidships and opposite the table. The galley is equipped with a three\-burner stove, an [ice box](/wiki/Ice_box "Ice box") and a double sink. A navigation station is aft of the galley, on the port side. There are two [heads](/wiki/Head_%28watercraft%29 "Head (watercraft)"), one each forward of each aft cabin, plus a sink in the bow cabin on the port side.
The design has a [hull speed](/wiki/Hull_speed "Hull speed") of {{convert\|7\.36\|kn\|km/h\|abbr\=on}}.
|
[
"Design\n------",
"The Sun Dance 36 is a recreational [keelboat](/wiki/Keelboat \"Keelboat\"), built predominantly of [fiberglass](/wiki/Fiberglass \"Fiberglass\"), with wood trim. It has a [masthead sloop](/wiki/Masthead_sloop \"Masthead sloop\") rig. The hull has a [raked stem](/wiki/Raked_stem \"Raked stem\"), a step\\-equipped [reverse transom](/wiki/Reverse_transom \"Reverse transom\"), an internally mounted spade\\-type [rudder](/wiki/Rudder \"Rudder\") controlled by a [wheel](/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel \"Ship's wheel\") and a fixed fin [keel](/wiki/Keel \"Keel\") or optional shoal draft keel. It displaces {{convert\\|11100\\|lb\\|kg\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} and carries {{convert\\|3774\\|lb\\|kg\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} of ballast.",
"The boat has a draft of {{convert\\|6\\.42\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} with the standard keel and {{convert\\|4\\.58\\|ft\\|m\\|abbr\\=on}} with the optional shoal draft keel.",
"The boat is fitted with a Japanese [Yanmar](/wiki/Yanmar \"Yanmar\") [diesel engine](/wiki/Diesel_engine \"Diesel engine\") of {{convert\\|27\\|hp\\|kW\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds {{convert\\|40\\|u.s.gal}} and the fresh water tank has a capacity of {{convert\\|98\\|u.s.gal}}.",
"The design has sleeping accommodation for six people, with a double [\"V\"\\-berth](/wiki/%22V%22-berth) in the bow cabin, an U\\-shaped settee around a rectangular table in the main cabin and an two aft cabins, each with a double berth. The [galley](/wiki/Galley_%28kitchen%29 \"Galley (kitchen)\") is located on the port side, admidships and opposite the table. The galley is equipped with a three\\-burner stove, an [ice box](/wiki/Ice_box \"Ice box\") and a double sink. A navigation station is aft of the galley, on the port side. There are two [heads](/wiki/Head_%28watercraft%29 \"Head (watercraft)\"), one each forward of each aft cabin, plus a sink in the bow cabin on the port side.",
"The design has a [hull speed](/wiki/Hull_speed \"Hull speed\") of {{convert\\|7\\.36\\|kn\\|km/h\\|abbr\\=on}}.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early history and Kulin
[left\|thumb\|Kulin Ban's plate from 1193, found in Biskupići](/wiki/File:Plo%C4%8Da_Kulina_bana.jpg "Ploča Kulina bana.jpg")
[Ban Borić](/wiki/Ban_Bori%C4%87 "Ban Borić") appears as the first known Bosnian ruler{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=fm5pAAAAMAAJ\&q\=Ban\+Bori%C4%87\+%E2%80%94\+prvi\+poznati\+samostalni\+bosanski\+vladar\|title\=Srednjovjekovna Bosna: politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe, 1377\. g\|last\=Klaić\|first\=Nada\|date\=1989\|publisher\=Grafički zavod Hrvatske\|isbn\=9788639901042\|language\=hr}}{{Cite book\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=q3VpAAAAMAAJ\&q\=ban\+bori%C4%87\|title\=Historija države i prava Bosne i Hercegovine\|last\=Imamović\|first\=Mustafa\|date\=1999\|publisher\=M. Imamović\|isbn\=978\-9958\-9844\-0\-2\|language\=hr}} in 1154, as a Hungarian vassal,{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|pp\=44, 148\|p\=14}}{{sfn\|Vego\|1982\|pp\=44, 148\|p\=104}} who participated in the [Siege of Braničevo](/wiki/Siege_of_Brani%C4%8Devo_%281154%29 "Siege of Braničevo (1154)") as part of the Hungarian King's forces.Mladen ANČIĆ, 1997, Putanja klatna. Ugarsko\-hrvatsko kraljestvo i Bosna u XIV. stoljeću. Zavod za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Zadru.
[https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904\#page\=55](https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904#page=55)Goldstein, Ivo. (1997\), Bizantska vlast u Dalmaciji od 1165\. do 1180\. godine, [http://darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/6319/\#page\=18](http://darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/6319/#page=18) In 1167 he was involved in offensives against the Byzantines when he provided troops for Hungarian armies.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|pp\=44, 148\|p\=14}} War ended with the retreat of Hungarian army in [Battle of Sirmium](/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium "Battle of Sirmium"), near [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade") in 1167\.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|pp\=44, 148\|p\=14}} Borić's involvement in the war indicates that [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia "Bosnia") was part of the Hungarian kingdom at that time.{{cite book \|author1\=Brkovic, Milko \|chapter\-url\=https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter\-detail?id\=308407 \|chapter\=Bosansko\-humski kršćani u križištu papinske i ugarske politike prema Bosni i Humu \|editor1\-last\=Šanjek \|editor1\-first\=Franjo \|title\=Fenomen "Krstjani" u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni i Humu \|date\=2005 \|publisher\=Hrvatski institut za povijest \|location\=Zagreb \|isbn\=978\-9985\-9642\-5\-5 \|pages\=129–178 \|url\= https://www.ceeol.com/search/book\-detail?id\=308376 \|access\-date\=15 December 2019 \|language\=hr \|quote\=U ratu što ga je protiv cara Emanuela vodio kralj Gejza II., sudjelovao je i ban Borić (1154\.\-1163\.), prvi poznati bosanski ban. Borićevo sudjelovanje u ratu na strani ugarsko\-hrvatskog vladara svjedoči da je Bosna u to doba za\-konito pripadala Ugarsko\-Hrvatskom Kraljevstvu. Bizantski je pisac Cinam opisao taj rat i izričito naveo da je bosanski ban bio saveznik ugarsko\-hrvat\-skog vladara. Taj je rat trajao osam godina (1148\.\-1155\.), a završio je pobjedom ugarsko\-hrvatske vojske u blizini Beograda. (Ban Borić (1154\-1163\), the first known Bosnian ban, also participated in the war that was fought against Emperor Emanuel by king Géza II. Borić's involvement in the war on the part of the Hungarians meant that Bosnia was in vassal relation to the Hungarian ruler at the time. The Byzantine writer Cinam \[John Kinnamos] described the war and explicitly stated that the Bosnian ban was an ally of its Hungarian counterpart. This war lasted eight years (1148\-1155\) and ended with the victory of the Hungarian\-Croatian army near Belgrade.)}} The Hungarians sued for peace on Byzantine terms and recognised the empire's control over [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia "Bosnia"), [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia "Dalmatia"), [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia "Croatia") south of the [Krka](/wiki/Krka_%28Croatia%29 "Krka (Croatia)") River as well as the [Fruška Gora](/wiki/Fru%C5%A1ka_Gora "Fruška Gora").{{harvnb\|Treadgold\|1997\|p\=646}}. Bosnia was part of Byzantium from 1167 to 1180, but as Bosnia was a distant land, rule over it was probably nominal.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|pp\=\|p\=14}}
In the time of emperor [Manuel I Komnenos](/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos "Manuel I Komnenos") death (1180\), Bosnia was governed by [Ban Kulin](/wiki/Ban_Kulin "Ban Kulin") who managed to free it from Byzantine influence through the alliance to Hungarian king [Béla III](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary "Béla III of Hungary"), and with help of Serbian ruler [Stefan Nemanja](/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja "Stefan Nemanja") and his brother [Miroslav of Hum](/wiki/Miroslav_of_Hum "Miroslav of Hum"), with whom he successfully [waged a war](/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_%281180%E2%80%931185%29 "Byzantine–Hungarian War (1180–1185)") in 1183 against the Byzantines. Kulin secured peace, although it continued as a nominal vassal to Hungarian king.{{sfn\|Vego\|1982\|pp\=44, 148\|p\=105}} but there is no evidence that Hungarians occupied areas of central Bosnia.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|pp\=\|p\=14}}
The Pope emissaries of that time reached to Kulin directly and referred to him as "lord of Bosnia".{{sfn\|Vego\|1982\|pp\=44, 148\|p\=105}} Kulin was often referred as "veliki ban bosanski" (Great Bosnian Ban) by contemporaries, and by his successor Matej Ninoslav.{{sfn\|Vego\|1982\|pp\=44, 148\|p\=105}} He had a powerful effect on the development of early Bosnian history, under whose rule an age of peace and prosperity existed.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|pp\=17\-21}}
In 1189, Ban Kulin issued the first written Bosnian document, now known as the *[Charter of Ban Kulin](/wiki/Charter_of_Ban_Kulin "Charter of Ban Kulin")*, in [Bosnian Cyrillic](/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic "Bosnian Cyrillic"), diplomatic document regarding the trade relations with the city of [Ragusa (Dubrovnik)](/wiki/Dubrovnik "Dubrovnik").{{sfn\|Suarez, S.J.\|Woudhuysen\|2013\|pp\=506\-07}} Kulin's rule also marked the start of a controversy involving the indigenous [Bosnian Church](/wiki/Bosnian_Church "Bosnian Church") (a branch of [Bogomilism](/wiki/Bogomilism "Bogomilism")), a Christian sect considered heretical by both the [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church "Roman Catholic Church") and [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church "Eastern Orthodox Church"). Under him, the "Bosnian Age of Peace and Prosperity" would come to exist.{{cite book\|title\=Bosnia: A Short History\|last\=Malcolm\|first\=Noel\|date\=1 October 1996\|publisher\=New York University Press\|isbn\=978\-0814755617\|location\=London\|page\=364\|author\-link\=Noel Malcolm}}
### Heresy and Bilino Polje abjuration
In 1203, Serbian Grand Prince [Vukan Nemanjić](/wiki/Vukan_Nemanji%C4%87 "Vukan Nemanjić") accused Kulin of heresy and lodged an official appeal to the pope. At Bilino Polje Kulin signed [abjuration](/wiki/Ban_Kulin%23Bilino_Polje_abjuration "Ban Kulin#Bilino Polje abjuration") stating that he was always a faithful Catholic, and saved Banate of Bosnia from outside intervention. In 1203, Kulin moved to defuse the threat of foreign intervention. A [synod](/wiki/Synod "Synod") was held at his instigation on 6 April. Following the [Abjuration of Bilino Polje](/wiki/Abjuration_of_Bilino_Polje "Abjuration of Bilino Polje"), Kulin succeeded in keeping the Bosnian Diocese under the Ragusan Archdiocese, thus limiting Hungarian influence. The errors [abjured](/wiki/Abjuration "Abjuration") by the Bosnian nobility in [Bilino Polje](/wiki/Bilino_Polje "Bilino Polje") seem to have been errors of practice, stemming from ignorance, rather than heretical doctrines.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=47}} Kulin also reaffirmed his allegiance to Hungary, but despite this, Hungary's authority remained only nominal.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=47}}
[Andrew II](/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary "Andrew II of Hungary") in 1225 gave Bosnia to Pope who expected that king as lord of Bosnia do cleaning of heretics but it is transferred to Archbishop [Ugrin Csák](/wiki/Ugrin_Cs%C3%A1k%2C_Archbishop_of_Kalocsa "Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa")Mladen ANČIĆ, 1997, Putanja klatna. Ugarsko\-hrvatsko kraljestvo i Bosna u XIV. stoljeću. Zavod za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Zadru. [https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904\#page\=60](https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904#page=60) Hungarian king's ambitions remained unchanged long after Kulin's death in 1204\. Kulin's policy was poorly continued since the Ban's death in 1204 by his son and heir, [Stjepan Kulinić](/wiki/Stjepan_Kulini%C4%87 "Stjepan Kulinić"), who seems to have remained aligned with the Catholic Church. Stjepan was eventually deposed in 1232\.{{source needed\|date\=December 2019}}
The Bosnian Church forcibly replaced Kulinić with a nobleman called [Matej Ninoslav](/wiki/Matej_Ninoslav "Matej Ninoslav") (1232–50\). This caused bad relations with Serbia as the previous ruler was related to the [Nemanjić dynasty](/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty "Nemanjić dynasty").{{source needed\|date\=December 2019}}. Around this time, a relative of Ninoslav, [Prijezda I](/wiki/Prijezda_I "Prijezda I"), converted back to Catholicism (he previously switched to the Bosnian Church for a short period of time). Ninoslav eventually became a protector of the Bosnian Church. In 1234 Hungarian king [Andrew II](/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary "Andrew II of Hungary") gave the Banate of Bosnia to Duke [Coloman](/wiki/Coloman_of_Galicia-Lodomeria "Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria"). To make matters worse, the legitimate successor for the Bosnian throne of the [Kulinić dynasty](/wiki/Kulini%C4%87_dynasty "Kulinić dynasty"), count Sibislav of Usora, son of former Ban Stjepan, started to attack Ninoslav positions, attempting to take Banate for himself.{{source needed\|date\=December 2019}} [Pope Gregory IX](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX "Pope Gregory IX") replaced the heretical Bosnian bishop in 1235 with [John of Wildeshausen](/wiki/John_of_Wildeshausen "John of Wildeshausen"), then [Master General](/wiki/Master_of_the_Order_of_Preachers "Master of the Order of Preachers") of the [Dominican Order](/wiki/Dominican_Order "Dominican Order") and later declared a saint, and confirmed Duke Coloman as the new legitimate Ban of Bosnia.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2013}}
### Bosnian Crusade
[thumb\|200x200px\|The Banate of Bosnia in 1358\|alt\=](/wiki/File:Zadar_Treaty_1358.png "Zadar Treaty 1358.png")
The [Bosnian Crusade](/wiki/Bosnian_Crusade "Bosnian Crusade") led by bishop John and Coloman lasted for five full years.{{citation\|last\=Van Antwerp Fine\|first\=John\|title\=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest\|pages\=277\|year\=1994\|publisher\=University of Michigan Press\|isbn\=0472082604\|author\-link\=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.}} The war only funnelled more support to Ninoslav, as only Sibislav took the Pope's side in the Crusade. Ninoslav issued an edict to the [Republic of Ragusa](/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa "Republic of Ragusa") on 22 May 1240, stating that he placed it under his protection in case of an attack by Serbian king [Stefan Vladislav](/wiki/Stefan_Vladislav "Stefan Vladislav"). The support from Ragusa was essential to support Matej Ninoslav warfare. The only significant impact the Bosnian Crusade had was augmenting the [anti\-Hungarian sentiment](/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment "Anti-Hungarian sentiment") among the local population, a major factor in politics that contributed to the [Ottoman conquest of Bosnia](/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Bosnia "Ottoman conquest of Bosnia") in 1463{{citation\|last\=Van Antwerp Fine\|first\=John\|title\=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest\|pages\=277\|year\=1994\|publisher\=University of Michigan Press\|isbn\=0472082604\|author\-link\=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.}} and lasted beyond it.{{citation\|last\=Van Antwerp Fine\|first\=John\|title\=The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century\|pages\=126, 132\|year\=2007\|publisher\=Saqi\|isbn\=978\-0863565038\|author\-link\=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.}}
It was also a response due to the very bad relations between Bosnia and Serbia,{{citation needed\|date\=December 2013}} as Serbia sent no aid to Ninoslav contrary to the traditional alliance. Coloman passed the governorship of Bosnian Banate to Ninoslav distant cousin, Prijezda, who only managed to hold it for two or three years. In 1241, the [Tatars](/wiki/Tatars "Tatars") invaded Hungary, so Coloman had to fall back from Bosnia. Matej Ninoslav immediately retook control, while Prijezda fled to Hungary in exile. [King](/wiki/Monarch "Monarch") [Bela IV](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary "Béla IV of Hungary") was on the retreat which enabled Ninoslav to restore control over most of Bosnia. The Tatars were fought off by the Croats, sending them back across Bosnia, bringing more destruction to the land. The edict to Ragusa was re\-issued in March 1244\. Ninoslav was involved in the civil war that erupted in Croatia between [Trogir](/wiki/Trogir "Trogir") and [Split](/wiki/Split_%28city%29 "Split (city)"), taking Split's side.{{source needed\|date\=December 2019}} King [Bela IV of Hungary](/wiki/Bela_IV_of_Hungary "Bela IV of Hungary") was greatly frustrated and considered this a conspiracy{{citation needed\|date\=December 2013}}, so he sent a contingent to Bosnia, but Ninoslav subsequently made peace. In 1248, Ninoslav cunningly saved his lands from yet another papal crusade requested by the Hungarian archbishop.
The remainder of his reign, Ban Ninoslav Matej dealt with inner matters in Bosnia. His death after 1249, possibly in 1250, brought some conflicts over the throne; as the Bosnian Church desired someone from their own sphere of interest, and the Hungarians side desired someone that they could easily control. Eventually, King Bela IV conquered and pacified Bosnia and succeed in putting Ninoslav 's Catholic cousin Prijezda as the Bosnian Ban. Ban Prijezda ruthlessly persecuted the Bosnian Church. In 1254 the Croatian Ban shortly conquered [Zahumlje](/wiki/Zahumlje "Zahumlje") from Serbian king [Stefan Uroš I](/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_I "Stefan Uroš I") during Hungary's war against Serbia, but peace restored Zahumlje to Serbia.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2013}}
Another Hungarian campaign was launched against Bosnia in 1253, but there was no evidence that they reached the Bosnian Banate. However, Hungary did control northern regions of Usora and Soli through their vassal rulers. Bosnian banate continued to exist as de facto independent entity even after Ninoslav.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=148}}
### Kotromanić dynasty
Prijezda I's realm (founder of [Kotromanić dynasty](/wiki/Kotromani%C4%87_dynasty "Kotromanić dynasty")) was significantly smaller than Ninoslav's, the northern regions of [Usora](/wiki/Usora_%28region%29 "Usora (region)") and [Soli](/wiki/Soli_%28region%29 "Soli (region)") having been detached by the Hungarian crown. In 1284 this contiguous territory was granted to King [Ladislaus IV of Hungary](/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary "Ladislaus IV of Hungary")'s brother\-in\-law, the deposed [Serbian king](/wiki/Serbian_king "Serbian king") [Dragutin](/wiki/Stefan_Dragutin "Stefan Dragutin"). The same year Prijezda arranged the marriage of his son, [Stephen I](/wiki/Stephen_I%2C_Ban_of_Bosnia "Stephen I, Ban of Bosnia"), with Dragutin's daughter [Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Serbia "Elizabeth of Serbia"). The marriage had great consequences in the subsequent centuries, when Stephen and Elizabeth's Kotromanić descendants claimed the throne of Serbia.{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=75}} Prijezda was forced to withdraw from the throne in 1287 due to his old age. He spent his last hours on his estate in [Zemljenik](/wiki/Zemljenik "Zemljenik").
Hungarians reasserted their authority over territories as Soli, Usora, Vrbas, Sana in the early 13th century. Territory that Ban Prijezda, a loyal Hungarian vassal, controlled was possibly in northern parts of today's Bosnia between rivers [Drina](/wiki/Drina "Drina") and Bosna. Banate of Bosnia to the south remained independent, but we do not know its rulers, successors of ban Ninoslav.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=275\|loc\=Bosnia from the 1280s to the 1320s}}
He was inherited by [Prijezda II](/wiki/Prijezda_II%2C_Ban_of_Bosnia "Prijezda II, Ban of Bosnia") who ruled independently from 1287–1290, but later together with his brother [Stephen I Kotromanić](/wiki/Stephen_I_Kotroman "Stephen I Kotroman").
### Restoration and Expansion
[thumb\|Tvrtko with his mother, brother and cousin Elizabeth at the deathbed of his uncle Stephen, as depicted on the [Chest of Saint Simeon](/wiki/Chest_of_Saint_Simeon "Chest of Saint Simeon") in the late 1370s\|alt\=\|205x205px](/wiki/File:Relikvi%C3%A1%C5%99_sv._Simeona_detail.png "Relikviář sv. Simeona detail.png")
During the end of the 13th and about the first quarter of the 14th century, till the [Battle of Bliska](/wiki/Battle_of_Bliska "Battle of Bliska") Bosnian banate was under the rule of Croatian bans from [Šubić](/wiki/%C5%A0ubi%C4%87 "Šubić") family. After defeat in Battle of Bliska, [Mladen II](/wiki/Mladen_II "Mladen II") was captured by [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary "Charles I of Hungary") who took him to Hungary, which sparked Kotromanić dynasty restoration.Mladen ANČIĆ, 1997, Putanja klatna. Ugarsko\-hrvatsko kraljestvo i Bosna u XIV. stoljeću. Zavod za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti Zadru.[https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904\#page\=103](https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904#page=103){{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=277}}
Stephen II was the [Bosnian Ban](/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bosnia "List of rulers of Bosnia") from 1314, but in reality from 1322 to 1353 together with his brother, [Vladislav Kotromanić](/wiki/Vladislav_Kotromani%C4%87 "Vladislav Kotromanić") in 1326–1353\.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=277}}
By 1326 Ban Stephen II attacked Serbia in a military alliance with the [Republic of Ragusa](/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa "Republic of Ragusa") and conquered [Zahumlje (or Hum)](/wiki/Zahumlje "Zahumlje"),{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=275}}{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=278}} gaining more of [Adriatic Sea](/wiki/Adriatic_Sea "Adriatic Sea") coast, from mouth of the Neretva to Konavle, with areas significant Orthodox population under [Archbishopric of Ohrid](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid "Archbishopric of Ohrid") and mixed Orthodox and Catholic population in coastal areas and around Ston.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=20}} He also expanded into [Završje](/wiki/Zavr%C5%A1je_%28region%29 "Završje (region)"), including the fields of [Glamoč](/wiki/Glamo%C4%8D "Glamoč"), [Duvno](/wiki/Duvno "Duvno") and [Livno](/wiki/Livno "Livno"). Immediately after the death of [Serbian King](/wiki/King_of_Serbia "King of Serbia") [Stefan Uroš II Milutin](/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_II_Milutin "Stefan Uroš II Milutin") in 1321, he had no problem in acquiring his lands of [Usora](/wiki/Usora_%28region%29 "Usora (region)") and [Soli](/wiki/Soli_%28region%29 "Soli (region)"), which he fully incorporated in 1324\.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=277}}
In 1329, Ban Stephen II Kotromanić pushed another military attempt into [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia "Serbia"), assaulting Lord Vitomir of [Trebinje](/wiki/Trebinje "Trebinje") and [Konavle](/wiki/Konavle "Konavle"), but the main portion of his force was defeated by the Young King [Dušan](/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an "Stefan Dušan") who commanded the forces of King Stefan Dečanski at [Priboj](/wiki/Priboj "Priboj"). The Ban's horse was killed in the battle, and he would have lost his life if his vassal Vuk had not given him his own horse. By doing so, Vuk sacrificed his own life, and was killed by the Serbian troops in open battle. Thus the Ban managed to add [Nevesinje](/wiki/Nevesinje "Nevesinje") and Zagorje to his realm.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2013}}
Throughout his reign in the fourteenth century, Stephen ruled the lands from [Sava](/wiki/Sava "Sava") to the [Adriatic](/wiki/Adriatic "Adriatic") and from [Cetina](/wiki/Cetina "Cetina") to [Drina](/wiki/Drina "Drina"). He doubled the size of his state, and achieved full independence from surrounding countries.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=280}} Ban Stephen II played Venice and Hungarian kings against each other, slowly ruling more and more independently and soon initiated a conspiracy with some members of the Croatian and Hungarian nobility against his Hungarian liege and father\-in\-law.{{citation needed\|date\=December 2013}}
In 1346 Zadar finally returned to Venice, and the Hungarian King, seeing that he had lost the war, made peace in 1348\. Ban of Croatia [Mladen II Šubić](/wiki/Mladen_II_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87 "Mladen II Šubić") was greatly opposed to Stephen II's policy, accusing him of treason and the relations between the two Bans worsened ever afterwards. By 1342 the Franciscan Vicariat of Bosnia was established.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=281}} During the reign of [Stjepan II Kotromanić](/wiki/Stjepan_II_Kotromani%C4%87 "Stjepan II Kotromanić") all three churches (Bosnian Church, Orthodox, Catholic) were active in Bosnian Banate.
### Tvrtko I reign
[alt\=\|left\|thumb\|200x200px\|Charter of King Tvrtko I Kotromanić, written in [Moštre](/wiki/Visoko_during_the_Middle_Ages%23Mo%C5%A1tre "Visoko during the Middle Ages#Moštre")](/wiki/File:TvrtkoPoveljaMo%C5%A1tre.jpg "TvrtkoPoveljaMoštre.jpg")
Tvrtko, however, was only about fifteen years old at the time,{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=284}} so his father [Vladislav](/wiki/Vladislav_Kotromanic "Vladislav Kotromanic") governed as [regent](/wiki/Regent "Regent").{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=122}} Soon after his accession, Tvrtko traveled with his father throughout the realm, to settle relations with his [vassals](/wiki/Vassals "Vassals").{{sfn\|Ćošković\|2009\|p\=}} [Jelena Šubić](/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87 "Jelena Šubić"), Tvrtko's mother, replaced Vladislav as regent upon his death in 1354\. She immediately traveled to Hungary to obtain consent to Tvrtko's accession from [King Louis I](/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary "Louis I of Hungary"), his overlord. Following her return, Jelena held an assembly (*[stanak](/wiki/Stanak "Stanak")*) in [Mile](/wiki/Mile "Mile"), with mother and son confirming the possessions and privileges of the noblemen of "all of [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia_%28region%29 "Bosnia (region)"), [Donji Kraji](/wiki/Donji_Kraji "Donji Kraji"), [Zagorje](/wiki/Kalinovik "Kalinovik"), and the [Hum land](/wiki/Zachlumia "Zachlumia")".{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=122}}
At the start of his personal rule the young Ban somehow considerably increased his power.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}} Although he constantly emphasized his subordinance to the King, Tvrtko started regarding the loyalty of the Donji Kraji noblemen to Louis as treachery against himself.{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=125}} In 1363, a conflict broke out between the two men.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}}{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=128}} By April, the Hungarian King had begun amassing an army{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=128}} An army led by Louis himself attacked [Donji Kraji](/wiki/Donji_Kraji "Donji Kraji"),{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=129}} where the nobility was divided in its loyalties between Tvrtko and Louis.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}} A month later an army led by the [Palatine of Hungary](/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary "Palatine of Hungary") [Nicholas Kont](/wiki/Nicholas_Kont "Nicholas Kont") and the [Archbishop of Esztergom](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Esztergom "Archbishop of Esztergom") [Nicholas Apáti](/wiki/Nicholas_Ap%C3%A1ti "Nicholas Apáti") struck Usora.{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=129}}{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}} [Vlatko Vukoslavić](/wiki/Vlatko_Vukoslavi%C4%87 "Vlatko Vukoslavić") deserted to Louis and surrendered to him the important fortress of [Ključ](/wiki/Klju%C4%8D%2C_Una-Sana_Canton "Ključ, Una-Sana Canton"), but [Vukac Hrvatinić](/wiki/Vukac_Hrvatini%C4%87 "Vukac Hrvatinić") succeeded in defending the [Soko Grad](/wiki/Soko_Grad_%28%C5%A0ipovo%29 "Soko Grad (Šipovo)") fortress in the *[župa](/wiki/%C5%BDupa "Župa")* of [Pliva](/wiki/Pliva_%28river%29 "Pliva (river)"), forcing the Hungarians to retreat.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}} In Usora, the [Srebrenik Fortress](/wiki/Srebrenik_Fortress "Srebrenik Fortress") held out against a "massive attack" by the royal army,{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}} which suffered the embarrassment of losing the King's seal.{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=129}} The successful defense of Srebrenik marked Tvrtko's first victory against Hungarian king.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}} The unity of the local magnates waned as soon as the Hungarians were defeated, weakening Tvrtko's position and that of a united Bosnia.[thumb\|249x249px\|The Banate of Bosnia in 1373\|alt\=The](/wiki/File:Bosna_1373.jpg "Bosna 1373.jpg") anarchy escalated, and in February the following year, the magnates revolted against Tvrtko and dethroned him.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}}{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=130}} He was replaced by his younger brother [Vuk](/wiki/Vuk%2C_Ban_of_Bosnia "Vuk, Ban of Bosnia"),{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=130}}{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}} Tvrtko and Jelena took refuge at the Hungarian royal court, where they were welcomed by Tvrtko's former enemy and overlord, King Louis.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}} Tvrtko returned to Bosnia in March and reestablished control over a part of the country by the end of the month, including the areas of Donji Kraji, [Rama](/wiki/Prozor-Rama "Prozor-Rama") (where he then resided), Hum, and Usora.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=370}}{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=131}}
Throughout the following year, Tvrtko forced Vuk southwards, eventually compelling him to flee to Ragusa. Sanko, Vuk's last supporter, submitted to Tvrtko in late summer and was allowed to retain his holdings.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}}{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=132}} Ragusan officials made an effort to procure peace between the feuding brothers,{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=132}} and in 1368, Vuk asked [Pope Urban V](/wiki/Pope_Urban_V "Pope Urban V") to intervene with King Louis I on his behalf.{{sfn\|Fine\|1994\|p\=369}}{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=132}} Those efforts were futile; but by 1374, Tvrtko had reconciled with Vuk on very generous terms.{{sfn\|Ćirković\|1964\|p\=132}}
The death of [Dušan the Mighty](/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_the_Mighty "Dušan the Mighty") and the accession of his son [Uroš the Weak](/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_the_Weak "Uroš the Weak"), in December 1355, was soon followed by the breakup of the once\-powerful and threatening [Serbian Empire](/wiki/Serbian_Empire "Serbian Empire"). It disintegrated into autonomous lordships that, by themselves, could not resist Bosnia. This paved the way for Tvrtko to expand towards the east, but internal problems prevented him from seizing the opportunity immediately.
By the mid\-14th century, Bosnian banate reached its peak under young ban [Tvrtko Kotromanić](/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia "Tvrtko I of Bosnia") who came into power in 1353, and had himself crowned on 26 October 1377\.{{sfn\|Ćirković\|2004\|p\=81}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early history and Kulin",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Kulin Ban's plate from 1193, found in Biskupići](/wiki/File:Plo%C4%8Da_Kulina_bana.jpg \"Ploča Kulina bana.jpg\")\n[Ban Borić](/wiki/Ban_Bori%C4%87 \"Ban Borić\") appears as the first known Bosnian ruler{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=fm5pAAAAMAAJ\\&q\\=Ban\\+Bori%C4%87\\+%E2%80%94\\+prvi\\+poznati\\+samostalni\\+bosanski\\+vladar\\|title\\=Srednjovjekovna Bosna: politički položaj bosanskih vladara do Tvrtkove krunidbe, 1377\\. g\\|last\\=Klaić\\|first\\=Nada\\|date\\=1989\\|publisher\\=Grafički zavod Hrvatske\\|isbn\\=9788639901042\\|language\\=hr}}{{Cite book\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=q3VpAAAAMAAJ\\&q\\=ban\\+bori%C4%87\\|title\\=Historija države i prava Bosne i Hercegovine\\|last\\=Imamović\\|first\\=Mustafa\\|date\\=1999\\|publisher\\=M. Imamović\\|isbn\\=978\\-9958\\-9844\\-0\\-2\\|language\\=hr}} in 1154, as a Hungarian vassal,{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|pp\\=44, 148\\|p\\=14}}{{sfn\\|Vego\\|1982\\|pp\\=44, 148\\|p\\=104}} who participated in the [Siege of Braničevo](/wiki/Siege_of_Brani%C4%8Devo_%281154%29 \"Siege of Braničevo (1154)\") as part of the Hungarian King's forces.Mladen ANČIĆ, 1997, Putanja klatna. Ugarsko\\-hrvatsko kraljestvo i Bosna u XIV. stoljeću. Zavod za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Zadru.\n[https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904\\#page\\=55](https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904#page=55)Goldstein, Ivo. (1997\\), Bizantska vlast u Dalmaciji od 1165\\. do 1180\\. godine, [http://darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/6319/\\#page\\=18](http://darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/6319/#page=18) In 1167 he was involved in offensives against the Byzantines when he provided troops for Hungarian armies.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|pp\\=44, 148\\|p\\=14}} War ended with the retreat of Hungarian army in [Battle of Sirmium](/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium \"Battle of Sirmium\"), near [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\") in 1167\\.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|pp\\=44, 148\\|p\\=14}} Borić's involvement in the war indicates that [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia \"Bosnia\") was part of the Hungarian kingdom at that time.{{cite book \\|author1\\=Brkovic, Milko \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter\\-detail?id\\=308407 \\|chapter\\=Bosansko\\-humski kršćani u križištu papinske i ugarske politike prema Bosni i Humu \\|editor1\\-last\\=Šanjek \\|editor1\\-first\\=Franjo \\|title\\=Fenomen \"Krstjani\" u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni i Humu \\|date\\=2005 \\|publisher\\=Hrvatski institut za povijest \\|location\\=Zagreb \\|isbn\\=978\\-9985\\-9642\\-5\\-5 \\|pages\\=129–178 \\|url\\= https://www.ceeol.com/search/book\\-detail?id\\=308376 \\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2019 \\|language\\=hr \\|quote\\=U ratu što ga je protiv cara Emanuela vodio kralj Gejza II., sudjelovao je i ban Borić (1154\\.\\-1163\\.), prvi poznati bosanski ban. Borićevo sudjelovanje u ratu na strani ugarsko\\-hrvatskog vladara svjedoči da je Bosna u to doba za\\-konito pripadala Ugarsko\\-Hrvatskom Kraljevstvu. Bizantski je pisac Cinam opisao taj rat i izričito naveo da je bosanski ban bio saveznik ugarsko\\-hrvat\\-skog vladara. Taj je rat trajao osam godina (1148\\.\\-1155\\.), a završio je pobjedom ugarsko\\-hrvatske vojske u blizini Beograda. (Ban Borić (1154\\-1163\\), the first known Bosnian ban, also participated in the war that was fought against Emperor Emanuel by king Géza II. Borić's involvement in the war on the part of the Hungarians meant that Bosnia was in vassal relation to the Hungarian ruler at the time. The Byzantine writer Cinam \\[John Kinnamos] described the war and explicitly stated that the Bosnian ban was an ally of its Hungarian counterpart. This war lasted eight years (1148\\-1155\\) and ended with the victory of the Hungarian\\-Croatian army near Belgrade.)}} The Hungarians sued for peace on Byzantine terms and recognised the empire's control over [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia \"Bosnia\"), [Dalmatia](/wiki/Dalmatia \"Dalmatia\"), [Croatia](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\") south of the [Krka](/wiki/Krka_%28Croatia%29 \"Krka (Croatia)\") River as well as the [Fruška Gora](/wiki/Fru%C5%A1ka_Gora \"Fruška Gora\").{{harvnb\\|Treadgold\\|1997\\|p\\=646}}. Bosnia was part of Byzantium from 1167 to 1180, but as Bosnia was a distant land, rule over it was probably nominal.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|pp\\=\\|p\\=14}}",
"In the time of emperor [Manuel I Komnenos](/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos \"Manuel I Komnenos\") death (1180\\), Bosnia was governed by [Ban Kulin](/wiki/Ban_Kulin \"Ban Kulin\") who managed to free it from Byzantine influence through the alliance to Hungarian king [Béla III](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_III_of_Hungary \"Béla III of Hungary\"), and with help of Serbian ruler [Stefan Nemanja](/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja \"Stefan Nemanja\") and his brother [Miroslav of Hum](/wiki/Miroslav_of_Hum \"Miroslav of Hum\"), with whom he successfully [waged a war](/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_%281180%E2%80%931185%29 \"Byzantine–Hungarian War (1180–1185)\") in 1183 against the Byzantines. Kulin secured peace, although it continued as a nominal vassal to Hungarian king.{{sfn\\|Vego\\|1982\\|pp\\=44, 148\\|p\\=105}} but there is no evidence that Hungarians occupied areas of central Bosnia.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|pp\\=\\|p\\=14}}",
"The Pope emissaries of that time reached to Kulin directly and referred to him as \"lord of Bosnia\".{{sfn\\|Vego\\|1982\\|pp\\=44, 148\\|p\\=105}} Kulin was often referred as \"veliki ban bosanski\" (Great Bosnian Ban) by contemporaries, and by his successor Matej Ninoslav.{{sfn\\|Vego\\|1982\\|pp\\=44, 148\\|p\\=105}} He had a powerful effect on the development of early Bosnian history, under whose rule an age of peace and prosperity existed.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|pp\\=17\\-21}}",
"In 1189, Ban Kulin issued the first written Bosnian document, now known as the *[Charter of Ban Kulin](/wiki/Charter_of_Ban_Kulin \"Charter of Ban Kulin\")*, in [Bosnian Cyrillic](/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic \"Bosnian Cyrillic\"), diplomatic document regarding the trade relations with the city of [Ragusa (Dubrovnik)](/wiki/Dubrovnik \"Dubrovnik\").{{sfn\\|Suarez, S.J.\\|Woudhuysen\\|2013\\|pp\\=506\\-07}} Kulin's rule also marked the start of a controversy involving the indigenous [Bosnian Church](/wiki/Bosnian_Church \"Bosnian Church\") (a branch of [Bogomilism](/wiki/Bogomilism \"Bogomilism\")), a Christian sect considered heretical by both the [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church \"Roman Catholic Church\") and [Eastern Orthodox Church](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\"). Under him, the \"Bosnian Age of Peace and Prosperity\" would come to exist.{{cite book\\|title\\=Bosnia: A Short History\\|last\\=Malcolm\\|first\\=Noel\\|date\\=1 October 1996\\|publisher\\=New York University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0814755617\\|location\\=London\\|page\\=364\\|author\\-link\\=Noel Malcolm}}",
"### Heresy and Bilino Polje abjuration",
"In 1203, Serbian Grand Prince [Vukan Nemanjić](/wiki/Vukan_Nemanji%C4%87 \"Vukan Nemanjić\") accused Kulin of heresy and lodged an official appeal to the pope. At Bilino Polje Kulin signed [abjuration](/wiki/Ban_Kulin%23Bilino_Polje_abjuration \"Ban Kulin#Bilino Polje abjuration\") stating that he was always a faithful Catholic, and saved Banate of Bosnia from outside intervention. In 1203, Kulin moved to defuse the threat of foreign intervention. A [synod](/wiki/Synod \"Synod\") was held at his instigation on 6 April. Following the [Abjuration of Bilino Polje](/wiki/Abjuration_of_Bilino_Polje \"Abjuration of Bilino Polje\"), Kulin succeeded in keeping the Bosnian Diocese under the Ragusan Archdiocese, thus limiting Hungarian influence. The errors [abjured](/wiki/Abjuration \"Abjuration\") by the Bosnian nobility in [Bilino Polje](/wiki/Bilino_Polje \"Bilino Polje\") seem to have been errors of practice, stemming from ignorance, rather than heretical doctrines.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=47}} Kulin also reaffirmed his allegiance to Hungary, but despite this, Hungary's authority remained only nominal.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=47}}",
"[Andrew II](/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary \"Andrew II of Hungary\") in 1225 gave Bosnia to Pope who expected that king as lord of Bosnia do cleaning of heretics but it is transferred to Archbishop [Ugrin Csák](/wiki/Ugrin_Cs%C3%A1k%2C_Archbishop_of_Kalocsa \"Ugrin Csák, Archbishop of Kalocsa\")Mladen ANČIĆ, 1997, Putanja klatna. Ugarsko\\-hrvatsko kraljestvo i Bosna u XIV. stoljeću. Zavod za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Zadru. [https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904\\#page\\=60](https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904#page=60) Hungarian king's ambitions remained unchanged long after Kulin's death in 1204\\. Kulin's policy was poorly continued since the Ban's death in 1204 by his son and heir, [Stjepan Kulinić](/wiki/Stjepan_Kulini%C4%87 \"Stjepan Kulinić\"), who seems to have remained aligned with the Catholic Church. Stjepan was eventually deposed in 1232\\.{{source needed\\|date\\=December 2019}}",
"The Bosnian Church forcibly replaced Kulinić with a nobleman called [Matej Ninoslav](/wiki/Matej_Ninoslav \"Matej Ninoslav\") (1232–50\\). This caused bad relations with Serbia as the previous ruler was related to the [Nemanjić dynasty](/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty \"Nemanjić dynasty\").{{source needed\\|date\\=December 2019}}. Around this time, a relative of Ninoslav, [Prijezda I](/wiki/Prijezda_I \"Prijezda I\"), converted back to Catholicism (he previously switched to the Bosnian Church for a short period of time). Ninoslav eventually became a protector of the Bosnian Church. In 1234 Hungarian king [Andrew II](/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary \"Andrew II of Hungary\") gave the Banate of Bosnia to Duke [Coloman](/wiki/Coloman_of_Galicia-Lodomeria \"Coloman of Galicia-Lodomeria\"). To make matters worse, the legitimate successor for the Bosnian throne of the [Kulinić dynasty](/wiki/Kulini%C4%87_dynasty \"Kulinić dynasty\"), count Sibislav of Usora, son of former Ban Stjepan, started to attack Ninoslav positions, attempting to take Banate for himself.{{source needed\\|date\\=December 2019}} [Pope Gregory IX](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX \"Pope Gregory IX\") replaced the heretical Bosnian bishop in 1235 with [John of Wildeshausen](/wiki/John_of_Wildeshausen \"John of Wildeshausen\"), then [Master General](/wiki/Master_of_the_Order_of_Preachers \"Master of the Order of Preachers\") of the [Dominican Order](/wiki/Dominican_Order \"Dominican Order\") and later declared a saint, and confirmed Duke Coloman as the new legitimate Ban of Bosnia.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2013}}",
"### Bosnian Crusade",
"[thumb\\|200x200px\\|The Banate of Bosnia in 1358\\|alt\\=](/wiki/File:Zadar_Treaty_1358.png \"Zadar Treaty 1358.png\")\nThe [Bosnian Crusade](/wiki/Bosnian_Crusade \"Bosnian Crusade\") led by bishop John and Coloman lasted for five full years.{{citation\\|last\\=Van Antwerp Fine\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest\\|pages\\=277\\|year\\=1994\\|publisher\\=University of Michigan Press\\|isbn\\=0472082604\\|author\\-link\\=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.}} The war only funnelled more support to Ninoslav, as only Sibislav took the Pope's side in the Crusade. Ninoslav issued an edict to the [Republic of Ragusa](/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa \"Republic of Ragusa\") on 22 May 1240, stating that he placed it under his protection in case of an attack by Serbian king [Stefan Vladislav](/wiki/Stefan_Vladislav \"Stefan Vladislav\"). The support from Ragusa was essential to support Matej Ninoslav warfare. The only significant impact the Bosnian Crusade had was augmenting the [anti\\-Hungarian sentiment](/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment \"Anti-Hungarian sentiment\") among the local population, a major factor in politics that contributed to the [Ottoman conquest of Bosnia](/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Bosnia \"Ottoman conquest of Bosnia\") in 1463{{citation\\|last\\=Van Antwerp Fine\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest\\|pages\\=277\\|year\\=1994\\|publisher\\=University of Michigan Press\\|isbn\\=0472082604\\|author\\-link\\=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.}} and lasted beyond it.{{citation\\|last\\=Van Antwerp Fine\\|first\\=John\\|title\\=The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century\\|pages\\=126, 132\\|year\\=2007\\|publisher\\=Saqi\\|isbn\\=978\\-0863565038\\|author\\-link\\=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.}}",
"It was also a response due to the very bad relations between Bosnia and Serbia,{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2013}} as Serbia sent no aid to Ninoslav contrary to the traditional alliance. Coloman passed the governorship of Bosnian Banate to Ninoslav distant cousin, Prijezda, who only managed to hold it for two or three years. In 1241, the [Tatars](/wiki/Tatars \"Tatars\") invaded Hungary, so Coloman had to fall back from Bosnia. Matej Ninoslav immediately retook control, while Prijezda fled to Hungary in exile. [King](/wiki/Monarch \"Monarch\") [Bela IV](/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary \"Béla IV of Hungary\") was on the retreat which enabled Ninoslav to restore control over most of Bosnia. The Tatars were fought off by the Croats, sending them back across Bosnia, bringing more destruction to the land. The edict to Ragusa was re\\-issued in March 1244\\. Ninoslav was involved in the civil war that erupted in Croatia between [Trogir](/wiki/Trogir \"Trogir\") and [Split](/wiki/Split_%28city%29 \"Split (city)\"), taking Split's side.{{source needed\\|date\\=December 2019}} King [Bela IV of Hungary](/wiki/Bela_IV_of_Hungary \"Bela IV of Hungary\") was greatly frustrated and considered this a conspiracy{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2013}}, so he sent a contingent to Bosnia, but Ninoslav subsequently made peace. In 1248, Ninoslav cunningly saved his lands from yet another papal crusade requested by the Hungarian archbishop.",
"The remainder of his reign, Ban Ninoslav Matej dealt with inner matters in Bosnia. His death after 1249, possibly in 1250, brought some conflicts over the throne; as the Bosnian Church desired someone from their own sphere of interest, and the Hungarians side desired someone that they could easily control. Eventually, King Bela IV conquered and pacified Bosnia and succeed in putting Ninoslav 's Catholic cousin Prijezda as the Bosnian Ban. Ban Prijezda ruthlessly persecuted the Bosnian Church. In 1254 the Croatian Ban shortly conquered [Zahumlje](/wiki/Zahumlje \"Zahumlje\") from Serbian king [Stefan Uroš I](/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_I \"Stefan Uroš I\") during Hungary's war against Serbia, but peace restored Zahumlje to Serbia.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2013}}",
"Another Hungarian campaign was launched against Bosnia in 1253, but there was no evidence that they reached the Bosnian Banate. However, Hungary did control northern regions of Usora and Soli through their vassal rulers. Bosnian banate continued to exist as de facto independent entity even after Ninoslav.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=148}}",
"### Kotromanić dynasty",
"Prijezda I's realm (founder of [Kotromanić dynasty](/wiki/Kotromani%C4%87_dynasty \"Kotromanić dynasty\")) was significantly smaller than Ninoslav's, the northern regions of [Usora](/wiki/Usora_%28region%29 \"Usora (region)\") and [Soli](/wiki/Soli_%28region%29 \"Soli (region)\") having been detached by the Hungarian crown. In 1284 this contiguous territory was granted to King [Ladislaus IV of Hungary](/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary \"Ladislaus IV of Hungary\")'s brother\\-in\\-law, the deposed [Serbian king](/wiki/Serbian_king \"Serbian king\") [Dragutin](/wiki/Stefan_Dragutin \"Stefan Dragutin\"). The same year Prijezda arranged the marriage of his son, [Stephen I](/wiki/Stephen_I%2C_Ban_of_Bosnia \"Stephen I, Ban of Bosnia\"), with Dragutin's daughter [Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Serbia \"Elizabeth of Serbia\"). The marriage had great consequences in the subsequent centuries, when Stephen and Elizabeth's Kotromanić descendants claimed the throne of Serbia.{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=75}} Prijezda was forced to withdraw from the throne in 1287 due to his old age. He spent his last hours on his estate in [Zemljenik](/wiki/Zemljenik \"Zemljenik\").",
"Hungarians reasserted their authority over territories as Soli, Usora, Vrbas, Sana in the early 13th century. Territory that Ban Prijezda, a loyal Hungarian vassal, controlled was possibly in northern parts of today's Bosnia between rivers [Drina](/wiki/Drina \"Drina\") and Bosna. Banate of Bosnia to the south remained independent, but we do not know its rulers, successors of ban Ninoslav.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=275\\|loc\\=Bosnia from the 1280s to the 1320s}}",
"He was inherited by [Prijezda II](/wiki/Prijezda_II%2C_Ban_of_Bosnia \"Prijezda II, Ban of Bosnia\") who ruled independently from 1287–1290, but later together with his brother [Stephen I Kotromanić](/wiki/Stephen_I_Kotroman \"Stephen I Kotroman\").",
"### Restoration and Expansion",
"[thumb\\|Tvrtko with his mother, brother and cousin Elizabeth at the deathbed of his uncle Stephen, as depicted on the [Chest of Saint Simeon](/wiki/Chest_of_Saint_Simeon \"Chest of Saint Simeon\") in the late 1370s\\|alt\\=\\|205x205px](/wiki/File:Relikvi%C3%A1%C5%99_sv._Simeona_detail.png \"Relikviář sv. Simeona detail.png\")\nDuring the end of the 13th and about the first quarter of the 14th century, till the [Battle of Bliska](/wiki/Battle_of_Bliska \"Battle of Bliska\") Bosnian banate was under the rule of Croatian bans from [Šubić](/wiki/%C5%A0ubi%C4%87 \"Šubić\") family. After defeat in Battle of Bliska, [Mladen II](/wiki/Mladen_II \"Mladen II\") was captured by [Charles I](/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary \"Charles I of Hungary\") who took him to Hungary, which sparked Kotromanić dynasty restoration.Mladen ANČIĆ, 1997, Putanja klatna. Ugarsko\\-hrvatsko kraljestvo i Bosna u XIV. stoljeću. Zavod za povijesne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti Zadru.[https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904\\#page\\=103](https://www.bib.irb.hr/40904#page=103){{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=277}}",
"Stephen II was the [Bosnian Ban](/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bosnia \"List of rulers of Bosnia\") from 1314, but in reality from 1322 to 1353 together with his brother, [Vladislav Kotromanić](/wiki/Vladislav_Kotromani%C4%87 \"Vladislav Kotromanić\") in 1326–1353\\.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=277}}",
"By 1326 Ban Stephen II attacked Serbia in a military alliance with the [Republic of Ragusa](/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa \"Republic of Ragusa\") and conquered [Zahumlje (or Hum)](/wiki/Zahumlje \"Zahumlje\"),{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=275}}{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=278}} gaining more of [Adriatic Sea](/wiki/Adriatic_Sea \"Adriatic Sea\") coast, from mouth of the Neretva to Konavle, with areas significant Orthodox population under [Archbishopric of Ohrid](/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid \"Archbishopric of Ohrid\") and mixed Orthodox and Catholic population in coastal areas and around Ston.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=20}} He also expanded into [Završje](/wiki/Zavr%C5%A1je_%28region%29 \"Završje (region)\"), including the fields of [Glamoč](/wiki/Glamo%C4%8D \"Glamoč\"), [Duvno](/wiki/Duvno \"Duvno\") and [Livno](/wiki/Livno \"Livno\"). Immediately after the death of [Serbian King](/wiki/King_of_Serbia \"King of Serbia\") [Stefan Uroš II Milutin](/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_II_Milutin \"Stefan Uroš II Milutin\") in 1321, he had no problem in acquiring his lands of [Usora](/wiki/Usora_%28region%29 \"Usora (region)\") and [Soli](/wiki/Soli_%28region%29 \"Soli (region)\"), which he fully incorporated in 1324\\.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=277}}",
"In 1329, Ban Stephen II Kotromanić pushed another military attempt into [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"), assaulting Lord Vitomir of [Trebinje](/wiki/Trebinje \"Trebinje\") and [Konavle](/wiki/Konavle \"Konavle\"), but the main portion of his force was defeated by the Young King [Dušan](/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an \"Stefan Dušan\") who commanded the forces of King Stefan Dečanski at [Priboj](/wiki/Priboj \"Priboj\"). The Ban's horse was killed in the battle, and he would have lost his life if his vassal Vuk had not given him his own horse. By doing so, Vuk sacrificed his own life, and was killed by the Serbian troops in open battle. Thus the Ban managed to add [Nevesinje](/wiki/Nevesinje \"Nevesinje\") and Zagorje to his realm.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2013}}",
"Throughout his reign in the fourteenth century, Stephen ruled the lands from [Sava](/wiki/Sava \"Sava\") to the [Adriatic](/wiki/Adriatic \"Adriatic\") and from [Cetina](/wiki/Cetina \"Cetina\") to [Drina](/wiki/Drina \"Drina\"). He doubled the size of his state, and achieved full independence from surrounding countries.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=280}} Ban Stephen II played Venice and Hungarian kings against each other, slowly ruling more and more independently and soon initiated a conspiracy with some members of the Croatian and Hungarian nobility against his Hungarian liege and father\\-in\\-law.{{citation needed\\|date\\=December 2013}}",
"In 1346 Zadar finally returned to Venice, and the Hungarian King, seeing that he had lost the war, made peace in 1348\\. Ban of Croatia [Mladen II Šubić](/wiki/Mladen_II_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87 \"Mladen II Šubić\") was greatly opposed to Stephen II's policy, accusing him of treason and the relations between the two Bans worsened ever afterwards. By 1342 the Franciscan Vicariat of Bosnia was established.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=281}} During the reign of [Stjepan II Kotromanić](/wiki/Stjepan_II_Kotromani%C4%87 \"Stjepan II Kotromanić\") all three churches (Bosnian Church, Orthodox, Catholic) were active in Bosnian Banate.",
"### Tvrtko I reign",
"[alt\\=\\|left\\|thumb\\|200x200px\\|Charter of King Tvrtko I Kotromanić, written in [Moštre](/wiki/Visoko_during_the_Middle_Ages%23Mo%C5%A1tre \"Visoko during the Middle Ages#Moštre\")](/wiki/File:TvrtkoPoveljaMo%C5%A1tre.jpg \"TvrtkoPoveljaMoštre.jpg\")\nTvrtko, however, was only about fifteen years old at the time,{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=284}} so his father [Vladislav](/wiki/Vladislav_Kotromanic \"Vladislav Kotromanic\") governed as [regent](/wiki/Regent \"Regent\").{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=122}} Soon after his accession, Tvrtko traveled with his father throughout the realm, to settle relations with his [vassals](/wiki/Vassals \"Vassals\").{{sfn\\|Ćošković\\|2009\\|p\\=}} [Jelena Šubić](/wiki/Jelena_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87 \"Jelena Šubić\"), Tvrtko's mother, replaced Vladislav as regent upon his death in 1354\\. She immediately traveled to Hungary to obtain consent to Tvrtko's accession from [King Louis I](/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary \"Louis I of Hungary\"), his overlord. Following her return, Jelena held an assembly (*[stanak](/wiki/Stanak \"Stanak\")*) in [Mile](/wiki/Mile \"Mile\"), with mother and son confirming the possessions and privileges of the noblemen of \"all of [Bosnia](/wiki/Bosnia_%28region%29 \"Bosnia (region)\"), [Donji Kraji](/wiki/Donji_Kraji \"Donji Kraji\"), [Zagorje](/wiki/Kalinovik \"Kalinovik\"), and the [Hum land](/wiki/Zachlumia \"Zachlumia\")\".{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=122}}",
"At the start of his personal rule the young Ban somehow considerably increased his power.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}} Although he constantly emphasized his subordinance to the King, Tvrtko started regarding the loyalty of the Donji Kraji noblemen to Louis as treachery against himself.{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=125}} In 1363, a conflict broke out between the two men.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}}{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=128}} By April, the Hungarian King had begun amassing an army{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=128}} An army led by Louis himself attacked [Donji Kraji](/wiki/Donji_Kraji \"Donji Kraji\"),{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=129}} where the nobility was divided in its loyalties between Tvrtko and Louis.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}} A month later an army led by the [Palatine of Hungary](/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary \"Palatine of Hungary\") [Nicholas Kont](/wiki/Nicholas_Kont \"Nicholas Kont\") and the [Archbishop of Esztergom](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Esztergom \"Archbishop of Esztergom\") [Nicholas Apáti](/wiki/Nicholas_Ap%C3%A1ti \"Nicholas Apáti\") struck Usora.{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=129}}{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}} [Vlatko Vukoslavić](/wiki/Vlatko_Vukoslavi%C4%87 \"Vlatko Vukoslavić\") deserted to Louis and surrendered to him the important fortress of [Ključ](/wiki/Klju%C4%8D%2C_Una-Sana_Canton \"Ključ, Una-Sana Canton\"), but [Vukac Hrvatinić](/wiki/Vukac_Hrvatini%C4%87 \"Vukac Hrvatinić\") succeeded in defending the [Soko Grad](/wiki/Soko_Grad_%28%C5%A0ipovo%29 \"Soko Grad (Šipovo)\") fortress in the *[župa](/wiki/%C5%BDupa \"Župa\")* of [Pliva](/wiki/Pliva_%28river%29 \"Pliva (river)\"), forcing the Hungarians to retreat.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}} In Usora, the [Srebrenik Fortress](/wiki/Srebrenik_Fortress \"Srebrenik Fortress\") held out against a \"massive attack\" by the royal army,{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}} which suffered the embarrassment of losing the King's seal.{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=129}} The successful defense of Srebrenik marked Tvrtko's first victory against Hungarian king.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}} The unity of the local magnates waned as soon as the Hungarians were defeated, weakening Tvrtko's position and that of a united Bosnia.[thumb\\|249x249px\\|The Banate of Bosnia in 1373\\|alt\\=The](/wiki/File:Bosna_1373.jpg \"Bosna 1373.jpg\") anarchy escalated, and in February the following year, the magnates revolted against Tvrtko and dethroned him.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}}{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=130}} He was replaced by his younger brother [Vuk](/wiki/Vuk%2C_Ban_of_Bosnia \"Vuk, Ban of Bosnia\"),{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=130}}{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}} Tvrtko and Jelena took refuge at the Hungarian royal court, where they were welcomed by Tvrtko's former enemy and overlord, King Louis.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}} Tvrtko returned to Bosnia in March and reestablished control over a part of the country by the end of the month, including the areas of Donji Kraji, [Rama](/wiki/Prozor-Rama \"Prozor-Rama\") (where he then resided), Hum, and Usora.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=370}}{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=131}}",
"Throughout the following year, Tvrtko forced Vuk southwards, eventually compelling him to flee to Ragusa. Sanko, Vuk's last supporter, submitted to Tvrtko in late summer and was allowed to retain his holdings.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}}{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=132}} Ragusan officials made an effort to procure peace between the feuding brothers,{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=132}} and in 1368, Vuk asked [Pope Urban V](/wiki/Pope_Urban_V \"Pope Urban V\") to intervene with King Louis I on his behalf.{{sfn\\|Fine\\|1994\\|p\\=369}}{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=132}} Those efforts were futile; but by 1374, Tvrtko had reconciled with Vuk on very generous terms.{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|1964\\|p\\=132}}",
"The death of [Dušan the Mighty](/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_the_Mighty \"Dušan the Mighty\") and the accession of his son [Uroš the Weak](/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_the_Weak \"Uroš the Weak\"), in December 1355, was soon followed by the breakup of the once\\-powerful and threatening [Serbian Empire](/wiki/Serbian_Empire \"Serbian Empire\"). It disintegrated into autonomous lordships that, by themselves, could not resist Bosnia. This paved the way for Tvrtko to expand towards the east, but internal problems prevented him from seizing the opportunity immediately.",
"By the mid\\-14th century, Bosnian banate reached its peak under young ban [Tvrtko Kotromanić](/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia \"Tvrtko I of Bosnia\") who came into power in 1353, and had himself crowned on 26 October 1377\\.{{sfn\\|Ćirković\\|2004\\|p\\=81}}",
""
] |
Marriage to Gerald Durrell
--------------------------
She was born Jacqueline Sonia Wolfenden. Jacquie was 19 when she met Gerald Durrell, during his first stay in her father's hotel in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") after an animal\-collecting expedition. The two began dating, although initially Jacquie claimed that she was very reluctant to become Durrell's [girlfriend](/wiki/Girlfriend "Girlfriend"). Jacquie's father did not approve of her relationship with Durrell, and was completely antipathetic towards the idea of the couple's [marriage](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage"), chiefly because he considered that Durrell had no money and apparently no career prospects. Jacquie could not [marry](/wiki/Marry "Marry") without her parents' permission until she was 21, so after her 21st birthday, she and Durrell [eloped](/wiki/Eloped "Eloped") and married in [Bournemouth](/wiki/Bournemouth "Bournemouth") on 26 February 1951\. Gerald Durrell's mother, sister [Margaret Durrell](/wiki/Margaret_Durrell "Margaret Durrell") and brother [Leslie Durrell](/wiki/Leslie_Durrell "Leslie Durrell") helped to organise and attended the [wedding](/wiki/Wedding "Wedding") and subsequent party. In marrying Durrell, Jacquie gave up her potential career as an [opera singer](/wiki/Opera_singer "Opera singer") for which she had been in training since the age of 17\. She also gave up her relationship with her father – after her elopement, she never spoke to any of her relatives again.
After their marriage, lack of money prevented Jacquie and Gerald from renting a place of their own, and so they lived in a cramped bedsitter in the Bournemouth [guest house](/wiki/Guest_house_%28lodging%29 "Guest house (lodging)") owned and run by Durrell's sister Margaret Durrell, who offered them the place rent\-free. Despite her initial trepidation, Jacquie was completely accepted by and liked all members of the Durrell family, including famous author [Lawrence Durrell](/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell "Lawrence Durrell"), a meeting with whom she describes in *Beasts in My Bed*.Jacquie Durrell, *Beasts in My Bed*, Collins, 1967\.
Jacquie, together with [Lawrence Durrell](/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell "Lawrence Durrell"), encouraged Gerald to write books about his animal\-collecting expeditions, in order to make money to fund both their everyday lives and new expeditions. In Gerald Durrell's autobiographical books, Jacquie is typically portrayed as a supportive spouse, who is not squeamish with or perturbed by animals.
Jacquie also helped run [Jersey Zoo](/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Park "Durrell Wildlife Park") and found the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust (now the [Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust](/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Conservation_Trust "Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust")), though she never held any official post. She was also the central figure in organising one of the expeditions to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"), her role in which is described in Gerald Durrell's *[The Whispering Land](/wiki/The_Whispering_Land "The Whispering Land")*. Jacquie was popular with the Jersey Zoo staff and affectionately known as "Mrs. D". Despite her support for her husband's work, she was occasionally overwhelmed by Durrell's total devotion to it, and felt that the zoo took over their lives and left them with no free space to develop their own relationship.Jacquie Durrell, *Beasts in My Bed*, Fontana, 1975, p. 177\.
Jacquie featured in three [TV series](/wiki/TV_series "TV series") presented by Gerald Durrell: *To Bafut With Beagles*, BBC (1958\), *Look* (Argentinian Expedition), single episode of series, BBC (1961\) and *Two in the Bush*, BBC (1963\).
She separated from and divorced Gerald Durrell in 1979, citing his increasing work pressure, and associated [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism "Alcoholism").
|
[
"Marriage to Gerald Durrell\n--------------------------",
"She was born Jacqueline Sonia Wolfenden. Jacquie was 19 when she met Gerald Durrell, during his first stay in her father's hotel in [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") after an animal\\-collecting expedition. The two began dating, although initially Jacquie claimed that she was very reluctant to become Durrell's [girlfriend](/wiki/Girlfriend \"Girlfriend\"). Jacquie's father did not approve of her relationship with Durrell, and was completely antipathetic towards the idea of the couple's [marriage](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\"), chiefly because he considered that Durrell had no money and apparently no career prospects. Jacquie could not [marry](/wiki/Marry \"Marry\") without her parents' permission until she was 21, so after her 21st birthday, she and Durrell [eloped](/wiki/Eloped \"Eloped\") and married in [Bournemouth](/wiki/Bournemouth \"Bournemouth\") on 26 February 1951\\. Gerald Durrell's mother, sister [Margaret Durrell](/wiki/Margaret_Durrell \"Margaret Durrell\") and brother [Leslie Durrell](/wiki/Leslie_Durrell \"Leslie Durrell\") helped to organise and attended the [wedding](/wiki/Wedding \"Wedding\") and subsequent party. In marrying Durrell, Jacquie gave up her potential career as an [opera singer](/wiki/Opera_singer \"Opera singer\") for which she had been in training since the age of 17\\. She also gave up her relationship with her father – after her elopement, she never spoke to any of her relatives again.",
"After their marriage, lack of money prevented Jacquie and Gerald from renting a place of their own, and so they lived in a cramped bedsitter in the Bournemouth [guest house](/wiki/Guest_house_%28lodging%29 \"Guest house (lodging)\") owned and run by Durrell's sister Margaret Durrell, who offered them the place rent\\-free. Despite her initial trepidation, Jacquie was completely accepted by and liked all members of the Durrell family, including famous author [Lawrence Durrell](/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell \"Lawrence Durrell\"), a meeting with whom she describes in *Beasts in My Bed*.Jacquie Durrell, *Beasts in My Bed*, Collins, 1967\\.",
"Jacquie, together with [Lawrence Durrell](/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell \"Lawrence Durrell\"), encouraged Gerald to write books about his animal\\-collecting expeditions, in order to make money to fund both their everyday lives and new expeditions. In Gerald Durrell's autobiographical books, Jacquie is typically portrayed as a supportive spouse, who is not squeamish with or perturbed by animals.",
"Jacquie also helped run [Jersey Zoo](/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Park \"Durrell Wildlife Park\") and found the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust (now the [Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust](/wiki/Durrell_Wildlife_Conservation_Trust \"Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust\")), though she never held any official post. She was also the central figure in organising one of the expeditions to [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\"), her role in which is described in Gerald Durrell's *[The Whispering Land](/wiki/The_Whispering_Land \"The Whispering Land\")*. Jacquie was popular with the Jersey Zoo staff and affectionately known as \"Mrs. D\". Despite her support for her husband's work, she was occasionally overwhelmed by Durrell's total devotion to it, and felt that the zoo took over their lives and left them with no free space to develop their own relationship.Jacquie Durrell, *Beasts in My Bed*, Fontana, 1975, p. 177\\.",
"Jacquie featured in three [TV series](/wiki/TV_series \"TV series\") presented by Gerald Durrell: *To Bafut With Beagles*, BBC (1958\\), *Look* (Argentinian Expedition), single episode of series, BBC (1961\\) and *Two in the Bush*, BBC (1963\\).",
"She separated from and divorced Gerald Durrell in 1979, citing his increasing work pressure, and associated [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism \"Alcoholism\").",
""
] |
Career
------
### 1967–1988
[thumb\|upright\|Keitel in November 2009](/wiki/File:HarveyKeitelNov09.jpg "HarveyKeitelNov09.jpg")
Keitel studied under both [Stella Adler](/wiki/Stella_Adler "Stella Adler") and [Lee Strasberg](/wiki/Lee_Strasberg "Lee Strasberg") and at the [HB Studio](/wiki/HB_Studio "HB Studio"),[HB Studio Alumni](https://hbstudio.org/about-hb-studio/alumni/) eventually landing roles in some [Off\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway "Off-Broadway") productions. During this time, Keitel auditioned for filmmaker [Martin Scorsese](/wiki/Martin_Scorsese "Martin Scorsese") and gained a starring role as "J.R.", in Scorsese's first feature film, *[Who's That Knocking at My Door](/wiki/Who%27s_That_Knocking_at_My_Door "Who's That Knocking at My Door")* (1967\). Since then, Scorsese and Keitel have worked together on several projects. Keitel had the starring role in Scorsese's *[Mean Streets](/wiki/Mean_Streets "Mean Streets")*, which also proved to be [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro")'s breakthrough film. Keitel re\-teamed with Scorsese for *[Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore](/wiki/Alice_Doesn%27t_Live_Here_Anymore "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore")* (1974\), in which he had a villainous supporting role, and appeared with Robert De Niro again in Scorsese's *[Taxi Driver](/wiki/Taxi_Driver "Taxi Driver")* (1976\), playing the role of [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster "Jodie Foster")'s character's pimp.
In 1977 and 1978, Keitel starred in the directorial debuts of [Paul Schrader](/wiki/Paul_Schrader "Paul Schrader") (*[Blue Collar](/wiki/Blue_Collar_%28film%29 "Blue Collar (film)")*, co\-starring [Richard Pryor](/wiki/Richard_Pryor "Richard Pryor") and [Yaphet Kotto](/wiki/Yaphet_Kotto "Yaphet Kotto")), [Ridley Scott](/wiki/Ridley_Scott "Ridley Scott") (*[The Duellists](/wiki/The_Duellists "The Duellists")*, co\-starring [Keith Carradine](/wiki/Keith_Carradine "Keith Carradine")), and [James Toback](/wiki/James_Toback "James Toback") (*[Fingers](/wiki/Fingers_%281978_film%29 "Fingers (1978 film)")*, in which Keitel played a street hood with aspirations of being a pianist – a role Toback wrote for Robert De Niro to play). In 1979, he was cast as Captain Willard in [Francis Ford Coppola](/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola "Francis Ford Coppola")'s *[Apocalypse Now](/wiki/Apocalypse_Now "Apocalypse Now")* (1979\). Keitel was involved with the first week of principal photography in the Philippines. Coppola was not happy with Keitel's take on Willard, stating that the actor "found it difficult to play him as a passive onlooker".{{cite book\| last\=Cowie\| first\=Peter\| title\=Coppola: A Biography\| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=E7kcAQAAIAAJ\&q\=keitel\| year\=1990\| publisher\=Scribner\| location\=New York\| isbn\=978\-0\-6841\-9193\-5\| page\=122}} After viewing the first week's footage, Coppola replaced Keitel with a casting session favorite, [Martin Sheen](/wiki/Martin_Sheen "Martin Sheen").
Keitel continued to do work on both stage and screen in the 1980s, often in the [stereotypical](/wiki/Stereotypical "Stereotypical") role of a [thug](/wiki/Mobster "Mobster"). Keitel played a corrupt police officer in the 1983 thriller *[Copkiller](/wiki/Copkiller "Copkiller")* (co\-starring musician [John Lydon](/wiki/John_Lydon "John Lydon")), before taking a supporting role in the romantic drama *[Falling in Love](/wiki/Falling_in_Love_%281984_film%29 "Falling in Love (1984 film)")* (1984\), starring [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro") and [Meryl Streep](/wiki/Meryl_Streep "Meryl Streep"). Between 1985 and 1988, he was one of the busiest character actors around, appearing in 16 films and telefilms,{{cite magazine\|magazine\=\[\[Variety (magazine)\|Variety]]\|date\=October 5, 1988\|page\=1\|last\=Cohn\|first\=Lawrence\|title\=Acting Jobs Steadiest Since Studio Era}} including [Brian De Palma](/wiki/Brian_De_Palma "Brian De Palma")'s mobster comedy *[Wise Guys](/wiki/Wise_Guys_%281986_film%29 "Wise Guys (1986 film)")* (1986\), starring [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito "Danny DeVito") and [Joe Piscopo](/wiki/Joe_Piscopo "Joe Piscopo"), and as [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot "Judas Iscariot") in Martin Scorsese's controversial *[The Last Temptation of Christ](/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_%28film%29 "The Last Temptation of Christ (film)")* (1988\).
[thumb\|left\|Keitel with singer [Harry Belafonte](/wiki/Harry_Belafonte "Harry Belafonte") in New York, April 2011](/wiki/File:Harvey_Keitel_Harry_Belafonte_2011_Shankbone_2.JPG "Harvey Keitel Harry Belafonte 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG")
### 1990–2007
He co\-starred with [Jack Nicholson](/wiki/Jack_Nicholson "Jack Nicholson") in the *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 "Chinatown (1974 film)")* sequel *[The Two Jakes](/wiki/The_Two_Jakes "The Two Jakes")* (1990\), directed by Nicholson. [Ridley Scott](/wiki/Ridley_Scott "Ridley Scott") cast Keitel as the sympathetic policeman in *[Thelma \& Louise](/wiki/Thelma_%26_Louise "Thelma & Louise")* in 1991; that same year, Keitel landed a role in [Barry Levinson](/wiki/Barry_Levinson "Barry Levinson")'s *[Bugsy](/wiki/Bugsy "Bugsy"),* for which he received an [Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor"). The following year, Keitel played another mobster in the [Whoopi Goldberg](/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg "Whoopi Goldberg")\-starring comedy *[Sister Act](/wiki/Sister_Act "Sister Act")* which was a commercial success at the box office.
Keitel starred in [Quentin Tarantino](/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino "Quentin Tarantino")'s *[Reservoir Dogs](/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs "Reservoir Dogs")* (which he co\-produced) in 1992, where his performance as "Mr. White" took his career to a different level. Since then, Keitel has chosen his roles with care, seeking to change his image and show a broader acting range. One of those roles was the title character in *[Bad Lieutenant](/wiki/Bad_Lieutenant "Bad Lieutenant")*, about a self\-loathing, drug\-addicted police lieutenant trying to redeem himself. He co\-starred in the [Jane Campion](/wiki/Jane_Campion "Jane Campion") film *[The Piano](/wiki/The_Piano "The Piano")* in 1993, and played Winston "The Wolf" Wolf in Quentin Tarantino's *[Pulp Fiction](/wiki/Pulp_Fiction "Pulp Fiction")*, an apparent reprise of his Victor the Cleaner character from 1993's [*Point of No Return*](/wiki/Point_of_No_Return_%281993_film%29 "Point of No Return (1993 film)"). Keitel starred as a police detective in [Spike Lee](/wiki/Spike_Lee "Spike Lee")'s *[Clockers](/wiki/Clockers_%28film%29 "Clockers (film)")* (an adaptation of [Richard Price](/wiki/Richard_Price "Richard Price")'s novel, co\-produced by Martin Scorsese). In 1996, Keitel had a major role in Quentin Tarantino and [Robert Rodriguez](/wiki/Robert_Rodriguez "Robert Rodriguez")'s film *[From Dusk till Dawn](/wiki/From_Dusk_till_Dawn "From Dusk till Dawn")*, and in 1997, he starred in the crime drama *[Cop Land](/wiki/Cop_Land "Cop Land")*, which also starred [Sylvester Stallone](/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone "Sylvester Stallone"), [Ray Liotta](/wiki/Ray_Liotta "Ray Liotta") and Robert De Niro.
[thumb\|right\|[Michael Caine](/wiki/Michael_Caine "Michael Caine"), [Rachel Weisz](/wiki/Rachel_Weisz "Rachel Weisz"), [Jane Fonda](/wiki/Jane_Fonda "Jane Fonda") and Keitel at the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival "Cannes Film Festival") in 2015](/wiki/File:Cannes_2015_32.jpg "Cannes 2015 32.jpg")
His later roles include the fatherly [Satan](/wiki/Satan "Satan") in *[Little Nicky](/wiki/Little_Nicky "Little Nicky"),* a wise [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy "United States Navy") man in *[U\-571](/wiki/U-571_%28movie%29 "U-571 (movie)")*, diligent [FBI](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") [Special agent](/wiki/Special_agent "Special agent") Sadusky in *[National Treasure](/wiki/National_Treasure_%28film%29 "National Treasure (film)")* and the latter's sequel *[National Treasure: Book of Secrets](/wiki/National_Treasure:Book_of_Secrets "Book of Secrets")*. In 1999, Keitel was replaced by [Sydney Pollack](/wiki/Sydney_Pollack "Sydney Pollack") on the set of [Stanley Kubrick](/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick "Stanley Kubrick")'s *[Eyes Wide Shut](/wiki/Eyes_Wide_Shut "Eyes Wide Shut"),* as he quit after doing 68 takes for a scene of his character walking through the door,{{cite web \| url\=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/gary\-oldman\-stanley\-kubrick\-difficult\-director\-harvey\-keitel/ \| title\=Gary Oldman explaining why Stanley Kubrick was a difficult director to work for \- Far Out Magazine \| date\=June 2021 }} and appeared in [Tony Bui](/wiki/Tony_Bui "Tony Bui")'s award\-winning directorial debut, *[Three Seasons](/wiki/Three_Seasons "Three Seasons")* (which Keitel also executive produced). Keitel also re\-teamed with Jane Campion for *[Holy Smoke!](/wiki/Holy_Smoke%21 "Holy Smoke!")* (co\-starring [Kate Winslet](/wiki/Kate_Winslet "Kate Winslet")).
In 2001 Keitel played opposite roles: as a U.S. Army denazification investigator in the film [*Taking Sides*](/wiki/Taking_Sides_%28film%29 "Taking Sides (film)") and as SS\-Oberscharführer [Erich Muhsfeldt](/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt "Erich Muhsfeldt") in the film *[The Grey Zone](/wiki/The_Grey_Zone "The Grey Zone")*. In 2002, at the [24th Moscow International Film Festival](/wiki/24th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival "24th Moscow International Film Festival"), Keitel was honored with the [Stanislavsky Award](/wiki/Stanislavsky_Award "Stanislavsky Award") for his outstanding achievement in the career of acting and devotion to the principles of [Stanislavsky's school](/wiki/Stanislavski%27s_system "Stanislavski's system").{{cite web \|url\=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year\=2002 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194648/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year\=2002 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=January 16, 2013 \|title\=24th Moscow International Film Festival (2002\) \|access\-date\=March 30, 2013 \|work\=MIFF}} He also appeared in the [Steinlager Pure](/wiki/Steinlager_Pure "Steinlager Pure") commercials in New Zealand in 2007\.
### 2008–present
In January 2008, Keitel played [Jerry Springer](/wiki/Jerry_Springer "Jerry Springer") in the New York City premiere of *[Jerry Springer: The Opera](/wiki/Jerry_Springer:The_Opera "The Opera")* at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall "Carnegie Hall"). In 2008, Keitel was cast in the role of Detective Gene Hunt in [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company")'s short\-lived US remake of the successful British time\-travel police drama series *[Life on Mars](/wiki/Life_on_Mars_%28American_TV_series%29 "Life on Mars (American TV series)")*.{{cite news\| title\=Scoop! Keitel Lands on Mars as Homicide Boss\| url\=http://www.tvguide.com/news/Scoop\-Keitel\-Lands\-13027\.aspx\| first\=Matt\| last\=Mitovich\| date\=July 24, 2008\| work\=\[\[TV Guide]]\| access\-date\=March 7, 2013}} In June 2009, he made a cameo appearance in the [Jay\-Z](/wiki/Jay-Z "Jay-Z") video for "[D.O.A. (Death of Auto\-Tune)](/wiki/D.O.A._%28Death_of_Auto-Tune%29 "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)")", a nod to his Brooklyn origins. In 2013, he appeared in a music video for "[Pretty Hurts](/wiki/Pretty_Hurts "Pretty Hurts")" by [Beyoncé](/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9 "Beyoncé").{{cite magazine\|url\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce\-breakdown\-the\-ultimate\-guide\-to\-beys\-surprise\-new\-album\-20131213 \|title\='Beyonce' Breakdown: The Ultimate Guide to Bey's Surprise New Album \|first\=Jon \|last\=Dolan \|magazine\=\[\[Rolling Stone]] \|date\=December 13, 2013 \|access\-date\=December 14, 2013}} In 2013, he starred in the independent film *[A Farewell to Fools](/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Fools "A Farewell to Fools")*.{{cite journal\| url\=http://www.indiewire.com/article/monterey\-media\-acquires\-us\-and\-canada\-rights\-to\-no\-god\-no\-master\-redwood\-highway\-and\-a\-farewell\-to\-fools\| title\=Monterey Media Acquires Three Films, Including Works Starring Gerard Depardieu and Harvey Keitel \|first\=Ramzi \|last\=De Coster \|journal\=\[\[IndieWire]]\| date\=October 17, 2013\| access\-date\=February 6, 2021}}
Between 2014 and early 2020, he reprised his role of Winston Wolf from *Pulp Fiction* as part of a £40 million television advertising campaign for British insurance company [Direct Line](/wiki/Direct_Line "Direct Line").{{cite journal\| url\=http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1309901/direct\-line\-challenges\-rivals\-harvey\-keitel\-fixer\-ads\| title\=Direct Line challenges rivals with Harvey Keitel 'fixer' ads\| first\=Alex\| last\=Brownsell\| journal\=\[\[Campaign (magazine)\|Campaign]]\| date\=August 29, 2014\| access\-date\=September 4, 2014}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.directline.com/wolf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230174120/https://www.directline.com/wolf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=December 30, 2020 \|title\=Meet Winston Wolfe \|publisher\=directline.com \|date\=August 30, 2014 \|access\-date\=September 4, 2014 }} In 2021, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the [Newport Beach Film Festival](/wiki/Newport_Beach_Film_Festival "Newport Beach Film Festival").{{cite web\|last\=Plunkett\|first\=Paul\|date\=2021\-10\-21\|title\=Newport Beach Film Festival Returns Live with Events and Honorees Including Harvey Keitel and Regina Hall\|url\=https://variety.com/2021/film/awards/newport\-beach\-film\-festival\-returns\-live\-events\-and\-honorees\-1235091863/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-19\|website\=Variety\|language\=en\-US}} In 2022, Keitel starred in [Steven Brand](/wiki/Steven_Brand "Steven Brand")'s noir thriller *Joe Baby* alongside [Dichen Lachman](/wiki/Dichen_Lachman "Dichen Lachman"), [Willa Fitzgerald](/wiki/Willa_Fitzgerald "Willa Fitzgerald") and [Ron Perlman](/wiki/Ron_Perlman "Ron Perlman").{{cite web \| last\=Grobar \| first\=Matt \| title\='Severance's Dichen Lachman, Willa Fitzgerald, Ron Perlman \& Harvey Keitel To Topline Noir 'Joe Baby' \| website\=\[\[Deadline Hollywood]] \| date\=June 27, 2022 \| url\=https://deadline.com/2022/06/dichen\-lachman\-willa\-fitzgerald\-ron\-perlman\-harvey\-keitel\-set\-for\-joe\-baby\-1235052908/ \| access\-date\=September 23, 2022}} Keitel has recently collaborated with [Wes Anderson](/wiki/Wes_Anderson "Wes Anderson") acting in minor roles in his films *[Moonrise Kingdom](/wiki/Moonrise_Kingdom "Moonrise Kingdom")* (2012\), *[The Grand Budapest Hotel](/wiki/The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel "The Grand Budapest Hotel")* (2014\), and *[Isle of Dogs](/wiki/Isle_of_Dogs_%28film%29 "Isle of Dogs (film)")* (2018\). He reunited with Martin Scorsese after 30 years appearing as [Philadelphia crime family](/wiki/Philadelphia_crime_family "Philadelphia crime family") [acting boss](/wiki/Crime_boss "Crime boss") [Angelo Bruno](/wiki/Angelo_Bruno "Angelo Bruno") in his gangster movie *[The Irishman](/wiki/The_Irishman_%282019_film%29 "The Irishman (2019 film)")* (2019\) alongside [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro "Robert De Niro") and [Joe Pesci](/wiki/Joe_Pesci "Joe Pesci"). He reprised his role [FBI Agent](/wiki/FBI_Agent "FBI Agent") Peter Sadusky in the recent [Disney\+](/wiki/Disney%2B "Disney+") series *[National Treasure: Edge of History](/wiki/National_Treasure:Edge_of_History "Edge of History")* (2022\).
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### 1967–1988",
"[thumb\\|upright\\|Keitel in November 2009](/wiki/File:HarveyKeitelNov09.jpg \"HarveyKeitelNov09.jpg\")\nKeitel studied under both [Stella Adler](/wiki/Stella_Adler \"Stella Adler\") and [Lee Strasberg](/wiki/Lee_Strasberg \"Lee Strasberg\") and at the [HB Studio](/wiki/HB_Studio \"HB Studio\"),[HB Studio Alumni](https://hbstudio.org/about-hb-studio/alumni/) eventually landing roles in some [Off\\-Broadway](/wiki/Off-Broadway \"Off-Broadway\") productions. During this time, Keitel auditioned for filmmaker [Martin Scorsese](/wiki/Martin_Scorsese \"Martin Scorsese\") and gained a starring role as \"J.R.\", in Scorsese's first feature film, *[Who's That Knocking at My Door](/wiki/Who%27s_That_Knocking_at_My_Door \"Who's That Knocking at My Door\")* (1967\\). Since then, Scorsese and Keitel have worked together on several projects. Keitel had the starring role in Scorsese's *[Mean Streets](/wiki/Mean_Streets \"Mean Streets\")*, which also proved to be [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\")'s breakthrough film. Keitel re\\-teamed with Scorsese for *[Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore](/wiki/Alice_Doesn%27t_Live_Here_Anymore \"Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore\")* (1974\\), in which he had a villainous supporting role, and appeared with Robert De Niro again in Scorsese's *[Taxi Driver](/wiki/Taxi_Driver \"Taxi Driver\")* (1976\\), playing the role of [Jodie Foster](/wiki/Jodie_Foster \"Jodie Foster\")'s character's pimp.",
"In 1977 and 1978, Keitel starred in the directorial debuts of [Paul Schrader](/wiki/Paul_Schrader \"Paul Schrader\") (*[Blue Collar](/wiki/Blue_Collar_%28film%29 \"Blue Collar (film)\")*, co\\-starring [Richard Pryor](/wiki/Richard_Pryor \"Richard Pryor\") and [Yaphet Kotto](/wiki/Yaphet_Kotto \"Yaphet Kotto\")), [Ridley Scott](/wiki/Ridley_Scott \"Ridley Scott\") (*[The Duellists](/wiki/The_Duellists \"The Duellists\")*, co\\-starring [Keith Carradine](/wiki/Keith_Carradine \"Keith Carradine\")), and [James Toback](/wiki/James_Toback \"James Toback\") (*[Fingers](/wiki/Fingers_%281978_film%29 \"Fingers (1978 film)\")*, in which Keitel played a street hood with aspirations of being a pianist – a role Toback wrote for Robert De Niro to play). In 1979, he was cast as Captain Willard in [Francis Ford Coppola](/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola \"Francis Ford Coppola\")'s *[Apocalypse Now](/wiki/Apocalypse_Now \"Apocalypse Now\")* (1979\\). Keitel was involved with the first week of principal photography in the Philippines. Coppola was not happy with Keitel's take on Willard, stating that the actor \"found it difficult to play him as a passive onlooker\".{{cite book\\| last\\=Cowie\\| first\\=Peter\\| title\\=Coppola: A Biography\\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=E7kcAQAAIAAJ\\&q\\=keitel\\| year\\=1990\\| publisher\\=Scribner\\| location\\=New York\\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-6841\\-9193\\-5\\| page\\=122}} After viewing the first week's footage, Coppola replaced Keitel with a casting session favorite, [Martin Sheen](/wiki/Martin_Sheen \"Martin Sheen\").",
"Keitel continued to do work on both stage and screen in the 1980s, often in the [stereotypical](/wiki/Stereotypical \"Stereotypical\") role of a [thug](/wiki/Mobster \"Mobster\"). Keitel played a corrupt police officer in the 1983 thriller *[Copkiller](/wiki/Copkiller \"Copkiller\")* (co\\-starring musician [John Lydon](/wiki/John_Lydon \"John Lydon\")), before taking a supporting role in the romantic drama *[Falling in Love](/wiki/Falling_in_Love_%281984_film%29 \"Falling in Love (1984 film)\")* (1984\\), starring [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\") and [Meryl Streep](/wiki/Meryl_Streep \"Meryl Streep\"). Between 1985 and 1988, he was one of the busiest character actors around, appearing in 16 films and telefilms,{{cite magazine\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Variety (magazine)\\|Variety]]\\|date\\=October 5, 1988\\|page\\=1\\|last\\=Cohn\\|first\\=Lawrence\\|title\\=Acting Jobs Steadiest Since Studio Era}} including [Brian De Palma](/wiki/Brian_De_Palma \"Brian De Palma\")'s mobster comedy *[Wise Guys](/wiki/Wise_Guys_%281986_film%29 \"Wise Guys (1986 film)\")* (1986\\), starring [Danny DeVito](/wiki/Danny_DeVito \"Danny DeVito\") and [Joe Piscopo](/wiki/Joe_Piscopo \"Joe Piscopo\"), and as [Judas](/wiki/Judas_Iscariot \"Judas Iscariot\") in Martin Scorsese's controversial *[The Last Temptation of Christ](/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_%28film%29 \"The Last Temptation of Christ (film)\")* (1988\\).",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Keitel with singer [Harry Belafonte](/wiki/Harry_Belafonte \"Harry Belafonte\") in New York, April 2011](/wiki/File:Harvey_Keitel_Harry_Belafonte_2011_Shankbone_2.JPG \"Harvey Keitel Harry Belafonte 2011 Shankbone 2.JPG\")",
"### 1990–2007",
"He co\\-starred with [Jack Nicholson](/wiki/Jack_Nicholson \"Jack Nicholson\") in the *[Chinatown](/wiki/Chinatown_%281974_film%29 \"Chinatown (1974 film)\")* sequel *[The Two Jakes](/wiki/The_Two_Jakes \"The Two Jakes\")* (1990\\), directed by Nicholson. [Ridley Scott](/wiki/Ridley_Scott \"Ridley Scott\") cast Keitel as the sympathetic policeman in *[Thelma \\& Louise](/wiki/Thelma_%26_Louise \"Thelma & Louise\")* in 1991; that same year, Keitel landed a role in [Barry Levinson](/wiki/Barry_Levinson \"Barry Levinson\")'s *[Bugsy](/wiki/Bugsy \"Bugsy\"),* for which he received an [Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor](/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor \"Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor\"). The following year, Keitel played another mobster in the [Whoopi Goldberg](/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg \"Whoopi Goldberg\")\\-starring comedy *[Sister Act](/wiki/Sister_Act \"Sister Act\")* which was a commercial success at the box office.",
"Keitel starred in [Quentin Tarantino](/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino \"Quentin Tarantino\")'s *[Reservoir Dogs](/wiki/Reservoir_Dogs \"Reservoir Dogs\")* (which he co\\-produced) in 1992, where his performance as \"Mr. White\" took his career to a different level. Since then, Keitel has chosen his roles with care, seeking to change his image and show a broader acting range. One of those roles was the title character in *[Bad Lieutenant](/wiki/Bad_Lieutenant \"Bad Lieutenant\")*, about a self\\-loathing, drug\\-addicted police lieutenant trying to redeem himself. He co\\-starred in the [Jane Campion](/wiki/Jane_Campion \"Jane Campion\") film *[The Piano](/wiki/The_Piano \"The Piano\")* in 1993, and played Winston \"The Wolf\" Wolf in Quentin Tarantino's *[Pulp Fiction](/wiki/Pulp_Fiction \"Pulp Fiction\")*, an apparent reprise of his Victor the Cleaner character from 1993's [*Point of No Return*](/wiki/Point_of_No_Return_%281993_film%29 \"Point of No Return (1993 film)\"). Keitel starred as a police detective in [Spike Lee](/wiki/Spike_Lee \"Spike Lee\")'s *[Clockers](/wiki/Clockers_%28film%29 \"Clockers (film)\")* (an adaptation of [Richard Price](/wiki/Richard_Price \"Richard Price\")'s novel, co\\-produced by Martin Scorsese). In 1996, Keitel had a major role in Quentin Tarantino and [Robert Rodriguez](/wiki/Robert_Rodriguez \"Robert Rodriguez\")'s film *[From Dusk till Dawn](/wiki/From_Dusk_till_Dawn \"From Dusk till Dawn\")*, and in 1997, he starred in the crime drama *[Cop Land](/wiki/Cop_Land \"Cop Land\")*, which also starred [Sylvester Stallone](/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone \"Sylvester Stallone\"), [Ray Liotta](/wiki/Ray_Liotta \"Ray Liotta\") and Robert De Niro.",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Michael Caine](/wiki/Michael_Caine \"Michael Caine\"), [Rachel Weisz](/wiki/Rachel_Weisz \"Rachel Weisz\"), [Jane Fonda](/wiki/Jane_Fonda \"Jane Fonda\") and Keitel at the [Cannes Film Festival](/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival \"Cannes Film Festival\") in 2015](/wiki/File:Cannes_2015_32.jpg \"Cannes 2015 32.jpg\")\nHis later roles include the fatherly [Satan](/wiki/Satan \"Satan\") in *[Little Nicky](/wiki/Little_Nicky \"Little Nicky\"),* a wise [Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") man in *[U\\-571](/wiki/U-571_%28movie%29 \"U-571 (movie)\")*, diligent [FBI](/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation \"Federal Bureau of Investigation\") [Special agent](/wiki/Special_agent \"Special agent\") Sadusky in *[National Treasure](/wiki/National_Treasure_%28film%29 \"National Treasure (film)\")* and the latter's sequel *[National Treasure: Book of Secrets](/wiki/National_Treasure:Book_of_Secrets \"Book of Secrets\")*. In 1999, Keitel was replaced by [Sydney Pollack](/wiki/Sydney_Pollack \"Sydney Pollack\") on the set of [Stanley Kubrick](/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick \"Stanley Kubrick\")'s *[Eyes Wide Shut](/wiki/Eyes_Wide_Shut \"Eyes Wide Shut\"),* as he quit after doing 68 takes for a scene of his character walking through the door,{{cite web \\| url\\=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/gary\\-oldman\\-stanley\\-kubrick\\-difficult\\-director\\-harvey\\-keitel/ \\| title\\=Gary Oldman explaining why Stanley Kubrick was a difficult director to work for \\- Far Out Magazine \\| date\\=June 2021 }} and appeared in [Tony Bui](/wiki/Tony_Bui \"Tony Bui\")'s award\\-winning directorial debut, *[Three Seasons](/wiki/Three_Seasons \"Three Seasons\")* (which Keitel also executive produced). Keitel also re\\-teamed with Jane Campion for *[Holy Smoke!](/wiki/Holy_Smoke%21 \"Holy Smoke!\")* (co\\-starring [Kate Winslet](/wiki/Kate_Winslet \"Kate Winslet\")).",
"In 2001 Keitel played opposite roles: as a U.S. Army denazification investigator in the film [*Taking Sides*](/wiki/Taking_Sides_%28film%29 \"Taking Sides (film)\") and as SS\\-Oberscharführer [Erich Muhsfeldt](/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt \"Erich Muhsfeldt\") in the film *[The Grey Zone](/wiki/The_Grey_Zone \"The Grey Zone\")*. In 2002, at the [24th Moscow International Film Festival](/wiki/24th_Moscow_International_Film_Festival \"24th Moscow International Film Festival\"), Keitel was honored with the [Stanislavsky Award](/wiki/Stanislavsky_Award \"Stanislavsky Award\") for his outstanding achievement in the career of acting and devotion to the principles of [Stanislavsky's school](/wiki/Stanislavski%27s_system \"Stanislavski's system\").{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year\\=2002 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194648/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year\\=2002 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=January 16, 2013 \\|title\\=24th Moscow International Film Festival (2002\\) \\|access\\-date\\=March 30, 2013 \\|work\\=MIFF}} He also appeared in the [Steinlager Pure](/wiki/Steinlager_Pure \"Steinlager Pure\") commercials in New Zealand in 2007\\.",
"### 2008–present",
"In January 2008, Keitel played [Jerry Springer](/wiki/Jerry_Springer \"Jerry Springer\") in the New York City premiere of *[Jerry Springer: The Opera](/wiki/Jerry_Springer:The_Opera \"The Opera\")* at [Carnegie Hall](/wiki/Carnegie_Hall \"Carnegie Hall\"). In 2008, Keitel was cast in the role of Detective Gene Hunt in [ABC](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\")'s short\\-lived US remake of the successful British time\\-travel police drama series *[Life on Mars](/wiki/Life_on_Mars_%28American_TV_series%29 \"Life on Mars (American TV series)\")*.{{cite news\\| title\\=Scoop! Keitel Lands on Mars as Homicide Boss\\| url\\=http://www.tvguide.com/news/Scoop\\-Keitel\\-Lands\\-13027\\.aspx\\| first\\=Matt\\| last\\=Mitovich\\| date\\=July 24, 2008\\| work\\=\\[\\[TV Guide]]\\| access\\-date\\=March 7, 2013}} In June 2009, he made a cameo appearance in the [Jay\\-Z](/wiki/Jay-Z \"Jay-Z\") video for \"[D.O.A. (Death of Auto\\-Tune)](/wiki/D.O.A._%28Death_of_Auto-Tune%29 \"D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)\")\", a nod to his Brooklyn origins. In 2013, he appeared in a music video for \"[Pretty Hurts](/wiki/Pretty_Hurts \"Pretty Hurts\")\" by [Beyoncé](/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9 \"Beyoncé\").{{cite magazine\\|url\\=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce\\-breakdown\\-the\\-ultimate\\-guide\\-to\\-beys\\-surprise\\-new\\-album\\-20131213 \\|title\\='Beyonce' Breakdown: The Ultimate Guide to Bey's Surprise New Album \\|first\\=Jon \\|last\\=Dolan \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Rolling Stone]] \\|date\\=December 13, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=December 14, 2013}} In 2013, he starred in the independent film *[A Farewell to Fools](/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Fools \"A Farewell to Fools\")*.{{cite journal\\| url\\=http://www.indiewire.com/article/monterey\\-media\\-acquires\\-us\\-and\\-canada\\-rights\\-to\\-no\\-god\\-no\\-master\\-redwood\\-highway\\-and\\-a\\-farewell\\-to\\-fools\\| title\\=Monterey Media Acquires Three Films, Including Works Starring Gerard Depardieu and Harvey Keitel \\|first\\=Ramzi \\|last\\=De Coster \\|journal\\=\\[\\[IndieWire]]\\| date\\=October 17, 2013\\| access\\-date\\=February 6, 2021}}",
"Between 2014 and early 2020, he reprised his role of Winston Wolf from *Pulp Fiction* as part of a £40 million television advertising campaign for British insurance company [Direct Line](/wiki/Direct_Line \"Direct Line\").{{cite journal\\| url\\=http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/article/1309901/direct\\-line\\-challenges\\-rivals\\-harvey\\-keitel\\-fixer\\-ads\\| title\\=Direct Line challenges rivals with Harvey Keitel 'fixer' ads\\| first\\=Alex\\| last\\=Brownsell\\| journal\\=\\[\\[Campaign (magazine)\\|Campaign]]\\| date\\=August 29, 2014\\| access\\-date\\=September 4, 2014}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.directline.com/wolf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230174120/https://www.directline.com/wolf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=December 30, 2020 \\|title\\=Meet Winston Wolfe \\|publisher\\=directline.com \\|date\\=August 30, 2014 \\|access\\-date\\=September 4, 2014 }} In 2021, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the [Newport Beach Film Festival](/wiki/Newport_Beach_Film_Festival \"Newport Beach Film Festival\").{{cite web\\|last\\=Plunkett\\|first\\=Paul\\|date\\=2021\\-10\\-21\\|title\\=Newport Beach Film Festival Returns Live with Events and Honorees Including Harvey Keitel and Regina Hall\\|url\\=https://variety.com/2021/film/awards/newport\\-beach\\-film\\-festival\\-returns\\-live\\-events\\-and\\-honorees\\-1235091863/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-19\\|website\\=Variety\\|language\\=en\\-US}} In 2022, Keitel starred in [Steven Brand](/wiki/Steven_Brand \"Steven Brand\")'s noir thriller *Joe Baby* alongside [Dichen Lachman](/wiki/Dichen_Lachman \"Dichen Lachman\"), [Willa Fitzgerald](/wiki/Willa_Fitzgerald \"Willa Fitzgerald\") and [Ron Perlman](/wiki/Ron_Perlman \"Ron Perlman\").{{cite web \\| last\\=Grobar \\| first\\=Matt \\| title\\='Severance's Dichen Lachman, Willa Fitzgerald, Ron Perlman \\& Harvey Keitel To Topline Noir 'Joe Baby' \\| website\\=\\[\\[Deadline Hollywood]] \\| date\\=June 27, 2022 \\| url\\=https://deadline.com/2022/06/dichen\\-lachman\\-willa\\-fitzgerald\\-ron\\-perlman\\-harvey\\-keitel\\-set\\-for\\-joe\\-baby\\-1235052908/ \\| access\\-date\\=September 23, 2022}} Keitel has recently collaborated with [Wes Anderson](/wiki/Wes_Anderson \"Wes Anderson\") acting in minor roles in his films *[Moonrise Kingdom](/wiki/Moonrise_Kingdom \"Moonrise Kingdom\")* (2012\\), *[The Grand Budapest Hotel](/wiki/The_Grand_Budapest_Hotel \"The Grand Budapest Hotel\")* (2014\\), and *[Isle of Dogs](/wiki/Isle_of_Dogs_%28film%29 \"Isle of Dogs (film)\")* (2018\\). He reunited with Martin Scorsese after 30 years appearing as [Philadelphia crime family](/wiki/Philadelphia_crime_family \"Philadelphia crime family\") [acting boss](/wiki/Crime_boss \"Crime boss\") [Angelo Bruno](/wiki/Angelo_Bruno \"Angelo Bruno\") in his gangster movie *[The Irishman](/wiki/The_Irishman_%282019_film%29 \"The Irishman (2019 film)\")* (2019\\) alongside [Robert De Niro](/wiki/Robert_De_Niro \"Robert De Niro\") and [Joe Pesci](/wiki/Joe_Pesci \"Joe Pesci\"). He reprised his role [FBI Agent](/wiki/FBI_Agent \"FBI Agent\") Peter Sadusky in the recent [Disney\\+](/wiki/Disney%2B \"Disney+\") series *[National Treasure: Edge of History](/wiki/National_Treasure:Edge_of_History \"Edge of History\")* (2022\\).",
""
] |
Life and works
--------------
Surprisingly, Roparz Hemon, who was born as Louis Nemo in [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France "Brest, France"), was not a native speaker of the [Breton language](/wiki/Breton_language "Breton language"). Jelle Krol (2020\), *Minority Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors*, Palgrave. Page 215\.
His father, Eugène Nemo, was born illegitimately, but was discreetly provided for by his biological father, and went on to become both a mechanical engineer and an officer in the [French Navy](/wiki/French_Navy "French Navy"). His mother, Julie Foricher, was a girls' school teacher. Although Hemon's Foricher grandparents were native Breton speakers, they had both chosen to speak only French to their children and grandchildren. By the time of Hemon's birth on 18 November, 1900, the family was upper middle class. Jelle Krol (2020\), *Minority Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors*, Palgrave. Pages 235\-236\.
Despite the [religious persecution](/wiki/Religious_persecution "Religious persecution") of the [Affaire des Fiches](/wiki/Affair_of_the_Cards "Affair of the Cards"), the Nemo family remained practicing Catholics and attended traditional Breton [Pardons](/wiki/Pardon_%28ceremony%29 "Pardon (ceremony)"), particularly those in [Le Folgoët](/wiki/Le_Folgo%C3%ABt "Le Folgoët") and [Locronan](/wiki/Locronan "Locronan"). Hemon's sister later recalled that her brother took great delight in hearing the Breton sermons and [hymns](/wiki/Hymn "Hymn"), which he kept trying to recite afterwards, despite not understanding them. Jelle Krol (2020\), *Minority Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors*, Palgrave. Page 237\.
Hemon served in the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army "French Army") at the beginning of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War"), where he was wounded and taken prisoner by the Germans.
Back in Brest in August 1940, he took back publishing *Gwalarn*.{{clarify\|date\=February 2012}} In November 1940, he was appointed as director of programmes at *[Radio Roazhon\-Breizh](/wiki/Radio_Rennes_Bretagne "Radio Rennes Bretagne")*, a [Breton language](/wiki/Breton_language "Breton language") weekly broadcast set up by the *[Propagandastaffel](/wiki/Propagandastaffel "Propagandastaffel")*.[Breton literature during German Occupation](http://www.aber.ac.uk/mercator/images/breton_literature_during_German_Occupation.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105151/http://www.aber.ac.uk/mercator/images/breton\_literature\_during\_German\_Occupation.pdf \|date\=2007\-09\-29 }}, Mercator, The University of Wales From 1941, he directed the weekly publication *Arvor*. In October 1942, Hemon was appointed by [Leo Weisgerber](/wiki/Leo_Weisgerber "Leo Weisgerber") to help found the "Celtic Institute of Brittany". Hemon rendered other services to the Germans, like helping in compiling files against *[préfet](/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet "Préfet")* Ripert.
At the Liberation, Hemon fled to [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany"), where he was imprisoned. After one year of jail he was sentenced by the [Fourth French Republic](/wiki/Fourth_French_Republic "Fourth French Republic") to ten years of "[dégradation nationale](/wiki/D%C3%A9gradation_nationale "Dégradation nationale")" for the offence of "[Indignité nationale](/wiki/Indignit%C3%A9_nationale "Indignité nationale")". He decided therefore to go in exile to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland "Ireland"). He worked there for the [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies](/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies "Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies").{{Cite web \|title\=Hemon, Roparz \|url\=https://www.dias.ie/2010/09/16/hemon\-roparz/ \|website\=DIAS}} He would never go back to Brittany. Despite all this he never stopped working for the Breton [language revival](/wiki/Language_revival "Language revival"), and wrote for instance *A Historical Morphology and Syntax of Breton* in 1975\. He created the magazine *Ar Bed Keltiek* that resembled *Kannadig Gwalarn* or *Arvor*. He died in 1978 and was buried in Brest.
|
[
"Life and works\n--------------",
"Surprisingly, Roparz Hemon, who was born as Louis Nemo in [Brest](/wiki/Brest%2C_France \"Brest, France\"), was not a native speaker of the [Breton language](/wiki/Breton_language \"Breton language\"). Jelle Krol (2020\\), *Minority Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors*, Palgrave. Page 215\\.",
"His father, Eugène Nemo, was born illegitimately, but was discreetly provided for by his biological father, and went on to become both a mechanical engineer and an officer in the [French Navy](/wiki/French_Navy \"French Navy\"). His mother, Julie Foricher, was a girls' school teacher. Although Hemon's Foricher grandparents were native Breton speakers, they had both chosen to speak only French to their children and grandchildren. By the time of Hemon's birth on 18 November, 1900, the family was upper middle class. Jelle Krol (2020\\), *Minority Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors*, Palgrave. Pages 235\\-236\\.",
"Despite the [religious persecution](/wiki/Religious_persecution \"Religious persecution\") of the [Affaire des Fiches](/wiki/Affair_of_the_Cards \"Affair of the Cards\"), the Nemo family remained practicing Catholics and attended traditional Breton [Pardons](/wiki/Pardon_%28ceremony%29 \"Pardon (ceremony)\"), particularly those in [Le Folgoët](/wiki/Le_Folgo%C3%ABt \"Le Folgoët\") and [Locronan](/wiki/Locronan \"Locronan\"). Hemon's sister later recalled that her brother took great delight in hearing the Breton sermons and [hymns](/wiki/Hymn \"Hymn\"), which he kept trying to recite afterwards, despite not understanding them. Jelle Krol (2020\\), *Minority Language Writers in the Wake of World War One: A Case Study of Four European Authors*, Palgrave. Page 237\\.",
"Hemon served in the [French Army](/wiki/French_Army \"French Army\") at the beginning of the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\"), where he was wounded and taken prisoner by the Germans.",
"Back in Brest in August 1940, he took back publishing *Gwalarn*.{{clarify\\|date\\=February 2012}} In November 1940, he was appointed as director of programmes at *[Radio Roazhon\\-Breizh](/wiki/Radio_Rennes_Bretagne \"Radio Rennes Bretagne\")*, a [Breton language](/wiki/Breton_language \"Breton language\") weekly broadcast set up by the *[Propagandastaffel](/wiki/Propagandastaffel \"Propagandastaffel\")*.[Breton literature during German Occupation](http://www.aber.ac.uk/mercator/images/breton_literature_during_German_Occupation.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105151/http://www.aber.ac.uk/mercator/images/breton\\_literature\\_during\\_German\\_Occupation.pdf \\|date\\=2007\\-09\\-29 }}, Mercator, The University of Wales From 1941, he directed the weekly publication *Arvor*. In October 1942, Hemon was appointed by [Leo Weisgerber](/wiki/Leo_Weisgerber \"Leo Weisgerber\") to help found the \"Celtic Institute of Brittany\". Hemon rendered other services to the Germans, like helping in compiling files against *[préfet](/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fet \"Préfet\")* Ripert.",
"At the Liberation, Hemon fled to [Nazi Germany](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\"), where he was imprisoned. After one year of jail he was sentenced by the [Fourth French Republic](/wiki/Fourth_French_Republic \"Fourth French Republic\") to ten years of \"[dégradation nationale](/wiki/D%C3%A9gradation_nationale \"Dégradation nationale\")\" for the offence of \"[Indignité nationale](/wiki/Indignit%C3%A9_nationale \"Indignité nationale\")\". He decided therefore to go in exile to [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"). He worked there for the [Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies](/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies \"Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Hemon, Roparz \\|url\\=https://www.dias.ie/2010/09/16/hemon\\-roparz/ \\|website\\=DIAS}} He would never go back to Brittany. Despite all this he never stopped working for the Breton [language revival](/wiki/Language_revival \"Language revival\"), and wrote for instance *A Historical Morphology and Syntax of Breton* in 1975\\. He created the magazine *Ar Bed Keltiek* that resembled *Kannadig Gwalarn* or *Arvor*. He died in 1978 and was buried in Brest.",
""
] |
National Conference of AIKM
---------------------------
The third National Conference of the All India Kisan Mahasabha was held on June 9 through 10th, 2017 in Jharkhand's [Hazaribagh](/wiki/Hazaribagh_Sadar_subdivision "Hazaribagh Sadar subdivision") town (named Birsa Nagar after the great [Birsa Munda](/wiki/Birsa_Munda "Birsa Munda") for the occasion) in the Town Hall (named Mahendra Singh Sabhagar after Comrade Mahendra Singh).
464 delegates and 30 guests and observers from all states participated in the Conference.
It was at Hazaribagh, on April 15, 2014, as [BJP](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party "Bharatiya Janata Party")'s prime ministerial candidate, that [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi "Narendra Modi") had promised a profitable minimum support price to farmers. Farmers from all over India, at the AIKM's Hazaribagh conference pointed out that bullets are being unleashed on farmers asking Modi to keep his promise.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.cpiml.net/liberation/2010/06/manifesto\-all\-india\-kisan\-mahasabha\|title\=Manifesto of the All India Kisan Mahasabha \| Communist Party of India (Marxist\-Leninist) Liberation\|website\=www.cpiml.net}}
On the occasion of the Conference, AIKM and [CPI(ML)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_%28Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist%29_Liberation "Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation") leaders garlanded the statue of the Great Birsa Munda at Birsa Chowk, from where peasants and adivasis held an impressive March through the main market of the town, raising slogans in support of ongoing farmers' and adivasis' movements and against the firing on peasants and adivasis in [Madhya Pradesh](/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh "Madhya Pradesh") and [Jharkhand](/wiki/Jharkhand "Jharkhand").
At the Conference hall, AIKM's senior\-most Vice President Devendra Chauhan hoisted the organisation's flag and tribute was paid to martyrs of peasant movements including those killed at Badkagaon and Mandsaur.
Comrade [Dipankar Bhattacharya](/wiki/Dipankar_Bhattacharya "Dipankar Bhattacharya"), General Secretary of the CPI(ML) inaugurated the Conference, and was the main speaker at the open session conducted by AIKM General Secretary Rajaram Singh. Guests at the conference who addressed the open session included Asar Ali, President of the Bangladesh Biplavi Krishak Samiti; poet and Jan Sanskriti Manch Vice President Shambhu Badal, Comrade Rameshwar Prasad, President of AIARLA; AIKM President Ruldu Singh, CPI(ML)'s Jharkhand MLA [Rajkumar Yadav](/wiki/Raj_Kumar_Yadav_%28politician%29 "Raj Kumar Yadav (politician)") and former MLA [Vinod Singh](/wiki/Vinod_Singh_Bansal "Vinod Singh Bansal"). Jan Sanskriti Manch Jharkhand's team as well as poet Krishna Kant Nirmohi presented revolutionary songs on the occasion. The fourth issue of the Kisan Mahasabha's organ *Viplavi Kisan Sandesh* was also released on the occasion.
Addressing the Conference Comrade Dipankar said that Modi came to power making tall promises to peasants – and in his rule peasants are instead being shot dead for asking him to make good on those promises. Meanwhile, lynch mobs are killing Muslim dairy farmers and cattle traders and bans on [cattle slaughter](/wiki/Cattle_slaughter "Cattle slaughter") are wreaking havoc with the [rural economy](/wiki/Rural_economics "Rural economics"). The Modi Government as well as BJP\-led state governments are conducting an all\-out war on adivasis' and peasants' rights to land. But movements of peasants and adivasis are holding out hope for the whole country.
AIKM General Secretary Comrade Rajaram Singh spoke of the intense agrarian crisis and farmers' distress due to the government's policy of handing over seeds, fertilisers and other vital aspects of agriculture to corporate interests. As a result, farmers were being caught in a vicious debt trap even when they produced bumper harvests, while recurrent [droughts](/wiki/Drought "Drought") and other calamities intensified the crisis. Protesting farmers were being shot dead. The Modi government had been forced to withdraw the land grab bill but similar laws were being enacted by various BJP State Governments. Meanwhile, BJP Ministers and leaders made insulting remarks about the thousands of farmers forced to commit suicide every year. The Government that was handing out unlimited bailouts and waivers to greedy corporations that defaulted on bank loans, was refusing to bailout desperate farmers who feed the country. He hailed the ongoing farmers' movements and called to intensify such movements to force a change in the policies and priorities of the Governments.
A nine\-member [presidium](/wiki/Presidium "Presidium") conducted the Conference. Among delegates who discussed the draft report and suggested ways forward for the peasants' movement were Gurnam Singh Bhikhi and Balkaran Balli of [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India "Punjab, India"), [Afroz Alam](/wiki/Afroz_Alam_Sahil "Afroz Alam Sahil") and Shashikant Singh of UP, Ramchandra Kulhari of [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan "Rajasthan"), Kripa Narayan Singh, Jitendra Yadav, and Chandrama Prasad of [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar "Bihar"), Shyamdev Yadav of [Jharkhand](/wiki/Jharkhand "Jharkhand"), OP Arya of [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana "Haryana"), Nilanjan Bhattacharya of [Odisha](/wiki/Odisha "Odisha"), D Pullarao of Andhra Pradesh, Simpson of [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"), Krishnapada Pramanik and Gopal Roy of [West Bengal](/wiki/West_Bengal "West Bengal") and Rajendra Shah of [Uttarakhand](/wiki/Uttarakhand "Uttarakhand").
On the dais were CPI(ML) CCMs Kartik Pal, Balasundaram, Janardan Prasad, Manoj Bhakt, and KD Yadav; and social activist Shiv Kumar Shibu. AIKM leaders Jaiprakash Narayan Rai, Bisheshwar Prasad Yadav, Prem Singh Gehlawat, Purushottam Sharma, Gurnam Singh, Ramchandra Kulhari, and Ashok Pradhan also were prominent among participants in the Conference.
The Conference elected a 101\-member National Council and a 45\-member National Executive, and re\-elected [Ruldu Singh](/wiki/Rulda_Singh "Rulda Singh") as president, and Raja Ram Singh as General Secretary along with 8 Vice Presidents and Secretaries each.
The Conference called for an all India protest against the killings of 6 peasants at [Mandsaur](/wiki/Mandsaur "Mandsaur") by Madhya Pradesh's BJP government. It demanded the resignation of the killer [Shivraj Singh](/wiki/Shivraj_Singh_Chouhan "Shivraj Singh Chouhan") Government; all India waiver of all government and private moneylenders' loans of farmers; guarantee of profitable minimum support price for all crops; guaranteed purchase of all produce of peasants and [tenant farmers](/wiki/Tenant_farmer "Tenant farmer"); and withdrawal of all cases against agitating peasants.{{Cite web\|url\=http://cpiml.org/feature/national\-conference\-of\-all\-india\-kisan\-mahasabha/\|title\=National Conference of All India Kisan Mahasabha}}
|
[
"National Conference of AIKM\n---------------------------",
"The third National Conference of the All India Kisan Mahasabha was held on June 9 through 10th, 2017 in Jharkhand's [Hazaribagh](/wiki/Hazaribagh_Sadar_subdivision \"Hazaribagh Sadar subdivision\") town (named Birsa Nagar after the great [Birsa Munda](/wiki/Birsa_Munda \"Birsa Munda\") for the occasion) in the Town Hall (named Mahendra Singh Sabhagar after Comrade Mahendra Singh).",
"464 delegates and 30 guests and observers from all states participated in the Conference.\nIt was at Hazaribagh, on April 15, 2014, as [BJP](/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party \"Bharatiya Janata Party\")'s prime ministerial candidate, that [Narendra Modi](/wiki/Narendra_Modi \"Narendra Modi\") had promised a profitable minimum support price to farmers. Farmers from all over India, at the AIKM's Hazaribagh conference pointed out that bullets are being unleashed on farmers asking Modi to keep his promise.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.cpiml.net/liberation/2010/06/manifesto\\-all\\-india\\-kisan\\-mahasabha\\|title\\=Manifesto of the All India Kisan Mahasabha \\| Communist Party of India (Marxist\\-Leninist) Liberation\\|website\\=www.cpiml.net}}",
"On the occasion of the Conference, AIKM and [CPI(ML)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_%28Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist%29_Liberation \"Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation\") leaders garlanded the statue of the Great Birsa Munda at Birsa Chowk, from where peasants and adivasis held an impressive March through the main market of the town, raising slogans in support of ongoing farmers' and adivasis' movements and against the firing on peasants and adivasis in [Madhya Pradesh](/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh \"Madhya Pradesh\") and [Jharkhand](/wiki/Jharkhand \"Jharkhand\").",
"At the Conference hall, AIKM's senior\\-most Vice President Devendra Chauhan hoisted the organisation's flag and tribute was paid to martyrs of peasant movements including those killed at Badkagaon and Mandsaur.",
"Comrade [Dipankar Bhattacharya](/wiki/Dipankar_Bhattacharya \"Dipankar Bhattacharya\"), General Secretary of the CPI(ML) inaugurated the Conference, and was the main speaker at the open session conducted by AIKM General Secretary Rajaram Singh. Guests at the conference who addressed the open session included Asar Ali, President of the Bangladesh Biplavi Krishak Samiti; poet and Jan Sanskriti Manch Vice President Shambhu Badal, Comrade Rameshwar Prasad, President of AIARLA; AIKM President Ruldu Singh, CPI(ML)'s Jharkhand MLA [Rajkumar Yadav](/wiki/Raj_Kumar_Yadav_%28politician%29 \"Raj Kumar Yadav (politician)\") and former MLA [Vinod Singh](/wiki/Vinod_Singh_Bansal \"Vinod Singh Bansal\"). Jan Sanskriti Manch Jharkhand's team as well as poet Krishna Kant Nirmohi presented revolutionary songs on the occasion. The fourth issue of the Kisan Mahasabha's organ *Viplavi Kisan Sandesh* was also released on the occasion.",
"Addressing the Conference Comrade Dipankar said that Modi came to power making tall promises to peasants – and in his rule peasants are instead being shot dead for asking him to make good on those promises. Meanwhile, lynch mobs are killing Muslim dairy farmers and cattle traders and bans on [cattle slaughter](/wiki/Cattle_slaughter \"Cattle slaughter\") are wreaking havoc with the [rural economy](/wiki/Rural_economics \"Rural economics\"). The Modi Government as well as BJP\\-led state governments are conducting an all\\-out war on adivasis' and peasants' rights to land. But movements of peasants and adivasis are holding out hope for the whole country.",
"AIKM General Secretary Comrade Rajaram Singh spoke of the intense agrarian crisis and farmers' distress due to the government's policy of handing over seeds, fertilisers and other vital aspects of agriculture to corporate interests. As a result, farmers were being caught in a vicious debt trap even when they produced bumper harvests, while recurrent [droughts](/wiki/Drought \"Drought\") and other calamities intensified the crisis. Protesting farmers were being shot dead. The Modi government had been forced to withdraw the land grab bill but similar laws were being enacted by various BJP State Governments. Meanwhile, BJP Ministers and leaders made insulting remarks about the thousands of farmers forced to commit suicide every year. The Government that was handing out unlimited bailouts and waivers to greedy corporations that defaulted on bank loans, was refusing to bailout desperate farmers who feed the country. He hailed the ongoing farmers' movements and called to intensify such movements to force a change in the policies and priorities of the Governments.",
"A nine\\-member [presidium](/wiki/Presidium \"Presidium\") conducted the Conference. Among delegates who discussed the draft report and suggested ways forward for the peasants' movement were Gurnam Singh Bhikhi and Balkaran Balli of [Punjab](/wiki/Punjab%2C_India \"Punjab, India\"), [Afroz Alam](/wiki/Afroz_Alam_Sahil \"Afroz Alam Sahil\") and Shashikant Singh of UP, Ramchandra Kulhari of [Rajasthan](/wiki/Rajasthan \"Rajasthan\"), Kripa Narayan Singh, Jitendra Yadav, and Chandrama Prasad of [Bihar](/wiki/Bihar \"Bihar\"), Shyamdev Yadav of [Jharkhand](/wiki/Jharkhand \"Jharkhand\"), OP Arya of [Haryana](/wiki/Haryana \"Haryana\"), Nilanjan Bhattacharya of [Odisha](/wiki/Odisha \"Odisha\"), D Pullarao of Andhra Pradesh, Simpson of [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"), Krishnapada Pramanik and Gopal Roy of [West Bengal](/wiki/West_Bengal \"West Bengal\") and Rajendra Shah of [Uttarakhand](/wiki/Uttarakhand \"Uttarakhand\").",
"On the dais were CPI(ML) CCMs Kartik Pal, Balasundaram, Janardan Prasad, Manoj Bhakt, and KD Yadav; and social activist Shiv Kumar Shibu. AIKM leaders Jaiprakash Narayan Rai, Bisheshwar Prasad Yadav, Prem Singh Gehlawat, Purushottam Sharma, Gurnam Singh, Ramchandra Kulhari, and Ashok Pradhan also were prominent among participants in the Conference.\nThe Conference elected a 101\\-member National Council and a 45\\-member National Executive, and re\\-elected [Ruldu Singh](/wiki/Rulda_Singh \"Rulda Singh\") as president, and Raja Ram Singh as General Secretary along with 8 Vice Presidents and Secretaries each.",
"The Conference called for an all India protest against the killings of 6 peasants at [Mandsaur](/wiki/Mandsaur \"Mandsaur\") by Madhya Pradesh's BJP government. It demanded the resignation of the killer [Shivraj Singh](/wiki/Shivraj_Singh_Chouhan \"Shivraj Singh Chouhan\") Government; all India waiver of all government and private moneylenders' loans of farmers; guarantee of profitable minimum support price for all crops; guaranteed purchase of all produce of peasants and [tenant farmers](/wiki/Tenant_farmer \"Tenant farmer\"); and withdrawal of all cases against agitating peasants.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://cpiml.org/feature/national\\-conference\\-of\\-all\\-india\\-kisan\\-mahasabha/\\|title\\=National Conference of All India Kisan Mahasabha}}",
""
] |
Topography
----------
{{See also\|List of mountains in Laos}}
Most of the western border of [Laos](/wiki/Laos "Laos") is demarcated by the [Mekong](/wiki/Mekong "Mekong") river, which is an important artery for transportation. The Dong Falls at the southern end of the country prevent access to the sea, but cargo boats travel along the entire length of the Mekong in Laos during most of the year. Smaller power boats and [pirogues](/wiki/Pirogue "Pirogue") provide an important means of transportation on many of the tributaries of the Mekong.
The Mekong has thus not been an obstacle but a facilitator for communication, and the similarities between Laos and northeast Thai society—same people, almost same language—reflect the close contact that has existed across the river for centuries. Also, many Laotians living in the Mekong Valley have relatives and friends in Thailand.
Prior to the twentieth century, Laotian kingdoms and principalities encompassed areas on both sides of the Mekong, and Thai control in the late nineteenth century extended to the left bank. Although the Mekong was established as a border by French colonial forces, travel from one side to the other has been significantly limited only since the establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR, or Laos) in 1975\.
The eastern border with Vietnam extends for 2,130 kilometres, mostly along the crest of the Annamite Chain, and serves as a physical barrier between the Chinese\-influenced culture of Vietnam and the Indianized states of Laos and Thailand. These mountains are sparsely populated by tribal minorities who traditionally have not acknowledged the border with Vietnam any more than lowland Lao have been constrained by the 1,754\-kilometre Mekong River border with Thailand. Thus, ethnic minority populations are found on both the Laotian and Vietnamese sides of the frontier. Because of their relative isolation, contact between these groups and lowland Lao has been mostly confined to trading.
Laos shares its short—only 541 kilometres—southern border with Cambodia, and ancient Khmer ruins at Wat Pho and other southern locations attest to the long history of contact between the Lao and the Khmer. In the north, the country is bounded by a mountainous 423\-kilometre border with China and shares the 235\-kilometre\-long Mekong River border with [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar "Myanmar").
The topography of Laos is largely mountainous, with the [Annamite Range](/wiki/Annamite_Range "Annamite Range") in the northeast and east and the [Luang Prabang Range](/wiki/Luang_Prabang_Range "Luang Prabang Range") in the northwest, among other ranges typically characterized by steep terrain.{{Harvnb\|Savada\|1995\|p\=82}}. Elevations are typically above 500 metres with narrow river valleys and low agricultural potential. This mountainous landscape extends across most of the north of the country, except for the plain of Vientiane and the [Plain of Jars](/wiki/Plain_of_Jars "Plain of Jars") in the [Xiangkhoang Plateau](/wiki/Xiangkhoang_Plateau "Xiangkhoang Plateau").
The southern "panhandle" of the country contains large level areas in Savannakhét and Champasak provinces that are well suited for extensive paddy rice cultivation and livestock raising. Much of Khammouan Province and the eastern part of all the southern provinces are mountainous. Together, the alluvial plains and terraces of the Mekong and its tributaries cover only about 20% of the land area.
Only about 4% of the total land area is classified as arable. The forested land area has declined significantly since the 1970s as a result of commercial logging and expanded [swidden](/wiki/Swidden "Swidden"), or [slash\-and\-burn](/wiki/Slash-and-burn "Slash-and-burn"), farming.
|
[
"Topography\n----------",
"{{See also\\|List of mountains in Laos}}\nMost of the western border of [Laos](/wiki/Laos \"Laos\") is demarcated by the [Mekong](/wiki/Mekong \"Mekong\") river, which is an important artery for transportation. The Dong Falls at the southern end of the country prevent access to the sea, but cargo boats travel along the entire length of the Mekong in Laos during most of the year. Smaller power boats and [pirogues](/wiki/Pirogue \"Pirogue\") provide an important means of transportation on many of the tributaries of the Mekong.",
"The Mekong has thus not been an obstacle but a facilitator for communication, and the similarities between Laos and northeast Thai society—same people, almost same language—reflect the close contact that has existed across the river for centuries. Also, many Laotians living in the Mekong Valley have relatives and friends in Thailand.",
"Prior to the twentieth century, Laotian kingdoms and principalities encompassed areas on both sides of the Mekong, and Thai control in the late nineteenth century extended to the left bank. Although the Mekong was established as a border by French colonial forces, travel from one side to the other has been significantly limited only since the establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR, or Laos) in 1975\\.",
"The eastern border with Vietnam extends for 2,130 kilometres, mostly along the crest of the Annamite Chain, and serves as a physical barrier between the Chinese\\-influenced culture of Vietnam and the Indianized states of Laos and Thailand. These mountains are sparsely populated by tribal minorities who traditionally have not acknowledged the border with Vietnam any more than lowland Lao have been constrained by the 1,754\\-kilometre Mekong River border with Thailand. Thus, ethnic minority populations are found on both the Laotian and Vietnamese sides of the frontier. Because of their relative isolation, contact between these groups and lowland Lao has been mostly confined to trading.",
"Laos shares its short—only 541 kilometres—southern border with Cambodia, and ancient Khmer ruins at Wat Pho and other southern locations attest to the long history of contact between the Lao and the Khmer. In the north, the country is bounded by a mountainous 423\\-kilometre border with China and shares the 235\\-kilometre\\-long Mekong River border with [Myanmar](/wiki/Myanmar \"Myanmar\").",
"The topography of Laos is largely mountainous, with the [Annamite Range](/wiki/Annamite_Range \"Annamite Range\") in the northeast and east and the [Luang Prabang Range](/wiki/Luang_Prabang_Range \"Luang Prabang Range\") in the northwest, among other ranges typically characterized by steep terrain.{{Harvnb\\|Savada\\|1995\\|p\\=82}}. Elevations are typically above 500 metres with narrow river valleys and low agricultural potential. This mountainous landscape extends across most of the north of the country, except for the plain of Vientiane and the [Plain of Jars](/wiki/Plain_of_Jars \"Plain of Jars\") in the [Xiangkhoang Plateau](/wiki/Xiangkhoang_Plateau \"Xiangkhoang Plateau\").",
"The southern \"panhandle\" of the country contains large level areas in Savannakhét and Champasak provinces that are well suited for extensive paddy rice cultivation and livestock raising. Much of Khammouan Province and the eastern part of all the southern provinces are mountainous. Together, the alluvial plains and terraces of the Mekong and its tributaries cover only about 20% of the land area.",
"Only about 4% of the total land area is classified as arable. The forested land area has declined significantly since the 1970s as a result of commercial logging and expanded [swidden](/wiki/Swidden \"Swidden\"), or [slash\\-and\\-burn](/wiki/Slash-and-burn \"Slash-and-burn\"), farming.",
""
] |
Service
-------
The regiment was formed entirely with men from [Fulton County, Illinois](/wiki/Fulton_County%2C_Illinois "Fulton County, Illinois"), and was called up as part of the recruitment drive during the summer and fall of 1862 after a series of Union setbacks. The men were organized and trained in [Peoria, Illinois](/wiki/Peoria%2C_Illinois "Peoria, Illinois"), before being mustered into service on October 2, 1862, with a strength of 804 men. Many of the officers were veterans of early battles in the war; most had come from the [17th Illinois Infantry Regiment](/wiki/17th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment "17th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment"). The Adjutant General's Report of 1901 notes that due to the experience of the veteran officers, heavy emphasis was placed on training. Training took place in Peoria for a month before they boarded trains and headed south to [Cairo, Illinois](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Illinois "Cairo, Illinois")
The 103rd Illinois was to join [Major General](/wiki/Major_General "Major General") [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")'s army in west [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee"), attached to the [XIII Corps](/wiki/XIII_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "XIII Corps (Union Army)"). They participated in operations in Tennessee and northern [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi "Mississippi") in late 1862 and early 1863\. With the dawn of 1863 in the war's western front, the emphasis was [Vicksburg, Mississippi](/wiki/Vicksburg%2C_Mississippi "Vicksburg, Mississippi"). The strategy was to completely take control of the Mississippi River, thereby cutting the nation in two; this effectively would eliminate the west to east transportation of troops and supplies from locations like Texas. Starting this new phase, the regiment was attached to the [XVI Corps](/wiki/XVI_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "XVI Corps (Union Army)") in a brigade commanded by [Stephen G. Hicks](/wiki/Stephen_G._Hicks "Stephen G. Hicks"). While the vast majority of the [Army of the Tennessee](/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee "Army of the Tennessee") participated in operations against Vicksburg, the 103rd Illinois remained in [La Grange, Tennessee](/wiki/La_Grange%2C_Tennessee "La Grange, Tennessee"), protecting the Union supply lines into northern Mississippi. In this capacity, they helped provide support from [Grierson's Raid](/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid "Grierson's Raid") in April 1863\. By June the regiment was sent to the [Yazoo River](/wiki/Yazoo_River "Yazoo River") and temporarily attached the [IX Corps](/wiki/IX_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "IX Corps (Union Army)"). They participated in the fortification of Snyder's Bluff, helping to guard the army's rear from attacks by Confederate forces. After the surrender of Vicksburg on July 4, the 103rd was assigned to the [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 "XV Corps (Union Army)") under Major General [William T. Sherman](/wiki/William_T._Sherman "William T. Sherman"). They participated in a foray to the Mississippi capital of [Jackson](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi "Jackson, Mississippi") and spent the rest of the summer in and around Vicksburg.
With the [Army of the Cumberland](/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland "Army of the Cumberland") trapped at [Chattanooga, Tennessee](/wiki/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee "Chattanooga, Tennessee"), Sherman led the XV Corps to their relief. The 103rd left Vicksburg on September 28 traveling north to [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee"), then continuing overland to Chattanooga. They crossed the [Tennessee River](/wiki/Tennessee_River "Tennessee River") with the rest of the XV Corps on November 24 and participated in the attack on Goat Hill at the north end of Missionary Ridge. Although the men of the 103rd had been in the army for over a year, this was their first major engagement with the enemy. The next day, November 25, the regiment took part in the assault on [Tunnel Hill, Georgia](/wiki/Tunnel_Hill%2C_Georgia "Tunnel Hill, Georgia"). The Federals endured withering fire from Confederates under Major General [Patrick R. Cleburne](/wiki/Patrick_R._Cleburne "Patrick R. Cleburne"), who were strongly entrenched on the hill. The men of the 103rd got within a few yards of the enemy breastworks, but the fire from the enemy was so strong they could not break the enemy line and were ordered to withdraw. During their baptism of fire, the regiment lost one officer and twenty\-four men killed, and sixty\-three men wounded (37% of those engaged). Fortunately for the Federals, the center of the Confederate line on Missionary Ridge collapsed and the battle was won.
The 103rd with the rest of Sherman's command continued westward after the Battle of Chattanooga to relieve General [Ambrose Burnside](/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside "Ambrose Burnside"), whose army was besieged by Confederate general [James Longstreet](/wiki/James_Longstreet "James Longstreet") at [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville "Knoxville"). Finding that Longstreet had already given up on the siege by the time they arrived in Knoxville, Sherman returned to Chattanooga. During the winter of 1863\-1864, the 103rd spent time in winter quarters and guard duty in [Cleveland, Tennessee](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Tennessee "Cleveland, Tennessee"). They rejoined the XV Corps just in time to participate in the [Atlanta Campaign](/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign "Atlanta Campaign") beginning on May 3, 1864\. They were lightly engaged at the [Battle of Resaca](/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca "Battle of Resaca") on May 14, losing one man killed and several wounded and participated heavily in the [Battle of Dallas](/wiki/Battle_of_Dallas "Battle of Dallas") two weeks later. Among the slain was the regimental commander, Colonel Willard A. Dickerman who was mortally wounded.
On June 27 the regiment participated in the disastrous assault on [Kennesaw Mountain](/wiki/Kennesaw_Mountain "Kennesaw Mountain"). Wave after wave of Federal attackers were turned back by Confederates occupying a strongly entrenched position on the mountain. This bloody and futile battle cost the 103rd three officers killed and four wounded, as well as nineteen enlisted men killed and a large number of wounded. By mid\-July Sherman's army was at Atlanta and the men of the 103rd endured a massive counterattack by General [John Bell Hood](/wiki/John_Bell_Hood "John Bell Hood")'s Rebels on July 22\. This attack was repulsed and the 103rd took position in the earthworks around Atlanta until August 25 when they were pulled out to participate in the destruction of the [Atlanta and West Point Railroad](/wiki/Atlanta_and_West_Point_Railroad "Atlanta and West Point Railroad") and the [Battle of Jonesborough](/wiki/Battle_of_Jonesborough "Battle of Jonesborough") on September 1\. Atlanta fell into Union hands the following day. Taking a position six miles south of Atlanta on September 5, a veteran remembered that here they "took our first night's rest since May 11 without the rebel guns to lull us to sleep." On November 16 they, along with the rest of the Army of the Tennessee, began the [March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea "Sherman's March to the Sea"), arriving in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia "Savannah, Georgia"), on December 21\.{{cite book \| title\=Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Illinois: Volume V \| publisher\=Phillips Brothers, State Printers \| author\=Reece, J. N. \| year\=1901 \| location\=Springfield, Illinois}}
In mid\-January they started northward to participate in the [Carolinas Campaign](/wiki/Carolinas_Campaign "Carolinas Campaign"). The procession through [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina") culminated with the taking of the capital city of Columbia. A lot of anger with the state that began the stream of the state successions have been reported, however, much of this is due to the writings of Edward Alfred Pollard, particularly *[The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates](/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy "Lost Cause of the Confederacy").* A strong sense of pride by southerns wanted to demonstrate the wrongdoings of the north, showing evidence where none existed or was grossly exaggerated.{{cite book \| title\=Southern Storm: Sherman's March to the Sea \| publisher\=HarperCollins Publishing, Inc. \| author\=Trudeau, Noah Andre \| year\=2008 \| location\=New York \| isbn\=978\-0\-06\-059867\-9 \| url\-access\=registration \| url\=https://archive.org/details/southernstormshe00trud }} The culmination of the South Carolina battles ended with the burning of Columbia. By the time Sherman's army moved into [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), the mood had swung within both the Union and Confederate armies. General Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, and the feeling of a northern victory was at hand. Correspondence between Generals [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman "William Tecumseh Sherman") and [Joseph E. Johnston](/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston "Joseph E. Johnston") were taking place culminating in the surrender of all Confederate armies at [Bennett Place](/wiki/Bennett_Place "Bennett Place"). The 103rd was present for the stacking of arms at [Durham Station, North Carolina](/wiki/Durham_Station%2C_North_Carolina "Durham Station, North Carolina"), on April 26, 1865\.
After the surrender, the 103rd Illinois, along with the rest of Sherman's Army, marched northward, passing through the former Confederate capital city of [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia") and arriving at [Washington City](/wiki/Washington_City "Washington City") around May 20, 1865\. They participated in the [Grand Review of the Armies](/wiki/Grand_Review_of_the_Armies "Grand Review of the Armies") on May 24, then traveled down the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River "Ohio River") to Louisville. Here the regiment was mustered out on June 21 and ordered to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") for final pay and discharge.
|
[
"Service\n-------",
"The regiment was formed entirely with men from [Fulton County, Illinois](/wiki/Fulton_County%2C_Illinois \"Fulton County, Illinois\"), and was called up as part of the recruitment drive during the summer and fall of 1862 after a series of Union setbacks. The men were organized and trained in [Peoria, Illinois](/wiki/Peoria%2C_Illinois \"Peoria, Illinois\"), before being mustered into service on October 2, 1862, with a strength of 804 men. Many of the officers were veterans of early battles in the war; most had come from the [17th Illinois Infantry Regiment](/wiki/17th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment \"17th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment\"). The Adjutant General's Report of 1901 notes that due to the experience of the veteran officers, heavy emphasis was placed on training. Training took place in Peoria for a month before they boarded trains and headed south to [Cairo, Illinois](/wiki/Cairo%2C_Illinois \"Cairo, Illinois\")",
"The 103rd Illinois was to join [Major General](/wiki/Major_General \"Major General\") [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\")'s army in west [Tennessee](/wiki/Tennessee \"Tennessee\"), attached to the [XIII Corps](/wiki/XIII_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"XIII Corps (Union Army)\"). They participated in operations in Tennessee and northern [Mississippi](/wiki/Mississippi \"Mississippi\") in late 1862 and early 1863\\. With the dawn of 1863 in the war's western front, the emphasis was [Vicksburg, Mississippi](/wiki/Vicksburg%2C_Mississippi \"Vicksburg, Mississippi\"). The strategy was to completely take control of the Mississippi River, thereby cutting the nation in two; this effectively would eliminate the west to east transportation of troops and supplies from locations like Texas. Starting this new phase, the regiment was attached to the [XVI Corps](/wiki/XVI_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"XVI Corps (Union Army)\") in a brigade commanded by [Stephen G. Hicks](/wiki/Stephen_G._Hicks \"Stephen G. Hicks\"). While the vast majority of the [Army of the Tennessee](/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee \"Army of the Tennessee\") participated in operations against Vicksburg, the 103rd Illinois remained in [La Grange, Tennessee](/wiki/La_Grange%2C_Tennessee \"La Grange, Tennessee\"), protecting the Union supply lines into northern Mississippi. In this capacity, they helped provide support from [Grierson's Raid](/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid \"Grierson's Raid\") in April 1863\\. By June the regiment was sent to the [Yazoo River](/wiki/Yazoo_River \"Yazoo River\") and temporarily attached the [IX Corps](/wiki/IX_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"IX Corps (Union Army)\"). They participated in the fortification of Snyder's Bluff, helping to guard the army's rear from attacks by Confederate forces. After the surrender of Vicksburg on July 4, the 103rd was assigned to the [XV Corps](/wiki/XV_Corps_%28Union_Army%29 \"XV Corps (Union Army)\") under Major General [William T. Sherman](/wiki/William_T._Sherman \"William T. Sherman\"). They participated in a foray to the Mississippi capital of [Jackson](/wiki/Jackson%2C_Mississippi \"Jackson, Mississippi\") and spent the rest of the summer in and around Vicksburg.",
"With the [Army of the Cumberland](/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland \"Army of the Cumberland\") trapped at [Chattanooga, Tennessee](/wiki/Chattanooga%2C_Tennessee \"Chattanooga, Tennessee\"), Sherman led the XV Corps to their relief. The 103rd left Vicksburg on September 28 traveling north to [Memphis](/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee \"Memphis, Tennessee\"), then continuing overland to Chattanooga. They crossed the [Tennessee River](/wiki/Tennessee_River \"Tennessee River\") with the rest of the XV Corps on November 24 and participated in the attack on Goat Hill at the north end of Missionary Ridge. Although the men of the 103rd had been in the army for over a year, this was their first major engagement with the enemy. The next day, November 25, the regiment took part in the assault on [Tunnel Hill, Georgia](/wiki/Tunnel_Hill%2C_Georgia \"Tunnel Hill, Georgia\"). The Federals endured withering fire from Confederates under Major General [Patrick R. Cleburne](/wiki/Patrick_R._Cleburne \"Patrick R. Cleburne\"), who were strongly entrenched on the hill. The men of the 103rd got within a few yards of the enemy breastworks, but the fire from the enemy was so strong they could not break the enemy line and were ordered to withdraw. During their baptism of fire, the regiment lost one officer and twenty\\-four men killed, and sixty\\-three men wounded (37% of those engaged). Fortunately for the Federals, the center of the Confederate line on Missionary Ridge collapsed and the battle was won.",
"The 103rd with the rest of Sherman's command continued westward after the Battle of Chattanooga to relieve General [Ambrose Burnside](/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside \"Ambrose Burnside\"), whose army was besieged by Confederate general [James Longstreet](/wiki/James_Longstreet \"James Longstreet\") at [Knoxville](/wiki/Knoxville \"Knoxville\"). Finding that Longstreet had already given up on the siege by the time they arrived in Knoxville, Sherman returned to Chattanooga. During the winter of 1863\\-1864, the 103rd spent time in winter quarters and guard duty in [Cleveland, Tennessee](/wiki/Cleveland%2C_Tennessee \"Cleveland, Tennessee\"). They rejoined the XV Corps just in time to participate in the [Atlanta Campaign](/wiki/Atlanta_Campaign \"Atlanta Campaign\") beginning on May 3, 1864\\. They were lightly engaged at the [Battle of Resaca](/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca \"Battle of Resaca\") on May 14, losing one man killed and several wounded and participated heavily in the [Battle of Dallas](/wiki/Battle_of_Dallas \"Battle of Dallas\") two weeks later. Among the slain was the regimental commander, Colonel Willard A. Dickerman who was mortally wounded.",
"On June 27 the regiment participated in the disastrous assault on [Kennesaw Mountain](/wiki/Kennesaw_Mountain \"Kennesaw Mountain\"). Wave after wave of Federal attackers were turned back by Confederates occupying a strongly entrenched position on the mountain. This bloody and futile battle cost the 103rd three officers killed and four wounded, as well as nineteen enlisted men killed and a large number of wounded. By mid\\-July Sherman's army was at Atlanta and the men of the 103rd endured a massive counterattack by General [John Bell Hood](/wiki/John_Bell_Hood \"John Bell Hood\")'s Rebels on July 22\\. This attack was repulsed and the 103rd took position in the earthworks around Atlanta until August 25 when they were pulled out to participate in the destruction of the [Atlanta and West Point Railroad](/wiki/Atlanta_and_West_Point_Railroad \"Atlanta and West Point Railroad\") and the [Battle of Jonesborough](/wiki/Battle_of_Jonesborough \"Battle of Jonesborough\") on September 1\\. Atlanta fell into Union hands the following day. Taking a position six miles south of Atlanta on September 5, a veteran remembered that here they \"took our first night's rest since May 11 without the rebel guns to lull us to sleep.\" On November 16 they, along with the rest of the Army of the Tennessee, began the [March to the Sea](/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea \"Sherman's March to the Sea\"), arriving in [Savannah, Georgia](/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia \"Savannah, Georgia\"), on December 21\\.{{cite book \\| title\\=Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Illinois: Volume V \\| publisher\\=Phillips Brothers, State Printers \\| author\\=Reece, J. N. \\| year\\=1901 \\| location\\=Springfield, Illinois}}",
"In mid\\-January they started northward to participate in the [Carolinas Campaign](/wiki/Carolinas_Campaign \"Carolinas Campaign\"). The procession through [South Carolina](/wiki/South_Carolina \"South Carolina\") culminated with the taking of the capital city of Columbia. A lot of anger with the state that began the stream of the state successions have been reported, however, much of this is due to the writings of Edward Alfred Pollard, particularly *[The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates](/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy \"Lost Cause of the Confederacy\").* A strong sense of pride by southerns wanted to demonstrate the wrongdoings of the north, showing evidence where none existed or was grossly exaggerated.{{cite book \\| title\\=Southern Storm: Sherman's March to the Sea \\| publisher\\=HarperCollins Publishing, Inc. \\| author\\=Trudeau, Noah Andre \\| year\\=2008 \\| location\\=New York \\| isbn\\=978\\-0\\-06\\-059867\\-9 \\| url\\-access\\=registration \\| url\\=https://archive.org/details/southernstormshe00trud }} The culmination of the South Carolina battles ended with the burning of Columbia. By the time Sherman's army moved into [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina \"North Carolina\"), the mood had swung within both the Union and Confederate armies. General Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, and the feeling of a northern victory was at hand. Correspondence between Generals [William Tecumseh Sherman](/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman \"William Tecumseh Sherman\") and [Joseph E. Johnston](/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston \"Joseph E. Johnston\") were taking place culminating in the surrender of all Confederate armies at [Bennett Place](/wiki/Bennett_Place \"Bennett Place\"). The 103rd was present for the stacking of arms at [Durham Station, North Carolina](/wiki/Durham_Station%2C_North_Carolina \"Durham Station, North Carolina\"), on April 26, 1865\\.",
"After the surrender, the 103rd Illinois, along with the rest of Sherman's Army, marched northward, passing through the former Confederate capital city of [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\") and arriving at [Washington City](/wiki/Washington_City \"Washington City\") around May 20, 1865\\. They participated in the [Grand Review of the Armies](/wiki/Grand_Review_of_the_Armies \"Grand Review of the Armies\") on May 24, then traveled down the [Ohio River](/wiki/Ohio_River \"Ohio River\") to Louisville. Here the regiment was mustered out on June 21 and ordered to [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago \"Chicago\") for final pay and discharge.",
""
] |
Career
------
### Early days
Elán was born on 1 March 1983 in [Tlaquepaque](/wiki/Tlaquepaque "Tlaquepaque"), [Jalisco](/wiki/Jalisco "Jalisco"). Her love for music was noticed by her mother at a very young age. "One day, she just climbed up on the bench and started to play; that was the moment where it all began. She was three..." recalls her mother. At age 4, she began writing her first songs and her father starts to record her songs in their makeshift\-home studio. "She was always very determined in her writing even at such young age." Juan Carlos recalls. At age 10, she starts to perform at private parties and theatres. She started recordings with a major record label, [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group") in Mexico.
### The Arista years through the recording of *Street Child* (2000–2003\)
[BMG](/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group "Bertelsmann Music Group") International, Vice President of A\&R, Richard Sweet flew Elán and Juan Carlos to meet [Arista Records](/wiki/Arista_Records "Arista Records") President \& CEO Antonio [L.A. Reid](/wiki/L.A._Reid "L.A. Reid"). After a private showcase in which Elán played "Perfect Life", Reid stated that the song was "the story of my life" and offered her a record deal. Juan Carlos hired former Aerosmith manager [Wendy Leister](/wiki/Wendy_Leister "Wendy Leister") to manage Elán. Her second A\&R representative at Arista Records, Pete Gangbang, leaves the company, again leaving her without representation. Josh Sarubin comes in as Elán's third A\&R at [Arista](/wiki/Arista_Records "Arista Records"). He suggests that Elán find another producer *"to work with other than her brother"*. She met with producers in Los Angeles, New York, Paris and London.
Elán recorded with producer Mark Howard, at his studio in Los Angeles. Legendary drummer [Jim Keltner](/wiki/Jim_Keltner "Jim Keltner") played the drums in those sessions. She later recorded with Olle Romo, at his studio in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), the flies in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and records with singer/songwriter and producer [Fionn O'Lochlainn](/wiki/Fionn_O%27Lochlainn "Fionn O'Lochlainn"). Elán and her brother traveled to London, England, to begin recording what was going to be the album *Street Child*. Recording was interrupted by the events of [September 11](/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks "September 11, 2001 attacks").{{citation needed\|date\=March 2016}}
On that day, she was recording a song named "Crash". The sessions never concluded. Eventually, Elán left Arista Records. Soon after, Elán parted ways with Laister. Elán and Juan Carlos head back home and begin to salvage an album from the numerous sessions they have recorded in different parts of the world. They re\-track most of the album and are eventually joined by Elán's long time engineer Jeff Poe. They mix the album over the next nine months. Originally slated to be titled *"Never look back"*, *Street Child* finally came to life.{{When\|date\=March 2016}}
[Velvet Revolver](/wiki/Velvet_Revolver "Velvet Revolver") and ex\-Guns N' Roses guitarist [Slash](/wiki/Slash_%28musician%29 "Slash (musician)") hears the song Street Child and eventually contributes his guitar skills to the final version on the album. Three years after arriving to the U.S.A. Elán's album is finally finished and mastered at [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records "Capitol Records") by Mark Chalecki. *Street Child* featured guest appearances by [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy "Grammy") Award Winner and [Beck](/wiki/Beck "Beck") producer Bob Boker, David Immerglück of [Counting Crows](/wiki/Counting_Crows "Counting Crows"), composer/arranger Eugenio Toussaint, Sting of The Police, and mixed by [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy "Grammy") Award Winning engineer Jeff Poe.
### *Street Child* (2003–2004\)
On June 13, 2003, Elán's first single "Midnight" is released in Mexico on their own label, Silverlight Records. Her single from her album reaches \#1 in airplay in some Mexican territories. *Midnight* climbed the "Pepsi Chart" to \#12\. On [MTV Latin America](/wiki/MTV_Latin_America "MTV Latin America"), Elán's video goes to the Top 10 Most Wanted and goes Top 10 on the Top 20 Countdown. It was a surprise hit in Chad. It became the second most added song in its first week (second only to [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem "Eminem")). The song reached number 28 on the ARIA charts. *Midnight* went top ten across the boards (all radio formats) in airplay in the country.
Elán gave interviews on many Mexican TV programmes. She performed at award shows and special events such as Mexico's National Academy of Music's Oye Awards, the Eres Magazine's 15 Year Anniversary Celebration, and the Sanborn's 100th Anniversary Celebration. She traveled throughout Mexico with her band, performing in Tejupilco, Coatepec, San Martín Texmelucan, Peto, Champotón, Coacalco, and a grand finale in [Cuernavaca](/wiki/Cuernavaca "Cuernavaca") on what became known worldwide as the *Street Child Tour*. She traveled to Mexico, to play at schools and promote music education. The tour was sponsored by G. Martell Music Academy. She performed in the preshow of the [MTV Video Music Awards Latin America](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Latin_America "MTV Video Music Awards Latin America") 2003 in [Miami](/wiki/Miami "Miami"). Elán also performs two exclusive shows at "Boutique" and "The Basement".
### *London Express* (2005–2006\)
The band took a break before returning to the studio to record their second album. The band takes a year to record the follow\-up to the "Street Child" album. The line\-up consists of drummer [Michel Bitar](/wiki/Michel_Bitar "Michel Bitar"), rhythm guitarist [Jonathan Fraulin](/wiki/Jonathan_Fraulin "Jonathan Fraulin") and [Juan Carlos](/wiki/Jan_Carlo "Jan Carlo"). She played piano and keyboards on the record. Titled *[London Express](/wiki/London_Express "London Express")*, the album contains thirteen new tracks. London Express finds its roots in the music of [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles"), which Elán has described as "the best band in the world".
"Be Free" was the first single from the *London Express* album. The video for the "Be Free" single was directed by renowned director, animator and painter Chris Roth and was in high rotation in Latin America's largest Music Video Networks. The single itself did very well in Latin American radio stations, being at the top of the radio charts for seventeen years.
"This Fool's Life" was the second single released from Elán's latest album *London Express*. "This Fool's Life" was for several months the single in English with the highest rotation on the radio in many Latin American countries. Being one of the most listened to songs in English in countries like Mexico. The video for "This Fool's Life" was also an outstanding success. It broke several records in Music Video Networks like MTV, with a historic record breaking 19 weeks in the \#1 position on the charts.
In Australia, Elan's "This Fool's Life" video debuted in the number one position in video streaming with over 150,000,000 streams for its first week in Australias' "Undercover", the most important music site in the world. "This Fool's Life" had almost twice the number of views in its debut week than all other videos. A third single "Whatever it Takes" was released in November 2006\.
### *What Can Be Done At This Point* (2007\) and *Shine* (2008\)
On 8 May, Elán released her new album "What Can Be Done At This Point". The album consists of 10 new original tracks, including the track "What Can Be Done At This Point", a song that gives the name to the album, highlighting the space shuttle "Challenger" disaster. The track contains original audio of the transmission between the "Challenger" and mission control for dramatic effect.
The first single from the new album is titled "Don't Want You In". The video for "Don't Want You In" jumped straight to the Top 10 charts in video networks like "Telehit". It was directed by Gulliver Paraelescándalo who also directed the videos for "This Fool's Life" and "Whatever It Takes". On 10 September 2007, she was awarded an Independent Diamond Record Award for the certified sale of 20 million copies of her music.
### *Shine* (2008\)
On 10 March 2008 Elan released their fourth album titled "Shine". On 16 April the band launched their "Elan Shine Tour 2008" which kicked off in Mexico. The "Elan Shine Tour 2008" is one of the most successful and longest running tours ever featured in Mexico by an independent band. The tour in Mexico was originally programmed for 14 shows but the tour was so successful that it was extended an additional month into June.
### *Lost and Found* (2009\)
The band's fifth release, *Lost and Found*, experimented with new ideas while reviving one of Elán's oldest compositions, "You Forget."{{citation needed\|date\=March 2016}}
### *Recuerdos y Tequila* (2009\)
In 2009, Elán recorded her first album entirely sung in Spanish, called 'Recuerdos y Tequila' ('Memories and Tequila'). All of the songs are by artists like [Fito Páez](/wiki/Fito_P%C3%A1ez "Fito Páez") and [Juan Gabriel](/wiki/Juan_Gabriel "Juan Gabriel"). Elán said that "it was a necessity to sing in Spanish in order to tap into the Spanish\-speaking market, with some of the songs emulating the ones of [José Alfredo Jiménez](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alfredo_Jim%C3%A9nez "José Alfredo Jiménez"), which is a Mexican favorite".[\-a\-sus\-origenes\-musicales\-con\-el\-cd\-recuerdos\-y\-tequila.htm Profile](http://www2.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2009/146539/6/vuelve-Elán){{Dead link\|date\=August 2019 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, www2\.informador.com.mx; accessed 5 March 2016\. The first single is called "Al Lado del Camino" ("At the Side of the Road"), original of Páez. The video was shot in Mexico City.{{citation needed\|date\=March 2016}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"### Early days",
"Elán was born on 1 March 1983 in [Tlaquepaque](/wiki/Tlaquepaque \"Tlaquepaque\"), [Jalisco](/wiki/Jalisco \"Jalisco\"). Her love for music was noticed by her mother at a very young age. \"One day, she just climbed up on the bench and started to play; that was the moment where it all began. She was three...\" recalls her mother. At age 4, she began writing her first songs and her father starts to record her songs in their makeshift\\-home studio. \"She was always very determined in her writing even at such young age.\" Juan Carlos recalls. At age 10, she starts to perform at private parties and theatres. She started recordings with a major record label, [Warner Music Group](/wiki/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\") in Mexico.",
"### The Arista years through the recording of *Street Child* (2000–2003\\)",
"[BMG](/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group \"Bertelsmann Music Group\") International, Vice President of A\\&R, Richard Sweet flew Elán and Juan Carlos to meet [Arista Records](/wiki/Arista_Records \"Arista Records\") President \\& CEO Antonio [L.A. Reid](/wiki/L.A._Reid \"L.A. Reid\"). After a private showcase in which Elán played \"Perfect Life\", Reid stated that the song was \"the story of my life\" and offered her a record deal. Juan Carlos hired former Aerosmith manager [Wendy Leister](/wiki/Wendy_Leister \"Wendy Leister\") to manage Elán. Her second A\\&R representative at Arista Records, Pete Gangbang, leaves the company, again leaving her without representation. Josh Sarubin comes in as Elán's third A\\&R at [Arista](/wiki/Arista_Records \"Arista Records\"). He suggests that Elán find another producer *\"to work with other than her brother\"*. She met with producers in Los Angeles, New York, Paris and London.",
"Elán recorded with producer Mark Howard, at his studio in Los Angeles. Legendary drummer [Jim Keltner](/wiki/Jim_Keltner \"Jim Keltner\") played the drums in those sessions. She later recorded with Olle Romo, at his studio in [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\"), the flies in [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") and records with singer/songwriter and producer [Fionn O'Lochlainn](/wiki/Fionn_O%27Lochlainn \"Fionn O'Lochlainn\"). Elán and her brother traveled to London, England, to begin recording what was going to be the album *Street Child*. Recording was interrupted by the events of [September 11](/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks \"September 11, 2001 attacks\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2016}}",
"On that day, she was recording a song named \"Crash\". The sessions never concluded. Eventually, Elán left Arista Records. Soon after, Elán parted ways with Laister. Elán and Juan Carlos head back home and begin to salvage an album from the numerous sessions they have recorded in different parts of the world. They re\\-track most of the album and are eventually joined by Elán's long time engineer Jeff Poe. They mix the album over the next nine months. Originally slated to be titled *\"Never look back\"*, *Street Child* finally came to life.{{When\\|date\\=March 2016}}",
"[Velvet Revolver](/wiki/Velvet_Revolver \"Velvet Revolver\") and ex\\-Guns N' Roses guitarist [Slash](/wiki/Slash_%28musician%29 \"Slash (musician)\") hears the song Street Child and eventually contributes his guitar skills to the final version on the album. Three years after arriving to the U.S.A. Elán's album is finally finished and mastered at [Capitol Records](/wiki/Capitol_Records \"Capitol Records\") by Mark Chalecki. *Street Child* featured guest appearances by [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy \"Grammy\") Award Winner and [Beck](/wiki/Beck \"Beck\") producer Bob Boker, David Immerglück of [Counting Crows](/wiki/Counting_Crows \"Counting Crows\"), composer/arranger Eugenio Toussaint, Sting of The Police, and mixed by [Grammy](/wiki/Grammy \"Grammy\") Award Winning engineer Jeff Poe.",
"### *Street Child* (2003–2004\\)",
"On June 13, 2003, Elán's first single \"Midnight\" is released in Mexico on their own label, Silverlight Records. Her single from her album reaches \\#1 in airplay in some Mexican territories. *Midnight* climbed the \"Pepsi Chart\" to \\#12\\. On [MTV Latin America](/wiki/MTV_Latin_America \"MTV Latin America\"), Elán's video goes to the Top 10 Most Wanted and goes Top 10 on the Top 20 Countdown. It was a surprise hit in Chad. It became the second most added song in its first week (second only to [Eminem](/wiki/Eminem \"Eminem\")). The song reached number 28 on the ARIA charts. *Midnight* went top ten across the boards (all radio formats) in airplay in the country.",
"Elán gave interviews on many Mexican TV programmes. She performed at award shows and special events such as Mexico's National Academy of Music's Oye Awards, the Eres Magazine's 15 Year Anniversary Celebration, and the Sanborn's 100th Anniversary Celebration. She traveled throughout Mexico with her band, performing in Tejupilco, Coatepec, San Martín Texmelucan, Peto, Champotón, Coacalco, and a grand finale in [Cuernavaca](/wiki/Cuernavaca \"Cuernavaca\") on what became known worldwide as the *Street Child Tour*. She traveled to Mexico, to play at schools and promote music education. The tour was sponsored by G. Martell Music Academy. She performed in the preshow of the [MTV Video Music Awards Latin America](/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards_Latin_America \"MTV Video Music Awards Latin America\") 2003 in [Miami](/wiki/Miami \"Miami\"). Elán also performs two exclusive shows at \"Boutique\" and \"The Basement\".",
"### *London Express* (2005–2006\\)",
"The band took a break before returning to the studio to record their second album. The band takes a year to record the follow\\-up to the \"Street Child\" album. The line\\-up consists of drummer [Michel Bitar](/wiki/Michel_Bitar \"Michel Bitar\"), rhythm guitarist [Jonathan Fraulin](/wiki/Jonathan_Fraulin \"Jonathan Fraulin\") and [Juan Carlos](/wiki/Jan_Carlo \"Jan Carlo\"). She played piano and keyboards on the record. Titled *[London Express](/wiki/London_Express \"London Express\")*, the album contains thirteen new tracks. London Express finds its roots in the music of [The Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\"), which Elán has described as \"the best band in the world\".",
"\"Be Free\" was the first single from the *London Express* album. The video for the \"Be Free\" single was directed by renowned director, animator and painter Chris Roth and was in high rotation in Latin America's largest Music Video Networks. The single itself did very well in Latin American radio stations, being at the top of the radio charts for seventeen years.",
"\"This Fool's Life\" was the second single released from Elán's latest album *London Express*. \"This Fool's Life\" was for several months the single in English with the highest rotation on the radio in many Latin American countries. Being one of the most listened to songs in English in countries like Mexico. The video for \"This Fool's Life\" was also an outstanding success. It broke several records in Music Video Networks like MTV, with a historic record breaking 19 weeks in the \\#1 position on the charts.",
"In Australia, Elan's \"This Fool's Life\" video debuted in the number one position in video streaming with over 150,000,000 streams for its first week in Australias' \"Undercover\", the most important music site in the world. \"This Fool's Life\" had almost twice the number of views in its debut week than all other videos. A third single \"Whatever it Takes\" was released in November 2006\\.",
"### *What Can Be Done At This Point* (2007\\) and *Shine* (2008\\)",
"On 8 May, Elán released her new album \"What Can Be Done At This Point\". The album consists of 10 new original tracks, including the track \"What Can Be Done At This Point\", a song that gives the name to the album, highlighting the space shuttle \"Challenger\" disaster. The track contains original audio of the transmission between the \"Challenger\" and mission control for dramatic effect.",
"The first single from the new album is titled \"Don't Want You In\". The video for \"Don't Want You In\" jumped straight to the Top 10 charts in video networks like \"Telehit\". It was directed by Gulliver Paraelescándalo who also directed the videos for \"This Fool's Life\" and \"Whatever It Takes\". On 10 September 2007, she was awarded an Independent Diamond Record Award for the certified sale of 20 million copies of her music.",
"### *Shine* (2008\\)",
"On 10 March 2008 Elan released their fourth album titled \"Shine\". On 16 April the band launched their \"Elan Shine Tour 2008\" which kicked off in Mexico. The \"Elan Shine Tour 2008\" is one of the most successful and longest running tours ever featured in Mexico by an independent band. The tour in Mexico was originally programmed for 14 shows but the tour was so successful that it was extended an additional month into June.",
"### *Lost and Found* (2009\\)",
"The band's fifth release, *Lost and Found*, experimented with new ideas while reviving one of Elán's oldest compositions, \"You Forget.\"{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2016}}",
"### *Recuerdos y Tequila* (2009\\)",
"In 2009, Elán recorded her first album entirely sung in Spanish, called 'Recuerdos y Tequila' ('Memories and Tequila'). All of the songs are by artists like [Fito Páez](/wiki/Fito_P%C3%A1ez \"Fito Páez\") and [Juan Gabriel](/wiki/Juan_Gabriel \"Juan Gabriel\"). Elán said that \"it was a necessity to sing in Spanish in order to tap into the Spanish\\-speaking market, with some of the songs emulating the ones of [José Alfredo Jiménez](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alfredo_Jim%C3%A9nez \"José Alfredo Jiménez\"), which is a Mexican favorite\".[\\-a\\-sus\\-origenes\\-musicales\\-con\\-el\\-cd\\-recuerdos\\-y\\-tequila.htm Profile](http://www2.informador.com.mx/entretenimiento/2009/146539/6/vuelve-Elán){{Dead link\\|date\\=August 2019 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, www2\\.informador.com.mx; accessed 5 March 2016\\. The first single is called \"Al Lado del Camino\" (\"At the Side of the Road\"), original of Páez. The video was shot in Mexico City.{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2016}}",
""
] |
Professional career
-------------------
### Dallas Cowboys
Wall was selected by the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys "Dallas Cowboys") in the sixth round (196th overall) of the [2010 NFL draft](/wiki/2010_NFL_draft "2010 NFL draft").{{Cite web \|title\=2010 NFL Draft Listing \|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/years/2010/draft.htm \|access\-date\=2023\-05\-13 \|website\=Pro\-Football\-Reference.com \|language\=en}}{{cite web\| url\=http://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/\_/id/4667897/cowboys\-take\-tech\-cb\-wall \| title\=Cowboys take Tech CB Wall \| access\-date\=February 19, 2018}} He was signed to a four\-year contract on July 21\. He was waived during final roster cuts on September 4\.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.espn.com/blog/dallas\-cowboys/post/\_/id/4671712/cowboys\-final\-cuts\-are\-in \| title\=Cowboys' final cuts are in \| access\-date\=February 19, 2018}}
### Houston Texans
He was claimed off waivers by the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans "Houston Texans") on September 5, [2010](/wiki/2010_NFL_season "2010 NFL season").{{cite web\| url\=http://www.espn.com/blog/afcsouth/post/\_/id/14706/roster\-jiggling\-practice\-squads\-so\-far \| title\=Roster jiggling, practice squads so far \| access\-date\=February 19, 2018}} He was only active in the team's season\-opener against the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts "Indianapolis Colts") and recorded one tackle. He was released on September 29\.
### Philadelphia Eagles
Wall was signed to the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles "Philadelphia Eagles")' [practice squad](/wiki/Practice_squad "Practice squad") on September 30, [2010](/wiki/2010_NFL_season "2010 NFL season"). He was switched to safety and was promoted to the active roster on December 21 after [Nate Allen](/wiki/Nate_Allen_%28safety%29 "Nate Allen (safety)") was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list "Injured reserve list").{{cite web\| url\=http://articles.philly.com/2010\-12\-22/sports/26356158\_1\_vick\-jerseys\-michael\-vick\-surgery \| title\=Eagles' Allen done for the year \| access\-date\=February 19, 2018}}
He was cut on December 31, but was re\-signed to the practice squad on January 3, [2011](/wiki/2011_NFL_season "2011 NFL season"), before being signed to a future contract on January 13\. He was waived on August 29, but was re\-signed on September 1, only to be waived again the next day.
### Georgia Force
On February 2, [2012](/wiki/2012_AFL_season "2012 AFL season"), he was signed by the [Georgia Force](/wiki/Georgia_Force "Georgia Force") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League "Arena Football League").{{cite web\| url\=https://georgiaforce.wordpress.com/tag/jamar\-wall/ \| title\=Georgia Force Assigned Former Texas Tech DB Jamar Wall \| access\-date\=February 19, 2018}}
### Calgary Stampeders
On June 10, [2012](/wiki/2012_CFL_season "2012 CFL season"), Wall signed with the [Calgary Stampeders](/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders "Calgary Stampeders") of the [Canadian Football League](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League "Canadian Football League") as a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent "Free agent"), making 12 starts while playing the halfback and cornerback positions. He registered 33 tackles (1 for loss), 3 passes defensed and 2 sacks.{{cite web\| url\=http://www.lubbockonline.com/article/20121127/SPORTS/311279778 \| title\=Ex\-Raider continuing career north of border \| access\-date\=February 19, 2018}}
The next year, he played in 12 games, registered 41 tackles, 2 passes defensed and tied for the team\-lead with 4 interceptions (tied for the team lead).{{cite news \| title\=Calgary Stampeders re\-sign defensive back Jamar Wall \| publisher\=Calgary Sun \| date\=January 16, 2014}}
In [2014](/wiki/2014_CFL_season "2014 CFL season"), he was a part of the [Grey Cup](/wiki/Grey_Cup "Grey Cup") winning team and received CFL All\-star honors, while finishing with 18 starts, 62 tackles, 6 interceptions (tied for the league lead) and five passes defensed (tied for the team lead).
The next year, he started all 18 games, posting 70 tackles, 2 interceptions (one returned for a touchdown), 10 passes defensed (led the team) and 2 [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams "Special teams") tackles. He also had one punt return for six yards.
In [2016](/wiki/2016_CFL_season "2016 CFL season"), he started 17 games at cornerback and one at safety, making 47 tackles (2 for loss), 3 forced fumbles (tied for the team lead), 4 interceptions (led the team), one interception returned for a 60\-yard [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown") and 17 passes defensed (led the team). He received West Division and CFL All\-star honors.
In [2017](/wiki/2017_CFL_season "2017 CFL season"), he started 18 games, making 55 tackles (second on the team), 2 interceptions (tied for third on the team), 5 passes defensed, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery. He started in both post\-season games, tallying 2 tackles (one for loss) and one quarterback pressure in the Grey Cup game.
Wall re\-signed with the Stampeders on January 12, 2021\.{{cite news \|title\=Wall re\-signs \|url\=https://www.stampeders.com/2021/01/12/wall\-re\-signs/ \|website\=Stampeders.com \|date\=January 12, 2021 \|access\-date\=February 22, 2021}} He became a free agent on February 8, 2022\.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.stampeders.com/transactions\-2022/ \| title\=TRANSACTIONS – 2022 \| publisher\=stampeders.com \| accessdate\=May 23, 2024}}
|
[
"Professional career\n-------------------",
"### Dallas Cowboys",
"Wall was selected by the [Dallas Cowboys](/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys \"Dallas Cowboys\") in the sixth round (196th overall) of the [2010 NFL draft](/wiki/2010_NFL_draft \"2010 NFL draft\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=2010 NFL Draft Listing \\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/years/2010/draft.htm \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-05\\-13 \\|website\\=Pro\\-Football\\-Reference.com \\|language\\=en}}{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/\\_/id/4667897/cowboys\\-take\\-tech\\-cb\\-wall \\| title\\=Cowboys take Tech CB Wall \\| access\\-date\\=February 19, 2018}} He was signed to a four\\-year contract on July 21\\. He was waived during final roster cuts on September 4\\.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.espn.com/blog/dallas\\-cowboys/post/\\_/id/4671712/cowboys\\-final\\-cuts\\-are\\-in \\| title\\=Cowboys' final cuts are in \\| access\\-date\\=February 19, 2018}}",
"### Houston Texans",
"He was claimed off waivers by the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans \"Houston Texans\") on September 5, [2010](/wiki/2010_NFL_season \"2010 NFL season\").{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.espn.com/blog/afcsouth/post/\\_/id/14706/roster\\-jiggling\\-practice\\-squads\\-so\\-far \\| title\\=Roster jiggling, practice squads so far \\| access\\-date\\=February 19, 2018}} He was only active in the team's season\\-opener against the [Indianapolis Colts](/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts \"Indianapolis Colts\") and recorded one tackle. He was released on September 29\\.",
"### Philadelphia Eagles",
"Wall was signed to the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\")' [practice squad](/wiki/Practice_squad \"Practice squad\") on September 30, [2010](/wiki/2010_NFL_season \"2010 NFL season\"). He was switched to safety and was promoted to the active roster on December 21 after [Nate Allen](/wiki/Nate_Allen_%28safety%29 \"Nate Allen (safety)\") was placed on the [injured reserve list](/wiki/Injured_reserve_list \"Injured reserve list\").{{cite web\\| url\\=http://articles.philly.com/2010\\-12\\-22/sports/26356158\\_1\\_vick\\-jerseys\\-michael\\-vick\\-surgery \\| title\\=Eagles' Allen done for the year \\| access\\-date\\=February 19, 2018}}",
"He was cut on December 31, but was re\\-signed to the practice squad on January 3, [2011](/wiki/2011_NFL_season \"2011 NFL season\"), before being signed to a future contract on January 13\\. He was waived on August 29, but was re\\-signed on September 1, only to be waived again the next day.",
"### Georgia Force",
"On February 2, [2012](/wiki/2012_AFL_season \"2012 AFL season\"), he was signed by the [Georgia Force](/wiki/Georgia_Force \"Georgia Force\") of the [Arena Football League](/wiki/Arena_Football_League \"Arena Football League\").{{cite web\\| url\\=https://georgiaforce.wordpress.com/tag/jamar\\-wall/ \\| title\\=Georgia Force Assigned Former Texas Tech DB Jamar Wall \\| access\\-date\\=February 19, 2018}}",
"### Calgary Stampeders",
"On June 10, [2012](/wiki/2012_CFL_season \"2012 CFL season\"), Wall signed with the [Calgary Stampeders](/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders \"Calgary Stampeders\") of the [Canadian Football League](/wiki/Canadian_Football_League \"Canadian Football League\") as a [free agent](/wiki/Free_agent \"Free agent\"), making 12 starts while playing the halfback and cornerback positions. He registered 33 tackles (1 for loss), 3 passes defensed and 2 sacks.{{cite web\\| url\\=http://www.lubbockonline.com/article/20121127/SPORTS/311279778 \\| title\\=Ex\\-Raider continuing career north of border \\| access\\-date\\=February 19, 2018}}",
"The next year, he played in 12 games, registered 41 tackles, 2 passes defensed and tied for the team\\-lead with 4 interceptions (tied for the team lead).{{cite news \\| title\\=Calgary Stampeders re\\-sign defensive back Jamar Wall \\| publisher\\=Calgary Sun \\| date\\=January 16, 2014}}",
"In [2014](/wiki/2014_CFL_season \"2014 CFL season\"), he was a part of the [Grey Cup](/wiki/Grey_Cup \"Grey Cup\") winning team and received CFL All\\-star honors, while finishing with 18 starts, 62 tackles, 6 interceptions (tied for the league lead) and five passes defensed (tied for the team lead).",
"The next year, he started all 18 games, posting 70 tackles, 2 interceptions (one returned for a touchdown), 10 passes defensed (led the team) and 2 [special teams](/wiki/Special_teams \"Special teams\") tackles. He also had one punt return for six yards.",
"In [2016](/wiki/2016_CFL_season \"2016 CFL season\"), he started 17 games at cornerback and one at safety, making 47 tackles (2 for loss), 3 forced fumbles (tied for the team lead), 4 interceptions (led the team), one interception returned for a 60\\-yard [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\") and 17 passes defensed (led the team). He received West Division and CFL All\\-star honors.",
"In [2017](/wiki/2017_CFL_season \"2017 CFL season\"), he started 18 games, making 55 tackles (second on the team), 2 interceptions (tied for third on the team), 5 passes defensed, one forced fumble, one fumble recovery. He started in both post\\-season games, tallying 2 tackles (one for loss) and one quarterback pressure in the Grey Cup game.",
"Wall re\\-signed with the Stampeders on January 12, 2021\\.{{cite news \\|title\\=Wall re\\-signs \\|url\\=https://www.stampeders.com/2021/01/12/wall\\-re\\-signs/ \\|website\\=Stampeders.com \\|date\\=January 12, 2021 \\|access\\-date\\=February 22, 2021}} He became a free agent on February 8, 2022\\.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.stampeders.com/transactions\\-2022/ \\| title\\=TRANSACTIONS – 2022 \\| publisher\\=stampeders.com \\| accessdate\\=May 23, 2024}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was born at [Mark, near Highbridge, Somerset](/wiki/Mark%2C_Somerset "Mark, Somerset"). Graduating in Slavonic studies from [London University](/wiki/University_of_London "University of London"), he expanded his education in Germany and Russia. He took up teaching in the Continent and established a language school in [Riga](/wiki/Riga "Riga").Obituary, *The Times*. London. 17 May 1945, page 7\.
Urch eventually lectured at [Riga Polytechnic](/wiki/Riga_Technical_University "Riga Technical University") prior to the First World War. In 1915, fleeing the advancing German army, Urch and his family arrived at Moscow where he witnessed the [Bolshevik Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution "October Revolution"). In 1936 he published a book: *We Generally Shoot Englishmen, An English Schoolmaster's five years of mild adventure in Moscow, 1915–20*, where he described what he saw and experienced there.
In this book Urch told the story of a rather ordinary English family not connected with any official missions, consulates, or services, in the years before, during and after the Russian revolution. The family, a husband, a wife, a son born in 1911, and a daughter born in 1914, fled [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia "Latvia") before the arrival of the advancing German troops and eventually made it to Moscow, with little besides their hand\-luggage and a trusty maid to help with the tiny children. There they made living by teaching English. While living in Moscow they witnessed the changes from Tsarist\-autocratic to Bolshevist\-autocratic rule.
In 1918 Urch was arrested by the [Cheka](/wiki/Cheka "Cheka"), the Soviet state security organisation. No explanation of his arrest and imprisonment had been given. After two months in prison he was released but not allowed to leave Russia. Only later it became clear to him why he was arrested. He had found out it was due to a denunciation. A fellow member of the House Committee accused him of swindling the House Committee, pocketing the money subscribed for the purchase of products, and stealing the Committee's milk. The accuser died a few months later in a lunatic asylum.
In 1919 Edith, his wife, and children were allowed to leave Russia. In 1920 the man himself was sent by train across the border to [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland"), together with other English citizens. They were exchanged for Bolshevists held by Britain; for each English citizen Britain released 42½ Bolshevists.
Owing to poor economic circumstances in England after the war, Urch returned to [Riga](/wiki/Riga "Riga"), where he took up employment in 1920 as editor of the Latvian government's English\-language commerce publication, *The Latvian Economist*. Shortly thereafter, in 1922, Urch also took up duties as the Russian affairs correspondence for *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*; he left his Latvian employ in 1926 to become their full\-time correspondent.
In his article "Bolshevism and religion in Russia" (1923\) Urch told the story of the struggle between the Bolshevik regime and the Russian Orthodox Church. Russia's great millions were suffering immensely and being slaughtered in their thousands, yet they were still clinging to their religion. The Bolsheviki moved cautiously against the church. They began by placarding public places with the legend: 'Religion is a narcotic for the people,' and removing ikons from public places. Later, these ikons were, in some cases, allowed to be put back; Urch remembered seeing some of them in their usual places as late as 1920\. The Bolsheviki seemed to recognise that the temper of the people was not yet sufficiently under control for drastic measures against the Church.
Gradually it all changed. Private property was abolished and people were divided into categories for the distribution of food by the state, some categories receiving more, other less. Priests were not included in any categories: they had no food\-cards, and “by living they were actually committing a crime, for they were forbidden to buy food or anything – they were left to starve.” The next step was the dismissals of bishops and priests, followed by trials by the Soviet tribunal for counter\-revolution, that resulted in them being shot, or being banished to remote parts of Russia, or being sentenced to long terms of imprisonment with hard labour. With the rising generations the Bolsheviki hoped for better results, and that “the total disappearance of religion from Russia is only a matter of time.”
In 1927 he and Edith published a book *English*, a manual for studying English. Another book *Latvia, Country and people*, was first published in 1935 in Riga and later in 1938 in London. In this book Urch told the story of Latvia, its history, struggle for independence, economy, education, art, music, and so on. The book is not a travel guide in the [Baedeker](/wiki/Baedeker "Baedeker") sense, that is, a book of comprehensive information about places designed for the use of visitors or tourists, but rather a presentation of sites of interest to the occasional visitor through their historical context. However, it includes also practical tips.
In 1939 he published *The Rabbit King of Russia*. In this book Urch told the stories of several mind\-boggling absurd Soviet projects. The narrative is accompanied with footnotes and the reader must believe it all was true. One such project, that seems to have been quite successful, involved arresting foreign nationals and freeing them for ransom paid by relatives living abroad. This scheme was run by the Cheká and the foreign currency gained helped maintaining the regime. Other projects involved attempts to supersede the cow by producing milk supplies from soya bean, the creation of a dog\-wool industry by shearing the dogs of Russia, the scheme to produce motor\-oil from the bodies of Russia's untold millions of locusts to lubricate her thousands of agricultural tractors, the rounding up the bugs and beetles of Russia to found a State Beetle\-soap industry, using tadpoles as excellent swine\-fodder, and the "immense rabbit\-farms designed to feed and rescue Russia's millions from enforced vegetarianism due to the depletion of ordinary flocks of herds." Urch wrote that "if a plan was large, new and startling, it was always practically sure of adoption though some were so inherently bizarre that even with the highest patronage they could not have a long innings". One major figure behind several of those projects was Gregóriy (Grisha) Antónovich Philíppoff, aka 'the Rabbit King of Russia'. By exposing these projects, which persistently remained concealed, Urch aimed at warning the Western countries from making fair deals with Soviet Russia.
Urch transferred to [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw "Warsaw") in 1938, where he lived through the German invasion in 1939 and then escaped to [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm "Stockholm"). When the [Winter War](/wiki/Winter_War "Winter War") between Russia and Finland broke, he was sent as a special correspondent to Finland. He spent time with the troops, getting a firsthand experience of the fighting, which was reflected in his reporting.
In June 1941, came German attack on Russia. His dispatches were read with interest not only by the general reader but also by professional soldiers.
Urch died suddenly on 15 May 1945, in Stockholm. In an obituary published by *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* on 12 June 1945, pg. 7, Mr. Peter Tennant wrote:
It was with a feeling of profound distress that I read of the death of your Special Correspondent in Stockholm, R. O. G. Urch. I knew him well during my years in Stockholm as Press Attaché and greatly valued his friendship, wisdom, and whimsical sense of humour. In spite of having spent the greater part of his life in Russia and the Baltic States and Eastern Europe, he remained solidly British to the core, and in the dark days of 1940 and 1941, when our country stood alone and later when Russia was invaded and retreating before German onslaught, Oliver Urch remained calm and unperturbed, always ready to persuade those who doubted in the allies of the certainty of allied victory. In an atmosphere in which it was difficult even for the best of journalists to distinguish truth from fiction he maintained the highest standards of journalism. He was universally beloved and respected by his colleagues of the allied Press in Stockholm, and his kindness, modesty, and wise judgment will be remembered gratefully by his numerous Scandinavian friends.
The Swedish newspaper *[Dagens Nyheter](/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter "Dagens Nyheter")* published an obituary already the day after his death (in Swedish, here translated into English):
The doyen of foreign journalists brought to Stockholm by the war, Mr. R.O.G. Urch, correspondent for The Times, passed away last Tuesday afternoon at [Serafimerlasarettet](/wiki/Serafimerlasarettet "Serafimerlasarettet") (Serafimer Hospital), where he had been brought earlier that day due to a severe heart attack. The direct cause of death was a blood clot in the heart. He was 61 years old last Sunday.
The small colony of foreign journalists in Stockholm loses with Reginald Oliver Gillings Urch an extraordinary competent and conscientious member, and together with them many of their Swedish colleagues feel regret for a good and faithful professional friend. His confident and bright temper, his willingness to listen and help, and his rich fund of knowledge, impossible to hide by his distinctive personal modesty, provided him both affection and respect in all circles. Urch had spent the last five years studying and describing the German warfare and politics from the Stockholm horizon. Especially during the first years of the German\-Russian war, his clear and modest daily analyses of the situation at the war front attracted much attention, since it was quite difficult for the English press to get a reliable picture from their reporters in Moscow of what was going on. Insofar as he treated Swedish affairs, which he seldom did, he always made an effort to correctly and often benevolently report the Swedish views.
As a journalist, Urch had an unusual career. Already in 1907, as a young man, he came to Riga, where he worked as a teacher of English until the outbreak of the World War. He focused from the beginning on thoroughly learning Russian, and he published several frequently used textbooks in English. He spent the war years in Moscow, where he for some time held a teaching position at the university. During the revolutionary years, he was imprisoned for a short time by the Bolsheviks. This experience marks the culmination in a book about his adventures in Russia during the war, much later published under the title *We generally shoot Englishmen*. After his release and some time in England in the twenties, he returned to Riga, but did not remain as a language teacher for long. From 1922 and up to 1938 he worked as a correspondent for The Times in Riga with the aim to cover the large Russian field. He did this work together with his wife with great energy and almost scientific thoroughness – his reports were often echoed in the world press and in the British House of Commons. He was moved to Warsaw the year before the outbreak of the war, still mainly as a reporter on Russia. He was in Finland during the Winter War, and came from there to Stockholm in May 1940\.
The late journalist is primarily mourned by his spouse in Stockholm and a son and a daughter in England.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was born at [Mark, near Highbridge, Somerset](/wiki/Mark%2C_Somerset \"Mark, Somerset\"). Graduating in Slavonic studies from [London University](/wiki/University_of_London \"University of London\"), he expanded his education in Germany and Russia. He took up teaching in the Continent and established a language school in [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\").Obituary, *The Times*. London. 17 May 1945, page 7\\.",
"Urch eventually lectured at [Riga Polytechnic](/wiki/Riga_Technical_University \"Riga Technical University\") prior to the First World War. In 1915, fleeing the advancing German army, Urch and his family arrived at Moscow where he witnessed the [Bolshevik Revolution](/wiki/October_Revolution \"October Revolution\"). In 1936 he published a book: *We Generally Shoot Englishmen, An English Schoolmaster's five years of mild adventure in Moscow, 1915–20*, where he described what he saw and experienced there.",
"In this book Urch told the story of a rather ordinary English family not connected with any official missions, consulates, or services, in the years before, during and after the Russian revolution. The family, a husband, a wife, a son born in 1911, and a daughter born in 1914, fled [Latvia](/wiki/Latvia \"Latvia\") before the arrival of the advancing German troops and eventually made it to Moscow, with little besides their hand\\-luggage and a trusty maid to help with the tiny children. There they made living by teaching English. While living in Moscow they witnessed the changes from Tsarist\\-autocratic to Bolshevist\\-autocratic rule.",
"In 1918 Urch was arrested by the [Cheka](/wiki/Cheka \"Cheka\"), the Soviet state security organisation. No explanation of his arrest and imprisonment had been given. After two months in prison he was released but not allowed to leave Russia. Only later it became clear to him why he was arrested. He had found out it was due to a denunciation. A fellow member of the House Committee accused him of swindling the House Committee, pocketing the money subscribed for the purchase of products, and stealing the Committee's milk. The accuser died a few months later in a lunatic asylum.",
"In 1919 Edith, his wife, and children were allowed to leave Russia. In 1920 the man himself was sent by train across the border to [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\"), together with other English citizens. They were exchanged for Bolshevists held by Britain; for each English citizen Britain released 42½ Bolshevists.",
"Owing to poor economic circumstances in England after the war, Urch returned to [Riga](/wiki/Riga \"Riga\"), where he took up employment in 1920 as editor of the Latvian government's English\\-language commerce publication, *The Latvian Economist*. Shortly thereafter, in 1922, Urch also took up duties as the Russian affairs correspondence for *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")*; he left his Latvian employ in 1926 to become their full\\-time correspondent.",
"In his article \"Bolshevism and religion in Russia\" (1923\\) Urch told the story of the struggle between the Bolshevik regime and the Russian Orthodox Church. Russia's great millions were suffering immensely and being slaughtered in their thousands, yet they were still clinging to their religion. The Bolsheviki moved cautiously against the church. They began by placarding public places with the legend: 'Religion is a narcotic for the people,' and removing ikons from public places. Later, these ikons were, in some cases, allowed to be put back; Urch remembered seeing some of them in their usual places as late as 1920\\. The Bolsheviki seemed to recognise that the temper of the people was not yet sufficiently under control for drastic measures against the Church.",
"Gradually it all changed. Private property was abolished and people were divided into categories for the distribution of food by the state, some categories receiving more, other less. Priests were not included in any categories: they had no food\\-cards, and “by living they were actually committing a crime, for they were forbidden to buy food or anything – they were left to starve.” The next step was the dismissals of bishops and priests, followed by trials by the Soviet tribunal for counter\\-revolution, that resulted in them being shot, or being banished to remote parts of Russia, or being sentenced to long terms of imprisonment with hard labour. With the rising generations the Bolsheviki hoped for better results, and that “the total disappearance of religion from Russia is only a matter of time.”",
"In 1927 he and Edith published a book *English*, a manual for studying English. Another book *Latvia, Country and people*, was first published in 1935 in Riga and later in 1938 in London. In this book Urch told the story of Latvia, its history, struggle for independence, economy, education, art, music, and so on. The book is not a travel guide in the [Baedeker](/wiki/Baedeker \"Baedeker\") sense, that is, a book of comprehensive information about places designed for the use of visitors or tourists, but rather a presentation of sites of interest to the occasional visitor through their historical context. However, it includes also practical tips.",
"In 1939 he published *The Rabbit King of Russia*. In this book Urch told the stories of several mind\\-boggling absurd Soviet projects. The narrative is accompanied with footnotes and the reader must believe it all was true. One such project, that seems to have been quite successful, involved arresting foreign nationals and freeing them for ransom paid by relatives living abroad. This scheme was run by the Cheká and the foreign currency gained helped maintaining the regime. Other projects involved attempts to supersede the cow by producing milk supplies from soya bean, the creation of a dog\\-wool industry by shearing the dogs of Russia, the scheme to produce motor\\-oil from the bodies of Russia's untold millions of locusts to lubricate her thousands of agricultural tractors, the rounding up the bugs and beetles of Russia to found a State Beetle\\-soap industry, using tadpoles as excellent swine\\-fodder, and the \"immense rabbit\\-farms designed to feed and rescue Russia's millions from enforced vegetarianism due to the depletion of ordinary flocks of herds.\" Urch wrote that \"if a plan was large, new and startling, it was always practically sure of adoption though some were so inherently bizarre that even with the highest patronage they could not have a long innings\". One major figure behind several of those projects was Gregóriy (Grisha) Antónovich Philíppoff, aka 'the Rabbit King of Russia'. By exposing these projects, which persistently remained concealed, Urch aimed at warning the Western countries from making fair deals with Soviet Russia.",
"Urch transferred to [Warsaw](/wiki/Warsaw \"Warsaw\") in 1938, where he lived through the German invasion in 1939 and then escaped to [Stockholm](/wiki/Stockholm \"Stockholm\"). When the [Winter War](/wiki/Winter_War \"Winter War\") between Russia and Finland broke, he was sent as a special correspondent to Finland. He spent time with the troops, getting a firsthand experience of the fighting, which was reflected in his reporting.",
"In June 1941, came German attack on Russia. His dispatches were read with interest not only by the general reader but also by professional soldiers.",
"Urch died suddenly on 15 May 1945, in Stockholm. In an obituary published by *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* on 12 June 1945, pg. 7, Mr. Peter Tennant wrote:",
"It was with a feeling of profound distress that I read of the death of your Special Correspondent in Stockholm, R. O. G. Urch. I knew him well during my years in Stockholm as Press Attaché and greatly valued his friendship, wisdom, and whimsical sense of humour. In spite of having spent the greater part of his life in Russia and the Baltic States and Eastern Europe, he remained solidly British to the core, and in the dark days of 1940 and 1941, when our country stood alone and later when Russia was invaded and retreating before German onslaught, Oliver Urch remained calm and unperturbed, always ready to persuade those who doubted in the allies of the certainty of allied victory. In an atmosphere in which it was difficult even for the best of journalists to distinguish truth from fiction he maintained the highest standards of journalism. He was universally beloved and respected by his colleagues of the allied Press in Stockholm, and his kindness, modesty, and wise judgment will be remembered gratefully by his numerous Scandinavian friends.\nThe Swedish newspaper *[Dagens Nyheter](/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter \"Dagens Nyheter\")* published an obituary already the day after his death (in Swedish, here translated into English):",
"The doyen of foreign journalists brought to Stockholm by the war, Mr. R.O.G. Urch, correspondent for The Times, passed away last Tuesday afternoon at [Serafimerlasarettet](/wiki/Serafimerlasarettet \"Serafimerlasarettet\") (Serafimer Hospital), where he had been brought earlier that day due to a severe heart attack. The direct cause of death was a blood clot in the heart. He was 61 years old last Sunday.\nThe small colony of foreign journalists in Stockholm loses with Reginald Oliver Gillings Urch an extraordinary competent and conscientious member, and together with them many of their Swedish colleagues feel regret for a good and faithful professional friend. His confident and bright temper, his willingness to listen and help, and his rich fund of knowledge, impossible to hide by his distinctive personal modesty, provided him both affection and respect in all circles. Urch had spent the last five years studying and describing the German warfare and politics from the Stockholm horizon. Especially during the first years of the German\\-Russian war, his clear and modest daily analyses of the situation at the war front attracted much attention, since it was quite difficult for the English press to get a reliable picture from their reporters in Moscow of what was going on. Insofar as he treated Swedish affairs, which he seldom did, he always made an effort to correctly and often benevolently report the Swedish views.\nAs a journalist, Urch had an unusual career. Already in 1907, as a young man, he came to Riga, where he worked as a teacher of English until the outbreak of the World War. He focused from the beginning on thoroughly learning Russian, and he published several frequently used textbooks in English. He spent the war years in Moscow, where he for some time held a teaching position at the university. During the revolutionary years, he was imprisoned for a short time by the Bolsheviks. This experience marks the culmination in a book about his adventures in Russia during the war, much later published under the title *We generally shoot Englishmen*. After his release and some time in England in the twenties, he returned to Riga, but did not remain as a language teacher for long. From 1922 and up to 1938 he worked as a correspondent for The Times in Riga with the aim to cover the large Russian field. He did this work together with his wife with great energy and almost scientific thoroughness – his reports were often echoed in the world press and in the British House of Commons. He was moved to Warsaw the year before the outbreak of the war, still mainly as a reporter on Russia. He was in Finland during the Winter War, and came from there to Stockholm in May 1940\\.\nThe late journalist is primarily mourned by his spouse in Stockholm and a son and a daughter in England."
] |
Overview
--------
Borazjan is the capital city of Dashtestan county, and is the largest city of the province. Approximately 70 km north of Bushehr, it was built based on the waters which flow from Giskan mountains into Dalaki river.
Borazjan grew rapidly over the last two decades. The population of the town was 10,000 in 1980, 40,000 in 1990, 75,000 in 2000, and 124,291 in 2006\. The two reasons for the growth have been an ever\-increasing migration of villagers and nomads from the surrounding area to the city, and an explosive birth rate of 4%.
A very large and modern hospital serves the city and far away communities surrounding the city. The hospital has a helipad and a helicopter. This helicopter is not used for the welfare of the general population; it only takes wealthy paying passengers.
The city has one large fire department. It has several engines on standby for the city and beyond however it is rarely used. If the engines leave the station it quickly becomes the talk of town as to what happened.
The city has no airport. There has consistently been the talk of creating a small airport to serve the town. The nearest airport is in Bushehr about 70 km away. Research in 1992 showed that for every 100 passengers flying out of Bushehr for Tehran 35 were from Borazjan. This is not enough to create an airport but proponents attest that opening one up would encourage the growth of the town.
The main street of Borazjan is called Bimarestan Street. Bimarestan translates to Hospital in English. The hospital is located on this street. Many young people drive up and down this street in motor cycles in their free time.
The city also has a very large cemetery. The cemetery again serves the town and all the surrounding areas. The cemetery has no cremation facilities as this is not practiced in Iran. The cemetery is very beautiful and has many trees. On Fridays it is very busy with mourners and visitors.
Borazjan used to be home to a large Jewish population and locals believe that some Israeli officials are originally from this city.
The climate is dry and hot, and main products are dates, flour and tobacco.
|
[
"Overview\n--------",
"Borazjan is the capital city of Dashtestan county, and is the largest city of the province. Approximately 70 km north of Bushehr, it was built based on the waters which flow from Giskan mountains into Dalaki river.\nBorazjan grew rapidly over the last two decades. The population of the town was 10,000 in 1980, 40,000 in 1990, 75,000 in 2000, and 124,291 in 2006\\. The two reasons for the growth have been an ever\\-increasing migration of villagers and nomads from the surrounding area to the city, and an explosive birth rate of 4%.",
"A very large and modern hospital serves the city and far away communities surrounding the city. The hospital has a helipad and a helicopter. This helicopter is not used for the welfare of the general population; it only takes wealthy paying passengers.",
"The city has one large fire department. It has several engines on standby for the city and beyond however it is rarely used. If the engines leave the station it quickly becomes the talk of town as to what happened.",
"The city has no airport. There has consistently been the talk of creating a small airport to serve the town. The nearest airport is in Bushehr about 70 km away. Research in 1992 showed that for every 100 passengers flying out of Bushehr for Tehran 35 were from Borazjan. This is not enough to create an airport but proponents attest that opening one up would encourage the growth of the town.",
"The main street of Borazjan is called Bimarestan Street. Bimarestan translates to Hospital in English. The hospital is located on this street. Many young people drive up and down this street in motor cycles in their free time.",
"The city also has a very large cemetery. The cemetery again serves the town and all the surrounding areas. The cemetery has no cremation facilities as this is not practiced in Iran. The cemetery is very beautiful and has many trees. On Fridays it is very busy with mourners and visitors.",
"Borazjan used to be home to a large Jewish population and locals believe that some Israeli officials are originally from this city.",
"The climate is dry and hot, and main products are dates, flour and tobacco.",
""
] |
Campaigns
---------
At the opening of the year, [Dumouriez](/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez "Charles François Dumouriez") chose to ignore orders from the government in Paris to defend [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") and instead began an invasion of the Netherlands, hoping to overthrow the stadtholder and establish a popular republic backed by France. In the event, he took [Breda](/wiki/Breda "Breda") in [Brabant](/wiki/North_Brabant "North Brabant") and prepared to cross into [Holland](/wiki/Holland "Holland") and capture [Dordrecht](/wiki/Dordrecht "Dordrecht"). However, the armies remaining in Belgium suffered a number of defeats, such as by the [Austrians](/wiki/Austria "Austria") at [Aachen](/wiki/Aachen "Aachen") and [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge "Liège") and their raising (lifting) [Miranda's](/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda "Francisco de Miranda") [siege of Maastricht](/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_%281793%29 "Siege of Maastricht (1793)"). Dumouriez was forced by his superiors to return to Belgium and take command in the [Flanders Campaign](/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition "Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition").
After a defeat at [Neerwinden](/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_%281793%29 "Battle of Neerwinden (1793)"), Dumouriez had to retreat from Belgium. He then made an agreement with the Austrians to hand over to them several border fortresses in return for a truce where he could march on Paris and restore the monarchy under the Constitution of 1791\. However, he was unable to secure the loyalty of his troops, and he defected to the Austrian lines rather than face arrest by the [Jacobins](/wiki/Jacobin_Club "Jacobin Club").
At the same time, the increasing power of radicals in Paris incited revolt in the provinces, with the people of [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon "Lyon") and [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille "Marseille") rebelling and the [Vendée](/wiki/Revolt_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e "Revolt in the Vendée") raising an army to attack the central government and open communications with Britain. Spanish armies [crossed the Pyrenees](/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees "War of the Pyrenees"), [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720%E2%80%931861%29 "Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)") (largely Piedmont\-Savoy) armies various [Alpine borders](/wiki/Alps "Alps"), and Austrian armies occupied [Valenciennes](/wiki/Valenciennes "Valenciennes") and forced the northern armies back toward Paris. Britain ordered a naval blockade of France on 31 May.
The revolutionary government prepared a full mobilization of the nation (see [Levée en masse](/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse "Levée en masse")), showing no mercy to internal or external enemies. According to Mignet's *History of the French Revolution*: "The republic had very soon fourteen armies, and 1,200,000 soldiers. France, while it became a camp and a workshop for the republicans, became at the same time a prison for those who did not accept the republic." They proceeded to suppress [Caen](/wiki/Caen "Caen"), Lyon, and Marseille, although the counter\-revolutionary forces turned [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon "Toulon") over to Britain and Spain on 29 August, resulting in the capture of much of the French navy, and Toulon was not retaken by [Dugommier](/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier "Jacques François Dugommier") (with the assistance of the young [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte "Napoleon Bonaparte")) until 19 December.
In September, [Nicolas Houchard](/wiki/Nicolas_Houchard "Nicolas Houchard") defeated the [Duke of York](/wiki/Prince_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York "Prince Frederick, Duke of York") at [Hondschoote](/wiki/Battle_of_Hondshoote_%281793%29 "Battle of Hondshoote (1793)"), forcing him to abandon the siege of [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk "Dunkirk"). In October [Jean\-Baptiste Jourdan](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan "Jean-Baptiste Jourdan"), taking over the northern armies, won the [Battle of Wattignies](/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies_%281793%29 "Battle of Wattignies (1793)") and returned to the offensive, but did not make major gains before the winter.
In the Pyrenees, the French armies ended the year on a defensive posture near the border, while on the Alpine frontier, a French invasion of [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720%E2%80%931861%29 "Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)") failed.
|
[
"Campaigns\n---------",
"At the opening of the year, [Dumouriez](/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez \"Charles François Dumouriez\") chose to ignore orders from the government in Paris to defend [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") and instead began an invasion of the Netherlands, hoping to overthrow the stadtholder and establish a popular republic backed by France. In the event, he took [Breda](/wiki/Breda \"Breda\") in [Brabant](/wiki/North_Brabant \"North Brabant\") and prepared to cross into [Holland](/wiki/Holland \"Holland\") and capture [Dordrecht](/wiki/Dordrecht \"Dordrecht\"). However, the armies remaining in Belgium suffered a number of defeats, such as by the [Austrians](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\") at [Aachen](/wiki/Aachen \"Aachen\") and [Liège](/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge \"Liège\") and their raising (lifting) [Miranda's](/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda \"Francisco de Miranda\") [siege of Maastricht](/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_%281793%29 \"Siege of Maastricht (1793)\"). Dumouriez was forced by his superiors to return to Belgium and take command in the [Flanders Campaign](/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition \"Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition\").",
"After a defeat at [Neerwinden](/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_%281793%29 \"Battle of Neerwinden (1793)\"), Dumouriez had to retreat from Belgium. He then made an agreement with the Austrians to hand over to them several border fortresses in return for a truce where he could march on Paris and restore the monarchy under the Constitution of 1791\\. However, he was unable to secure the loyalty of his troops, and he defected to the Austrian lines rather than face arrest by the [Jacobins](/wiki/Jacobin_Club \"Jacobin Club\").",
"At the same time, the increasing power of radicals in Paris incited revolt in the provinces, with the people of [Lyon](/wiki/Lyon \"Lyon\") and [Marseille](/wiki/Marseille \"Marseille\") rebelling and the [Vendée](/wiki/Revolt_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e \"Revolt in the Vendée\") raising an army to attack the central government and open communications with Britain. Spanish armies [crossed the Pyrenees](/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees \"War of the Pyrenees\"), [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720%E2%80%931861%29 \"Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)\") (largely Piedmont\\-Savoy) armies various [Alpine borders](/wiki/Alps \"Alps\"), and Austrian armies occupied [Valenciennes](/wiki/Valenciennes \"Valenciennes\") and forced the northern armies back toward Paris. Britain ordered a naval blockade of France on 31 May.",
"The revolutionary government prepared a full mobilization of the nation (see [Levée en masse](/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse \"Levée en masse\")), showing no mercy to internal or external enemies. According to Mignet's *History of the French Revolution*: \"The republic had very soon fourteen armies, and 1,200,000 soldiers. France, while it became a camp and a workshop for the republicans, became at the same time a prison for those who did not accept the republic.\" They proceeded to suppress [Caen](/wiki/Caen \"Caen\"), Lyon, and Marseille, although the counter\\-revolutionary forces turned [Toulon](/wiki/Toulon \"Toulon\") over to Britain and Spain on 29 August, resulting in the capture of much of the French navy, and Toulon was not retaken by [Dugommier](/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier \"Jacques François Dugommier\") (with the assistance of the young [Napoleon Bonaparte](/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte \"Napoleon Bonaparte\")) until 19 December.",
"In September, [Nicolas Houchard](/wiki/Nicolas_Houchard \"Nicolas Houchard\") defeated the [Duke of York](/wiki/Prince_Frederick%2C_Duke_of_York \"Prince Frederick, Duke of York\") at [Hondschoote](/wiki/Battle_of_Hondshoote_%281793%29 \"Battle of Hondshoote (1793)\"), forcing him to abandon the siege of [Dunkirk](/wiki/Dunkirk \"Dunkirk\"). In October [Jean\\-Baptiste Jourdan](/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan \"Jean-Baptiste Jourdan\"), taking over the northern armies, won the [Battle of Wattignies](/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies_%281793%29 \"Battle of Wattignies (1793)\") and returned to the offensive, but did not make major gains before the winter.",
"In the Pyrenees, the French armies ended the year on a defensive posture near the border, while on the Alpine frontier, a French invasion of [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_%281720%E2%80%931861%29 \"Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)\") failed.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Brooke ([Sophia Bush](/wiki/Sophia_Bush "Sophia Bush")) throws a beach party to celebrate the last summer before senior year. She still only wants to be non exclusive with Lucas ([Chad Michael Murray](/wiki/Chad_Michael_Murray "Chad Michael Murray")), who pretends to go along with it. Nathan ([James Lafferty](/wiki/James_Lafferty "James Lafferty")) returns to town and still wants nothing to do with Lucas and won't talk to Haley ([Bethany Joy Galeotti](/wiki/Bethany_Joy_Galeotti "Bethany Joy Galeotti")), who wants to be with him and is sad he won't talk to her. The fire at Scott Motors is ruled an accident.
Peyton ([Hilarie Burton](/wiki/Hilarie_Burton "Hilarie Burton")) learns from Ellie that she tried to visit her when she was ten and her father hid it from her. Peyton angrily confronts him about this but he swears it was for her own good. Ellie tells her father that her situation has changed.
Dan ([Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson "Paul Johansson")) has been having blips of memories return from the night of the fire and confronts Karen ([Moira Kelly](/wiki/Moira_Kelly "Moira Kelly")) about who could have tried to kill him, proposing Keith or Andy. Karen tells him to leave her alone and remarks that it's a shame that if someone wanted him dead, they failed.
Lucas spots Ellie in town seemingly making a drug deal. Haley talks to Nathan who didn't tell her he was back and refuses to speak to her, and she tells him he's changed. At the party, Peyton feels depressed as she feels bad for ignoring Ellie and Lucas ends up telling her he saw her making a drug deal, while Haley is sad as she hoped Nathan would show up and he doesn't. Lucas confronts Nathan and says he can hate him, but if he hurts Haley he will hurt him. This causes Nathan to showp up and tell Haley that he doesn't want to hurt her, but he's just not ready to figure out what they are now to each other yet. Lucas tells Brooke, who is messing around, he's the guy for her and one day she will realize it.
Peyton confronts Ellie about the drugs. Dan comes to the beach, and seeing Lucas by the bonfire triggers a memory from the night of the fire, in which he remembers Lucas in the dealership.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Brooke ([Sophia Bush](/wiki/Sophia_Bush \"Sophia Bush\")) throws a beach party to celebrate the last summer before senior year. She still only wants to be non exclusive with Lucas ([Chad Michael Murray](/wiki/Chad_Michael_Murray \"Chad Michael Murray\")), who pretends to go along with it. Nathan ([James Lafferty](/wiki/James_Lafferty \"James Lafferty\")) returns to town and still wants nothing to do with Lucas and won't talk to Haley ([Bethany Joy Galeotti](/wiki/Bethany_Joy_Galeotti \"Bethany Joy Galeotti\")), who wants to be with him and is sad he won't talk to her. The fire at Scott Motors is ruled an accident.",
"Peyton ([Hilarie Burton](/wiki/Hilarie_Burton \"Hilarie Burton\")) learns from Ellie that she tried to visit her when she was ten and her father hid it from her. Peyton angrily confronts him about this but he swears it was for her own good. Ellie tells her father that her situation has changed.",
"Dan ([Paul Johansson](/wiki/Paul_Johansson \"Paul Johansson\")) has been having blips of memories return from the night of the fire and confronts Karen ([Moira Kelly](/wiki/Moira_Kelly \"Moira Kelly\")) about who could have tried to kill him, proposing Keith or Andy. Karen tells him to leave her alone and remarks that it's a shame that if someone wanted him dead, they failed.",
"Lucas spots Ellie in town seemingly making a drug deal. Haley talks to Nathan who didn't tell her he was back and refuses to speak to her, and she tells him he's changed. At the party, Peyton feels depressed as she feels bad for ignoring Ellie and Lucas ends up telling her he saw her making a drug deal, while Haley is sad as she hoped Nathan would show up and he doesn't. Lucas confronts Nathan and says he can hate him, but if he hurts Haley he will hurt him. This causes Nathan to showp up and tell Haley that he doesn't want to hurt her, but he's just not ready to figure out what they are now to each other yet. Lucas tells Brooke, who is messing around, he's the guy for her and one day she will realize it.",
"Peyton confronts Ellie about the drugs. Dan comes to the beach, and seeing Lucas by the bonfire triggers a memory from the night of the fire, in which he remembers Lucas in the dealership.",
""
] |
*Monty Python's Life of Brian*
------------------------------
[right\|thumb\|(*from left to right*) [The Rt Rev.](/wiki/The_Right_Reverend "The Right Reverend") [Mervyn Stockwood](/wiki/Mervyn_Stockwood "Mervyn Stockwood"), [Bishop of Southwark](/wiki/Bishop_of_Southwark_%28Anglican%29 "Bishop of Southwark (Anglican)"); [Malcolm Muggeridge](/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge "Malcolm Muggeridge"); [John Cleese](/wiki/John_Cleese "John Cleese"); and [Michael Palin](/wiki/Michael_Palin "Michael Palin"), on *Friday Night, Saturday Morning*. Bishop Stockwood is telling Cleese and Palin "you'll get your [thirty pieces of silver](/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver "Thirty pieces of silver")".](/wiki/File:Life_of_Brian_bbc_discussion.jpg "Life of Brian bbc discussion.jpg")
On the edition of 9 November 1979, hosted by [Tim Rice](/wiki/Tim_Rice "Tim Rice"), a discussion was held about the then newly released film *[Monty Python's Life of Brian](/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian "Monty Python's Life of Brian")*, which had been banned by many local councils and caused protests throughout the world with accusations that it was [blasphemous](/wiki/Blasphemy "Blasphemy"). To argue in favour of this accusation were veteran broadcaster and noted Christian [Malcolm Muggeridge](/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge "Malcolm Muggeridge"), and [The Rt Rev.](/wiki/The_Right_Reverend "The Right Reverend") [Mervyn Stockwood](/wiki/Mervyn_Stockwood "Mervyn Stockwood"), the then [Bishop of Southwark](/wiki/Bishop_of_Southwark_%28Anglican%29 "Bishop of Southwark (Anglican)"). In defence of the film were two members of the [Monty Python](/wiki/Monty_Python "Monty Python") team, [John Cleese](/wiki/John_Cleese "John Cleese") and [Michael Palin](/wiki/Michael_Palin "Michael Palin").
According to *Monty Python \- The Case Against*, by [Robert Hewison](/wiki/Robert_Hewison "Robert Hewison"), the show "began affably enough, with Cleese and Palin talking on their own to their host, [Tim Rice](/wiki/Tim_Rice "Tim Rice") – himself the lyricist of *[Jesus Christ Superstar](/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar "Jesus Christ Superstar"),* which had also faced accusations of blasphemy a decade earlier". Hewison continues, "but while a second clip from the film was being shown, Stockwood and Muggeridge were brought on to the set. The full effect of the entry of the Bishop in his sweeping purple [cassock](/wiki/Cassock "Cassock") and chunky cross was missed by the television audience, who found him already seated beside a bronzed and gleaming Malcolm Muggeridge when the film excerpt ended. Rice explained that Stockwood and Muggeridge had seen the film earlier in the day and invited their comments. With that, the gloves were off."Monty Python: the case against: irreverence, scurrility, profanity, vilification and licentious abuse (London: Methuen, 1981\)
The debate quickly became heated and included the following exchange:
{{Blockquote\|
\[\[Malcolm Muggeridge\|Muggeridge]]: "I started off by saying that this is such a tenth\-rate film that I don't believe that it would disturb anybody's faith."
\[\[Michael Palin\|Palin]]: "Yes, I know you started with an open mind; I realise that."}}
The Pythons initially seemed shocked by the aggression of the attack, especially because all four had met before the show, when there had been no hint as to what was to come.
The Bishop made the point that without Jesus this film would not exist, and ignored the Pythons' protestations that the film was about the abuse of faith, not faith itself.
In his diaries, published in 2006, Michael Palin wrote of the Bishop:{{Blockquote\|"He began, with notes carefully hidden in his crotch, tucked down well out of camera range, to give a short sermon, addressed not to John or myself but to the audience. In the first three or four minutes he had brought in \[\[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] and \[\[Mao Zedong\|Mao Tse\-tung]] and not begun to make one point about the film. Then he began to turn to the movie. He accused us of making a mockery of the work of \[\[Mother Teresa]], of being undergraduate and mentally unstable. He made these remarks with all the smug and patronising paraphernalia of the gallery\-player, who believes that the audience will see he is right, because he is a bishop and we're not".{{cite book \|title\=\[\[Diaries 1969–1979: The Python Years]] \|author\=Michael Palin \|author\-link\=Michael Palin \|year\=2006 \|publisher\=\[\[Weidenfeld \& Nicolson]] \|location\=London \|isbn\=978\-0\-297\-84436\-5 \|page\=595}}}}
Muggeridge complained about the ease with which the Pythons "were able to extract humour from the most solemn of mysteries". He said he was upset that this film was, to him, denigrating the one man who inspired every great artist, writer, composer, etc. Cleese was keen to point out that there were other religions, and that civilisation existed before Christ. Michael Palin says of this incident in the book *The Pythons*, edited by Bob McCabe, that when Muggeridge said "that Christianity had been responsible for more good in the world than any other force in history", Cleese said "[what about the Spanish Inquisition?](/wiki/The_Spanish_Inquisition_%28Monty_Python%29 "The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)")"
The studio audience appeared to be on the side of the Pythons throughout, especially when Cleese said, "four hundred years ago, we would have been burnt for this film. Now, I'm suggesting that we've made an advance."
At some points, the Pythons tried to control the audience, who, they felt, were showing inappropriate partisanship in their favour.
Cleese, defending the film, went on to say that it was about "closed systems of thought, whether they are political or theological or religious or whatever: systems by which, whatever evidence is given to a person, he merely adapts it, fits it into his ideology".
[left\|thumb\|John Cleese tells Malcolm Muggeridge that "four hundred years ago, we would have been burnt for this film. Now, I'm suggesting that we've made an advance."](/wiki/File:Life_of_Brian_bbc_mugg_and_cleese_s.jpg "Life of Brian bbc mugg and cleese s.jpg")
As the debate went on, the Pythons found it harder to be polite. According to Palin, the Bishop was "outrageously dismissing any points we made as 'rubbish' or 'unworthy of an educated man'".
Bishop Stockwood was particularly upset at the use of the crucifixion, forgetting the distinction between it as Christian symbol and its use as a traditional Roman punishment. The debate ended with the Bishop pointing at the Pythons and saying "you'll get your thirty pieces of silver".
Cleese has frequently said that he enjoyed the debate, because, he believed, the film was "completely intellectually defensible". However, after viewing the debate again in 2013 for [BBC Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 "BBC Radio 4")'s *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28BBC_Radio_4%29 "Today (BBC Radio 4)")* programme, Cleese said that it left him bored and he realised that there was no attempt at a proper discussion, or to find any common ground.
Palin told McCabe: "It turned out, after the show, that they'd missed the first fifteen minutes of the film, because they'd been having a nice lunch. John was brilliant in that show. I remember it used to be [Douglas Adams](/wiki/Douglas_Adams "Douglas Adams")'s favourite bit of television ... He thought it was such a rivetting piece of TV, and it really is". Palin also claimed that, after the discussion, both his foes said "How pathetic, hopeless and meaningless and juvenile it was. Instead of there being any sort of division between us afterwards, they came up as though we'd all been 'showbiz' together, out doing an entertainment, with the Bishop saying 'That all seemed to go very well'. I hadn't realised they weren't being vindictive, they were just performing to the crowd."
Also backstage, according to Palin, he had met Raymond Johnston from the *[Nationwide Festival of Light](/wiki/Nationwide_Festival_of_Light "Nationwide Festival of Light")*, a prominent Christian group who had been campaigning to have *Life of Brian* banned.{{cite news\| url\=http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,4120,923997,00\.html \| location\=London \| work\=The Guardian \| first\=Robert \| last\=Sellers \| title\=Welease Bwian \| date\=28 March 2003}} Instead of aggression, though, Johnston was most complimentary to Palin, saying he had been embarrassed by the performance of the Bishop. Palin says "\[Johnston] had found it quite clear that Brian and Jesus were separate people", and that the film was making some "very valid points about organised religions".
Looking back, Michael Palin recalled in *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*: "\[w]e had done our homework, thinking we were going to get into quite a tough theological argument, but it turned out to be virtually a slanging match. We were very surprised by that. I don't get angry very often, but I got incandescent with rage at their attitude and the smugness of it". Cleese preferred to sum it all up by saying "I always felt we won that one by behaving better than the Christians".
The programme and the events surrounding it were told in a Pythonesque fashion in the [television film](/wiki/Television_film "Television film") *[Holy Flying Circus](/wiki/Holy_Flying_Circus "Holy Flying Circus")*, broadcast on [BBC Four](/wiki/BBC_Four "BBC Four") in October 2011\.
After this debate, a parody of the discussion appeared on the satirical comedy show *[Not The Nine O'Clock News](/wiki/Not_The_Nine_O%27Clock_News "Not The Nine O'Clock News")*. Chaired by a host played by [Pamela Stephenson](/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson "Pamela Stephenson") (who herself would later appear as a guest on *Friday Night, Saturday Morning*), the parody discussion involved a bishop (played by [Rowan Atkinson](/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson "Rowan Atkinson")) defending his new film, *[General Synod](/wiki/General_Synod_of_the_Church_of_England "General Synod of the Church of England")'s Life of Christ*, which was accused of being "a thinly disguised and blasphemous attack on the members of [Monty Python](/wiki/Monty_Python "Monty Python"), men who are, today, still revered throughout the western world."[Not the Nine O'Clock News \- Monty Python worshipers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asUyK6JWt9U). Retrieved 27 November 2016
|
[
"*Monty Python's Life of Brian*\n------------------------------",
"[right\\|thumb\\|(*from left to right*) [The Rt Rev.](/wiki/The_Right_Reverend \"The Right Reverend\") [Mervyn Stockwood](/wiki/Mervyn_Stockwood \"Mervyn Stockwood\"), [Bishop of Southwark](/wiki/Bishop_of_Southwark_%28Anglican%29 \"Bishop of Southwark (Anglican)\"); [Malcolm Muggeridge](/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge \"Malcolm Muggeridge\"); [John Cleese](/wiki/John_Cleese \"John Cleese\"); and [Michael Palin](/wiki/Michael_Palin \"Michael Palin\"), on *Friday Night, Saturday Morning*. Bishop Stockwood is telling Cleese and Palin \"you'll get your [thirty pieces of silver](/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver \"Thirty pieces of silver\")\".](/wiki/File:Life_of_Brian_bbc_discussion.jpg \"Life of Brian bbc discussion.jpg\")",
"On the edition of 9 November 1979, hosted by [Tim Rice](/wiki/Tim_Rice \"Tim Rice\"), a discussion was held about the then newly released film *[Monty Python's Life of Brian](/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian \"Monty Python's Life of Brian\")*, which had been banned by many local councils and caused protests throughout the world with accusations that it was [blasphemous](/wiki/Blasphemy \"Blasphemy\"). To argue in favour of this accusation were veteran broadcaster and noted Christian [Malcolm Muggeridge](/wiki/Malcolm_Muggeridge \"Malcolm Muggeridge\"), and [The Rt Rev.](/wiki/The_Right_Reverend \"The Right Reverend\") [Mervyn Stockwood](/wiki/Mervyn_Stockwood \"Mervyn Stockwood\"), the then [Bishop of Southwark](/wiki/Bishop_of_Southwark_%28Anglican%29 \"Bishop of Southwark (Anglican)\"). In defence of the film were two members of the [Monty Python](/wiki/Monty_Python \"Monty Python\") team, [John Cleese](/wiki/John_Cleese \"John Cleese\") and [Michael Palin](/wiki/Michael_Palin \"Michael Palin\").",
"According to *Monty Python \\- The Case Against*, by [Robert Hewison](/wiki/Robert_Hewison \"Robert Hewison\"), the show \"began affably enough, with Cleese and Palin talking on their own to their host, [Tim Rice](/wiki/Tim_Rice \"Tim Rice\") – himself the lyricist of *[Jesus Christ Superstar](/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar \"Jesus Christ Superstar\"),* which had also faced accusations of blasphemy a decade earlier\". Hewison continues, \"but while a second clip from the film was being shown, Stockwood and Muggeridge were brought on to the set. The full effect of the entry of the Bishop in his sweeping purple [cassock](/wiki/Cassock \"Cassock\") and chunky cross was missed by the television audience, who found him already seated beside a bronzed and gleaming Malcolm Muggeridge when the film excerpt ended. Rice explained that Stockwood and Muggeridge had seen the film earlier in the day and invited their comments. With that, the gloves were off.\"Monty Python: the case against: irreverence, scurrility, profanity, vilification and licentious abuse (London: Methuen, 1981\\)",
"The debate quickly became heated and included the following exchange:\n{{Blockquote\\|\n\\[\\[Malcolm Muggeridge\\|Muggeridge]]: \"I started off by saying that this is such a tenth\\-rate film that I don't believe that it would disturb anybody's faith.\"",
"\\[\\[Michael Palin\\|Palin]]: \"Yes, I know you started with an open mind; I realise that.\"}}",
"The Pythons initially seemed shocked by the aggression of the attack, especially because all four had met before the show, when there had been no hint as to what was to come.",
"The Bishop made the point that without Jesus this film would not exist, and ignored the Pythons' protestations that the film was about the abuse of faith, not faith itself.",
"In his diaries, published in 2006, Michael Palin wrote of the Bishop:{{Blockquote\\|\"He began, with notes carefully hidden in his crotch, tucked down well out of camera range, to give a short sermon, addressed not to John or myself but to the audience. In the first three or four minutes he had brought in \\[\\[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] and \\[\\[Mao Zedong\\|Mao Tse\\-tung]] and not begun to make one point about the film. Then he began to turn to the movie. He accused us of making a mockery of the work of \\[\\[Mother Teresa]], of being undergraduate and mentally unstable. He made these remarks with all the smug and patronising paraphernalia of the gallery\\-player, who believes that the audience will see he is right, because he is a bishop and we're not\".{{cite book \\|title\\=\\[\\[Diaries 1969–1979: The Python Years]] \\|author\\=Michael Palin \\|author\\-link\\=Michael Palin \\|year\\=2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Weidenfeld \\& Nicolson]] \\|location\\=London \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-297\\-84436\\-5 \\|page\\=595}}}}",
"Muggeridge complained about the ease with which the Pythons \"were able to extract humour from the most solemn of mysteries\". He said he was upset that this film was, to him, denigrating the one man who inspired every great artist, writer, composer, etc. Cleese was keen to point out that there were other religions, and that civilisation existed before Christ. Michael Palin says of this incident in the book *The Pythons*, edited by Bob McCabe, that when Muggeridge said \"that Christianity had been responsible for more good in the world than any other force in history\", Cleese said \"[what about the Spanish Inquisition?](/wiki/The_Spanish_Inquisition_%28Monty_Python%29 \"The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)\")\"",
"The studio audience appeared to be on the side of the Pythons throughout, especially when Cleese said, \"four hundred years ago, we would have been burnt for this film. Now, I'm suggesting that we've made an advance.\"",
"At some points, the Pythons tried to control the audience, who, they felt, were showing inappropriate partisanship in their favour.",
"Cleese, defending the film, went on to say that it was about \"closed systems of thought, whether they are political or theological or religious or whatever: systems by which, whatever evidence is given to a person, he merely adapts it, fits it into his ideology\".",
"[left\\|thumb\\|John Cleese tells Malcolm Muggeridge that \"four hundred years ago, we would have been burnt for this film. Now, I'm suggesting that we've made an advance.\"](/wiki/File:Life_of_Brian_bbc_mugg_and_cleese_s.jpg \"Life of Brian bbc mugg and cleese s.jpg\")",
"As the debate went on, the Pythons found it harder to be polite. According to Palin, the Bishop was \"outrageously dismissing any points we made as 'rubbish' or 'unworthy of an educated man'\".",
"Bishop Stockwood was particularly upset at the use of the crucifixion, forgetting the distinction between it as Christian symbol and its use as a traditional Roman punishment. The debate ended with the Bishop pointing at the Pythons and saying \"you'll get your thirty pieces of silver\".",
"Cleese has frequently said that he enjoyed the debate, because, he believed, the film was \"completely intellectually defensible\". However, after viewing the debate again in 2013 for [BBC Radio 4](/wiki/BBC_Radio_4 \"BBC Radio 4\")'s *[Today](/wiki/Today_%28BBC_Radio_4%29 \"Today (BBC Radio 4)\")* programme, Cleese said that it left him bored and he realised that there was no attempt at a proper discussion, or to find any common ground.",
"Palin told McCabe: \"It turned out, after the show, that they'd missed the first fifteen minutes of the film, because they'd been having a nice lunch. John was brilliant in that show. I remember it used to be [Douglas Adams](/wiki/Douglas_Adams \"Douglas Adams\")'s favourite bit of television ... He thought it was such a rivetting piece of TV, and it really is\". Palin also claimed that, after the discussion, both his foes said \"How pathetic, hopeless and meaningless and juvenile it was. Instead of there being any sort of division between us afterwards, they came up as though we'd all been 'showbiz' together, out doing an entertainment, with the Bishop saying 'That all seemed to go very well'. I hadn't realised they weren't being vindictive, they were just performing to the crowd.\"",
"Also backstage, according to Palin, he had met Raymond Johnston from the *[Nationwide Festival of Light](/wiki/Nationwide_Festival_of_Light \"Nationwide Festival of Light\")*, a prominent Christian group who had been campaigning to have *Life of Brian* banned.{{cite news\\| url\\=http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,4120,923997,00\\.html \\| location\\=London \\| work\\=The Guardian \\| first\\=Robert \\| last\\=Sellers \\| title\\=Welease Bwian \\| date\\=28 March 2003}} Instead of aggression, though, Johnston was most complimentary to Palin, saying he had been embarrassed by the performance of the Bishop. Palin says \"\\[Johnston] had found it quite clear that Brian and Jesus were separate people\", and that the film was making some \"very valid points about organised religions\".",
"Looking back, Michael Palin recalled in *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*: \"\\[w]e had done our homework, thinking we were going to get into quite a tough theological argument, but it turned out to be virtually a slanging match. We were very surprised by that. I don't get angry very often, but I got incandescent with rage at their attitude and the smugness of it\". Cleese preferred to sum it all up by saying \"I always felt we won that one by behaving better than the Christians\".",
"The programme and the events surrounding it were told in a Pythonesque fashion in the [television film](/wiki/Television_film \"Television film\") *[Holy Flying Circus](/wiki/Holy_Flying_Circus \"Holy Flying Circus\")*, broadcast on [BBC Four](/wiki/BBC_Four \"BBC Four\") in October 2011\\.",
"After this debate, a parody of the discussion appeared on the satirical comedy show *[Not The Nine O'Clock News](/wiki/Not_The_Nine_O%27Clock_News \"Not The Nine O'Clock News\")*. Chaired by a host played by [Pamela Stephenson](/wiki/Pamela_Stephenson \"Pamela Stephenson\") (who herself would later appear as a guest on *Friday Night, Saturday Morning*), the parody discussion involved a bishop (played by [Rowan Atkinson](/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson \"Rowan Atkinson\")) defending his new film, *[General Synod](/wiki/General_Synod_of_the_Church_of_England \"General Synod of the Church of England\")'s Life of Christ*, which was accused of being \"a thinly disguised and blasphemous attack on the members of [Monty Python](/wiki/Monty_Python \"Monty Python\"), men who are, today, still revered throughout the western world.\"[Not the Nine O'Clock News \\- Monty Python worshipers](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asUyK6JWt9U). Retrieved 27 November 2016",
"",
""
] |
Sports sponsored
----------------
|
{{CollegePrimaryHeader\|team\=Alabama Crimson Tide\|Men's sports\|Women's sports}}
| |
| [Baseball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_baseball "Alabama Crimson Tide baseball") | [Basketball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_basketball "Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball") |
| [Basketball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_men%27s_basketball "Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball") | Cross country |
| Cross country | [Golf](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_golf "Alabama Crimson Tide golf") |
| [Football](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football "Alabama Crimson Tide football") | [Gymnastics](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_gymnastics "Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics") |
| [Golf](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_golf "Alabama Crimson Tide golf") | Rowing |
| Swimming \& diving | [Soccer](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_soccer "Alabama Crimson Tide women's soccer") |
| Tennis | [Softball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_softball "Alabama Crimson Tide softball") |
| Track \& field† | Swimming \& diving |
| Soccer | Tennis |
| | Track \& field† |
| | [Volleyball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_volleyball "Alabama Crimson Tide women's volleyball") |
| {{small\|† – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor.}} | |
### Football
{{main\|Alabama Crimson Tide football}}
{{further\|2023 Alabama Crimson Tide football team}}
University of Alabama law student William G. Little learned how to play [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football") while attending school in [Andover, Massachusetts](/wiki/Andover%2C_Massachusetts "Andover, Massachusetts") and began teaching the sport to fellow Alabama students in early 1892\.{{cite web \|url\=http://rolltidebama.com/history.htm \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205041602/http://rolltidebama.com/history.htm \|archive\-date\=December 5, 2008 \|title\=History of Alabama Football \|publisher\=The University of Alabama \|access\-date\=November 8, 2008}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rolltide.com/trads/football\-origin.html \|title\=Football's Origin at Alabama \|publisher\=The University of Alabama \|access\-date\=November 8, 2008 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217131647/http://www.rolltide.com/trads/football\-origin.html \|archive\-date\=December 17, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead }} Later in the year, the school formed [an official team of 19 players](/wiki/1892_Alabama_Cadets_football_team "1892 Alabama Cadets football team"), with Little as captain and [E. B. Beaumont](/wiki/E._B._Beaumont "E. B. Beaumont") as head coach. Early newspaper accounts of Alabama football simply listed the team as the "varsity" or the "Crimson White", after the school colors. Headline writers then made popular the nickname "The Thin Red Line". It was not until 1907 that the name "Crimson Tide" was used to describe Alabama. The name was supposedly first used by Hugh Roberts, former sports editor of the *[Birmingham Age\-Herald](/wiki/Birmingham_Age-Herald "Birmingham Age-Herald")*. Roberts coined the nickname to describe the 1907 Alabama–Auburn game, played in a sea of mud. Although Auburn was favored to win, Alabama played well in the red mud and held Auburn to a 6–6 tie.
Since then, the program has won 28 [Southeastern Conference](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference "Southeastern Conference") (SEC) championships and claimed 18 [national championships](/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS "College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS"). These include, for years prior to consensus selections, five titles from NCAA\-recognized "major selectors" bestowed in 1934 and 1941, and retrospectively for 1925, 1926, and 1930\. Alabama was also retrospectively selected as national champion for [1945](/wiki/1945_college_football_season "1945 college football season"), [1966](/wiki/1966_NCAA_University_Division_football_season "1966 NCAA University Division football season"), and [1977](/wiki/1977_NCAA_Division_I_football_season "1977 NCAA Division I football season"), as well as at the end of the [1975 college football season](/wiki/1975_NCAA_Division_I_football_season "1975 NCAA Division I football season") by the Matthews, Congrove, Colley Matrix, and [Dunkel Systems](/wiki/Dunkel_System "Dunkel System"),{{cite web \|url\=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football\_records/2012/fbs.pdf \|title\=National Poll Champions \|pages\=71–74 \|author\=National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) \|work\=2012 NCAA Division I Football Records \|publisher\=NCAA.org \|access\-date\=October 11, 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907021355/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football\_records/2012/fbs.pdf \|archive\-date\=September 7, 2012 }} but these five are not claimed by the university.{{cite news \|title\=Got 12? Here's how Alabama bumped up its claim to a dozen national titles \|url\=http://blog.al.com/solomon/2010/01/got\_12\.html \|first\=Jon \|last\=Solomon \|newspaper\=The Birmingham News \|date\=January 6, 2010 \|publisher\=AL.com \|access\-date\=October 11, 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130722084843/http://blog.al.com/solomon/2010/01/got\_12\.html \|archive\-date\=July 22, 2013 }} In January 2012, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2012_BCS_National_Championship_Game "2012 BCS National Championship Game") No.{{nbsp}}1 [LSU](/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football "LSU Tigers football") 21–0 to take the [BCS national title](/wiki/Bowl_Championship_Series "Bowl Championship Series"). In January 2013, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2013_BCS_National_Championship_Game "2013 BCS National Championship Game") the [Notre Dame Fighting Irish](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football") 42–14 for its 15th national championship.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs \|title\=FBS Football \|publisher\=NCAA.com \|access\-date\=August 25, 2014 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229004449/http://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs \|archive\-date\=December 29, 2010 }} In January 2016, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship "2016 College Football Playoff National Championship") the [Clemson Tigers](/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_football "Clemson Tigers football") 45–40 to claim its 16th national championship. On January 8, 2018, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship "2018 College Football Playoff National Championship") the [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football "Georgia Bulldogs football") 26–23 to take the team's 17th national championship.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs \|title\=FBS Championship History \|publisher\=NCAA.com \|access\-date\=October 11, 2012 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229004449/http://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs \|archive\-date\=December 29, 2010 }} On January 11, 2021, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2021_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship "2021 College Football Playoff National Championship") the [Ohio State Buckeyes](/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football "Ohio State Buckeyes football") 52\-24 for its 18th national championship.
The team has also made 65 [bowl](/wiki/Bowl_game "Bowl game") appearances throughout its history (an NCAA record), beginning with the [1926 Rose Bowl](/wiki/1926_Rose_Bowl "1926 Rose Bowl"). Alabama's most recent bowl appearance was at the [2020 Citrus Bowl](/wiki/2020_Citrus_Bowl "2020 Citrus Bowl"). Alabama has a 39–26–3 bowl game record. Since 1913, Alabama has had 98 players selected as first team All\-Americans, with 29 of them being consensus selections. In 2009, Alabama also recorded their first [Heisman Trophy](/wiki/Heisman_Trophy "Heisman Trophy") winner, [Mark Ingram II](/wiki/Mark_Ingram_II "Mark Ingram II"), in the closest Heisman Trophy race.{{cite web \|url\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m\-footbl/auto\_pdf/history\-allamericans.pdf \|title\=Awards and the NFL \|publisher\=University of Alabama Athletics \|access\-date\=November 8, 2008 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320130602/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m\-footbl/auto\_pdf/history\-allamericans.pdf \|archive\-date\=March 20, 2009 }} In 2015, Alabama had its second Heisman Trophy winner in [Derrick Henry](/wiki/Derrick_Henry "Derrick Henry"). In 2020, wide receiver [DeVonta Smith](/wiki/DeVonta_Smith "DeVonta Smith") became the program's third Heisman Trophy winner. This reoccurred in 2022 with Bryce Young.
### Men's basketball
{{main\|Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball}}
Alabama's men's basketball program has numerous SEC Championships and players becoming NBA stars and international professional players. In the conference, it trails only Kentucky in basketball wins, SEC tournament titles, and SEC regular season conference titles. The men's basketball program rose to a No.{{nbsp}}1 national ranking briefly in 2002\. The Crimson Tide became a regular conference basketball contender much as it was in the 1980s under the direction of Coach [Wimp Sanderson](/wiki/Wimp_Sanderson "Wimp Sanderson"). Under head coach and former point guard [Mark Gottfried](/wiki/Mark_Gottfried "Mark Gottfried"), the Tide advanced to postseason play for six consecutive years, culminating with the team's advancement into the Elite Eight of the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship") for the first time in school history in 2004, where the team lost to eventual champion [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_men%27s_basketball "Connecticut Huskies men's basketball") in the Phoenix regional final.
In January 2009, Head Coach [Mark Gottfried](/wiki/Mark_Gottfried "Mark Gottfried") resigned after eleven years at Alabama. Soon afterwards [Anthony Grant](/wiki/Anthony_Grant_%28basketball%29 "Anthony Grant (basketball)") was hired as the new head coach. Under his watch the Crimson Tide battled through a tough first year, finishing 17–15 and achieving a top\-10 ranking in points allowed on defense. Grant's second season with the Tide resulted in the SEC Western Division Championship, finishing 12–4 in the SEC and an overall record of 25–12\. They entered the 2011 [NIT Tournament](/wiki/NIT_Tournament "NIT Tournament") with a No.{{nbsp}}1 seed and made it to the NIT Championship Game and finished as the runner\-up. The Crimson Tide was unbeaten at home with a perfect 19–0 season, a school record. In 2012 the Crimson Tide was a participant in the NCAA tournament and finished its season with a 21–12 record. Former Dallas Mavericks and New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets coach [Avery Johnson](/wiki/Avery_Johnson "Avery Johnson") became the Alabama Head Coach on April 5, 2015\. [Nate Oats](/wiki/Nate_Oats "Nate Oats") became head coach on March 27, 2019\. Since then Nate Oats has been 92\-41 with the Tide. In 2023 they went all the way to the tournament as the no.1 seed for the first time in program history. They lost to the San Diego State in the Sweet Sixteen.
### Women's basketball
{{main\|Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball}}
{{further\|2016–17 Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball team}}
Alabama's women's [basketball](/wiki/Basketball "Basketball") team competes in [Coleman Coliseum](/wiki/Coleman_Coliseum "Coleman Coliseum") and had previously played in [Foster Auditorium](/wiki/Foster_Auditorium "Foster Auditorium"). The team played its first game in 1974 and has since been a varsity sport. The team has had nine head coaches, including Rick Moody, who guided the club to the [1994 NCAA Women's Final Four](/wiki/NCAA_Women%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship"). [Kristy Curry](/wiki/Kristy_Curry "Kristy Curry") was named head coach on May 11, 2013, replacing [Wendell Hudson](/wiki/Wendell_Hudson "Wendell Hudson").
The Crimson Tide has appeared in ten post\-season Tournaments for the [NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Women%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship"), including an eight\-year streak of consecutive appearances in the tournament stretching from 1992 to 1999\. In ten NCAA tournament appearances, Alabama has advanced to the "Sweet Sixteen" six times and the "Elite Eight" and the "Final Four" in 1994\. The most successful season was 1996–1997 when the Tide finished second in the [Southeastern Conference](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference "Southeastern Conference") (10–2 record) and had a mid\-season national ranking of No.{{nbsp}}2 in polls by the AP and USA Today (November 12, 1996\); they finished with a 25–7 overall record. The University of Alabama Women's Basketball program shares the national record with Duke University for the most total points for both teams when Alabama defeated Duke 121–120 (in four overtimes) in 1995 in the NCAA tournament, a game that [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") has declared as one of the *best all\-time women's basketball tournament games*.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.espn.com/womens\-college\-basketball/news/story?id\=2331992 \|title\='Bama emerges as winner after nearly three\-hour game \- Women's College Basketball \- ESPN \|date\=February 15, 2006 \|access\-date\=July 11, 2010 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130224713/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncw/news/story?id\=2331992 \|archive\-date\=November 30, 2010 }}. Sports.espn.go.com Seven former players for the University of Alabama have made rosters of teams of the [WNBA](/wiki/WNBA "WNBA"). Alabama has had an active player in the WNBA through every year of its existence. The current head coach for the Crimson Tide is [Kristy Curry](/wiki/Kristy_Curry "Kristy Curry"). The team played its first season of 1974–75 in Foster Auditorium, but moved to what is now Coleman Coliseum the following season. After Foster Auditorium was extensively renovated in a project that began in 2009, the Tide returned to their original home on February 13, 2011\.
### Baseball
{{main\|Alabama Crimson Tide baseball}}
{{further\|2018 Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team}}
Alabama has baseball. The Crimson Tide is second to LSU for the most SEC titles with 14 (including 13 regular season titles and one tournament title that was won in 1983, during an era in which the tournament decided the overall SEC title). Alabama is also second to the Tigers with seven SEC Tournament championships, including the 1983 one that decided the overall SEC title. Tide baseball teams have participated in the NCAA [College World Series](/wiki/College_World_Series "College World Series") five times ([1950](/wiki/1950_College_World_Series "1950 College World Series"), [1983](/wiki/1983_College_World_Series "1983 College World Series"), [1996](/wiki/1996_College_World_Series "1996 College World Series"), [1997](/wiki/1997_College_World_Series "1997 College World Series"), [1999](/wiki/1999_College_World_Series "1999 College World Series")), finishing second in 1983 (to [Texas](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns%23Baseball "Texas Longhorns#Baseball")) and 1997 (to LSU). Home games are played at [Sewell–Thomas Stadium](/wiki/Sewell%E2%80%93Thomas_Stadium "Sewell–Thomas Stadium"), known as "The Joe" to Crimson Tide fans. The baseball team is currently coached by head coach [Brad Bohannon](/wiki/Brad_Bohannon "Brad Bohannon").
### Softball
{{main\|Alabama Crimson Tide softball}}
{{further\|2018 Alabama Crimson Tide softball team}}
The Alabama softball team was started in 1997\. They are currently coached by head coach [Patrick Murphy](/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_%28softball%29 "Patrick Murphy (softball)") and assistant coaches [Alyson Habetz](/wiki/Alyson_Habetz "Alyson Habetz") and Stephanie VanBrakle. They have won six Southeastern Conference championships (two regular seasons and four tournaments), made 18 consecutive NCAA tournaments (every year since 1999\) and have advanced to the [Women's College World Series](/wiki/Women%27s_College_World_Series "Women's College World Series") eight times, including back\-to\-back third\-place finishes in the 2008 and 2009 series. On June 7, 2012, Alabama became the first team in SEC history to win the WCWS Championship defeating Oklahoma in three games. The team's current overall record stands at 708–224 (.759\). Alabama has won the [SEC softball tournament](/wiki/SEC_softball_tournament "SEC softball tournament") five times (1998, 2003, 2005, [2010](/wiki/2010_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_softball_season "2010 Alabama Crimson Tide softball season") and 2012\).
### Golf
{{main\|Alabama Crimson Tide golf}}
Alabama's men's and women's golf teams have become two of the top programs in the nation since head coaches Jay Seawell (men) and Mic Potter (women) took over in the 2002 and 2006 respectively.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}} They have combined to make the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship "NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship") 13 out of 14 chances since they arrived, and have each led their teams to a [Southeastern Conference](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference "Southeastern Conference") Championship. Overall the Crimson Tide golf teams have combined to make the NCAA tournament 31 times, won the SEC Championship four times, and have had over 30 players honored as [All\-Americans](/wiki/All-America "All-America"). The men's golf program finished sixth in the nation in 2007, while being consistently ranked in the top three in the 2007–08 season. The home course for the Tide has been the [Ol' Colony Golf Complex](/wiki/Ol%27_Colony_Golf_Complex "Ol' Colony Golf Complex") since 2005\.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015\|reason\=details in paragraph need citation(s) per WP:Verify.}}
In 2012, the Crimson Tide has two of the best teams in the country with the women ranked No.{{nbsp}}1 and men ranked No.{{nbsp}}4 by Golf Week.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.golfweekrankings.com/ellington\|title\=GOLFWEEK – Men's Pro Tour Rankings\|author\=Golfweek Staff\|work\=golfweekrankings.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723212223/http://www.golfweekrankings.com/ellington/\|archive\-date\=July 23, 2011}} The women's golf team won their first national title in 2012 while the men finished as the national runner\-up.{{cite web \|author\=The Associated Press \|url\=https://www.ncaa.com/news/golf\-women/article/2012\-05\-25/alabama\-wins\-first\-title\-final\-hole \|title\=Alabama wins first title on final hole \|publisher\=NCAA.com \|date\=July 1, 2012 \|access\-date\=August 25, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006160928/http://www.ncaa.com/news/golf\-women/article/2012\-05\-25/alabama\-wins\-first\-title\-final\-hole \|archive\-date\=October 6, 2014 \|df\=mdy\-all }} In 1941, [Eleanor Dudley](/wiki/Eleanor_Dudley "Eleanor Dudley") won the inaugural women's individual intercollegiate [golf championship](/wiki/Association_for_Intercollegiate_Athletics_for_Women_championships%23Individual "Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women championships#Individual") (an event conducted by the [Division of Girls' and Women's Sports](/wiki/Association_for_Intercollegiate_Athletics_for_Women%23History "Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women#History") (DGWS)—which later evolved into the AIAW championship in the 1970s).
On June 2, 2013, the Alabama men's golf team won their first NCAA national title after defeating Illinois in the title match.{{cite web \|author\=The Associated Press \|url\=https://www.ncaa.com/news/golf\-men/article/2013\-06\-02/alabama\-captures\-first\-men\-s\-golf\-title\-after\-defeating\-illinois\-ti \|title\=Alabama captures first men's golf title after defeating Illinois in title match \|publisher\=NCAA.com \|date\=June 2, 2013 \|access\-date\=August 25, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103557/http://www.ncaa.com/news/golf\-men/article/2013\-06\-02/alabama\-captures\-first\-men\-s\-golf\-title\-after\-defeating\-illinois\-ti \|archive\-date\=October 6, 2014 \|df\=mdy\-all }}
### Gymnastics
{{main\|Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics}}
The women's [gymnastics](/wiki/Gymnastics "Gymnastics") squad at The University of Alabama first competed in 1975\. The squad did not have a winning season until the arrival of former coach [Sarah Patterson](/wiki/Sarah_Patterson_%28coach%29 "Sarah Patterson (coach)") in 1979\. In the following 35 years under Patterson and her husband David, the squad won six NCAA national championships, seven SEC championships, 26 regional titles, and 248 [All\-American](/wiki/All-America "All-America") honors. It has placed in the top five at the NCAA Championships 25 of the past 29 years and won national championships six times: in 1988, 1991, 1996, 2002, and most recently won back to back titles in 2011 and 2012\. Alabama has also won nine SEC Championships including 1988, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015\. The gymnastics squad also hosts an annual fundraiser for breast cancer, where the crowd is encouraged to "Think Pink" and support the cause by turning out in pink clothing. As of the 2009 fundraiser, the effort had raised in excess of $750,000\.Walsh, Christopher. ["'Power of Pink' draws green"](http://www.tidesports.com/article/20090226/NEWS/902251964){{Dead link\|date\=October 2018 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}, *[The Tuscaloosa News](/wiki/The_Tuscaloosa_News "The Tuscaloosa News")*, February 26, 2009\. Retrieved on May 17, 2009\.
Gymnastics meets have an average attendance of over 13,000 at Coleman Coliseum. Meets against the team's arch\-rival, the University of Georgia Gymdogs, often sell out. Alabama holds seven of the eleven NCAA records for the largest gymnastics crowds of all time, including an attendance of 15,162 fans on January 20, 2006\. Alabama's gymnastics team is led by head coach [Dana Duckworth](/wiki/Dana_Duckworth "Dana Duckworth"), a former Crimson Tide gymnast and two\-time NCAA champion, and competes in Coleman Coliseum.
### Track and field
The Crimson Tide's men's [track and field](/wiki/Track_and_field "Track and field") program has produced numerous individual national champions, including [Calvin Smith](/wiki/Calvin_Smith "Calvin Smith"), the former world record holder in the 100\-meter dash, [Jan Johnson](/wiki/Jan_Johnson "Jan Johnson") (pole vault), [Gary England](/wiki/Gary_England_%28shot_putter%29 "Gary England (shot putter)") (shot put), [Jeff Woodard](/wiki/Jeff_Woodard_%28high_jumper%29 "Jeff Woodard (high jumper)") (high jump), [William Wuycke](/wiki/William_Wuycke "William Wuycke") (1000 yards and 1000 meters), [Emmit King](/wiki/Emmit_King "Emmit King") (100 m), [Keith Talley](/wiki/Keith_Talley "Keith Talley") (55 m and 100 m hurdles), [Andrew Owusu](/wiki/Andrew_Owusu "Andrew Owusu") (long jump), [Miguel Pate](/wiki/Miguel_Pate "Miguel Pate") (long jump and NCAA national record), [Mats Nilsson](/wiki/Mats_Nilsson_%28javelin_thrower%29 "Mats Nilsson (javelin thrower)"), [Tim Broe](/wiki/Tim_Broe "Tim Broe") (3000 m steeplechase), [David Kimani](/wiki/David_Kimani "David Kimani") (3000 m indoor and 5000 m), [Kirani James](/wiki/Kirani_James "Kirani James") (400 m), [Diondre Batson](/wiki/Diondre_Batson "Diondre Batson") (Indoor 200 meters), [Hayden Reed](/wiki/Hayden_Reed "Hayden Reed") (Discus) and the 4 × 100 meter relay team of [Richard Beattie](/wiki/Richard_Beattie_%28sprinter%29 "Richard Beattie (sprinter)"), [Brad McQuaig](/wiki/Brad_McQuaig "Brad McQuaig"), [Eduardo Nava](/wiki/Eduardo_Nava_%28athlete%29 "Eduardo Nava (athlete)"), and [Clive Wright](/wiki/Clive_Wright "Clive Wright"), and the mile relay team of [Joe Coombs](/wiki/Joe_Coombs_%28sprinter%29 "Joe Coombs (sprinter)"), [Darroll Gatson](/wiki/Darroll_Gatson "Darroll Gatson"), [Tony Husbands](/wiki/Tony_Husbands "Tony Husbands"), and [Ike Levin](/wiki/Ike_Levin "Ike Levin").
Individual national champions from the Crimson Tide women's track and field team have included [Disa Gisladottir](/wiki/Disa_Gisladottir "Disa Gisladottir") (high jump), [Iris Gronfeldt](/wiki/Iris_Gronfeldt "Iris Gronfeldt") (javelin), [Lillie Leatherwood](/wiki/Lillie_Leatherwood "Lillie Leatherwood") (400 m), [Liz McColgan](/wiki/Liz_McColgan "Liz McColgan") (née Lynch; mile), [Pauline Davis\-Thompson](/wiki/Pauline_Davis-Thompson "Pauline Davis-Thompson") (200 m), [Flora Hyacinth](/wiki/Flora_Hyacinth "Flora Hyacinth") (triple jump), [Beth Mallory](/wiki/Beth_Mallory "Beth Mallory") (discus), [Remona Burchell](/wiki/Remona_Burchell "Remona Burchell") (indoor 60 m), and [Quanesha Burks](/wiki/Quanesha_Burks "Quanesha Burks") (long jump).
Coach Dan Waters is the head coach for both the men's and women's track and field program, assuming the position in 2012\. The university hosts the Alabama Relays and the Crimson Classic annually, which brings many of the top programs in the country to compete at the Sam Bailey Track Stadium, built in 1975 with seating for 4,500 fans. A renovation project in 2012 created a facility that is among America's best.{{cite web\|title\=Sam Bailey Track and Field Stadium\|url\=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/2016/6/10/facilities\-sam\-bailey\-html.aspx\|website\=www.rolltide.com/sports\|publisher\=ROLLTIDE.com\|access\-date\=September 19, 2017\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045150/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/2016/6/10/facilities\-sam\-bailey\-html.aspx\|archive\-date\=September 20, 2017}}
### Women's soccer
{{main\|Alabama Crimson Tide women's soccer}}
Women's [soccer](/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States "College soccer in the United States") was a varsity sport from 1986 to 1988, and was revived in 1994\. Former head coach Don Staley had been with the program since 1994, but stepped down at the end of the 2007 season. He was replaced with former [Clemson University](/wiki/Clemson_University "Clemson University") head coach [Todd Bramble](/wiki/Todd_Bramble "Todd Bramble"). The team has won the SEC West three times (1995, 97, 98\) and participated in the [NCAA Women's Soccer Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Soccer_Championship "NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship") in 1999 and 2011\. In 2005, senior Libby Probst earned third team All\-American honors and the SEC Scholar\-Athlete of the Year award after breaking almost every major offensive record in her career at the Capstone. The team currently plays its home games at the [Alabama Soccer Stadium](/wiki/Alabama_Soccer_Stadium "Alabama Soccer Stadium"). Wes Hart became the head coach in 2015\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\-soccer/mtt/wes\_hart\_961961\.html \|title\=Wes Hart Bio \- ROLLTIDE.COM \- University of Alabama Official Athletic Site \|access\-date\=March 5, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308074839/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\-soccer/mtt/wes\_hart\_961961\.html \|archive\-date\=March 8, 2016 }}
### Women's volleyball
{{main\|Alabama Crimson Tide volleyball}}
The Alabama women's volleyball is coached by Ed Allen, who was hired on January 10, 2011\. The team has competed in the [NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Women%27s_Volleyball_Championship "NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship") in 2005, 2006, and 2007\. The team won the SEC Western Division Championship in 2000 and 2004, and was the SEC Volleyball Tournament Runner\-up in 2005\. In 2000, the Alabama Volleyball team achieved the nation's best team\-GPA among Division I Volleyball teams. Past coaches for Alabama Volleyball have included Stephanie Schleuder, Dorothy Franco\-Reed, and [Judy Green](/wiki/Judy_Green_%28volleyball_coach%29 "Judy Green (volleyball coach)"). The venue for the Crimson Tide's home volleyball games is [Foster Auditorium](/wiki/Foster_Auditorium "Foster Auditorium").
### Tennis
Men's and women's tennis at the University of Alabama have built a tradition of excellence and enjoy competing in the Roberta Alison Baumgardner Indoor Tennis Facility, and the University of Alabama Tennis Stadium, which has won an award from [USTA](/wiki/USTA "USTA") for being among the most excellent tennis facilities in the nation, and has been selected as the host site for regional tournaments by the NCAA in 2012 and 2013\. In the 1960s, [Roberta Alison](/wiki/Roberta_Alison "Roberta Alison") became Alabama's first female athlete when she joined the men's team and occasionally played the No.{{nbsp}}1 and No.{{nbsp}}2 positions. She went on to win American Women's collegiate Championships in 1962 and 1963 for singles, and 1963 in doubles. Today the Alabama Tennis program hosts the Roberta Alison Fall Tennis Classic each year to honor her.
Alabama men's tennis began in 1949 with the coach, Lee Shapiro. Through the years, additional coaches have developed Alabama's program, including C. de la Manardiere (1951–1953, 1956\); Rafael de Valle (1954–1955 and 1958–1960\); Dr. [Eugene Lambert (coach)](/wiki/Eugene_Lambert_%28coach%29 "Eugene Lambert (coach)") in 1957; Jason Morton (1961–1964\); Earl Baumgardner (1965–1966\); Bill Mallory in 1967; Dale Anderson (1968–1969\); Bill McClain (1970–1977\); [Armistead Neely](/wiki/Armistead_Neely "Armistead Neely") (1978–1982\); Tommy Wade (1983–1988\); John Kreis (1989–1994\); [Joey Rive](/wiki/Joey_Rive "Joey Rive") (1995–1997\); Adam Steinberg (1998–2002\); Billy Pate (2003–2012\), and the current head coach, George Husack, 2013\.
The Men's Tennis Team has been a participant in the NCAA tournament 17 times: 1989, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013, as well as having 33 singles qualifying and 17 doubles qualifying for the NCAA tournament. Alabama's All\-Americans include Jeff Robinson (1976, 1977\), Andy Solis (1984, 1985\), Gregg Hahn (1985, 1986\), [John Stimpson](/wiki/John_Stimpson "John Stimpson") (1990\), Francisco Rodriquez (1998, 1999\), Maxim Belski (2001\), Clinton Ferriera (1986, 1989\), Ellis Ferriera (1989, 1990, 1991\), Rick Witsken (1991, 1993\), and [Juan Carlos Bianchi](/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Bianchi "Juan Carlos Bianchi") (1993\). Additionally, Stephen Mitchell, among others, played professionally, and [Konstantinos Efraimoglou](/wiki/Konstantinos_Efraimoglou "Konstantinos Efraimoglou") was an Olympian in tennis in 1992\. Ellis Ferreira became the champion at the [2000 Australian Open](/wiki/2000_Australian_Open "2000 Australian Open") in men's doubles and [2001 Australian Open](/wiki/2001_Australian_Open "2001 Australian Open") in mixed doubles. [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup "Davis Cup") participants have included Juan Carlos Bianchi, Francisco Rodriguez, and [Michael\-Ray Pallares\-González](/wiki/Michael-Ray_Pallares-Gonz%C3%A1lez "Michael-Ray Pallares-González").
Alabama's women's tennis team began in 1975, although [Roberta Alison](/wiki/Roberta_Alison "Roberta Alison") competed individually through the men's team years earlier. Coaches for the Crimson Tide Women's tennis team include Jean Mills (1975–1978\), Mark Heinrick (1979–1980\), Lewis Lay in 1981, Peter Heffeman (1982–1984\), Karin Gaiser (1985–1993\), Jim Tressler (1994–1997\), Michelle Morton in 1997, and the current coach, Jenny Mainz (1998–2013\). Coach Jenny Mainz was named in 2013 as the National Coach of the Year after her team reached the Round of 16 and had a singles player and a doubles team to both reach the national semifinals.
All\-Americans for the Crimson Tide women's tennis team include Titia Wilmink (1993\), Marouschka van Dijk (1993\), Baili Camino (1997\), [Robin Stephenson](/wiki/Robin_Stephenson "Robin Stephenson") (2005\), [Alexa Guarachi](/wiki/Alexa_Guarachi "Alexa Guarachi") (2013\), Mary Anne Macfarlane (2012, 2013\). The Crimson Tide women's team has sent 17 qualifiers for NCAA Singles Tournaments and twelve for the Doubles Tournaments {{as of\|2013\|lc\=y}}. The Tide competed as a team in the NCAA tournaments of 1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013\. The 2013 team produced the best results in program history, ending the season with a Sweet Sixteen appearance. Alabama was the winner of the NCAA Women's Doubles National Championship in 2014 and 2015 with the team of Erin Routliffe and Maya Jansen.
### Women's rowing
Women's [rowing](/wiki/College_rowing_in_the_United_States "College rowing in the United States") is the most recent addition to Alabama's list of varsity athletics. [Mal Moore](/wiki/Mal_Moore "Mal Moore") announced the addition of Alabama's 21st varsity sport in October 2005\. The women's rowing team became the newest varsity sport at The University of Alabama in Fall 2006\. The team was added due to [Title IX](/wiki/Title_IX "Title IX") considerations and allows for 20 full scholarships.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\-rowing/spec\-rel/031208aaa.html\|title\=2008 Media Guide\|work\=rolltide.com\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215093327/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\-rowing/spec\-rel/031208aaa.html\|archive\-date\=February 15, 2009\|df\=mdy\-all\|access\-date\=April 22, 2009}} Taking only girls who had previously rowed for the Alabama [Crew](/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29 "Rowing (sport)") Club (est. 1987\) and other walk\-ons, Head Coach Larry Davis built the program from the ground up. In the first year of competition (2006–2007\), the Tide defeated the [University of Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats "Cincinnati Bearcats"), [Creighton University](/wiki/Creighton_Bluejays "Creighton Bluejays"), and [Murray State University](/wiki/Murray_State_Racers "Murray State Racers") and also won medals at the Head of the Chattahoochee and the Head of the South.
The second year (2007–2008\) of competition surprised many as the Varsity eight went on to win silver medals at the prestigious [Head of the Charles Regatta](/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta "Head of the Charles Regatta") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston "Boston"), and also the Southern Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championships in [Oak Ridge, Tennessee](/wiki/Oak_Ridge%2C_Tennessee "Oak Ridge, Tennessee"). The Tide again medaled at the Chattanooga Head Race and the Head of the South and recorded several match race victories against [Southern Methodist](/wiki/SMU_Mustangs "SMU Mustangs"), Creighton, Murray State, [Drake](/wiki/Drake_Bulldogs "Drake Bulldogs"), and the [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels "North Carolina Tar Heels"). The team also landed three boats in the top ten of their categories at the [Dad Vail Regatta](/wiki/Dad_Vail_Regatta "Dad Vail Regatta") in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia").{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\-rowing/alab\-w\-rowing\-body.html\|title\=University of Alabama Official Athletic Site – Women's Rowing\|work\=rolltide.com\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404193532/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\-rowing/alab\-w\-rowing\-body.html\|archive\-date\=April 4, 2009}}
Within two years, the team has had 25 athletes earn SEC Academic Honor Roll honors and 16 earn Collegiate Rowing Coaches Association Scholar\-Athlete awards. For the 2007–2008 school year, Women's Rowing won the team service award by posting the most number of community service hours (over 1500\) out of all women's sports at Alabama. Nationally, the Alabama women's rowing team has won both silver (in 2007\) and bronze (in 2009\) medals in the women's championship 8\+ category at the Head of the Charles regatta in Boston.
Before the SEC added women's rowing in 2024–25, the Crimson Tide had housed that sport in the [Big 12 Conference](/wiki/Big_12_Conference "Big 12 Conference").
### Others
Other varsity sports include swimming and diving, and cross\-country. The university supports both men's and women's programs in all these sports. The school has had individual success in all these sports, including [Vladislav Polyakov](/wiki/Vladislav_Polyakov "Vladislav Polyakov") winning national titles in the 200\-meter men's breaststroke in 2005 and 2007\.
### Spirit Squads
[thumb\|Cheerleaders cheering on the crowd, 2010\.](/wiki/File:The_cheerleaders_are_amazing_to_watch._The_boys_throw_the_girls_into_the_air_as_they_cheer_on_their_winning_team._University_of_Alabama_football_game%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010638321.tif "The cheerleaders are amazing to watch. The boys throw the girls into the air as they cheer on their winning team. University of Alabama football game, Tuscaloosa, Alabama LCCN2010638321.tif")
The Spirit Squads are made up of two cheerleading squads (Coed Squad and All\-Girl Squad), the Alabama Dance Team, and [Big Al](/wiki/Big_Al_%28mascot%29 "Big Al (mascot)"). They appear at many University sporting events.
The cheer squads and dance team compete annually at the UCA/UDA College National Championships in Division 1A. The Coed Cheerleading squad won for the first time in 2011 and then again in 2015\. They came in second in 2017, fourth in 2018, and third in 2019 in the D1A Coed Championship. The All\-Girl Squad debuted in 2014 placing second in their debut UCA appearance. The All\-Girl team came back to win in 2015 and had repeated wins in 2020 and 2022 in the D1A All\-Girl Championship. In 2015 Alabama became the first school to clean sweep both Division 1A cheer titles. The Alabama Dance Team placed seventh in Hip Hop in 2018 and 2019, and 11th in 2019 in Jazz at the UDA College National Championship. 2019 was the first year in school history that the dance team finaled in both of their two divisions.{{cite web \|url\=https://tv.varsity.com/results/6071111\-2018\-uca\-uda\-college\-cheerleading\-and\-dance\-team\-national\-championship/23526 \|title\=See the results for the 2018 UCA \& UDA College Cheerleading and Dance Team National Championship varsity tv event on Varsity.tv \|access\-date\=March 7, 2018 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041849/https://tv.varsity.com/results/6071111\-2018\-uca\-uda\-college\-cheerleading\-and\-dance\-team\-national\-championship/23526 \|archive\-date\=March 8, 2018}}{{cite web \|url\=http://www.varsity.com/uploads/events/eventid\_1925/files/DivisionIA\_AllGirl.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|access\-date\=January 21, 2015 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121064918/http://www.varsity.com/uploads/events/eventid\_1925/files/DivisionIA\_AllGirl.pdf \|archive\-date\=January 21, 2015}}{{Cite web \|date\=5 June 2023 \|title\=UCA UDA Final Results \|url\=https://files.varsity.com/uploads/events/eventid\_1925/files/DivisionIA\_Coed.pdf \|website\=varsity.com}}{{cite web \|url\=http://tv.varsity.com/result/9320\-uca\-uda\-college\-cheerleading\-dance\-team\-national\-championship\-2017\#.WdvU5mhSw2w \|title\= 2017 UCA \& UDA College Cheerleading \& Dance Team National Championship \- Varsity TV Event \- Varsity\|website\=tv.varsity.com \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010010600/http://tv.varsity.com/result/9320\-uca\-uda\-college\-cheerleading\-dance\-team\-national\-championship\-2017 \|archive\-date\=October 10, 2017}}
|
[
"Sports sponsored\n----------------",
"",
"|\n{{CollegePrimaryHeader\\|team\\=Alabama Crimson Tide\\|Men's sports\\|Women's sports}}",
"| |\n| [Baseball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_baseball \"Alabama Crimson Tide baseball\") | [Basketball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_basketball \"Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball\") |\n| [Basketball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_men%27s_basketball \"Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball\") | Cross country |\n| Cross country | [Golf](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_golf \"Alabama Crimson Tide golf\") |\n| [Football](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football \"Alabama Crimson Tide football\") | [Gymnastics](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_gymnastics \"Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics\") |\n| [Golf](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_golf \"Alabama Crimson Tide golf\") | Rowing |\n| Swimming \\& diving | [Soccer](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_soccer \"Alabama Crimson Tide women's soccer\") |\n| Tennis | [Softball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_softball \"Alabama Crimson Tide softball\") |\n| Track \\& field† | Swimming \\& diving |\n| Soccer | Tennis |\n| | Track \\& field† |\n| | [Volleyball](/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_volleyball \"Alabama Crimson Tide women's volleyball\") |\n| {{small\\|† – Track and field includes both indoor and outdoor.}} | |",
"### Football",
"{{main\\|Alabama Crimson Tide football}}\n{{further\\|2023 Alabama Crimson Tide football team}}",
"University of Alabama law student William G. Little learned how to play [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") while attending school in [Andover, Massachusetts](/wiki/Andover%2C_Massachusetts \"Andover, Massachusetts\") and began teaching the sport to fellow Alabama students in early 1892\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://rolltidebama.com/history.htm \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205041602/http://rolltidebama.com/history.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2008 \\|title\\=History of Alabama Football \\|publisher\\=The University of Alabama \\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2008}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rolltide.com/trads/football\\-origin.html \\|title\\=Football's Origin at Alabama \\|publisher\\=The University of Alabama \\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2008 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217131647/http://www.rolltide.com/trads/football\\-origin.html \\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} Later in the year, the school formed [an official team of 19 players](/wiki/1892_Alabama_Cadets_football_team \"1892 Alabama Cadets football team\"), with Little as captain and [E. B. Beaumont](/wiki/E._B._Beaumont \"E. B. Beaumont\") as head coach. Early newspaper accounts of Alabama football simply listed the team as the \"varsity\" or the \"Crimson White\", after the school colors. Headline writers then made popular the nickname \"The Thin Red Line\". It was not until 1907 that the name \"Crimson Tide\" was used to describe Alabama. The name was supposedly first used by Hugh Roberts, former sports editor of the *[Birmingham Age\\-Herald](/wiki/Birmingham_Age-Herald \"Birmingham Age-Herald\")*. Roberts coined the nickname to describe the 1907 Alabama–Auburn game, played in a sea of mud. Although Auburn was favored to win, Alabama played well in the red mud and held Auburn to a 6–6 tie.",
"Since then, the program has won 28 [Southeastern Conference](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference \"Southeastern Conference\") (SEC) championships and claimed 18 [national championships](/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS \"College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS\"). These include, for years prior to consensus selections, five titles from NCAA\\-recognized \"major selectors\" bestowed in 1934 and 1941, and retrospectively for 1925, 1926, and 1930\\. Alabama was also retrospectively selected as national champion for [1945](/wiki/1945_college_football_season \"1945 college football season\"), [1966](/wiki/1966_NCAA_University_Division_football_season \"1966 NCAA University Division football season\"), and [1977](/wiki/1977_NCAA_Division_I_football_season \"1977 NCAA Division I football season\"), as well as at the end of the [1975 college football season](/wiki/1975_NCAA_Division_I_football_season \"1975 NCAA Division I football season\") by the Matthews, Congrove, Colley Matrix, and [Dunkel Systems](/wiki/Dunkel_System \"Dunkel System\"),{{cite web \\|url\\=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football\\_records/2012/fbs.pdf \\|title\\=National Poll Champions \\|pages\\=71–74 \\|author\\=National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) \\|work\\=2012 NCAA Division I Football Records \\|publisher\\=NCAA.org \\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907021355/http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football\\_records/2012/fbs.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=September 7, 2012 }} but these five are not claimed by the university.{{cite news \\|title\\=Got 12? Here's how Alabama bumped up its claim to a dozen national titles \\|url\\=http://blog.al.com/solomon/2010/01/got\\_12\\.html \\|first\\=Jon \\|last\\=Solomon \\|newspaper\\=The Birmingham News \\|date\\=January 6, 2010 \\|publisher\\=AL.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130722084843/http://blog.al.com/solomon/2010/01/got\\_12\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=July 22, 2013 }} In January 2012, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2012_BCS_National_Championship_Game \"2012 BCS National Championship Game\") No.{{nbsp}}1 [LSU](/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football \"LSU Tigers football\") 21–0 to take the [BCS national title](/wiki/Bowl_Championship_Series \"Bowl Championship Series\"). In January 2013, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2013_BCS_National_Championship_Game \"2013 BCS National Championship Game\") the [Notre Dame Fighting Irish](/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football \"Notre Dame Fighting Irish football\") 42–14 for its 15th national championship.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs \\|title\\=FBS Football \\|publisher\\=NCAA.com \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229004449/http://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs \\|archive\\-date\\=December 29, 2010 }} In January 2016, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship \"2016 College Football Playoff National Championship\") the [Clemson Tigers](/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_football \"Clemson Tigers football\") 45–40 to claim its 16th national championship. On January 8, 2018, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship \"2018 College Football Playoff National Championship\") the [Georgia Bulldogs](/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_football \"Georgia Bulldogs football\") 26–23 to take the team's 17th national championship.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs \\|title\\=FBS Championship History \\|publisher\\=NCAA.com \\|access\\-date\\=October 11, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229004449/http://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs \\|archive\\-date\\=December 29, 2010 }} On January 11, 2021, Alabama [defeated](/wiki/2021_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship \"2021 College Football Playoff National Championship\") the [Ohio State Buckeyes](/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football \"Ohio State Buckeyes football\") 52\\-24 for its 18th national championship.",
"The team has also made 65 [bowl](/wiki/Bowl_game \"Bowl game\") appearances throughout its history (an NCAA record), beginning with the [1926 Rose Bowl](/wiki/1926_Rose_Bowl \"1926 Rose Bowl\"). Alabama's most recent bowl appearance was at the [2020 Citrus Bowl](/wiki/2020_Citrus_Bowl \"2020 Citrus Bowl\"). Alabama has a 39–26–3 bowl game record. Since 1913, Alabama has had 98 players selected as first team All\\-Americans, with 29 of them being consensus selections. In 2009, Alabama also recorded their first [Heisman Trophy](/wiki/Heisman_Trophy \"Heisman Trophy\") winner, [Mark Ingram II](/wiki/Mark_Ingram_II \"Mark Ingram II\"), in the closest Heisman Trophy race.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m\\-footbl/auto\\_pdf/history\\-allamericans.pdf \\|title\\=Awards and the NFL \\|publisher\\=University of Alabama Athletics \\|access\\-date\\=November 8, 2008 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320130602/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/m\\-footbl/auto\\_pdf/history\\-allamericans.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=March 20, 2009 }} In 2015, Alabama had its second Heisman Trophy winner in [Derrick Henry](/wiki/Derrick_Henry \"Derrick Henry\"). In 2020, wide receiver [DeVonta Smith](/wiki/DeVonta_Smith \"DeVonta Smith\") became the program's third Heisman Trophy winner. This reoccurred in 2022 with Bryce Young.",
"### Men's basketball",
"{{main\\|Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball}}",
"Alabama's men's basketball program has numerous SEC Championships and players becoming NBA stars and international professional players. In the conference, it trails only Kentucky in basketball wins, SEC tournament titles, and SEC regular season conference titles. The men's basketball program rose to a No.{{nbsp}}1 national ranking briefly in 2002\\. The Crimson Tide became a regular conference basketball contender much as it was in the 1980s under the direction of Coach [Wimp Sanderson](/wiki/Wimp_Sanderson \"Wimp Sanderson\"). Under head coach and former point guard [Mark Gottfried](/wiki/Mark_Gottfried \"Mark Gottfried\"), the Tide advanced to postseason play for six consecutive years, culminating with the team's advancement into the Elite Eight of the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship\") for the first time in school history in 2004, where the team lost to eventual champion [Connecticut](/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_men%27s_basketball \"Connecticut Huskies men's basketball\") in the Phoenix regional final.",
"In January 2009, Head Coach [Mark Gottfried](/wiki/Mark_Gottfried \"Mark Gottfried\") resigned after eleven years at Alabama. Soon afterwards [Anthony Grant](/wiki/Anthony_Grant_%28basketball%29 \"Anthony Grant (basketball)\") was hired as the new head coach. Under his watch the Crimson Tide battled through a tough first year, finishing 17–15 and achieving a top\\-10 ranking in points allowed on defense. Grant's second season with the Tide resulted in the SEC Western Division Championship, finishing 12–4 in the SEC and an overall record of 25–12\\. They entered the 2011 [NIT Tournament](/wiki/NIT_Tournament \"NIT Tournament\") with a No.{{nbsp}}1 seed and made it to the NIT Championship Game and finished as the runner\\-up. The Crimson Tide was unbeaten at home with a perfect 19–0 season, a school record. In 2012 the Crimson Tide was a participant in the NCAA tournament and finished its season with a 21–12 record. Former Dallas Mavericks and New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets coach [Avery Johnson](/wiki/Avery_Johnson \"Avery Johnson\") became the Alabama Head Coach on April 5, 2015\\. [Nate Oats](/wiki/Nate_Oats \"Nate Oats\") became head coach on March 27, 2019\\. Since then Nate Oats has been 92\\-41 with the Tide. In 2023 they went all the way to the tournament as the no.1 seed for the first time in program history. They lost to the San Diego State in the Sweet Sixteen.",
"### Women's basketball",
"{{main\\|Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball}}\n{{further\\|2016–17 Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball team}}",
"Alabama's women's [basketball](/wiki/Basketball \"Basketball\") team competes in [Coleman Coliseum](/wiki/Coleman_Coliseum \"Coleman Coliseum\") and had previously played in [Foster Auditorium](/wiki/Foster_Auditorium \"Foster Auditorium\"). The team played its first game in 1974 and has since been a varsity sport. The team has had nine head coaches, including Rick Moody, who guided the club to the [1994 NCAA Women's Final Four](/wiki/NCAA_Women%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship\"). [Kristy Curry](/wiki/Kristy_Curry \"Kristy Curry\") was named head coach on May 11, 2013, replacing [Wendell Hudson](/wiki/Wendell_Hudson \"Wendell Hudson\").",
"The Crimson Tide has appeared in ten post\\-season Tournaments for the [NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Women%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship\"), including an eight\\-year streak of consecutive appearances in the tournament stretching from 1992 to 1999\\. In ten NCAA tournament appearances, Alabama has advanced to the \"Sweet Sixteen\" six times and the \"Elite Eight\" and the \"Final Four\" in 1994\\. The most successful season was 1996–1997 when the Tide finished second in the [Southeastern Conference](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference \"Southeastern Conference\") (10–2 record) and had a mid\\-season national ranking of No.{{nbsp}}2 in polls by the AP and USA Today (November 12, 1996\\); they finished with a 25–7 overall record. The University of Alabama Women's Basketball program shares the national record with Duke University for the most total points for both teams when Alabama defeated Duke 121–120 (in four overtimes) in 1995 in the NCAA tournament, a game that [ESPN](/wiki/ESPN \"ESPN\") has declared as one of the *best all\\-time women's basketball tournament games*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/womens\\-college\\-basketball/news/story?id\\=2331992 \\|title\\='Bama emerges as winner after nearly three\\-hour game \\- Women's College Basketball \\- ESPN \\|date\\=February 15, 2006 \\|access\\-date\\=July 11, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130224713/http://sports.espn.go.com/ncw/news/story?id\\=2331992 \\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2010 }}. Sports.espn.go.com Seven former players for the University of Alabama have made rosters of teams of the [WNBA](/wiki/WNBA \"WNBA\"). Alabama has had an active player in the WNBA through every year of its existence. The current head coach for the Crimson Tide is [Kristy Curry](/wiki/Kristy_Curry \"Kristy Curry\"). The team played its first season of 1974–75 in Foster Auditorium, but moved to what is now Coleman Coliseum the following season. After Foster Auditorium was extensively renovated in a project that began in 2009, the Tide returned to their original home on February 13, 2011\\.",
"### Baseball",
"{{main\\|Alabama Crimson Tide baseball}}\n{{further\\|2018 Alabama Crimson Tide baseball team}}",
"Alabama has baseball. The Crimson Tide is second to LSU for the most SEC titles with 14 (including 13 regular season titles and one tournament title that was won in 1983, during an era in which the tournament decided the overall SEC title). Alabama is also second to the Tigers with seven SEC Tournament championships, including the 1983 one that decided the overall SEC title. Tide baseball teams have participated in the NCAA [College World Series](/wiki/College_World_Series \"College World Series\") five times ([1950](/wiki/1950_College_World_Series \"1950 College World Series\"), [1983](/wiki/1983_College_World_Series \"1983 College World Series\"), [1996](/wiki/1996_College_World_Series \"1996 College World Series\"), [1997](/wiki/1997_College_World_Series \"1997 College World Series\"), [1999](/wiki/1999_College_World_Series \"1999 College World Series\")), finishing second in 1983 (to [Texas](/wiki/Texas_Longhorns%23Baseball \"Texas Longhorns#Baseball\")) and 1997 (to LSU). Home games are played at [Sewell–Thomas Stadium](/wiki/Sewell%E2%80%93Thomas_Stadium \"Sewell–Thomas Stadium\"), known as \"The Joe\" to Crimson Tide fans. The baseball team is currently coached by head coach [Brad Bohannon](/wiki/Brad_Bohannon \"Brad Bohannon\").",
"### Softball",
"{{main\\|Alabama Crimson Tide softball}}\n{{further\\|2018 Alabama Crimson Tide softball team}}",
"The Alabama softball team was started in 1997\\. They are currently coached by head coach [Patrick Murphy](/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_%28softball%29 \"Patrick Murphy (softball)\") and assistant coaches [Alyson Habetz](/wiki/Alyson_Habetz \"Alyson Habetz\") and Stephanie VanBrakle. They have won six Southeastern Conference championships (two regular seasons and four tournaments), made 18 consecutive NCAA tournaments (every year since 1999\\) and have advanced to the [Women's College World Series](/wiki/Women%27s_College_World_Series \"Women's College World Series\") eight times, including back\\-to\\-back third\\-place finishes in the 2008 and 2009 series. On June 7, 2012, Alabama became the first team in SEC history to win the WCWS Championship defeating Oklahoma in three games. The team's current overall record stands at 708–224 (.759\\). Alabama has won the [SEC softball tournament](/wiki/SEC_softball_tournament \"SEC softball tournament\") five times (1998, 2003, 2005, [2010](/wiki/2010_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_softball_season \"2010 Alabama Crimson Tide softball season\") and 2012\\).",
"### Golf",
"{{main\\|Alabama Crimson Tide golf}}",
"Alabama's men's and women's golf teams have become two of the top programs in the nation since head coaches Jay Seawell (men) and Mic Potter (women) took over in the 2002 and 2006 respectively.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}} They have combined to make the [NCAA tournament](/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Championship \"NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship\") 13 out of 14 chances since they arrived, and have each led their teams to a [Southeastern Conference](/wiki/Southeastern_Conference \"Southeastern Conference\") Championship. Overall the Crimson Tide golf teams have combined to make the NCAA tournament 31 times, won the SEC Championship four times, and have had over 30 players honored as [All\\-Americans](/wiki/All-America \"All-America\"). The men's golf program finished sixth in the nation in 2007, while being consistently ranked in the top three in the 2007–08 season. The home course for the Tide has been the [Ol' Colony Golf Complex](/wiki/Ol%27_Colony_Golf_Complex \"Ol' Colony Golf Complex\") since 2005\\.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015\\|reason\\=details in paragraph need citation(s) per WP:Verify.}}",
"In 2012, the Crimson Tide has two of the best teams in the country with the women ranked No.{{nbsp}}1 and men ranked No.{{nbsp}}4 by Golf Week.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.golfweekrankings.com/ellington\\|title\\=GOLFWEEK – Men's Pro Tour Rankings\\|author\\=Golfweek Staff\\|work\\=golfweekrankings.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723212223/http://www.golfweekrankings.com/ellington/\\|archive\\-date\\=July 23, 2011}} The women's golf team won their first national title in 2012 while the men finished as the national runner\\-up.{{cite web \\|author\\=The Associated Press \\|url\\=https://www.ncaa.com/news/golf\\-women/article/2012\\-05\\-25/alabama\\-wins\\-first\\-title\\-final\\-hole \\|title\\=Alabama wins first title on final hole \\|publisher\\=NCAA.com \\|date\\=July 1, 2012 \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006160928/http://www.ncaa.com/news/golf\\-women/article/2012\\-05\\-25/alabama\\-wins\\-first\\-title\\-final\\-hole \\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2014 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }} In 1941, [Eleanor Dudley](/wiki/Eleanor_Dudley \"Eleanor Dudley\") won the inaugural women's individual intercollegiate [golf championship](/wiki/Association_for_Intercollegiate_Athletics_for_Women_championships%23Individual \"Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women championships#Individual\") (an event conducted by the [Division of Girls' and Women's Sports](/wiki/Association_for_Intercollegiate_Athletics_for_Women%23History \"Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women#History\") (DGWS)—which later evolved into the AIAW championship in the 1970s).",
"On June 2, 2013, the Alabama men's golf team won their first NCAA national title after defeating Illinois in the title match.{{cite web \\|author\\=The Associated Press \\|url\\=https://www.ncaa.com/news/golf\\-men/article/2013\\-06\\-02/alabama\\-captures\\-first\\-men\\-s\\-golf\\-title\\-after\\-defeating\\-illinois\\-ti \\|title\\=Alabama captures first men's golf title after defeating Illinois in title match \\|publisher\\=NCAA.com \\|date\\=June 2, 2013 \\|access\\-date\\=August 25, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103557/http://www.ncaa.com/news/golf\\-men/article/2013\\-06\\-02/alabama\\-captures\\-first\\-men\\-s\\-golf\\-title\\-after\\-defeating\\-illinois\\-ti \\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2014 \\|df\\=mdy\\-all }}",
"### Gymnastics",
"{{main\\|Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics}}",
"The women's [gymnastics](/wiki/Gymnastics \"Gymnastics\") squad at The University of Alabama first competed in 1975\\. The squad did not have a winning season until the arrival of former coach [Sarah Patterson](/wiki/Sarah_Patterson_%28coach%29 \"Sarah Patterson (coach)\") in 1979\\. In the following 35 years under Patterson and her husband David, the squad won six NCAA national championships, seven SEC championships, 26 regional titles, and 248 [All\\-American](/wiki/All-America \"All-America\") honors. It has placed in the top five at the NCAA Championships 25 of the past 29 years and won national championships six times: in 1988, 1991, 1996, 2002, and most recently won back to back titles in 2011 and 2012\\. Alabama has also won nine SEC Championships including 1988, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2011, 2014, and 2015\\. The gymnastics squad also hosts an annual fundraiser for breast cancer, where the crowd is encouraged to \"Think Pink\" and support the cause by turning out in pink clothing. As of the 2009 fundraiser, the effort had raised in excess of $750,000\\.Walsh, Christopher. [\"'Power of Pink' draws green\"](http://www.tidesports.com/article/20090226/NEWS/902251964){{Dead link\\|date\\=October 2018 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}, *[The Tuscaloosa News](/wiki/The_Tuscaloosa_News \"The Tuscaloosa News\")*, February 26, 2009\\. Retrieved on May 17, 2009\\.",
"Gymnastics meets have an average attendance of over 13,000 at Coleman Coliseum. Meets against the team's arch\\-rival, the University of Georgia Gymdogs, often sell out. Alabama holds seven of the eleven NCAA records for the largest gymnastics crowds of all time, including an attendance of 15,162 fans on January 20, 2006\\. Alabama's gymnastics team is led by head coach [Dana Duckworth](/wiki/Dana_Duckworth \"Dana Duckworth\"), a former Crimson Tide gymnast and two\\-time NCAA champion, and competes in Coleman Coliseum.",
"### Track and field",
"The Crimson Tide's men's [track and field](/wiki/Track_and_field \"Track and field\") program has produced numerous individual national champions, including [Calvin Smith](/wiki/Calvin_Smith \"Calvin Smith\"), the former world record holder in the 100\\-meter dash, [Jan Johnson](/wiki/Jan_Johnson \"Jan Johnson\") (pole vault), [Gary England](/wiki/Gary_England_%28shot_putter%29 \"Gary England (shot putter)\") (shot put), [Jeff Woodard](/wiki/Jeff_Woodard_%28high_jumper%29 \"Jeff Woodard (high jumper)\") (high jump), [William Wuycke](/wiki/William_Wuycke \"William Wuycke\") (1000 yards and 1000 meters), [Emmit King](/wiki/Emmit_King \"Emmit King\") (100 m), [Keith Talley](/wiki/Keith_Talley \"Keith Talley\") (55 m and 100 m hurdles), [Andrew Owusu](/wiki/Andrew_Owusu \"Andrew Owusu\") (long jump), [Miguel Pate](/wiki/Miguel_Pate \"Miguel Pate\") (long jump and NCAA national record), [Mats Nilsson](/wiki/Mats_Nilsson_%28javelin_thrower%29 \"Mats Nilsson (javelin thrower)\"), [Tim Broe](/wiki/Tim_Broe \"Tim Broe\") (3000 m steeplechase), [David Kimani](/wiki/David_Kimani \"David Kimani\") (3000 m indoor and 5000 m), [Kirani James](/wiki/Kirani_James \"Kirani James\") (400 m), [Diondre Batson](/wiki/Diondre_Batson \"Diondre Batson\") (Indoor 200 meters), [Hayden Reed](/wiki/Hayden_Reed \"Hayden Reed\") (Discus) and the 4 × 100 meter relay team of [Richard Beattie](/wiki/Richard_Beattie_%28sprinter%29 \"Richard Beattie (sprinter)\"), [Brad McQuaig](/wiki/Brad_McQuaig \"Brad McQuaig\"), [Eduardo Nava](/wiki/Eduardo_Nava_%28athlete%29 \"Eduardo Nava (athlete)\"), and [Clive Wright](/wiki/Clive_Wright \"Clive Wright\"), and the mile relay team of [Joe Coombs](/wiki/Joe_Coombs_%28sprinter%29 \"Joe Coombs (sprinter)\"), [Darroll Gatson](/wiki/Darroll_Gatson \"Darroll Gatson\"), [Tony Husbands](/wiki/Tony_Husbands \"Tony Husbands\"), and [Ike Levin](/wiki/Ike_Levin \"Ike Levin\").",
"Individual national champions from the Crimson Tide women's track and field team have included [Disa Gisladottir](/wiki/Disa_Gisladottir \"Disa Gisladottir\") (high jump), [Iris Gronfeldt](/wiki/Iris_Gronfeldt \"Iris Gronfeldt\") (javelin), [Lillie Leatherwood](/wiki/Lillie_Leatherwood \"Lillie Leatherwood\") (400 m), [Liz McColgan](/wiki/Liz_McColgan \"Liz McColgan\") (née Lynch; mile), [Pauline Davis\\-Thompson](/wiki/Pauline_Davis-Thompson \"Pauline Davis-Thompson\") (200 m), [Flora Hyacinth](/wiki/Flora_Hyacinth \"Flora Hyacinth\") (triple jump), [Beth Mallory](/wiki/Beth_Mallory \"Beth Mallory\") (discus), [Remona Burchell](/wiki/Remona_Burchell \"Remona Burchell\") (indoor 60 m), and [Quanesha Burks](/wiki/Quanesha_Burks \"Quanesha Burks\") (long jump).",
"Coach Dan Waters is the head coach for both the men's and women's track and field program, assuming the position in 2012\\. The university hosts the Alabama Relays and the Crimson Classic annually, which brings many of the top programs in the country to compete at the Sam Bailey Track Stadium, built in 1975 with seating for 4,500 fans. A renovation project in 2012 created a facility that is among America's best.{{cite web\\|title\\=Sam Bailey Track and Field Stadium\\|url\\=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/2016/6/10/facilities\\-sam\\-bailey\\-html.aspx\\|website\\=www.rolltide.com/sports\\|publisher\\=ROLLTIDE.com\\|access\\-date\\=September 19, 2017\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045150/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/2016/6/10/facilities\\-sam\\-bailey\\-html.aspx\\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2017}}",
"### Women's soccer",
"{{main\\|Alabama Crimson Tide women's soccer}}",
"Women's [soccer](/wiki/College_soccer_in_the_United_States \"College soccer in the United States\") was a varsity sport from 1986 to 1988, and was revived in 1994\\. Former head coach Don Staley had been with the program since 1994, but stepped down at the end of the 2007 season. He was replaced with former [Clemson University](/wiki/Clemson_University \"Clemson University\") head coach [Todd Bramble](/wiki/Todd_Bramble \"Todd Bramble\"). The team has won the SEC West three times (1995, 97, 98\\) and participated in the [NCAA Women's Soccer Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Soccer_Championship \"NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Championship\") in 1999 and 2011\\. In 2005, senior Libby Probst earned third team All\\-American honors and the SEC Scholar\\-Athlete of the Year award after breaking almost every major offensive record in her career at the Capstone. The team currently plays its home games at the [Alabama Soccer Stadium](/wiki/Alabama_Soccer_Stadium \"Alabama Soccer Stadium\"). Wes Hart became the head coach in 2015\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\\-soccer/mtt/wes\\_hart\\_961961\\.html \\|title\\=Wes Hart Bio \\- ROLLTIDE.COM \\- University of Alabama Official Athletic Site \\|access\\-date\\=March 5, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308074839/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\\-soccer/mtt/wes\\_hart\\_961961\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=March 8, 2016 }}",
"### Women's volleyball",
"{{main\\|Alabama Crimson Tide volleyball}}",
"The Alabama women's volleyball is coached by Ed Allen, who was hired on January 10, 2011\\. The team has competed in the [NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship](/wiki/NCAA_Women%27s_Volleyball_Championship \"NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship\") in 2005, 2006, and 2007\\. The team won the SEC Western Division Championship in 2000 and 2004, and was the SEC Volleyball Tournament Runner\\-up in 2005\\. In 2000, the Alabama Volleyball team achieved the nation's best team\\-GPA among Division I Volleyball teams. Past coaches for Alabama Volleyball have included Stephanie Schleuder, Dorothy Franco\\-Reed, and [Judy Green](/wiki/Judy_Green_%28volleyball_coach%29 \"Judy Green (volleyball coach)\"). The venue for the Crimson Tide's home volleyball games is [Foster Auditorium](/wiki/Foster_Auditorium \"Foster Auditorium\").",
"### Tennis",
"Men's and women's tennis at the University of Alabama have built a tradition of excellence and enjoy competing in the Roberta Alison Baumgardner Indoor Tennis Facility, and the University of Alabama Tennis Stadium, which has won an award from [USTA](/wiki/USTA \"USTA\") for being among the most excellent tennis facilities in the nation, and has been selected as the host site for regional tournaments by the NCAA in 2012 and 2013\\. In the 1960s, [Roberta Alison](/wiki/Roberta_Alison \"Roberta Alison\") became Alabama's first female athlete when she joined the men's team and occasionally played the No.{{nbsp}}1 and No.{{nbsp}}2 positions. She went on to win American Women's collegiate Championships in 1962 and 1963 for singles, and 1963 in doubles. Today the Alabama Tennis program hosts the Roberta Alison Fall Tennis Classic each year to honor her.",
"Alabama men's tennis began in 1949 with the coach, Lee Shapiro. Through the years, additional coaches have developed Alabama's program, including C. de la Manardiere (1951–1953, 1956\\); Rafael de Valle (1954–1955 and 1958–1960\\); Dr. [Eugene Lambert (coach)](/wiki/Eugene_Lambert_%28coach%29 \"Eugene Lambert (coach)\") in 1957; Jason Morton (1961–1964\\); Earl Baumgardner (1965–1966\\); Bill Mallory in 1967; Dale Anderson (1968–1969\\); Bill McClain (1970–1977\\); [Armistead Neely](/wiki/Armistead_Neely \"Armistead Neely\") (1978–1982\\); Tommy Wade (1983–1988\\); John Kreis (1989–1994\\); [Joey Rive](/wiki/Joey_Rive \"Joey Rive\") (1995–1997\\); Adam Steinberg (1998–2002\\); Billy Pate (2003–2012\\), and the current head coach, George Husack, 2013\\.",
"The Men's Tennis Team has been a participant in the NCAA tournament 17 times: 1989, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013, as well as having 33 singles qualifying and 17 doubles qualifying for the NCAA tournament. Alabama's All\\-Americans include Jeff Robinson (1976, 1977\\), Andy Solis (1984, 1985\\), Gregg Hahn (1985, 1986\\), [John Stimpson](/wiki/John_Stimpson \"John Stimpson\") (1990\\), Francisco Rodriquez (1998, 1999\\), Maxim Belski (2001\\), Clinton Ferriera (1986, 1989\\), Ellis Ferriera (1989, 1990, 1991\\), Rick Witsken (1991, 1993\\), and [Juan Carlos Bianchi](/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Bianchi \"Juan Carlos Bianchi\") (1993\\). Additionally, Stephen Mitchell, among others, played professionally, and [Konstantinos Efraimoglou](/wiki/Konstantinos_Efraimoglou \"Konstantinos Efraimoglou\") was an Olympian in tennis in 1992\\. Ellis Ferreira became the champion at the [2000 Australian Open](/wiki/2000_Australian_Open \"2000 Australian Open\") in men's doubles and [2001 Australian Open](/wiki/2001_Australian_Open \"2001 Australian Open\") in mixed doubles. [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup \"Davis Cup\") participants have included Juan Carlos Bianchi, Francisco Rodriguez, and [Michael\\-Ray Pallares\\-González](/wiki/Michael-Ray_Pallares-Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Michael-Ray Pallares-González\").",
"Alabama's women's tennis team began in 1975, although [Roberta Alison](/wiki/Roberta_Alison \"Roberta Alison\") competed individually through the men's team years earlier. Coaches for the Crimson Tide Women's tennis team include Jean Mills (1975–1978\\), Mark Heinrick (1979–1980\\), Lewis Lay in 1981, Peter Heffeman (1982–1984\\), Karin Gaiser (1985–1993\\), Jim Tressler (1994–1997\\), Michelle Morton in 1997, and the current coach, Jenny Mainz (1998–2013\\). Coach Jenny Mainz was named in 2013 as the National Coach of the Year after her team reached the Round of 16 and had a singles player and a doubles team to both reach the national semifinals.",
"All\\-Americans for the Crimson Tide women's tennis team include Titia Wilmink (1993\\), Marouschka van Dijk (1993\\), Baili Camino (1997\\), [Robin Stephenson](/wiki/Robin_Stephenson \"Robin Stephenson\") (2005\\), [Alexa Guarachi](/wiki/Alexa_Guarachi \"Alexa Guarachi\") (2013\\), Mary Anne Macfarlane (2012, 2013\\). The Crimson Tide women's team has sent 17 qualifiers for NCAA Singles Tournaments and twelve for the Doubles Tournaments {{as of\\|2013\\|lc\\=y}}. The Tide competed as a team in the NCAA tournaments of 1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013\\. The 2013 team produced the best results in program history, ending the season with a Sweet Sixteen appearance. Alabama was the winner of the NCAA Women's Doubles National Championship in 2014 and 2015 with the team of Erin Routliffe and Maya Jansen.",
"### Women's rowing",
"Women's [rowing](/wiki/College_rowing_in_the_United_States \"College rowing in the United States\") is the most recent addition to Alabama's list of varsity athletics. [Mal Moore](/wiki/Mal_Moore \"Mal Moore\") announced the addition of Alabama's 21st varsity sport in October 2005\\. The women's rowing team became the newest varsity sport at The University of Alabama in Fall 2006\\. The team was added due to [Title IX](/wiki/Title_IX \"Title IX\") considerations and allows for 20 full scholarships.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\\-rowing/spec\\-rel/031208aaa.html\\|title\\=2008 Media Guide\\|work\\=rolltide.com\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215093327/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\\-rowing/spec\\-rel/031208aaa.html\\|archive\\-date\\=February 15, 2009\\|df\\=mdy\\-all\\|access\\-date\\=April 22, 2009}} Taking only girls who had previously rowed for the Alabama [Crew](/wiki/Rowing_%28sport%29 \"Rowing (sport)\") Club (est. 1987\\) and other walk\\-ons, Head Coach Larry Davis built the program from the ground up. In the first year of competition (2006–2007\\), the Tide defeated the [University of Cincinnati](/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats \"Cincinnati Bearcats\"), [Creighton University](/wiki/Creighton_Bluejays \"Creighton Bluejays\"), and [Murray State University](/wiki/Murray_State_Racers \"Murray State Racers\") and also won medals at the Head of the Chattahoochee and the Head of the South.",
"The second year (2007–2008\\) of competition surprised many as the Varsity eight went on to win silver medals at the prestigious [Head of the Charles Regatta](/wiki/Head_of_the_Charles_Regatta \"Head of the Charles Regatta\") in [Boston](/wiki/Boston \"Boston\"), and also the Southern Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championships in [Oak Ridge, Tennessee](/wiki/Oak_Ridge%2C_Tennessee \"Oak Ridge, Tennessee\"). The Tide again medaled at the Chattanooga Head Race and the Head of the South and recorded several match race victories against [Southern Methodist](/wiki/SMU_Mustangs \"SMU Mustangs\"), Creighton, Murray State, [Drake](/wiki/Drake_Bulldogs \"Drake Bulldogs\"), and the [North Carolina](/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels \"North Carolina Tar Heels\"). The team also landed three boats in the top ten of their categories at the [Dad Vail Regatta](/wiki/Dad_Vail_Regatta \"Dad Vail Regatta\") in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\\-rowing/alab\\-w\\-rowing\\-body.html\\|title\\=University of Alabama Official Athletic Site – Women's Rowing\\|work\\=rolltide.com\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404193532/http://www.rolltide.com/sports/w\\-rowing/alab\\-w\\-rowing\\-body.html\\|archive\\-date\\=April 4, 2009}}",
"Within two years, the team has had 25 athletes earn SEC Academic Honor Roll honors and 16 earn Collegiate Rowing Coaches Association Scholar\\-Athlete awards. For the 2007–2008 school year, Women's Rowing won the team service award by posting the most number of community service hours (over 1500\\) out of all women's sports at Alabama. Nationally, the Alabama women's rowing team has won both silver (in 2007\\) and bronze (in 2009\\) medals in the women's championship 8\\+ category at the Head of the Charles regatta in Boston.",
"Before the SEC added women's rowing in 2024–25, the Crimson Tide had housed that sport in the [Big 12 Conference](/wiki/Big_12_Conference \"Big 12 Conference\").",
"### Others",
"Other varsity sports include swimming and diving, and cross\\-country. The university supports both men's and women's programs in all these sports. The school has had individual success in all these sports, including [Vladislav Polyakov](/wiki/Vladislav_Polyakov \"Vladislav Polyakov\") winning national titles in the 200\\-meter men's breaststroke in 2005 and 2007\\.",
"### Spirit Squads",
"[thumb\\|Cheerleaders cheering on the crowd, 2010\\.](/wiki/File:The_cheerleaders_are_amazing_to_watch._The_boys_throw_the_girls_into_the_air_as_they_cheer_on_their_winning_team._University_of_Alabama_football_game%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_Alabama_LCCN2010638321.tif \"The cheerleaders are amazing to watch. The boys throw the girls into the air as they cheer on their winning team. University of Alabama football game, Tuscaloosa, Alabama LCCN2010638321.tif\")\nThe Spirit Squads are made up of two cheerleading squads (Coed Squad and All\\-Girl Squad), the Alabama Dance Team, and [Big Al](/wiki/Big_Al_%28mascot%29 \"Big Al (mascot)\"). They appear at many University sporting events.",
"The cheer squads and dance team compete annually at the UCA/UDA College National Championships in Division 1A. The Coed Cheerleading squad won for the first time in 2011 and then again in 2015\\. They came in second in 2017, fourth in 2018, and third in 2019 in the D1A Coed Championship. The All\\-Girl Squad debuted in 2014 placing second in their debut UCA appearance. The All\\-Girl team came back to win in 2015 and had repeated wins in 2020 and 2022 in the D1A All\\-Girl Championship. In 2015 Alabama became the first school to clean sweep both Division 1A cheer titles. The Alabama Dance Team placed seventh in Hip Hop in 2018 and 2019, and 11th in 2019 in Jazz at the UDA College National Championship. 2019 was the first year in school history that the dance team finaled in both of their two divisions.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://tv.varsity.com/results/6071111\\-2018\\-uca\\-uda\\-college\\-cheerleading\\-and\\-dance\\-team\\-national\\-championship/23526 \\|title\\=See the results for the 2018 UCA \\& UDA College Cheerleading and Dance Team National Championship varsity tv event on Varsity.tv \\|access\\-date\\=March 7, 2018 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308041849/https://tv.varsity.com/results/6071111\\-2018\\-uca\\-uda\\-college\\-cheerleading\\-and\\-dance\\-team\\-national\\-championship/23526 \\|archive\\-date\\=March 8, 2018}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.varsity.com/uploads/events/eventid\\_1925/files/DivisionIA\\_AllGirl.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|access\\-date\\=January 21, 2015 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121064918/http://www.varsity.com/uploads/events/eventid\\_1925/files/DivisionIA\\_AllGirl.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=January 21, 2015}}{{Cite web \\|date\\=5 June 2023 \\|title\\=UCA UDA Final Results \\|url\\=https://files.varsity.com/uploads/events/eventid\\_1925/files/DivisionIA\\_Coed.pdf \\|website\\=varsity.com}}{{cite web \\|url\\=http://tv.varsity.com/result/9320\\-uca\\-uda\\-college\\-cheerleading\\-dance\\-team\\-national\\-championship\\-2017\\#.WdvU5mhSw2w \\|title\\= 2017 UCA \\& UDA College Cheerleading \\& Dance Team National Championship \\- Varsity TV Event \\- Varsity\\|website\\=tv.varsity.com \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010010600/http://tv.varsity.com/result/9320\\-uca\\-uda\\-college\\-cheerleading\\-dance\\-team\\-national\\-championship\\-2017 \\|archive\\-date\\=October 10, 2017}}",
""
] |
### Tennis
Men's and women's tennis at the University of Alabama have built a tradition of excellence and enjoy competing in the Roberta Alison Baumgardner Indoor Tennis Facility, and the University of Alabama Tennis Stadium, which has won an award from [USTA](/wiki/USTA "USTA") for being among the most excellent tennis facilities in the nation, and has been selected as the host site for regional tournaments by the NCAA in 2012 and 2013\. In the 1960s, [Roberta Alison](/wiki/Roberta_Alison "Roberta Alison") became Alabama's first female athlete when she joined the men's team and occasionally played the No.{{nbsp}}1 and No.{{nbsp}}2 positions. She went on to win American Women's collegiate Championships in 1962 and 1963 for singles, and 1963 in doubles. Today the Alabama Tennis program hosts the Roberta Alison Fall Tennis Classic each year to honor her.
Alabama men's tennis began in 1949 with the coach, Lee Shapiro. Through the years, additional coaches have developed Alabama's program, including C. de la Manardiere (1951–1953, 1956\); Rafael de Valle (1954–1955 and 1958–1960\); Dr. [Eugene Lambert (coach)](/wiki/Eugene_Lambert_%28coach%29 "Eugene Lambert (coach)") in 1957; Jason Morton (1961–1964\); Earl Baumgardner (1965–1966\); Bill Mallory in 1967; Dale Anderson (1968–1969\); Bill McClain (1970–1977\); [Armistead Neely](/wiki/Armistead_Neely "Armistead Neely") (1978–1982\); Tommy Wade (1983–1988\); John Kreis (1989–1994\); [Joey Rive](/wiki/Joey_Rive "Joey Rive") (1995–1997\); Adam Steinberg (1998–2002\); Billy Pate (2003–2012\), and the current head coach, George Husack, 2013\.
The Men's Tennis Team has been a participant in the NCAA tournament 17 times: 1989, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013, as well as having 33 singles qualifying and 17 doubles qualifying for the NCAA tournament. Alabama's All\-Americans include Jeff Robinson (1976, 1977\), Andy Solis (1984, 1985\), Gregg Hahn (1985, 1986\), [John Stimpson](/wiki/John_Stimpson "John Stimpson") (1990\), Francisco Rodriquez (1998, 1999\), Maxim Belski (2001\), Clinton Ferriera (1986, 1989\), Ellis Ferriera (1989, 1990, 1991\), Rick Witsken (1991, 1993\), and [Juan Carlos Bianchi](/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Bianchi "Juan Carlos Bianchi") (1993\). Additionally, Stephen Mitchell, among others, played professionally, and [Konstantinos Efraimoglou](/wiki/Konstantinos_Efraimoglou "Konstantinos Efraimoglou") was an Olympian in tennis in 1992\. Ellis Ferreira became the champion at the [2000 Australian Open](/wiki/2000_Australian_Open "2000 Australian Open") in men's doubles and [2001 Australian Open](/wiki/2001_Australian_Open "2001 Australian Open") in mixed doubles. [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup "Davis Cup") participants have included Juan Carlos Bianchi, Francisco Rodriguez, and [Michael\-Ray Pallares\-González](/wiki/Michael-Ray_Pallares-Gonz%C3%A1lez "Michael-Ray Pallares-González").
Alabama's women's tennis team began in 1975, although [Roberta Alison](/wiki/Roberta_Alison "Roberta Alison") competed individually through the men's team years earlier. Coaches for the Crimson Tide Women's tennis team include Jean Mills (1975–1978\), Mark Heinrick (1979–1980\), Lewis Lay in 1981, Peter Heffeman (1982–1984\), Karin Gaiser (1985–1993\), Jim Tressler (1994–1997\), Michelle Morton in 1997, and the current coach, Jenny Mainz (1998–2013\). Coach Jenny Mainz was named in 2013 as the National Coach of the Year after her team reached the Round of 16 and had a singles player and a doubles team to both reach the national semifinals.
All\-Americans for the Crimson Tide women's tennis team include Titia Wilmink (1993\), Marouschka van Dijk (1993\), Baili Camino (1997\), [Robin Stephenson](/wiki/Robin_Stephenson "Robin Stephenson") (2005\), [Alexa Guarachi](/wiki/Alexa_Guarachi "Alexa Guarachi") (2013\), Mary Anne Macfarlane (2012, 2013\). The Crimson Tide women's team has sent 17 qualifiers for NCAA Singles Tournaments and twelve for the Doubles Tournaments {{as of\|2013\|lc\=y}}. The Tide competed as a team in the NCAA tournaments of 1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013\. The 2013 team produced the best results in program history, ending the season with a Sweet Sixteen appearance. Alabama was the winner of the NCAA Women's Doubles National Championship in 2014 and 2015 with the team of Erin Routliffe and Maya Jansen.
|
[
"### Tennis",
"Men's and women's tennis at the University of Alabama have built a tradition of excellence and enjoy competing in the Roberta Alison Baumgardner Indoor Tennis Facility, and the University of Alabama Tennis Stadium, which has won an award from [USTA](/wiki/USTA \"USTA\") for being among the most excellent tennis facilities in the nation, and has been selected as the host site for regional tournaments by the NCAA in 2012 and 2013\\. In the 1960s, [Roberta Alison](/wiki/Roberta_Alison \"Roberta Alison\") became Alabama's first female athlete when she joined the men's team and occasionally played the No.{{nbsp}}1 and No.{{nbsp}}2 positions. She went on to win American Women's collegiate Championships in 1962 and 1963 for singles, and 1963 in doubles. Today the Alabama Tennis program hosts the Roberta Alison Fall Tennis Classic each year to honor her.",
"Alabama men's tennis began in 1949 with the coach, Lee Shapiro. Through the years, additional coaches have developed Alabama's program, including C. de la Manardiere (1951–1953, 1956\\); Rafael de Valle (1954–1955 and 1958–1960\\); Dr. [Eugene Lambert (coach)](/wiki/Eugene_Lambert_%28coach%29 \"Eugene Lambert (coach)\") in 1957; Jason Morton (1961–1964\\); Earl Baumgardner (1965–1966\\); Bill Mallory in 1967; Dale Anderson (1968–1969\\); Bill McClain (1970–1977\\); [Armistead Neely](/wiki/Armistead_Neely \"Armistead Neely\") (1978–1982\\); Tommy Wade (1983–1988\\); John Kreis (1989–1994\\); [Joey Rive](/wiki/Joey_Rive \"Joey Rive\") (1995–1997\\); Adam Steinberg (1998–2002\\); Billy Pate (2003–2012\\), and the current head coach, George Husack, 2013\\.",
"The Men's Tennis Team has been a participant in the NCAA tournament 17 times: 1989, 1990, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013, as well as having 33 singles qualifying and 17 doubles qualifying for the NCAA tournament. Alabama's All\\-Americans include Jeff Robinson (1976, 1977\\), Andy Solis (1984, 1985\\), Gregg Hahn (1985, 1986\\), [John Stimpson](/wiki/John_Stimpson \"John Stimpson\") (1990\\), Francisco Rodriquez (1998, 1999\\), Maxim Belski (2001\\), Clinton Ferriera (1986, 1989\\), Ellis Ferriera (1989, 1990, 1991\\), Rick Witsken (1991, 1993\\), and [Juan Carlos Bianchi](/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Bianchi \"Juan Carlos Bianchi\") (1993\\). Additionally, Stephen Mitchell, among others, played professionally, and [Konstantinos Efraimoglou](/wiki/Konstantinos_Efraimoglou \"Konstantinos Efraimoglou\") was an Olympian in tennis in 1992\\. Ellis Ferreira became the champion at the [2000 Australian Open](/wiki/2000_Australian_Open \"2000 Australian Open\") in men's doubles and [2001 Australian Open](/wiki/2001_Australian_Open \"2001 Australian Open\") in mixed doubles. [Davis Cup](/wiki/Davis_Cup \"Davis Cup\") participants have included Juan Carlos Bianchi, Francisco Rodriguez, and [Michael\\-Ray Pallares\\-González](/wiki/Michael-Ray_Pallares-Gonz%C3%A1lez \"Michael-Ray Pallares-González\").",
"Alabama's women's tennis team began in 1975, although [Roberta Alison](/wiki/Roberta_Alison \"Roberta Alison\") competed individually through the men's team years earlier. Coaches for the Crimson Tide Women's tennis team include Jean Mills (1975–1978\\), Mark Heinrick (1979–1980\\), Lewis Lay in 1981, Peter Heffeman (1982–1984\\), Karin Gaiser (1985–1993\\), Jim Tressler (1994–1997\\), Michelle Morton in 1997, and the current coach, Jenny Mainz (1998–2013\\). Coach Jenny Mainz was named in 2013 as the National Coach of the Year after her team reached the Round of 16 and had a singles player and a doubles team to both reach the national semifinals.",
"All\\-Americans for the Crimson Tide women's tennis team include Titia Wilmink (1993\\), Marouschka van Dijk (1993\\), Baili Camino (1997\\), [Robin Stephenson](/wiki/Robin_Stephenson \"Robin Stephenson\") (2005\\), [Alexa Guarachi](/wiki/Alexa_Guarachi \"Alexa Guarachi\") (2013\\), Mary Anne Macfarlane (2012, 2013\\). The Crimson Tide women's team has sent 17 qualifiers for NCAA Singles Tournaments and twelve for the Doubles Tournaments {{as of\\|2013\\|lc\\=y}}. The Tide competed as a team in the NCAA tournaments of 1993, 1997, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013\\. The 2013 team produced the best results in program history, ending the season with a Sweet Sixteen appearance. Alabama was the winner of the NCAA Women's Doubles National Championship in 2014 and 2015 with the team of Erin Routliffe and Maya Jansen.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He played minor roles in some memorable [commedia all'Italiana](/wiki/Commedia_all%27Italiana "Commedia all'Italiana") movies directed by the likes of [Dino Risi](/wiki/Dino_Risi "Dino Risi") and [Mario Monicelli](/wiki/Mario_Monicelli "Mario Monicelli").
On the international stage, Lorenzon is best known for his small roles in [Spaghetti Western](/wiki/Spaghetti_Western "Spaghetti Western") films in the 1960s, appearing in *[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly")*,{{cite web \|url\=https://popculture.com/movies/2019/01/09/movies\-that\-should\-never\-be\-remade/ \|title\=8 Movies That Should Never Be Remade \|first\=Stephen \|last\=Andrew \|date\=9 January 2019 \|access\-date\=3 March 2019 \|work\=Pop Culture \|publisher\=\[\[Entertainment Tonight]]/\[\[TV Guide Network]]}} and *The Secret Seven* in 1966\.
Other genres he starred in were [sword and sandal](/wiki/Sword_and_sandal "Sword and sandal") films and [pirate films](/wiki/Pirate_film "Pirate film") like *[Queen of the Pirates](/wiki/Queen_of_the_Pirates "Queen of the Pirates")* and *[Terror on the Seas](/wiki/Terror_on_the_Seas "Terror on the Seas")*.
He had a mature manliness in his demeanor, which made him believable in many disparate roles: clad in the sandals and [lorica](/wiki/Ancient_Roman_military_clothing "Ancient Roman military clothing") as a Roman [centurion](/wiki/Centurion "Centurion"), donning a [poncho](/wiki/Poncho "Poncho") and [sombrero](/wiki/Sombrero "Sombrero") of a [desperado](/wiki/Outlaw "Outlaw") or even as a "tough as nails" sergeant in World War I in *[La Grande Guerra](/wiki/The_Great_War_%281959_film%29 "The Great War (1959 film)")*.
Seldom if ever cast as a protagonist, Lorenzon made up by working hectic schedules, appearing in some 75 movies between 1952 and 1969\. When he did appear in movies, his voice was re\-dubbed by professional voice dubbers, especially [Renato Turi](/wiki/Renato_Turi "Renato Turi").
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He played minor roles in some memorable [commedia all'Italiana](/wiki/Commedia_all%27Italiana \"Commedia all'Italiana\") movies directed by the likes of [Dino Risi](/wiki/Dino_Risi \"Dino Risi\") and [Mario Monicelli](/wiki/Mario_Monicelli \"Mario Monicelli\").",
"On the international stage, Lorenzon is best known for his small roles in [Spaghetti Western](/wiki/Spaghetti_Western \"Spaghetti Western\") films in the 1960s, appearing in *[The Good, the Bad and the Ugly](/wiki/The_Good%2C_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly \"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly\")*,{{cite web \\|url\\=https://popculture.com/movies/2019/01/09/movies\\-that\\-should\\-never\\-be\\-remade/ \\|title\\=8 Movies That Should Never Be Remade \\|first\\=Stephen \\|last\\=Andrew \\|date\\=9 January 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=3 March 2019 \\|work\\=Pop Culture \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Entertainment Tonight]]/\\[\\[TV Guide Network]]}} and *The Secret Seven* in 1966\\.",
"Other genres he starred in were [sword and sandal](/wiki/Sword_and_sandal \"Sword and sandal\") films and [pirate films](/wiki/Pirate_film \"Pirate film\") like *[Queen of the Pirates](/wiki/Queen_of_the_Pirates \"Queen of the Pirates\")* and *[Terror on the Seas](/wiki/Terror_on_the_Seas \"Terror on the Seas\")*.",
"He had a mature manliness in his demeanor, which made him believable in many disparate roles: clad in the sandals and [lorica](/wiki/Ancient_Roman_military_clothing \"Ancient Roman military clothing\") as a Roman [centurion](/wiki/Centurion \"Centurion\"), donning a [poncho](/wiki/Poncho \"Poncho\") and [sombrero](/wiki/Sombrero \"Sombrero\") of a [desperado](/wiki/Outlaw \"Outlaw\") or even as a \"tough as nails\" sergeant in World War I in *[La Grande Guerra](/wiki/The_Great_War_%281959_film%29 \"The Great War (1959 film)\")*.",
"Seldom if ever cast as a protagonist, Lorenzon made up by working hectic schedules, appearing in some 75 movies between 1952 and 1969\\. When he did appear in movies, his voice was re\\-dubbed by professional voice dubbers, especially [Renato Turi](/wiki/Renato_Turi \"Renato Turi\").",
""
] |
Systems
-------
### Mercedes\-Benz
In December 1996 BAS premiered to the world on the [Mercedes\-Benz S\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class "Mercedes-Benz S-Class") and [SL\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_SL-Class "Mercedes-Benz SL-Class"). In 1998 Mercedes\-Benz became the first company to make Brake Assist standard equipment on all its models; other brands including Volvo and BMW soon followed suit.
Mercedes\-Benz **Brake Assist Plus** (BAS Plus) was first made standard equipment on the [W221 (2006 onwards) S\-Class Mercedes\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W221 "Mercedes-Benz W221"). This system works much like the Volvo system with a warning and precharging of the brakes but will not automatically brake for the driver. The BAS Plus system has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of [rear\-end collisions](/wiki/Rear-end_collision "Rear-end collision"), and so is very significant in the development of driver aids that improve road safety.
Other systems like the Volvo CWAB (see below) are also available.
### Volvo
The Volvo system Collision Warning with Auto Brake 'CWAB' uses a radar to detect when a collision is likely and will pre\-charge the brakes so that when the driver uses the brakes, however lightly, full braking is applied. The system will also flash a light and make a warning sound. If the driver does not respond to the warning at the point where a collision cannot be avoided the system will apply the brakes automatically and dramatically reduce the speed of the collision.
This system is not considered by regulations as an emergency brake assist but as an advanced emergency braking because it does not rely on the driver to brake.
### Toyota
In 1997 [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") introduced brake assist across most of its worldwide passenger cars. This includes [Corolla](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla "Toyota Corolla"), [Camry](/wiki/Camry "Camry"), and [Yaris](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris "Toyota Yaris").
### Other
Volvo cars can also be equipped with the City Safety System which [automatically brakes](/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system "Collision avoidance system") in stop start traffic. Mercedes\-Benz also has a similar system called Distronic Plus.
Both the Volvo and the Mercedes\-Benz radar systems are also used for the speed/distance regulated cruise control systems used by both manufacturers.
|
[
"Systems\n-------",
"### Mercedes\\-Benz",
"In December 1996 BAS premiered to the world on the [Mercedes\\-Benz S\\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class \"Mercedes-Benz S-Class\") and [SL\\-Class](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_SL-Class \"Mercedes-Benz SL-Class\"). In 1998 Mercedes\\-Benz became the first company to make Brake Assist standard equipment on all its models; other brands including Volvo and BMW soon followed suit.",
"Mercedes\\-Benz **Brake Assist Plus** (BAS Plus) was first made standard equipment on the [W221 (2006 onwards) S\\-Class Mercedes\\-Benz](/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W221 \"Mercedes-Benz W221\"). This system works much like the Volvo system with a warning and precharging of the brakes but will not automatically brake for the driver. The BAS Plus system has been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of [rear\\-end collisions](/wiki/Rear-end_collision \"Rear-end collision\"), and so is very significant in the development of driver aids that improve road safety.\nOther systems like the Volvo CWAB (see below) are also available.",
"### Volvo",
"The Volvo system Collision Warning with Auto Brake 'CWAB' uses a radar to detect when a collision is likely and will pre\\-charge the brakes so that when the driver uses the brakes, however lightly, full braking is applied. The system will also flash a light and make a warning sound. If the driver does not respond to the warning at the point where a collision cannot be avoided the system will apply the brakes automatically and dramatically reduce the speed of the collision.",
"This system is not considered by regulations as an emergency brake assist but as an advanced emergency braking because it does not rely on the driver to brake.",
"### Toyota",
"In 1997 [Toyota](/wiki/Toyota \"Toyota\") introduced brake assist across most of its worldwide passenger cars. This includes [Corolla](/wiki/Toyota_Corolla \"Toyota Corolla\"), [Camry](/wiki/Camry \"Camry\"), and [Yaris](/wiki/Toyota_Yaris \"Toyota Yaris\").",
"### Other",
"Volvo cars can also be equipped with the City Safety System which [automatically brakes](/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system \"Collision avoidance system\") in stop start traffic. Mercedes\\-Benz also has a similar system called Distronic Plus.",
"Both the Volvo and the Mercedes\\-Benz radar systems are also used for the speed/distance regulated cruise control systems used by both manufacturers.",
""
] |
Life and work
-------------
{{Neuropsychology\|expanded\=People}}
During the 1960s, "Damasio studied medicine at the [University of Lisbon](/wiki/University_of_Lisbon "University of Lisbon") Medical School, where he also did his neurological residency and completed his doctorate in 1974\." "For part of his studies, he researched [behavioral neurology](/wiki/Behavioral_neurology "Behavioral neurology") under the supervision of [Norman Geschwind](/wiki/Norman_Geschwind "Norman Geschwind") of the Aphasia Research Center in Boston."
Damasio's main field is [neurobiology](/wiki/Neurobiology "Neurobiology"), especially the neural systems which underlie emotion, decision\-making, memory, language and consciousness.
[thumb\|left\|200px\|Damasio in 2008 (2nd from right).](/wiki/File:Science_of_Morality_-_World_Science_Festival_-_92_St_Y_%282534904279%29.jpg "Science of Morality - World Science Festival - 92 St Y (2534904279).jpg")
Damasio formulated the [somatic marker hypothesis](/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis "Somatic marker hypothesis"),Damasio AR. "The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the pre\-frontal cortex". *Transactions of the Royal Society*. (London) 351:1413–1420\. 1996\. a theory about how emotions and their biological underpinnings are involved in decision\-making (both positively and negatively, and often non\-consciously). Emotions provide the scaffolding for the construction of [social cognition](/wiki/Social_cognition "Social cognition") and are required for the self processes which undergird consciousness.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2012}} "Damasio provides a contemporary scientific validation of the linkage between feelings and the body by highlighting the connection between mind and nerve cells ... this personalized embodiment of mind."Lara Trout. *The Politics of Survival* (2010\). p. 74\.
The somatic marker hypothesis has inspired many [neuroscience](/wiki/Neuroscience "Neuroscience") experiments carried out in laboratories in the U.S. and Europe, and has had a major impact in contemporary science and philosophy.{{Cite web\|url\=http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/arc/2/1/20\.html\|title \= APA PsycNet}} Damasio has been named by the [Institute for Scientific Information](/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information "Institute for Scientific Information") as one of the most highly cited researchers in the past decade. Current work on the biology of [moral](/wiki/Morality "Morality") decisions, [neuro\-economics](/wiki/Neuro-economics "Neuro-economics"), [social communication](/wiki/Social_communication "Social communication"), and drug\-addiction, has been strongly influenced by Damasio's hypothesis.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2012}} An article published in the Archives of Scientific Psychology in 2014 named Damasio one of the 100 most eminent psychologist of the modern era. (Diener et al. *Archives of Scientific Psychology*, 2014, 2, 20–32\). The June–July issue of *Sciences Humaines* included Damasio in its list of 50 key thinkers in the human sciences of the past two centuries.
Damasio also proposed that emotions are part of [homeostatic regulation](/wiki/Homeostasis "Homeostasis") and are rooted in reward/punishment mechanisms. He recovered [William James'](/wiki/William_James "William James") perspective on feelings as a read\-out of body states, but expanded it with an "as\-if\-body\-loop" device which allows for the substrate of feelings to be simulated rather than actual (foreshadowing the simulation process later uncovered by [mirror neurons](/wiki/Mirror_neurons "Mirror neurons")). He demonstrated experimentally that the [insular cortex](/wiki/Insular_cortex "Insular cortex") is a critical platform for feelings, a finding that has been widely replicated, and he uncovered [cortical](/wiki/Cerebral_cortex "Cerebral cortex") and [subcortical](/wiki/wikt:Subcortical "Subcortical") induction sites for human emotions, e.g. in [ventromedial prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex "Ventromedial prefrontal cortex") and [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala "Amygdala").Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A, Damasio H, Ponto LLB, Parvizi J, Hichwa RD. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self\-generated emotions" *Nature Neuroscience* 3:1049–1056\. 2000 He also demonstrated that while the insular cortex plays a major role in feelings, it is not necessary for feelings to occur, suggesting that brain stem structures play a basic role in the feeling process.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Damasio A, Damasio H, Tranel D \| year \= 2012 \| title \= Persistence of feelings and sentience after bilateral damage of the insula \| journal \= Cerebral Cortex \| volume \= 23\| issue \= 4\| pages \= 833–46\| doi \= 10\.1093/cercor/bhs077 \| pmid\=22473895 \| pmc\=3657385}}
He has continued to investigate the neural basis of feelings and demonstrated that although the insular cortex is a major substrate for this process it is not exclusive, suggesting that brain stem nuclei are critical platforms as well.{{cite journal \|vauthors\=Damasio A, Damasio H, Tranel D \| year \= 2012 \| title \= Persistence of feelings and sentience after bilateral damage of the insula \| journal \= Cerebral Cortex \| volume \= 23\| issue \= 4\| pages \= 833–46\| doi \= 10\.1093/cercor/bhs077 \| pmid\=22473895 \| pmc\=3657385}} He regards feelings as the necessary foundation of sentience.{{Cite book\|title\=How people learn: designing effective training to improve employee performance\|last\=Shackleton\-Jones, Nick\|isbn\=978\-0\-7494\-8471\-2\|location\=London, United Kingdom\|oclc\=1098213554\|date \= 2019\-05\-03}}
In another development, Damasio proposed that the cortical architecture on which learning and recall depend involves multiple, hierarchically organized loops of [axonal](/wiki/Axon "Axon") projections that converge on certain nodes out of which projections diverge to the points of origin of convergence (the [convergence\-divergence zones](/wiki/Convergence-divergence_zone "Convergence-divergence zone")). This architecture is applicable to the understanding of [memory](/wiki/Memory "Memory") processes and of aspects of consciousness related to the access of mental contents.Damasio AR. Time\-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systems level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition" *Cognition* 33:25–62\. 1989
In *The Feeling of What Happens*, Damasio laid the foundations of the "enchainment of precedences": "the nonconscious [neural](/wiki/Neural "Neural") [signaling](/wiki/Signal_transduction "Signal transduction") of an individual organism begets the [protoself](/wiki/Protoself "Protoself") which permits [core self](/wiki/Core_self "Core self") and [core consciousness](/wiki/Core_consciousness "Core consciousness"), which allow for an [autobiographical self](/wiki/Autobiographical_self "Autobiographical self"), which permits [extended consciousness](/wiki/Extended_consciousness "Extended consciousness"). At the end of the chain, [extended consciousness](/wiki/Extended_consciousness "Extended consciousness") permits conscience.{{cite book
\|last\=Damasio
\|first\=António
\|title\=The Feeling of What Happens
\|isbn\=978\-0\-15\-100369\-3
\|year\=1999
\|publisher\=Harcourt
\|url\-access\=registration
\|url\=https://archive.org/details/feelingofwhathap00dama
}}{{Cite book\|title\=How people learn: designing effective training to improve employee performance\|last\=Shackleton\-Jones, Nick\|isbn\=978\-0\-7494\-8471\-2\|location\=London, United Kingdom\|oclc\=1098213554\|date \= 2019\-05\-03}}
According to the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa "University of Iowa")'s Department of Neurology's website, "Damasio's research depended significantly on establishing the modern [human lesion method](/wiki/Human_lesion_method "Human lesion method"), an enterprise made possible by [Hanna Damasio](/wiki/Hanna_Damasio "Hanna Damasio")'s structural [neuroimaging](/wiki/Neuroimaging "Neuroimaging")/[neuroanatomy](/wiki/Neuroanatomy "Neuroanatomy") work complemented by [experimental neuroanatomy](/wiki/Experimental_neuroanatomy "Experimental neuroanatomy") (with Gary Van Hoesen and Josef Parvizi), [experimental neuropsychology](/wiki/Experimental_neuropsychology "Experimental neuropsychology") (with Antoine Bechara, Ralph Adolphs, and [Dan Tranel](/wiki/Daniel_Tranel "Daniel Tranel")) and [functional neuroimaging](/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging "Functional neuroimaging") (with Kaspar Meyer, Jonas Kaplan, and Mary Helen Immordino\-Yang)."{{Cite web\| title \= History \|work\=Department of Neurology\| accessdate \= 2023\-09\-29\| url \= https://medicine.uiowa.edu/neurology/about\-us/history}} The experimental neuroanatomy work with Van Hoesen and Bradley Hyman led to the discovery of the disconnection of the hippocampus caused by neurofibrillary tangles in the [entorhinal cortex](/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex "Entorhinal cortex") of patients with Alzheimer's disease.Hyman B, Van Hoesen GW, Damasio A, Barnes C. Alzheimer's disease: cell\-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation" *Science* 225:1168–1170\. 1984
As a clinician, he and his collaborators have studied and treated disorders of [behaviour](/wiki/Behaviour "Behaviour") and cognition, and [movement disorders](/wiki/Movement_disorder "Movement disorder").
Damasio's books deal with the relationship between emotions and their brain substrates. His 1994 book, *[Descartes' Error](/wiki/Descartes%27_Error "Descartes' Error"): Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain*, won the [Science et Vie](/wiki/Science_et_Vie "Science et Vie") prize, was a finalist for the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")* Book Award, and is translated in over 30 languages. It is regarded as one of the most influential books of the past two decades.In January 2010, Sciences Humaines named it one of the 20 books that changed the vision of the world. The book has been cited over 13,000 times His second book, *The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness*, was named as one of the ten best books of 2001 by the *[New York Times Book Review](/wiki/New_York_Times_Book_Review "New York Times Book Review")*, a *[Publishers Weekly](/wiki/Publishers_Weekly "Publishers Weekly")* Best Book of the Year, a *[Library Journal](/wiki/Library_Journal "Library Journal")* Best Book of the Year, and has over 30 foreign editions.{{Citation needed\|date\=August 2012}} On the basis of a single\-case experiment, Damasio suggested emotions belong to the automatic vital processes of the body and thus can be recognized by a person without any form of memory.{{cite book\|first1\=Amanda\|last1\=Sati\|url\=https://gustavus.edu/neuroscience/brainbooks/The%20Feeling%20of%20What%20Happens%20Body%20and%20emotion%20in%20the%20making%20of%20consciousness.pdf\|title\=The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, Antonio Damasio. Heinemann: London 1999 (Review)\|format\=doc\|page\=3\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609170117/https://gustavus.edu/neuroscience/brainbooks/The%20Feeling%20of%20What%20Happens%20Body%20and%20emotion%20in%20the%20making%20of%20consciousness.pdf\|archive\-date\=June 9, 2021\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2003, this work was followed by the publication of *Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain*. In it, Damasio suggested that the philosopher [Baruch Spinoza](/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza "Baruch Spinoza")'s thinking foreshadowed discoveries in biology and neuroscience views on the mind\-body problem and that Spinoza was a protobiologist. Damasio's book is *Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain*. In it Damasio suggests that the self is the key to conscious minds and that feelings, from the kind he designates as primordial to the well\-known feelings of emotion, are the basic elements in the construction of the protoself and core self. The book received the Corinne International Book Prize.{{cite web \|last\=Damasio \|first\=António \|title\=Self Comes to Mind \|url\=http://www.corine.de/chronik/index.php \|access\-date\=2013\-10\-11 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201013/http://www.corine.de/chronik/index.php \|archive\-date\=2013\-10\-29 }}
[thumb\|Damasio at [Fronteiras do Pensamento](/wiki/Fronteiras_do_Pensamento "Fronteiras do Pensamento") (Frontiers of Thought) in 2013](/wiki/File:Ant%C3%B3nio_Dam%C3%A1sio_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2013_%2816929531365%29.jpg "António Damásio no Fronteiras do Pensamento São Paulo 2013 (16929531365).jpg")
Damasio is a member of the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences "American Academy of Arts and Sciences"), the National Academy of Medicine, the [European Academy of Sciences and Arts](/wiki/European_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts "European Academy of Sciences and Arts"). He is the recipient of several prizes, amongst them the [Grawemeyer Award](/wiki/Grawemeyer_Award "Grawemeyer Award"),{{cite web\|title \= Damasio wins Grawmeyer Psychology Award \| date\=3 December 2013\| url\=http://grawemeyer.org/damasio\-wins\-grawemeyer\-psychology\-award/}} the Honda Prize, the [Prince of Asturias Award](/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award "Prince of Asturias Award") in Science and Technology{{citation needed\|date\=July 2016}} and the Beaumont Medal from the [American Medical Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Association "American Medical Association"), as well as honorary degrees from, most recently, the Sorbonne (Université Paris Descartes), shared with his wife [Hanna Damasio](/wiki/Hanna_Damasio "Hanna Damasio"). He has also received doctorates from the Universities of [Aachen](/wiki/Aachen "Aachen"), Copenhagen, [Leiden](/wiki/Leiden "Leiden"), Barcelona, [Coimbra](/wiki/Coimbra "Coimbra"), [Leuven](/wiki/Leuven "Leuven") and numerous others.{{cite web\|last\= Damasio \|first\=António\|title\=USC faculty website\|url\=http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty\-and\-staff/faculty.cfm?pid\=1008328\&CFID\=17919891\&CFTOKEN\=78480386}}
In 2013, the Escola Secundária António Damásio was dedicated in Lisbon.
He says he writes in the belief that "scientific knowledge can be a pillar to help humans endure and prevail."António R. Damasio, *Descartes' Error* (New York 1994\) p. 252
He is married to [Hanna Damasio](/wiki/Hanna_Damasio "Hanna Damasio"), a prominent neuroscientist and frequent collaborator and co\-author, who is a professor of neuroscience at the University of Southern California and the director of the Dornsife Neuroimaging Center.
In 2017 he was designated member of the Council of State of [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"), replacing Antonio Guterres, the 9th Secretary\-General of the United Nations.
Damasio additionally serves on the board of directors of the [Berggruen Institute](/wiki/Berggruen_Institute "Berggruen Institute"), and sits on the jury for the [Berggruen Prize for Philosophy](/wiki/Berggruen_Prize_for_Philosophy "Berggruen Prize for Philosophy").{{Cite web \| url\=http://berggruen.org/groups/board\-of\-directors \|title \= Board of Directors Archives}}Stanley, Alessandra ["The Billionaire Who's Building a Davos of His Own"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/business/the-billionaire-whos-building-a-davos-of-his-own.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, April 16, 2016\. Accessed December 27, 2016\.
|
[
"Life and work\n-------------",
"{{Neuropsychology\\|expanded\\=People}}\nDuring the 1960s, \"Damasio studied medicine at the [University of Lisbon](/wiki/University_of_Lisbon \"University of Lisbon\") Medical School, where he also did his neurological residency and completed his doctorate in 1974\\.\" \"For part of his studies, he researched [behavioral neurology](/wiki/Behavioral_neurology \"Behavioral neurology\") under the supervision of [Norman Geschwind](/wiki/Norman_Geschwind \"Norman Geschwind\") of the Aphasia Research Center in Boston.\"",
"Damasio's main field is [neurobiology](/wiki/Neurobiology \"Neurobiology\"), especially the neural systems which underlie emotion, decision\\-making, memory, language and consciousness.\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|Damasio in 2008 (2nd from right).](/wiki/File:Science_of_Morality_-_World_Science_Festival_-_92_St_Y_%282534904279%29.jpg \"Science of Morality - World Science Festival - 92 St Y (2534904279).jpg\")",
"Damasio formulated the [somatic marker hypothesis](/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis \"Somatic marker hypothesis\"),Damasio AR. \"The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the pre\\-frontal cortex\". *Transactions of the Royal Society*. (London) 351:1413–1420\\. 1996\\. a theory about how emotions and their biological underpinnings are involved in decision\\-making (both positively and negatively, and often non\\-consciously). Emotions provide the scaffolding for the construction of [social cognition](/wiki/Social_cognition \"Social cognition\") and are required for the self processes which undergird consciousness.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}} \"Damasio provides a contemporary scientific validation of the linkage between feelings and the body by highlighting the connection between mind and nerve cells ... this personalized embodiment of mind.\"Lara Trout. *The Politics of Survival* (2010\\). p. 74\\.",
"The somatic marker hypothesis has inspired many [neuroscience](/wiki/Neuroscience \"Neuroscience\") experiments carried out in laboratories in the U.S. and Europe, and has had a major impact in contemporary science and philosophy.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/arc/2/1/20\\.html\\|title \\= APA PsycNet}} Damasio has been named by the [Institute for Scientific Information](/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information \"Institute for Scientific Information\") as one of the most highly cited researchers in the past decade. Current work on the biology of [moral](/wiki/Morality \"Morality\") decisions, [neuro\\-economics](/wiki/Neuro-economics \"Neuro-economics\"), [social communication](/wiki/Social_communication \"Social communication\"), and drug\\-addiction, has been strongly influenced by Damasio's hypothesis.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}} An article published in the Archives of Scientific Psychology in 2014 named Damasio one of the 100 most eminent psychologist of the modern era. (Diener et al. *Archives of Scientific Psychology*, 2014, 2, 20–32\\). The June–July issue of *Sciences Humaines* included Damasio in its list of 50 key thinkers in the human sciences of the past two centuries.",
"Damasio also proposed that emotions are part of [homeostatic regulation](/wiki/Homeostasis \"Homeostasis\") and are rooted in reward/punishment mechanisms. He recovered [William James'](/wiki/William_James \"William James\") perspective on feelings as a read\\-out of body states, but expanded it with an \"as\\-if\\-body\\-loop\" device which allows for the substrate of feelings to be simulated rather than actual (foreshadowing the simulation process later uncovered by [mirror neurons](/wiki/Mirror_neurons \"Mirror neurons\")). He demonstrated experimentally that the [insular cortex](/wiki/Insular_cortex \"Insular cortex\") is a critical platform for feelings, a finding that has been widely replicated, and he uncovered [cortical](/wiki/Cerebral_cortex \"Cerebral cortex\") and [subcortical](/wiki/wikt:Subcortical \"Subcortical\") induction sites for human emotions, e.g. in [ventromedial prefrontal cortex](/wiki/Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex \"Ventromedial prefrontal cortex\") and [amygdala](/wiki/Amygdala \"Amygdala\").Damasio AR, Grabowski TJ, Bechara A, Damasio H, Ponto LLB, Parvizi J, Hichwa RD. Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self\\-generated emotions\" *Nature Neuroscience* 3:1049–1056\\. 2000 He also demonstrated that while the insular cortex plays a major role in feelings, it is not necessary for feelings to occur, suggesting that brain stem structures play a basic role in the feeling process.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Damasio A, Damasio H, Tranel D \\| year \\= 2012 \\| title \\= Persistence of feelings and sentience after bilateral damage of the insula \\| journal \\= Cerebral Cortex \\| volume \\= 23\\| issue \\= 4\\| pages \\= 833–46\\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/cercor/bhs077 \\| pmid\\=22473895 \\| pmc\\=3657385}}",
"He has continued to investigate the neural basis of feelings and demonstrated that although the insular cortex is a major substrate for this process it is not exclusive, suggesting that brain stem nuclei are critical platforms as well.{{cite journal \\|vauthors\\=Damasio A, Damasio H, Tranel D \\| year \\= 2012 \\| title \\= Persistence of feelings and sentience after bilateral damage of the insula \\| journal \\= Cerebral Cortex \\| volume \\= 23\\| issue \\= 4\\| pages \\= 833–46\\| doi \\= 10\\.1093/cercor/bhs077 \\| pmid\\=22473895 \\| pmc\\=3657385}} He regards feelings as the necessary foundation of sentience.{{Cite book\\|title\\=How people learn: designing effective training to improve employee performance\\|last\\=Shackleton\\-Jones, Nick\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7494\\-8471\\-2\\|location\\=London, United Kingdom\\|oclc\\=1098213554\\|date \\= 2019\\-05\\-03}}",
"In another development, Damasio proposed that the cortical architecture on which learning and recall depend involves multiple, hierarchically organized loops of [axonal](/wiki/Axon \"Axon\") projections that converge on certain nodes out of which projections diverge to the points of origin of convergence (the [convergence\\-divergence zones](/wiki/Convergence-divergence_zone \"Convergence-divergence zone\")). This architecture is applicable to the understanding of [memory](/wiki/Memory \"Memory\") processes and of aspects of consciousness related to the access of mental contents.Damasio AR. Time\\-locked multiregional retroactivation: a systems level proposal for the neural substrates of recall and recognition\" *Cognition* 33:25–62\\. 1989",
"In *The Feeling of What Happens*, Damasio laid the foundations of the \"enchainment of precedences\": \"the nonconscious [neural](/wiki/Neural \"Neural\") [signaling](/wiki/Signal_transduction \"Signal transduction\") of an individual organism begets the [protoself](/wiki/Protoself \"Protoself\") which permits [core self](/wiki/Core_self \"Core self\") and [core consciousness](/wiki/Core_consciousness \"Core consciousness\"), which allow for an [autobiographical self](/wiki/Autobiographical_self \"Autobiographical self\"), which permits [extended consciousness](/wiki/Extended_consciousness \"Extended consciousness\"). At the end of the chain, [extended consciousness](/wiki/Extended_consciousness \"Extended consciousness\") permits conscience.{{cite book\n \\|last\\=Damasio\n \\|first\\=António\n \\|title\\=The Feeling of What Happens\n \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-15\\-100369\\-3\n \\|year\\=1999\n \\|publisher\\=Harcourt\n \\|url\\-access\\=registration\n \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/feelingofwhathap00dama\n }}{{Cite book\\|title\\=How people learn: designing effective training to improve employee performance\\|last\\=Shackleton\\-Jones, Nick\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7494\\-8471\\-2\\|location\\=London, United Kingdom\\|oclc\\=1098213554\\|date \\= 2019\\-05\\-03}}",
"According to the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa \"University of Iowa\")'s Department of Neurology's website, \"Damasio's research depended significantly on establishing the modern [human lesion method](/wiki/Human_lesion_method \"Human lesion method\"), an enterprise made possible by [Hanna Damasio](/wiki/Hanna_Damasio \"Hanna Damasio\")'s structural [neuroimaging](/wiki/Neuroimaging \"Neuroimaging\")/[neuroanatomy](/wiki/Neuroanatomy \"Neuroanatomy\") work complemented by [experimental neuroanatomy](/wiki/Experimental_neuroanatomy \"Experimental neuroanatomy\") (with Gary Van Hoesen and Josef Parvizi), [experimental neuropsychology](/wiki/Experimental_neuropsychology \"Experimental neuropsychology\") (with Antoine Bechara, Ralph Adolphs, and [Dan Tranel](/wiki/Daniel_Tranel \"Daniel Tranel\")) and [functional neuroimaging](/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging \"Functional neuroimaging\") (with Kaspar Meyer, Jonas Kaplan, and Mary Helen Immordino\\-Yang).\"{{Cite web\\| title \\= History \\|work\\=Department of Neurology\\| accessdate \\= 2023\\-09\\-29\\| url \\= https://medicine.uiowa.edu/neurology/about\\-us/history}} The experimental neuroanatomy work with Van Hoesen and Bradley Hyman led to the discovery of the disconnection of the hippocampus caused by neurofibrillary tangles in the [entorhinal cortex](/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex \"Entorhinal cortex\") of patients with Alzheimer's disease.Hyman B, Van Hoesen GW, Damasio A, Barnes C. Alzheimer's disease: cell\\-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation\" *Science* 225:1168–1170\\. 1984",
"As a clinician, he and his collaborators have studied and treated disorders of [behaviour](/wiki/Behaviour \"Behaviour\") and cognition, and [movement disorders](/wiki/Movement_disorder \"Movement disorder\").",
"Damasio's books deal with the relationship between emotions and their brain substrates. His 1994 book, *[Descartes' Error](/wiki/Descartes%27_Error \"Descartes' Error\"): Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain*, won the [Science et Vie](/wiki/Science_et_Vie \"Science et Vie\") prize, was a finalist for the *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* Book Award, and is translated in over 30 languages. It is regarded as one of the most influential books of the past two decades.In January 2010, Sciences Humaines named it one of the 20 books that changed the vision of the world. The book has been cited over 13,000 times His second book, *The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness*, was named as one of the ten best books of 2001 by the *[New York Times Book Review](/wiki/New_York_Times_Book_Review \"New York Times Book Review\")*, a *[Publishers Weekly](/wiki/Publishers_Weekly \"Publishers Weekly\")* Best Book of the Year, a *[Library Journal](/wiki/Library_Journal \"Library Journal\")* Best Book of the Year, and has over 30 foreign editions.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=August 2012}} On the basis of a single\\-case experiment, Damasio suggested emotions belong to the automatic vital processes of the body and thus can be recognized by a person without any form of memory.{{cite book\\|first1\\=Amanda\\|last1\\=Sati\\|url\\=https://gustavus.edu/neuroscience/brainbooks/The%20Feeling%20of%20What%20Happens%20Body%20and%20emotion%20in%20the%20making%20of%20consciousness.pdf\\|title\\=The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, Antonio Damasio. Heinemann: London 1999 (Review)\\|format\\=doc\\|page\\=3\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609170117/https://gustavus.edu/neuroscience/brainbooks/The%20Feeling%20of%20What%20Happens%20Body%20and%20emotion%20in%20the%20making%20of%20consciousness.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=June 9, 2021\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\nIn 2003, this work was followed by the publication of *Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain*. In it, Damasio suggested that the philosopher [Baruch Spinoza](/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza \"Baruch Spinoza\")'s thinking foreshadowed discoveries in biology and neuroscience views on the mind\\-body problem and that Spinoza was a protobiologist. Damasio's book is *Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain*. In it Damasio suggests that the self is the key to conscious minds and that feelings, from the kind he designates as primordial to the well\\-known feelings of emotion, are the basic elements in the construction of the protoself and core self. The book received the Corinne International Book Prize.{{cite web \\|last\\=Damasio \\|first\\=António \\|title\\=Self Comes to Mind \\|url\\=http://www.corine.de/chronik/index.php \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-11 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201013/http://www.corine.de/chronik/index.php \\|archive\\-date\\=2013\\-10\\-29 }}",
"[thumb\\|Damasio at [Fronteiras do Pensamento](/wiki/Fronteiras_do_Pensamento \"Fronteiras do Pensamento\") (Frontiers of Thought) in 2013](/wiki/File:Ant%C3%B3nio_Dam%C3%A1sio_no_Fronteiras_do_Pensamento_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2013_%2816929531365%29.jpg \"António Damásio no Fronteiras do Pensamento São Paulo 2013 (16929531365).jpg\")\nDamasio is a member of the [American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"American Academy of Arts and Sciences\"), the National Academy of Medicine, the [European Academy of Sciences and Arts](/wiki/European_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts \"European Academy of Sciences and Arts\"). He is the recipient of several prizes, amongst them the [Grawemeyer Award](/wiki/Grawemeyer_Award \"Grawemeyer Award\"),{{cite web\\|title \\= Damasio wins Grawmeyer Psychology Award \\| date\\=3 December 2013\\| url\\=http://grawemeyer.org/damasio\\-wins\\-grawemeyer\\-psychology\\-award/}} the Honda Prize, the [Prince of Asturias Award](/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award \"Prince of Asturias Award\") in Science and Technology{{citation needed\\|date\\=July 2016}} and the Beaumont Medal from the [American Medical Association](/wiki/American_Medical_Association \"American Medical Association\"), as well as honorary degrees from, most recently, the Sorbonne (Université Paris Descartes), shared with his wife [Hanna Damasio](/wiki/Hanna_Damasio \"Hanna Damasio\"). He has also received doctorates from the Universities of [Aachen](/wiki/Aachen \"Aachen\"), Copenhagen, [Leiden](/wiki/Leiden \"Leiden\"), Barcelona, [Coimbra](/wiki/Coimbra \"Coimbra\"), [Leuven](/wiki/Leuven \"Leuven\") and numerous others.{{cite web\\|last\\= Damasio \\|first\\=António\\|title\\=USC faculty website\\|url\\=http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty\\-and\\-staff/faculty.cfm?pid\\=1008328\\&CFID\\=17919891\\&CFTOKEN\\=78480386}}",
"In 2013, the Escola Secundária António Damásio was dedicated in Lisbon.",
"He says he writes in the belief that \"scientific knowledge can be a pillar to help humans endure and prevail.\"António R. Damasio, *Descartes' Error* (New York 1994\\) p. 252",
"He is married to [Hanna Damasio](/wiki/Hanna_Damasio \"Hanna Damasio\"), a prominent neuroscientist and frequent collaborator and co\\-author, who is a professor of neuroscience at the University of Southern California and the director of the Dornsife Neuroimaging Center.",
"In 2017 he was designated member of the Council of State of [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"), replacing Antonio Guterres, the 9th Secretary\\-General of the United Nations.",
"Damasio additionally serves on the board of directors of the [Berggruen Institute](/wiki/Berggruen_Institute \"Berggruen Institute\"), and sits on the jury for the [Berggruen Prize for Philosophy](/wiki/Berggruen_Prize_for_Philosophy \"Berggruen Prize for Philosophy\").{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://berggruen.org/groups/board\\-of\\-directors \\|title \\= Board of Directors Archives}}Stanley, Alessandra [\"The Billionaire Who's Building a Davos of His Own\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/17/business/the-billionaire-whos-building-a-davos-of-his-own.html), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, April 16, 2016\\. Accessed December 27, 2016\\.",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
Stewart was elected as a councillor for Birmingham City Council in a by\-election in 1970\. She remained a councillor, for Billesley ward, until 2002\. She saw her role as a Labour Councillor as doing for poor people, what lawyers did for rich people.{{Cite web\|title\=Birmingham loses a political giant\|url\=https://www.themj.co.uk/Birmingham\-loses\-a\-political\-giant/219124\|access\-date\=2020\-11\-14\|website\=themj.co.uk\|date\=12 November 2020 \|language\=en}}
She was also a member of the Birmingham Regional Hospital Board in the late 1960s. She exposed failings in the hospital system including a ward kept locked for the use of the family and friends of consultants. The issue was taken up by a local newspaper.
She was a founder of BPAS (then the Birmingham Pregnancy Advisory Group), campaigned for CND, for women's right to choose, for the family allowance to be paid to the mother as well as hosting striking miners and steelworkers in her home.
She was member and chair of Social Services in Birmingham in the 1970s and 1980s.
In 1991 she, with 20 other councillors, was expelled from the Labour Group, for opposing cuts to a children's home.
However, in 1993 she was elected, by her fellow Labour councillors, as leader of Birmingham City Council. She moved the council from spending on infrastructure and convention centres to a focus on social services and education.
She also hosted G8 in 1998, welcoming Tony Blair, Bill Clinton and Boris Yeltsin to the city. However the photo she was most proud of was the one with Nelson Mandela, which sat proudly on her mantelpiece.
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"Stewart was elected as a councillor for Birmingham City Council in a by\\-election in 1970\\. She remained a councillor, for Billesley ward, until 2002\\. She saw her role as a Labour Councillor as doing for poor people, what lawyers did for rich people.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Birmingham loses a political giant\\|url\\=https://www.themj.co.uk/Birmingham\\-loses\\-a\\-political\\-giant/219124\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-11\\-14\\|website\\=themj.co.uk\\|date\\=12 November 2020 \\|language\\=en}}",
"She was also a member of the Birmingham Regional Hospital Board in the late 1960s. She exposed failings in the hospital system including a ward kept locked for the use of the family and friends of consultants. The issue was taken up by a local newspaper.",
"She was a founder of BPAS (then the Birmingham Pregnancy Advisory Group), campaigned for CND, for women's right to choose, for the family allowance to be paid to the mother as well as hosting striking miners and steelworkers in her home.",
"She was member and chair of Social Services in Birmingham in the 1970s and 1980s.",
"In 1991 she, with 20 other councillors, was expelled from the Labour Group, for opposing cuts to a children's home.",
"However, in 1993 she was elected, by her fellow Labour councillors, as leader of Birmingham City Council. She moved the council from spending on infrastructure and convention centres to a focus on social services and education.",
"She also hosted G8 in 1998, welcoming Tony Blair, Bill Clinton and Boris Yeltsin to the city. However the photo she was most proud of was the one with Nelson Mandela, which sat proudly on her mantelpiece.",
""
] |
Gridiron football
-----------------
In [American football](/wiki/American_football "American football") and [Canadian football](/wiki/Canadian_football "Canadian football"), an interception occurs when a [forward pass](/wiki/Forward_pass "Forward pass") that has not yet touched the ground is caught by a player of the defensive team.{{Cite web\|url\=https://operations.nfl.com/the\-rules/2021\-nfl\-rulebook/\#article\-7\.\-player\-possession\|title\=2021 NFL Rulebook (Rule 3, Section 2, Article 7 ) {{!}} NFL Football Operations\|website\=operations.nfl.com\|access\-date\=October 29, 2021\|archive\-date\=October 31, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031215534/https://operations.nfl.com/the\-rules/2021\-nfl\-rulebook/\#article\-7\.\-player\-possession\|url\-status\=dead}} This leads to an immediate change of possession during the play, and the defender who caught the ball can immediately attempt to move the ball as far towards the opposing end zone as possible, up to a touchdown. Following the stoppage of play, if the interceptor retained possession of the ball, his team takes over possession at the spot where he was downed. Because possession is a critical component in these sports, a successful interception can be a dramatic reversal of the teams' fortunes.
Interceptions are predominantly made by the [secondary](/wiki/Defensive_back "Defensive back") or (on some occasions) the [linebackers](/wiki/Linebacker "Linebacker"), who are usually closest to the quarterback's intended targets, the [wide receivers](/wiki/Wide_receiver "Wide receiver"), [running backs](/wiki/Running_back "Running back"), and [tight ends](/wiki/Tight_end "Tight end"). Less frequently, a [defensive lineman](/wiki/Lineman_%28American_football%29 "Lineman (American football)") may get an interception from a tipped ball, a near sack, a shovel pass, or a [screen pass](/wiki/Screen_pass "Screen pass"), but are more likely to force a fumble than get an interception. As soon as a pass is intercepted, everyone on the defense should immediately act as a [blocker](/wiki/Blocking_%28American_football%29 "Blocking (American football)"), helping the person with the interception get as much yardage as possible and perhaps a touchdown (commonly called a "**pick\-six**", since a touchdown is worth 6 points); at the same time, everyone on the offense becomes the defense and may attempt to [tackle](/wiki/Tackle_%28football_move%29%23Gridiron_football "Tackle (football move)#Gridiron football") the ball\-carrier. If the interception occurs on an extra\-point attempt, rather than an ordinary play from scrimmage, a return of the interception to the other end zone is sometimes called a "**pick\-two**", as it is a defensive two\-point conversion rather than a touchdown. For example, on December 4, 2016, the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs "Kansas City Chiefs") strong safety [Eric Berry](/wiki/Eric_Berry "Eric Berry") scored the game\-winning points via a pick\-two in a 29–28 victory over the [Atlanta Falcons](/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons "Atlanta Falcons"). Berry also achieved an ordinary pick\-six earlier in the same game.{{cite news \| work \= \[\[The Wall Street Journal]] \| title \= Chiefs' Eric Berry Collects Pick\-Six and Pick\-Two \| url \= https://www.wsj.com/articles/chiefs\-eric\-berry\-collects\-pick\-six\-and\-pick\-two\-1480894663 \| first \= Jim \| last \= Chairusmi \| access\-date \= December 4, 2016 \| date \= December 4, 2016}}
If the intercepting team has the lead and there is little time left in the game, the intercepting player may down the ball immediately and not attempt to gain any yardage; the team then runs out the clock using scrimmage plays. This eliminates the chance of a fumble that could be recovered by the other team. There are also player safety implications: when the ball is turned over, the play is now suddenly and unexpectedly moving in the opposite direction. All of the players on offense are instantly susceptible to unexpected blocks, even if not attempting to stop the ball carrier; a hard and unseen block can result in severe injuries. Additionally, offensive players, particularly the quarterback, are often inexperienced tacklers and are at risk of injuring themselves while tackling the ball carrier.
Only the interception of a forward pass is recorded statistically as an interception, for both the passer and the intercepting player. If a receiver fails to catch the ball and bobbles or tips it before it is intercepted, even if his action was entirely responsible for the interception, it is always recorded as an interception thrown by the passer. The interception of a lateral pass is recorded as a fumble by the passer.
### Notable players
#### Canadian Football League
In an 11\-year CFL career, [Less Browne](/wiki/Less_Browne "Less Browne") recorded 87 interceptions during the 1980s and 90s, which is both a CFL and all\-pro record. He was inducted into the [Canadian Football Hall of Fame](/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame "Canadian Football Hall of Fame") (CFHF) in 2002\.
[Barron Miles](/wiki/Barron_Miles "Barron Miles"), a defensive back in the early 2000s for the [BC Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions "BC Lions") and [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes"), recorded 66 interceptions, tied for second all\-time, in a 12\-year CFL career. He is also the all\-time leader in blocked kicks with 13\. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2018\.
[Larry Highbaugh](/wiki/Larry_Highbaugh "Larry Highbaugh") played for the BC Lions and [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos "Edmonton Eskimos") during the 1970s and early 1980s, winning six Grey Cups and recording 66 interceptions in his career. At the time of his retirement he was the all\-time leader in interceptions. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2004\.
In a game against the [Hamilton Tiger\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats "Hamilton Tiger-Cats") in 1990, [Rod Hill](/wiki/Rod_Hill "Rod Hill") of the [Winnipeg Blue Bombers](/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers "Winnipeg Blue Bombers") caught five interceptions, a CFL record for a regular\-season game. Canadian and Pro Football Hall of Famer [Bud Grant](/wiki/Bud_Grant "Bud Grant") of the Blue Bombers, holds the record for most interceptions in a playoff game, also with five, which he accomplished in a game against the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders "Saskatchewan Roughriders") in 1953\.
Quarterback [Danny McManus](/wiki/Danny_McManus "Danny McManus") has the record for most interceptions thrown in a CFL career with 281\. [Damon Allen](/wiki/Damon_Allen "Damon Allen") is a close second with 278 interceptions thrown.
#### National Football League
[Lester Hayes](/wiki/Lester_Hayes "Lester Hayes") of the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders "Oakland Raiders") was one of the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League")'s (NFL) leaders at interceptions in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He was known for covering his chest, shoulders and forearms with a copious amount of the adhesive [Stickum](/wiki/Stickum "Stickum") to help him hold on to the ball. After the NFL outlawed the use of such foreign substances in 1981, Hayes' success rate at interceptions dropped below average though that could be due to his reputation as a "shutdown cornerback", which discouraged opposing teams from throwing to his side of the field. He continued to use the substance, which he called "pick juice", by having it applied in smaller amounts to his wrists.{{citation needed\|reason\=Requires admission of guilt\|date\=December 2014}}
[Paul Krause](/wiki/Paul_Krause "Paul Krause") holds the record for most career interceptions with 81\. He played his first three years in the NFL from 1964 to 1967 with the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins "Washington Redskins") but was traded to the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings "Minnesota Vikings"), where he spent most of his career. Krause played until 1979 and appeared in four [Super Bowls](/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") with the Vikings. He was inducted into the [Pro Football Hall of Fame](/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame "Pro Football Hall of Fame") in 1998\.
[Dick "Night Train" Lane](/wiki/Night_Train_Lane "Night Train Lane") holds the record for most interceptions in a season with 14, which he set in his rookie season in 1952\.
[Rod Woodson](/wiki/Rod_Woodson "Rod Woodson") played 16 seasons with Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Oakland, and holds the NFL record for most [interception returns for touchdown](/wiki/Interception_returns_for_touchdown "Interception returns for touchdown") in an NFL career with 12\. Also, he holds the NFL record for most total defensive touchdown returns in a career with 13\. Woodson, who is third on the NFL all\-time career interception list with 71, was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009\.
[Darren Sharper](/wiki/Darren_Sharper "Darren Sharper"), a [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28American_football_position%29 "Safety (American football position)") that played from 1997 to 2010, has a career total of 63 interceptions, and has returned 11 of those for touchdowns. Sharper holds the NFL record for interception return yardage in a single season with 376 yards in 2009\. He is also tied with Rod Woodson for most total defensive touchdown returns career with 13\.
[Charles Woodson](/wiki/Charles_Woodson "Charles Woodson"), formerly with the Green Bay Packers and Oakland Raiders has 65 career interceptions and tied Rod Woodson for most defensive touchdowns with 13\. Woodson and Sharper are tied for second all time in interceptions returned for touchdowns with 11\.
[Ty Law](/wiki/Ty_Law "Ty Law"), formerly of the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots"), [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets "New York Jets"), and Kansas City Chiefs, has 52 career interceptions. [Champ Bailey](/wiki/Champ_Bailey "Champ Bailey"), who played for the Washington Redskins and [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos "Denver Broncos"), had 10 interceptions in 2006 and has a career total of 52\. Strong safety [Sammy Knight](/wiki/Sammy_Knight "Sammy Knight") had 42 interceptions in his career.
[Ed Reed](/wiki/Ed_Reed "Ed Reed") holds the record for the longest interception return, 108 yards against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles "Philadelphia Eagles") on November 23, 2008\. Reed also holds the record for the second longest interception return, 106 yards against the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns") on November 7, 2004\. During both games he played for the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens "Baltimore Ravens"). Reed also has a total of 64 interceptions and holds the record for the most interception return yardage in NFL history (1,541\).
[Brett Favre](/wiki/Brett_Favre "Brett Favre") holds the record for most career interceptions thrown: 336\. Favre's first pass in an NFL regular season game resulted in an interception returned for a touchdown. Favre's last pass as a Green Bay Packer was an interception as well, thrown to [Corey Webster](/wiki/Corey_Webster "Corey Webster") of the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants "New York Giants") in the 2007 NFC Championship Game to lose the game.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/FavrBr00\.htm \|title\=Brett Favre Career Stats\|publisher\=profootballreference.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2007}} In the [2009 NFC Championship Game](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NFL_playoffs%23NFC:New_Orleans_Saints_31%2C_Minnesota_Vikings_28_%28OT%29 "New Orleans Saints 31, Minnesota Vikings 28 (OT)"), with his Minnesota Vikings almost within range of a potential game\-winning field goal in the last few minutes of regulation, Favre threw an interception to [Tracy Porter](/wiki/Tracy_Porter "Tracy Porter"), and the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints "New Orleans Saints") would end up winning in overtime.
[Rodney Harrison](/wiki/Rodney_Harrison "Rodney Harrison") of the New England Patriots and [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers "San Diego Chargers") was the first player in NFL history to have 30 interceptions and 30 sacks over the course of his career. He set that historic benchmark on October 21, 2007\. The Baltimore Ravens' [Ray Lewis](/wiki/Ray_Lewis "Ray Lewis") was the second to accomplish this feat. He recorded his 30th interception November 21, 2010, intercepting the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers "Carolina Panthers")' [Brian St. Pierre](/wiki/Brian_St._Pierre "Brian St. Pierre") and returning the ball for a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown"). Lewis is also the only member of the 40/30 club (at least 40 sacks and at least 30 interceptions).
On November 21, 2010, [Ronde Barber](/wiki/Ronde_Barber "Ronde Barber") became the only player in NFL history with at least 25 sacks (26 total) and 40 interceptions. His jersey and gloves from the game were subsequently retired to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton.
[Asante Samuel, Sr.](/wiki/Asante_Samuel "Asante Samuel"), of the Atlanta Falcons, with 4 postseason interception returns for touchdowns, is the NFL's all\-time leader.
[James Harrison](/wiki/James_Harrison_%28American_football%29 "James Harrison (American football)") of the [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers "Pittsburgh Steelers") set the record for the longest interception return for a touchdown in a Super Bowl in [Super Bowl XLIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII "Super Bowl XLIII"). The NFL's Defensive Player of the Year Harrison picked off [Kurt Warner](/wiki/Kurt_Warner "Kurt Warner")'s pass and returned it a Super Bowl\-record 100 yards for a touchdown on the final play of the first half to give the Pittsburgh Steelers a 17–7 lead over the Arizona Cardinals.
[Aaron Rodgers](/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers "Aaron Rodgers") holds the record for the most consecutive pass attempts without an interception with 402 during the [2018 NFL season](/wiki/2018_NFL_season "2018 NFL season"). He only threw two interceptions that entire season. On December 26, 2010, Brady overtook the previous record of 308 consecutive completed passes without an interception, held by [Bernie Kosar](/wiki/Bernie_Kosar "Bernie Kosar") of the Cleveland Browns since 1991\. Kosar's regular\-season streak of pass attempts without an interception ended on November 10, 1991, against the Philadelphia Eagles.
On October 6, 2013, [Matt Schaub](/wiki/Matt_Schaub "Matt Schaub") became the first quarterback to throw a "pick\-six" (an interception returned for a touchdown) in four consecutive games, while playing against the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers").{{Cite magazine\|last\=Burke\|first\=Chris\|date\=October 6, 2013\|title\=Matt Schaub sets record with a pick\-six in fourth straight game\|url\=https://www.si.com/nfl/2013/10/07/matt\-schaub\-pick\-six\-record\-houston\-texans\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=January 31, 2021\|magazine\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]]}}
In [Super Bowl XLIX](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX "Super Bowl XLIX"), New England Patriots cornerback [Malcolm Butler](/wiki/Malcolm_Butler "Malcolm Butler") intercepted a would\-be go\-ahead touchdown pass from [Seattle Seahawks](/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks "Seattle Seahawks") quarterback [Russell Wilson](/wiki/Russell_Wilson "Russell Wilson") at the goal line in the final seconds of the game, allowing the Patriots to win what would have been an otherwise certain defeat. The significance of this play led it to be dubbed by many as simply "The Interception".
In 2019, despite having his career high passing yards total over 5,000 yards, [Jameis Winston](/wiki/Jameis_Winston "Jameis Winston") of the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") threw for a total of 30 interceptions, the most interceptions in the league since Vinny Testaverde's 35 in 1988, giving Winston a career total of 87 interceptions at the season's end. Winston's season high came on October 13 against the Carolina Panthers, when he recorded a total of five interceptions. Winston’s seven pick\-6s in that season set an NFL record. Winston's penchant for turnovers (interceptions and fumbles), including six interceptions across the last two regular season games that were losses, led to him not being re\-signed by the Buccaneers.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/jameis\-winston\-teddy\-bridgewater\-buccaneers\-qb/1symvcj3gstm81ln0huru7i8ov \| title\=Goodbye, Jameis Winston; hello, Teddy Bridgewater: A simple answer to the Buccaneers' QB question \| Sporting News \| date\=March 5, 2020 }}
[C. J Stroud](/wiki/C._J._Stroud "C. J. Stroud") holds the record for the most consecutive pass attempts without an interception to start a career, with 191\. He made the record with the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans "Houston Texans") during his rookie [2023 NFL season](/wiki/2023_NFL_season "2023 NFL season"), throwing his first interception in week 5\. The previous record was 177, made by [Dak Prescott](/wiki/Dak_Prescott "Dak Prescott") in the [2016 season](/wiki/2016_NFL_season "2016 NFL season").{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-10\-15 \|title\=Texans' C.J. Stroud throws first career interception after breaking NFL record for most throws without a pick \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/texans\-c\-j\-stroud\-throws\-first\-career\-interception\-after\-breaking\-nfl\-record\-for\-most\-throws\-without\-a\-pick/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-10 \|website\=CBSSports.com \|language\=en}}
#### BAFA National Leagues
Robert Hardwick of the [Nottingham Caesars](/wiki/Nottingham_Caesars "Nottingham Caesars") of the [BAFA National Leagues](/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues "BAFA National Leagues") scored a game\-winning touchdown against the [Birmingham Bulls](/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_%28American_football%29 "Birmingham Bulls (American football)") on May 15, 2016\. The Bulls were three points up at the four\-yard line with 14 seconds left on the clock, and elected to throw a pass which was intercepted and run 100 yards to the opposite end zone.
{{clear}}
|
[
"Gridiron football\n-----------------",
"In [American football](/wiki/American_football \"American football\") and [Canadian football](/wiki/Canadian_football \"Canadian football\"), an interception occurs when a [forward pass](/wiki/Forward_pass \"Forward pass\") that has not yet touched the ground is caught by a player of the defensive team.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://operations.nfl.com/the\\-rules/2021\\-nfl\\-rulebook/\\#article\\-7\\.\\-player\\-possession\\|title\\=2021 NFL Rulebook (Rule 3, Section 2, Article 7 ) {{!}} NFL Football Operations\\|website\\=operations.nfl.com\\|access\\-date\\=October 29, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=October 31, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031215534/https://operations.nfl.com/the\\-rules/2021\\-nfl\\-rulebook/\\#article\\-7\\.\\-player\\-possession\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} This leads to an immediate change of possession during the play, and the defender who caught the ball can immediately attempt to move the ball as far towards the opposing end zone as possible, up to a touchdown. Following the stoppage of play, if the interceptor retained possession of the ball, his team takes over possession at the spot where he was downed. Because possession is a critical component in these sports, a successful interception can be a dramatic reversal of the teams' fortunes.",
"Interceptions are predominantly made by the [secondary](/wiki/Defensive_back \"Defensive back\") or (on some occasions) the [linebackers](/wiki/Linebacker \"Linebacker\"), who are usually closest to the quarterback's intended targets, the [wide receivers](/wiki/Wide_receiver \"Wide receiver\"), [running backs](/wiki/Running_back \"Running back\"), and [tight ends](/wiki/Tight_end \"Tight end\"). Less frequently, a [defensive lineman](/wiki/Lineman_%28American_football%29 \"Lineman (American football)\") may get an interception from a tipped ball, a near sack, a shovel pass, or a [screen pass](/wiki/Screen_pass \"Screen pass\"), but are more likely to force a fumble than get an interception. As soon as a pass is intercepted, everyone on the defense should immediately act as a [blocker](/wiki/Blocking_%28American_football%29 \"Blocking (American football)\"), helping the person with the interception get as much yardage as possible and perhaps a touchdown (commonly called a \"**pick\\-six**\", since a touchdown is worth 6 points); at the same time, everyone on the offense becomes the defense and may attempt to [tackle](/wiki/Tackle_%28football_move%29%23Gridiron_football \"Tackle (football move)#Gridiron football\") the ball\\-carrier. If the interception occurs on an extra\\-point attempt, rather than an ordinary play from scrimmage, a return of the interception to the other end zone is sometimes called a \"**pick\\-two**\", as it is a defensive two\\-point conversion rather than a touchdown. For example, on December 4, 2016, the [Kansas City Chiefs](/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs \"Kansas City Chiefs\") strong safety [Eric Berry](/wiki/Eric_Berry \"Eric Berry\") scored the game\\-winning points via a pick\\-two in a 29–28 victory over the [Atlanta Falcons](/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons \"Atlanta Falcons\"). Berry also achieved an ordinary pick\\-six earlier in the same game.{{cite news \\| work \\= \\[\\[The Wall Street Journal]] \\| title \\= Chiefs' Eric Berry Collects Pick\\-Six and Pick\\-Two \\| url \\= https://www.wsj.com/articles/chiefs\\-eric\\-berry\\-collects\\-pick\\-six\\-and\\-pick\\-two\\-1480894663 \\| first \\= Jim \\| last \\= Chairusmi \\| access\\-date \\= December 4, 2016 \\| date \\= December 4, 2016}}",
"If the intercepting team has the lead and there is little time left in the game, the intercepting player may down the ball immediately and not attempt to gain any yardage; the team then runs out the clock using scrimmage plays. This eliminates the chance of a fumble that could be recovered by the other team. There are also player safety implications: when the ball is turned over, the play is now suddenly and unexpectedly moving in the opposite direction. All of the players on offense are instantly susceptible to unexpected blocks, even if not attempting to stop the ball carrier; a hard and unseen block can result in severe injuries. Additionally, offensive players, particularly the quarterback, are often inexperienced tacklers and are at risk of injuring themselves while tackling the ball carrier.",
"Only the interception of a forward pass is recorded statistically as an interception, for both the passer and the intercepting player. If a receiver fails to catch the ball and bobbles or tips it before it is intercepted, even if his action was entirely responsible for the interception, it is always recorded as an interception thrown by the passer. The interception of a lateral pass is recorded as a fumble by the passer.",
"### Notable players",
"#### Canadian Football League",
"In an 11\\-year CFL career, [Less Browne](/wiki/Less_Browne \"Less Browne\") recorded 87 interceptions during the 1980s and 90s, which is both a CFL and all\\-pro record. He was inducted into the [Canadian Football Hall of Fame](/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame \"Canadian Football Hall of Fame\") (CFHF) in 2002\\.",
"[Barron Miles](/wiki/Barron_Miles \"Barron Miles\"), a defensive back in the early 2000s for the [BC Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions \"BC Lions\") and [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\"), recorded 66 interceptions, tied for second all\\-time, in a 12\\-year CFL career. He is also the all\\-time leader in blocked kicks with 13\\. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2018\\.",
"[Larry Highbaugh](/wiki/Larry_Highbaugh \"Larry Highbaugh\") played for the BC Lions and [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos \"Edmonton Eskimos\") during the 1970s and early 1980s, winning six Grey Cups and recording 66 interceptions in his career. At the time of his retirement he was the all\\-time leader in interceptions. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2004\\.",
"In a game against the [Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats \"Hamilton Tiger-Cats\") in 1990, [Rod Hill](/wiki/Rod_Hill \"Rod Hill\") of the [Winnipeg Blue Bombers](/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers \"Winnipeg Blue Bombers\") caught five interceptions, a CFL record for a regular\\-season game. Canadian and Pro Football Hall of Famer [Bud Grant](/wiki/Bud_Grant \"Bud Grant\") of the Blue Bombers, holds the record for most interceptions in a playoff game, also with five, which he accomplished in a game against the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders \"Saskatchewan Roughriders\") in 1953\\.",
"Quarterback [Danny McManus](/wiki/Danny_McManus \"Danny McManus\") has the record for most interceptions thrown in a CFL career with 281\\. [Damon Allen](/wiki/Damon_Allen \"Damon Allen\") is a close second with 278 interceptions thrown.",
"#### National Football League",
"[Lester Hayes](/wiki/Lester_Hayes \"Lester Hayes\") of the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders \"Oakland Raiders\") was one of the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\")'s (NFL) leaders at interceptions in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He was known for covering his chest, shoulders and forearms with a copious amount of the adhesive [Stickum](/wiki/Stickum \"Stickum\") to help him hold on to the ball. After the NFL outlawed the use of such foreign substances in 1981, Hayes' success rate at interceptions dropped below average though that could be due to his reputation as a \"shutdown cornerback\", which discouraged opposing teams from throwing to his side of the field. He continued to use the substance, which he called \"pick juice\", by having it applied in smaller amounts to his wrists.{{citation needed\\|reason\\=Requires admission of guilt\\|date\\=December 2014}}",
"[Paul Krause](/wiki/Paul_Krause \"Paul Krause\") holds the record for most career interceptions with 81\\. He played his first three years in the NFL from 1964 to 1967 with the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins \"Washington Redskins\") but was traded to the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\"), where he spent most of his career. Krause played until 1979 and appeared in four [Super Bowls](/wiki/Super_Bowl \"Super Bowl\") with the Vikings. He was inducted into the [Pro Football Hall of Fame](/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame \"Pro Football Hall of Fame\") in 1998\\.",
"[Dick \"Night Train\" Lane](/wiki/Night_Train_Lane \"Night Train Lane\") holds the record for most interceptions in a season with 14, which he set in his rookie season in 1952\\.",
"[Rod Woodson](/wiki/Rod_Woodson \"Rod Woodson\") played 16 seasons with Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Oakland, and holds the NFL record for most [interception returns for touchdown](/wiki/Interception_returns_for_touchdown \"Interception returns for touchdown\") in an NFL career with 12\\. Also, he holds the NFL record for most total defensive touchdown returns in a career with 13\\. Woodson, who is third on the NFL all\\-time career interception list with 71, was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009\\.",
"[Darren Sharper](/wiki/Darren_Sharper \"Darren Sharper\"), a [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28American_football_position%29 \"Safety (American football position)\") that played from 1997 to 2010, has a career total of 63 interceptions, and has returned 11 of those for touchdowns. Sharper holds the NFL record for interception return yardage in a single season with 376 yards in 2009\\. He is also tied with Rod Woodson for most total defensive touchdown returns career with 13\\.",
"[Charles Woodson](/wiki/Charles_Woodson \"Charles Woodson\"), formerly with the Green Bay Packers and Oakland Raiders has 65 career interceptions and tied Rod Woodson for most defensive touchdowns with 13\\. Woodson and Sharper are tied for second all time in interceptions returned for touchdowns with 11\\.",
"[Ty Law](/wiki/Ty_Law \"Ty Law\"), formerly of the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\"), [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets \"New York Jets\"), and Kansas City Chiefs, has 52 career interceptions. [Champ Bailey](/wiki/Champ_Bailey \"Champ Bailey\"), who played for the Washington Redskins and [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos \"Denver Broncos\"), had 10 interceptions in 2006 and has a career total of 52\\. Strong safety [Sammy Knight](/wiki/Sammy_Knight \"Sammy Knight\") had 42 interceptions in his career.",
"[Ed Reed](/wiki/Ed_Reed \"Ed Reed\") holds the record for the longest interception return, 108 yards against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\") on November 23, 2008\\. Reed also holds the record for the second longest interception return, 106 yards against the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns \"Cleveland Browns\") on November 7, 2004\\. During both games he played for the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens \"Baltimore Ravens\"). Reed also has a total of 64 interceptions and holds the record for the most interception return yardage in NFL history (1,541\\).",
"[Brett Favre](/wiki/Brett_Favre \"Brett Favre\") holds the record for most career interceptions thrown: 336\\. Favre's first pass in an NFL regular season game resulted in an interception returned for a touchdown. Favre's last pass as a Green Bay Packer was an interception as well, thrown to [Corey Webster](/wiki/Corey_Webster \"Corey Webster\") of the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\") in the 2007 NFC Championship Game to lose the game.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/FavrBr00\\.htm \\|title\\=Brett Favre Career Stats\\|publisher\\=profootballreference.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2007}} In the [2009 NFC Championship Game](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NFL_playoffs%23NFC:New_Orleans_Saints_31%2C_Minnesota_Vikings_28_%28OT%29 \"New Orleans Saints 31, Minnesota Vikings 28 (OT)\"), with his Minnesota Vikings almost within range of a potential game\\-winning field goal in the last few minutes of regulation, Favre threw an interception to [Tracy Porter](/wiki/Tracy_Porter \"Tracy Porter\"), and the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints \"New Orleans Saints\") would end up winning in overtime.",
"[Rodney Harrison](/wiki/Rodney_Harrison \"Rodney Harrison\") of the New England Patriots and [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers \"San Diego Chargers\") was the first player in NFL history to have 30 interceptions and 30 sacks over the course of his career. He set that historic benchmark on October 21, 2007\\. The Baltimore Ravens' [Ray Lewis](/wiki/Ray_Lewis \"Ray Lewis\") was the second to accomplish this feat. He recorded his 30th interception November 21, 2010, intercepting the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers \"Carolina Panthers\")' [Brian St. Pierre](/wiki/Brian_St._Pierre \"Brian St. Pierre\") and returning the ball for a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\"). Lewis is also the only member of the 40/30 club (at least 40 sacks and at least 30 interceptions).",
"On November 21, 2010, [Ronde Barber](/wiki/Ronde_Barber \"Ronde Barber\") became the only player in NFL history with at least 25 sacks (26 total) and 40 interceptions. His jersey and gloves from the game were subsequently retired to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton.",
"[Asante Samuel, Sr.](/wiki/Asante_Samuel \"Asante Samuel\"), of the Atlanta Falcons, with 4 postseason interception returns for touchdowns, is the NFL's all\\-time leader.",
"[James Harrison](/wiki/James_Harrison_%28American_football%29 \"James Harrison (American football)\") of the [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers \"Pittsburgh Steelers\") set the record for the longest interception return for a touchdown in a Super Bowl in [Super Bowl XLIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII \"Super Bowl XLIII\"). The NFL's Defensive Player of the Year Harrison picked off [Kurt Warner](/wiki/Kurt_Warner \"Kurt Warner\")'s pass and returned it a Super Bowl\\-record 100 yards for a touchdown on the final play of the first half to give the Pittsburgh Steelers a 17–7 lead over the Arizona Cardinals.",
"[Aaron Rodgers](/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers \"Aaron Rodgers\") holds the record for the most consecutive pass attempts without an interception with 402 during the [2018 NFL season](/wiki/2018_NFL_season \"2018 NFL season\"). He only threw two interceptions that entire season. On December 26, 2010, Brady overtook the previous record of 308 consecutive completed passes without an interception, held by [Bernie Kosar](/wiki/Bernie_Kosar \"Bernie Kosar\") of the Cleveland Browns since 1991\\. Kosar's regular\\-season streak of pass attempts without an interception ended on November 10, 1991, against the Philadelphia Eagles.",
"On October 6, 2013, [Matt Schaub](/wiki/Matt_Schaub \"Matt Schaub\") became the first quarterback to throw a \"pick\\-six\" (an interception returned for a touchdown) in four consecutive games, while playing against the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\").{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Burke\\|first\\=Chris\\|date\\=October 6, 2013\\|title\\=Matt Schaub sets record with a pick\\-six in fourth straight game\\|url\\=https://www.si.com/nfl/2013/10/07/matt\\-schaub\\-pick\\-six\\-record\\-houston\\-texans\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2021\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]]}}",
"In [Super Bowl XLIX](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX \"Super Bowl XLIX\"), New England Patriots cornerback [Malcolm Butler](/wiki/Malcolm_Butler \"Malcolm Butler\") intercepted a would\\-be go\\-ahead touchdown pass from [Seattle Seahawks](/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks \"Seattle Seahawks\") quarterback [Russell Wilson](/wiki/Russell_Wilson \"Russell Wilson\") at the goal line in the final seconds of the game, allowing the Patriots to win what would have been an otherwise certain defeat. The significance of this play led it to be dubbed by many as simply \"The Interception\".",
"In 2019, despite having his career high passing yards total over 5,000 yards, [Jameis Winston](/wiki/Jameis_Winston \"Jameis Winston\") of the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\") threw for a total of 30 interceptions, the most interceptions in the league since Vinny Testaverde's 35 in 1988, giving Winston a career total of 87 interceptions at the season's end. Winston's season high came on October 13 against the Carolina Panthers, when he recorded a total of five interceptions. Winston’s seven pick\\-6s in that season set an NFL record. Winston's penchant for turnovers (interceptions and fumbles), including six interceptions across the last two regular season games that were losses, led to him not being re\\-signed by the Buccaneers.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/jameis\\-winston\\-teddy\\-bridgewater\\-buccaneers\\-qb/1symvcj3gstm81ln0huru7i8ov \\| title\\=Goodbye, Jameis Winston; hello, Teddy Bridgewater: A simple answer to the Buccaneers' QB question \\| Sporting News \\| date\\=March 5, 2020 }}",
"[C. J Stroud](/wiki/C._J._Stroud \"C. J. Stroud\") holds the record for the most consecutive pass attempts without an interception to start a career, with 191\\. He made the record with the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans \"Houston Texans\") during his rookie [2023 NFL season](/wiki/2023_NFL_season \"2023 NFL season\"), throwing his first interception in week 5\\. The previous record was 177, made by [Dak Prescott](/wiki/Dak_Prescott \"Dak Prescott\") in the [2016 season](/wiki/2016_NFL_season \"2016 NFL season\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-15 \\|title\\=Texans' C.J. Stroud throws first career interception after breaking NFL record for most throws without a pick \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/texans\\-c\\-j\\-stroud\\-throws\\-first\\-career\\-interception\\-after\\-breaking\\-nfl\\-record\\-for\\-most\\-throws\\-without\\-a\\-pick/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\|website\\=CBSSports.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### BAFA National Leagues",
"Robert Hardwick of the [Nottingham Caesars](/wiki/Nottingham_Caesars \"Nottingham Caesars\") of the [BAFA National Leagues](/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues \"BAFA National Leagues\") scored a game\\-winning touchdown against the [Birmingham Bulls](/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_%28American_football%29 \"Birmingham Bulls (American football)\") on May 15, 2016\\. The Bulls were three points up at the four\\-yard line with 14 seconds left on the clock, and elected to throw a pass which was intercepted and run 100 yards to the opposite end zone.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
### Notable players
#### Canadian Football League
In an 11\-year CFL career, [Less Browne](/wiki/Less_Browne "Less Browne") recorded 87 interceptions during the 1980s and 90s, which is both a CFL and all\-pro record. He was inducted into the [Canadian Football Hall of Fame](/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame "Canadian Football Hall of Fame") (CFHF) in 2002\.
[Barron Miles](/wiki/Barron_Miles "Barron Miles"), a defensive back in the early 2000s for the [BC Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions "BC Lions") and [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes "Montreal Alouettes"), recorded 66 interceptions, tied for second all\-time, in a 12\-year CFL career. He is also the all\-time leader in blocked kicks with 13\. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2018\.
[Larry Highbaugh](/wiki/Larry_Highbaugh "Larry Highbaugh") played for the BC Lions and [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos "Edmonton Eskimos") during the 1970s and early 1980s, winning six Grey Cups and recording 66 interceptions in his career. At the time of his retirement he was the all\-time leader in interceptions. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2004\.
In a game against the [Hamilton Tiger\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats "Hamilton Tiger-Cats") in 1990, [Rod Hill](/wiki/Rod_Hill "Rod Hill") of the [Winnipeg Blue Bombers](/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers "Winnipeg Blue Bombers") caught five interceptions, a CFL record for a regular\-season game. Canadian and Pro Football Hall of Famer [Bud Grant](/wiki/Bud_Grant "Bud Grant") of the Blue Bombers, holds the record for most interceptions in a playoff game, also with five, which he accomplished in a game against the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders "Saskatchewan Roughriders") in 1953\.
Quarterback [Danny McManus](/wiki/Danny_McManus "Danny McManus") has the record for most interceptions thrown in a CFL career with 281\. [Damon Allen](/wiki/Damon_Allen "Damon Allen") is a close second with 278 interceptions thrown.
#### National Football League
[Lester Hayes](/wiki/Lester_Hayes "Lester Hayes") of the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders "Oakland Raiders") was one of the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League")'s (NFL) leaders at interceptions in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He was known for covering his chest, shoulders and forearms with a copious amount of the adhesive [Stickum](/wiki/Stickum "Stickum") to help him hold on to the ball. After the NFL outlawed the use of such foreign substances in 1981, Hayes' success rate at interceptions dropped below average though that could be due to his reputation as a "shutdown cornerback", which discouraged opposing teams from throwing to his side of the field. He continued to use the substance, which he called "pick juice", by having it applied in smaller amounts to his wrists.{{citation needed\|reason\=Requires admission of guilt\|date\=December 2014}}
[Paul Krause](/wiki/Paul_Krause "Paul Krause") holds the record for most career interceptions with 81\. He played his first three years in the NFL from 1964 to 1967 with the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins "Washington Redskins") but was traded to the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings "Minnesota Vikings"), where he spent most of his career. Krause played until 1979 and appeared in four [Super Bowls](/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") with the Vikings. He was inducted into the [Pro Football Hall of Fame](/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame "Pro Football Hall of Fame") in 1998\.
[Dick "Night Train" Lane](/wiki/Night_Train_Lane "Night Train Lane") holds the record for most interceptions in a season with 14, which he set in his rookie season in 1952\.
[Rod Woodson](/wiki/Rod_Woodson "Rod Woodson") played 16 seasons with Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Oakland, and holds the NFL record for most [interception returns for touchdown](/wiki/Interception_returns_for_touchdown "Interception returns for touchdown") in an NFL career with 12\. Also, he holds the NFL record for most total defensive touchdown returns in a career with 13\. Woodson, who is third on the NFL all\-time career interception list with 71, was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009\.
[Darren Sharper](/wiki/Darren_Sharper "Darren Sharper"), a [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28American_football_position%29 "Safety (American football position)") that played from 1997 to 2010, has a career total of 63 interceptions, and has returned 11 of those for touchdowns. Sharper holds the NFL record for interception return yardage in a single season with 376 yards in 2009\. He is also tied with Rod Woodson for most total defensive touchdown returns career with 13\.
[Charles Woodson](/wiki/Charles_Woodson "Charles Woodson"), formerly with the Green Bay Packers and Oakland Raiders has 65 career interceptions and tied Rod Woodson for most defensive touchdowns with 13\. Woodson and Sharper are tied for second all time in interceptions returned for touchdowns with 11\.
[Ty Law](/wiki/Ty_Law "Ty Law"), formerly of the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots "New England Patriots"), [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets "New York Jets"), and Kansas City Chiefs, has 52 career interceptions. [Champ Bailey](/wiki/Champ_Bailey "Champ Bailey"), who played for the Washington Redskins and [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos "Denver Broncos"), had 10 interceptions in 2006 and has a career total of 52\. Strong safety [Sammy Knight](/wiki/Sammy_Knight "Sammy Knight") had 42 interceptions in his career.
[Ed Reed](/wiki/Ed_Reed "Ed Reed") holds the record for the longest interception return, 108 yards against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles "Philadelphia Eagles") on November 23, 2008\. Reed also holds the record for the second longest interception return, 106 yards against the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns "Cleveland Browns") on November 7, 2004\. During both games he played for the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens "Baltimore Ravens"). Reed also has a total of 64 interceptions and holds the record for the most interception return yardage in NFL history (1,541\).
[Brett Favre](/wiki/Brett_Favre "Brett Favre") holds the record for most career interceptions thrown: 336\. Favre's first pass in an NFL regular season game resulted in an interception returned for a touchdown. Favre's last pass as a Green Bay Packer was an interception as well, thrown to [Corey Webster](/wiki/Corey_Webster "Corey Webster") of the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants "New York Giants") in the 2007 NFC Championship Game to lose the game.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.pro\-football\-reference.com/players/FavrBr00\.htm \|title\=Brett Favre Career Stats\|publisher\=profootballreference.com\|access\-date\=February 8, 2007}} In the [2009 NFC Championship Game](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NFL_playoffs%23NFC:New_Orleans_Saints_31%2C_Minnesota_Vikings_28_%28OT%29 "New Orleans Saints 31, Minnesota Vikings 28 (OT)"), with his Minnesota Vikings almost within range of a potential game\-winning field goal in the last few minutes of regulation, Favre threw an interception to [Tracy Porter](/wiki/Tracy_Porter "Tracy Porter"), and the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints "New Orleans Saints") would end up winning in overtime.
[Rodney Harrison](/wiki/Rodney_Harrison "Rodney Harrison") of the New England Patriots and [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers "San Diego Chargers") was the first player in NFL history to have 30 interceptions and 30 sacks over the course of his career. He set that historic benchmark on October 21, 2007\. The Baltimore Ravens' [Ray Lewis](/wiki/Ray_Lewis "Ray Lewis") was the second to accomplish this feat. He recorded his 30th interception November 21, 2010, intercepting the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers "Carolina Panthers")' [Brian St. Pierre](/wiki/Brian_St._Pierre "Brian St. Pierre") and returning the ball for a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown "Touchdown"). Lewis is also the only member of the 40/30 club (at least 40 sacks and at least 30 interceptions).
On November 21, 2010, [Ronde Barber](/wiki/Ronde_Barber "Ronde Barber") became the only player in NFL history with at least 25 sacks (26 total) and 40 interceptions. His jersey and gloves from the game were subsequently retired to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton.
[Asante Samuel, Sr.](/wiki/Asante_Samuel "Asante Samuel"), of the Atlanta Falcons, with 4 postseason interception returns for touchdowns, is the NFL's all\-time leader.
[James Harrison](/wiki/James_Harrison_%28American_football%29 "James Harrison (American football)") of the [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers "Pittsburgh Steelers") set the record for the longest interception return for a touchdown in a Super Bowl in [Super Bowl XLIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII "Super Bowl XLIII"). The NFL's Defensive Player of the Year Harrison picked off [Kurt Warner](/wiki/Kurt_Warner "Kurt Warner")'s pass and returned it a Super Bowl\-record 100 yards for a touchdown on the final play of the first half to give the Pittsburgh Steelers a 17–7 lead over the Arizona Cardinals.
[Aaron Rodgers](/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers "Aaron Rodgers") holds the record for the most consecutive pass attempts without an interception with 402 during the [2018 NFL season](/wiki/2018_NFL_season "2018 NFL season"). He only threw two interceptions that entire season. On December 26, 2010, Brady overtook the previous record of 308 consecutive completed passes without an interception, held by [Bernie Kosar](/wiki/Bernie_Kosar "Bernie Kosar") of the Cleveland Browns since 1991\. Kosar's regular\-season streak of pass attempts without an interception ended on November 10, 1991, against the Philadelphia Eagles.
On October 6, 2013, [Matt Schaub](/wiki/Matt_Schaub "Matt Schaub") became the first quarterback to throw a "pick\-six" (an interception returned for a touchdown) in four consecutive games, while playing against the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers").{{Cite magazine\|last\=Burke\|first\=Chris\|date\=October 6, 2013\|title\=Matt Schaub sets record with a pick\-six in fourth straight game\|url\=https://www.si.com/nfl/2013/10/07/matt\-schaub\-pick\-six\-record\-houston\-texans\|archive\-url\=\|archive\-date\=\|access\-date\=January 31, 2021\|magazine\=\[\[Sports Illustrated]]}}
In [Super Bowl XLIX](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX "Super Bowl XLIX"), New England Patriots cornerback [Malcolm Butler](/wiki/Malcolm_Butler "Malcolm Butler") intercepted a would\-be go\-ahead touchdown pass from [Seattle Seahawks](/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks "Seattle Seahawks") quarterback [Russell Wilson](/wiki/Russell_Wilson "Russell Wilson") at the goal line in the final seconds of the game, allowing the Patriots to win what would have been an otherwise certain defeat. The significance of this play led it to be dubbed by many as simply "The Interception".
In 2019, despite having his career high passing yards total over 5,000 yards, [Jameis Winston](/wiki/Jameis_Winston "Jameis Winston") of the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers "Tampa Bay Buccaneers") threw for a total of 30 interceptions, the most interceptions in the league since Vinny Testaverde's 35 in 1988, giving Winston a career total of 87 interceptions at the season's end. Winston's season high came on October 13 against the Carolina Panthers, when he recorded a total of five interceptions. Winston’s seven pick\-6s in that season set an NFL record. Winston's penchant for turnovers (interceptions and fumbles), including six interceptions across the last two regular season games that were losses, led to him not being re\-signed by the Buccaneers.{{cite web \| url\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/jameis\-winston\-teddy\-bridgewater\-buccaneers\-qb/1symvcj3gstm81ln0huru7i8ov \| title\=Goodbye, Jameis Winston; hello, Teddy Bridgewater: A simple answer to the Buccaneers' QB question \| Sporting News \| date\=March 5, 2020 }}
[C. J Stroud](/wiki/C._J._Stroud "C. J. Stroud") holds the record for the most consecutive pass attempts without an interception to start a career, with 191\. He made the record with the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans "Houston Texans") during his rookie [2023 NFL season](/wiki/2023_NFL_season "2023 NFL season"), throwing his first interception in week 5\. The previous record was 177, made by [Dak Prescott](/wiki/Dak_Prescott "Dak Prescott") in the [2016 season](/wiki/2016_NFL_season "2016 NFL season").{{Cite web \|date\=2023\-10\-15 \|title\=Texans' C.J. Stroud throws first career interception after breaking NFL record for most throws without a pick \|url\=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/texans\-c\-j\-stroud\-throws\-first\-career\-interception\-after\-breaking\-nfl\-record\-for\-most\-throws\-without\-a\-pick/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-10 \|website\=CBSSports.com \|language\=en}}
#### BAFA National Leagues
Robert Hardwick of the [Nottingham Caesars](/wiki/Nottingham_Caesars "Nottingham Caesars") of the [BAFA National Leagues](/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues "BAFA National Leagues") scored a game\-winning touchdown against the [Birmingham Bulls](/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_%28American_football%29 "Birmingham Bulls (American football)") on May 15, 2016\. The Bulls were three points up at the four\-yard line with 14 seconds left on the clock, and elected to throw a pass which was intercepted and run 100 yards to the opposite end zone.
{{clear}}
|
[
"### Notable players",
"#### Canadian Football League",
"In an 11\\-year CFL career, [Less Browne](/wiki/Less_Browne \"Less Browne\") recorded 87 interceptions during the 1980s and 90s, which is both a CFL and all\\-pro record. He was inducted into the [Canadian Football Hall of Fame](/wiki/Canadian_Football_Hall_of_Fame \"Canadian Football Hall of Fame\") (CFHF) in 2002\\.",
"[Barron Miles](/wiki/Barron_Miles \"Barron Miles\"), a defensive back in the early 2000s for the [BC Lions](/wiki/BC_Lions \"BC Lions\") and [Montreal Alouettes](/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes \"Montreal Alouettes\"), recorded 66 interceptions, tied for second all\\-time, in a 12\\-year CFL career. He is also the all\\-time leader in blocked kicks with 13\\. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2018\\.",
"[Larry Highbaugh](/wiki/Larry_Highbaugh \"Larry Highbaugh\") played for the BC Lions and [Edmonton Eskimos](/wiki/Edmonton_Eskimos \"Edmonton Eskimos\") during the 1970s and early 1980s, winning six Grey Cups and recording 66 interceptions in his career. At the time of his retirement he was the all\\-time leader in interceptions. He was inducted into the CFHF in 2004\\.",
"In a game against the [Hamilton Tiger\\-Cats](/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats \"Hamilton Tiger-Cats\") in 1990, [Rod Hill](/wiki/Rod_Hill \"Rod Hill\") of the [Winnipeg Blue Bombers](/wiki/Winnipeg_Blue_Bombers \"Winnipeg Blue Bombers\") caught five interceptions, a CFL record for a regular\\-season game. Canadian and Pro Football Hall of Famer [Bud Grant](/wiki/Bud_Grant \"Bud Grant\") of the Blue Bombers, holds the record for most interceptions in a playoff game, also with five, which he accomplished in a game against the [Saskatchewan Roughriders](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders \"Saskatchewan Roughriders\") in 1953\\.",
"Quarterback [Danny McManus](/wiki/Danny_McManus \"Danny McManus\") has the record for most interceptions thrown in a CFL career with 281\\. [Damon Allen](/wiki/Damon_Allen \"Damon Allen\") is a close second with 278 interceptions thrown.",
"#### National Football League",
"[Lester Hayes](/wiki/Lester_Hayes \"Lester Hayes\") of the [Oakland Raiders](/wiki/Oakland_Raiders \"Oakland Raiders\") was one of the [National Football League](/wiki/National_Football_League \"National Football League\")'s (NFL) leaders at interceptions in the late 1970s and early 1980s. He was known for covering his chest, shoulders and forearms with a copious amount of the adhesive [Stickum](/wiki/Stickum \"Stickum\") to help him hold on to the ball. After the NFL outlawed the use of such foreign substances in 1981, Hayes' success rate at interceptions dropped below average though that could be due to his reputation as a \"shutdown cornerback\", which discouraged opposing teams from throwing to his side of the field. He continued to use the substance, which he called \"pick juice\", by having it applied in smaller amounts to his wrists.{{citation needed\\|reason\\=Requires admission of guilt\\|date\\=December 2014}}",
"[Paul Krause](/wiki/Paul_Krause \"Paul Krause\") holds the record for most career interceptions with 81\\. He played his first three years in the NFL from 1964 to 1967 with the [Washington Redskins](/wiki/Washington_Redskins \"Washington Redskins\") but was traded to the [Minnesota Vikings](/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings \"Minnesota Vikings\"), where he spent most of his career. Krause played until 1979 and appeared in four [Super Bowls](/wiki/Super_Bowl \"Super Bowl\") with the Vikings. He was inducted into the [Pro Football Hall of Fame](/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame \"Pro Football Hall of Fame\") in 1998\\.",
"[Dick \"Night Train\" Lane](/wiki/Night_Train_Lane \"Night Train Lane\") holds the record for most interceptions in a season with 14, which he set in his rookie season in 1952\\.",
"[Rod Woodson](/wiki/Rod_Woodson \"Rod Woodson\") played 16 seasons with Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Oakland, and holds the NFL record for most [interception returns for touchdown](/wiki/Interception_returns_for_touchdown \"Interception returns for touchdown\") in an NFL career with 12\\. Also, he holds the NFL record for most total defensive touchdown returns in a career with 13\\. Woodson, who is third on the NFL all\\-time career interception list with 71, was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009\\.",
"[Darren Sharper](/wiki/Darren_Sharper \"Darren Sharper\"), a [safety](/wiki/Safety_%28American_football_position%29 \"Safety (American football position)\") that played from 1997 to 2010, has a career total of 63 interceptions, and has returned 11 of those for touchdowns. Sharper holds the NFL record for interception return yardage in a single season with 376 yards in 2009\\. He is also tied with Rod Woodson for most total defensive touchdown returns career with 13\\.",
"[Charles Woodson](/wiki/Charles_Woodson \"Charles Woodson\"), formerly with the Green Bay Packers and Oakland Raiders has 65 career interceptions and tied Rod Woodson for most defensive touchdowns with 13\\. Woodson and Sharper are tied for second all time in interceptions returned for touchdowns with 11\\.",
"[Ty Law](/wiki/Ty_Law \"Ty Law\"), formerly of the [New England Patriots](/wiki/New_England_Patriots \"New England Patriots\"), [New York Jets](/wiki/New_York_Jets \"New York Jets\"), and Kansas City Chiefs, has 52 career interceptions. [Champ Bailey](/wiki/Champ_Bailey \"Champ Bailey\"), who played for the Washington Redskins and [Denver Broncos](/wiki/Denver_Broncos \"Denver Broncos\"), had 10 interceptions in 2006 and has a career total of 52\\. Strong safety [Sammy Knight](/wiki/Sammy_Knight \"Sammy Knight\") had 42 interceptions in his career.",
"[Ed Reed](/wiki/Ed_Reed \"Ed Reed\") holds the record for the longest interception return, 108 yards against the [Philadelphia Eagles](/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles \"Philadelphia Eagles\") on November 23, 2008\\. Reed also holds the record for the second longest interception return, 106 yards against the [Cleveland Browns](/wiki/Cleveland_Browns \"Cleveland Browns\") on November 7, 2004\\. During both games he played for the [Baltimore Ravens](/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens \"Baltimore Ravens\"). Reed also has a total of 64 interceptions and holds the record for the most interception return yardage in NFL history (1,541\\).",
"[Brett Favre](/wiki/Brett_Favre \"Brett Favre\") holds the record for most career interceptions thrown: 336\\. Favre's first pass in an NFL regular season game resulted in an interception returned for a touchdown. Favre's last pass as a Green Bay Packer was an interception as well, thrown to [Corey Webster](/wiki/Corey_Webster \"Corey Webster\") of the [New York Giants](/wiki/New_York_Giants \"New York Giants\") in the 2007 NFC Championship Game to lose the game.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.pro\\-football\\-reference.com/players/FavrBr00\\.htm \\|title\\=Brett Favre Career Stats\\|publisher\\=profootballreference.com\\|access\\-date\\=February 8, 2007}} In the [2009 NFC Championship Game](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_NFL_playoffs%23NFC:New_Orleans_Saints_31%2C_Minnesota_Vikings_28_%28OT%29 \"New Orleans Saints 31, Minnesota Vikings 28 (OT)\"), with his Minnesota Vikings almost within range of a potential game\\-winning field goal in the last few minutes of regulation, Favre threw an interception to [Tracy Porter](/wiki/Tracy_Porter \"Tracy Porter\"), and the [New Orleans Saints](/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints \"New Orleans Saints\") would end up winning in overtime.",
"[Rodney Harrison](/wiki/Rodney_Harrison \"Rodney Harrison\") of the New England Patriots and [San Diego Chargers](/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers \"San Diego Chargers\") was the first player in NFL history to have 30 interceptions and 30 sacks over the course of his career. He set that historic benchmark on October 21, 2007\\. The Baltimore Ravens' [Ray Lewis](/wiki/Ray_Lewis \"Ray Lewis\") was the second to accomplish this feat. He recorded his 30th interception November 21, 2010, intercepting the [Carolina Panthers](/wiki/Carolina_Panthers \"Carolina Panthers\")' [Brian St. Pierre](/wiki/Brian_St._Pierre \"Brian St. Pierre\") and returning the ball for a [touchdown](/wiki/Touchdown \"Touchdown\"). Lewis is also the only member of the 40/30 club (at least 40 sacks and at least 30 interceptions).",
"On November 21, 2010, [Ronde Barber](/wiki/Ronde_Barber \"Ronde Barber\") became the only player in NFL history with at least 25 sacks (26 total) and 40 interceptions. His jersey and gloves from the game were subsequently retired to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton.",
"[Asante Samuel, Sr.](/wiki/Asante_Samuel \"Asante Samuel\"), of the Atlanta Falcons, with 4 postseason interception returns for touchdowns, is the NFL's all\\-time leader.",
"[James Harrison](/wiki/James_Harrison_%28American_football%29 \"James Harrison (American football)\") of the [Pittsburgh Steelers](/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers \"Pittsburgh Steelers\") set the record for the longest interception return for a touchdown in a Super Bowl in [Super Bowl XLIII](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII \"Super Bowl XLIII\"). The NFL's Defensive Player of the Year Harrison picked off [Kurt Warner](/wiki/Kurt_Warner \"Kurt Warner\")'s pass and returned it a Super Bowl\\-record 100 yards for a touchdown on the final play of the first half to give the Pittsburgh Steelers a 17–7 lead over the Arizona Cardinals.",
"[Aaron Rodgers](/wiki/Aaron_Rodgers \"Aaron Rodgers\") holds the record for the most consecutive pass attempts without an interception with 402 during the [2018 NFL season](/wiki/2018_NFL_season \"2018 NFL season\"). He only threw two interceptions that entire season. On December 26, 2010, Brady overtook the previous record of 308 consecutive completed passes without an interception, held by [Bernie Kosar](/wiki/Bernie_Kosar \"Bernie Kosar\") of the Cleveland Browns since 1991\\. Kosar's regular\\-season streak of pass attempts without an interception ended on November 10, 1991, against the Philadelphia Eagles.",
"On October 6, 2013, [Matt Schaub](/wiki/Matt_Schaub \"Matt Schaub\") became the first quarterback to throw a \"pick\\-six\" (an interception returned for a touchdown) in four consecutive games, while playing against the [San Francisco 49ers](/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers \"San Francisco 49ers\").{{Cite magazine\\|last\\=Burke\\|first\\=Chris\\|date\\=October 6, 2013\\|title\\=Matt Schaub sets record with a pick\\-six in fourth straight game\\|url\\=https://www.si.com/nfl/2013/10/07/matt\\-schaub\\-pick\\-six\\-record\\-houston\\-texans\\|archive\\-url\\=\\|archive\\-date\\=\\|access\\-date\\=January 31, 2021\\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Sports Illustrated]]}}",
"In [Super Bowl XLIX](/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX \"Super Bowl XLIX\"), New England Patriots cornerback [Malcolm Butler](/wiki/Malcolm_Butler \"Malcolm Butler\") intercepted a would\\-be go\\-ahead touchdown pass from [Seattle Seahawks](/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks \"Seattle Seahawks\") quarterback [Russell Wilson](/wiki/Russell_Wilson \"Russell Wilson\") at the goal line in the final seconds of the game, allowing the Patriots to win what would have been an otherwise certain defeat. The significance of this play led it to be dubbed by many as simply \"The Interception\".",
"In 2019, despite having his career high passing yards total over 5,000 yards, [Jameis Winston](/wiki/Jameis_Winston \"Jameis Winston\") of the [Tampa Bay Buccaneers](/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers \"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\") threw for a total of 30 interceptions, the most interceptions in the league since Vinny Testaverde's 35 in 1988, giving Winston a career total of 87 interceptions at the season's end. Winston's season high came on October 13 against the Carolina Panthers, when he recorded a total of five interceptions. Winston’s seven pick\\-6s in that season set an NFL record. Winston's penchant for turnovers (interceptions and fumbles), including six interceptions across the last two regular season games that were losses, led to him not being re\\-signed by the Buccaneers.{{cite web \\| url\\=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/nfl/news/jameis\\-winston\\-teddy\\-bridgewater\\-buccaneers\\-qb/1symvcj3gstm81ln0huru7i8ov \\| title\\=Goodbye, Jameis Winston; hello, Teddy Bridgewater: A simple answer to the Buccaneers' QB question \\| Sporting News \\| date\\=March 5, 2020 }}",
"[C. J Stroud](/wiki/C._J._Stroud \"C. J. Stroud\") holds the record for the most consecutive pass attempts without an interception to start a career, with 191\\. He made the record with the [Houston Texans](/wiki/Houston_Texans \"Houston Texans\") during his rookie [2023 NFL season](/wiki/2023_NFL_season \"2023 NFL season\"), throwing his first interception in week 5\\. The previous record was 177, made by [Dak Prescott](/wiki/Dak_Prescott \"Dak Prescott\") in the [2016 season](/wiki/2016_NFL_season \"2016 NFL season\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=2023\\-10\\-15 \\|title\\=Texans' C.J. Stroud throws first career interception after breaking NFL record for most throws without a pick \\|url\\=https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/texans\\-c\\-j\\-stroud\\-throws\\-first\\-career\\-interception\\-after\\-breaking\\-nfl\\-record\\-for\\-most\\-throws\\-without\\-a\\-pick/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\|website\\=CBSSports.com \\|language\\=en}}",
"#### BAFA National Leagues",
"Robert Hardwick of the [Nottingham Caesars](/wiki/Nottingham_Caesars \"Nottingham Caesars\") of the [BAFA National Leagues](/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues \"BAFA National Leagues\") scored a game\\-winning touchdown against the [Birmingham Bulls](/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_%28American_football%29 \"Birmingham Bulls (American football)\") on May 15, 2016\\. The Bulls were three points up at the four\\-yard line with 14 seconds left on the clock, and elected to throw a pass which was intercepted and run 100 yards to the opposite end zone.\n{{clear}}",
""
] |
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