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Basketball
----------
### Overall
In terms of total collegiate and high school basketball titles won in the NCAA and UAAP, Ateneo leads La Salle, 58–28\. In men's basketball, Ateneo has a total of 26 championship titles whereas La Salle has 15\. The Blue Eagles have 14 NCAA titles and 12 UAAP titles while the Green Archers have five NCAA titles and 10 UAAP titles. In juniors' basketball, Ateneo has 11 NCAA titles and 19 UAAP titles, for a total of 30, whereas La Salle has six NCAA titles and two UAAP titles, for eight in total.
The Ateneo Blue Eagles and the De La Salle Green Archers have met in the championships of the NCAA and UAAP at least nine times. The Blue Eagles won the men's basketball title over La Salle in 1958, 1988, 2002, 2008, and 2017 whereas the Green Archers prevailed in 1939, 1974, 2001, and 2016\. In women's basketball, both schools have only won titles in the UAAP as the NCAA does not have a women's basketball tournament, where La Salle leads Ateneo, 5–2\. In the juniors' division, the De La Salle Junior Archers defeated the top\-seeded Ateneo Blue Eaglets in 2007\. In 2009, the Eaglets defeated the top\-seeded Junior Archers.
### Collegiate titles of national scope
In terms of collegiate titles of national scope, Ateneo leads with five titles to La Salle's three. Ateneo won the Collegiate Champions League (CCL) title in 2007, and won back to back titles in the Philippine Collegiate Championship League (PCCL) in the 2009 and 2010 seasons, as well as in the 2018 and 2019 seasons. La Salle won the Philippine Intercollegiate Championship in 1988 and the Philippine Collegiate Championship in 2008 and 2013 against Ateneo and the [South Western University](/wiki/Southwestern_University_%28Philippines%29 "Southwestern University (Philippines)") Cobras, respectively.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/340212/la\-salle\-makes\-it\-two\-collegiate\-titles\-out\-shoots\-swu\-for\-pccl\-crown/story/\|title\=La Salle makes it two collegiate titles, out\-shoots SWU for PCCL crown\|website\=GMA News\|date\=December 17, 2013\|access\-date\=December 17, 2013\|archive\-date\=August 12, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812080545/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/340212/la\-salle\-makes\-it\-two\-collegiate\-titles\-out\-shoots\-swu\-for\-pccl\-crown/story/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/135865/la\-salle\-bags\-pccl\-title\-after\-sweeping\-swu\|title\=La Salle bags PCCL title after sweeping SWU\|work\=Inquirer\|date\=December 17, 2013\|access\-date\=December 17, 2013}}
Ateneo won the 2007 Collegiate Champions League title against the [University of the Visayas](/wiki/University_of_the_Visayas "University of the Visayas") Green Lancers, 71–54\. The [Collegiate Champions League](/wiki/Collegiate_Champions_League "Collegiate Champions League") (CCL), was then reformatted and became the [Philippine Collegiate Championship League](/wiki/Philippine_Collegiate_Championship_League "Philippine Collegiate Championship League") (PCCL). It is currently the national collegiate basketball championship tournament, sanctioned by the [Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas](/wiki/Samahang_Basketbol_ng_Pilipinas "Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas"), the country's official basketball federation. College teams from all over the country participate in the tournament. The tournament also has a Sweet 16 similar to the United States' NCAA basketball tournament during "March Madness."
The Green Archers won the 2008 PCCL title. La Salle defeated the second\-seeded NCAA champion [San Beda Red Lions](/wiki/San_Beda_Red_Lions "San Beda Red Lions") and arranged a finals meeting with the top\-seeded UAAP champion Ateneo Blue Eagles, who defeated the [Letran Knights](/wiki/Letran_Knights "Letran Knights") in the Final Four. In the championship match, the De La Salle Green Archers prevailed over the Ateneo Blue Eagles, 71–62\.
In the 2009 season of the Philippine Collegiate Championship League, the Blue Eagles defeated the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws "FEU Tamaraws") in three games to clinch their second national title, whereas the Green Archers were eliminated by the Letran Knights in their first game in the round of 16\. In the 2010 season, the Blue Eagles defeated the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons "Adamson Soaring Falcons") in three games to clinch their third and back\-to\-back national titles, while the Green Archers settled for 3rd\-place beating the [University of Cebu](/wiki/University_of_Cebu "University of Cebu") Webmasters despite having 4 players injured and only 10 players intact in the line\-up.
In the 2013 season of the Philippine Collegiate Championship League, the Green Archers defeated the South Western University Cobras, via sweep to reclaim the national championship for the first time since 2008 and winning their second title in the tournament.
In the 2018 season of the Philippine Collegiate Championship League, the Blue Eagles defeated the University of the Visayas Green Lancers, 95–71 to reclaim the national championship for the first time since 2010 and winning their fourth title in the tournament.{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/336610/ateneo\-overwhelms\-university\-of\-the\-visayas\-to\-win\-2018\-pccl\-title\|title\=Ateneo overwhelms UV to win 2018 PCCL title\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=January 28, 2019\|access\-date\=February 19, 2021\|archive\-date\=February 5, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205005909/https://sports.inquirer.net/336610/ateneo\-overwhelms\-university\-of\-the\-visayas\-to\-win\-2018\-pccl\-title\|url\-status\=live}} In the 2019 season, the Blue Eagles defeated the San Beda Red Lions 57–46 to win their fifth title in the PCCL.{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/388783/ateneo\-repeats\-as\-pccl\-champion\-smothers\-san\-beda\|title\=Ateneo repeats as PCCL champion, smothers San Beda\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=March 8, 2020\|access\-date\=March 9, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 9, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309155854/https://sports.inquirer.net/388783/ateneo\-repeats\-as\-pccl\-champion\-smothers\-san\-beda\|url\-status\=live}}
### Championship streaks
Ateneo was 3\-peat NCAA champion from 1931 through 1933, and its record of 14 collegiate titles remained unsurpassed by any school in the NCAA until 2003\. They currently hold the distinction of having the longest UAAP basketball title streak in the Final Four era after winning five straight times from 2008 to 2012\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/277895/five\-peat\-complete\-as\-ateneo\-sweeps\-ust/story/\|title\=Five\-peat complete, as Ateneo sweeps UST\|website\=GMA News\|date\=October 11, 2012\|access\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045057/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/277895/five\-peat\-complete\-as\-ateneo\-sweeps\-ust/story/\|url\-status\=live}} In 2019, Ateneo achieved another 3\-peat and became the first team in the UAAP Final Four era to finish an entire season (including the finals) without a single loss (16–0\) in the [UAAP Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 "UAAP Season 82") men's basketball tournament.{{Cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/374139/ateneo\-makes\-uaap\-history\-sweeps\-ust\-for\-3rd\-straight\-title\-uaap\-season\-82\|title\=Ateneo makes UAAP history, sweeps UST for 3rd straight title\|work\=Inquirer\|date\=November 20, 2019\|access\-date\=November 20, 2019\|archive\-date\=April 2, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402163903/https://sports.inquirer.net/374139/ateneo\-makes\-uaap\-history\-sweeps\-ust\-for\-3rd\-straight\-title\-uaap\-season\-82\|url\-status\=live}}
Both schools have also managed to post what are regarded as "double championships" by winning both the seniors and juniors titles in the same year. The Ateneo Blue Eagles still have the most number of double titles in NCAA history, with four double championships, including the NCAA's second back\-to\-back double championships in 1975 and 1976 (the first was accomplished by the University of the Philippines in 1925 and 1926\).
Ateneo holds the distinction of being the only double 3\-peat champion in the senior and junior levels whether in the NCAA or UAAP, from 2008 to 2010, and has posted two 4\-peats and three back\-to\-back title streaks in the UAAP juniors' division.
La Salle does not have any such streaks in the NCAA, but won back\-to\-back titles once in 1989 and 1990, and also posted a 4\-peat in UAAP men's basketball from [1998](/wiki/UAAP_Season_61 "UAAP Season 61") to [2001](/wiki/UAAP_Season_64 "UAAP Season 64").{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\-archers\-2001\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|title\=Green Archers 2001 UAAP Season Recap\|website\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=June 18, 2009\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024654/https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\-archers\-2001\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://thelasallian.com/2015/10/26/dissecting\-rivalries\-la\-salle\-versus\-ateneo\-ust\-and\-feu/\|title\=Dissecting Rivalries: La Salle versus Ateneo, UST, and FEU\|website\=The LaSallian\|date\=October 26, 2015\|access\-date\=April 29, 2022\|archive\-date\=March 27, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327044545/https://thelasallian.com/2015/10/26/dissecting\-rivalries\-la\-salle\-versus\-ateneo\-ust\-and\-feu/\|url\-status\=live}} La Salle accomplished the double championship once during its stint in the NCAA (1939\) and UAAP (2007\).
The Lady Archers were able to duplicate the championship streak of the Green Archers and achieved a 4\-peat of their own from [1999](/wiki/UAAP_Season_62 "UAAP Season 62") to [2002](/wiki/UAAP_Season_65 "UAAP Season 65"), which was the longest UAAP women's basketball championship streak in the Final Four era until it was surpassed by the NU Lady Bulldogs when they won seven straight championships from [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 "UAAP Season 77") to [2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 "UAAP Season 85").{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/nu\-coach\-takes\-blame\-lady\-bulldogs\-women\-basketball\-dynasty\-ends\-season\-86\-2023/\|title\=NU coach takes blame as Lady Bulldogs' UAAP dynasty ends\|website\=Rappler\|date\=December 8, 2023}}
La Salle holds the distinction of being the first and only school to be 3\-peat UAAP basketball champions in both men's and women's divisions in the same period, from 1999 to 2001\. In 2013, La Salle were champions in both divisions again in the [UAAP Season 76 basketball tournaments](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76_basketball_tournaments "UAAP Season 76 basketball tournaments").{{cite news\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/la\-salle\-uaap\-season\-76\-champions\|title\=La Salle beats UST, wins UAAP title\|work\=Rappler\|date\=October 12, 2013\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203612/https://www.rappler.com/sports/la\-salle\-uaap\-season\-76\-champions\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://thelasallian.com/2013/10/22/uaap\-lady\-archers\-complete\-championship\-run/\|title\=UAAP: Lady Archers complete championship run\|work\=The LaSallian\|date\=October 22, 2013\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211738/https://thelasallian.com/2013/10/22/uaap\-lady\-archers\-complete\-championship\-run/\|url\-status\=live}}
### NCAA
In 1939, La Salle defeated Ateneo in both the Seniors and Juniors NCAA Championship. The school rivalry reputedly started that year when after La Salle defeated Ateneo, then the defending champions, Lasallites challenged Ateneans by throwing fried chicken outside the gates of the pre\-war Ateneo Padre Faura campus in [Manila](/wiki/Manila "Manila").{{cite news \|url\=http://www.theguidon.com/?get\=2004100204 \|title\=Tradition continues: The Eagle and The Archer \|access\-date\=2008\-07\-29 \|author\=Eric C. Abenojar and Paula V. Peralta \|date\=October 7, 2004 \|work\=\[\[The GUIDON]] \|archive\-date\=August 25, 2005 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050825000403/http://www.theguidon.com/?get\=2004100204 \|url\-status\=live }} Ateneo and La Salle would not meet in the championship again until 1958 where Ateneo defeated La Salle by a basket in overtime. Another finals meeting of both schools took place in 1974 with La Salle prevailing over Ateneo in the championship. Ateneo and La Salle left the NCAA in 1978 and 1981 respectively after games turned into full\-blown riots, with Ateneo leaving after losing the 1978 championship against San Beda in closed doors, and La Salle after fan disturbance in their 1980 second\-round game against Letran.{{cite news\|first\=Virgillo Jr. \|last\=Manuel \|title\=La Salle Against Letran, Trouble\-makers disrupt game \|date\=August 17, 1980 \|work\=Philippine Sunday Express}}
### UAAP
**1988: First Ateneo–La Salle finals in the UAAP**
In [1988](/wiki/UAAP_Season_51_men%27s_basketball_tournament "UAAP Season 51 men's basketball tournament"), Ateneo and La Salle met in their first finals match since 1974 when both teams still competed in the NCAA. Ateneo won, 76–70 at the Rizal Memorial Coliseum. Ateneo was led by Gilbert Reyes under head coach Fritz Gaston, while La Salle was led by [Dindo Pumaren](/wiki/Dindo_Pumaren "Dindo Pumaren") under head coach and older brother [Derrick Pumaren](/wiki/Derrick_Pumaren "Derrick Pumaren").{{Cite web\|url\=https://sports.tribune.net.ph/2023/06/20/1988\-duel\-keys\-ateneo\-la\-salle\-rivalry/\|title\=1988 Duel Keys Ateneo\-La Salle Rivalry\|website\=The Daily Tribune\|date\=June 20, 2023}} La Salle would win their first basketball championship in the UAAP the following year in [Season 52](/wiki/UAAP_Season_52_men%27s_basketball_tournament "UAAP Season 52 men's basketball tournament"),{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/22966/the\-legend\-of\-manong\-derrick\-pumaren/\|title\=The Legend of Manong Derrick Pumaren\|work\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=January 23, 2020\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024644/https://takeaimsports.com/22966/the\-legend\-of\-manong\-derrick\-pumaren/\|url\-status\=live}} while Ateneo would not win another title until 14 years later in [Season 65](/wiki/UAAP_Season_65_men%27s_basketball_tournament "UAAP Season 65 men's basketball tournament").
**2001: La Salle secures fourth straight title**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **La Salle 74** | Ateneo 68 | La Salle 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **Ateneo 76** | La Salle 72 | Tied 1–1 |
| Game 3 | **La Salle 93** | Ateneo 88 | La Salle 2–1 |
La Salle was the defending three\-time champion, while Ateneo were in a 13\-year championship drought. La Salle won the game.{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\=La Salle downs Ateneo \|date\=September 27, 2001 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011025013322/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/sep/28/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/sep/28/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=October 25, 2001}} At Game 2, [Enrico Villanueva](/wiki/Enrico_Villanueva "Enrico Villanueva") scored 22 points to lead the Eagles to a series\-extending win. After [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez "Mike Cortez") tying the game at 72–all, Villanueva passed the ball to teammate [Magnum Membrere](/wiki/Magnum_Membrere "Magnum Membrere") who scored a [three\-pointer](/wiki/Three-pointer "Three-pointer"). On the next possession, [Renren Ritualo](/wiki/Renren_Ritualo "Renren Ritualo") failed to answer with a game\-tying three of his own to force a sudden\-death Game 3, scoring Ateneo's first win against La Salle in the season after three games.{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\=Ateneo stops La Salle \|date\=October 4, 2001 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219232226/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/oct/05/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/oct/05/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=February 19, 2002}} In the deciding game, [Carlo Sharma](/wiki/Carlo_Sharma "Carlo Sharma") scored a UAAP career\-high 22 points, 11 in the final quarter to prevent an Ateneo victory. Ateneo's rookie [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio "LA Tenorio") had 30 points of his own but it was not enough, as La Salle coach Pumaren remarked that "This was the sweetest of the four championships because we're able to erase the stigma of our 1988 loss to Ateneo."{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\= Archers complete '4\-ward' \|date\=October 17, 2001 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011206172409/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/oct/17/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/oct/17/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=December 6, 2001}}{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\-archers\-2001\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|title\=Green Archers 2001 UAAP Season Recap\|website\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=June 18, 2009\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024654/https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\-archers\-2001\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|url\-status\=live}}
**2002: Ateneo ends 14\-year championship drought**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **Ateneo 72** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **La Salle 85** | Ateneo 77 | Tied 1–1 |
| Game 3 | **Ateneo 77** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 2–1 |
Prior to the Finals, Ateneo prevented a 14–0 elimination round sweep of La Salle that would have given a bye up to the best\-of\-three Finals. Instead, Ateneo defeated La Salle in the elimination round finale 76–63\.{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\= Eagles stop Archers, finally\|date\=September 14, 2002 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030114071012/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2002/sep/15/spo\_2\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2002/sep/15/spo\_2\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=January 14, 2003}} La Salle defeated [rival](/wiki/La_Salle-UST_rivalry "La Salle-UST rivalry") [University of Santo Tomas](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers "UST Growling Tigers") (UST), and Ateneo overcame No. 2 seed [University of the East](/wiki/UE_Red_Warriors "UE Red Warriors") (UE) in two games, with the second game ending in a buzzer beater by [Gec Chia](/wiki/Gec_Chia "Gec Chia") to push Ateneo into the Finals anew.{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\= Dream showdown: It's Ateneo vs La Salle in UAAP finals\|date\=September 23, 2002 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021202010729/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2002/sep/23/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2002/sep/23/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=December 2, 2002}}
Game 1 ended with Villanueva scoring Ateneo's last ten points, and teammate [Larry Fonacier](/wiki/Larry_Fonacier "Larry Fonacier") blocking two shots by [Mark Cardona](/wiki/Mark_Cardona "Mark Cardona") that would have forced overtime to give Ateneo a 1–0 series lead. In Game 2, with the Ateneo team noted as being "tense," La Salle had an 18\-point lead at halftime, which Ateneo cut down to three, 80–77, but Sharma and [Adonis Santa Maria](/wiki/Adonis_Santa_Maria "Adonis Santa Maria") converted crucial free\-throws that gave La Salle enough breathing space to force another Game 3\. In Game 3, La Salle player [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez "Mike Cortez") shot just 2\-of\-13 from the field for 13 points,{{Cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/jacob\-cortez\-bids\-san\-beda\-farewell\-to\-fulfill\-uaap\-dream\-mikes\-unfinished\-la\-salle\-legacy\|title\=Jacob Cortez bids San Beda farewell to fulfill UAAP dream, Mike's unfinished La Salle legacy\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=January 12, 2024}} which caused La Salle students and alumni to accuse him of [throwing the game](/wiki/Match_fixing "Match fixing"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2002/10/27/181539/cool\-cat\-or\-cool\-cash\|title\=Cool Cat or Cool Cash?\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=October 27, 2002}} as Ateneo eventually won the title to deny La Salle a fifth consecutive championship.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com//2002/12/21/188777/why\-victory\-was\-ateneos\-destiny\|title\=Why victory was Ateneo's destiny?\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=December 21, 2002\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014054/https://www.philstar.com//2002/12/21/188777/why\-victory\-was\-ateneos\-destiny\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/262732\-how\-la\-tenorio\-ateneo\-ended\-la\-salle\-dynasty/\|title\=For the ages: How LA Tenorio, Ateneo ended La Salle's dynasty\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 3, 2020\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014052/https://www.rappler.com/sports/262732\-how\-la\-tenorio\-ateneo\-ended\-la\-salle\-dynasty/\|url\-status\=live}}
**2003–2005: Semifinals meetings**
Ateneo and La Salle would play second fiddle to [Far Eastern University](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws "FEU Tamaraws") (FEU) from [2003](/wiki/UAAP_Season_66 "UAAP Season 66") to [2005](/wiki/UAAP_Season_68 "UAAP Season 68"), with the Tamaraws defeating Ateneo in 2003, losing to La Salle in [2004](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 "UAAP Season 67") and defeating La Salle in 2005\.
Along the way, the two teams met in the semifinals, where the higher seed gets the twice\-to\-beat advantage. In 2003, La Salle forced No. 1 seed Ateneo into a rubber match after a 76–72 overtime win, with the game being halted after a brawl erupted between the two teams. With Ateneo's [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio "LA Tenorio") and La Salle's [Ryan Araña](/wiki/Ryan_Ara%C3%B1a "Ryan Araña") suspended for the deciding game, Ateneo eliminated La Salle from Finals contention in the deciding game with a 74–68 triumph.
In [2004](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 "UAAP Season 67"), La Salle and Ateneo finished the elimination round tied for second place, so a playoff game was played to determine which team gets the twice\-to\-beat advantage. La Salle won the game, and ended Ateneo's season in the semifinals, to face FEU in the Finals. La Salle would win in three games to deny FEU which had defeated Ateneo a season before, a back\-to\-back championship run.{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/1148/green\-archers\-2004\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|title\=Green Archers 2004 UAAP Season Recap\|website\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=June 30, 2009\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024629/https://takeaimsports.com/1148/green\-archers\-2004\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2005, three teams, La Salle, Ateneo and UE, were all tied for second place. La Salle won the tiebreaker with a superior point differential on games played by the three teams, causing Ateneo and UE to play for the right to face La Salle with the twice\-to\-win disadvantage in which the Eagles won. However, La Salle defeated Ateneo in the semifinals to clinch another Finals appearance against FEU.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/five\-uaap\-teams\-that\-have\-truly\-built\-dynasties\-a2437\-20200404\-lfrm\|title\=Five UAAP teams that have truly built dynasties\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=April 4, 2020\|access\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-date\=April 26, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426061427/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/five\-uaap\-teams\-that\-have\-truly\-built\-dynasties\-a2437\-20200404\-lfrm\|url\-status\=live}}
**2006: La Salle suspension**
After FEU swept La Salle in the 2005 championship series, La Salle admitted it fielded two ineligible players from 2003 to 2005, albeit it claimed not to be aware of their ineligibility which caused them to return the 2005 runner\-up trophy and the 2004 championship trophy they won against FEU (the league would later award FEU the trophy).{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/1160/green\-archers\-2005\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|title\=Green Archers 2005 UAAP Season Recap\|website\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=July 1, 2009\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024647/https://takeaimsports.com/1160/green\-archers\-2005\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|url\-status\=live}} The league suspended La Salle in [2006](/wiki/UAAP_Season_69 "UAAP Season 69") for a year due to negligence, with all of their games during that period also forfeited.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/4539/la\-salle\-suspended\-for\-1\-year\-banned\-from\-all\-uaap\-events/story/\|title\=La Salle suspended for 1 year, banned from all UAAP events\|website\=GMA News\|date\=April 21, 2006\|access\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045059/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/4539/la\-salle\-suspended\-for\-1\-year\-banned\-from\-all\-uaap\-events/story/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2006/04/22/332642/la\-salle\-banned\-one\-season\|title\=La Salle banned for one season\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=April 22, 2006\|access\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045057/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2006/04/22/332642/la\-salle\-banned\-one\-season\|url\-status\=live}} Ateneo faced UST in the 2006 Finals, a series UST won in three games.{{cite web\|url\=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/travel/ideas/the\-five\-best\-game\-3s\-in\-the\-uaap\-final\-four\-era\-085501308\.html\|title\=The five best Game 3s in the UAAP Final Four era\|website\=Yahoo! News\|date\=October 14, 2014\|access\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713050222/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/travel/ideas/the\-five\-best\-game\-3s\-in\-the\-uaap\-final\-four\-era\-085501308\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/underdogs\-are\-few\-in\-uaap\-look\-a2437\-20210409\-lfrm\|title\=Most memorable triumphs of underdogs in UAAP playoff history\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=April 9, 2021\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014104/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/underdogs\-are\-few\-in\-uaap\-look\-a2437\-20210409\-lfrm\|url\-status\=live}}
**2007: "Two is Greater than Three"**
Upon their return in [2007](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70 "UAAP Season 70"), UE swept the elimination round 14–0, with their last game against La Salle going into overtime with the Warriors still prevailing. With Ateneo also losing their last game, the two teams were again tied for second place, and La Salle won the playoff game to clinch the twice\-to\-beat advantage. Prior to this, Ateneo won the two elimination round games against La Salle.{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/1250/green\-archers\-2007\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|title\=Green Archers 2007 UAAP Season Recap\|website\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=July 8, 2009\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024634/https://takeaimsports.com/1250/green\-archers\-2007\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|url\-status\=live}}
Unlike earlier match\-ups where the team with the advantage won the first game, Ateneo won the first game, with [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu "Chris Tiu") playing pivotal roles in crunch time where he scored the winning lay\-up with 7\.3 seconds remaining to force a deciding game.{{cite news \|title\=UAAP: Eagles upset Archers, 65–64, to force 1 more game \|url\=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62225/UAAP\-Eagles\-upset\-Archers\-65\-64\-to\-force\-1\-more\-game \|work\=GMANews.tv \|date\=September 27, 2007 \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-05 \|archive\-date\=May 22, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522024535/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62225/UAAP\-Eagles\-upset\-Archers\-65\-64\-to\-force\-1\-more\-game \|url\-status\=live }} In their fifth meeting of the season, [Pocholo Villanueva](/wiki/Pocholo_Villanueva "Pocholo Villanueva") scored a three\-pointer to add La Salle's lead to nine with less than three minutes in the game left. After an Ateneo 6–2 run, Villanueva scored a jump\-shot anew, padding the lead to seven. After [Ford Arao](/wiki/Ford_Arao "Ford Arao") later cut the lead to five, La Salle's OJ Cua missed two free\-throws with 23\.9 seconds remaining. [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu "Chris Tiu") passed the ball to [Nonoy Baclao](/wiki/Nonoy_Baclao "Nonoy Baclao") who scored a three\-pointer to cut the lead to two, but [JVee Casio](/wiki/JVee_Casio "JVee Casio") converted both of his free\-throws with 4 seconds left to punch La Salle's ticket to the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/la\-salle\-s\-2007\-redeem\-team\-the\-most\-special\-for\-franz\-pumaren\-a2437\-20200802\|title\=La Salle's 2007 'redeem team' the most special for Franz Pumaren\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=August 2, 2020\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=September 21, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921075643/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/la\-salle\-s\-2007\-redeem\-team\-the\-most\-special\-for\-franz\-pumaren\-a2437\-20200802\|url\-status\=live}} This had been the only time Ateneo and La Salle played for five games in a season without both the teams advancing to the Finals.
La Salle would eventually sweep UE in the Finals 2–0 to cap their seventh men's basketball championship.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/63524/uaap\-archers\-grab\-caging\-title\-after\-crushing\-warriors/story/\|title\=UAAP: Archers grab caging title after crushing Warriors\|website\=GMA News\|date\=October 7, 2007}} After the season, La Salle coach Franz Pumaren remarked that "This is the only time that two is greater than three, they beat us three times, but we beat them when it counted the most."{{cite news\|url\=http://blogs.inquirer.net/sportsaficionado/2007/10/01/archers\-sew\-up\-win\-that\-matters\-most/ \|title\=Archers sew up win that matters most \|first\=Jasmine \|last\=Payo \|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \|date\=October 1, 2007 \|access\-date\=2010\-08\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003155046/http://blogs.inquirer.net/sportsaficionado/2007/10/01/archers\-sew\-up\-win\-that\-matters\-most/ \|archive\-date\=October 3, 2011 \|df\=mdy }}{{cite web\|url\=https://thelasallian.com/2013/06/11/team\-revisited\-2007\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-against\-the\-odds/\|title\=2007 DLSU Green Archers: Against the odds\|website\=The LaSallian\|date\=June 11, 2013\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101010352/https://thelasallian.com/2013/06/11/team\-revisited\-2007\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-against\-the\-odds/\|url\-status\=live}}
**2008–2012: Ateneo wins five straight titles**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **Ateneo 69** | La Salle 61 | Ateneo 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **Ateneo 62** | La Salle 51 | Ateneo 2–0 |
Ateneo would later claim their fourth UAAP title in [2008](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 "UAAP Season 71") against defending champions La Salle by sweeping the finals series 2–0\. In Game 1, [Rabeh Al\-Hussaini](/wiki/Rabeh_Al-Hussaini "Rabeh Al-Hussaini") scored 31 points to lead Ateneo to a win.{{cite news\|first\= Jasmine \|last\=Payo \|title\=Blue Eagles claw Archers in Game 1 of UAAP Finals \|url\=http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080922\-162074/Blue\-Eagles\-claw\-Archers\-in\-Game\-1\-of\-UAAP\-Finals \|newspaper\=The \[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|date\=September 22, 2008 \|access\-date\=2008\-09\-29 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080924044536/http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080922\-162074/Blue\-Eagles\-claw\-Archers\-in\-Game\-1\-of\-UAAP\-Finals\| archive\-date\= September 24, 2008 \| url\-status\= live}} In Game 2, Ateneo led by 15 points at halftime, but La Salle rallied to cut the lead down to 50–47 at the end of the third quarter. However, La Salle forward [Rico Maierhofer](/wiki/Rico_Maierhofer "Rico Maierhofer") was ejected just before the end of the quarter after the officials said that he flashed the dirty finger. Maierhofer denied the charge and revealed nine years later in 2017 that he was actually signaling for a La Salle teammate to switch places.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=UkvGjI\_iGiQ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/UkvGjI\_iGiQ \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Unfiltered: Ateneo Blue Eagles and La Salle Green Archers\|work\=ABS\-CBN Sports\|date\=December 29, 2017}}{{cbignore}} La Salle suffered a scoring drought which saw the lead balloon to eight in the last two minutes, and Ateneo never looked back after a [Jai Reyes](/wiki/Jai_Reyes "Jai Reyes") three\-point play to secure Ateneo's fourth UAAP men's basketball title.{{cite news\|first\= Jasmine \|last\=Payo \|title\=The Band of Blue dethrones Green Archers \|url\=http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080926\-162938/The\-Band\-of\-Blue\-dethrones\-Green\-Archers \|newspaper\=The \[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|date\=September 26, 2008 \|access\-date\=2008\-09\-30 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080928111404/http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080926\-162938/The\-Band\-of\-Blue\-dethrones\-Green\-Archers\| archive\-date\= September 28, 2008 \| url\-status\= live}}
La Salle paraded several rookies for the [2009](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72 "UAAP Season 72") season, while Ateneo emerged with only [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu "Chris Tiu") as the major graduating player. With these conditions, the first Ateneo–La Salle game came at the heels of former [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines "President of the Philippines") [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino "Corazon Aquino")'s death, and as a result, spectators wore yellow as a sign for respect for Aquino. Ateneo outlasted La Salle in overtime to end the first round with a solitary loss. The two teams met a week later, but this time Ateneo had a big enough lead to prevent La Salle from catching up. Ateneo qualified for the semifinals as the No. 1 seed, eventually winning the championship; La Salle missed out on the Final Four on the final day after being defeated by NU. The 2009 season would be the first time Ateneo and La Salle would not meet in the playoffs since 2001, not including their Finals encounter in 2008 and the DLSU suspension in 2006\.
In 2010, parading some new players and an improved set of veterans, the Green Archers defeated the Blue Eagles, 66–63, with the Blue Eagles still feeling the loss of three of the previous season's starters and sophomore guard [Sam Marata](/wiki/Sam_Marata "Sam Marata") shooting hot in the end game. This was the first official win of the Green Archers against the Blue Eagles in UAAP action since 2007\. In the second round encounter, the Ateneo Blue Eagles were threatened with falling into a tie in the standings had they lost to DLSU. After falling behind 4–9, the Blue Eagles went on a 10–0 scoring run to take a double digit lead, and went on to defeat the Archers decisively, 74–57\.
2010 was the second straight year that Ateneo and DLSU would not meet in a post eliminations series. DLSU managed to reach the Final Four after missing it in the previous season, but fell to the top\-seeded FEU Tamaraws in overtime. The Blue Eagles defeated the Adamson Falcons in the Final Four, and went on to sweep the Tamaraws for their third consecutive title despite not having any player in the Mythical Team.
In 2011, the Ateneo Blue Eagles team headlined by two rookies defeated DLSU again in both of their elimination matches. It is also the third straight year that Ateneo and DLSU would not meet in a post elimination series, since the DLSU Green Archers failed to qualify once again for the Final Four. The Ateneo Blue Eagles were the top\-seeded team in the semifinals and defeated the UST Growling Tigers in one game. The Blue Eagles then proceeded to sweep the Finals series against the FEU Tamaraws, thus achieving its own four\-peat.
Prior to the start of the 2012 season, Norman Black announced that this would be his last season as head coach of the Ateneo. La Salle, on the other hand, had a rookie coach in [Gee Abanilla](/wiki/Gee_Abanilla "Gee Abanilla"). The two schools met thrice that season – twice in the elimination and once in the semi\-finals with Ateneo winning all of the games. A few days prior to the Final 4 match between Ateneo and La Salle, the Blue Eagle's patron, [Manny Pangilinan](/wiki/Manny_Pangilinan "Manny Pangilinan"), announced that he would be pulling out his support from the school. Despite the controversy, Ateneo eventually won its fifth consecutive title, sweeping UST in the Finals.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/ateneo\-wins\-fifth\-consecutive\-uaap\-title\|title\=Ateneo wins fifth consecutive UAAP title\|work\=Rappler\|date\=October 11, 2012\|access\-date\=July 8, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184626/https://www.rappler.com/sports/ateneo\-wins\-fifth\-consecutive\-uaap\-title\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/65932/blue\-eagles\-bag\-uaap\-75\-championship\-for\-five\-peat\|title\=Ateneo clinches a rare 'five peat' at the expense of UST\|work\=Inquirer\|date\=October 11, 2012\|access\-date\=July 8, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192106/https://sports.inquirer.net/65932/blue\-eagles\-bag\-uaap\-75\-championship\-for\-five\-peat\|url\-status\=live}}
**2013: La Salle reclaims the championship**
Upon the departure of Norman Black, [Dolreich "Bo" Perasol](/wiki/Bo_Perasol "Bo Perasol"), a former member of the [University of the Philippines men's basketball team](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons "UP Fighting Maroons") and a seasoned [Philippine Basketball Association](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association "Philippine Basketball Association") head coach, was tapped by Ateneo as head coach of the Blue Eagles. The entry of Perasol, who was rumored to be tapped as team consultant of the UP Fighting Maroons prior to his appointment as Ateneo head coach, also heralded the return of Manny Pangilinan as the Blue Eagles' main patron. Joining Ateneo men's basketball team was Filipino\-American forward [Chris Newsome](/wiki/Chris_Newsome "Chris Newsome").
Over at La Salle, a series of reshuffles within and outside of the team resulted to the appointment of then assistant coach [Juno Sauler](/wiki/Juno_Sauler "Juno Sauler") as the head coach of the Green Archers. Joining the De La Salle Green Archers coaching staff prior to the start of the 2013–14 UAAP season was [Allan Caidic](/wiki/Allan_Caidic "Allan Caidic"), who took on the chores of shooting coach. Filipino\-American forwards [Jason Perkins](/wiki/Jason_Perkins "Jason Perkins") and Matthew Salem became a part of team roster, which had to adjust to the loss of resident players Yutien Andrada, [Mac Tallo](/wiki/Mac_Tallo "Mac Tallo"), [Alfonzo Gotladera](/wiki/Alfonzo_Gotladera "Alfonzo Gotladera") and Papot Paredes. For the first time since 2005, La Salle was able to sweep Ateneo during the elimination round.
During their first round meeting at the Mall of Asia Arena on July 7, 2013, the Green Archers, banking on the heroics of combo guard [Almond Vosotros](/wiki/Almond_Vosotros "Almond Vosotros") and center [Arnold Van Opstal](/wiki/Arnold_Van_Opstal "Arnold Van Opstal"), defeated the Blue Eagles, 82–73, resulting to Ateneo's third straight loss to start the season.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/07/07/13/ateneo\-now\-0\-3\-la\-salle\-rallies\-second\-half\|title\=Ateneo now 0\-3 as La Salle rallies in second half\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=July 7, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/33129\-uaap\-season\-76\-la\-salle\-beats\-ateneo\-1st\-round/\|title\=Hard\-fighting La Salle rises to beat Ateneo\|website\=Rappler\|date\=July 7, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/108469/la\-salle\-downs\-ateneo\-82\-73\|title\=UAAP: La Salle sinks rival Ateneo\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=July 7, 2013}} The second round meeting, which was held at the Araneta Coliseum on September 1, 2013, was tightly contested by Ateneo and La Salle, with the Green Archers winning over the Blue Eagles, 66–64, after sophomore forward Jeron Teng sank a floater with only two seconds left in the shot clock.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/teng\-rings\-the\-bell\-as\-de\-la\-salle\-completes\-elims\-sweep\-of\-rival\-ateneo\|title\=Teng rings the bell as De La Salle completes elims sweep of rival Ateneo\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=September 1, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/37857\-la\-salle\-beats\-ateneo\-2nd\-round/\|title\=Teng game\-winner lifts La Salle past Ateneo\|website\=Rappler\|date\=September 1, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/324566/uaap\-teng\-saves\-the\-day\-as\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-shoot\-down\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-anew/story/\|title\=UAAP: Teng saves the day as La Salle Green Archers shoot down Ateneo Blue Eagles anew\|website\=GMA News\|date\=September 1, 2013}} Toward the end of the second round Ateneo\-La Salle game, Perasol was involved in a scuffle with JJ Atayde, an alumnus of La Salle, after the former got irked with the latter's heckling.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/09/02/13/heckler\-opens\-incident\-ateneo\-coach\|title\='Heckler' opens up on incident with Ateneo coach\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=September 2, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/117555/heckler\-gets\-perasols\-goat\|title\=Heckler gets Perasol's goat\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=September 3, 2013}} The incident caused the UAAP Board to penalize Perasol with a one\-game suspension and Atayde with a season\-wide ban from watching games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/perasol\-suspended\-for\-one\-game\-dlsu\-fan\-gets\-season\-ban\-for\-post\-game\-spat\-v02?ref\=article\_tag\|title\=Perasol suspended for one game, DLSU fan gets season ban for post\-game spat\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=September 4, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/324964/uaap\-perasol\-s\-confrontation\-with\-heckler\-earns\-him\-one\-game\-suspension/story/\|title\=UAAP: Perasol's confrontation with heckler earns him one\-game suspension\|website\=GMA News\|date\=September 4, 2013}}
Controversy further ensued after Perasol violated his one\-game suspension by watching from inside the Ateneo dugout during the Blue Eagles' September 8, 2013 game against the UE Red Warriors, forcing UE team officials to file an inquiry before the UAAP Board.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/09/09/13/ue\-asks\-probe\-after\-perasol\-seen\-moa\-arena\|title\=UE asks for probe after Perasol seen at MOA Arena\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=September 4, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/ateneo\-faces\-forfeiture\-of\-ue\-win\-after\-banned\-perasol\-allegedly\-seen\-at\-game\|title\=Ateneo faces forfeiture of UE win after banned Perasol allegedly seen at game\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=September 9, 2013}} The UAAP Board acted on UE's request for an inquiry, ordering Perasol to serve his one\-game suspension during Ateneo's September 18, 2013 game against the [UST Growling Tigers](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers "UST Growling Tigers").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/326206/uaap\-no\-forfeitures\-but\-perasol\-to\-serve\-his\-suspension\-versus\-ust/story/\|title\=UAAP: No forfeitures, but Perasol to serve his suspension versus UST\|website\=GMA News\|date\=September 12, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/09/12/13/no\-forfeiture\-ateneo\-uaap\-source\|title\=No forfeiture for Ateneo, Perasol suspended anew\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=September 12, 2013}} Ateneo, with Perasol serving his one\-game suspension, was eventually defeated by UST, 74–82, causing the Blue Eagles to not only be dethroned as UAAP Men's Basketball Champions after five straight seasons but to also miss Final Four contention for the first time since 1998\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/ateneo\-gets\-the\-blues\-as\-ust\-win\-ends\-eagles\-five\-year\-reign\-as\-uaap\-champs\-v02\|title\=Ateneo gets the blues as UST win ends Eagles' five\-year reign as UAAP champs\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=September 18, 2013}}
La Salle, after a disappointing 3–4 finish during the first round of elimination games, swept the second round and ended the elimination round at 10–4, forcing a three\-way tie for the top spot alongside the [NU Bulldogs](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs "NU Bulldogs") and the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws "FEU Tamaraws"). Due to having the highest quotient, NU took the Number One spot with twice\-to\-beat advantage and faced UST in the Final Four, with the Growling Tigers defeating the Bulldogs in two games. On the other hand, La Salle and FEU faced each other twice, the first meeting being a rubber match game for the Number Two spot and the twice\-to\-beat advantage and the second being the formal Final Four game, with the Green Archers winning on both occasions and entering the Finals for the first time since [UAAP Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 "UAAP Season 71"). During the finals series, La Salle defeated UST in three games to win the [UAAP Season 76](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76 "UAAP Season 76") men's basketball championship title.{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/124063/la\-salle\-beats\-ust\-in\-overtime\-for\-uaap\-title\|title\=La Salle rallies past UST in OT to win UAAP title\|work\=Inquirer\|date\=October 12, 2013\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=June 25, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625091617/https://sports.inquirer.net/124063/la\-salle\-beats\-ust\-in\-overtime\-for\-uaap\-title\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/330630/uaap\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-win\-in\-ot\-shoot\-down\-ust\-growling\-tigers\-for\-s76\-title/story/\|title\=UAAP: DLSU Green Archers win in OT, shoot down UST Growling Tigers for S76 title\|work\=GMA News\|date\=October 12, 2013\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=March 10, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310111146/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/330630/sports/uaap\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-win\-in\-ot\-shoot\-down\-ust\-growling\-tigers\-for\-s76\-title\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/la\-salle\-uaap\-season\-76\-champions\|title\=La Salle beats UST, wins UAAP title\|website\=Rappler\|date\=October 12, 2013}}
**2016: Green Archers unleash "Mayhem"**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **La Salle 67** | Ateneo 65 | La Salle 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **La Salle 79** | Ateneo 72 | La Salle 2–0 |
Both Ateneo and La Salle were unable to reach the UAAP Men's Basketball Finals in [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_basketball_tournaments "UAAP Season 77 basketball tournaments") and [2015](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78_basketball_tournaments "UAAP Season 78 basketball tournaments"). By 2016, La Salle was able to utilize center [Ben Mbala](/wiki/Ben_Mbala "Ben Mbala"), and tapped the services of former [Letran Knights](/wiki/Letran_Knights "Letran Knights") coach [Aldin Ayo](/wiki/Aldin_Ayo "Aldin Ayo") while Ateneo was on a rebuilding stage after the graduation of their top two scorers in [Kiefer Ravena](/wiki/Kiefer_Ravena "Kiefer Ravena") and [Von Pessumal](/wiki/Von_Pessumal "Von Pessumal") though they were able to get the services of former [Gilas Pilipinas](/wiki/Philippine_men%27s_national_basketball_team "Philippine men's national basketball team") coach [Tab Baldwin](/wiki/Tab_Baldwin "Tab Baldwin"). Under coach Ayo, La Salle adopted a defense\-oriented system with emphasis on [fast breaks](/wiki/Fast_break "Fast break") and the use of [full\-court press](/wiki/Full-court_press "Full-court press") which Ayo called "Mayhem".{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/231912/belief\-made\-mayhem\-system\-work\-for\-la\-salle\|title\=Belief made 'Mayhem' system work for La Salle\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=December 8, 2016\|access\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204709/https://sports.inquirer.net/231912/belief\-made\-mayhem\-system\-work\-for\-la\-salle\|url\-status\=live}} The Green Archers finished the elimination round as the top seed with a 13–1 record with Ateneo coming in second with a 10–4 win–loss record. The only loss of the Green Archers came at the hands of their archivals, the Ateneo Blue Eagles during the second to the last game of the elimination round. Coming into Final Four both teams have a twice\-to\-beat advantage with La Salle defeating Adamson in just one game while Ateneo had to utilize their twice\-to\-beat incentives against FEU.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/30/16/ateneo\-edges\-feu\-in\-ot\-to\-book\-finals\-seat\|title\=Ateneo edges FEU in OT to book Finals seat\|first\=Camille\|last\=Naredo\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=November 30, 2016\|access\-date\=December 1, 2016\|archive\-date\=November 30, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130171238/http://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/30/16/ateneo\-edges\-feu\-in\-ot\-to\-book\-finals\-seat\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/its\-ateneo\-vs\-la\-salle\-in\-finals\-as\-blue\-eagles\-outlast\-feu\-in\-overtime\-thriller\|title\=It's Ateneo vs La Salle in finals as Blue Eagles outlast FEU in overtime thriller\|first\=Reuben\|last\=Terrado\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=November 30, 2016\|access\-date\=December 1, 2016\|archive\-date\=December 1, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211316/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/its\-ateneo\-vs\-la\-salle\-in\-finals\-as\-blue\-eagles\-outlast\-feu\-in\-overtime\-thriller\|url\-status\=live}} After eight years, Ateneo and La Salle faced off in the Finals, with La Salle emerging as the champion of [Season 79](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79_basketball_tournaments "UAAP Season 79 basketball tournaments") after sweeping Ateneo in the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/la\-salle\-sweeps\-ateneo\-uaap\-season\-79\-champion\|title\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to become UAAP Season 79 champion\|website\=Rappler\|date\=December 7, 2016\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212011/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/la\-salle\-sweeps\-ateneo\-uaap\-season\-79\-champion\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/591617/la\-salle\-sweeps\-ateneo\-to\-win\-season\-79\-crown/story/\|title\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to win Season 79 crown\|website\=GMA News\|date\=December 7, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/231771/la\-salle\-sweeps\-ateneo\-to\-capture\-uaap\-season\-79\-crown\|title\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to capture UAAP Season 79 crown\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=December 7, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/la\-salle\-green\-archers\-uaap\-season\-79\-champion\-beat\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\|title\=La Salle crowns a season to remember with sweep of Ateneo in UAAP finals\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=December 7, 2016}}
**2017–2019: Blue Eagles win three consecutive championships**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **Ateneo 76** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **La Salle 92** | Ateneo 83 | Tied 1–1 |
| Game 3 | **Ateneo 88** | La Salle 86 | Ateneo 2–1 |
The following year, in [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80 "UAAP Season 80"), the Ateneo Blue Eagles won their first 13 games of the elimination round. Their bid for a sweep was denied by the De La Salle Green Archers. In the Final Four matches, La Salle went on to defeat the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons "Adamson Soaring Falcons"), while the Blue Eagles lost the first game to the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws "FEU Tamaraws"), their second loss of the season. Ateneo prevailed over FEU in the decider and faced La Salle in the championship series. The Blue Eagles took Game One, 76–70, whereas the Green Archers rallied from 21 points down to take Game 2, 92–83\. In Game 3, the Blue Eagles led by as much as 10 points in order to defeat La Salle, 88–86, and retake the men's basketball championship.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-uaap\-season\-80\-champion\-la\-salle\-game\-three\-finals\-2017\|title\=Ateneo plays steadier in endgame this time to hold off La Salle and claim UAAP title\|website\=SPIN.ph\|first\=Reuben\|last\=Terrado\|date\=December 3, 2017\|access\-date\=December 4, 2017\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093059/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-uaap\-season\-80\-champion\-la\-salle\-game\-three\-finals\-2017\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/admu\-blue\-eagles\-de\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-uaap\-season\-80\-finals\-game\-3\|title\=Ateneo Blue Eagles are UAAP Season 80 champions\|website\=Rappler\|date\=December 3, 2017\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/admu\-blue\-eagles\-de\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-uaap\-season\-80\-finals\-game\-3\|url\-status\=live}}
Season 80 would eventually become the first of three consecutive championships (all against La Salle, UP and UST, respectively) for Ateneo up to [UAAP Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 "UAAP Season 82") (the first championship round between the \#1 and \#4\-seeded men's basketball teams, and the first 16–0 season sweep, in UAAP history), anchored by [Thirdy Ravena](/wiki/Thirdy_Ravena "Thirdy Ravena"), the first collegiate player in UAAP history to win three consecutive Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-results\-ateneo\-ust\-game\-november\-20\-2019\|title\=CHAMPS AGAIN: Ateneo dynasty romps to rare season sweep after UST scare\|website\=Rappler\|date\=November 20, 2019\|access\-date\=July 8, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185123/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-results\-ateneo\-ust\-game\-november\-20\-2019\|url\-status\=live}}
**2022: Battle of Katipunan**
The [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") halted all the remaining league tournaments in 2020, and the remainder of the season, including the entire [following season](/wiki/UAAP_Season_83 "UAAP Season 83"), was cancelled on April 7 of that year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/story/\_/id/29005602/uaap\-forced\-cancel\-season\-82\-ecq\-extended\-apr\-30\|title\=UAAP forced to cancel Season 82 after ECQ extended to Apr. 30\|website\=ESPN\|date\=April 7, 2020\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204000/https://www.espn.com/story/\_/id/29005602/uaap\-forced\-cancel\-season\-82\-ecq\-extended\-apr\-30\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/391388/uaap\-cancels\-season\-82\-over\-coronavirus\|title\=UAAP cancels Season 82 over coronavirus\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=April 7, 2020\|access\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211037/https://sports.inquirer.net/391388/uaap\-cancels\-season\-82\-over\-coronavirus\|url\-status\=live}} During the resumption of the [UAAP Season 84 in 2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84 "UAAP Season 84"), however, both Ateneo and La Salle lost to the [University of the Philippines Fighting Maroons](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons "UP Fighting Maroons") in the men's basketball post\-season rounds. UP swept La Salle in the eliminations before ousting them in their final game of their Final Four series.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/final\-four\-game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-may\-6\-2022/\|title\=UP denies La Salle semis sweep, sets up Battle of Katipunan finals\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 6, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610033433/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/final\-four\-game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-may\-6\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}} In addition, UP ended Ateneo's UAAP record of 39\-game winning streak and their bid for a second consecutive season of elimination round sweep and stepladder finals berth,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/up\-maroons\-put\-an\-end\-to\-ateneo\-s\-39\-game\-win\-streak\-a795\-20220501\|title\=Brave UP Maroons put an end to Ateneo's 39\-game win streak\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=May 1, 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/460560/uaap\-up\-denies\-ateneo\-sweep\-final\-four\-set\|title\=UAAP: UP denies Ateneo sweep, Final Four set\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=May 1, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 5, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605012227/https://sports.inquirer.net/460560/uaap\-up\-denies\-ateneo\-sweep\-final\-four\-set\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-1\-2022/\|title\=UP slays mighty Ateneo, ends 4\-year, 39\-game win streak\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 1, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509102951/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-1\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/39\-1\-up\-denies\-ateneo\-of\-uaap\-84\-elims\-sweep/238676\|title\=39\-1: UP denies Ateneo of UAAP 84 elims sweep\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 1, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 30, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530092641/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/39\-1\-up\-denies\-ateneo\-of\-uaap\-84\-elims\-sweep/238676\|url\-status\=live}} before dethroning them in their do\-or\-die match in the championship round and denying their bid for an unprecedented second streak of four consecutive UAAP championships. As a result, this marked the first time in UAAP history that an eventual champion team has [defeated both Ateneo and La Salle](/wiki/List_of_UAAP_Final_Four_results "List of UAAP Final Four results"), as well as win multiple [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)") games in the championship series, in the post\-season rounds in men's basketball in any single season.{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/462075/up\-dethrones\-ateneo\-clinches\-uaap\-basketball\-crown\|title\=UP dethrones Ateneo, clinches UAAP basketball crown\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=May 13, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616115251/https://sports.inquirer.net/462075/up\-dethrones\-ateneo\-clinches\-uaap\-basketball\-crown\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-13\-2022/\|title\=UP topples Ateneo dynasty, ends three\-decade title odyssey\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 13, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 2, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602081428/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-13\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/05/13/22/up\-ends\-ateneo\-dynasty\-for\-first\-uaap\-title\-in\-36\-years\|title\=UP ends Ateneo dynasty for first UAAP title in 36 years\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=May 13, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 19, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519095923/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/05/13/22/up\-ends\-ateneo\-dynasty\-for\-first\-uaap\-title\-in\-36\-years\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-84\-cagulangan\-ends\-ups\-36\-year\-title\-drought\-ateneos\-dynasty/239822\|title\=UAAP 84: Cagulangan ends UP's 36\-year title drought, Ateneo's dynasty\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 13, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610114918/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-84\-cagulangan\-ends\-ups\-36\-year\-title\-drought\-ateneos\-dynasty/239822\|url\-status\=live}}
In [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 "UAAP Season 85"), La Salle ended their seven\-game losing streak to Ateneo in UAAP men's basketball dating from the Season 80 championship series in the first round of the eliminations before Ateneo won their head\-to\-head matchup in the second round of the eliminations.{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-85\-mbt\-la\-salle\-ends\-seven\-game\-drought\-against\-ateneo/251953\|title\=UAAP 85 MBB: La Salle ends seven\-game drought against Ateneo\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=October 9, 2022\|access\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205023902/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-85\-mbt\-la\-salle\-ends\-seven\-game\-drought\-against\-ateneo/251953\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-november\-5\-2022/\|title\=Ateneo routs Winston\-less rival La Salle to avenge first\-round loss\|website\=Rappler\|date\=November 5, 2022\|access\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205025404/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-november\-5\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}} While both Ateneo and La Salle split their respective elimination records with the semifinal\-bound UP Fighting Maroons and NU Bulldogs, Ateneo defeated UP in the second round of the eliminations to clinch the top seed while gain a twice\-to\-beat semifinal advantage for the sixth consecutive season—the longest overall streak in the [Final Four](/wiki/UAAP_Final_Four "UAAP Final Four") era of UAAP men's basketball—after sweeping the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons "Adamson Soaring Falcons") due to quotient system in the eliminations.{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/488141/uaap\-ateneo\-clinches\-no\-1\-spot\-sends\-adamson\-to\-playoff\-vs\-la\-salle\|title\=UAAP: Ateneo clinches No. 1 spot, sends Adamson to playoff vs La Salle\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\|date\=November 30, 2022\|access\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205023902/https://sports.inquirer.net/488141/uaap\-ateneo\-clinches\-no\-1\-spot\-sends\-adamson\-to\-playoff\-vs\-la\-salle\|url\-status\=live}} Meanwhile, La Salle was eliminated from semifinal contention after losing to Adamson in their playoff for the fourth seed.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/853493/adamson\-eclipses\-la\-salle\-completes\-uaap\-season\-85\-final\-four\-cast/story/\|title\=Adamson eclipses La Salle, completes UAAP Season 85 Final Four cast\|website\=GMA News\|date\=December 4, 2022}}{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/488685/uaap\-jerom\-lastimosa\-adamson\-eliminate\-la\-salle\-to\-secure\-final\-four\-berth\|title\=UAAP: Jerom Lastimosa, Adamson eliminate La Salle to secure Final Four berth\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\|date\=December 4, 2022}} UP and Ateneo eventually ousted NU and Adamson, respectively, en route to their second consecutive (and third overall) joint UAAP men's basketball championship series appearance.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/up\-maroons\-beat\-nu\-bulldogs\-in\-final\-four\-reach\-uaap\-finals\-a2437\-20221207\|title\=UP Maroons shake off resilient NU Bulldogs, return to UAAP Finals\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=December 7, 2022\|access\-date\=December 7, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207202407/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/up\-maroons\-beat\-nu\-bulldogs\-in\-final\-four\-reach\-uaap\-finals\-a2437\-20221207\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/489110/ateneo\-knocks\-out\-adamson\-to\-set\-uaap\-finals\-rematch\-vs\-up\|title\=Ateneo knocks out Adamson to set up UAAP Finals rematch vs UP\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\|date\=December 7, 2022\|access\-date\=December 7, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207182746/https://sports.inquirer.net/489110/ateneo\-knocks\-out\-adamson\-to\-set\-uaap\-finals\-rematch\-vs\-up\|url\-status\=live}} Ateneo prevailed in three games to deny the UP Fighting Maroons their bid for an unprecedented double UAAP championship streak in a single calendar year, anchored by [Ange Kouame](/wiki/Ange_Kouame "Ange Kouame"), the first naturalized and overall player in UAAP men's basketball history to win Rookie of the Year, and Season and Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-beat\-up\-maroons\-in\-game\-3\-to\-win\-title\-a2437\-20221219\|title\=Ateneo reclaims UAAP title after holding off UP Maroons in Game 3\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=December 19, 2022\|access\-date\=December 20, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 19, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219140742/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-beat\-up\-maroons\-in\-game\-3\-to\-win\-title\-a2437\-20221219\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-december\-19\-2022/\|title\=Ateneo reclaims lost glory, outguns UP in Game 3 to regain UAAP basketball title\|website\=Rappler\|date\=December 19, 2022\|access\-date\=December 20, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 20, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220024052/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-december\-19\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}
**2023: Green Archers end seven\-year title drought**
In December 2022, La Salle opted not to renew the contract of [Derrick Pumaren](/wiki/Derrick_Pumaren "Derrick Pumaren") after having been the head coach of the Green Archers for UAAP Seasons 84 and 85\.{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\-salle\-makes\-decision\-to\-not\-renew\-pumaren\-for\-uaap\-86/258832\|title\=La Salle makes decision not to renew Pumaren for UAAP 86\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=December 27, 2022}} In January 2023, [Topex Robinson](/wiki/Topex_Robinson "Topex Robinson") was named as the new head coach, taking over from Pumaren for [UAAP Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86 "UAAP Season 86").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/01/19/2238827/la\-salle\-appoints\-topex\-robinson\-new\-green\-archers\-coach\|title\=La Salle appoints Topex Robinson as new Green Archers coach\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/topex\-robinson\-named\-dlsu\-green\-arches\-head\-coach/\#:\~:text\=MANILA%2C%20Philippines%20%E2%80%93%20Seasoned%20head%20coach,announced%20on%20Thursday%2C%20January%2019\.\|title\='Dream of mine': Topex Robinson named new La Salle coach\|website\=Rappler\|date\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/493904/topex\-robinson\-takes\-over\-as\-la\-salle\-head\-coach\|title\=Topex Robinson takes over as La Salle head coach\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/857972/topex\-robinson\-tapped\-as\-new\-la\-salle\-head\-coach/story/\|title\=Topex Robinson tapped as new La Salle head coach\|website\=GMA News\|date\=January 19, 2023}} Ateneo won over La Salle in their first round encounter of the season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-men\-basketball\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-october\-4\-2023/\|title\=Young Ateneo proves worth, downs loaded La Salle in late shootout\|website\=Rappler\|date\=October 4, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/532474/uaap\-ballungay\-amos\-come\-through\-late\-as\-ateneo\-beats\-la\-salle\|title\=UAAP: Ballungay, Amos come through late as Ateneo beats La Salle\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=October 4, 2023}} La Salle would then beat Ateneo to sweep the second round of the eliminations on an eight\-game win streak.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/18/23/la\-salle\-outlasts\-ateneo\-closes\-in\-on\-final\-4\-incentive\|title\=UAAP: La Salle outlasts Ateneo, closes in on twice\-to\-beat incentive\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-men\-basketball\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-november\-18\-2023/\|title\=La Salle escapes rival Ateneo, completes UAAP 2nd\-round sweep to near twice\-to\-beat\|website\=Rappler\|date\=November 18, 2023}} The Blue Eagles, currently with the longest active streak of Final Four appearances in the UAAP men's basketball tournament, were eventually dethroned by the UP Fighting Maroons in the first game of their Final Four encounter,{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/541367/up\-knocks\-off\-ateneo\-returns\-to\-uaap\-finals\|title\=UP knocks off Ateneo, returns to UAAP Finals\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=November 25, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/top\-seed\-up\-maroons\-beat\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-in\-final\-four\-a5172\-20231125\|title\=UP Maroons back in UAAP Finals after dethroning Ateneo Blue Eagles\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=November 25, 2023}} ending Ateneo's streak of UAAP Finals and podium appearances dating back from Baldwin's debut as head coach in the UAAP in 2016\. Meanwhile La Salle would make their first UAAP Finals appearance since UAAP Season 80 in 2017 after beating the NU Bulldogs.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/889549/uaap\-la\-salle\-routs\-nu\-sets\-up\-finals\-duel\-vs\-up/story/\|title\=UAAP: La Salle routs NU, sets up Finals duel vs UP\|website\=GMA News\|date\=November 25, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/25/23/la\-salle\-dominates\-nu\-makes\-uaap\-finals\-return\|title\=La Salle dominates NU, makes UAAP Finals return\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=November 25, 2023}}
The Green Archers went on to win their 10th UAAP championship title against the Fighting Maroons in three games.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/890600/la\-salle\-takes\-down\-up\-to\-end\-7\-year\-uaap\-title\-drought/story/\|title\=La Salle takes down UP to end 7\-year UAAP title drought\|website\=GMA News\|date\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/12/06/23/la\-salle\-outlasts\-up\-to\-become\-season\-86\-champions\|title\=La Salle outlasts UP to become Season 86 champions\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=December 6, 2023}} The winner\-take\-all game between the Fighting Maroons and the Green Archers drew a record 25,192 fans inside the [Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Araneta_Coliseum "Araneta Coliseum"), overtaking the record set by the rubber match in the championship series between the NU Bulldogs and the FEU Tamaraws in [UAAP Season 77](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 "UAAP Season 77") in [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_basketball_tournaments "UAAP Season 77 basketball tournaments") to become the second largest in\-venue attendance in any event in UAAP history after NU defeated UP and UST during the [2015](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78 "UAAP Season 78") [Cheerdance Competition](/wiki/UAAP_Cheerdance_Competition "UAAP Cheerdance Competition").{{Cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/up\-dlsu\-game\-3\-sets\-uaap\-basketball\-attendance\-record/290723\|title\=UP\-DLSU Game 3 sets UAAP basketball attendance record\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mb.com.ph/2023/12/6/la\-salle\-captures\-uaap\-title\-in\-front\-of\-record\-big\-dome\-crowd\|title\=La Salle captures UAAP title in front of record crowd at Big Dome\|website\=Manila Bulletin\|date\=December 6, 2023}} [Kevin Quiambao](/wiki/Kevin_Quiambao "Kevin Quiambao") became the first local UAAP MVP since Ateneo's Ravena, and the first Green Archer to win the MVP since Ben Mbala.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/12/03/2316168/la\-salles\-quiambao\-officially\-crowned\-uaap\-mvp\|title\=La Salle's Quiambao officially crowned UAAP MVP\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=December 3, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/quiambao\-joins\-elite\-list\-of\-la\-salle\-bigs\-after\-winning\-uaap\-mbb\-mvp/290317\|title\=Quiambao joins elite list of La Salle bigs after winning UAAP MBB MVP\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=December 3, 2023}} He would also be crowned the Finals MVP, becoming the first local UAAP player in the post\-[COVID pandemic](/wiki/COVID_pandemic "COVID pandemic") era to have won Rookie of the Year, Season and Finals MVP awards in a single career.{{Cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/543212/kevin\-quiambao\-uaap\-finals\-mvp\-returning\-next\-season\-for\-la\-salle\|title\=Kevin Quiambao is UAAP Finals MVP after leading La Salle title run\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/kevin\-quiambao\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-season\-86\-finals\-mvp\-2023/\|title\=La Salle's Kevin Quiambao bags UAAP Finals MVP in sophomore season to remember\|website\=Rappler\|date\=December 6, 2023}} Robinson joined a group of La Salle mentors who reached the UAAP Finals in their first year as head coach and won the championship. This includes coaches [Franz Pumaren](/wiki/Franz_Pumaren "Franz Pumaren"), [Juno Sauler](/wiki/Juno_Sauler "Juno Sauler"), and [Aldin Ayo](/wiki/Aldin_Ayo "Aldin Ayo").{{cite web\|url\=https://mb.com.ph/2023/12/6/topex\-robinson\-honored\-to\-join\-la\-salle\-s\-elite\-mentors\-in\-rookie\-uaap\-title\|title\=Topex Robinson follows footsteps of Pumaren, Sauler, Ayo\|website\=Manila Bulletin\|date\=December 6, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/12/07/sports/after\-series\-of\-heartbreaks\-winning\-first\-collegiate\-championship\-feels\-surreal\-for\-topex\-robinson/1923196\|title\=After series of heartbreaks, winning first collegiate championship feels surreal for Topex Robinson\|website\=The Manila Times\|date\=December 7, 2023}}
### Juniors' basketball rivalry
The two universities are also represented in the high school level, with the [Ateneo de Manila High School](/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University%23High_School "Ateneo de Manila University#High School") (AHS) and La Salle's junior teams. La Salle's juniors' team was represented first by DLSC High School from 1924 to 1968, followed by [La Salle Green Hills](/wiki/La_Salle_Green_Hills "La Salle Green Hills") (LSGH) from 1969 up to 1981, and then [De La Salle Zobel](/wiki/De_La_Salle_Zobel "De La Salle Zobel") (DLSZ) from 1986 through the present. A similar rivalry, although on a much lesser scale, currently exists. When La Salle Green Hills used to be the juniors' team of the Green Archers in the NCAA, the rivalry between Ateneo and La Salle in the high school level was much stronger, considering that both the Ateneo de Manila High School and La Salle Green Hills used to be all\-male schools, igniting a huge rumble in 1978\. Ateneo de Manila High School became coed in 2016,{{Cite web\|url\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/679072/ateneo\-high\-going\-coed\|title\=Ateneo High going coed\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=March 16, 2015}} while La Salle Green Hills became coed in 2020\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/05/16/2014357/la\-salle\-greenhills\-opens\-doors\-girls\|title\=La Salle Greenhills opens doors to girls\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=May 16, 2020}} However, this rivalry has since faded with AHS transferring to the UAAP in 1978 and LSGH staying in the NCAA. Still, the remnants of this rivalry live on in the UAAP with LSGH's sister school De La Salle Zobel, the juniors representative of De La Salle University in the UAAP, taking its place.
In juniors' basketball, Ateneo has 11 NCAA titles and 19 UAAP titles, for a total of 30, whereas La Salle has six NCAA titles and two UAAP titles, for eight in total. The De La Salle Greenies defeated the Ateneo Blue Eaglets in the 1939 NCAA Juniors Championship. Ateneo de Manila High School and De La Salle Zobel met twice in the UAAP juniors' basketball finals; in [2007](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70 "UAAP Season 70") in which the Junior Archers swept the series in two games dethroning the Eaglets in the process, and in [2009](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72 "UAAP Season 72") in which the Blue Eaglets won the best\-of\-three series, 2–1\. In addition, the Junior Archers were not able to defend their [2005 championship](/wiki/UAAP_Season_68 "UAAP Season 68") due to their suspension along with their seniors' counterparts.{{cite news\|first\=Jasmine \|last\=Payo \|title\=La Salle, Ateneo split UAAP juniors, women trophies \|url\=http://archive.inquirer.net/view.php?db\=1\&story\_id\=91544 \|newspaper\=The \[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|date\=September 30, 2007 \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727152700/http://archive.inquirer.net/view.php?db\=1 \|archive\-date\=July 27, 2009 \|df\=mdy }}
### Philippine University Games
Ateneo has won the basketball crown of the [Philippine University Games](/wiki/Philippine_University_Games "Philippine University Games") three times (2008, 2009, and 2011\). La Salle has won it once (1998\).{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ndb\-online.com/101712/sports\-news/sports\-sfac\-adamson\-has\-most\-wins\-unigames\-basketball \|title\=Sports: SFAC, Adamson has Most Wins in UniGames Basketball \| Negros Daily Bulletin \|access\-date\=2012\-10\-24 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224411/http://www.ndb\-online.com/101712/sports\-news/sports\-sfac\-adamson\-has\-most\-wins\-unigames\-basketball \|archive\-date\=October 2, 2013 \|df\=mdy }}
### National Seniors Open
The National Seniors Open was a tournament participated by top commercial (MICAA) and collegiate teams in the country. La Salle won the 1939 and 1949 Championships.NCAA 25th Anniversary Souvenir Program, San Juan, Rizal: JCP Publishing, 1949Bocobo C, Celis B: Legends and Heroes of Philippine Basketball, The House Printers, 2004[– National Open Seniors Champion](http://www.gameface.ph/forums/index.php?action=printpage;topic=1186.0) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722234741/http://www.gameface.ph/forums/index.php?action\=printpage%3Btopic%3D1186\.0 \|date\=July 22, 2011 }} Ateneo has not won a National Seniors Open championship.
### National Open
The De La Salle Green Archers won the National Open in 1983\.{{cite news\|url\=http://centennial.dlsu.edu.ph/celebration/history/1980\.html\|title\=History 1980\|work\=dlsu.edu.ph\|access\-date\=June 1, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 19, 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719154734/http://centennial.dlsu.edu.ph/celebration/history/1980\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
### PBA D\-League
Both the Ateneo Blue Eagles and the De La Salle Green Archers have participated in the [PBA D\-League](/wiki/PBA_D-League "PBA D-League") Aspirants' Cup as Cignal–Ateneo and EcoOil–La Salle, respectively. Ateneo won the title in 2019,{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/354449/ateneo\-bags\-2019\-pba\-d\-league\-title\-rips\-ceu\-in\-game\-4\|title\=Cignal\-Ateneo bags 2019 PBA D\-League title, rips CEU in Game 4\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=June 25, 2019\|access\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831152024/https://sports.inquirer.net/354449/ateneo\-bags\-2019\-pba\-d\-league\-title\-rips\-ceu\-in\-game\-4\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/233890\-d\-league\-finals\-game\-results\-ateneo\-ceu\-june\-25\-2019/\|title\=Cignal\-Ateneo buries CEU to win PBA D\-League title\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 25, 2019\|access\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831152019/https://www.rappler.com/sports/233890\-d\-league\-finals\-game\-results\-ateneo\-ceu\-june\-25\-2019/\|url\-status\=live}} while La Salle won three straight championships in 2022, 2023, and 2024\.{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\-salle\-ecooil\-completes\-dominant\-sweep\-of\-pba\-d\-league/302388\|title\=La Salle\-Ecooil completes dominant sweep of PBA D\-League\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 9, 2024}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/d\-league\-finals\-game\-results\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-ceu\-scorpions\-may\-9\-2024/\|title\='Winning culture': Perfect La Salle bags historic 3rd straight D\-League crown\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 9, 2024}}
### Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup
In the [Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup](/wiki/Filoil_EcoOil_Preseason_Cup "Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup"), the Ateneo Blue Eagles have won the title twice, while the De La Salle Green Archers have won the championship four times. The Blue Eagles won their first title in 2011 and their second in 2018\.{{cite web\|url\=https://theguidon.com/1112/main/2011/06/ateneo\-snags\-first\-ever\-filoil\-crown/\|title\=Ateneo snags first ever FilOil crown\|website\=The Guidon\|date\=June 13, 2011\|access\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-date\=August 26, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826064342/https://theguidon.com/1112/main/2011/06/ateneo\-snags\-first\-ever\-filoil\-crown/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/308923/ateneo\-dominates\-san\-beda\-sweeps\-way\-to\-filoil\-title\|title\=Ateneo dominates San Beda, sweeps way to Filoil title\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=June 30, 2018\|access\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-date\=August 12, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812035605/https://sports.inquirer.net/308923/ateneo\-dominates\-san\-beda\-sweeps\-way\-to\-filoil\-title\|url\-status\=live}} The Green Archers won the first two editions of the tournament in 2006 and 2007\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2006/12/18/sports/la\-salle\-homegrown\-champion/287314\|title\=La Salle Homegrown champion\|website\=The Manila Times\|date\=December 18, 2006\|access\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-date\=August 12, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812040603/https://www.manilatimes.net/2006/12/18/sports/la\-salle\-homegrown\-champion/287314\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2011/03/25/669266/archers\-blazers\-target \|title\=Archers, Blazers on target \|website\=The Philippine Star \|date\=March 25, 2011 \|access\-date\=August 31, 2022 \|archive\-date\=August 12, 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812162014/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2011/03/25/669266/archers\-blazers\-target \|url\-status\=live }} They also won the championship in 2014 and 2016\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/dlsu\-champion\-fidlsu\-green\-archers\-filoil\-flying\-v\-hanes\-premier\-cup\-finals\-san\-beda\-red\-lions\-jason\-perkins\-arnold\-van\-opstal\-almond\-vosotros\|title\=La Salle Green Archers are Filoil Cup champs after late comeback against San Beda Red Lions\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=June 8, 2014\|access\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831152023/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/dlsu\-champion\-fidlsu\-green\-archers\-filoil\-flying\-v\-hanes\-premier\-cup\-finals\-san\-beda\-red\-lions\-jason\-perkins\-arnold\-van\-opstal\-almond\-vosotros\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/university/136197\-ben\-mbala\-dominates\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-undefeated\-filoil\-champions\|title\=Mbala dominates as DLSU wins Filoil title\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 12, 2016\|access\-date\=August 31, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 12, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612055150/http://www.rappler.com/sports/university/136197\-ben\-mbala\-dominates\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-undefeated\-filoil\-champions\|url\-status\=live}}
### Pinoyliga Collegiate Cup
Both the Ateneo Blue Eagles and De La Salle Green Archers have participated in the Pinoyliga Collegiate Cup. The Blue Eagles won in 2023,{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ateneo\-escapes\-nu\-to\-complete\-sweep\-of\-pinoyliga/275538\|title\=Ateneo escapes NU to complete sweep of Pinoyliga\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=June 29, 2023}} while the Green Archers won in 2024\.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/2024/6/10/la\-salle\-outlasts\-nu\-to\-clinch\-pinoyliga\-crown\-1950\|title\=La Salle outlasts NU to clinch PinoyLiga crown\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=June 10, 2024}}
### World University Basketball Series
Ateneo and La Salle have competed in the World University Basketball Series (WUBS) held in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo"), Japan. Ateneo was crowned the first champion of the World University Basketball Series after sweeping the tournament in 2022\.{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/473199/ateneo\-fends\-off\-tokai\-to\-rule\-world\-university\-basketball\-series\|title\=Ateneo fends off Tokai to rule World University Basketball Series\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=August 11, 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/841244/ateneo\-survives\-tokai\-to\-emerge\-as\-world\-university\-basketball\-series\-champion/story/\|title\=Ateneo survives Tokai to emerge as World University Basketball Series champion\|website\=GMA News\|date\=August 11, 2022}} In 2024, La Salle also swept the tournament and won the championship.{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\-salle\-dominates\-korea\-u\-to\-rule\-wubs/309445\|title\=La Salle dominates Korea U to rule WUBS\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=August 12, 2024}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/la\-salle\-sweeps\-wubs\-with\-rout\-of\-korea\-university\-a5172\-20240812\|title\=La Salle sweeps WUBS with rout of Korea University\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=August 12, 2024}}
### 3x3 basketball
Ateneo won the [UAAP Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81 "UAAP Season 81") 3x3 basketball tournament in 2019 on its second and final year as a demonstration sport.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/224824\-3x3\-basketball\-champion\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-nu\-lady\-bulldogs/\|title\=Ateneo Blue Eagles, NU Lady Bulldogs reign supreme in UAAP 3×3\|website\=Rappler\|date\=March 3, 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-3x3\-uaap\-champion\-ange\-kouame\-thirdy\-ravena\-a2437\-20190303\|title\=Kouame, Thirdy shine as Ateneo goes undefeated to rule UAAP 3x3\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=March 3, 2019}} The 3x3 basketball tournament became an official sport in [UAAP Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 "UAAP Season 82").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/uaap\-makes\-3x3\-basketball\-official\-event\-for\-season\-82\-a2437\-20190901\|title\=UAAP makes 3x3 basketball official event for Season 82\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=September 1, 2019}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/363924/uaap\-upgrades\-3x3\-basketball\-to\-medal\-sport\-in\-season\-82\|title\=UAAP upgrades 3×3 basketball to medal sport in Season 82\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=September 1, 2019}} La Salle won the [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 "UAAP Season 85") 3x3 basketball tournament in 2023\.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/05/04/23/uaap\-la\-salle\-captures\-mens\-3x3\-basketball\-crown\|title\=UAAP: La Salle captures men's 3X3 basketball crown\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=May 4, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/austria\-powers\-la\-salle\-past\-adamson\-in\-uaap\-mens\-3x3\-final/271124\|title\=Austria powers La Salle past Adamson in UAAP men's 3×3 final\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 4, 2023}} The Green Archers retained the title the following year in [UAAP Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86 "UAAP Season 86").{{cite web\|url\=https://medium.com/dlsu\-sports/green\-archers\-emerge\-as\-back\-to\-back\-champions\-in\-uaap\-s86\-3x3\-mens\-basketball\-tournament\-d7041dae5b55\|title\=Green Archers emerge as back\-to\-back Champions in UAAP S86 3x3 Men's Basketball Tournament\|website\=Medium.com\|date\=May 5, 2024}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/basketball\-3x3\-finals\-game\-results\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-ust\-growling\-tigresses\-may\-5\-2024/\|title\=Same supremacy: La Salle, UST rule UAAP 3×3 hoops after 5\-on\-5 romp\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 6, 2024}}
|
[
"Basketball\n----------",
"### Overall",
"In terms of total collegiate and high school basketball titles won in the NCAA and UAAP, Ateneo leads La Salle, 58–28\\. In men's basketball, Ateneo has a total of 26 championship titles whereas La Salle has 15\\. The Blue Eagles have 14 NCAA titles and 12 UAAP titles while the Green Archers have five NCAA titles and 10 UAAP titles. In juniors' basketball, Ateneo has 11 NCAA titles and 19 UAAP titles, for a total of 30, whereas La Salle has six NCAA titles and two UAAP titles, for eight in total.",
"The Ateneo Blue Eagles and the De La Salle Green Archers have met in the championships of the NCAA and UAAP at least nine times. The Blue Eagles won the men's basketball title over La Salle in 1958, 1988, 2002, 2008, and 2017 whereas the Green Archers prevailed in 1939, 1974, 2001, and 2016\\. In women's basketball, both schools have only won titles in the UAAP as the NCAA does not have a women's basketball tournament, where La Salle leads Ateneo, 5–2\\. In the juniors' division, the De La Salle Junior Archers defeated the top\\-seeded Ateneo Blue Eaglets in 2007\\. In 2009, the Eaglets defeated the top\\-seeded Junior Archers.",
"### Collegiate titles of national scope",
"In terms of collegiate titles of national scope, Ateneo leads with five titles to La Salle's three. Ateneo won the Collegiate Champions League (CCL) title in 2007, and won back to back titles in the Philippine Collegiate Championship League (PCCL) in the 2009 and 2010 seasons, as well as in the 2018 and 2019 seasons. La Salle won the Philippine Intercollegiate Championship in 1988 and the Philippine Collegiate Championship in 2008 and 2013 against Ateneo and the [South Western University](/wiki/Southwestern_University_%28Philippines%29 \"Southwestern University (Philippines)\") Cobras, respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/340212/la\\-salle\\-makes\\-it\\-two\\-collegiate\\-titles\\-out\\-shoots\\-swu\\-for\\-pccl\\-crown/story/\\|title\\=La Salle makes it two collegiate titles, out\\-shoots SWU for PCCL crown\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=December 17, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2013\\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812080545/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/340212/la\\-salle\\-makes\\-it\\-two\\-collegiate\\-titles\\-out\\-shoots\\-swu\\-for\\-pccl\\-crown/story/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/135865/la\\-salle\\-bags\\-pccl\\-title\\-after\\-sweeping\\-swu\\|title\\=La Salle bags PCCL title after sweeping SWU\\|work\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=December 17, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2013}}",
"Ateneo won the 2007 Collegiate Champions League title against the [University of the Visayas](/wiki/University_of_the_Visayas \"University of the Visayas\") Green Lancers, 71–54\\. The [Collegiate Champions League](/wiki/Collegiate_Champions_League \"Collegiate Champions League\") (CCL), was then reformatted and became the [Philippine Collegiate Championship League](/wiki/Philippine_Collegiate_Championship_League \"Philippine Collegiate Championship League\") (PCCL). It is currently the national collegiate basketball championship tournament, sanctioned by the [Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas](/wiki/Samahang_Basketbol_ng_Pilipinas \"Samahang Basketbol ng Pilipinas\"), the country's official basketball federation. College teams from all over the country participate in the tournament. The tournament also has a Sweet 16 similar to the United States' NCAA basketball tournament during \"March Madness.\"",
"The Green Archers won the 2008 PCCL title. La Salle defeated the second\\-seeded NCAA champion [San Beda Red Lions](/wiki/San_Beda_Red_Lions \"San Beda Red Lions\") and arranged a finals meeting with the top\\-seeded UAAP champion Ateneo Blue Eagles, who defeated the [Letran Knights](/wiki/Letran_Knights \"Letran Knights\") in the Final Four. In the championship match, the De La Salle Green Archers prevailed over the Ateneo Blue Eagles, 71–62\\.",
"In the 2009 season of the Philippine Collegiate Championship League, the Blue Eagles defeated the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws \"FEU Tamaraws\") in three games to clinch their second national title, whereas the Green Archers were eliminated by the Letran Knights in their first game in the round of 16\\. In the 2010 season, the Blue Eagles defeated the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons \"Adamson Soaring Falcons\") in three games to clinch their third and back\\-to\\-back national titles, while the Green Archers settled for 3rd\\-place beating the [University of Cebu](/wiki/University_of_Cebu \"University of Cebu\") Webmasters despite having 4 players injured and only 10 players intact in the line\\-up.",
"In the 2013 season of the Philippine Collegiate Championship League, the Green Archers defeated the South Western University Cobras, via sweep to reclaim the national championship for the first time since 2008 and winning their second title in the tournament.",
"In the 2018 season of the Philippine Collegiate Championship League, the Blue Eagles defeated the University of the Visayas Green Lancers, 95–71 to reclaim the national championship for the first time since 2010 and winning their fourth title in the tournament.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/336610/ateneo\\-overwhelms\\-university\\-of\\-the\\-visayas\\-to\\-win\\-2018\\-pccl\\-title\\|title\\=Ateneo overwhelms UV to win 2018 PCCL title\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=January 28, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=February 19, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=February 5, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205005909/https://sports.inquirer.net/336610/ateneo\\-overwhelms\\-university\\-of\\-the\\-visayas\\-to\\-win\\-2018\\-pccl\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the 2019 season, the Blue Eagles defeated the San Beda Red Lions 57–46 to win their fifth title in the PCCL.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/388783/ateneo\\-repeats\\-as\\-pccl\\-champion\\-smothers\\-san\\-beda\\|title\\=Ateneo repeats as PCCL champion, smothers San Beda\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=March 8, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=March 9, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 9, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309155854/https://sports.inquirer.net/388783/ateneo\\-repeats\\-as\\-pccl\\-champion\\-smothers\\-san\\-beda\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Championship streaks",
"Ateneo was 3\\-peat NCAA champion from 1931 through 1933, and its record of 14 collegiate titles remained unsurpassed by any school in the NCAA until 2003\\. They currently hold the distinction of having the longest UAAP basketball title streak in the Final Four era after winning five straight times from 2008 to 2012\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/277895/five\\-peat\\-complete\\-as\\-ateneo\\-sweeps\\-ust/story/\\|title\\=Five\\-peat complete, as Ateneo sweeps UST\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=October 11, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045057/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/277895/five\\-peat\\-complete\\-as\\-ateneo\\-sweeps\\-ust/story/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2019, Ateneo achieved another 3\\-peat and became the first team in the UAAP Final Four era to finish an entire season (including the finals) without a single loss (16–0\\) in the [UAAP Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 \"UAAP Season 82\") men's basketball tournament.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/374139/ateneo\\-makes\\-uaap\\-history\\-sweeps\\-ust\\-for\\-3rd\\-straight\\-title\\-uaap\\-season\\-82\\|title\\=Ateneo makes UAAP history, sweeps UST for 3rd straight title\\|work\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=November 20, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=November 20, 2019\\|archive\\-date\\=April 2, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402163903/https://sports.inquirer.net/374139/ateneo\\-makes\\-uaap\\-history\\-sweeps\\-ust\\-for\\-3rd\\-straight\\-title\\-uaap\\-season\\-82\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Both schools have also managed to post what are regarded as \"double championships\" by winning both the seniors and juniors titles in the same year. The Ateneo Blue Eagles still have the most number of double titles in NCAA history, with four double championships, including the NCAA's second back\\-to\\-back double championships in 1975 and 1976 (the first was accomplished by the University of the Philippines in 1925 and 1926\\).",
"Ateneo holds the distinction of being the only double 3\\-peat champion in the senior and junior levels whether in the NCAA or UAAP, from 2008 to 2010, and has posted two 4\\-peats and three back\\-to\\-back title streaks in the UAAP juniors' division.",
"La Salle does not have any such streaks in the NCAA, but won back\\-to\\-back titles once in 1989 and 1990, and also posted a 4\\-peat in UAAP men's basketball from [1998](/wiki/UAAP_Season_61 \"UAAP Season 61\") to [2001](/wiki/UAAP_Season_64 \"UAAP Season 64\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\\-archers\\-2001\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|title\\=Green Archers 2001 UAAP Season Recap\\|website\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=June 18, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024654/https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\\-archers\\-2001\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thelasallian.com/2015/10/26/dissecting\\-rivalries\\-la\\-salle\\-versus\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-and\\-feu/\\|title\\=Dissecting Rivalries: La Salle versus Ateneo, UST, and FEU\\|website\\=The LaSallian\\|date\\=October 26, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=April 29, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=March 27, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327044545/https://thelasallian.com/2015/10/26/dissecting\\-rivalries\\-la\\-salle\\-versus\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-and\\-feu/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} La Salle accomplished the double championship once during its stint in the NCAA (1939\\) and UAAP (2007\\).",
"The Lady Archers were able to duplicate the championship streak of the Green Archers and achieved a 4\\-peat of their own from [1999](/wiki/UAAP_Season_62 \"UAAP Season 62\") to [2002](/wiki/UAAP_Season_65 \"UAAP Season 65\"), which was the longest UAAP women's basketball championship streak in the Final Four era until it was surpassed by the NU Lady Bulldogs when they won seven straight championships from [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 \"UAAP Season 77\") to [2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 \"UAAP Season 85\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/nu\\-coach\\-takes\\-blame\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-women\\-basketball\\-dynasty\\-ends\\-season\\-86\\-2023/\\|title\\=NU coach takes blame as Lady Bulldogs' UAAP dynasty ends\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=December 8, 2023}}",
"La Salle holds the distinction of being the first and only school to be 3\\-peat UAAP basketball champions in both men's and women's divisions in the same period, from 1999 to 2001\\. In 2013, La Salle were champions in both divisions again in the [UAAP Season 76 basketball tournaments](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76_basketball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 76 basketball tournaments\").{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/la\\-salle\\-uaap\\-season\\-76\\-champions\\|title\\=La Salle beats UST, wins UAAP title\\|work\\=Rappler\\|date\\=October 12, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203612/https://www.rappler.com/sports/la\\-salle\\-uaap\\-season\\-76\\-champions\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://thelasallian.com/2013/10/22/uaap\\-lady\\-archers\\-complete\\-championship\\-run/\\|title\\=UAAP: Lady Archers complete championship run\\|work\\=The LaSallian\\|date\\=October 22, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211738/https://thelasallian.com/2013/10/22/uaap\\-lady\\-archers\\-complete\\-championship\\-run/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### NCAA",
"In 1939, La Salle defeated Ateneo in both the Seniors and Juniors NCAA Championship. The school rivalry reputedly started that year when after La Salle defeated Ateneo, then the defending champions, Lasallites challenged Ateneans by throwing fried chicken outside the gates of the pre\\-war Ateneo Padre Faura campus in [Manila](/wiki/Manila \"Manila\").{{cite news \\|url\\=http://www.theguidon.com/?get\\=2004100204 \\|title\\=Tradition continues: The Eagle and The Archer \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-07\\-29 \\|author\\=Eric C. Abenojar and Paula V. Peralta \\|date\\=October 7, 2004 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The GUIDON]] \\|archive\\-date\\=August 25, 2005 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050825000403/http://www.theguidon.com/?get\\=2004100204 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Ateneo and La Salle would not meet in the championship again until 1958 where Ateneo defeated La Salle by a basket in overtime. Another finals meeting of both schools took place in 1974 with La Salle prevailing over Ateneo in the championship. Ateneo and La Salle left the NCAA in 1978 and 1981 respectively after games turned into full\\-blown riots, with Ateneo leaving after losing the 1978 championship against San Beda in closed doors, and La Salle after fan disturbance in their 1980 second\\-round game against Letran.{{cite news\\|first\\=Virgillo Jr. \\|last\\=Manuel \\|title\\=La Salle Against Letran, Trouble\\-makers disrupt game \\|date\\=August 17, 1980 \\|work\\=Philippine Sunday Express}}",
"### UAAP",
"**1988: First Ateneo–La Salle finals in the UAAP**",
"In [1988](/wiki/UAAP_Season_51_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"UAAP Season 51 men's basketball tournament\"), Ateneo and La Salle met in their first finals match since 1974 when both teams still competed in the NCAA. Ateneo won, 76–70 at the Rizal Memorial Coliseum. Ateneo was led by Gilbert Reyes under head coach Fritz Gaston, while La Salle was led by [Dindo Pumaren](/wiki/Dindo_Pumaren \"Dindo Pumaren\") under head coach and older brother [Derrick Pumaren](/wiki/Derrick_Pumaren \"Derrick Pumaren\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.tribune.net.ph/2023/06/20/1988\\-duel\\-keys\\-ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-rivalry/\\|title\\=1988 Duel Keys Ateneo\\-La Salle Rivalry\\|website\\=The Daily Tribune\\|date\\=June 20, 2023}} La Salle would win their first basketball championship in the UAAP the following year in [Season 52](/wiki/UAAP_Season_52_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"UAAP Season 52 men's basketball tournament\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/22966/the\\-legend\\-of\\-manong\\-derrick\\-pumaren/\\|title\\=The Legend of Manong Derrick Pumaren\\|work\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=January 23, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024644/https://takeaimsports.com/22966/the\\-legend\\-of\\-manong\\-derrick\\-pumaren/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} while Ateneo would not win another title until 14 years later in [Season 65](/wiki/UAAP_Season_65_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"UAAP Season 65 men's basketball tournament\").",
"**2001: La Salle secures fourth straight title**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **La Salle 74** | Ateneo 68 | La Salle 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **Ateneo 76** | La Salle 72 | Tied 1–1 |\n| Game 3 | **La Salle 93** | Ateneo 88 | La Salle 2–1 |",
"La Salle was the defending three\\-time champion, while Ateneo were in a 13\\-year championship drought. La Salle won the game.{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\=La Salle downs Ateneo \\|date\\=September 27, 2001 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011025013322/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/sep/28/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/sep/28/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2001}} At Game 2, [Enrico Villanueva](/wiki/Enrico_Villanueva \"Enrico Villanueva\") scored 22 points to lead the Eagles to a series\\-extending win. After [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez \"Mike Cortez\") tying the game at 72–all, Villanueva passed the ball to teammate [Magnum Membrere](/wiki/Magnum_Membrere \"Magnum Membrere\") who scored a [three\\-pointer](/wiki/Three-pointer \"Three-pointer\"). On the next possession, [Renren Ritualo](/wiki/Renren_Ritualo \"Renren Ritualo\") failed to answer with a game\\-tying three of his own to force a sudden\\-death Game 3, scoring Ateneo's first win against La Salle in the season after three games.{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\=Ateneo stops La Salle \\|date\\=October 4, 2001 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219232226/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/oct/05/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/oct/05/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=February 19, 2002}} In the deciding game, [Carlo Sharma](/wiki/Carlo_Sharma \"Carlo Sharma\") scored a UAAP career\\-high 22 points, 11 in the final quarter to prevent an Ateneo victory. Ateneo's rookie [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio \"LA Tenorio\") had 30 points of his own but it was not enough, as La Salle coach Pumaren remarked that \"This was the sweetest of the four championships because we're able to erase the stigma of our 1988 loss to Ateneo.\"{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\= Archers complete '4\\-ward' \\|date\\=October 17, 2001 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011206172409/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/oct/17/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/oct/17/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=December 6, 2001}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\\-archers\\-2001\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|title\\=Green Archers 2001 UAAP Season Recap\\|website\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=June 18, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024654/https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\\-archers\\-2001\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2002: Ateneo ends 14\\-year championship drought**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **Ateneo 72** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **La Salle 85** | Ateneo 77 | Tied 1–1 |\n| Game 3 | **Ateneo 77** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 2–1 |",
"Prior to the Finals, Ateneo prevented a 14–0 elimination round sweep of La Salle that would have given a bye up to the best\\-of\\-three Finals. Instead, Ateneo defeated La Salle in the elimination round finale 76–63\\.{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\= Eagles stop Archers, finally\\|date\\=September 14, 2002 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030114071012/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2002/sep/15/spo\\_2\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2002/sep/15/spo\\_2\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=January 14, 2003}} La Salle defeated [rival](/wiki/La_Salle-UST_rivalry \"La Salle-UST rivalry\") [University of Santo Tomas](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers \"UST Growling Tigers\") (UST), and Ateneo overcame No. 2 seed [University of the East](/wiki/UE_Red_Warriors \"UE Red Warriors\") (UE) in two games, with the second game ending in a buzzer beater by [Gec Chia](/wiki/Gec_Chia \"Gec Chia\") to push Ateneo into the Finals anew.{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\= Dream showdown: It's Ateneo vs La Salle in UAAP finals\\|date\\=September 23, 2002 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021202010729/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2002/sep/23/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2002/sep/23/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2002}}",
"Game 1 ended with Villanueva scoring Ateneo's last ten points, and teammate [Larry Fonacier](/wiki/Larry_Fonacier \"Larry Fonacier\") blocking two shots by [Mark Cardona](/wiki/Mark_Cardona \"Mark Cardona\") that would have forced overtime to give Ateneo a 1–0 series lead. In Game 2, with the Ateneo team noted as being \"tense,\" La Salle had an 18\\-point lead at halftime, which Ateneo cut down to three, 80–77, but Sharma and [Adonis Santa Maria](/wiki/Adonis_Santa_Maria \"Adonis Santa Maria\") converted crucial free\\-throws that gave La Salle enough breathing space to force another Game 3\\. In Game 3, La Salle player [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez \"Mike Cortez\") shot just 2\\-of\\-13 from the field for 13 points,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/jacob\\-cortez\\-bids\\-san\\-beda\\-farewell\\-to\\-fulfill\\-uaap\\-dream\\-mikes\\-unfinished\\-la\\-salle\\-legacy\\|title\\=Jacob Cortez bids San Beda farewell to fulfill UAAP dream, Mike's unfinished La Salle legacy\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=January 12, 2024}} which caused La Salle students and alumni to accuse him of [throwing the game](/wiki/Match_fixing \"Match fixing\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2002/10/27/181539/cool\\-cat\\-or\\-cool\\-cash\\|title\\=Cool Cat or Cool Cash?\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=October 27, 2002}} as Ateneo eventually won the title to deny La Salle a fifth consecutive championship.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com//2002/12/21/188777/why\\-victory\\-was\\-ateneos\\-destiny\\|title\\=Why victory was Ateneo's destiny?\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=December 21, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014054/https://www.philstar.com//2002/12/21/188777/why\\-victory\\-was\\-ateneos\\-destiny\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/262732\\-how\\-la\\-tenorio\\-ateneo\\-ended\\-la\\-salle\\-dynasty/\\|title\\=For the ages: How LA Tenorio, Ateneo ended La Salle's dynasty\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 3, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014052/https://www.rappler.com/sports/262732\\-how\\-la\\-tenorio\\-ateneo\\-ended\\-la\\-salle\\-dynasty/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2003–2005: Semifinals meetings**",
"Ateneo and La Salle would play second fiddle to [Far Eastern University](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws \"FEU Tamaraws\") (FEU) from [2003](/wiki/UAAP_Season_66 \"UAAP Season 66\") to [2005](/wiki/UAAP_Season_68 \"UAAP Season 68\"), with the Tamaraws defeating Ateneo in 2003, losing to La Salle in [2004](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 \"UAAP Season 67\") and defeating La Salle in 2005\\.",
"Along the way, the two teams met in the semifinals, where the higher seed gets the twice\\-to\\-beat advantage. In 2003, La Salle forced No. 1 seed Ateneo into a rubber match after a 76–72 overtime win, with the game being halted after a brawl erupted between the two teams. With Ateneo's [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio \"LA Tenorio\") and La Salle's [Ryan Araña](/wiki/Ryan_Ara%C3%B1a \"Ryan Araña\") suspended for the deciding game, Ateneo eliminated La Salle from Finals contention in the deciding game with a 74–68 triumph.",
"In [2004](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 \"UAAP Season 67\"), La Salle and Ateneo finished the elimination round tied for second place, so a playoff game was played to determine which team gets the twice\\-to\\-beat advantage. La Salle won the game, and ended Ateneo's season in the semifinals, to face FEU in the Finals. La Salle would win in three games to deny FEU which had defeated Ateneo a season before, a back\\-to\\-back championship run.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/1148/green\\-archers\\-2004\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|title\\=Green Archers 2004 UAAP Season Recap\\|website\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=June 30, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024629/https://takeaimsports.com/1148/green\\-archers\\-2004\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2005, three teams, La Salle, Ateneo and UE, were all tied for second place. La Salle won the tiebreaker with a superior point differential on games played by the three teams, causing Ateneo and UE to play for the right to face La Salle with the twice\\-to\\-win disadvantage in which the Eagles won. However, La Salle defeated Ateneo in the semifinals to clinch another Finals appearance against FEU.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/five\\-uaap\\-teams\\-that\\-have\\-truly\\-built\\-dynasties\\-a2437\\-20200404\\-lfrm\\|title\\=Five UAAP teams that have truly built dynasties\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=April 4, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=April 26, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426061427/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/five\\-uaap\\-teams\\-that\\-have\\-truly\\-built\\-dynasties\\-a2437\\-20200404\\-lfrm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2006: La Salle suspension**",
"After FEU swept La Salle in the 2005 championship series, La Salle admitted it fielded two ineligible players from 2003 to 2005, albeit it claimed not to be aware of their ineligibility which caused them to return the 2005 runner\\-up trophy and the 2004 championship trophy they won against FEU (the league would later award FEU the trophy).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/1160/green\\-archers\\-2005\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|title\\=Green Archers 2005 UAAP Season Recap\\|website\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=July 1, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024647/https://takeaimsports.com/1160/green\\-archers\\-2005\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The league suspended La Salle in [2006](/wiki/UAAP_Season_69 \"UAAP Season 69\") for a year due to negligence, with all of their games during that period also forfeited.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/4539/la\\-salle\\-suspended\\-for\\-1\\-year\\-banned\\-from\\-all\\-uaap\\-events/story/\\|title\\=La Salle suspended for 1 year, banned from all UAAP events\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=April 21, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045059/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/4539/la\\-salle\\-suspended\\-for\\-1\\-year\\-banned\\-from\\-all\\-uaap\\-events/story/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2006/04/22/332642/la\\-salle\\-banned\\-one\\-season\\|title\\=La Salle banned for one season\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=April 22, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045057/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2006/04/22/332642/la\\-salle\\-banned\\-one\\-season\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Ateneo faced UST in the 2006 Finals, a series UST won in three games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/travel/ideas/the\\-five\\-best\\-game\\-3s\\-in\\-the\\-uaap\\-final\\-four\\-era\\-085501308\\.html\\|title\\=The five best Game 3s in the UAAP Final Four era\\|website\\=Yahoo! News\\|date\\=October 14, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713050222/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/travel/ideas/the\\-five\\-best\\-game\\-3s\\-in\\-the\\-uaap\\-final\\-four\\-era\\-085501308\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/underdogs\\-are\\-few\\-in\\-uaap\\-look\\-a2437\\-20210409\\-lfrm\\|title\\=Most memorable triumphs of underdogs in UAAP playoff history\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=April 9, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014104/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/underdogs\\-are\\-few\\-in\\-uaap\\-look\\-a2437\\-20210409\\-lfrm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2007: \"Two is Greater than Three\"**",
"Upon their return in [2007](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70 \"UAAP Season 70\"), UE swept the elimination round 14–0, with their last game against La Salle going into overtime with the Warriors still prevailing. With Ateneo also losing their last game, the two teams were again tied for second place, and La Salle won the playoff game to clinch the twice\\-to\\-beat advantage. Prior to this, Ateneo won the two elimination round games against La Salle.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/1250/green\\-archers\\-2007\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|title\\=Green Archers 2007 UAAP Season Recap\\|website\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=July 8, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024634/https://takeaimsports.com/1250/green\\-archers\\-2007\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Unlike earlier match\\-ups where the team with the advantage won the first game, Ateneo won the first game, with [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu \"Chris Tiu\") playing pivotal roles in crunch time where he scored the winning lay\\-up with 7\\.3 seconds remaining to force a deciding game.{{cite news \\|title\\=UAAP: Eagles upset Archers, 65–64, to force 1 more game \\|url\\=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62225/UAAP\\-Eagles\\-upset\\-Archers\\-65\\-64\\-to\\-force\\-1\\-more\\-game \\|work\\=GMANews.tv \\|date\\=September 27, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 22, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522024535/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62225/UAAP\\-Eagles\\-upset\\-Archers\\-65\\-64\\-to\\-force\\-1\\-more\\-game \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In their fifth meeting of the season, [Pocholo Villanueva](/wiki/Pocholo_Villanueva \"Pocholo Villanueva\") scored a three\\-pointer to add La Salle's lead to nine with less than three minutes in the game left. After an Ateneo 6–2 run, Villanueva scored a jump\\-shot anew, padding the lead to seven. After [Ford Arao](/wiki/Ford_Arao \"Ford Arao\") later cut the lead to five, La Salle's OJ Cua missed two free\\-throws with 23\\.9 seconds remaining. [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu \"Chris Tiu\") passed the ball to [Nonoy Baclao](/wiki/Nonoy_Baclao \"Nonoy Baclao\") who scored a three\\-pointer to cut the lead to two, but [JVee Casio](/wiki/JVee_Casio \"JVee Casio\") converted both of his free\\-throws with 4 seconds left to punch La Salle's ticket to the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/la\\-salle\\-s\\-2007\\-redeem\\-team\\-the\\-most\\-special\\-for\\-franz\\-pumaren\\-a2437\\-20200802\\|title\\=La Salle's 2007 'redeem team' the most special for Franz Pumaren\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=August 2, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921075643/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/la\\-salle\\-s\\-2007\\-redeem\\-team\\-the\\-most\\-special\\-for\\-franz\\-pumaren\\-a2437\\-20200802\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This had been the only time Ateneo and La Salle played for five games in a season without both the teams advancing to the Finals.",
"La Salle would eventually sweep UE in the Finals 2–0 to cap their seventh men's basketball championship.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/63524/uaap\\-archers\\-grab\\-caging\\-title\\-after\\-crushing\\-warriors/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: Archers grab caging title after crushing Warriors\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=October 7, 2007}} After the season, La Salle coach Franz Pumaren remarked that \"This is the only time that two is greater than three, they beat us three times, but we beat them when it counted the most.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://blogs.inquirer.net/sportsaficionado/2007/10/01/archers\\-sew\\-up\\-win\\-that\\-matters\\-most/ \\|title\\=Archers sew up win that matters most \\|first\\=Jasmine \\|last\\=Payo \\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \\|date\\=October 1, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-08\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003155046/http://blogs.inquirer.net/sportsaficionado/2007/10/01/archers\\-sew\\-up\\-win\\-that\\-matters\\-most/ \\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2011 \\|df\\=mdy }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thelasallian.com/2013/06/11/team\\-revisited\\-2007\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-against\\-the\\-odds/\\|title\\=2007 DLSU Green Archers: Against the odds\\|website\\=The LaSallian\\|date\\=June 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101010352/https://thelasallian.com/2013/06/11/team\\-revisited\\-2007\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-against\\-the\\-odds/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2008–2012: Ateneo wins five straight titles**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **Ateneo 69** | La Salle 61 | Ateneo 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **Ateneo 62** | La Salle 51 | Ateneo 2–0 |",
"Ateneo would later claim their fourth UAAP title in [2008](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 \"UAAP Season 71\") against defending champions La Salle by sweeping the finals series 2–0\\. In Game 1, [Rabeh Al\\-Hussaini](/wiki/Rabeh_Al-Hussaini \"Rabeh Al-Hussaini\") scored 31 points to lead Ateneo to a win.{{cite news\\|first\\= Jasmine \\|last\\=Payo \\|title\\=Blue Eagles claw Archers in Game 1 of UAAP Finals \\|url\\=http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080922\\-162074/Blue\\-Eagles\\-claw\\-Archers\\-in\\-Game\\-1\\-of\\-UAAP\\-Finals \\|newspaper\\=The \\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|date\\=September 22, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-29 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080924044536/http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080922\\-162074/Blue\\-Eagles\\-claw\\-Archers\\-in\\-Game\\-1\\-of\\-UAAP\\-Finals\\| archive\\-date\\= September 24, 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} In Game 2, Ateneo led by 15 points at halftime, but La Salle rallied to cut the lead down to 50–47 at the end of the third quarter. However, La Salle forward [Rico Maierhofer](/wiki/Rico_Maierhofer \"Rico Maierhofer\") was ejected just before the end of the quarter after the officials said that he flashed the dirty finger. Maierhofer denied the charge and revealed nine years later in 2017 that he was actually signaling for a La Salle teammate to switch places.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=UkvGjI\\_iGiQ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/UkvGjI\\_iGiQ \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Unfiltered: Ateneo Blue Eagles and La Salle Green Archers\\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN Sports\\|date\\=December 29, 2017}}{{cbignore}} La Salle suffered a scoring drought which saw the lead balloon to eight in the last two minutes, and Ateneo never looked back after a [Jai Reyes](/wiki/Jai_Reyes \"Jai Reyes\") three\\-point play to secure Ateneo's fourth UAAP men's basketball title.{{cite news\\|first\\= Jasmine \\|last\\=Payo \\|title\\=The Band of Blue dethrones Green Archers \\|url\\=http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080926\\-162938/The\\-Band\\-of\\-Blue\\-dethrones\\-Green\\-Archers \\|newspaper\\=The \\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|date\\=September 26, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-30 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080928111404/http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080926\\-162938/The\\-Band\\-of\\-Blue\\-dethrones\\-Green\\-Archers\\| archive\\-date\\= September 28, 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"La Salle paraded several rookies for the [2009](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72 \"UAAP Season 72\") season, while Ateneo emerged with only [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu \"Chris Tiu\") as the major graduating player. With these conditions, the first Ateneo–La Salle game came at the heels of former [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines \"President of the Philippines\") [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino \"Corazon Aquino\")'s death, and as a result, spectators wore yellow as a sign for respect for Aquino. Ateneo outlasted La Salle in overtime to end the first round with a solitary loss. The two teams met a week later, but this time Ateneo had a big enough lead to prevent La Salle from catching up. Ateneo qualified for the semifinals as the No. 1 seed, eventually winning the championship; La Salle missed out on the Final Four on the final day after being defeated by NU. The 2009 season would be the first time Ateneo and La Salle would not meet in the playoffs since 2001, not including their Finals encounter in 2008 and the DLSU suspension in 2006\\.",
"In 2010, parading some new players and an improved set of veterans, the Green Archers defeated the Blue Eagles, 66–63, with the Blue Eagles still feeling the loss of three of the previous season's starters and sophomore guard [Sam Marata](/wiki/Sam_Marata \"Sam Marata\") shooting hot in the end game. This was the first official win of the Green Archers against the Blue Eagles in UAAP action since 2007\\. In the second round encounter, the Ateneo Blue Eagles were threatened with falling into a tie in the standings had they lost to DLSU. After falling behind 4–9, the Blue Eagles went on a 10–0 scoring run to take a double digit lead, and went on to defeat the Archers decisively, 74–57\\.",
"2010 was the second straight year that Ateneo and DLSU would not meet in a post eliminations series. DLSU managed to reach the Final Four after missing it in the previous season, but fell to the top\\-seeded FEU Tamaraws in overtime. The Blue Eagles defeated the Adamson Falcons in the Final Four, and went on to sweep the Tamaraws for their third consecutive title despite not having any player in the Mythical Team.",
"In 2011, the Ateneo Blue Eagles team headlined by two rookies defeated DLSU again in both of their elimination matches. It is also the third straight year that Ateneo and DLSU would not meet in a post elimination series, since the DLSU Green Archers failed to qualify once again for the Final Four. The Ateneo Blue Eagles were the top\\-seeded team in the semifinals and defeated the UST Growling Tigers in one game. The Blue Eagles then proceeded to sweep the Finals series against the FEU Tamaraws, thus achieving its own four\\-peat.",
"Prior to the start of the 2012 season, Norman Black announced that this would be his last season as head coach of the Ateneo. La Salle, on the other hand, had a rookie coach in [Gee Abanilla](/wiki/Gee_Abanilla \"Gee Abanilla\"). The two schools met thrice that season – twice in the elimination and once in the semi\\-finals with Ateneo winning all of the games. A few days prior to the Final 4 match between Ateneo and La Salle, the Blue Eagle's patron, [Manny Pangilinan](/wiki/Manny_Pangilinan \"Manny Pangilinan\"), announced that he would be pulling out his support from the school. Despite the controversy, Ateneo eventually won its fifth consecutive title, sweeping UST in the Finals.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/ateneo\\-wins\\-fifth\\-consecutive\\-uaap\\-title\\|title\\=Ateneo wins fifth consecutive UAAP title\\|work\\=Rappler\\|date\\=October 11, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184626/https://www.rappler.com/sports/ateneo\\-wins\\-fifth\\-consecutive\\-uaap\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/65932/blue\\-eagles\\-bag\\-uaap\\-75\\-championship\\-for\\-five\\-peat\\|title\\=Ateneo clinches a rare 'five peat' at the expense of UST\\|work\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=October 11, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192106/https://sports.inquirer.net/65932/blue\\-eagles\\-bag\\-uaap\\-75\\-championship\\-for\\-five\\-peat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2013: La Salle reclaims the championship**",
"Upon the departure of Norman Black, [Dolreich \"Bo\" Perasol](/wiki/Bo_Perasol \"Bo Perasol\"), a former member of the [University of the Philippines men's basketball team](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons \"UP Fighting Maroons\") and a seasoned [Philippine Basketball Association](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association \"Philippine Basketball Association\") head coach, was tapped by Ateneo as head coach of the Blue Eagles. The entry of Perasol, who was rumored to be tapped as team consultant of the UP Fighting Maroons prior to his appointment as Ateneo head coach, also heralded the return of Manny Pangilinan as the Blue Eagles' main patron. Joining Ateneo men's basketball team was Filipino\\-American forward [Chris Newsome](/wiki/Chris_Newsome \"Chris Newsome\").",
"Over at La Salle, a series of reshuffles within and outside of the team resulted to the appointment of then assistant coach [Juno Sauler](/wiki/Juno_Sauler \"Juno Sauler\") as the head coach of the Green Archers. Joining the De La Salle Green Archers coaching staff prior to the start of the 2013–14 UAAP season was [Allan Caidic](/wiki/Allan_Caidic \"Allan Caidic\"), who took on the chores of shooting coach. Filipino\\-American forwards [Jason Perkins](/wiki/Jason_Perkins \"Jason Perkins\") and Matthew Salem became a part of team roster, which had to adjust to the loss of resident players Yutien Andrada, [Mac Tallo](/wiki/Mac_Tallo \"Mac Tallo\"), [Alfonzo Gotladera](/wiki/Alfonzo_Gotladera \"Alfonzo Gotladera\") and Papot Paredes. For the first time since 2005, La Salle was able to sweep Ateneo during the elimination round.",
"During their first round meeting at the Mall of Asia Arena on July 7, 2013, the Green Archers, banking on the heroics of combo guard [Almond Vosotros](/wiki/Almond_Vosotros \"Almond Vosotros\") and center [Arnold Van Opstal](/wiki/Arnold_Van_Opstal \"Arnold Van Opstal\"), defeated the Blue Eagles, 82–73, resulting to Ateneo's third straight loss to start the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/07/07/13/ateneo\\-now\\-0\\-3\\-la\\-salle\\-rallies\\-second\\-half\\|title\\=Ateneo now 0\\-3 as La Salle rallies in second half\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=July 7, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/33129\\-uaap\\-season\\-76\\-la\\-salle\\-beats\\-ateneo\\-1st\\-round/\\|title\\=Hard\\-fighting La Salle rises to beat Ateneo\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=July 7, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/108469/la\\-salle\\-downs\\-ateneo\\-82\\-73\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle sinks rival Ateneo\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=July 7, 2013}} The second round meeting, which was held at the Araneta Coliseum on September 1, 2013, was tightly contested by Ateneo and La Salle, with the Green Archers winning over the Blue Eagles, 66–64, after sophomore forward Jeron Teng sank a floater with only two seconds left in the shot clock.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/teng\\-rings\\-the\\-bell\\-as\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-completes\\-elims\\-sweep\\-of\\-rival\\-ateneo\\|title\\=Teng rings the bell as De La Salle completes elims sweep of rival Ateneo\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=September 1, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/37857\\-la\\-salle\\-beats\\-ateneo\\-2nd\\-round/\\|title\\=Teng game\\-winner lifts La Salle past Ateneo\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=September 1, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/324566/uaap\\-teng\\-saves\\-the\\-day\\-as\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-shoot\\-down\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-anew/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: Teng saves the day as La Salle Green Archers shoot down Ateneo Blue Eagles anew\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=September 1, 2013}} Toward the end of the second round Ateneo\\-La Salle game, Perasol was involved in a scuffle with JJ Atayde, an alumnus of La Salle, after the former got irked with the latter's heckling.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/09/02/13/heckler\\-opens\\-incident\\-ateneo\\-coach\\|title\\='Heckler' opens up on incident with Ateneo coach\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=September 2, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/117555/heckler\\-gets\\-perasols\\-goat\\|title\\=Heckler gets Perasol's goat\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=September 3, 2013}} The incident caused the UAAP Board to penalize Perasol with a one\\-game suspension and Atayde with a season\\-wide ban from watching games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/perasol\\-suspended\\-for\\-one\\-game\\-dlsu\\-fan\\-gets\\-season\\-ban\\-for\\-post\\-game\\-spat\\-v02?ref\\=article\\_tag\\|title\\=Perasol suspended for one game, DLSU fan gets season ban for post\\-game spat\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=September 4, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/324964/uaap\\-perasol\\-s\\-confrontation\\-with\\-heckler\\-earns\\-him\\-one\\-game\\-suspension/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: Perasol's confrontation with heckler earns him one\\-game suspension\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=September 4, 2013}}",
"Controversy further ensued after Perasol violated his one\\-game suspension by watching from inside the Ateneo dugout during the Blue Eagles' September 8, 2013 game against the UE Red Warriors, forcing UE team officials to file an inquiry before the UAAP Board.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/09/09/13/ue\\-asks\\-probe\\-after\\-perasol\\-seen\\-moa\\-arena\\|title\\=UE asks for probe after Perasol seen at MOA Arena\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=September 4, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/ateneo\\-faces\\-forfeiture\\-of\\-ue\\-win\\-after\\-banned\\-perasol\\-allegedly\\-seen\\-at\\-game\\|title\\=Ateneo faces forfeiture of UE win after banned Perasol allegedly seen at game\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=September 9, 2013}} The UAAP Board acted on UE's request for an inquiry, ordering Perasol to serve his one\\-game suspension during Ateneo's September 18, 2013 game against the [UST Growling Tigers](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers \"UST Growling Tigers\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/326206/uaap\\-no\\-forfeitures\\-but\\-perasol\\-to\\-serve\\-his\\-suspension\\-versus\\-ust/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: No forfeitures, but Perasol to serve his suspension versus UST\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=September 12, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/09/12/13/no\\-forfeiture\\-ateneo\\-uaap\\-source\\|title\\=No forfeiture for Ateneo, Perasol suspended anew\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=September 12, 2013}} Ateneo, with Perasol serving his one\\-game suspension, was eventually defeated by UST, 74–82, causing the Blue Eagles to not only be dethroned as UAAP Men's Basketball Champions after five straight seasons but to also miss Final Four contention for the first time since 1998\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/ateneo\\-gets\\-the\\-blues\\-as\\-ust\\-win\\-ends\\-eagles\\-five\\-year\\-reign\\-as\\-uaap\\-champs\\-v02\\|title\\=Ateneo gets the blues as UST win ends Eagles' five\\-year reign as UAAP champs\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=September 18, 2013}}",
"La Salle, after a disappointing 3–4 finish during the first round of elimination games, swept the second round and ended the elimination round at 10–4, forcing a three\\-way tie for the top spot alongside the [NU Bulldogs](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs \"NU Bulldogs\") and the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws \"FEU Tamaraws\"). Due to having the highest quotient, NU took the Number One spot with twice\\-to\\-beat advantage and faced UST in the Final Four, with the Growling Tigers defeating the Bulldogs in two games. On the other hand, La Salle and FEU faced each other twice, the first meeting being a rubber match game for the Number Two spot and the twice\\-to\\-beat advantage and the second being the formal Final Four game, with the Green Archers winning on both occasions and entering the Finals for the first time since [UAAP Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 \"UAAP Season 71\"). During the finals series, La Salle defeated UST in three games to win the [UAAP Season 76](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76 \"UAAP Season 76\") men's basketball championship title.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/124063/la\\-salle\\-beats\\-ust\\-in\\-overtime\\-for\\-uaap\\-title\\|title\\=La Salle rallies past UST in OT to win UAAP title\\|work\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=October 12, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=June 25, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625091617/https://sports.inquirer.net/124063/la\\-salle\\-beats\\-ust\\-in\\-overtime\\-for\\-uaap\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/330630/uaap\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-win\\-in\\-ot\\-shoot\\-down\\-ust\\-growling\\-tigers\\-for\\-s76\\-title/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: DLSU Green Archers win in OT, shoot down UST Growling Tigers for S76 title\\|work\\=GMA News\\|date\\=October 12, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310111146/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/330630/sports/uaap\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-win\\-in\\-ot\\-shoot\\-down\\-ust\\-growling\\-tigers\\-for\\-s76\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/la\\-salle\\-uaap\\-season\\-76\\-champions\\|title\\=La Salle beats UST, wins UAAP title\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=October 12, 2013}}",
"**2016: Green Archers unleash \"Mayhem\"**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **La Salle 67** | Ateneo 65 | La Salle 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **La Salle 79** | Ateneo 72 | La Salle 2–0 |",
"",
"Both Ateneo and La Salle were unable to reach the UAAP Men's Basketball Finals in [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_basketball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 77 basketball tournaments\") and [2015](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78_basketball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 78 basketball tournaments\"). By 2016, La Salle was able to utilize center [Ben Mbala](/wiki/Ben_Mbala \"Ben Mbala\"), and tapped the services of former [Letran Knights](/wiki/Letran_Knights \"Letran Knights\") coach [Aldin Ayo](/wiki/Aldin_Ayo \"Aldin Ayo\") while Ateneo was on a rebuilding stage after the graduation of their top two scorers in [Kiefer Ravena](/wiki/Kiefer_Ravena \"Kiefer Ravena\") and [Von Pessumal](/wiki/Von_Pessumal \"Von Pessumal\") though they were able to get the services of former [Gilas Pilipinas](/wiki/Philippine_men%27s_national_basketball_team \"Philippine men's national basketball team\") coach [Tab Baldwin](/wiki/Tab_Baldwin \"Tab Baldwin\"). Under coach Ayo, La Salle adopted a defense\\-oriented system with emphasis on [fast breaks](/wiki/Fast_break \"Fast break\") and the use of [full\\-court press](/wiki/Full-court_press \"Full-court press\") which Ayo called \"Mayhem\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/231912/belief\\-made\\-mayhem\\-system\\-work\\-for\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=Belief made 'Mayhem' system work for La Salle\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=December 8, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204709/https://sports.inquirer.net/231912/belief\\-made\\-mayhem\\-system\\-work\\-for\\-la\\-salle\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Green Archers finished the elimination round as the top seed with a 13–1 record with Ateneo coming in second with a 10–4 win–loss record. The only loss of the Green Archers came at the hands of their archivals, the Ateneo Blue Eagles during the second to the last game of the elimination round. Coming into Final Four both teams have a twice\\-to\\-beat advantage with La Salle defeating Adamson in just one game while Ateneo had to utilize their twice\\-to\\-beat incentives against FEU.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/30/16/ateneo\\-edges\\-feu\\-in\\-ot\\-to\\-book\\-finals\\-seat\\|title\\=Ateneo edges FEU in OT to book Finals seat\\|first\\=Camille\\|last\\=Naredo\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=November 30, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130171238/http://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/30/16/ateneo\\-edges\\-feu\\-in\\-ot\\-to\\-book\\-finals\\-seat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/its\\-ateneo\\-vs\\-la\\-salle\\-in\\-finals\\-as\\-blue\\-eagles\\-outlast\\-feu\\-in\\-overtime\\-thriller\\|title\\=It's Ateneo vs La Salle in finals as Blue Eagles outlast FEU in overtime thriller\\|first\\=Reuben\\|last\\=Terrado\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=November 30, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211316/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/its\\-ateneo\\-vs\\-la\\-salle\\-in\\-finals\\-as\\-blue\\-eagles\\-outlast\\-feu\\-in\\-overtime\\-thriller\\|url\\-status\\=live}} After eight years, Ateneo and La Salle faced off in the Finals, with La Salle emerging as the champion of [Season 79](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79_basketball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 79 basketball tournaments\") after sweeping Ateneo in the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/la\\-salle\\-sweeps\\-ateneo\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-champion\\|title\\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to become UAAP Season 79 champion\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=December 7, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212011/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/la\\-salle\\-sweeps\\-ateneo\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-champion\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/591617/la\\-salle\\-sweeps\\-ateneo\\-to\\-win\\-season\\-79\\-crown/story/\\|title\\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to win Season 79 crown\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=December 7, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/231771/la\\-salle\\-sweeps\\-ateneo\\-to\\-capture\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-crown\\|title\\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to capture UAAP Season 79 crown\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=December 7, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-champion\\-beat\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\|title\\=La Salle crowns a season to remember with sweep of Ateneo in UAAP finals\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=December 7, 2016}}",
"**2017–2019: Blue Eagles win three consecutive championships**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **Ateneo 76** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **La Salle 92** | Ateneo 83 | Tied 1–1 |\n| Game 3 | **Ateneo 88** | La Salle 86 | Ateneo 2–1 |",
"",
"The following year, in [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80 \"UAAP Season 80\"), the Ateneo Blue Eagles won their first 13 games of the elimination round. Their bid for a sweep was denied by the De La Salle Green Archers. In the Final Four matches, La Salle went on to defeat the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons \"Adamson Soaring Falcons\"), while the Blue Eagles lost the first game to the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws \"FEU Tamaraws\"), their second loss of the season. Ateneo prevailed over FEU in the decider and faced La Salle in the championship series. The Blue Eagles took Game One, 76–70, whereas the Green Archers rallied from 21 points down to take Game 2, 92–83\\. In Game 3, the Blue Eagles led by as much as 10 points in order to defeat La Salle, 88–86, and retake the men's basketball championship.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-uaap\\-season\\-80\\-champion\\-la\\-salle\\-game\\-three\\-finals\\-2017\\|title\\=Ateneo plays steadier in endgame this time to hold off La Salle and claim UAAP title\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|first\\=Reuben\\|last\\=Terrado\\|date\\=December 3, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093059/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-uaap\\-season\\-80\\-champion\\-la\\-salle\\-game\\-three\\-finals\\-2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/admu\\-blue\\-eagles\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-uaap\\-season\\-80\\-finals\\-game\\-3\\|title\\=Ateneo Blue Eagles are UAAP Season 80 champions\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=December 3, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/admu\\-blue\\-eagles\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-uaap\\-season\\-80\\-finals\\-game\\-3\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Season 80 would eventually become the first of three consecutive championships (all against La Salle, UP and UST, respectively) for Ateneo up to [UAAP Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 \"UAAP Season 82\") (the first championship round between the \\#1 and \\#4\\-seeded men's basketball teams, and the first 16–0 season sweep, in UAAP history), anchored by [Thirdy Ravena](/wiki/Thirdy_Ravena \"Thirdy Ravena\"), the first collegiate player in UAAP history to win three consecutive Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-game\\-november\\-20\\-2019\\|title\\=CHAMPS AGAIN: Ateneo dynasty romps to rare season sweep after UST scare\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=November 20, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185123/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-game\\-november\\-20\\-2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2022: Battle of Katipunan**",
"The [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") halted all the remaining league tournaments in 2020, and the remainder of the season, including the entire [following season](/wiki/UAAP_Season_83 \"UAAP Season 83\"), was cancelled on April 7 of that year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/story/\\_/id/29005602/uaap\\-forced\\-cancel\\-season\\-82\\-ecq\\-extended\\-apr\\-30\\|title\\=UAAP forced to cancel Season 82 after ECQ extended to Apr. 30\\|website\\=ESPN\\|date\\=April 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204000/https://www.espn.com/story/\\_/id/29005602/uaap\\-forced\\-cancel\\-season\\-82\\-ecq\\-extended\\-apr\\-30\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/391388/uaap\\-cancels\\-season\\-82\\-over\\-coronavirus\\|title\\=UAAP cancels Season 82 over coronavirus\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=April 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211037/https://sports.inquirer.net/391388/uaap\\-cancels\\-season\\-82\\-over\\-coronavirus\\|url\\-status\\=live}} During the resumption of the [UAAP Season 84 in 2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84 \"UAAP Season 84\"), however, both Ateneo and La Salle lost to the [University of the Philippines Fighting Maroons](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons \"UP Fighting Maroons\") in the men's basketball post\\-season rounds. UP swept La Salle in the eliminations before ousting them in their final game of their Final Four series.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/final\\-four\\-game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-may\\-6\\-2022/\\|title\\=UP denies La Salle semis sweep, sets up Battle of Katipunan finals\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 6, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610033433/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/final\\-four\\-game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-may\\-6\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In addition, UP ended Ateneo's UAAP record of 39\\-game winning streak and their bid for a second consecutive season of elimination round sweep and stepladder finals berth,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/up\\-maroons\\-put\\-an\\-end\\-to\\-ateneo\\-s\\-39\\-game\\-win\\-streak\\-a795\\-20220501\\|title\\=Brave UP Maroons put an end to Ateneo's 39\\-game win streak\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=May 1, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/460560/uaap\\-up\\-denies\\-ateneo\\-sweep\\-final\\-four\\-set\\|title\\=UAAP: UP denies Ateneo sweep, Final Four set\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=May 1, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605012227/https://sports.inquirer.net/460560/uaap\\-up\\-denies\\-ateneo\\-sweep\\-final\\-four\\-set\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-1\\-2022/\\|title\\=UP slays mighty Ateneo, ends 4\\-year, 39\\-game win streak\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 1, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509102951/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-1\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/39\\-1\\-up\\-denies\\-ateneo\\-of\\-uaap\\-84\\-elims\\-sweep/238676\\|title\\=39\\-1: UP denies Ateneo of UAAP 84 elims sweep\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 1, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530092641/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/39\\-1\\-up\\-denies\\-ateneo\\-of\\-uaap\\-84\\-elims\\-sweep/238676\\|url\\-status\\=live}} before dethroning them in their do\\-or\\-die match in the championship round and denying their bid for an unprecedented second streak of four consecutive UAAP championships. As a result, this marked the first time in UAAP history that an eventual champion team has [defeated both Ateneo and La Salle](/wiki/List_of_UAAP_Final_Four_results \"List of UAAP Final Four results\"), as well as win multiple [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\") games in the championship series, in the post\\-season rounds in men's basketball in any single season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/462075/up\\-dethrones\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-uaap\\-basketball\\-crown\\|title\\=UP dethrones Ateneo, clinches UAAP basketball crown\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=May 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616115251/https://sports.inquirer.net/462075/up\\-dethrones\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-uaap\\-basketball\\-crown\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-13\\-2022/\\|title\\=UP topples Ateneo dynasty, ends three\\-decade title odyssey\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 2, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602081428/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-13\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/05/13/22/up\\-ends\\-ateneo\\-dynasty\\-for\\-first\\-uaap\\-title\\-in\\-36\\-years\\|title\\=UP ends Ateneo dynasty for first UAAP title in 36 years\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=May 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519095923/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/05/13/22/up\\-ends\\-ateneo\\-dynasty\\-for\\-first\\-uaap\\-title\\-in\\-36\\-years\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-84\\-cagulangan\\-ends\\-ups\\-36\\-year\\-title\\-drought\\-ateneos\\-dynasty/239822\\|title\\=UAAP 84: Cagulangan ends UP's 36\\-year title drought, Ateneo's dynasty\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610114918/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-84\\-cagulangan\\-ends\\-ups\\-36\\-year\\-title\\-drought\\-ateneos\\-dynasty/239822\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 \"UAAP Season 85\"), La Salle ended their seven\\-game losing streak to Ateneo in UAAP men's basketball dating from the Season 80 championship series in the first round of the eliminations before Ateneo won their head\\-to\\-head matchup in the second round of the eliminations.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-85\\-mbt\\-la\\-salle\\-ends\\-seven\\-game\\-drought\\-against\\-ateneo/251953\\|title\\=UAAP 85 MBB: La Salle ends seven\\-game drought against Ateneo\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=October 9, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205023902/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-85\\-mbt\\-la\\-salle\\-ends\\-seven\\-game\\-drought\\-against\\-ateneo/251953\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-november\\-5\\-2022/\\|title\\=Ateneo routs Winston\\-less rival La Salle to avenge first\\-round loss\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=November 5, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205025404/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-november\\-5\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} While both Ateneo and La Salle split their respective elimination records with the semifinal\\-bound UP Fighting Maroons and NU Bulldogs, Ateneo defeated UP in the second round of the eliminations to clinch the top seed while gain a twice\\-to\\-beat semifinal advantage for the sixth consecutive season—the longest overall streak in the [Final Four](/wiki/UAAP_Final_Four \"UAAP Final Four\") era of UAAP men's basketball—after sweeping the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons \"Adamson Soaring Falcons\") due to quotient system in the eliminations.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/488141/uaap\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-no\\-1\\-spot\\-sends\\-adamson\\-to\\-playoff\\-vs\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=UAAP: Ateneo clinches No. 1 spot, sends Adamson to playoff vs La Salle\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|date\\=November 30, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205023902/https://sports.inquirer.net/488141/uaap\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-no\\-1\\-spot\\-sends\\-adamson\\-to\\-playoff\\-vs\\-la\\-salle\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Meanwhile, La Salle was eliminated from semifinal contention after losing to Adamson in their playoff for the fourth seed.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/853493/adamson\\-eclipses\\-la\\-salle\\-completes\\-uaap\\-season\\-85\\-final\\-four\\-cast/story/\\|title\\=Adamson eclipses La Salle, completes UAAP Season 85 Final Four cast\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=December 4, 2022}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/488685/uaap\\-jerom\\-lastimosa\\-adamson\\-eliminate\\-la\\-salle\\-to\\-secure\\-final\\-four\\-berth\\|title\\=UAAP: Jerom Lastimosa, Adamson eliminate La Salle to secure Final Four berth\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|date\\=December 4, 2022}} UP and Ateneo eventually ousted NU and Adamson, respectively, en route to their second consecutive (and third overall) joint UAAP men's basketball championship series appearance.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/up\\-maroons\\-beat\\-nu\\-bulldogs\\-in\\-final\\-four\\-reach\\-uaap\\-finals\\-a2437\\-20221207\\|title\\=UP Maroons shake off resilient NU Bulldogs, return to UAAP Finals\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=December 7, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207202407/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/up\\-maroons\\-beat\\-nu\\-bulldogs\\-in\\-final\\-four\\-reach\\-uaap\\-finals\\-a2437\\-20221207\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/489110/ateneo\\-knocks\\-out\\-adamson\\-to\\-set\\-uaap\\-finals\\-rematch\\-vs\\-up\\|title\\=Ateneo knocks out Adamson to set up UAAP Finals rematch vs UP\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|date\\=December 7, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207182746/https://sports.inquirer.net/489110/ateneo\\-knocks\\-out\\-adamson\\-to\\-set\\-uaap\\-finals\\-rematch\\-vs\\-up\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Ateneo prevailed in three games to deny the UP Fighting Maroons their bid for an unprecedented double UAAP championship streak in a single calendar year, anchored by [Ange Kouame](/wiki/Ange_Kouame \"Ange Kouame\"), the first naturalized and overall player in UAAP men's basketball history to win Rookie of the Year, and Season and Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-beat\\-up\\-maroons\\-in\\-game\\-3\\-to\\-win\\-title\\-a2437\\-20221219\\|title\\=Ateneo reclaims UAAP title after holding off UP Maroons in Game 3\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=December 19, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219140742/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-beat\\-up\\-maroons\\-in\\-game\\-3\\-to\\-win\\-title\\-a2437\\-20221219\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-december\\-19\\-2022/\\|title\\=Ateneo reclaims lost glory, outguns UP in Game 3 to regain UAAP basketball title\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=December 19, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220024052/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-december\\-19\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2023: Green Archers end seven\\-year title drought**",
"In December 2022, La Salle opted not to renew the contract of [Derrick Pumaren](/wiki/Derrick_Pumaren \"Derrick Pumaren\") after having been the head coach of the Green Archers for UAAP Seasons 84 and 85\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\\-salle\\-makes\\-decision\\-to\\-not\\-renew\\-pumaren\\-for\\-uaap\\-86/258832\\|title\\=La Salle makes decision not to renew Pumaren for UAAP 86\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=December 27, 2022}} In January 2023, [Topex Robinson](/wiki/Topex_Robinson \"Topex Robinson\") was named as the new head coach, taking over from Pumaren for [UAAP Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86 \"UAAP Season 86\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/01/19/2238827/la\\-salle\\-appoints\\-topex\\-robinson\\-new\\-green\\-archers\\-coach\\|title\\=La Salle appoints Topex Robinson as new Green Archers coach\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/topex\\-robinson\\-named\\-dlsu\\-green\\-arches\\-head\\-coach/\\#:\\~:text\\=MANILA%2C%20Philippines%20%E2%80%93%20Seasoned%20head%20coach,announced%20on%20Thursday%2C%20January%2019\\.\\|title\\='Dream of mine': Topex Robinson named new La Salle coach\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/493904/topex\\-robinson\\-takes\\-over\\-as\\-la\\-salle\\-head\\-coach\\|title\\=Topex Robinson takes over as La Salle head coach\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/857972/topex\\-robinson\\-tapped\\-as\\-new\\-la\\-salle\\-head\\-coach/story/\\|title\\=Topex Robinson tapped as new La Salle head coach\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=January 19, 2023}} Ateneo won over La Salle in their first round encounter of the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-men\\-basketball\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-october\\-4\\-2023/\\|title\\=Young Ateneo proves worth, downs loaded La Salle in late shootout\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=October 4, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/532474/uaap\\-ballungay\\-amos\\-come\\-through\\-late\\-as\\-ateneo\\-beats\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=UAAP: Ballungay, Amos come through late as Ateneo beats La Salle\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=October 4, 2023}} La Salle would then beat Ateneo to sweep the second round of the eliminations on an eight\\-game win streak.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/18/23/la\\-salle\\-outlasts\\-ateneo\\-closes\\-in\\-on\\-final\\-4\\-incentive\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle outlasts Ateneo, closes in on twice\\-to\\-beat incentive\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-men\\-basketball\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-november\\-18\\-2023/\\|title\\=La Salle escapes rival Ateneo, completes UAAP 2nd\\-round sweep to near twice\\-to\\-beat\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=November 18, 2023}} The Blue Eagles, currently with the longest active streak of Final Four appearances in the UAAP men's basketball tournament, were eventually dethroned by the UP Fighting Maroons in the first game of their Final Four encounter,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/541367/up\\-knocks\\-off\\-ateneo\\-returns\\-to\\-uaap\\-finals\\|title\\=UP knocks off Ateneo, returns to UAAP Finals\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=November 25, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/top\\-seed\\-up\\-maroons\\-beat\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-in\\-final\\-four\\-a5172\\-20231125\\|title\\=UP Maroons back in UAAP Finals after dethroning Ateneo Blue Eagles\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=November 25, 2023}} ending Ateneo's streak of UAAP Finals and podium appearances dating back from Baldwin's debut as head coach in the UAAP in 2016\\. Meanwhile La Salle would make their first UAAP Finals appearance since UAAP Season 80 in 2017 after beating the NU Bulldogs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/889549/uaap\\-la\\-salle\\-routs\\-nu\\-sets\\-up\\-finals\\-duel\\-vs\\-up/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle routs NU, sets up Finals duel vs UP\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=November 25, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/25/23/la\\-salle\\-dominates\\-nu\\-makes\\-uaap\\-finals\\-return\\|title\\=La Salle dominates NU, makes UAAP Finals return\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=November 25, 2023}}",
"The Green Archers went on to win their 10th UAAP championship title against the Fighting Maroons in three games.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/890600/la\\-salle\\-takes\\-down\\-up\\-to\\-end\\-7\\-year\\-uaap\\-title\\-drought/story/\\|title\\=La Salle takes down UP to end 7\\-year UAAP title drought\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/12/06/23/la\\-salle\\-outlasts\\-up\\-to\\-become\\-season\\-86\\-champions\\|title\\=La Salle outlasts UP to become Season 86 champions\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}} The winner\\-take\\-all game between the Fighting Maroons and the Green Archers drew a record 25,192 fans inside the [Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Araneta_Coliseum \"Araneta Coliseum\"), overtaking the record set by the rubber match in the championship series between the NU Bulldogs and the FEU Tamaraws in [UAAP Season 77](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 \"UAAP Season 77\") in [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_basketball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 77 basketball tournaments\") to become the second largest in\\-venue attendance in any event in UAAP history after NU defeated UP and UST during the [2015](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78 \"UAAP Season 78\") [Cheerdance Competition](/wiki/UAAP_Cheerdance_Competition \"UAAP Cheerdance Competition\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/up\\-dlsu\\-game\\-3\\-sets\\-uaap\\-basketball\\-attendance\\-record/290723\\|title\\=UP\\-DLSU Game 3 sets UAAP basketball attendance record\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mb.com.ph/2023/12/6/la\\-salle\\-captures\\-uaap\\-title\\-in\\-front\\-of\\-record\\-big\\-dome\\-crowd\\|title\\=La Salle captures UAAP title in front of record crowd at Big Dome\\|website\\=Manila Bulletin\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}} [Kevin Quiambao](/wiki/Kevin_Quiambao \"Kevin Quiambao\") became the first local UAAP MVP since Ateneo's Ravena, and the first Green Archer to win the MVP since Ben Mbala.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/12/03/2316168/la\\-salles\\-quiambao\\-officially\\-crowned\\-uaap\\-mvp\\|title\\=La Salle's Quiambao officially crowned UAAP MVP\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=December 3, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/quiambao\\-joins\\-elite\\-list\\-of\\-la\\-salle\\-bigs\\-after\\-winning\\-uaap\\-mbb\\-mvp/290317\\|title\\=Quiambao joins elite list of La Salle bigs after winning UAAP MBB MVP\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=December 3, 2023}} He would also be crowned the Finals MVP, becoming the first local UAAP player in the post\\-[COVID pandemic](/wiki/COVID_pandemic \"COVID pandemic\") era to have won Rookie of the Year, Season and Finals MVP awards in a single career.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/543212/kevin\\-quiambao\\-uaap\\-finals\\-mvp\\-returning\\-next\\-season\\-for\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=Kevin Quiambao is UAAP Finals MVP after leading La Salle title run\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/kevin\\-quiambao\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-season\\-86\\-finals\\-mvp\\-2023/\\|title\\=La Salle's Kevin Quiambao bags UAAP Finals MVP in sophomore season to remember\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}} Robinson joined a group of La Salle mentors who reached the UAAP Finals in their first year as head coach and won the championship. This includes coaches [Franz Pumaren](/wiki/Franz_Pumaren \"Franz Pumaren\"), [Juno Sauler](/wiki/Juno_Sauler \"Juno Sauler\"), and [Aldin Ayo](/wiki/Aldin_Ayo \"Aldin Ayo\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://mb.com.ph/2023/12/6/topex\\-robinson\\-honored\\-to\\-join\\-la\\-salle\\-s\\-elite\\-mentors\\-in\\-rookie\\-uaap\\-title\\|title\\=Topex Robinson follows footsteps of Pumaren, Sauler, Ayo\\|website\\=Manila Bulletin\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/12/07/sports/after\\-series\\-of\\-heartbreaks\\-winning\\-first\\-collegiate\\-championship\\-feels\\-surreal\\-for\\-topex\\-robinson/1923196\\|title\\=After series of heartbreaks, winning first collegiate championship feels surreal for Topex Robinson\\|website\\=The Manila Times\\|date\\=December 7, 2023}}",
"### Juniors' basketball rivalry",
"The two universities are also represented in the high school level, with the [Ateneo de Manila High School](/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University%23High_School \"Ateneo de Manila University#High School\") (AHS) and La Salle's junior teams. La Salle's juniors' team was represented first by DLSC High School from 1924 to 1968, followed by [La Salle Green Hills](/wiki/La_Salle_Green_Hills \"La Salle Green Hills\") (LSGH) from 1969 up to 1981, and then [De La Salle Zobel](/wiki/De_La_Salle_Zobel \"De La Salle Zobel\") (DLSZ) from 1986 through the present. A similar rivalry, although on a much lesser scale, currently exists. When La Salle Green Hills used to be the juniors' team of the Green Archers in the NCAA, the rivalry between Ateneo and La Salle in the high school level was much stronger, considering that both the Ateneo de Manila High School and La Salle Green Hills used to be all\\-male schools, igniting a huge rumble in 1978\\. Ateneo de Manila High School became coed in 2016,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/679072/ateneo\\-high\\-going\\-coed\\|title\\=Ateneo High going coed\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=March 16, 2015}} while La Salle Green Hills became coed in 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/05/16/2014357/la\\-salle\\-greenhills\\-opens\\-doors\\-girls\\|title\\=La Salle Greenhills opens doors to girls\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=May 16, 2020}} However, this rivalry has since faded with AHS transferring to the UAAP in 1978 and LSGH staying in the NCAA. Still, the remnants of this rivalry live on in the UAAP with LSGH's sister school De La Salle Zobel, the juniors representative of De La Salle University in the UAAP, taking its place.",
"In juniors' basketball, Ateneo has 11 NCAA titles and 19 UAAP titles, for a total of 30, whereas La Salle has six NCAA titles and two UAAP titles, for eight in total. The De La Salle Greenies defeated the Ateneo Blue Eaglets in the 1939 NCAA Juniors Championship. Ateneo de Manila High School and De La Salle Zobel met twice in the UAAP juniors' basketball finals; in [2007](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70 \"UAAP Season 70\") in which the Junior Archers swept the series in two games dethroning the Eaglets in the process, and in [2009](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72 \"UAAP Season 72\") in which the Blue Eaglets won the best\\-of\\-three series, 2–1\\. In addition, the Junior Archers were not able to defend their [2005 championship](/wiki/UAAP_Season_68 \"UAAP Season 68\") due to their suspension along with their seniors' counterparts.{{cite news\\|first\\=Jasmine \\|last\\=Payo \\|title\\=La Salle, Ateneo split UAAP juniors, women trophies \\|url\\=http://archive.inquirer.net/view.php?db\\=1\\&story\\_id\\=91544 \\|newspaper\\=The \\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|date\\=September 30, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727152700/http://archive.inquirer.net/view.php?db\\=1 \\|archive\\-date\\=July 27, 2009 \\|df\\=mdy }}",
"### Philippine University Games",
"Ateneo has won the basketball crown of the [Philippine University Games](/wiki/Philippine_University_Games \"Philippine University Games\") three times (2008, 2009, and 2011\\). La Salle has won it once (1998\\).{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ndb\\-online.com/101712/sports\\-news/sports\\-sfac\\-adamson\\-has\\-most\\-wins\\-unigames\\-basketball \\|title\\=Sports: SFAC, Adamson has Most Wins in UniGames Basketball \\| Negros Daily Bulletin \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-24 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002224411/http://www.ndb\\-online.com/101712/sports\\-news/sports\\-sfac\\-adamson\\-has\\-most\\-wins\\-unigames\\-basketball \\|archive\\-date\\=October 2, 2013 \\|df\\=mdy }}",
"### National Seniors Open",
"The National Seniors Open was a tournament participated by top commercial (MICAA) and collegiate teams in the country. La Salle won the 1939 and 1949 Championships.NCAA 25th Anniversary Souvenir Program, San Juan, Rizal: JCP Publishing, 1949Bocobo C, Celis B: Legends and Heroes of Philippine Basketball, The House Printers, 2004[– National Open Seniors Champion](http://www.gameface.ph/forums/index.php?action=printpage;topic=1186.0) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722234741/http://www.gameface.ph/forums/index.php?action\\=printpage%3Btopic%3D1186\\.0 \\|date\\=July 22, 2011 }} Ateneo has not won a National Seniors Open championship.",
"### National Open",
"The De La Salle Green Archers won the National Open in 1983\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=http://centennial.dlsu.edu.ph/celebration/history/1980\\.html\\|title\\=History 1980\\|work\\=dlsu.edu.ph\\|access\\-date\\=June 1, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 19, 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719154734/http://centennial.dlsu.edu.ph/celebration/history/1980\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### PBA D\\-League",
"Both the Ateneo Blue Eagles and the De La Salle Green Archers have participated in the [PBA D\\-League](/wiki/PBA_D-League \"PBA D-League\") Aspirants' Cup as Cignal–Ateneo and EcoOil–La Salle, respectively. Ateneo won the title in 2019,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/354449/ateneo\\-bags\\-2019\\-pba\\-d\\-league\\-title\\-rips\\-ceu\\-in\\-game\\-4\\|title\\=Cignal\\-Ateneo bags 2019 PBA D\\-League title, rips CEU in Game 4\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=June 25, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831152024/https://sports.inquirer.net/354449/ateneo\\-bags\\-2019\\-pba\\-d\\-league\\-title\\-rips\\-ceu\\-in\\-game\\-4\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/233890\\-d\\-league\\-finals\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ceu\\-june\\-25\\-2019/\\|title\\=Cignal\\-Ateneo buries CEU to win PBA D\\-League title\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 25, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831152019/https://www.rappler.com/sports/233890\\-d\\-league\\-finals\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ceu\\-june\\-25\\-2019/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} while La Salle won three straight championships in 2022, 2023, and 2024\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\\-salle\\-ecooil\\-completes\\-dominant\\-sweep\\-of\\-pba\\-d\\-league/302388\\|title\\=La Salle\\-Ecooil completes dominant sweep of PBA D\\-League\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 9, 2024}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/pba/d\\-league\\-finals\\-game\\-results\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-ceu\\-scorpions\\-may\\-9\\-2024/\\|title\\='Winning culture': Perfect La Salle bags historic 3rd straight D\\-League crown\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 9, 2024}}",
"### Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup",
"In the [Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup](/wiki/Filoil_EcoOil_Preseason_Cup \"Filoil EcoOil Preseason Cup\"), the Ateneo Blue Eagles have won the title twice, while the De La Salle Green Archers have won the championship four times. The Blue Eagles won their first title in 2011 and their second in 2018\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://theguidon.com/1112/main/2011/06/ateneo\\-snags\\-first\\-ever\\-filoil\\-crown/\\|title\\=Ateneo snags first ever FilOil crown\\|website\\=The Guidon\\|date\\=June 13, 2011\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=August 26, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826064342/https://theguidon.com/1112/main/2011/06/ateneo\\-snags\\-first\\-ever\\-filoil\\-crown/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/308923/ateneo\\-dominates\\-san\\-beda\\-sweeps\\-way\\-to\\-filoil\\-title\\|title\\=Ateneo dominates San Beda, sweeps way to Filoil title\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=June 30, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812035605/https://sports.inquirer.net/308923/ateneo\\-dominates\\-san\\-beda\\-sweeps\\-way\\-to\\-filoil\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Green Archers won the first two editions of the tournament in 2006 and 2007\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2006/12/18/sports/la\\-salle\\-homegrown\\-champion/287314\\|title\\=La Salle Homegrown champion\\|website\\=The Manila Times\\|date\\=December 18, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812040603/https://www.manilatimes.net/2006/12/18/sports/la\\-salle\\-homegrown\\-champion/287314\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2011/03/25/669266/archers\\-blazers\\-target \\|title\\=Archers, Blazers on target \\|website\\=The Philippine Star \\|date\\=March 25, 2011 \\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2022 \\|archive\\-date\\=August 12, 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812162014/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2011/03/25/669266/archers\\-blazers\\-target \\|url\\-status\\=live }} They also won the championship in 2014 and 2016\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/dlsu\\-champion\\-fidlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-filoil\\-flying\\-v\\-hanes\\-premier\\-cup\\-finals\\-san\\-beda\\-red\\-lions\\-jason\\-perkins\\-arnold\\-van\\-opstal\\-almond\\-vosotros\\|title\\=La Salle Green Archers are Filoil Cup champs after late comeback against San Beda Red Lions\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=June 8, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831152023/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/dlsu\\-champion\\-fidlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-filoil\\-flying\\-v\\-hanes\\-premier\\-cup\\-finals\\-san\\-beda\\-red\\-lions\\-jason\\-perkins\\-arnold\\-van\\-opstal\\-almond\\-vosotros\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.rappler.com/sports/university/136197\\-ben\\-mbala\\-dominates\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-undefeated\\-filoil\\-champions\\|title\\=Mbala dominates as DLSU wins Filoil title\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 12, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=August 31, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 12, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612055150/http://www.rappler.com/sports/university/136197\\-ben\\-mbala\\-dominates\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-undefeated\\-filoil\\-champions\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Pinoyliga Collegiate Cup",
"Both the Ateneo Blue Eagles and De La Salle Green Archers have participated in the Pinoyliga Collegiate Cup. The Blue Eagles won in 2023,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ateneo\\-escapes\\-nu\\-to\\-complete\\-sweep\\-of\\-pinoyliga/275538\\|title\\=Ateneo escapes NU to complete sweep of Pinoyliga\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=June 29, 2023}} while the Green Archers won in 2024\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/2024/6/10/la\\-salle\\-outlasts\\-nu\\-to\\-clinch\\-pinoyliga\\-crown\\-1950\\|title\\=La Salle outlasts NU to clinch PinoyLiga crown\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=June 10, 2024}}",
"### World University Basketball Series",
"Ateneo and La Salle have competed in the World University Basketball Series (WUBS) held in [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo \"Tokyo\"), Japan. Ateneo was crowned the first champion of the World University Basketball Series after sweeping the tournament in 2022\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/473199/ateneo\\-fends\\-off\\-tokai\\-to\\-rule\\-world\\-university\\-basketball\\-series\\|title\\=Ateneo fends off Tokai to rule World University Basketball Series\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=August 11, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/841244/ateneo\\-survives\\-tokai\\-to\\-emerge\\-as\\-world\\-university\\-basketball\\-series\\-champion/story/\\|title\\=Ateneo survives Tokai to emerge as World University Basketball Series champion\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=August 11, 2022}} In 2024, La Salle also swept the tournament and won the championship.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\\-salle\\-dominates\\-korea\\-u\\-to\\-rule\\-wubs/309445\\|title\\=La Salle dominates Korea U to rule WUBS\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=August 12, 2024}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/la\\-salle\\-sweeps\\-wubs\\-with\\-rout\\-of\\-korea\\-university\\-a5172\\-20240812\\|title\\=La Salle sweeps WUBS with rout of Korea University\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=August 12, 2024}}",
"### 3x3 basketball",
"Ateneo won the [UAAP Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81 \"UAAP Season 81\") 3x3 basketball tournament in 2019 on its second and final year as a demonstration sport.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/224824\\-3x3\\-basketball\\-champion\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs/\\|title\\=Ateneo Blue Eagles, NU Lady Bulldogs reign supreme in UAAP 3×3\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=March 3, 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-3x3\\-uaap\\-champion\\-ange\\-kouame\\-thirdy\\-ravena\\-a2437\\-20190303\\|title\\=Kouame, Thirdy shine as Ateneo goes undefeated to rule UAAP 3x3\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=March 3, 2019}} The 3x3 basketball tournament became an official sport in [UAAP Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 \"UAAP Season 82\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/uaap\\-makes\\-3x3\\-basketball\\-official\\-event\\-for\\-season\\-82\\-a2437\\-20190901\\|title\\=UAAP makes 3x3 basketball official event for Season 82\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=September 1, 2019}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/363924/uaap\\-upgrades\\-3x3\\-basketball\\-to\\-medal\\-sport\\-in\\-season\\-82\\|title\\=UAAP upgrades 3×3 basketball to medal sport in Season 82\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=September 1, 2019}} La Salle won the [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 \"UAAP Season 85\") 3x3 basketball tournament in 2023\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/05/04/23/uaap\\-la\\-salle\\-captures\\-mens\\-3x3\\-basketball\\-crown\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle captures men's 3X3 basketball crown\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=May 4, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/austria\\-powers\\-la\\-salle\\-past\\-adamson\\-in\\-uaap\\-mens\\-3x3\\-final/271124\\|title\\=Austria powers La Salle past Adamson in UAAP men's 3×3 final\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 4, 2023}} The Green Archers retained the title the following year in [UAAP Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86 \"UAAP Season 86\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://medium.com/dlsu\\-sports/green\\-archers\\-emerge\\-as\\-back\\-to\\-back\\-champions\\-in\\-uaap\\-s86\\-3x3\\-mens\\-basketball\\-tournament\\-d7041dae5b55\\|title\\=Green Archers emerge as back\\-to\\-back Champions in UAAP S86 3x3 Men's Basketball Tournament\\|website\\=Medium.com\\|date\\=May 5, 2024}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/basketball\\-3x3\\-finals\\-game\\-results\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-ust\\-growling\\-tigresses\\-may\\-5\\-2024/\\|title\\=Same supremacy: La Salle, UST rule UAAP 3×3 hoops after 5\\-on\\-5 romp\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 6, 2024}}",
""
] |
### UAAP
**1988: First Ateneo–La Salle finals in the UAAP**
In [1988](/wiki/UAAP_Season_51_men%27s_basketball_tournament "UAAP Season 51 men's basketball tournament"), Ateneo and La Salle met in their first finals match since 1974 when both teams still competed in the NCAA. Ateneo won, 76–70 at the Rizal Memorial Coliseum. Ateneo was led by Gilbert Reyes under head coach Fritz Gaston, while La Salle was led by [Dindo Pumaren](/wiki/Dindo_Pumaren "Dindo Pumaren") under head coach and older brother [Derrick Pumaren](/wiki/Derrick_Pumaren "Derrick Pumaren").{{Cite web\|url\=https://sports.tribune.net.ph/2023/06/20/1988\-duel\-keys\-ateneo\-la\-salle\-rivalry/\|title\=1988 Duel Keys Ateneo\-La Salle Rivalry\|website\=The Daily Tribune\|date\=June 20, 2023}} La Salle would win their first basketball championship in the UAAP the following year in [Season 52](/wiki/UAAP_Season_52_men%27s_basketball_tournament "UAAP Season 52 men's basketball tournament"),{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/22966/the\-legend\-of\-manong\-derrick\-pumaren/\|title\=The Legend of Manong Derrick Pumaren\|work\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=January 23, 2020\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024644/https://takeaimsports.com/22966/the\-legend\-of\-manong\-derrick\-pumaren/\|url\-status\=live}} while Ateneo would not win another title until 14 years later in [Season 65](/wiki/UAAP_Season_65_men%27s_basketball_tournament "UAAP Season 65 men's basketball tournament").
**2001: La Salle secures fourth straight title**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **La Salle 74** | Ateneo 68 | La Salle 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **Ateneo 76** | La Salle 72 | Tied 1–1 |
| Game 3 | **La Salle 93** | Ateneo 88 | La Salle 2–1 |
La Salle was the defending three\-time champion, while Ateneo were in a 13\-year championship drought. La Salle won the game.{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\=La Salle downs Ateneo \|date\=September 27, 2001 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011025013322/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/sep/28/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/sep/28/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=October 25, 2001}} At Game 2, [Enrico Villanueva](/wiki/Enrico_Villanueva "Enrico Villanueva") scored 22 points to lead the Eagles to a series\-extending win. After [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez "Mike Cortez") tying the game at 72–all, Villanueva passed the ball to teammate [Magnum Membrere](/wiki/Magnum_Membrere "Magnum Membrere") who scored a [three\-pointer](/wiki/Three-pointer "Three-pointer"). On the next possession, [Renren Ritualo](/wiki/Renren_Ritualo "Renren Ritualo") failed to answer with a game\-tying three of his own to force a sudden\-death Game 3, scoring Ateneo's first win against La Salle in the season after three games.{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\=Ateneo stops La Salle \|date\=October 4, 2001 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219232226/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/oct/05/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/oct/05/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=February 19, 2002}} In the deciding game, [Carlo Sharma](/wiki/Carlo_Sharma "Carlo Sharma") scored a UAAP career\-high 22 points, 11 in the final quarter to prevent an Ateneo victory. Ateneo's rookie [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio "LA Tenorio") had 30 points of his own but it was not enough, as La Salle coach Pumaren remarked that "This was the sweetest of the four championships because we're able to erase the stigma of our 1988 loss to Ateneo."{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\= Archers complete '4\-ward' \|date\=October 17, 2001 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011206172409/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/oct/17/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2001/oct/17/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=December 6, 2001}}{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\-archers\-2001\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|title\=Green Archers 2001 UAAP Season Recap\|website\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=June 18, 2009\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024654/https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\-archers\-2001\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|url\-status\=live}}
**2002: Ateneo ends 14\-year championship drought**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **Ateneo 72** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **La Salle 85** | Ateneo 77 | Tied 1–1 |
| Game 3 | **Ateneo 77** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 2–1 |
Prior to the Finals, Ateneo prevented a 14–0 elimination round sweep of La Salle that would have given a bye up to the best\-of\-three Finals. Instead, Ateneo defeated La Salle in the elimination round finale 76–63\.{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\= Eagles stop Archers, finally\|date\=September 14, 2002 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030114071012/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2002/sep/15/spo\_2\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2002/sep/15/spo\_2\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=January 14, 2003}} La Salle defeated [rival](/wiki/La_Salle-UST_rivalry "La Salle-UST rivalry") [University of Santo Tomas](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers "UST Growling Tigers") (UST), and Ateneo overcame No. 2 seed [University of the East](/wiki/UE_Red_Warriors "UE Red Warriors") (UE) in two games, with the second game ending in a buzzer beater by [Gec Chia](/wiki/Gec_Chia "Gec Chia") to push Ateneo into the Finals anew.{{cite news\|first\=Dennis \|last\=Eroa \|title\= Dream showdown: It's Ateneo vs La Salle in UAAP finals\|date\=September 23, 2002 \|work\=\[\[The Philippine Star]] \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021202010729/http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2002/sep/23/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|url\=http://www.inq7\.net/spo/2002/sep/23/spo\_1\-1\.htm\|archive\-date\=December 2, 2002}}
Game 1 ended with Villanueva scoring Ateneo's last ten points, and teammate [Larry Fonacier](/wiki/Larry_Fonacier "Larry Fonacier") blocking two shots by [Mark Cardona](/wiki/Mark_Cardona "Mark Cardona") that would have forced overtime to give Ateneo a 1–0 series lead. In Game 2, with the Ateneo team noted as being "tense," La Salle had an 18\-point lead at halftime, which Ateneo cut down to three, 80–77, but Sharma and [Adonis Santa Maria](/wiki/Adonis_Santa_Maria "Adonis Santa Maria") converted crucial free\-throws that gave La Salle enough breathing space to force another Game 3\. In Game 3, La Salle player [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez "Mike Cortez") shot just 2\-of\-13 from the field for 13 points,{{Cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/jacob\-cortez\-bids\-san\-beda\-farewell\-to\-fulfill\-uaap\-dream\-mikes\-unfinished\-la\-salle\-legacy\|title\=Jacob Cortez bids San Beda farewell to fulfill UAAP dream, Mike's unfinished La Salle legacy\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=January 12, 2024}} which caused La Salle students and alumni to accuse him of [throwing the game](/wiki/Match_fixing "Match fixing"),{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2002/10/27/181539/cool\-cat\-or\-cool\-cash\|title\=Cool Cat or Cool Cash?\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=October 27, 2002}} as Ateneo eventually won the title to deny La Salle a fifth consecutive championship.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com//2002/12/21/188777/why\-victory\-was\-ateneos\-destiny\|title\=Why victory was Ateneo's destiny?\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=December 21, 2002\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014054/https://www.philstar.com//2002/12/21/188777/why\-victory\-was\-ateneos\-destiny\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/262732\-how\-la\-tenorio\-ateneo\-ended\-la\-salle\-dynasty/\|title\=For the ages: How LA Tenorio, Ateneo ended La Salle's dynasty\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 3, 2020\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014052/https://www.rappler.com/sports/262732\-how\-la\-tenorio\-ateneo\-ended\-la\-salle\-dynasty/\|url\-status\=live}}
**2003–2005: Semifinals meetings**
Ateneo and La Salle would play second fiddle to [Far Eastern University](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws "FEU Tamaraws") (FEU) from [2003](/wiki/UAAP_Season_66 "UAAP Season 66") to [2005](/wiki/UAAP_Season_68 "UAAP Season 68"), with the Tamaraws defeating Ateneo in 2003, losing to La Salle in [2004](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 "UAAP Season 67") and defeating La Salle in 2005\.
Along the way, the two teams met in the semifinals, where the higher seed gets the twice\-to\-beat advantage. In 2003, La Salle forced No. 1 seed Ateneo into a rubber match after a 76–72 overtime win, with the game being halted after a brawl erupted between the two teams. With Ateneo's [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio "LA Tenorio") and La Salle's [Ryan Araña](/wiki/Ryan_Ara%C3%B1a "Ryan Araña") suspended for the deciding game, Ateneo eliminated La Salle from Finals contention in the deciding game with a 74–68 triumph.
In [2004](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 "UAAP Season 67"), La Salle and Ateneo finished the elimination round tied for second place, so a playoff game was played to determine which team gets the twice\-to\-beat advantage. La Salle won the game, and ended Ateneo's season in the semifinals, to face FEU in the Finals. La Salle would win in three games to deny FEU which had defeated Ateneo a season before, a back\-to\-back championship run.{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/1148/green\-archers\-2004\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|title\=Green Archers 2004 UAAP Season Recap\|website\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=June 30, 2009\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024629/https://takeaimsports.com/1148/green\-archers\-2004\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2005, three teams, La Salle, Ateneo and UE, were all tied for second place. La Salle won the tiebreaker with a superior point differential on games played by the three teams, causing Ateneo and UE to play for the right to face La Salle with the twice\-to\-win disadvantage in which the Eagles won. However, La Salle defeated Ateneo in the semifinals to clinch another Finals appearance against FEU.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/five\-uaap\-teams\-that\-have\-truly\-built\-dynasties\-a2437\-20200404\-lfrm\|title\=Five UAAP teams that have truly built dynasties\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=April 4, 2020\|access\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-date\=April 26, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426061427/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/five\-uaap\-teams\-that\-have\-truly\-built\-dynasties\-a2437\-20200404\-lfrm\|url\-status\=live}}
**2006: La Salle suspension**
After FEU swept La Salle in the 2005 championship series, La Salle admitted it fielded two ineligible players from 2003 to 2005, albeit it claimed not to be aware of their ineligibility which caused them to return the 2005 runner\-up trophy and the 2004 championship trophy they won against FEU (the league would later award FEU the trophy).{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/1160/green\-archers\-2005\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|title\=Green Archers 2005 UAAP Season Recap\|website\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=July 1, 2009\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024647/https://takeaimsports.com/1160/green\-archers\-2005\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|url\-status\=live}} The league suspended La Salle in [2006](/wiki/UAAP_Season_69 "UAAP Season 69") for a year due to negligence, with all of their games during that period also forfeited.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/4539/la\-salle\-suspended\-for\-1\-year\-banned\-from\-all\-uaap\-events/story/\|title\=La Salle suspended for 1 year, banned from all UAAP events\|website\=GMA News\|date\=April 21, 2006\|access\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045059/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/4539/la\-salle\-suspended\-for\-1\-year\-banned\-from\-all\-uaap\-events/story/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2006/04/22/332642/la\-salle\-banned\-one\-season\|title\=La Salle banned for one season\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=April 22, 2006\|access\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045057/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2006/04/22/332642/la\-salle\-banned\-one\-season\|url\-status\=live}} Ateneo faced UST in the 2006 Finals, a series UST won in three games.{{cite web\|url\=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/travel/ideas/the\-five\-best\-game\-3s\-in\-the\-uaap\-final\-four\-era\-085501308\.html\|title\=The five best Game 3s in the UAAP Final Four era\|website\=Yahoo! News\|date\=October 14, 2014\|access\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713050222/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/travel/ideas/the\-five\-best\-game\-3s\-in\-the\-uaap\-final\-four\-era\-085501308\.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/underdogs\-are\-few\-in\-uaap\-look\-a2437\-20210409\-lfrm\|title\=Most memorable triumphs of underdogs in UAAP playoff history\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=April 9, 2021\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014104/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/underdogs\-are\-few\-in\-uaap\-look\-a2437\-20210409\-lfrm\|url\-status\=live}}
**2007: "Two is Greater than Three"**
Upon their return in [2007](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70 "UAAP Season 70"), UE swept the elimination round 14–0, with their last game against La Salle going into overtime with the Warriors still prevailing. With Ateneo also losing their last game, the two teams were again tied for second place, and La Salle won the playoff game to clinch the twice\-to\-beat advantage. Prior to this, Ateneo won the two elimination round games against La Salle.{{cite web\|url\=https://takeaimsports.com/1250/green\-archers\-2007\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|title\=Green Archers 2007 UAAP Season Recap\|website\=Take Aim Sports\|date\=July 8, 2009\|access\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-date\=April 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024634/https://takeaimsports.com/1250/green\-archers\-2007\-uaap\-season\-recap/\|url\-status\=live}}
Unlike earlier match\-ups where the team with the advantage won the first game, Ateneo won the first game, with [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu "Chris Tiu") playing pivotal roles in crunch time where he scored the winning lay\-up with 7\.3 seconds remaining to force a deciding game.{{cite news \|title\=UAAP: Eagles upset Archers, 65–64, to force 1 more game \|url\=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62225/UAAP\-Eagles\-upset\-Archers\-65\-64\-to\-force\-1\-more\-game \|work\=GMANews.tv \|date\=September 27, 2007 \|access\-date\=2009\-06\-05 \|archive\-date\=May 22, 2011 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522024535/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62225/UAAP\-Eagles\-upset\-Archers\-65\-64\-to\-force\-1\-more\-game \|url\-status\=live }} In their fifth meeting of the season, [Pocholo Villanueva](/wiki/Pocholo_Villanueva "Pocholo Villanueva") scored a three\-pointer to add La Salle's lead to nine with less than three minutes in the game left. After an Ateneo 6–2 run, Villanueva scored a jump\-shot anew, padding the lead to seven. After [Ford Arao](/wiki/Ford_Arao "Ford Arao") later cut the lead to five, La Salle's OJ Cua missed two free\-throws with 23\.9 seconds remaining. [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu "Chris Tiu") passed the ball to [Nonoy Baclao](/wiki/Nonoy_Baclao "Nonoy Baclao") who scored a three\-pointer to cut the lead to two, but [JVee Casio](/wiki/JVee_Casio "JVee Casio") converted both of his free\-throws with 4 seconds left to punch La Salle's ticket to the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/la\-salle\-s\-2007\-redeem\-team\-the\-most\-special\-for\-franz\-pumaren\-a2437\-20200802\|title\=La Salle's 2007 'redeem team' the most special for Franz Pumaren\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=August 2, 2020\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=September 21, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921075643/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/la\-salle\-s\-2007\-redeem\-team\-the\-most\-special\-for\-franz\-pumaren\-a2437\-20200802\|url\-status\=live}} This had been the only time Ateneo and La Salle played for five games in a season without both the teams advancing to the Finals.
La Salle would eventually sweep UE in the Finals 2–0 to cap their seventh men's basketball championship.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/63524/uaap\-archers\-grab\-caging\-title\-after\-crushing\-warriors/story/\|title\=UAAP: Archers grab caging title after crushing Warriors\|website\=GMA News\|date\=October 7, 2007}} After the season, La Salle coach Franz Pumaren remarked that "This is the only time that two is greater than three, they beat us three times, but we beat them when it counted the most."{{cite news\|url\=http://blogs.inquirer.net/sportsaficionado/2007/10/01/archers\-sew\-up\-win\-that\-matters\-most/ \|title\=Archers sew up win that matters most \|first\=Jasmine \|last\=Payo \|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \|date\=October 1, 2007 \|access\-date\=2010\-08\-07 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003155046/http://blogs.inquirer.net/sportsaficionado/2007/10/01/archers\-sew\-up\-win\-that\-matters\-most/ \|archive\-date\=October 3, 2011 \|df\=mdy }}{{cite web\|url\=https://thelasallian.com/2013/06/11/team\-revisited\-2007\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-against\-the\-odds/\|title\=2007 DLSU Green Archers: Against the odds\|website\=The LaSallian\|date\=June 11, 2013\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101010352/https://thelasallian.com/2013/06/11/team\-revisited\-2007\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-against\-the\-odds/\|url\-status\=live}}
**2008–2012: Ateneo wins five straight titles**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **Ateneo 69** | La Salle 61 | Ateneo 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **Ateneo 62** | La Salle 51 | Ateneo 2–0 |
Ateneo would later claim their fourth UAAP title in [2008](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 "UAAP Season 71") against defending champions La Salle by sweeping the finals series 2–0\. In Game 1, [Rabeh Al\-Hussaini](/wiki/Rabeh_Al-Hussaini "Rabeh Al-Hussaini") scored 31 points to lead Ateneo to a win.{{cite news\|first\= Jasmine \|last\=Payo \|title\=Blue Eagles claw Archers in Game 1 of UAAP Finals \|url\=http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080922\-162074/Blue\-Eagles\-claw\-Archers\-in\-Game\-1\-of\-UAAP\-Finals \|newspaper\=The \[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|date\=September 22, 2008 \|access\-date\=2008\-09\-29 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080924044536/http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080922\-162074/Blue\-Eagles\-claw\-Archers\-in\-Game\-1\-of\-UAAP\-Finals\| archive\-date\= September 24, 2008 \| url\-status\= live}} In Game 2, Ateneo led by 15 points at halftime, but La Salle rallied to cut the lead down to 50–47 at the end of the third quarter. However, La Salle forward [Rico Maierhofer](/wiki/Rico_Maierhofer "Rico Maierhofer") was ejected just before the end of the quarter after the officials said that he flashed the dirty finger. Maierhofer denied the charge and revealed nine years later in 2017 that he was actually signaling for a La Salle teammate to switch places.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=UkvGjI\_iGiQ \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/UkvGjI\_iGiQ \|archive\-date\=2021\-12\-21 \|url\-status\=live\|title\=Unfiltered: Ateneo Blue Eagles and La Salle Green Archers\|work\=ABS\-CBN Sports\|date\=December 29, 2017}}{{cbignore}} La Salle suffered a scoring drought which saw the lead balloon to eight in the last two minutes, and Ateneo never looked back after a [Jai Reyes](/wiki/Jai_Reyes "Jai Reyes") three\-point play to secure Ateneo's fourth UAAP men's basketball title.{{cite news\|first\= Jasmine \|last\=Payo \|title\=The Band of Blue dethrones Green Archers \|url\=http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080926\-162938/The\-Band\-of\-Blue\-dethrones\-Green\-Archers \|newspaper\=The \[\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \|date\=September 26, 2008 \|access\-date\=2008\-09\-30 \| archive\-url\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080928111404/http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080926\-162938/The\-Band\-of\-Blue\-dethrones\-Green\-Archers\| archive\-date\= September 28, 2008 \| url\-status\= live}}
La Salle paraded several rookies for the [2009](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72 "UAAP Season 72") season, while Ateneo emerged with only [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu "Chris Tiu") as the major graduating player. With these conditions, the first Ateneo–La Salle game came at the heels of former [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines "President of the Philippines") [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino "Corazon Aquino")'s death, and as a result, spectators wore yellow as a sign for respect for Aquino. Ateneo outlasted La Salle in overtime to end the first round with a solitary loss. The two teams met a week later, but this time Ateneo had a big enough lead to prevent La Salle from catching up. Ateneo qualified for the semifinals as the No. 1 seed, eventually winning the championship; La Salle missed out on the Final Four on the final day after being defeated by NU. The 2009 season would be the first time Ateneo and La Salle would not meet in the playoffs since 2001, not including their Finals encounter in 2008 and the DLSU suspension in 2006\.
In 2010, parading some new players and an improved set of veterans, the Green Archers defeated the Blue Eagles, 66–63, with the Blue Eagles still feeling the loss of three of the previous season's starters and sophomore guard [Sam Marata](/wiki/Sam_Marata "Sam Marata") shooting hot in the end game. This was the first official win of the Green Archers against the Blue Eagles in UAAP action since 2007\. In the second round encounter, the Ateneo Blue Eagles were threatened with falling into a tie in the standings had they lost to DLSU. After falling behind 4–9, the Blue Eagles went on a 10–0 scoring run to take a double digit lead, and went on to defeat the Archers decisively, 74–57\.
2010 was the second straight year that Ateneo and DLSU would not meet in a post eliminations series. DLSU managed to reach the Final Four after missing it in the previous season, but fell to the top\-seeded FEU Tamaraws in overtime. The Blue Eagles defeated the Adamson Falcons in the Final Four, and went on to sweep the Tamaraws for their third consecutive title despite not having any player in the Mythical Team.
In 2011, the Ateneo Blue Eagles team headlined by two rookies defeated DLSU again in both of their elimination matches. It is also the third straight year that Ateneo and DLSU would not meet in a post elimination series, since the DLSU Green Archers failed to qualify once again for the Final Four. The Ateneo Blue Eagles were the top\-seeded team in the semifinals and defeated the UST Growling Tigers in one game. The Blue Eagles then proceeded to sweep the Finals series against the FEU Tamaraws, thus achieving its own four\-peat.
Prior to the start of the 2012 season, Norman Black announced that this would be his last season as head coach of the Ateneo. La Salle, on the other hand, had a rookie coach in [Gee Abanilla](/wiki/Gee_Abanilla "Gee Abanilla"). The two schools met thrice that season – twice in the elimination and once in the semi\-finals with Ateneo winning all of the games. A few days prior to the Final 4 match between Ateneo and La Salle, the Blue Eagle's patron, [Manny Pangilinan](/wiki/Manny_Pangilinan "Manny Pangilinan"), announced that he would be pulling out his support from the school. Despite the controversy, Ateneo eventually won its fifth consecutive title, sweeping UST in the Finals.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/ateneo\-wins\-fifth\-consecutive\-uaap\-title\|title\=Ateneo wins fifth consecutive UAAP title\|work\=Rappler\|date\=October 11, 2012\|access\-date\=July 8, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184626/https://www.rappler.com/sports/ateneo\-wins\-fifth\-consecutive\-uaap\-title\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/65932/blue\-eagles\-bag\-uaap\-75\-championship\-for\-five\-peat\|title\=Ateneo clinches a rare 'five peat' at the expense of UST\|work\=Inquirer\|date\=October 11, 2012\|access\-date\=July 8, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192106/https://sports.inquirer.net/65932/blue\-eagles\-bag\-uaap\-75\-championship\-for\-five\-peat\|url\-status\=live}}
**2013: La Salle reclaims the championship**
Upon the departure of Norman Black, [Dolreich "Bo" Perasol](/wiki/Bo_Perasol "Bo Perasol"), a former member of the [University of the Philippines men's basketball team](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons "UP Fighting Maroons") and a seasoned [Philippine Basketball Association](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association "Philippine Basketball Association") head coach, was tapped by Ateneo as head coach of the Blue Eagles. The entry of Perasol, who was rumored to be tapped as team consultant of the UP Fighting Maroons prior to his appointment as Ateneo head coach, also heralded the return of Manny Pangilinan as the Blue Eagles' main patron. Joining Ateneo men's basketball team was Filipino\-American forward [Chris Newsome](/wiki/Chris_Newsome "Chris Newsome").
Over at La Salle, a series of reshuffles within and outside of the team resulted to the appointment of then assistant coach [Juno Sauler](/wiki/Juno_Sauler "Juno Sauler") as the head coach of the Green Archers. Joining the De La Salle Green Archers coaching staff prior to the start of the 2013–14 UAAP season was [Allan Caidic](/wiki/Allan_Caidic "Allan Caidic"), who took on the chores of shooting coach. Filipino\-American forwards [Jason Perkins](/wiki/Jason_Perkins "Jason Perkins") and Matthew Salem became a part of team roster, which had to adjust to the loss of resident players Yutien Andrada, [Mac Tallo](/wiki/Mac_Tallo "Mac Tallo"), [Alfonzo Gotladera](/wiki/Alfonzo_Gotladera "Alfonzo Gotladera") and Papot Paredes. For the first time since 2005, La Salle was able to sweep Ateneo during the elimination round.
During their first round meeting at the Mall of Asia Arena on July 7, 2013, the Green Archers, banking on the heroics of combo guard [Almond Vosotros](/wiki/Almond_Vosotros "Almond Vosotros") and center [Arnold Van Opstal](/wiki/Arnold_Van_Opstal "Arnold Van Opstal"), defeated the Blue Eagles, 82–73, resulting to Ateneo's third straight loss to start the season.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/07/07/13/ateneo\-now\-0\-3\-la\-salle\-rallies\-second\-half\|title\=Ateneo now 0\-3 as La Salle rallies in second half\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=July 7, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/33129\-uaap\-season\-76\-la\-salle\-beats\-ateneo\-1st\-round/\|title\=Hard\-fighting La Salle rises to beat Ateneo\|website\=Rappler\|date\=July 7, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/108469/la\-salle\-downs\-ateneo\-82\-73\|title\=UAAP: La Salle sinks rival Ateneo\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=July 7, 2013}} The second round meeting, which was held at the Araneta Coliseum on September 1, 2013, was tightly contested by Ateneo and La Salle, with the Green Archers winning over the Blue Eagles, 66–64, after sophomore forward Jeron Teng sank a floater with only two seconds left in the shot clock.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/teng\-rings\-the\-bell\-as\-de\-la\-salle\-completes\-elims\-sweep\-of\-rival\-ateneo\|title\=Teng rings the bell as De La Salle completes elims sweep of rival Ateneo\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=September 1, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/37857\-la\-salle\-beats\-ateneo\-2nd\-round/\|title\=Teng game\-winner lifts La Salle past Ateneo\|website\=Rappler\|date\=September 1, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/324566/uaap\-teng\-saves\-the\-day\-as\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-shoot\-down\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-anew/story/\|title\=UAAP: Teng saves the day as La Salle Green Archers shoot down Ateneo Blue Eagles anew\|website\=GMA News\|date\=September 1, 2013}} Toward the end of the second round Ateneo\-La Salle game, Perasol was involved in a scuffle with JJ Atayde, an alumnus of La Salle, after the former got irked with the latter's heckling.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/09/02/13/heckler\-opens\-incident\-ateneo\-coach\|title\='Heckler' opens up on incident with Ateneo coach\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=September 2, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/117555/heckler\-gets\-perasols\-goat\|title\=Heckler gets Perasol's goat\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=September 3, 2013}} The incident caused the UAAP Board to penalize Perasol with a one\-game suspension and Atayde with a season\-wide ban from watching games.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/perasol\-suspended\-for\-one\-game\-dlsu\-fan\-gets\-season\-ban\-for\-post\-game\-spat\-v02?ref\=article\_tag\|title\=Perasol suspended for one game, DLSU fan gets season ban for post\-game spat\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=September 4, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/324964/uaap\-perasol\-s\-confrontation\-with\-heckler\-earns\-him\-one\-game\-suspension/story/\|title\=UAAP: Perasol's confrontation with heckler earns him one\-game suspension\|website\=GMA News\|date\=September 4, 2013}}
Controversy further ensued after Perasol violated his one\-game suspension by watching from inside the Ateneo dugout during the Blue Eagles' September 8, 2013 game against the UE Red Warriors, forcing UE team officials to file an inquiry before the UAAP Board.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/09/09/13/ue\-asks\-probe\-after\-perasol\-seen\-moa\-arena\|title\=UE asks for probe after Perasol seen at MOA Arena\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=September 4, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/ateneo\-faces\-forfeiture\-of\-ue\-win\-after\-banned\-perasol\-allegedly\-seen\-at\-game\|title\=Ateneo faces forfeiture of UE win after banned Perasol allegedly seen at game\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=September 9, 2013}} The UAAP Board acted on UE's request for an inquiry, ordering Perasol to serve his one\-game suspension during Ateneo's September 18, 2013 game against the [UST Growling Tigers](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers "UST Growling Tigers").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/326206/uaap\-no\-forfeitures\-but\-perasol\-to\-serve\-his\-suspension\-versus\-ust/story/\|title\=UAAP: No forfeitures, but Perasol to serve his suspension versus UST\|website\=GMA News\|date\=September 12, 2013}}{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/09/12/13/no\-forfeiture\-ateneo\-uaap\-source\|title\=No forfeiture for Ateneo, Perasol suspended anew\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=September 12, 2013}} Ateneo, with Perasol serving his one\-game suspension, was eventually defeated by UST, 74–82, causing the Blue Eagles to not only be dethroned as UAAP Men's Basketball Champions after five straight seasons but to also miss Final Four contention for the first time since 1998\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/ateneo\-gets\-the\-blues\-as\-ust\-win\-ends\-eagles\-five\-year\-reign\-as\-uaap\-champs\-v02\|title\=Ateneo gets the blues as UST win ends Eagles' five\-year reign as UAAP champs\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=September 18, 2013}}
La Salle, after a disappointing 3–4 finish during the first round of elimination games, swept the second round and ended the elimination round at 10–4, forcing a three\-way tie for the top spot alongside the [NU Bulldogs](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs "NU Bulldogs") and the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws "FEU Tamaraws"). Due to having the highest quotient, NU took the Number One spot with twice\-to\-beat advantage and faced UST in the Final Four, with the Growling Tigers defeating the Bulldogs in two games. On the other hand, La Salle and FEU faced each other twice, the first meeting being a rubber match game for the Number Two spot and the twice\-to\-beat advantage and the second being the formal Final Four game, with the Green Archers winning on both occasions and entering the Finals for the first time since [UAAP Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 "UAAP Season 71"). During the finals series, La Salle defeated UST in three games to win the [UAAP Season 76](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76 "UAAP Season 76") men's basketball championship title.{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/124063/la\-salle\-beats\-ust\-in\-overtime\-for\-uaap\-title\|title\=La Salle rallies past UST in OT to win UAAP title\|work\=Inquirer\|date\=October 12, 2013\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=June 25, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625091617/https://sports.inquirer.net/124063/la\-salle\-beats\-ust\-in\-overtime\-for\-uaap\-title\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/330630/uaap\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-win\-in\-ot\-shoot\-down\-ust\-growling\-tigers\-for\-s76\-title/story/\|title\=UAAP: DLSU Green Archers win in OT, shoot down UST Growling Tigers for S76 title\|work\=GMA News\|date\=October 12, 2013\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=March 10, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310111146/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/330630/sports/uaap\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-win\-in\-ot\-shoot\-down\-ust\-growling\-tigers\-for\-s76\-title\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/la\-salle\-uaap\-season\-76\-champions\|title\=La Salle beats UST, wins UAAP title\|website\=Rappler\|date\=October 12, 2013}}
**2016: Green Archers unleash "Mayhem"**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **La Salle 67** | Ateneo 65 | La Salle 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **La Salle 79** | Ateneo 72 | La Salle 2–0 |
Both Ateneo and La Salle were unable to reach the UAAP Men's Basketball Finals in [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_basketball_tournaments "UAAP Season 77 basketball tournaments") and [2015](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78_basketball_tournaments "UAAP Season 78 basketball tournaments"). By 2016, La Salle was able to utilize center [Ben Mbala](/wiki/Ben_Mbala "Ben Mbala"), and tapped the services of former [Letran Knights](/wiki/Letran_Knights "Letran Knights") coach [Aldin Ayo](/wiki/Aldin_Ayo "Aldin Ayo") while Ateneo was on a rebuilding stage after the graduation of their top two scorers in [Kiefer Ravena](/wiki/Kiefer_Ravena "Kiefer Ravena") and [Von Pessumal](/wiki/Von_Pessumal "Von Pessumal") though they were able to get the services of former [Gilas Pilipinas](/wiki/Philippine_men%27s_national_basketball_team "Philippine men's national basketball team") coach [Tab Baldwin](/wiki/Tab_Baldwin "Tab Baldwin"). Under coach Ayo, La Salle adopted a defense\-oriented system with emphasis on [fast breaks](/wiki/Fast_break "Fast break") and the use of [full\-court press](/wiki/Full-court_press "Full-court press") which Ayo called "Mayhem".{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/231912/belief\-made\-mayhem\-system\-work\-for\-la\-salle\|title\=Belief made 'Mayhem' system work for La Salle\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=December 8, 2016\|access\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204709/https://sports.inquirer.net/231912/belief\-made\-mayhem\-system\-work\-for\-la\-salle\|url\-status\=live}} The Green Archers finished the elimination round as the top seed with a 13–1 record with Ateneo coming in second with a 10–4 win–loss record. The only loss of the Green Archers came at the hands of their archivals, the Ateneo Blue Eagles during the second to the last game of the elimination round. Coming into Final Four both teams have a twice\-to\-beat advantage with La Salle defeating Adamson in just one game while Ateneo had to utilize their twice\-to\-beat incentives against FEU.{{cite web\|url\=http://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/30/16/ateneo\-edges\-feu\-in\-ot\-to\-book\-finals\-seat\|title\=Ateneo edges FEU in OT to book Finals seat\|first\=Camille\|last\=Naredo\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=November 30, 2016\|access\-date\=December 1, 2016\|archive\-date\=November 30, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130171238/http://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/30/16/ateneo\-edges\-feu\-in\-ot\-to\-book\-finals\-seat\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/its\-ateneo\-vs\-la\-salle\-in\-finals\-as\-blue\-eagles\-outlast\-feu\-in\-overtime\-thriller\|title\=It's Ateneo vs La Salle in finals as Blue Eagles outlast FEU in overtime thriller\|first\=Reuben\|last\=Terrado\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=November 30, 2016\|access\-date\=December 1, 2016\|archive\-date\=December 1, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211316/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/its\-ateneo\-vs\-la\-salle\-in\-finals\-as\-blue\-eagles\-outlast\-feu\-in\-overtime\-thriller\|url\-status\=live}} After eight years, Ateneo and La Salle faced off in the Finals, with La Salle emerging as the champion of [Season 79](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79_basketball_tournaments "UAAP Season 79 basketball tournaments") after sweeping Ateneo in the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/la\-salle\-sweeps\-ateneo\-uaap\-season\-79\-champion\|title\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to become UAAP Season 79 champion\|website\=Rappler\|date\=December 7, 2016\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212011/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/la\-salle\-sweeps\-ateneo\-uaap\-season\-79\-champion\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/591617/la\-salle\-sweeps\-ateneo\-to\-win\-season\-79\-crown/story/\|title\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to win Season 79 crown\|website\=GMA News\|date\=December 7, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/231771/la\-salle\-sweeps\-ateneo\-to\-capture\-uaap\-season\-79\-crown\|title\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to capture UAAP Season 79 crown\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=December 7, 2016}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/la\-salle\-green\-archers\-uaap\-season\-79\-champion\-beat\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\|title\=La Salle crowns a season to remember with sweep of Ateneo in UAAP finals\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=December 7, 2016}}
**2017–2019: Blue Eagles win three consecutive championships**
| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |
| Game 1 | **Ateneo 76** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 1–0 |
| Game 2 | **La Salle 92** | Ateneo 83 | Tied 1–1 |
| Game 3 | **Ateneo 88** | La Salle 86 | Ateneo 2–1 |
The following year, in [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80 "UAAP Season 80"), the Ateneo Blue Eagles won their first 13 games of the elimination round. Their bid for a sweep was denied by the De La Salle Green Archers. In the Final Four matches, La Salle went on to defeat the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons "Adamson Soaring Falcons"), while the Blue Eagles lost the first game to the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws "FEU Tamaraws"), their second loss of the season. Ateneo prevailed over FEU in the decider and faced La Salle in the championship series. The Blue Eagles took Game One, 76–70, whereas the Green Archers rallied from 21 points down to take Game 2, 92–83\. In Game 3, the Blue Eagles led by as much as 10 points in order to defeat La Salle, 88–86, and retake the men's basketball championship.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-uaap\-season\-80\-champion\-la\-salle\-game\-three\-finals\-2017\|title\=Ateneo plays steadier in endgame this time to hold off La Salle and claim UAAP title\|website\=SPIN.ph\|first\=Reuben\|last\=Terrado\|date\=December 3, 2017\|access\-date\=December 4, 2017\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093059/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-uaap\-season\-80\-champion\-la\-salle\-game\-three\-finals\-2017\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/admu\-blue\-eagles\-de\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-uaap\-season\-80\-finals\-game\-3\|title\=Ateneo Blue Eagles are UAAP Season 80 champions\|website\=Rappler\|date\=December 3, 2017\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/admu\-blue\-eagles\-de\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-uaap\-season\-80\-finals\-game\-3\|url\-status\=live}}
Season 80 would eventually become the first of three consecutive championships (all against La Salle, UP and UST, respectively) for Ateneo up to [UAAP Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 "UAAP Season 82") (the first championship round between the \#1 and \#4\-seeded men's basketball teams, and the first 16–0 season sweep, in UAAP history), anchored by [Thirdy Ravena](/wiki/Thirdy_Ravena "Thirdy Ravena"), the first collegiate player in UAAP history to win three consecutive Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-results\-ateneo\-ust\-game\-november\-20\-2019\|title\=CHAMPS AGAIN: Ateneo dynasty romps to rare season sweep after UST scare\|website\=Rappler\|date\=November 20, 2019\|access\-date\=July 8, 2021\|archive\-date\=July 9, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185123/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-results\-ateneo\-ust\-game\-november\-20\-2019\|url\-status\=live}}
**2022: Battle of Katipunan**
The [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") halted all the remaining league tournaments in 2020, and the remainder of the season, including the entire [following season](/wiki/UAAP_Season_83 "UAAP Season 83"), was cancelled on April 7 of that year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.espn.com/story/\_/id/29005602/uaap\-forced\-cancel\-season\-82\-ecq\-extended\-apr\-30\|title\=UAAP forced to cancel Season 82 after ECQ extended to Apr. 30\|website\=ESPN\|date\=April 7, 2020\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204000/https://www.espn.com/story/\_/id/29005602/uaap\-forced\-cancel\-season\-82\-ecq\-extended\-apr\-30\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/391388/uaap\-cancels\-season\-82\-over\-coronavirus\|title\=UAAP cancels Season 82 over coronavirus\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=April 7, 2020\|access\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211037/https://sports.inquirer.net/391388/uaap\-cancels\-season\-82\-over\-coronavirus\|url\-status\=live}} During the resumption of the [UAAP Season 84 in 2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84 "UAAP Season 84"), however, both Ateneo and La Salle lost to the [University of the Philippines Fighting Maroons](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons "UP Fighting Maroons") in the men's basketball post\-season rounds. UP swept La Salle in the eliminations before ousting them in their final game of their Final Four series.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/final\-four\-game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-may\-6\-2022/\|title\=UP denies La Salle semis sweep, sets up Battle of Katipunan finals\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 6, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610033433/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/final\-four\-game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-dlsu\-green\-archers\-may\-6\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}} In addition, UP ended Ateneo's UAAP record of 39\-game winning streak and their bid for a second consecutive season of elimination round sweep and stepladder finals berth,{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/up\-maroons\-put\-an\-end\-to\-ateneo\-s\-39\-game\-win\-streak\-a795\-20220501\|title\=Brave UP Maroons put an end to Ateneo's 39\-game win streak\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=May 1, 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/460560/uaap\-up\-denies\-ateneo\-sweep\-final\-four\-set\|title\=UAAP: UP denies Ateneo sweep, Final Four set\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=May 1, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 5, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605012227/https://sports.inquirer.net/460560/uaap\-up\-denies\-ateneo\-sweep\-final\-four\-set\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-1\-2022/\|title\=UP slays mighty Ateneo, ends 4\-year, 39\-game win streak\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 1, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 9, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509102951/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-1\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/39\-1\-up\-denies\-ateneo\-of\-uaap\-84\-elims\-sweep/238676\|title\=39\-1: UP denies Ateneo of UAAP 84 elims sweep\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 1, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 30, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530092641/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/39\-1\-up\-denies\-ateneo\-of\-uaap\-84\-elims\-sweep/238676\|url\-status\=live}} before dethroning them in their do\-or\-die match in the championship round and denying their bid for an unprecedented second streak of four consecutive UAAP championships. As a result, this marked the first time in UAAP history that an eventual champion team has [defeated both Ateneo and La Salle](/wiki/List_of_UAAP_Final_Four_results "List of UAAP Final Four results"), as well as win multiple [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 "Overtime (sports)") games in the championship series, in the post\-season rounds in men's basketball in any single season.{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/462075/up\-dethrones\-ateneo\-clinches\-uaap\-basketball\-crown\|title\=UP dethrones Ateneo, clinches UAAP basketball crown\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=May 13, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 16, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616115251/https://sports.inquirer.net/462075/up\-dethrones\-ateneo\-clinches\-uaap\-basketball\-crown\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-13\-2022/\|title\=UP topples Ateneo dynasty, ends three\-decade title odyssey\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 13, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 2, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602081428/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-13\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/05/13/22/up\-ends\-ateneo\-dynasty\-for\-first\-uaap\-title\-in\-36\-years\|title\=UP ends Ateneo dynasty for first UAAP title in 36 years\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=May 13, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=May 19, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519095923/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/05/13/22/up\-ends\-ateneo\-dynasty\-for\-first\-uaap\-title\-in\-36\-years\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-84\-cagulangan\-ends\-ups\-36\-year\-title\-drought\-ateneos\-dynasty/239822\|title\=UAAP 84: Cagulangan ends UP's 36\-year title drought, Ateneo's dynasty\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 13, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 10, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610114918/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-84\-cagulangan\-ends\-ups\-36\-year\-title\-drought\-ateneos\-dynasty/239822\|url\-status\=live}}
In [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 "UAAP Season 85"), La Salle ended their seven\-game losing streak to Ateneo in UAAP men's basketball dating from the Season 80 championship series in the first round of the eliminations before Ateneo won their head\-to\-head matchup in the second round of the eliminations.{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-85\-mbt\-la\-salle\-ends\-seven\-game\-drought\-against\-ateneo/251953\|title\=UAAP 85 MBB: La Salle ends seven\-game drought against Ateneo\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=October 9, 2022\|access\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205023902/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-85\-mbt\-la\-salle\-ends\-seven\-game\-drought\-against\-ateneo/251953\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-november\-5\-2022/\|title\=Ateneo routs Winston\-less rival La Salle to avenge first\-round loss\|website\=Rappler\|date\=November 5, 2022\|access\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205025404/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-november\-5\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}} While both Ateneo and La Salle split their respective elimination records with the semifinal\-bound UP Fighting Maroons and NU Bulldogs, Ateneo defeated UP in the second round of the eliminations to clinch the top seed while gain a twice\-to\-beat semifinal advantage for the sixth consecutive season—the longest overall streak in the [Final Four](/wiki/UAAP_Final_Four "UAAP Final Four") era of UAAP men's basketball—after sweeping the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons "Adamson Soaring Falcons") due to quotient system in the eliminations.{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/488141/uaap\-ateneo\-clinches\-no\-1\-spot\-sends\-adamson\-to\-playoff\-vs\-la\-salle\|title\=UAAP: Ateneo clinches No. 1 spot, sends Adamson to playoff vs La Salle\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\|date\=November 30, 2022\|access\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 5, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205023902/https://sports.inquirer.net/488141/uaap\-ateneo\-clinches\-no\-1\-spot\-sends\-adamson\-to\-playoff\-vs\-la\-salle\|url\-status\=live}} Meanwhile, La Salle was eliminated from semifinal contention after losing to Adamson in their playoff for the fourth seed.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/853493/adamson\-eclipses\-la\-salle\-completes\-uaap\-season\-85\-final\-four\-cast/story/\|title\=Adamson eclipses La Salle, completes UAAP Season 85 Final Four cast\|website\=GMA News\|date\=December 4, 2022}}{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/488685/uaap\-jerom\-lastimosa\-adamson\-eliminate\-la\-salle\-to\-secure\-final\-four\-berth\|title\=UAAP: Jerom Lastimosa, Adamson eliminate La Salle to secure Final Four berth\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\|date\=December 4, 2022}} UP and Ateneo eventually ousted NU and Adamson, respectively, en route to their second consecutive (and third overall) joint UAAP men's basketball championship series appearance.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/up\-maroons\-beat\-nu\-bulldogs\-in\-final\-four\-reach\-uaap\-finals\-a2437\-20221207\|title\=UP Maroons shake off resilient NU Bulldogs, return to UAAP Finals\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=December 7, 2022\|access\-date\=December 7, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207202407/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/up\-maroons\-beat\-nu\-bulldogs\-in\-final\-four\-reach\-uaap\-finals\-a2437\-20221207\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/489110/ateneo\-knocks\-out\-adamson\-to\-set\-uaap\-finals\-rematch\-vs\-up\|title\=Ateneo knocks out Adamson to set up UAAP Finals rematch vs UP\|newspaper\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\|date\=December 7, 2022\|access\-date\=December 7, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207182746/https://sports.inquirer.net/489110/ateneo\-knocks\-out\-adamson\-to\-set\-uaap\-finals\-rematch\-vs\-up\|url\-status\=live}} Ateneo prevailed in three games to deny the UP Fighting Maroons their bid for an unprecedented double UAAP championship streak in a single calendar year, anchored by [Ange Kouame](/wiki/Ange_Kouame "Ange Kouame"), the first naturalized and overall player in UAAP men's basketball history to win Rookie of the Year, and Season and Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-beat\-up\-maroons\-in\-game\-3\-to\-win\-title\-a2437\-20221219\|title\=Ateneo reclaims UAAP title after holding off UP Maroons in Game 3\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=December 19, 2022\|access\-date\=December 20, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 19, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219140742/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-beat\-up\-maroons\-in\-game\-3\-to\-win\-title\-a2437\-20221219\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-december\-19\-2022/\|title\=Ateneo reclaims lost glory, outguns UP in Game 3 to regain UAAP basketball title\|website\=Rappler\|date\=December 19, 2022\|access\-date\=December 20, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 20, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220024052/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-up\-fighting\-maroons\-december\-19\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}
**2023: Green Archers end seven\-year title drought**
In December 2022, La Salle opted not to renew the contract of [Derrick Pumaren](/wiki/Derrick_Pumaren "Derrick Pumaren") after having been the head coach of the Green Archers for UAAP Seasons 84 and 85\.{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\-salle\-makes\-decision\-to\-not\-renew\-pumaren\-for\-uaap\-86/258832\|title\=La Salle makes decision not to renew Pumaren for UAAP 86\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=December 27, 2022}} In January 2023, [Topex Robinson](/wiki/Topex_Robinson "Topex Robinson") was named as the new head coach, taking over from Pumaren for [UAAP Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86 "UAAP Season 86").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/01/19/2238827/la\-salle\-appoints\-topex\-robinson\-new\-green\-archers\-coach\|title\=La Salle appoints Topex Robinson as new Green Archers coach\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/topex\-robinson\-named\-dlsu\-green\-arches\-head\-coach/\#:\~:text\=MANILA%2C%20Philippines%20%E2%80%93%20Seasoned%20head%20coach,announced%20on%20Thursday%2C%20January%2019\.\|title\='Dream of mine': Topex Robinson named new La Salle coach\|website\=Rappler\|date\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/493904/topex\-robinson\-takes\-over\-as\-la\-salle\-head\-coach\|title\=Topex Robinson takes over as La Salle head coach\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/857972/topex\-robinson\-tapped\-as\-new\-la\-salle\-head\-coach/story/\|title\=Topex Robinson tapped as new La Salle head coach\|website\=GMA News\|date\=January 19, 2023}} Ateneo won over La Salle in their first round encounter of the season.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-men\-basketball\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-october\-4\-2023/\|title\=Young Ateneo proves worth, downs loaded La Salle in late shootout\|website\=Rappler\|date\=October 4, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/532474/uaap\-ballungay\-amos\-come\-through\-late\-as\-ateneo\-beats\-la\-salle\|title\=UAAP: Ballungay, Amos come through late as Ateneo beats La Salle\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=October 4, 2023}} La Salle would then beat Ateneo to sweep the second round of the eliminations on an eight\-game win streak.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/18/23/la\-salle\-outlasts\-ateneo\-closes\-in\-on\-final\-4\-incentive\|title\=UAAP: La Salle outlasts Ateneo, closes in on twice\-to\-beat incentive\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-men\-basketball\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-november\-18\-2023/\|title\=La Salle escapes rival Ateneo, completes UAAP 2nd\-round sweep to near twice\-to\-beat\|website\=Rappler\|date\=November 18, 2023}} The Blue Eagles, currently with the longest active streak of Final Four appearances in the UAAP men's basketball tournament, were eventually dethroned by the UP Fighting Maroons in the first game of their Final Four encounter,{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/541367/up\-knocks\-off\-ateneo\-returns\-to\-uaap\-finals\|title\=UP knocks off Ateneo, returns to UAAP Finals\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=November 25, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\-men/top\-seed\-up\-maroons\-beat\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-in\-final\-four\-a5172\-20231125\|title\=UP Maroons back in UAAP Finals after dethroning Ateneo Blue Eagles\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=November 25, 2023}} ending Ateneo's streak of UAAP Finals and podium appearances dating back from Baldwin's debut as head coach in the UAAP in 2016\. Meanwhile La Salle would make their first UAAP Finals appearance since UAAP Season 80 in 2017 after beating the NU Bulldogs.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/889549/uaap\-la\-salle\-routs\-nu\-sets\-up\-finals\-duel\-vs\-up/story/\|title\=UAAP: La Salle routs NU, sets up Finals duel vs UP\|website\=GMA News\|date\=November 25, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/25/23/la\-salle\-dominates\-nu\-makes\-uaap\-finals\-return\|title\=La Salle dominates NU, makes UAAP Finals return\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=November 25, 2023}}
The Green Archers went on to win their 10th UAAP championship title against the Fighting Maroons in three games.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/890600/la\-salle\-takes\-down\-up\-to\-end\-7\-year\-uaap\-title\-drought/story/\|title\=La Salle takes down UP to end 7\-year UAAP title drought\|website\=GMA News\|date\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/12/06/23/la\-salle\-outlasts\-up\-to\-become\-season\-86\-champions\|title\=La Salle outlasts UP to become Season 86 champions\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=December 6, 2023}} The winner\-take\-all game between the Fighting Maroons and the Green Archers drew a record 25,192 fans inside the [Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Araneta_Coliseum "Araneta Coliseum"), overtaking the record set by the rubber match in the championship series between the NU Bulldogs and the FEU Tamaraws in [UAAP Season 77](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 "UAAP Season 77") in [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_basketball_tournaments "UAAP Season 77 basketball tournaments") to become the second largest in\-venue attendance in any event in UAAP history after NU defeated UP and UST during the [2015](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78 "UAAP Season 78") [Cheerdance Competition](/wiki/UAAP_Cheerdance_Competition "UAAP Cheerdance Competition").{{Cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/up\-dlsu\-game\-3\-sets\-uaap\-basketball\-attendance\-record/290723\|title\=UP\-DLSU Game 3 sets UAAP basketball attendance record\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://mb.com.ph/2023/12/6/la\-salle\-captures\-uaap\-title\-in\-front\-of\-record\-big\-dome\-crowd\|title\=La Salle captures UAAP title in front of record crowd at Big Dome\|website\=Manila Bulletin\|date\=December 6, 2023}} [Kevin Quiambao](/wiki/Kevin_Quiambao "Kevin Quiambao") became the first local UAAP MVP since Ateneo's Ravena, and the first Green Archer to win the MVP since Ben Mbala.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/12/03/2316168/la\-salles\-quiambao\-officially\-crowned\-uaap\-mvp\|title\=La Salle's Quiambao officially crowned UAAP MVP\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=December 3, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/quiambao\-joins\-elite\-list\-of\-la\-salle\-bigs\-after\-winning\-uaap\-mbb\-mvp/290317\|title\=Quiambao joins elite list of La Salle bigs after winning UAAP MBB MVP\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=December 3, 2023}} He would also be crowned the Finals MVP, becoming the first local UAAP player in the post\-[COVID pandemic](/wiki/COVID_pandemic "COVID pandemic") era to have won Rookie of the Year, Season and Finals MVP awards in a single career.{{Cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/543212/kevin\-quiambao\-uaap\-finals\-mvp\-returning\-next\-season\-for\-la\-salle\|title\=Kevin Quiambao is UAAP Finals MVP after leading La Salle title run\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/kevin\-quiambao\-la\-salle\-green\-archers\-season\-86\-finals\-mvp\-2023/\|title\=La Salle's Kevin Quiambao bags UAAP Finals MVP in sophomore season to remember\|website\=Rappler\|date\=December 6, 2023}} Robinson joined a group of La Salle mentors who reached the UAAP Finals in their first year as head coach and won the championship. This includes coaches [Franz Pumaren](/wiki/Franz_Pumaren "Franz Pumaren"), [Juno Sauler](/wiki/Juno_Sauler "Juno Sauler"), and [Aldin Ayo](/wiki/Aldin_Ayo "Aldin Ayo").{{cite web\|url\=https://mb.com.ph/2023/12/6/topex\-robinson\-honored\-to\-join\-la\-salle\-s\-elite\-mentors\-in\-rookie\-uaap\-title\|title\=Topex Robinson follows footsteps of Pumaren, Sauler, Ayo\|website\=Manila Bulletin\|date\=December 6, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/12/07/sports/after\-series\-of\-heartbreaks\-winning\-first\-collegiate\-championship\-feels\-surreal\-for\-topex\-robinson/1923196\|title\=After series of heartbreaks, winning first collegiate championship feels surreal for Topex Robinson\|website\=The Manila Times\|date\=December 7, 2023}}
|
[
"### UAAP",
"**1988: First Ateneo–La Salle finals in the UAAP**",
"In [1988](/wiki/UAAP_Season_51_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"UAAP Season 51 men's basketball tournament\"), Ateneo and La Salle met in their first finals match since 1974 when both teams still competed in the NCAA. Ateneo won, 76–70 at the Rizal Memorial Coliseum. Ateneo was led by Gilbert Reyes under head coach Fritz Gaston, while La Salle was led by [Dindo Pumaren](/wiki/Dindo_Pumaren \"Dindo Pumaren\") under head coach and older brother [Derrick Pumaren](/wiki/Derrick_Pumaren \"Derrick Pumaren\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.tribune.net.ph/2023/06/20/1988\\-duel\\-keys\\-ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-rivalry/\\|title\\=1988 Duel Keys Ateneo\\-La Salle Rivalry\\|website\\=The Daily Tribune\\|date\\=June 20, 2023}} La Salle would win their first basketball championship in the UAAP the following year in [Season 52](/wiki/UAAP_Season_52_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"UAAP Season 52 men's basketball tournament\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/22966/the\\-legend\\-of\\-manong\\-derrick\\-pumaren/\\|title\\=The Legend of Manong Derrick Pumaren\\|work\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=January 23, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024644/https://takeaimsports.com/22966/the\\-legend\\-of\\-manong\\-derrick\\-pumaren/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} while Ateneo would not win another title until 14 years later in [Season 65](/wiki/UAAP_Season_65_men%27s_basketball_tournament \"UAAP Season 65 men's basketball tournament\").",
"**2001: La Salle secures fourth straight title**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **La Salle 74** | Ateneo 68 | La Salle 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **Ateneo 76** | La Salle 72 | Tied 1–1 |\n| Game 3 | **La Salle 93** | Ateneo 88 | La Salle 2–1 |",
"La Salle was the defending three\\-time champion, while Ateneo were in a 13\\-year championship drought. La Salle won the game.{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\=La Salle downs Ateneo \\|date\\=September 27, 2001 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011025013322/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/sep/28/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/sep/28/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=October 25, 2001}} At Game 2, [Enrico Villanueva](/wiki/Enrico_Villanueva \"Enrico Villanueva\") scored 22 points to lead the Eagles to a series\\-extending win. After [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez \"Mike Cortez\") tying the game at 72–all, Villanueva passed the ball to teammate [Magnum Membrere](/wiki/Magnum_Membrere \"Magnum Membrere\") who scored a [three\\-pointer](/wiki/Three-pointer \"Three-pointer\"). On the next possession, [Renren Ritualo](/wiki/Renren_Ritualo \"Renren Ritualo\") failed to answer with a game\\-tying three of his own to force a sudden\\-death Game 3, scoring Ateneo's first win against La Salle in the season after three games.{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\=Ateneo stops La Salle \\|date\\=October 4, 2001 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20020219232226/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/oct/05/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/oct/05/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=February 19, 2002}} In the deciding game, [Carlo Sharma](/wiki/Carlo_Sharma \"Carlo Sharma\") scored a UAAP career\\-high 22 points, 11 in the final quarter to prevent an Ateneo victory. Ateneo's rookie [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio \"LA Tenorio\") had 30 points of his own but it was not enough, as La Salle coach Pumaren remarked that \"This was the sweetest of the four championships because we're able to erase the stigma of our 1988 loss to Ateneo.\"{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\= Archers complete '4\\-ward' \\|date\\=October 17, 2001 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20011206172409/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/oct/17/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2001/oct/17/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=December 6, 2001}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\\-archers\\-2001\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|title\\=Green Archers 2001 UAAP Season Recap\\|website\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=June 18, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024654/https://takeaimsports.com/1032/green\\-archers\\-2001\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2002: Ateneo ends 14\\-year championship drought**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **Ateneo 72** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **La Salle 85** | Ateneo 77 | Tied 1–1 |\n| Game 3 | **Ateneo 77** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 2–1 |",
"Prior to the Finals, Ateneo prevented a 14–0 elimination round sweep of La Salle that would have given a bye up to the best\\-of\\-three Finals. Instead, Ateneo defeated La Salle in the elimination round finale 76–63\\.{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\= Eagles stop Archers, finally\\|date\\=September 14, 2002 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20030114071012/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2002/sep/15/spo\\_2\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2002/sep/15/spo\\_2\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=January 14, 2003}} La Salle defeated [rival](/wiki/La_Salle-UST_rivalry \"La Salle-UST rivalry\") [University of Santo Tomas](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers \"UST Growling Tigers\") (UST), and Ateneo overcame No. 2 seed [University of the East](/wiki/UE_Red_Warriors \"UE Red Warriors\") (UE) in two games, with the second game ending in a buzzer beater by [Gec Chia](/wiki/Gec_Chia \"Gec Chia\") to push Ateneo into the Finals anew.{{cite news\\|first\\=Dennis \\|last\\=Eroa \\|title\\= Dream showdown: It's Ateneo vs La Salle in UAAP finals\\|date\\=September 23, 2002 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Philippine Star]] \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20021202010729/http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2002/sep/23/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|url\\=http://www.inq7\\.net/spo/2002/sep/23/spo\\_1\\-1\\.htm\\|archive\\-date\\=December 2, 2002}}",
"Game 1 ended with Villanueva scoring Ateneo's last ten points, and teammate [Larry Fonacier](/wiki/Larry_Fonacier \"Larry Fonacier\") blocking two shots by [Mark Cardona](/wiki/Mark_Cardona \"Mark Cardona\") that would have forced overtime to give Ateneo a 1–0 series lead. In Game 2, with the Ateneo team noted as being \"tense,\" La Salle had an 18\\-point lead at halftime, which Ateneo cut down to three, 80–77, but Sharma and [Adonis Santa Maria](/wiki/Adonis_Santa_Maria \"Adonis Santa Maria\") converted crucial free\\-throws that gave La Salle enough breathing space to force another Game 3\\. In Game 3, La Salle player [Mike Cortez](/wiki/Mike_Cortez \"Mike Cortez\") shot just 2\\-of\\-13 from the field for 13 points,{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/jacob\\-cortez\\-bids\\-san\\-beda\\-farewell\\-to\\-fulfill\\-uaap\\-dream\\-mikes\\-unfinished\\-la\\-salle\\-legacy\\|title\\=Jacob Cortez bids San Beda farewell to fulfill UAAP dream, Mike's unfinished La Salle legacy\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=January 12, 2024}} which caused La Salle students and alumni to accuse him of [throwing the game](/wiki/Match_fixing \"Match fixing\"),{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2002/10/27/181539/cool\\-cat\\-or\\-cool\\-cash\\|title\\=Cool Cat or Cool Cash?\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=October 27, 2002}} as Ateneo eventually won the title to deny La Salle a fifth consecutive championship.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com//2002/12/21/188777/why\\-victory\\-was\\-ateneos\\-destiny\\|title\\=Why victory was Ateneo's destiny?\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=December 21, 2002\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014054/https://www.philstar.com//2002/12/21/188777/why\\-victory\\-was\\-ateneos\\-destiny\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/262732\\-how\\-la\\-tenorio\\-ateneo\\-ended\\-la\\-salle\\-dynasty/\\|title\\=For the ages: How LA Tenorio, Ateneo ended La Salle's dynasty\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 3, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014052/https://www.rappler.com/sports/262732\\-how\\-la\\-tenorio\\-ateneo\\-ended\\-la\\-salle\\-dynasty/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2003–2005: Semifinals meetings**",
"Ateneo and La Salle would play second fiddle to [Far Eastern University](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws \"FEU Tamaraws\") (FEU) from [2003](/wiki/UAAP_Season_66 \"UAAP Season 66\") to [2005](/wiki/UAAP_Season_68 \"UAAP Season 68\"), with the Tamaraws defeating Ateneo in 2003, losing to La Salle in [2004](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 \"UAAP Season 67\") and defeating La Salle in 2005\\.",
"Along the way, the two teams met in the semifinals, where the higher seed gets the twice\\-to\\-beat advantage. In 2003, La Salle forced No. 1 seed Ateneo into a rubber match after a 76–72 overtime win, with the game being halted after a brawl erupted between the two teams. With Ateneo's [LA Tenorio](/wiki/LA_Tenorio \"LA Tenorio\") and La Salle's [Ryan Araña](/wiki/Ryan_Ara%C3%B1a \"Ryan Araña\") suspended for the deciding game, Ateneo eliminated La Salle from Finals contention in the deciding game with a 74–68 triumph.",
"In [2004](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 \"UAAP Season 67\"), La Salle and Ateneo finished the elimination round tied for second place, so a playoff game was played to determine which team gets the twice\\-to\\-beat advantage. La Salle won the game, and ended Ateneo's season in the semifinals, to face FEU in the Finals. La Salle would win in three games to deny FEU which had defeated Ateneo a season before, a back\\-to\\-back championship run.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/1148/green\\-archers\\-2004\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|title\\=Green Archers 2004 UAAP Season Recap\\|website\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=June 30, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024629/https://takeaimsports.com/1148/green\\-archers\\-2004\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2005, three teams, La Salle, Ateneo and UE, were all tied for second place. La Salle won the tiebreaker with a superior point differential on games played by the three teams, causing Ateneo and UE to play for the right to face La Salle with the twice\\-to\\-win disadvantage in which the Eagles won. However, La Salle defeated Ateneo in the semifinals to clinch another Finals appearance against FEU.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/five\\-uaap\\-teams\\-that\\-have\\-truly\\-built\\-dynasties\\-a2437\\-20200404\\-lfrm\\|title\\=Five UAAP teams that have truly built dynasties\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=April 4, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=April 26, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426061427/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/five\\-uaap\\-teams\\-that\\-have\\-truly\\-built\\-dynasties\\-a2437\\-20200404\\-lfrm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2006: La Salle suspension**",
"After FEU swept La Salle in the 2005 championship series, La Salle admitted it fielded two ineligible players from 2003 to 2005, albeit it claimed not to be aware of their ineligibility which caused them to return the 2005 runner\\-up trophy and the 2004 championship trophy they won against FEU (the league would later award FEU the trophy).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/1160/green\\-archers\\-2005\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|title\\=Green Archers 2005 UAAP Season Recap\\|website\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=July 1, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024647/https://takeaimsports.com/1160/green\\-archers\\-2005\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The league suspended La Salle in [2006](/wiki/UAAP_Season_69 \"UAAP Season 69\") for a year due to negligence, with all of their games during that period also forfeited.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/4539/la\\-salle\\-suspended\\-for\\-1\\-year\\-banned\\-from\\-all\\-uaap\\-events/story/\\|title\\=La Salle suspended for 1 year, banned from all UAAP events\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=April 21, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045059/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/4539/la\\-salle\\-suspended\\-for\\-1\\-year\\-banned\\-from\\-all\\-uaap\\-events/story/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2006/04/22/332642/la\\-salle\\-banned\\-one\\-season\\|title\\=La Salle banned for one season\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=April 22, 2006\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713045057/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2006/04/22/332642/la\\-salle\\-banned\\-one\\-season\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Ateneo faced UST in the 2006 Finals, a series UST won in three games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://ph.news.yahoo.com/travel/ideas/the\\-five\\-best\\-game\\-3s\\-in\\-the\\-uaap\\-final\\-four\\-era\\-085501308\\.html\\|title\\=The five best Game 3s in the UAAP Final Four era\\|website\\=Yahoo! News\\|date\\=October 14, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713050222/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/travel/ideas/the\\-five\\-best\\-game\\-3s\\-in\\-the\\-uaap\\-final\\-four\\-era\\-085501308\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/underdogs\\-are\\-few\\-in\\-uaap\\-look\\-a2437\\-20210409\\-lfrm\\|title\\=Most memorable triumphs of underdogs in UAAP playoff history\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=April 9, 2021\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101014104/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/underdogs\\-are\\-few\\-in\\-uaap\\-look\\-a2437\\-20210409\\-lfrm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2007: \"Two is Greater than Three\"**",
"Upon their return in [2007](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70 \"UAAP Season 70\"), UE swept the elimination round 14–0, with their last game against La Salle going into overtime with the Warriors still prevailing. With Ateneo also losing their last game, the two teams were again tied for second place, and La Salle won the playoff game to clinch the twice\\-to\\-beat advantage. Prior to this, Ateneo won the two elimination round games against La Salle.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://takeaimsports.com/1250/green\\-archers\\-2007\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|title\\=Green Archers 2007 UAAP Season Recap\\|website\\=Take Aim Sports\\|date\\=July 8, 2009\\|access\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=April 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410024634/https://takeaimsports.com/1250/green\\-archers\\-2007\\-uaap\\-season\\-recap/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Unlike earlier match\\-ups where the team with the advantage won the first game, Ateneo won the first game, with [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu \"Chris Tiu\") playing pivotal roles in crunch time where he scored the winning lay\\-up with 7\\.3 seconds remaining to force a deciding game.{{cite news \\|title\\=UAAP: Eagles upset Archers, 65–64, to force 1 more game \\|url\\=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62225/UAAP\\-Eagles\\-upset\\-Archers\\-65\\-64\\-to\\-force\\-1\\-more\\-game \\|work\\=GMANews.tv \\|date\\=September 27, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-06\\-05 \\|archive\\-date\\=May 22, 2011 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522024535/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62225/UAAP\\-Eagles\\-upset\\-Archers\\-65\\-64\\-to\\-force\\-1\\-more\\-game \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In their fifth meeting of the season, [Pocholo Villanueva](/wiki/Pocholo_Villanueva \"Pocholo Villanueva\") scored a three\\-pointer to add La Salle's lead to nine with less than three minutes in the game left. After an Ateneo 6–2 run, Villanueva scored a jump\\-shot anew, padding the lead to seven. After [Ford Arao](/wiki/Ford_Arao \"Ford Arao\") later cut the lead to five, La Salle's OJ Cua missed two free\\-throws with 23\\.9 seconds remaining. [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu \"Chris Tiu\") passed the ball to [Nonoy Baclao](/wiki/Nonoy_Baclao \"Nonoy Baclao\") who scored a three\\-pointer to cut the lead to two, but [JVee Casio](/wiki/JVee_Casio \"JVee Casio\") converted both of his free\\-throws with 4 seconds left to punch La Salle's ticket to the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/la\\-salle\\-s\\-2007\\-redeem\\-team\\-the\\-most\\-special\\-for\\-franz\\-pumaren\\-a2437\\-20200802\\|title\\=La Salle's 2007 'redeem team' the most special for Franz Pumaren\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=August 2, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=September 21, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921075643/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/la\\-salle\\-s\\-2007\\-redeem\\-team\\-the\\-most\\-special\\-for\\-franz\\-pumaren\\-a2437\\-20200802\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This had been the only time Ateneo and La Salle played for five games in a season without both the teams advancing to the Finals.",
"La Salle would eventually sweep UE in the Finals 2–0 to cap their seventh men's basketball championship.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/63524/uaap\\-archers\\-grab\\-caging\\-title\\-after\\-crushing\\-warriors/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: Archers grab caging title after crushing Warriors\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=October 7, 2007}} After the season, La Salle coach Franz Pumaren remarked that \"This is the only time that two is greater than three, they beat us three times, but we beat them when it counted the most.\"{{cite news\\|url\\=http://blogs.inquirer.net/sportsaficionado/2007/10/01/archers\\-sew\\-up\\-win\\-that\\-matters\\-most/ \\|title\\=Archers sew up win that matters most \\|first\\=Jasmine \\|last\\=Payo \\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer \\|date\\=October 1, 2007 \\|access\\-date\\=2010\\-08\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003155046/http://blogs.inquirer.net/sportsaficionado/2007/10/01/archers\\-sew\\-up\\-win\\-that\\-matters\\-most/ \\|archive\\-date\\=October 3, 2011 \\|df\\=mdy }}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://thelasallian.com/2013/06/11/team\\-revisited\\-2007\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-against\\-the\\-odds/\\|title\\=2007 DLSU Green Archers: Against the odds\\|website\\=The LaSallian\\|date\\=June 11, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101010352/https://thelasallian.com/2013/06/11/team\\-revisited\\-2007\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-against\\-the\\-odds/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2008–2012: Ateneo wins five straight titles**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **Ateneo 69** | La Salle 61 | Ateneo 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **Ateneo 62** | La Salle 51 | Ateneo 2–0 |",
"Ateneo would later claim their fourth UAAP title in [2008](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 \"UAAP Season 71\") against defending champions La Salle by sweeping the finals series 2–0\\. In Game 1, [Rabeh Al\\-Hussaini](/wiki/Rabeh_Al-Hussaini \"Rabeh Al-Hussaini\") scored 31 points to lead Ateneo to a win.{{cite news\\|first\\= Jasmine \\|last\\=Payo \\|title\\=Blue Eagles claw Archers in Game 1 of UAAP Finals \\|url\\=http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080922\\-162074/Blue\\-Eagles\\-claw\\-Archers\\-in\\-Game\\-1\\-of\\-UAAP\\-Finals \\|newspaper\\=The \\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|date\\=September 22, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-29 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080924044536/http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080922\\-162074/Blue\\-Eagles\\-claw\\-Archers\\-in\\-Game\\-1\\-of\\-UAAP\\-Finals\\| archive\\-date\\= September 24, 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}} In Game 2, Ateneo led by 15 points at halftime, but La Salle rallied to cut the lead down to 50–47 at the end of the third quarter. However, La Salle forward [Rico Maierhofer](/wiki/Rico_Maierhofer \"Rico Maierhofer\") was ejected just before the end of the quarter after the officials said that he flashed the dirty finger. Maierhofer denied the charge and revealed nine years later in 2017 that he was actually signaling for a La Salle teammate to switch places.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=UkvGjI\\_iGiQ \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/UkvGjI\\_iGiQ \\|archive\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-21 \\|url\\-status\\=live\\|title\\=Unfiltered: Ateneo Blue Eagles and La Salle Green Archers\\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN Sports\\|date\\=December 29, 2017}}{{cbignore}} La Salle suffered a scoring drought which saw the lead balloon to eight in the last two minutes, and Ateneo never looked back after a [Jai Reyes](/wiki/Jai_Reyes \"Jai Reyes\") three\\-point play to secure Ateneo's fourth UAAP men's basketball title.{{cite news\\|first\\= Jasmine \\|last\\=Payo \\|title\\=The Band of Blue dethrones Green Archers \\|url\\=http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080926\\-162938/The\\-Band\\-of\\-Blue\\-dethrones\\-Green\\-Archers \\|newspaper\\=The \\[\\[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] \\|date\\=September 26, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-09\\-30 \\| archive\\-url\\= https://web.archive.org/web/20080928111404/http://sports.inquirer.net/inquirersports/inquirersports/view/20080926\\-162938/The\\-Band\\-of\\-Blue\\-dethrones\\-Green\\-Archers\\| archive\\-date\\= September 28, 2008 \\| url\\-status\\= live}}",
"La Salle paraded several rookies for the [2009](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72 \"UAAP Season 72\") season, while Ateneo emerged with only [Chris Tiu](/wiki/Chris_Tiu \"Chris Tiu\") as the major graduating player. With these conditions, the first Ateneo–La Salle game came at the heels of former [President](/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines \"President of the Philippines\") [Corazon Aquino](/wiki/Corazon_Aquino \"Corazon Aquino\")'s death, and as a result, spectators wore yellow as a sign for respect for Aquino. Ateneo outlasted La Salle in overtime to end the first round with a solitary loss. The two teams met a week later, but this time Ateneo had a big enough lead to prevent La Salle from catching up. Ateneo qualified for the semifinals as the No. 1 seed, eventually winning the championship; La Salle missed out on the Final Four on the final day after being defeated by NU. The 2009 season would be the first time Ateneo and La Salle would not meet in the playoffs since 2001, not including their Finals encounter in 2008 and the DLSU suspension in 2006\\.",
"In 2010, parading some new players and an improved set of veterans, the Green Archers defeated the Blue Eagles, 66–63, with the Blue Eagles still feeling the loss of three of the previous season's starters and sophomore guard [Sam Marata](/wiki/Sam_Marata \"Sam Marata\") shooting hot in the end game. This was the first official win of the Green Archers against the Blue Eagles in UAAP action since 2007\\. In the second round encounter, the Ateneo Blue Eagles were threatened with falling into a tie in the standings had they lost to DLSU. After falling behind 4–9, the Blue Eagles went on a 10–0 scoring run to take a double digit lead, and went on to defeat the Archers decisively, 74–57\\.",
"2010 was the second straight year that Ateneo and DLSU would not meet in a post eliminations series. DLSU managed to reach the Final Four after missing it in the previous season, but fell to the top\\-seeded FEU Tamaraws in overtime. The Blue Eagles defeated the Adamson Falcons in the Final Four, and went on to sweep the Tamaraws for their third consecutive title despite not having any player in the Mythical Team.",
"In 2011, the Ateneo Blue Eagles team headlined by two rookies defeated DLSU again in both of their elimination matches. It is also the third straight year that Ateneo and DLSU would not meet in a post elimination series, since the DLSU Green Archers failed to qualify once again for the Final Four. The Ateneo Blue Eagles were the top\\-seeded team in the semifinals and defeated the UST Growling Tigers in one game. The Blue Eagles then proceeded to sweep the Finals series against the FEU Tamaraws, thus achieving its own four\\-peat.",
"Prior to the start of the 2012 season, Norman Black announced that this would be his last season as head coach of the Ateneo. La Salle, on the other hand, had a rookie coach in [Gee Abanilla](/wiki/Gee_Abanilla \"Gee Abanilla\"). The two schools met thrice that season – twice in the elimination and once in the semi\\-finals with Ateneo winning all of the games. A few days prior to the Final 4 match between Ateneo and La Salle, the Blue Eagle's patron, [Manny Pangilinan](/wiki/Manny_Pangilinan \"Manny Pangilinan\"), announced that he would be pulling out his support from the school. Despite the controversy, Ateneo eventually won its fifth consecutive title, sweeping UST in the Finals.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/ateneo\\-wins\\-fifth\\-consecutive\\-uaap\\-title\\|title\\=Ateneo wins fifth consecutive UAAP title\\|work\\=Rappler\\|date\\=October 11, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184626/https://www.rappler.com/sports/ateneo\\-wins\\-fifth\\-consecutive\\-uaap\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/65932/blue\\-eagles\\-bag\\-uaap\\-75\\-championship\\-for\\-five\\-peat\\|title\\=Ateneo clinches a rare 'five peat' at the expense of UST\\|work\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=October 11, 2012\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192106/https://sports.inquirer.net/65932/blue\\-eagles\\-bag\\-uaap\\-75\\-championship\\-for\\-five\\-peat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2013: La Salle reclaims the championship**",
"Upon the departure of Norman Black, [Dolreich \"Bo\" Perasol](/wiki/Bo_Perasol \"Bo Perasol\"), a former member of the [University of the Philippines men's basketball team](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons \"UP Fighting Maroons\") and a seasoned [Philippine Basketball Association](/wiki/Philippine_Basketball_Association \"Philippine Basketball Association\") head coach, was tapped by Ateneo as head coach of the Blue Eagles. The entry of Perasol, who was rumored to be tapped as team consultant of the UP Fighting Maroons prior to his appointment as Ateneo head coach, also heralded the return of Manny Pangilinan as the Blue Eagles' main patron. Joining Ateneo men's basketball team was Filipino\\-American forward [Chris Newsome](/wiki/Chris_Newsome \"Chris Newsome\").",
"Over at La Salle, a series of reshuffles within and outside of the team resulted to the appointment of then assistant coach [Juno Sauler](/wiki/Juno_Sauler \"Juno Sauler\") as the head coach of the Green Archers. Joining the De La Salle Green Archers coaching staff prior to the start of the 2013–14 UAAP season was [Allan Caidic](/wiki/Allan_Caidic \"Allan Caidic\"), who took on the chores of shooting coach. Filipino\\-American forwards [Jason Perkins](/wiki/Jason_Perkins \"Jason Perkins\") and Matthew Salem became a part of team roster, which had to adjust to the loss of resident players Yutien Andrada, [Mac Tallo](/wiki/Mac_Tallo \"Mac Tallo\"), [Alfonzo Gotladera](/wiki/Alfonzo_Gotladera \"Alfonzo Gotladera\") and Papot Paredes. For the first time since 2005, La Salle was able to sweep Ateneo during the elimination round.",
"During their first round meeting at the Mall of Asia Arena on July 7, 2013, the Green Archers, banking on the heroics of combo guard [Almond Vosotros](/wiki/Almond_Vosotros \"Almond Vosotros\") and center [Arnold Van Opstal](/wiki/Arnold_Van_Opstal \"Arnold Van Opstal\"), defeated the Blue Eagles, 82–73, resulting to Ateneo's third straight loss to start the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/07/07/13/ateneo\\-now\\-0\\-3\\-la\\-salle\\-rallies\\-second\\-half\\|title\\=Ateneo now 0\\-3 as La Salle rallies in second half\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=July 7, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/33129\\-uaap\\-season\\-76\\-la\\-salle\\-beats\\-ateneo\\-1st\\-round/\\|title\\=Hard\\-fighting La Salle rises to beat Ateneo\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=July 7, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/108469/la\\-salle\\-downs\\-ateneo\\-82\\-73\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle sinks rival Ateneo\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=July 7, 2013}} The second round meeting, which was held at the Araneta Coliseum on September 1, 2013, was tightly contested by Ateneo and La Salle, with the Green Archers winning over the Blue Eagles, 66–64, after sophomore forward Jeron Teng sank a floater with only two seconds left in the shot clock.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/teng\\-rings\\-the\\-bell\\-as\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-completes\\-elims\\-sweep\\-of\\-rival\\-ateneo\\|title\\=Teng rings the bell as De La Salle completes elims sweep of rival Ateneo\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=September 1, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/37857\\-la\\-salle\\-beats\\-ateneo\\-2nd\\-round/\\|title\\=Teng game\\-winner lifts La Salle past Ateneo\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=September 1, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/324566/uaap\\-teng\\-saves\\-the\\-day\\-as\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-shoot\\-down\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-anew/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: Teng saves the day as La Salle Green Archers shoot down Ateneo Blue Eagles anew\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=September 1, 2013}} Toward the end of the second round Ateneo\\-La Salle game, Perasol was involved in a scuffle with JJ Atayde, an alumnus of La Salle, after the former got irked with the latter's heckling.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/09/02/13/heckler\\-opens\\-incident\\-ateneo\\-coach\\|title\\='Heckler' opens up on incident with Ateneo coach\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=September 2, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/117555/heckler\\-gets\\-perasols\\-goat\\|title\\=Heckler gets Perasol's goat\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=September 3, 2013}} The incident caused the UAAP Board to penalize Perasol with a one\\-game suspension and Atayde with a season\\-wide ban from watching games.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/perasol\\-suspended\\-for\\-one\\-game\\-dlsu\\-fan\\-gets\\-season\\-ban\\-for\\-post\\-game\\-spat\\-v02?ref\\=article\\_tag\\|title\\=Perasol suspended for one game, DLSU fan gets season ban for post\\-game spat\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=September 4, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/324964/uaap\\-perasol\\-s\\-confrontation\\-with\\-heckler\\-earns\\-him\\-one\\-game\\-suspension/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: Perasol's confrontation with heckler earns him one\\-game suspension\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=September 4, 2013}}",
"Controversy further ensued after Perasol violated his one\\-game suspension by watching from inside the Ateneo dugout during the Blue Eagles' September 8, 2013 game against the UE Red Warriors, forcing UE team officials to file an inquiry before the UAAP Board.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/09/09/13/ue\\-asks\\-probe\\-after\\-perasol\\-seen\\-moa\\-arena\\|title\\=UE asks for probe after Perasol seen at MOA Arena\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=September 4, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/ateneo\\-faces\\-forfeiture\\-of\\-ue\\-win\\-after\\-banned\\-perasol\\-allegedly\\-seen\\-at\\-game\\|title\\=Ateneo faces forfeiture of UE win after banned Perasol allegedly seen at game\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=September 9, 2013}} The UAAP Board acted on UE's request for an inquiry, ordering Perasol to serve his one\\-game suspension during Ateneo's September 18, 2013 game against the [UST Growling Tigers](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers \"UST Growling Tigers\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/326206/uaap\\-no\\-forfeitures\\-but\\-perasol\\-to\\-serve\\-his\\-suspension\\-versus\\-ust/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: No forfeitures, but Perasol to serve his suspension versus UST\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=September 12, 2013}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/09/12/13/no\\-forfeiture\\-ateneo\\-uaap\\-source\\|title\\=No forfeiture for Ateneo, Perasol suspended anew\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=September 12, 2013}} Ateneo, with Perasol serving his one\\-game suspension, was eventually defeated by UST, 74–82, causing the Blue Eagles to not only be dethroned as UAAP Men's Basketball Champions after five straight seasons but to also miss Final Four contention for the first time since 1998\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/ateneo\\-gets\\-the\\-blues\\-as\\-ust\\-win\\-ends\\-eagles\\-five\\-year\\-reign\\-as\\-uaap\\-champs\\-v02\\|title\\=Ateneo gets the blues as UST win ends Eagles' five\\-year reign as UAAP champs\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=September 18, 2013}}",
"La Salle, after a disappointing 3–4 finish during the first round of elimination games, swept the second round and ended the elimination round at 10–4, forcing a three\\-way tie for the top spot alongside the [NU Bulldogs](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs \"NU Bulldogs\") and the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws \"FEU Tamaraws\"). Due to having the highest quotient, NU took the Number One spot with twice\\-to\\-beat advantage and faced UST in the Final Four, with the Growling Tigers defeating the Bulldogs in two games. On the other hand, La Salle and FEU faced each other twice, the first meeting being a rubber match game for the Number Two spot and the twice\\-to\\-beat advantage and the second being the formal Final Four game, with the Green Archers winning on both occasions and entering the Finals for the first time since [UAAP Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 \"UAAP Season 71\"). During the finals series, La Salle defeated UST in three games to win the [UAAP Season 76](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76 \"UAAP Season 76\") men's basketball championship title.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/124063/la\\-salle\\-beats\\-ust\\-in\\-overtime\\-for\\-uaap\\-title\\|title\\=La Salle rallies past UST in OT to win UAAP title\\|work\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=October 12, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=June 25, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625091617/https://sports.inquirer.net/124063/la\\-salle\\-beats\\-ust\\-in\\-overtime\\-for\\-uaap\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/330630/uaap\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-win\\-in\\-ot\\-shoot\\-down\\-ust\\-growling\\-tigers\\-for\\-s76\\-title/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: DLSU Green Archers win in OT, shoot down UST Growling Tigers for S76 title\\|work\\=GMA News\\|date\\=October 12, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=March 10, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310111146/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/330630/sports/uaap\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-win\\-in\\-ot\\-shoot\\-down\\-ust\\-growling\\-tigers\\-for\\-s76\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/la\\-salle\\-uaap\\-season\\-76\\-champions\\|title\\=La Salle beats UST, wins UAAP title\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=October 12, 2013}}",
"**2016: Green Archers unleash \"Mayhem\"**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **La Salle 67** | Ateneo 65 | La Salle 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **La Salle 79** | Ateneo 72 | La Salle 2–0 |",
"",
"Both Ateneo and La Salle were unable to reach the UAAP Men's Basketball Finals in [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_basketball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 77 basketball tournaments\") and [2015](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78_basketball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 78 basketball tournaments\"). By 2016, La Salle was able to utilize center [Ben Mbala](/wiki/Ben_Mbala \"Ben Mbala\"), and tapped the services of former [Letran Knights](/wiki/Letran_Knights \"Letran Knights\") coach [Aldin Ayo](/wiki/Aldin_Ayo \"Aldin Ayo\") while Ateneo was on a rebuilding stage after the graduation of their top two scorers in [Kiefer Ravena](/wiki/Kiefer_Ravena \"Kiefer Ravena\") and [Von Pessumal](/wiki/Von_Pessumal \"Von Pessumal\") though they were able to get the services of former [Gilas Pilipinas](/wiki/Philippine_men%27s_national_basketball_team \"Philippine men's national basketball team\") coach [Tab Baldwin](/wiki/Tab_Baldwin \"Tab Baldwin\"). Under coach Ayo, La Salle adopted a defense\\-oriented system with emphasis on [fast breaks](/wiki/Fast_break \"Fast break\") and the use of [full\\-court press](/wiki/Full-court_press \"Full-court press\") which Ayo called \"Mayhem\".{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/231912/belief\\-made\\-mayhem\\-system\\-work\\-for\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=Belief made 'Mayhem' system work for La Salle\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=December 8, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204709/https://sports.inquirer.net/231912/belief\\-made\\-mayhem\\-system\\-work\\-for\\-la\\-salle\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Green Archers finished the elimination round as the top seed with a 13–1 record with Ateneo coming in second with a 10–4 win–loss record. The only loss of the Green Archers came at the hands of their archivals, the Ateneo Blue Eagles during the second to the last game of the elimination round. Coming into Final Four both teams have a twice\\-to\\-beat advantage with La Salle defeating Adamson in just one game while Ateneo had to utilize their twice\\-to\\-beat incentives against FEU.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/30/16/ateneo\\-edges\\-feu\\-in\\-ot\\-to\\-book\\-finals\\-seat\\|title\\=Ateneo edges FEU in OT to book Finals seat\\|first\\=Camille\\|last\\=Naredo\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=November 30, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=November 30, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130171238/http://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/30/16/ateneo\\-edges\\-feu\\-in\\-ot\\-to\\-book\\-finals\\-seat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/its\\-ateneo\\-vs\\-la\\-salle\\-in\\-finals\\-as\\-blue\\-eagles\\-outlast\\-feu\\-in\\-overtime\\-thriller\\|title\\=It's Ateneo vs La Salle in finals as Blue Eagles outlast FEU in overtime thriller\\|first\\=Reuben\\|last\\=Terrado\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=November 30, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=December 1, 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=December 1, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211316/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/its\\-ateneo\\-vs\\-la\\-salle\\-in\\-finals\\-as\\-blue\\-eagles\\-outlast\\-feu\\-in\\-overtime\\-thriller\\|url\\-status\\=live}} After eight years, Ateneo and La Salle faced off in the Finals, with La Salle emerging as the champion of [Season 79](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79_basketball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 79 basketball tournaments\") after sweeping Ateneo in the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/la\\-salle\\-sweeps\\-ateneo\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-champion\\|title\\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to become UAAP Season 79 champion\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=December 7, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212011/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/la\\-salle\\-sweeps\\-ateneo\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-champion\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/591617/la\\-salle\\-sweeps\\-ateneo\\-to\\-win\\-season\\-79\\-crown/story/\\|title\\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to win Season 79 crown\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=December 7, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/231771/la\\-salle\\-sweeps\\-ateneo\\-to\\-capture\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-crown\\|title\\=La Salle sweeps Ateneo to capture UAAP Season 79 crown\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=December 7, 2016}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-champion\\-beat\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\|title\\=La Salle crowns a season to remember with sweep of Ateneo in UAAP finals\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=December 7, 2016}}",
"**2017–2019: Blue Eagles win three consecutive championships**",
"| Game | Winner | Loser | Series |\n| Game 1 | **Ateneo 76** | La Salle 70 | Ateneo 1–0 |\n| Game 2 | **La Salle 92** | Ateneo 83 | Tied 1–1 |\n| Game 3 | **Ateneo 88** | La Salle 86 | Ateneo 2–1 |",
"",
"The following year, in [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80 \"UAAP Season 80\"), the Ateneo Blue Eagles won their first 13 games of the elimination round. Their bid for a sweep was denied by the De La Salle Green Archers. In the Final Four matches, La Salle went on to defeat the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons \"Adamson Soaring Falcons\"), while the Blue Eagles lost the first game to the [FEU Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws \"FEU Tamaraws\"), their second loss of the season. Ateneo prevailed over FEU in the decider and faced La Salle in the championship series. The Blue Eagles took Game One, 76–70, whereas the Green Archers rallied from 21 points down to take Game 2, 92–83\\. In Game 3, the Blue Eagles led by as much as 10 points in order to defeat La Salle, 88–86, and retake the men's basketball championship.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-uaap\\-season\\-80\\-champion\\-la\\-salle\\-game\\-three\\-finals\\-2017\\|title\\=Ateneo plays steadier in endgame this time to hold off La Salle and claim UAAP title\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|first\\=Reuben\\|last\\=Terrado\\|date\\=December 3, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=December 4, 2017\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205093059/http://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap/news/ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-uaap\\-season\\-80\\-champion\\-la\\-salle\\-game\\-three\\-finals\\-2017\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/admu\\-blue\\-eagles\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-uaap\\-season\\-80\\-finals\\-game\\-3\\|title\\=Ateneo Blue Eagles are UAAP Season 80 champions\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=December 3, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204559/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/admu\\-blue\\-eagles\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-uaap\\-season\\-80\\-finals\\-game\\-3\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Season 80 would eventually become the first of three consecutive championships (all against La Salle, UP and UST, respectively) for Ateneo up to [UAAP Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 \"UAAP Season 82\") (the first championship round between the \\#1 and \\#4\\-seeded men's basketball teams, and the first 16–0 season sweep, in UAAP history), anchored by [Thirdy Ravena](/wiki/Thirdy_Ravena \"Thirdy Ravena\"), the first collegiate player in UAAP history to win three consecutive Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-game\\-november\\-20\\-2019\\|title\\=CHAMPS AGAIN: Ateneo dynasty romps to rare season sweep after UST scare\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=November 20, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=July 8, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=July 9, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185123/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-game\\-november\\-20\\-2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2022: Battle of Katipunan**",
"The [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") halted all the remaining league tournaments in 2020, and the remainder of the season, including the entire [following season](/wiki/UAAP_Season_83 \"UAAP Season 83\"), was cancelled on April 7 of that year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.espn.com/story/\\_/id/29005602/uaap\\-forced\\-cancel\\-season\\-82\\-ecq\\-extended\\-apr\\-30\\|title\\=UAAP forced to cancel Season 82 after ECQ extended to Apr. 30\\|website\\=ESPN\\|date\\=April 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204000/https://www.espn.com/story/\\_/id/29005602/uaap\\-forced\\-cancel\\-season\\-82\\-ecq\\-extended\\-apr\\-30\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/391388/uaap\\-cancels\\-season\\-82\\-over\\-coronavirus\\|title\\=UAAP cancels Season 82 over coronavirus\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=April 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211037/https://sports.inquirer.net/391388/uaap\\-cancels\\-season\\-82\\-over\\-coronavirus\\|url\\-status\\=live}} During the resumption of the [UAAP Season 84 in 2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84 \"UAAP Season 84\"), however, both Ateneo and La Salle lost to the [University of the Philippines Fighting Maroons](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons \"UP Fighting Maroons\") in the men's basketball post\\-season rounds. UP swept La Salle in the eliminations before ousting them in their final game of their Final Four series.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/final\\-four\\-game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-may\\-6\\-2022/\\|title\\=UP denies La Salle semis sweep, sets up Battle of Katipunan finals\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 6, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610033433/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/final\\-four\\-game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-dlsu\\-green\\-archers\\-may\\-6\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In addition, UP ended Ateneo's UAAP record of 39\\-game winning streak and their bid for a second consecutive season of elimination round sweep and stepladder finals berth,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/up\\-maroons\\-put\\-an\\-end\\-to\\-ateneo\\-s\\-39\\-game\\-win\\-streak\\-a795\\-20220501\\|title\\=Brave UP Maroons put an end to Ateneo's 39\\-game win streak\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=May 1, 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/460560/uaap\\-up\\-denies\\-ateneo\\-sweep\\-final\\-four\\-set\\|title\\=UAAP: UP denies Ateneo sweep, Final Four set\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=May 1, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 5, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605012227/https://sports.inquirer.net/460560/uaap\\-up\\-denies\\-ateneo\\-sweep\\-final\\-four\\-set\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-1\\-2022/\\|title\\=UP slays mighty Ateneo, ends 4\\-year, 39\\-game win streak\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 1, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 9, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509102951/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-1\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/39\\-1\\-up\\-denies\\-ateneo\\-of\\-uaap\\-84\\-elims\\-sweep/238676\\|title\\=39\\-1: UP denies Ateneo of UAAP 84 elims sweep\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 1, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 30, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530092641/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/39\\-1\\-up\\-denies\\-ateneo\\-of\\-uaap\\-84\\-elims\\-sweep/238676\\|url\\-status\\=live}} before dethroning them in their do\\-or\\-die match in the championship round and denying their bid for an unprecedented second streak of four consecutive UAAP championships. As a result, this marked the first time in UAAP history that an eventual champion team has [defeated both Ateneo and La Salle](/wiki/List_of_UAAP_Final_Four_results \"List of UAAP Final Four results\"), as well as win multiple [overtime](/wiki/Overtime_%28sports%29 \"Overtime (sports)\") games in the championship series, in the post\\-season rounds in men's basketball in any single season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/462075/up\\-dethrones\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-uaap\\-basketball\\-crown\\|title\\=UP dethrones Ateneo, clinches UAAP basketball crown\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=May 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 16, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616115251/https://sports.inquirer.net/462075/up\\-dethrones\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-uaap\\-basketball\\-crown\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-13\\-2022/\\|title\\=UP topples Ateneo dynasty, ends three\\-decade title odyssey\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 2, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602081428/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-13\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/05/13/22/up\\-ends\\-ateneo\\-dynasty\\-for\\-first\\-uaap\\-title\\-in\\-36\\-years\\|title\\=UP ends Ateneo dynasty for first UAAP title in 36 years\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=May 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=May 19, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519095923/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/05/13/22/up\\-ends\\-ateneo\\-dynasty\\-for\\-first\\-uaap\\-title\\-in\\-36\\-years\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-84\\-cagulangan\\-ends\\-ups\\-36\\-year\\-title\\-drought\\-ateneos\\-dynasty/239822\\|title\\=UAAP 84: Cagulangan ends UP's 36\\-year title drought, Ateneo's dynasty\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 13, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 10, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610114918/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-84\\-cagulangan\\-ends\\-ups\\-36\\-year\\-title\\-drought\\-ateneos\\-dynasty/239822\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 \"UAAP Season 85\"), La Salle ended their seven\\-game losing streak to Ateneo in UAAP men's basketball dating from the Season 80 championship series in the first round of the eliminations before Ateneo won their head\\-to\\-head matchup in the second round of the eliminations.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-85\\-mbt\\-la\\-salle\\-ends\\-seven\\-game\\-drought\\-against\\-ateneo/251953\\|title\\=UAAP 85 MBB: La Salle ends seven\\-game drought against Ateneo\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=October 9, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205023902/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-85\\-mbt\\-la\\-salle\\-ends\\-seven\\-game\\-drought\\-against\\-ateneo/251953\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-november\\-5\\-2022/\\|title\\=Ateneo routs Winston\\-less rival La Salle to avenge first\\-round loss\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=November 5, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205025404/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-november\\-5\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} While both Ateneo and La Salle split their respective elimination records with the semifinal\\-bound UP Fighting Maroons and NU Bulldogs, Ateneo defeated UP in the second round of the eliminations to clinch the top seed while gain a twice\\-to\\-beat semifinal advantage for the sixth consecutive season—the longest overall streak in the [Final Four](/wiki/UAAP_Final_Four \"UAAP Final Four\") era of UAAP men's basketball—after sweeping the [Adamson Soaring Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Soaring_Falcons \"Adamson Soaring Falcons\") due to quotient system in the eliminations.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/488141/uaap\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-no\\-1\\-spot\\-sends\\-adamson\\-to\\-playoff\\-vs\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=UAAP: Ateneo clinches No. 1 spot, sends Adamson to playoff vs La Salle\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|date\\=November 30, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 5, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205023902/https://sports.inquirer.net/488141/uaap\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-no\\-1\\-spot\\-sends\\-adamson\\-to\\-playoff\\-vs\\-la\\-salle\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Meanwhile, La Salle was eliminated from semifinal contention after losing to Adamson in their playoff for the fourth seed.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/853493/adamson\\-eclipses\\-la\\-salle\\-completes\\-uaap\\-season\\-85\\-final\\-four\\-cast/story/\\|title\\=Adamson eclipses La Salle, completes UAAP Season 85 Final Four cast\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=December 4, 2022}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/488685/uaap\\-jerom\\-lastimosa\\-adamson\\-eliminate\\-la\\-salle\\-to\\-secure\\-final\\-four\\-berth\\|title\\=UAAP: Jerom Lastimosa, Adamson eliminate La Salle to secure Final Four berth\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|date\\=December 4, 2022}} UP and Ateneo eventually ousted NU and Adamson, respectively, en route to their second consecutive (and third overall) joint UAAP men's basketball championship series appearance.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/up\\-maroons\\-beat\\-nu\\-bulldogs\\-in\\-final\\-four\\-reach\\-uaap\\-finals\\-a2437\\-20221207\\|title\\=UP Maroons shake off resilient NU Bulldogs, return to UAAP Finals\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=December 7, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207202407/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/up\\-maroons\\-beat\\-nu\\-bulldogs\\-in\\-final\\-four\\-reach\\-uaap\\-finals\\-a2437\\-20221207\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/489110/ateneo\\-knocks\\-out\\-adamson\\-to\\-set\\-uaap\\-finals\\-rematch\\-vs\\-up\\|title\\=Ateneo knocks out Adamson to set up UAAP Finals rematch vs UP\\|newspaper\\=Philippine Daily Inquirer\\|date\\=December 7, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207182746/https://sports.inquirer.net/489110/ateneo\\-knocks\\-out\\-adamson\\-to\\-set\\-uaap\\-finals\\-rematch\\-vs\\-up\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Ateneo prevailed in three games to deny the UP Fighting Maroons their bid for an unprecedented double UAAP championship streak in a single calendar year, anchored by [Ange Kouame](/wiki/Ange_Kouame \"Ange Kouame\"), the first naturalized and overall player in UAAP men's basketball history to win Rookie of the Year, and Season and Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-beat\\-up\\-maroons\\-in\\-game\\-3\\-to\\-win\\-title\\-a2437\\-20221219\\|title\\=Ateneo reclaims UAAP title after holding off UP Maroons in Game 3\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=December 19, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 19, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219140742/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-beat\\-up\\-maroons\\-in\\-game\\-3\\-to\\-win\\-title\\-a2437\\-20221219\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-december\\-19\\-2022/\\|title\\=Ateneo reclaims lost glory, outguns UP in Game 3 to regain UAAP basketball title\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=December 19, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 20, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220024052/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-up\\-fighting\\-maroons\\-december\\-19\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**2023: Green Archers end seven\\-year title drought**",
"In December 2022, La Salle opted not to renew the contract of [Derrick Pumaren](/wiki/Derrick_Pumaren \"Derrick Pumaren\") after having been the head coach of the Green Archers for UAAP Seasons 84 and 85\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\\-salle\\-makes\\-decision\\-to\\-not\\-renew\\-pumaren\\-for\\-uaap\\-86/258832\\|title\\=La Salle makes decision not to renew Pumaren for UAAP 86\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=December 27, 2022}} In January 2023, [Topex Robinson](/wiki/Topex_Robinson \"Topex Robinson\") was named as the new head coach, taking over from Pumaren for [UAAP Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86 \"UAAP Season 86\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/01/19/2238827/la\\-salle\\-appoints\\-topex\\-robinson\\-new\\-green\\-archers\\-coach\\|title\\=La Salle appoints Topex Robinson as new Green Archers coach\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/topex\\-robinson\\-named\\-dlsu\\-green\\-arches\\-head\\-coach/\\#:\\~:text\\=MANILA%2C%20Philippines%20%E2%80%93%20Seasoned%20head%20coach,announced%20on%20Thursday%2C%20January%2019\\.\\|title\\='Dream of mine': Topex Robinson named new La Salle coach\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/493904/topex\\-robinson\\-takes\\-over\\-as\\-la\\-salle\\-head\\-coach\\|title\\=Topex Robinson takes over as La Salle head coach\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=January 19, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/857972/topex\\-robinson\\-tapped\\-as\\-new\\-la\\-salle\\-head\\-coach/story/\\|title\\=Topex Robinson tapped as new La Salle head coach\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=January 19, 2023}} Ateneo won over La Salle in their first round encounter of the season.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-men\\-basketball\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-october\\-4\\-2023/\\|title\\=Young Ateneo proves worth, downs loaded La Salle in late shootout\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=October 4, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/532474/uaap\\-ballungay\\-amos\\-come\\-through\\-late\\-as\\-ateneo\\-beats\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=UAAP: Ballungay, Amos come through late as Ateneo beats La Salle\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=October 4, 2023}} La Salle would then beat Ateneo to sweep the second round of the eliminations on an eight\\-game win streak.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/18/23/la\\-salle\\-outlasts\\-ateneo\\-closes\\-in\\-on\\-final\\-4\\-incentive\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle outlasts Ateneo, closes in on twice\\-to\\-beat incentive\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=November 18, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-men\\-basketball\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-november\\-18\\-2023/\\|title\\=La Salle escapes rival Ateneo, completes UAAP 2nd\\-round sweep to near twice\\-to\\-beat\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=November 18, 2023}} The Blue Eagles, currently with the longest active streak of Final Four appearances in the UAAP men's basketball tournament, were eventually dethroned by the UP Fighting Maroons in the first game of their Final Four encounter,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/541367/up\\-knocks\\-off\\-ateneo\\-returns\\-to\\-uaap\\-finals\\|title\\=UP knocks off Ateneo, returns to UAAP Finals\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=November 25, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/basketball/uaap\\-men/top\\-seed\\-up\\-maroons\\-beat\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-in\\-final\\-four\\-a5172\\-20231125\\|title\\=UP Maroons back in UAAP Finals after dethroning Ateneo Blue Eagles\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=November 25, 2023}} ending Ateneo's streak of UAAP Finals and podium appearances dating back from Baldwin's debut as head coach in the UAAP in 2016\\. Meanwhile La Salle would make their first UAAP Finals appearance since UAAP Season 80 in 2017 after beating the NU Bulldogs.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/889549/uaap\\-la\\-salle\\-routs\\-nu\\-sets\\-up\\-finals\\-duel\\-vs\\-up/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle routs NU, sets up Finals duel vs UP\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=November 25, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/25/23/la\\-salle\\-dominates\\-nu\\-makes\\-uaap\\-finals\\-return\\|title\\=La Salle dominates NU, makes UAAP Finals return\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=November 25, 2023}}",
"The Green Archers went on to win their 10th UAAP championship title against the Fighting Maroons in three games.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/basketball/890600/la\\-salle\\-takes\\-down\\-up\\-to\\-end\\-7\\-year\\-uaap\\-title\\-drought/story/\\|title\\=La Salle takes down UP to end 7\\-year UAAP title drought\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/12/06/23/la\\-salle\\-outlasts\\-up\\-to\\-become\\-season\\-86\\-champions\\|title\\=La Salle outlasts UP to become Season 86 champions\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}} The winner\\-take\\-all game between the Fighting Maroons and the Green Archers drew a record 25,192 fans inside the [Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Araneta_Coliseum \"Araneta Coliseum\"), overtaking the record set by the rubber match in the championship series between the NU Bulldogs and the FEU Tamaraws in [UAAP Season 77](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 \"UAAP Season 77\") in [2014](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_basketball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 77 basketball tournaments\") to become the second largest in\\-venue attendance in any event in UAAP history after NU defeated UP and UST during the [2015](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78 \"UAAP Season 78\") [Cheerdance Competition](/wiki/UAAP_Cheerdance_Competition \"UAAP Cheerdance Competition\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/up\\-dlsu\\-game\\-3\\-sets\\-uaap\\-basketball\\-attendance\\-record/290723\\|title\\=UP\\-DLSU Game 3 sets UAAP basketball attendance record\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://mb.com.ph/2023/12/6/la\\-salle\\-captures\\-uaap\\-title\\-in\\-front\\-of\\-record\\-big\\-dome\\-crowd\\|title\\=La Salle captures UAAP title in front of record crowd at Big Dome\\|website\\=Manila Bulletin\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}} [Kevin Quiambao](/wiki/Kevin_Quiambao \"Kevin Quiambao\") became the first local UAAP MVP since Ateneo's Ravena, and the first Green Archer to win the MVP since Ben Mbala.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2023/12/03/2316168/la\\-salles\\-quiambao\\-officially\\-crowned\\-uaap\\-mvp\\|title\\=La Salle's Quiambao officially crowned UAAP MVP\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=December 3, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/quiambao\\-joins\\-elite\\-list\\-of\\-la\\-salle\\-bigs\\-after\\-winning\\-uaap\\-mbb\\-mvp/290317\\|title\\=Quiambao joins elite list of La Salle bigs after winning UAAP MBB MVP\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=December 3, 2023}} He would also be crowned the Finals MVP, becoming the first local UAAP player in the post\\-[COVID pandemic](/wiki/COVID_pandemic \"COVID pandemic\") era to have won Rookie of the Year, Season and Finals MVP awards in a single career.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/543212/kevin\\-quiambao\\-uaap\\-finals\\-mvp\\-returning\\-next\\-season\\-for\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=Kevin Quiambao is UAAP Finals MVP after leading La Salle title run\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/kevin\\-quiambao\\-la\\-salle\\-green\\-archers\\-season\\-86\\-finals\\-mvp\\-2023/\\|title\\=La Salle's Kevin Quiambao bags UAAP Finals MVP in sophomore season to remember\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}} Robinson joined a group of La Salle mentors who reached the UAAP Finals in their first year as head coach and won the championship. This includes coaches [Franz Pumaren](/wiki/Franz_Pumaren \"Franz Pumaren\"), [Juno Sauler](/wiki/Juno_Sauler \"Juno Sauler\"), and [Aldin Ayo](/wiki/Aldin_Ayo \"Aldin Ayo\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://mb.com.ph/2023/12/6/topex\\-robinson\\-honored\\-to\\-join\\-la\\-salle\\-s\\-elite\\-mentors\\-in\\-rookie\\-uaap\\-title\\|title\\=Topex Robinson follows footsteps of Pumaren, Sauler, Ayo\\|website\\=Manila Bulletin\\|date\\=December 6, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/12/07/sports/after\\-series\\-of\\-heartbreaks\\-winning\\-first\\-collegiate\\-championship\\-feels\\-surreal\\-for\\-topex\\-robinson/1923196\\|title\\=After series of heartbreaks, winning first collegiate championship feels surreal for Topex Robinson\\|website\\=The Manila Times\\|date\\=December 7, 2023}}",
""
] |
Volleyball
----------
### Overall
In terms of total collegiate and high school volleyball titles won in the NCAA and UAAP, La Salle leads with 43 championships compared to Ateneo's 15 championships. In the seniors' division, La Salle leads Ateneo 19–9\. La Salle was 4\-peat NCAA men's champions from Seasons 53 to 56\. The Green Spikers won their most recent UAAP titles in Seasons 64 and 66\. The Lady Spikers were the first NCAA women's champions in volleyball when the tournament was introduced in NCAA Season 51 (1975–76\) and have 12 UAAP titles. They are thrice 3\-peat UAAP women's champions (2004–2006, 2011–2013, and 2016–2018\), and hold the distinction of having the [longest appearance in the UAAP Finals in the Final Four era](/wiki/UAAP_Volleyball_Championship "UAAP Volleyball Championship"), from [Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 "UAAP Season 71") to [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80 "UAAP Season 80") (2009–2018\). La Salle is also the only women's volleyball team in UAAP history to both outright win the championship by winning all 14 elimination round games in a season ([Season 67](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 "UAAP Season 67")), and to have advanced outright to then\-best\-of\-five championship series with thrice\-to\-beat incentives by winning all 14 elimination round games in a season for at least two seasons ([Season 74](/wiki/UAAP_Season_74 "UAAP Season 74") and [Season 76](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76 "UAAP Season 76")).
Ateneo won the double (men's and women's) volleyball championship in NCAA Season 52 (1976–77\), won its first UAAP volleyball championship in [Season 76](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76 "UAAP Season 76"), and, by [Season 77](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 "UAAP Season 77") and as of 2024, remains the most recent school to win the double UAAP volleyball championship in the seniors' division. The Lady Eagles were back\-to\-back UAAP women's champions in Seasons 76 and 77, and won their third title in [Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81 "UAAP Season 81"). The Lady Eagles became the first volleyball team in UAAP history to finish an entire season (including the finals) without a single loss (16–0\) in the [Season 77](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 "UAAP Season 77") women's volleyball tournament. The Blue Eagles were 3\-peat UAAP men's champions from Season 77 to [Season 79](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79 "UAAP Season 79") (2015–2017\), the latter marking their perfect season in the men's volleyball tournament. Ateneo is the first member school in the UAAP to have scored 16–0 season win sweep records in both men's and women's divisions in collegiate volleyball.
The [Ateneo Lady Eagles](/wiki/Ateneo_Blue_Eagles_women%27s_volleyball "Ateneo Blue Eagles women's volleyball") and the [De La Salle Lady Spikers](/wiki/De_La_Salle_Lady_Spikers_volleyball "De La Salle Lady Spikers volleyball") have met in the championships of the UAAP for six consecutive (and overall) times from Seasons 74 to 79 (2012–2017\). The Lady Eagles won back\-to\-back titles over La Salle in 2014 and 2015, while the Lady Spikers prevailed back\-to\-back in 2012 and 2013, and 2016 and 2017\. From [UAAP Season 72](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72 "UAAP Season 72") to [UAAP Season 84](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84 "UAAP Season 84"), both Ateneo and La Salle have qualified in the postseason of women's volleyball (semifinals onwards), marking the longest joint Final Four appearance by any two UAAP volleyball teams in the league's history. Also, from [UAAP Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 "UAAP Season 71") to [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 "UAAP Season 85"), either or both Ateneo and La Salle have competed in the championship series in UAAP collegiate volleyball.
In the juniors' division, La Salle has 24 championships while Ateneo has six. Ateneo did not have a girls' team in the juniors' division prior to [UAAP Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86 "UAAP Season 86"). The Blue Eaglet Spikers won championship titles in NCAA Seasons 43, 45, and 48, and were 3\-peat champions from Seasons 50 to 52\. The De La Salle Junior Spikers won seven championship titles under their membership stint in the NCAA which included a 4\-peat championship streak along with the Green Spikers from Seasons 53 to 56\. In the UAAP, they were 6\-peat champions in the boys' division from Seasons 57 to 62, and have also won the title in Season 66\. The Junior Lady Spikers were 5\-peat champions from UAAP Seasons 57 to 61, and were 3\-peat champions from Seasons 73 to 75\. They also won additional titles in UAAP Seasons 65 and 81\.
### UAAP
**UAAP Season 74 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the first time in UAAP history, Ateneo and La Salle met each other at the [UAAP Season 74 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_74_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 74 volleyball tournaments"). The De La Salle Lady Spikers became the first volleyball team ever to automatically enter the UAAP Finals with a thrice\-to\-beat advantage after sweeping the elimination round. On the other hand, the Ateneo Lady Eagles, consistently ranked second throughout much of the elimination round (with losses to La Salle, twice, and UST in the second round), defeated the third\-seeded (and [previous season's](/wiki/UAAP_Season_73_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 73 volleyball tournaments") runner\-up) [UST Tigresses](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers "UST Growling Tigers") in the semifinals in four sets. This marks Ateneo's first entry to the UAAP volleyball finals since the school's 1978 admission into the UAAP.
Game One of the Finals was won by Ateneo in four sets, 23–25, 28–26, 25–23, 25–17, marking the first recorded Ateneo victory in any UAAP volleyball championship series while halting then\-league record of 24 consecutive wins by La Salle (dating back from Season 73\). La Salle went on to recover in Game Two in four sets, 23–25, 25–21, 26–24, 25–18, before sweeping Ateneo in Game Three, 25–16, 25–22, 25–13, to finish off the series in three games and win their second consecutive (and seventh overall) UAAP women's volleyball championship title. [Abigail Maraño](/wiki/Aby_Mara%C3%B1o "Aby Maraño") of La Salle was named as Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, while then\-graduating La Salle team captain [Charleen Cruz](/wiki/Cha_Cruz "Cha Cruz") is the first volleyball player in UAAP history to win multiple and consecutive Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/249851/la\-salle\-crushes\-ateneo\-to\-repeat\-as\-uaap\-women\-s\-volleyball\-champs/story/\|title\=La Salle crushes Ateneo to repeat as UAAP women's volleyball champs\|website\=GMA News\|date\=February 29, 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2012/03/01/782277/lady\-archers\-sweep\-eagles\-retain\-volley\-crown\|title\=Lady Archers sweep Eagles, retain volley crown\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=March 1, 2012}}
**UAAP Season 75 Women's Volleyball Finals**
Ateneo and La Salle faced each other once again during the [UAAP Season 75 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_75_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 75 volleyball tournaments") after the De La Salle Lady Spikers defeated the [NU Lady Bulldogs](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs "NU Bulldogs") (in the latter's first ever Final Four placement in UAAP women's volleyball) and the Ateneo Lady Eagles defeated the [Adamson Lady Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Falcons "Adamson Falcons") during the Final Four matches, both in straight sets, that were held at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum") on February 23, 2013\. The UAAP Season 75 marked the first time ever that the league's Final Four and championship volleyball matches were played at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum") and the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena "Mall of Asia Arena").
Game One of the Finals was played before a crowd of 17,342 at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on March 2, 2013\. The Lady Spikers posed a comeback win over the Lady Eagles in five sets, 20–25, 17–25, 25–22, 25–22, 15–6\. La Salle eventually swept Ateneo in Game Two, 25–23, 25–20, 25–16, in front of 18,779 people at the Mall of Asia Arena, to finish the series in two games and win their eighth UAAP women's volleyball championship title (and their second three\-peat championship streak). La Salle team captain [Abigail Maraño](/wiki/Aby_Mara%C3%B1o "Aby Maraño") and teammate [Victonara Galang](/wiki/Victonara_Galang "Victonara Galang") became the first pair of volleyball players in UAAP history to be named co\-Most Valuable Players (MVPs) of the Season, while then\-graduating La Salle player [Michele Gumabao](/wiki/Michele_Gumabao "Michele Gumabao") was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/298005/uaap\-dlsu\-defeats\-ateneo\-for\-the\-women\-s\-volleyball\-crown\-completes\-3\-peat/story/\|title\=UAAP: DLSU defeats Ateneo for the women's volleyball crown, completes 3\-peat\|website\=GMA News\|date\=March 6, 2013\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713145337/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/298005/sports/campussports/uaap\-dlsu\-defeats\-ateneo\-for\-the\-women\-s\-volleyball\-crown\-completes\-3\-peat\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/03/06/916692/la\-salle\-blazes\-way\-uaap\-womens\-volleyball\-three\-peat\|title\=La Salle blazes way to UAAP women's volleyball three\-peat\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=March 6, 2013\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 25, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925025218/http://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/03/06/916692/la\-salle\-blazes\-way\-uaap\-womens\-volleyball\-three\-peat\|url\-status\=live}}
**UAAP Season 76 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the third time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 76 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 76 volleyball tournaments"). The De La Salle Lady Spikers became the first volleyball team ever to enter the UAAP Finals with a thrice\-to\-beat advantage after sweeping the elimination round for a second overall season. On the other hand, the Ateneo Lady Eagles, under new head coach Anusorn "Tai" Bundit, were able to reach their third consecutive finals after winning three consecutive knockout matches against fourth\-seeded Adamson Lady Falcons and then second\-seeded, twice\-to\-beat NU Lady Bulldogs under the stepladder format.
Game One of the Finals, which was held on March 5, 2014, was won by Ateneo in four sets, 17–25, 25–23, 25–13, 25–20, marking their first win against La Salle in the entire season (and their only second win against La Salle in their entire joint UAAP women's volleyball finals appearances) while ending a still\-standing league record of 30 consecutive wins by La Salle in UAAP women's volleyball history (dating back from the second game of the eliminations in Season 75\). Three days later, on March 8, 2014, La Salle bounced back in Game Two and defeated Ateneo in four sets, 25–14, 25–20, 19–25, 26–24\. The first two games of the Finals were held at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum").
The venue of the remaining games of the Finals shifted to the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena "Mall of Asia Arena"). In Game Three, which was held on March 12, 2014, Ateneo defeated La Salle in five sets in front of the 18,095\-strong crowd, 25–21, 25–23, 18–25, 16–25, 17–15, to force a winner\-take\-all title match on March 15, 2014\. As a result, the UAAP Season 76 women's volleyball finals series became the league's longest volleyball championship series, and is, to date, the only one to last up to four games (in a best\-of\-five finals series format with a 1–0 advantage for any team). In Game Four, the Ateneo Lady Eagles swept the De La Salle Lady Spikers, 25–23, 26–24, 25–21, to deny La Salle's second overall four\-peat championship bid and become the lowest\-seeded volleyball team to ever win a UAAP volleyball championship title (Ateneo's maiden title) at the Mall of Asia Arena after a 21,314\-strong audience.
Ateneo's team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez "Alyssa Valdez") became the first volleyball player in UAAP history to win both awards of the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season and of the Finals, and the first UAAP athlete to win at least four awards in a single season (including awards for the Season's Best Scorer and Best Server categories).{{cite web\|url\=https://r3\.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/53094\-ateneo\-upsets\-de\-la\-salle\-wins\-first\-uaap\-volleyball\-crown\|title\=Ateneo upsets De La Salle, wins first UAAP volleyball crown\|website\=Rappler\|date\=March 15, 2014\|access\-date\=March 15, 2014\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204351/https://r3\.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/53094\-ateneo\-upsets\-de\-la\-salle\-wins\-first\-uaap\-volleyball\-crown\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/147798/heart\-strong\-ateneo\-clinches\-uaap\-womens\-volley\-crown\|title\='Heart\-strong' Ateneo clinches UAAP women's volley crown\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=March 15, 2014\|access\-date\=March 15, 2014}}
**UAAP Season 77 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the fourth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 77 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 77 volleyball tournaments"). For the first time in UAAP history, the Ateneo Lady Eagles defeated the De La Salle Lady Spikers twice during the elimination rounds, and entered the finals with the thrice\-to\-beat advantage after amassing a 14–0 eliminations sweeps record. On the other hand, the second\-seeded De La Salle Lady Spikers suffered their first defeat from a non\-Ateneo team in the tournament (since UST Tigresses' shocking five\-set season\-opening win against DLSU in Season 75\) during Game One against the third\-seeded NU Lady Bulldogs in the semifinals (in straight sets), but recovered in Game Two in four sets at the expense of then La Salle's team captain Victonara Galang's post\-season injury (which sidelined her from playing for Season 77 Finals).
Game One of the Finals, which was held on March 11, 2015 at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum") in front of 18,363 fans, was won by Ateneo in straight sets, 25–18, 25–19, 25–19\. Three days later, on March 14, 2015, watched by 20,705 fans at the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena "Mall of Asia Arena"), Ateneo swept La Salle again in straight sets, 25–22, 25–17, 25–23, becoming the league's first ever overall volleyball varsity team to achieve a 16–0 perfect season (eliminations round up to the championship series) record and defeated La Salle for the second consecutive season to win the UAAP Season 77 volleyball championship title. Ateneo team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez "Alyssa Valdez") was named back\-to\-back Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, while [Amy Ahomiro](/wiki/Amy_Ahomiro "Amy Ahomiro") won the award as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/452461/uaap\-ateneo\-shuts\-out\-la\-salle\-for\-perfect\-season\-wins\-second\-straight\-women\-s\-volleyball\-title/story/?ref\=related\_stories\|title\=UAAP: Ateneo shuts out La Salle for perfect season, wins second straight women's volleyball title\|website\=GMA News\|date\=March 14, 2015\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 20, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195714/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/452461/uaap\-ateneo\-shuts\-out\-la\-salle\-for\-perfect\-season\-wins\-second\-straight\-women\-s\-volleyball\-title/story/?ref\=related\_stories\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/admu/86845\-ateneo\-sweeps\-season\-repeat\-uaap\-volleyball\-champion\|title\=Ateneo sweeps season, repeats as UAAP volleyball champion\|website\=Rappler\|date\=March 14, 2015\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 23, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323221859/http://www.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/admu/86845\-ateneo\-sweeps\-season\-repeat\-uaap\-volleyball\-champion\|url\-status\=live}}
**UAAP Season 78 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the fifth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 78 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 78 volleyball tournaments"). During the first round of the eliminations, the eventually second\-seeded DLSU Lady Spikers swept the season's top\-seeded ADMU Lady Eagles in three straight sets (with La Salle dealing Ateneo's first single game loss after still\-standing league record of 24 consecutive wins and since winning their maiden UAAP women's volleyball title in Season 76\) to deny them a sweep of the elimination round and revert the tournament to a [Regular Final Four](/wiki/UAAP_Final_Four "UAAP Final Four") format for the first time since Season 75\. In the second round, however, Ateneo recovered in a five\-set comeback win to seal their top\-seed position.
After the eliminations, the Ateneo Lady Eagles swept the [UP Lady Maroons](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons "UP Fighting Maroons") during their comeback Final Four appearance after 13 years in three straight sets in the semifinals in a return trip to the finals for fifth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance, while the De La Salle Lady Spikers recovered from a shocking five\-set loss in Game 1 of their Final Four match\-up against the third\-seeded [FEU Lady Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws "FEU Tamaraws") to sweep their opponents in do\-or\-die Game 2 and book their eighth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance.
The UAAP Season 78 women's volleyball finals became the first championship series since the DLSU–FEU match\-up in [Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 71 volleyball tournaments") to last up to three games under such tournament division (in a best\-of\-three finals series format). Game One of the Finals, which was held on April 23, 2016 and watched by 19,921 fans at the Smart Araneta Coliseum, was won by La Salle in straight sets, 25–22, 25–22, 25–21\. Four days later, on April 27, 2016, Ateneo posed a come\-from\-behind win against La Salle in Game Two in five sets, 18–25, 26–28, 25–17, 25–16, 15–11, in front of the 20,541\-strong crowd at the Mall of Asia Arena to force a winner\-take\-all match on April 30, 2016\. La Salle, however, recovered in four sets, 19–25, 25–21, 25–16, 25–16 in Game Three to deny Ateneo's three\-peat championship bid and win their ninth overall UAAP women's volleyball championship title (and first since Season 75\) in front of a record 22,858\-strong crowd at the Smart Araneta Coliseum \- the largest in\-venue attendance for any non\-basketball or cheerdance event in UAAP history.
Graduating Ateneo Lady Eagles' team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez "Alyssa Valdez") earned her third straight award for Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, becoming the first UAAP women's volleyball athlete to earn three consecutive MVP awards since Monica Aleta from FEU from Seasons 63 to 65, and the first volleyball athlete in UAAP history to win at least four overall Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards. Meanwhile, [Kim Kianna Dy](/wiki/Kim_Kianna_Dy "Kim Kianna Dy") of the De La Salle Lady Spikers was hailed as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo\-la\-salle\-volleyball\-game\-3\-finals\-recap\-2016\-season\-78\|title\=La Salle reclaims UAAP title after defeating Ateneo\|website\=Rappler\|date\=April 30, 2016\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203024/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo\-la\-salle\-volleyball\-game\-3\-finals\-recap\-2016\-season\-78\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/la\-salle\-uaap\-season\-78\-womens\-volleyball\-champion\-ateneo\|title\=La Salle Lady Spikers end Ateneo Lady Eagles' two\-year\-reign in UAAP women's volleyball\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=April 30, 2016\|access\-date\=April 30, 2016}}
**UAAP Season 79 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the sixth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 79 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 79 volleyball tournaments"). During the first round of eliminations, the defending champions (and eventually second\-seeded) De La Salle Lady Spikers suffered a shock straight sets loss to the UP Lady Maroons but recovered in the second round of eliminations against the same team with another straight sets victory. Meanwhile, the Ateneo Lady Eagles suffered losses only to the NU Lady Bulldogs twice in the elimination rounds but swept the De La Salle Lady Spikers in the elimination rounds to secure the top seed for this season. This marks the most recent season that Ateneo has won at least a single game against La Salle in UAAP women's volleyball tournament as of 2024\.
In the semifinal round, the De La Salle Lady Spikers won over the third\-seeded UST Tigresses during the latter's comeback Final Four appearance after 5 years in four sets to book their ninth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance, while the Ateneo Lady Eagles also won against the fourth\-seeded FEU Lady Tamaraws in four sets to book their sixth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance. This marked the longest streak of joint UAAP Finals appearances by any two women's volleyball teams in the league's history.
Game One of the Finals was held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on May 2, 2017 in front of 13,468 fans. The De La Salle Lady Spikers recorded their first victory against Ateneo Lady Eagles during this game for this season in four sets, 21–25, 29–27, 25–22 and 25–20\. Game Two of the Finals was held again at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on May 6, 2017 in front of 20,860 fans. The De La Salle Lady Spikers won against the Ateneo Lady Eagles in five sets, 19–25, 25–14, 18–25, 25–18 and 15–10, to sweep the series in two games and earn their second consecutive (and tenth overall) UAAP women's volleyball title. La Salle players [Mary Joy Baron](/wiki/Mary_Joy_Baron "Mary Joy Baron") and [Desiree Cheng](/wiki/Desiree_Cheng "Desiree Cheng") were named as Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season and of the Finals, respectively.{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-season\-79\-womens\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-reigns\-for\-10th\-time\-vanquishes\-ateneo/84567\|title\=La Salle reigns for 10th time, vanquishes Ateneo\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 6, 2017\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 24, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724025141/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-season\-79\-womens\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-reigns\-for\-10th\-time\-vanquishes\-ateneo/84567\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-champion\-uaap\-season\-79\-back\-to\-back\-ateneo\-lady\-eagles\|title\=Sweet repeat for La Salle as Lady Spikers sweep rival Lady Eagles to claim Season 79 crown\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=May 6, 2017\|access\-date\=May 6, 2017}}
**UAAP Seasons 80 and 81 Women's Volleyball**
Season 79 would eventually be the last of the string of six consecutive Ateneo–La Salle match\-ups in the UAAP women's volleyball finals dating back from Season 74\. The Lady Eagles, after losing twice to the De La Salle Lady Spikers, FEU Lady Tamaraws and NU Lady Bulldogs in the first round, and to the UP Lady Maroons in the second round of the eliminations, were booted out from finals contention in [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 80 volleyball tournaments") as the third\-seeded team by that season's hosting school and second\-seeded team FEU Lady Tamaraws in four sets. This marked the first time that Ateneo lost in the Final Four with a twice\-to\-beat disadvantage since their Final Four showdown against La Salle in [Season 73](/wiki/UAAP_Season_73_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 73 volleyball tournaments").
Meanwhile, the top\-seeded De La Salle Lady Spikers, after losing only to both the Adamson Lady Falcons and NU Lady Bulldogs in the first round of the eliminations, swept the fourth\-seeded NU Lady Bulldogs in their Final Four match\-up to pose their tenth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance in 2018\. La Salle would eventually sweep FEU in the finals (in the first consecutive UAAP women's volleyball finals sweep records since collegiate volleyball's shift to second semester in the UAAP annual calendar in [Season 69](/wiki/UAAP_Season_69 "UAAP Season 69")) to win their eleventh UAAP women's volleyball title (and their third three\-peat championship streak, the most in UAAP history) in 2018\. Then\-graduating La Salle player [Dawn Macandili](/wiki/Dawn_Macandili "Dawn Macandili") became the first volleyball libero in UAAP history to win the award for Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-winner\-feu\-tamaraws\-season\-80\-finals\-game\-2\|title\=Still peerless, DLSU Lady Spikers reign as 3\-peat UAAP champions\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 2, 2018\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203957/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-winner\-feu\-tamaraws\-season\-80\-finals\-game\-2\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/lady\-spikers\-sweep\-lady\-tamaraws\-11th\-title/115487\|title\=Lady Spikers sweep Lady Tamaraws for 11th title\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 2, 2018\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203313/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/lady\-spikers\-sweep\-lady\-tamaraws\-11th\-title/115487\|url\-status\=live}}
In [Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 81 volleyball tournaments"), however, La Salle lost back\-to\-back games against the UP Lady Maroons and UST Golden Tigresses in the first round of the eliminations (marking their first back\-to\-back elimination round losses since the forfeiture of their wins in [Season 70](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 70 volleyball tournaments") due to eligibility issues), and lost back\-to\-back games against the FEU Lady Tamaraws in the last game of the eliminations, and the second\-seed playoff (and twice\-to\-beat semifinal incentive) to UST (marking their first back\-to\-back losses between the elimination rounds and the post\-season playoffs since Season 77\). La Salle was eventually dethroned in their Final Four match\-up against UST the same year, ending their third overall bid for four straight championships and still\-standing league record of decade\-long appearance in the UAAP Finals.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/05/05/1915257/ust\-ousts\-dlsu\-barges\-uaap\-womens\-volleyball\-finals\|title\=UST ousts DLSU, barges into UAAP women's volleyball finals\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=May 5, 2019}} This season marked the first time that no green\-colored school has competed in the UAAP women's volleyball finals in the 21st century, and the first time that the defending UAAP women's volleyball champions have been dethroned in the season outside the championship series since FEU's Final Four ousting of UST (and eventual overall title win) in Season 70\.
Meanwhile, the top\-seeded Ateneo Lady Eagles, after losing only to La Salle twice in the elimination rounds, won in their third consecutive year of Final Four match\-up against fourth\-seeded FEU (after erasing Ateneo's twice\-to\-beat incentive in the opening match of their semifinal showdown) to pose their return to the finals (their seventh overall) after missing the cut in the previous year. This marked the first time since Season 69 that both of the previous season's finalists were eliminated before the UAAP women's volleyball championship round. The Lady Eagles went on to win the finals against UST, 2–1, in the first ever Ateneo–UST UAAP volleyball finals showdown, to claim their third (overall) women's volleyball title (and their first since Season 77\). This marked the first time that the eventual UAAP women's volleyball champions overcame a finals series game deficit to win the title since Season 76\. Then\-graduating team captains [Cherry Ann Rondina](/wiki/Cherry_Ann_Rondina "Cherry Ann Rondina") of UST and [Bea de Leon](/wiki/Bea_de_Leon "Bea de Leon") of Ateneo were hailed the Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards of the Season and Finals, respectively.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\-81\-women\-volleyball\-finals\-game\-3\-results\-ateneo\-ust\-may\-18\-2019\|title\=Ateneo breaks UST's heart, reclaims UAAP volleyball crown\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 18, 2019\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204549/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\-81\-women\-volleyball\-finals\-game\-3\-results\-ateneo\-ust\-may\-18\-2019\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/349981/ateneo\-regains\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\-beats\-ust\-in\-game\-3\|title\=Ateneo regains UAAP title, tops UST in Game 3\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=May 18, 2019\|access\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204151/https://sports.inquirer.net/349981/ateneo\-regains\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\-beats\-ust\-in\-game\-3\|url\-status\=live}}
**UAAP Seasons 82 and 84 Women's Volleyball**
Ateneo's UAAP women's volleyball title defense campaign, however, was postponed due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") that [halted all remaining league tournaments in 2020](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 82 volleyball tournaments"). The first and only Ateneo–La Salle women's volleyball game which La Salle won in four sets, became the UAAP's last match to be held (and the [last major sporting event broadcast live in the Philippines](/wiki/2020_in_Philippine_television "2020 in Philippine television")) in the same year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\-volleyball\-game\-results\-ateneo\-dlsu\-march\-7\-2020\|title\=Debuting La Salle outclasses heated rival Ateneo\|website\=Rappler\|date\=March 7, 2020\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203338/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\-volleyball\-game\-results\-ateneo\-dlsu\-march\-7\-2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-overcome\-ateneo\-open\-uaap\-season\-82\-bid/181466\|title\=Rookie\-laden La Salle overcomes defending champ Ateneo to open UAAP Season 82 bid\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=March 7, 2020\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204652/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-overcome\-ateneo\-open\-uaap\-season\-82\-bid/181466\|url\-status\=live}} The remainder of [Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 "UAAP Season 82") was officially cancelled on April 7, 2020\.{{cite web\|url\=https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/07/uaap\-cancels\-season\-82\-due\-to\-covid\-19\-pandemic/\|title\=UAAP cancels Season 82 due to COVID\-19 pandemic\|website\=Manila Bulletin\|date\=April 7, 2020\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101011816/https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/07/uaap\-cancels\-season\-82\-due\-to\-covid\-19\-pandemic/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-cancels\-rest\-of\-season\-82\-due\-to\-ecq\-extension/183216\|title\=UAAP cancels rest of Season 82 due to ECQ extension\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=April 7, 2020\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101011819/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-cancels\-rest\-of\-season\-82\-due\-to\-ecq\-extension/183216\|url\-status\=live}}
La Salle would later on repeat the same victory against Ateneo in the first round of the eliminations in the post\-pandemic resumption of the UAAP tournaments in [2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 84 volleyball tournaments") to extend their head\-to\-head winning streak since their finals sweep in Season 79\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/volleyball\-game\-results\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-5\-2022/\|title\=Soreño, Malaluan star as La Salle thwarts Ateneo in UAAP volleyball\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 5, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/volleyball\-game\-results\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-5\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-84\-la\-salle\-continues\-where\-it\-left\-off\-downs\-ateneo\-anew/238982\|title\=UAAP 84: La Salle continues where it left off, downs Ateneo anew\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 5, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-84\-la\-salle\-continues\-where\-it\-left\-off\-downs\-ateneo\-anew/238982\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/460998/uaap\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-thumps\-ateneo\-behind\-soreno\-malaluans\-strong\-showing\|title\=UAAP Volleyball: La Salle thumps Ateneo behind Soreño, Malaluan strong showing\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=May 5, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://sports.inquirer.net/460998/uaap\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-thumps\-ateneo\-behind\-soreno\-malaluans\-strong\-showing\|url\-status\=live}} In the second game of the tournament, La Salle would win in five sets to sweep Ateneo in the elimination round.{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/465663/uaap\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-conquers\-ateneo\-in\-thriller\-to\-move\-closer\-to\-twice\-to\-beat\|title\=UAAP volleyball: La Salle conquers Ateneo in thriller to close in on twice\-to\-beat\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=June 7, 2022\|access\-date\=June 7, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607210933/https://sports.inquirer.net/465663/uaap\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-conquers\-ateneo\-in\-thriller\-to\-move\-closer\-to\-twice\-to\-beat\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-volleyball\-women\-dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-june\-7\-2022/\|title\=La Salle downs rival Ateneo in 5\-set thriller, nears twice\-to\-beat perk\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 7, 2022\|access\-date\=June 7, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607112653/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-volleyball\-women\-dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-june\-7\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/06/07/22/uaap\-la\-salle\-pulls\-off\-5\-set\-stunner\-vs\-ateneo\|title\=UAAP: La Salle pulls off 5\-set stunner vs Ateneo, inches closer to twice\-to\-beat\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=June 7, 2022}} During the eliminations, Ateneo and La Salle were swept by the NU Lady Bulldogs and split their win\-loss records with the UST Golden Tigresses and Adamson Lady Falcons. La Salle would later on grab the second seed and twice\-to\-beat advantage in the stepladder playoffs after National University advanced outright to the UAAP Finals, while fourth\-seeded Ateneo ousted Adamson and UST in consecutive games to become the lowest\-seeded Final Four team in UAAP women's volleyball history to complete a podium finish after setting up the only second Ateneo–La Salle semifinals series in the same division. La Salle dethroned Ateneo via sweep in the stepladder semifinals to pose their return to the UAAP Finals, marking the first time in the [Final Four](/wiki/Final_Four "Final Four") era of UAAP women's volleyball that both preceding season's finalists were ousted from the championship round for consecutive seasons.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/semifinals\-game\-results\-volleyball\-women\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-june\-16\-2022/\|title\=La Salle ends Ateneo fairy tale stepladder run, sets up finals series against NU\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 16, 2022\|access\-date\=June 19, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135431/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/semifinals\-game\-results\-volleyball\-women\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-june\-16\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/16/2188870/la\-salle\-ends\-ateneos\-cinderella\-run\-enters\-uaap\-finals\|title\=La Salle ends Ateneo's Cinderella run, enters UAAP finals\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=June 16, 2022\|access\-date\=June 19, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135431/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/16/2188870/la\-salle\-ends\-ateneos\-cinderella\-run\-enters\-uaap\-finals\|url\-status\=live}}
La Salle eventually lost to the NU Lady Bulldogs via series sweep as the Lady Bulldogs went on to win their first championship in 65 years.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-game\-2\-june\-21\-2022/\|title\=NU ends 65\-year women's volleyball title search in rare 16\-0 season sweep\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-game\-2\-june\-21\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-sweep\-season\-to\-end\-65\-year\-drought\-for\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\|title\=NU Lady Bulldogs sweep season to end 65\-year drought for UAAP volleyball title\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-sweep\-season\-to\-end\-65\-year\-drought\-for\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\|url\-status\=live}} National University became the first non\-Ateneo and non\-La Salle team to complete a sweep in UAAP women's volleyball, following the season sweep records by La Salle in 2004 (Season 67, 14–0 all throughout the eliminations) and Ateneo in 2015 (Season 77, 16–0 from the eliminations to stepladder finals series). Consequently, this season marked the first time in UAAP women's volleyball history that both Ateneo and La Salle lost in all the races of Rookie of the Year, Season and Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards, as NU clinched these accolades courtesy of [Mhicaela Belen](/wiki/Mhicaela_Belen "Mhicaela Belen"), the league's first collegiate volleyball player ever to sweep the Rookie of the Year, Most Valuable Player (MVP) and tournament championship awards in the same year, and team captain [Princess Anne Robles](/wiki/Princess_Anne_Robles "Princess Anne Robles").{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/06/21/22/uaap\-nu\-completes\-historic\-season\-with\-sweep\-of\-la\-salle\|title\=UAAP: NU completes historic season with sweep of La Salle\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/06/21/22/uaap\-nu\-completes\-historic\-season\-with\-sweep\-of\-la\-salle\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/21/2190018/sweet\-16\-0\-nu\-sweeps\-la\-salle\-end\-65\-year\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\-drought\|title\=Sweet 16\-0: NU sweeps La Salle to end 65\-year UAAP volleyball title drought\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/21/2190018/sweet\-16\-0\-nu\-sweeps\-la\-salle\-end\-65\-year\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\-drought\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-sweep\-season\-to\-end\-65\-year\-drought\-for\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\|title\=NU Lady Bulldogs sweep season to end 65\-year drought for UAAP volleyball title\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 21, 2022}}
**UAAP Seasons 85 and 86 Women's Volleyball**
In [Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 85 volleyball tournaments"), La Salle swept all first nine games of the season to secure the top seed, including an eventual sweep of Ateneo and the defending champions NU Lady Bulldogs in the elimination rounds via quadruple 3\-set wins. However, the UST Golden Tigresses defeated both Ateneo and La Salle in the second round of the eliminations to both revert the UAAP women's volleyball post\-season format back to a regular Final Four setting for the first time in UAAP's post\-[COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") era and since Season 81, and end Ateneo's Final Four appearance streak in UAAP women's volleyball dating back from [Season 72](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 72 volleyball tournaments") – the school's longest in the tournament's history. This also officially ended the joint Ateneo\-La Salle presence in the UAAP women's volleyball post\-season rounds from the said season to [Season 84](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84_women%27s_volleyball_tournament "UAAP Season 84 women's volleyball tournament") – the longest by multiple schools simultaneously in the tournament's history.
La Salle went on to sweep the NU Lady Bulldogs in the Finals and claim their twelfth UAAP women's volleyball title in their first joint back\-to\-back UAAP Finals appearance since the sixth consecutive (and most recent) Ateneo\-La Salle matchup in the championship series in Season 79, spearheaded by [Angel Anne Canino](/wiki/Angel_Anne_Canino "Angel Anne Canino"), who became the school's first ever collegiate (and the league's only second consecutive and overall, and, as of 2024, most recent women's) volleyball player to win Rookie of the Year and Season Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards in the same year.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/05/14/23/la\-salle\-completes\-comeback\-vs\-nu\-ends\-title\-drought\|title\=La Salle completes comeback vs NU, clinches title in 5\-set marathon\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=May 14, 2023\|access\-date\=May 14, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\-salle\-completes\-redemption\-campaign\-outlasts\-nu\-for\-uaap\-85\-wvb\-crown/272307\|title\=La Salle storms back, completes revenge on NU for UAAP 85 crown\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 14, 2023\|access\-date\=May 14, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\-volleyball\-finals\-game\-2\-results\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-may\-14\-2023/\|title\=La Salle caps off dominant Season 85 with reverse sweep of NU for 12th title\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 14, 2023\|access\-date\=May 14, 2023}}
La Salle's ongoing head\-to\-head winning streak against Ateneo continued throughout the elimination rounds in [Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 86 volleyball tournaments"), with Ateneo missing out consecutive seasons for Final Four contention for the first time since Season 69\. La Salle, however, lost to the eventual finalists UST Golden Tigresses and NU Lady Bulldogs in the elimination rounds, with UST eventually dethroning La Salle during their Final Four matchup and becoming the first team to oust La Salle from UAAP Finals contention multiple times since the debut of [Ramil de Jesus](/wiki/Ramil_de_Jesus "Ramil de Jesus") as the latter team's (currently ongoing) head coach in Season 60 in 1997\. As a result, Season 86 marks the first time since Season 70 in 2008 that neither Ateneo nor La Salle have qualified to the [women's volleyball championship series in the UAAP](/wiki/UAAP_volleyball_championships "UAAP volleyball championships").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/uaap\-women/first\-uaap\-finals\-in\-16\-years\-without\-la\-salle\-or\-ateneo\-a5172\-20240507\|title\=UAAP Finals without La Salle or Ateneo is rare; Finals without RDJ quite odd\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=May 7, 2024}}
|
[
"Volleyball\n----------",
"### Overall",
"In terms of total collegiate and high school volleyball titles won in the NCAA and UAAP, La Salle leads with 43 championships compared to Ateneo's 15 championships. In the seniors' division, La Salle leads Ateneo 19–9\\. La Salle was 4\\-peat NCAA men's champions from Seasons 53 to 56\\. The Green Spikers won their most recent UAAP titles in Seasons 64 and 66\\. The Lady Spikers were the first NCAA women's champions in volleyball when the tournament was introduced in NCAA Season 51 (1975–76\\) and have 12 UAAP titles. They are thrice 3\\-peat UAAP women's champions (2004–2006, 2011–2013, and 2016–2018\\), and hold the distinction of having the [longest appearance in the UAAP Finals in the Final Four era](/wiki/UAAP_Volleyball_Championship \"UAAP Volleyball Championship\"), from [Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 \"UAAP Season 71\") to [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80 \"UAAP Season 80\") (2009–2018\\). La Salle is also the only women's volleyball team in UAAP history to both outright win the championship by winning all 14 elimination round games in a season ([Season 67](/wiki/UAAP_Season_67 \"UAAP Season 67\")), and to have advanced outright to then\\-best\\-of\\-five championship series with thrice\\-to\\-beat incentives by winning all 14 elimination round games in a season for at least two seasons ([Season 74](/wiki/UAAP_Season_74 \"UAAP Season 74\") and [Season 76](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76 \"UAAP Season 76\")).",
"Ateneo won the double (men's and women's) volleyball championship in NCAA Season 52 (1976–77\\), won its first UAAP volleyball championship in [Season 76](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76 \"UAAP Season 76\"), and, by [Season 77](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 \"UAAP Season 77\") and as of 2024, remains the most recent school to win the double UAAP volleyball championship in the seniors' division. The Lady Eagles were back\\-to\\-back UAAP women's champions in Seasons 76 and 77, and won their third title in [Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81 \"UAAP Season 81\"). The Lady Eagles became the first volleyball team in UAAP history to finish an entire season (including the finals) without a single loss (16–0\\) in the [Season 77](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77 \"UAAP Season 77\") women's volleyball tournament. The Blue Eagles were 3\\-peat UAAP men's champions from Season 77 to [Season 79](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79 \"UAAP Season 79\") (2015–2017\\), the latter marking their perfect season in the men's volleyball tournament. Ateneo is the first member school in the UAAP to have scored 16–0 season win sweep records in both men's and women's divisions in collegiate volleyball.",
"The [Ateneo Lady Eagles](/wiki/Ateneo_Blue_Eagles_women%27s_volleyball \"Ateneo Blue Eagles women's volleyball\") and the [De La Salle Lady Spikers](/wiki/De_La_Salle_Lady_Spikers_volleyball \"De La Salle Lady Spikers volleyball\") have met in the championships of the UAAP for six consecutive (and overall) times from Seasons 74 to 79 (2012–2017\\). The Lady Eagles won back\\-to\\-back titles over La Salle in 2014 and 2015, while the Lady Spikers prevailed back\\-to\\-back in 2012 and 2013, and 2016 and 2017\\. From [UAAP Season 72](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72 \"UAAP Season 72\") to [UAAP Season 84](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84 \"UAAP Season 84\"), both Ateneo and La Salle have qualified in the postseason of women's volleyball (semifinals onwards), marking the longest joint Final Four appearance by any two UAAP volleyball teams in the league's history. Also, from [UAAP Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71 \"UAAP Season 71\") to [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 \"UAAP Season 85\"), either or both Ateneo and La Salle have competed in the championship series in UAAP collegiate volleyball.",
"In the juniors' division, La Salle has 24 championships while Ateneo has six. Ateneo did not have a girls' team in the juniors' division prior to [UAAP Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86 \"UAAP Season 86\"). The Blue Eaglet Spikers won championship titles in NCAA Seasons 43, 45, and 48, and were 3\\-peat champions from Seasons 50 to 52\\. The De La Salle Junior Spikers won seven championship titles under their membership stint in the NCAA which included a 4\\-peat championship streak along with the Green Spikers from Seasons 53 to 56\\. In the UAAP, they were 6\\-peat champions in the boys' division from Seasons 57 to 62, and have also won the title in Season 66\\. The Junior Lady Spikers were 5\\-peat champions from UAAP Seasons 57 to 61, and were 3\\-peat champions from Seasons 73 to 75\\. They also won additional titles in UAAP Seasons 65 and 81\\.",
"### UAAP",
"**UAAP Season 74 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the first time in UAAP history, Ateneo and La Salle met each other at the [UAAP Season 74 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_74_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 74 volleyball tournaments\"). The De La Salle Lady Spikers became the first volleyball team ever to automatically enter the UAAP Finals with a thrice\\-to\\-beat advantage after sweeping the elimination round. On the other hand, the Ateneo Lady Eagles, consistently ranked second throughout much of the elimination round (with losses to La Salle, twice, and UST in the second round), defeated the third\\-seeded (and [previous season's](/wiki/UAAP_Season_73_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 73 volleyball tournaments\") runner\\-up) [UST Tigresses](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers \"UST Growling Tigers\") in the semifinals in four sets. This marks Ateneo's first entry to the UAAP volleyball finals since the school's 1978 admission into the UAAP.",
"Game One of the Finals was won by Ateneo in four sets, 23–25, 28–26, 25–23, 25–17, marking the first recorded Ateneo victory in any UAAP volleyball championship series while halting then\\-league record of 24 consecutive wins by La Salle (dating back from Season 73\\). La Salle went on to recover in Game Two in four sets, 23–25, 25–21, 26–24, 25–18, before sweeping Ateneo in Game Three, 25–16, 25–22, 25–13, to finish off the series in three games and win their second consecutive (and seventh overall) UAAP women's volleyball championship title. [Abigail Maraño](/wiki/Aby_Mara%C3%B1o \"Aby Maraño\") of La Salle was named as Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, while then\\-graduating La Salle team captain [Charleen Cruz](/wiki/Cha_Cruz \"Cha Cruz\") is the first volleyball player in UAAP history to win multiple and consecutive Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/249851/la\\-salle\\-crushes\\-ateneo\\-to\\-repeat\\-as\\-uaap\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-champs/story/\\|title\\=La Salle crushes Ateneo to repeat as UAAP women's volleyball champs\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=February 29, 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2012/03/01/782277/lady\\-archers\\-sweep\\-eagles\\-retain\\-volley\\-crown\\|title\\=Lady Archers sweep Eagles, retain volley crown\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=March 1, 2012}}",
"**UAAP Season 75 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"Ateneo and La Salle faced each other once again during the [UAAP Season 75 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_75_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 75 volleyball tournaments\") after the De La Salle Lady Spikers defeated the [NU Lady Bulldogs](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs \"NU Bulldogs\") (in the latter's first ever Final Four placement in UAAP women's volleyball) and the Ateneo Lady Eagles defeated the [Adamson Lady Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Falcons \"Adamson Falcons\") during the Final Four matches, both in straight sets, that were held at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\") on February 23, 2013\\. The UAAP Season 75 marked the first time ever that the league's Final Four and championship volleyball matches were played at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\") and the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena \"Mall of Asia Arena\").",
"Game One of the Finals was played before a crowd of 17,342 at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on March 2, 2013\\. The Lady Spikers posed a comeback win over the Lady Eagles in five sets, 20–25, 17–25, 25–22, 25–22, 15–6\\. La Salle eventually swept Ateneo in Game Two, 25–23, 25–20, 25–16, in front of 18,779 people at the Mall of Asia Arena, to finish the series in two games and win their eighth UAAP women's volleyball championship title (and their second three\\-peat championship streak). La Salle team captain [Abigail Maraño](/wiki/Aby_Mara%C3%B1o \"Aby Maraño\") and teammate [Victonara Galang](/wiki/Victonara_Galang \"Victonara Galang\") became the first pair of volleyball players in UAAP history to be named co\\-Most Valuable Players (MVPs) of the Season, while then\\-graduating La Salle player [Michele Gumabao](/wiki/Michele_Gumabao \"Michele Gumabao\") was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/298005/uaap\\-dlsu\\-defeats\\-ateneo\\-for\\-the\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-crown\\-completes\\-3\\-peat/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: DLSU defeats Ateneo for the women's volleyball crown, completes 3\\-peat\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=March 6, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713145337/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/298005/sports/campussports/uaap\\-dlsu\\-defeats\\-ateneo\\-for\\-the\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-crown\\-completes\\-3\\-peat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/03/06/916692/la\\-salle\\-blazes\\-way\\-uaap\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-three\\-peat\\|title\\=La Salle blazes way to UAAP women's volleyball three\\-peat\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=March 6, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925025218/http://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/03/06/916692/la\\-salle\\-blazes\\-way\\-uaap\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-three\\-peat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**UAAP Season 76 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the third time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 76 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 76 volleyball tournaments\"). The De La Salle Lady Spikers became the first volleyball team ever to enter the UAAP Finals with a thrice\\-to\\-beat advantage after sweeping the elimination round for a second overall season. On the other hand, the Ateneo Lady Eagles, under new head coach Anusorn \"Tai\" Bundit, were able to reach their third consecutive finals after winning three consecutive knockout matches against fourth\\-seeded Adamson Lady Falcons and then second\\-seeded, twice\\-to\\-beat NU Lady Bulldogs under the stepladder format.",
"Game One of the Finals, which was held on March 5, 2014, was won by Ateneo in four sets, 17–25, 25–23, 25–13, 25–20, marking their first win against La Salle in the entire season (and their only second win against La Salle in their entire joint UAAP women's volleyball finals appearances) while ending a still\\-standing league record of 30 consecutive wins by La Salle in UAAP women's volleyball history (dating back from the second game of the eliminations in Season 75\\). Three days later, on March 8, 2014, La Salle bounced back in Game Two and defeated Ateneo in four sets, 25–14, 25–20, 19–25, 26–24\\. The first two games of the Finals were held at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\").",
"The venue of the remaining games of the Finals shifted to the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena \"Mall of Asia Arena\"). In Game Three, which was held on March 12, 2014, Ateneo defeated La Salle in five sets in front of the 18,095\\-strong crowd, 25–21, 25–23, 18–25, 16–25, 17–15, to force a winner\\-take\\-all title match on March 15, 2014\\. As a result, the UAAP Season 76 women's volleyball finals series became the league's longest volleyball championship series, and is, to date, the only one to last up to four games (in a best\\-of\\-five finals series format with a 1–0 advantage for any team). In Game Four, the Ateneo Lady Eagles swept the De La Salle Lady Spikers, 25–23, 26–24, 25–21, to deny La Salle's second overall four\\-peat championship bid and become the lowest\\-seeded volleyball team to ever win a UAAP volleyball championship title (Ateneo's maiden title) at the Mall of Asia Arena after a 21,314\\-strong audience.",
"Ateneo's team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez \"Alyssa Valdez\") became the first volleyball player in UAAP history to win both awards of the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season and of the Finals, and the first UAAP athlete to win at least four awards in a single season (including awards for the Season's Best Scorer and Best Server categories).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://r3\\.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/53094\\-ateneo\\-upsets\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-wins\\-first\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-crown\\|title\\=Ateneo upsets De La Salle, wins first UAAP volleyball crown\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=March 15, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204351/https://r3\\.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/53094\\-ateneo\\-upsets\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-wins\\-first\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-crown\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/147798/heart\\-strong\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-uaap\\-womens\\-volley\\-crown\\|title\\='Heart\\-strong' Ateneo clinches UAAP women's volley crown\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=March 15, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2014}}",
"**UAAP Season 77 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the fourth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 77 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 77 volleyball tournaments\"). For the first time in UAAP history, the Ateneo Lady Eagles defeated the De La Salle Lady Spikers twice during the elimination rounds, and entered the finals with the thrice\\-to\\-beat advantage after amassing a 14–0 eliminations sweeps record. On the other hand, the second\\-seeded De La Salle Lady Spikers suffered their first defeat from a non\\-Ateneo team in the tournament (since UST Tigresses' shocking five\\-set season\\-opening win against DLSU in Season 75\\) during Game One against the third\\-seeded NU Lady Bulldogs in the semifinals (in straight sets), but recovered in Game Two in four sets at the expense of then La Salle's team captain Victonara Galang's post\\-season injury (which sidelined her from playing for Season 77 Finals).",
"Game One of the Finals, which was held on March 11, 2015 at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\") in front of 18,363 fans, was won by Ateneo in straight sets, 25–18, 25–19, 25–19\\. Three days later, on March 14, 2015, watched by 20,705 fans at the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena \"Mall of Asia Arena\"), Ateneo swept La Salle again in straight sets, 25–22, 25–17, 25–23, becoming the league's first ever overall volleyball varsity team to achieve a 16–0 perfect season (eliminations round up to the championship series) record and defeated La Salle for the second consecutive season to win the UAAP Season 77 volleyball championship title. Ateneo team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez \"Alyssa Valdez\") was named back\\-to\\-back Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, while [Amy Ahomiro](/wiki/Amy_Ahomiro \"Amy Ahomiro\") won the award as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/452461/uaap\\-ateneo\\-shuts\\-out\\-la\\-salle\\-for\\-perfect\\-season\\-wins\\-second\\-straight\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-title/story/?ref\\=related\\_stories\\|title\\=UAAP: Ateneo shuts out La Salle for perfect season, wins second straight women's volleyball title\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=March 14, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195714/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/452461/uaap\\-ateneo\\-shuts\\-out\\-la\\-salle\\-for\\-perfect\\-season\\-wins\\-second\\-straight\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-title/story/?ref\\=related\\_stories\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/admu/86845\\-ateneo\\-sweeps\\-season\\-repeat\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-champion\\|title\\=Ateneo sweeps season, repeats as UAAP volleyball champion\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=March 14, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 23, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323221859/http://www.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/admu/86845\\-ateneo\\-sweeps\\-season\\-repeat\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-champion\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**UAAP Season 78 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the fifth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 78 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 78 volleyball tournaments\"). During the first round of the eliminations, the eventually second\\-seeded DLSU Lady Spikers swept the season's top\\-seeded ADMU Lady Eagles in three straight sets (with La Salle dealing Ateneo's first single game loss after still\\-standing league record of 24 consecutive wins and since winning their maiden UAAP women's volleyball title in Season 76\\) to deny them a sweep of the elimination round and revert the tournament to a [Regular Final Four](/wiki/UAAP_Final_Four \"UAAP Final Four\") format for the first time since Season 75\\. In the second round, however, Ateneo recovered in a five\\-set comeback win to seal their top\\-seed position.",
"After the eliminations, the Ateneo Lady Eagles swept the [UP Lady Maroons](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons \"UP Fighting Maroons\") during their comeback Final Four appearance after 13 years in three straight sets in the semifinals in a return trip to the finals for fifth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance, while the De La Salle Lady Spikers recovered from a shocking five\\-set loss in Game 1 of their Final Four match\\-up against the third\\-seeded [FEU Lady Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws \"FEU Tamaraws\") to sweep their opponents in do\\-or\\-die Game 2 and book their eighth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance.",
"The UAAP Season 78 women's volleyball finals became the first championship series since the DLSU–FEU match\\-up in [Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 71 volleyball tournaments\") to last up to three games under such tournament division (in a best\\-of\\-three finals series format). Game One of the Finals, which was held on April 23, 2016 and watched by 19,921 fans at the Smart Araneta Coliseum, was won by La Salle in straight sets, 25–22, 25–22, 25–21\\. Four days later, on April 27, 2016, Ateneo posed a come\\-from\\-behind win against La Salle in Game Two in five sets, 18–25, 26–28, 25–17, 25–16, 15–11, in front of the 20,541\\-strong crowd at the Mall of Asia Arena to force a winner\\-take\\-all match on April 30, 2016\\. La Salle, however, recovered in four sets, 19–25, 25–21, 25–16, 25–16 in Game Three to deny Ateneo's three\\-peat championship bid and win their ninth overall UAAP women's volleyball championship title (and first since Season 75\\) in front of a record 22,858\\-strong crowd at the Smart Araneta Coliseum \\- the largest in\\-venue attendance for any non\\-basketball or cheerdance event in UAAP history.",
"Graduating Ateneo Lady Eagles' team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez \"Alyssa Valdez\") earned her third straight award for Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, becoming the first UAAP women's volleyball athlete to earn three consecutive MVP awards since Monica Aleta from FEU from Seasons 63 to 65, and the first volleyball athlete in UAAP history to win at least four overall Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards. Meanwhile, [Kim Kianna Dy](/wiki/Kim_Kianna_Dy \"Kim Kianna Dy\") of the De La Salle Lady Spikers was hailed as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-volleyball\\-game\\-3\\-finals\\-recap\\-2016\\-season\\-78\\|title\\=La Salle reclaims UAAP title after defeating Ateneo\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=April 30, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203024/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-volleyball\\-game\\-3\\-finals\\-recap\\-2016\\-season\\-78\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/la\\-salle\\-uaap\\-season\\-78\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-champion\\-ateneo\\|title\\=La Salle Lady Spikers end Ateneo Lady Eagles' two\\-year\\-reign in UAAP women's volleyball\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=April 30, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2016}}",
"**UAAP Season 79 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the sixth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 79 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 79 volleyball tournaments\"). During the first round of eliminations, the defending champions (and eventually second\\-seeded) De La Salle Lady Spikers suffered a shock straight sets loss to the UP Lady Maroons but recovered in the second round of eliminations against the same team with another straight sets victory. Meanwhile, the Ateneo Lady Eagles suffered losses only to the NU Lady Bulldogs twice in the elimination rounds but swept the De La Salle Lady Spikers in the elimination rounds to secure the top seed for this season. This marks the most recent season that Ateneo has won at least a single game against La Salle in UAAP women's volleyball tournament as of 2024\\.",
"In the semifinal round, the De La Salle Lady Spikers won over the third\\-seeded UST Tigresses during the latter's comeback Final Four appearance after 5 years in four sets to book their ninth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance, while the Ateneo Lady Eagles also won against the fourth\\-seeded FEU Lady Tamaraws in four sets to book their sixth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance. This marked the longest streak of joint UAAP Finals appearances by any two women's volleyball teams in the league's history.",
"Game One of the Finals was held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on May 2, 2017 in front of 13,468 fans. The De La Salle Lady Spikers recorded their first victory against Ateneo Lady Eagles during this game for this season in four sets, 21–25, 29–27, 25–22 and 25–20\\. Game Two of the Finals was held again at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on May 6, 2017 in front of 20,860 fans. The De La Salle Lady Spikers won against the Ateneo Lady Eagles in five sets, 19–25, 25–14, 18–25, 25–18 and 15–10, to sweep the series in two games and earn their second consecutive (and tenth overall) UAAP women's volleyball title. La Salle players [Mary Joy Baron](/wiki/Mary_Joy_Baron \"Mary Joy Baron\") and [Desiree Cheng](/wiki/Desiree_Cheng \"Desiree Cheng\") were named as Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season and of the Finals, respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-season\\-79\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-reigns\\-for\\-10th\\-time\\-vanquishes\\-ateneo/84567\\|title\\=La Salle reigns for 10th time, vanquishes Ateneo\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 24, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724025141/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-season\\-79\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-reigns\\-for\\-10th\\-time\\-vanquishes\\-ateneo/84567\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-champion\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-back\\-to\\-back\\-ateneo\\-lady\\-eagles\\|title\\=Sweet repeat for La Salle as Lady Spikers sweep rival Lady Eagles to claim Season 79 crown\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=May 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2017}}",
"**UAAP Seasons 80 and 81 Women's Volleyball**",
"Season 79 would eventually be the last of the string of six consecutive Ateneo–La Salle match\\-ups in the UAAP women's volleyball finals dating back from Season 74\\. The Lady Eagles, after losing twice to the De La Salle Lady Spikers, FEU Lady Tamaraws and NU Lady Bulldogs in the first round, and to the UP Lady Maroons in the second round of the eliminations, were booted out from finals contention in [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 80 volleyball tournaments\") as the third\\-seeded team by that season's hosting school and second\\-seeded team FEU Lady Tamaraws in four sets. This marked the first time that Ateneo lost in the Final Four with a twice\\-to\\-beat disadvantage since their Final Four showdown against La Salle in [Season 73](/wiki/UAAP_Season_73_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 73 volleyball tournaments\").",
"Meanwhile, the top\\-seeded De La Salle Lady Spikers, after losing only to both the Adamson Lady Falcons and NU Lady Bulldogs in the first round of the eliminations, swept the fourth\\-seeded NU Lady Bulldogs in their Final Four match\\-up to pose their tenth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance in 2018\\. La Salle would eventually sweep FEU in the finals (in the first consecutive UAAP women's volleyball finals sweep records since collegiate volleyball's shift to second semester in the UAAP annual calendar in [Season 69](/wiki/UAAP_Season_69 \"UAAP Season 69\")) to win their eleventh UAAP women's volleyball title (and their third three\\-peat championship streak, the most in UAAP history) in 2018\\. Then\\-graduating La Salle player [Dawn Macandili](/wiki/Dawn_Macandili \"Dawn Macandili\") became the first volleyball libero in UAAP history to win the award for Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-winner\\-feu\\-tamaraws\\-season\\-80\\-finals\\-game\\-2\\|title\\=Still peerless, DLSU Lady Spikers reign as 3\\-peat UAAP champions\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 2, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203957/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-winner\\-feu\\-tamaraws\\-season\\-80\\-finals\\-game\\-2\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/lady\\-spikers\\-sweep\\-lady\\-tamaraws\\-11th\\-title/115487\\|title\\=Lady Spikers sweep Lady Tamaraws for 11th title\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 2, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203313/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/lady\\-spikers\\-sweep\\-lady\\-tamaraws\\-11th\\-title/115487\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In [Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 81 volleyball tournaments\"), however, La Salle lost back\\-to\\-back games against the UP Lady Maroons and UST Golden Tigresses in the first round of the eliminations (marking their first back\\-to\\-back elimination round losses since the forfeiture of their wins in [Season 70](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 70 volleyball tournaments\") due to eligibility issues), and lost back\\-to\\-back games against the FEU Lady Tamaraws in the last game of the eliminations, and the second\\-seed playoff (and twice\\-to\\-beat semifinal incentive) to UST (marking their first back\\-to\\-back losses between the elimination rounds and the post\\-season playoffs since Season 77\\). La Salle was eventually dethroned in their Final Four match\\-up against UST the same year, ending their third overall bid for four straight championships and still\\-standing league record of decade\\-long appearance in the UAAP Finals.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/05/05/1915257/ust\\-ousts\\-dlsu\\-barges\\-uaap\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-finals\\|title\\=UST ousts DLSU, barges into UAAP women's volleyball finals\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=May 5, 2019}} This season marked the first time that no green\\-colored school has competed in the UAAP women's volleyball finals in the 21st century, and the first time that the defending UAAP women's volleyball champions have been dethroned in the season outside the championship series since FEU's Final Four ousting of UST (and eventual overall title win) in Season 70\\.",
"Meanwhile, the top\\-seeded Ateneo Lady Eagles, after losing only to La Salle twice in the elimination rounds, won in their third consecutive year of Final Four match\\-up against fourth\\-seeded FEU (after erasing Ateneo's twice\\-to\\-beat incentive in the opening match of their semifinal showdown) to pose their return to the finals (their seventh overall) after missing the cut in the previous year. This marked the first time since Season 69 that both of the previous season's finalists were eliminated before the UAAP women's volleyball championship round. The Lady Eagles went on to win the finals against UST, 2–1, in the first ever Ateneo–UST UAAP volleyball finals showdown, to claim their third (overall) women's volleyball title (and their first since Season 77\\). This marked the first time that the eventual UAAP women's volleyball champions overcame a finals series game deficit to win the title since Season 76\\. Then\\-graduating team captains [Cherry Ann Rondina](/wiki/Cherry_Ann_Rondina \"Cherry Ann Rondina\") of UST and [Bea de Leon](/wiki/Bea_de_Leon \"Bea de Leon\") of Ateneo were hailed the Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards of the Season and Finals, respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\\-81\\-women\\-volleyball\\-finals\\-game\\-3\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-may\\-18\\-2019\\|title\\=Ateneo breaks UST's heart, reclaims UAAP volleyball crown\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 18, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204549/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\\-81\\-women\\-volleyball\\-finals\\-game\\-3\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-may\\-18\\-2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/349981/ateneo\\-regains\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\-beats\\-ust\\-in\\-game\\-3\\|title\\=Ateneo regains UAAP title, tops UST in Game 3\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=May 18, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204151/https://sports.inquirer.net/349981/ateneo\\-regains\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\-beats\\-ust\\-in\\-game\\-3\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**UAAP Seasons 82 and 84 Women's Volleyball**",
"Ateneo's UAAP women's volleyball title defense campaign, however, was postponed due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") that [halted all remaining league tournaments in 2020](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 82 volleyball tournaments\"). The first and only Ateneo–La Salle women's volleyball game which La Salle won in four sets, became the UAAP's last match to be held (and the [last major sporting event broadcast live in the Philippines](/wiki/2020_in_Philippine_television \"2020 in Philippine television\")) in the same year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\\-volleyball\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-dlsu\\-march\\-7\\-2020\\|title\\=Debuting La Salle outclasses heated rival Ateneo\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=March 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203338/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\\-volleyball\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-dlsu\\-march\\-7\\-2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-overcome\\-ateneo\\-open\\-uaap\\-season\\-82\\-bid/181466\\|title\\=Rookie\\-laden La Salle overcomes defending champ Ateneo to open UAAP Season 82 bid\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=March 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204652/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-overcome\\-ateneo\\-open\\-uaap\\-season\\-82\\-bid/181466\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The remainder of [Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 \"UAAP Season 82\") was officially cancelled on April 7, 2020\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/07/uaap\\-cancels\\-season\\-82\\-due\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-pandemic/\\|title\\=UAAP cancels Season 82 due to COVID\\-19 pandemic\\|website\\=Manila Bulletin\\|date\\=April 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101011816/https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/07/uaap\\-cancels\\-season\\-82\\-due\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-pandemic/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-cancels\\-rest\\-of\\-season\\-82\\-due\\-to\\-ecq\\-extension/183216\\|title\\=UAAP cancels rest of Season 82 due to ECQ extension\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=April 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101011819/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-cancels\\-rest\\-of\\-season\\-82\\-due\\-to\\-ecq\\-extension/183216\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"La Salle would later on repeat the same victory against Ateneo in the first round of the eliminations in the post\\-pandemic resumption of the UAAP tournaments in [2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 84 volleyball tournaments\") to extend their head\\-to\\-head winning streak since their finals sweep in Season 79\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/volleyball\\-game\\-results\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-5\\-2022/\\|title\\=Soreño, Malaluan star as La Salle thwarts Ateneo in UAAP volleyball\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 5, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/volleyball\\-game\\-results\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-5\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-84\\-la\\-salle\\-continues\\-where\\-it\\-left\\-off\\-downs\\-ateneo\\-anew/238982\\|title\\=UAAP 84: La Salle continues where it left off, downs Ateneo anew\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 5, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-84\\-la\\-salle\\-continues\\-where\\-it\\-left\\-off\\-downs\\-ateneo\\-anew/238982\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/460998/uaap\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-thumps\\-ateneo\\-behind\\-soreno\\-malaluans\\-strong\\-showing\\|title\\=UAAP Volleyball: La Salle thumps Ateneo behind Soreño, Malaluan strong showing\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=May 5, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://sports.inquirer.net/460998/uaap\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-thumps\\-ateneo\\-behind\\-soreno\\-malaluans\\-strong\\-showing\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the second game of the tournament, La Salle would win in five sets to sweep Ateneo in the elimination round.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/465663/uaap\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-conquers\\-ateneo\\-in\\-thriller\\-to\\-move\\-closer\\-to\\-twice\\-to\\-beat\\|title\\=UAAP volleyball: La Salle conquers Ateneo in thriller to close in on twice\\-to\\-beat\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=June 7, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607210933/https://sports.inquirer.net/465663/uaap\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-conquers\\-ateneo\\-in\\-thriller\\-to\\-move\\-closer\\-to\\-twice\\-to\\-beat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-volleyball\\-women\\-dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-june\\-7\\-2022/\\|title\\=La Salle downs rival Ateneo in 5\\-set thriller, nears twice\\-to\\-beat perk\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 7, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607112653/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-volleyball\\-women\\-dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-june\\-7\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/06/07/22/uaap\\-la\\-salle\\-pulls\\-off\\-5\\-set\\-stunner\\-vs\\-ateneo\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle pulls off 5\\-set stunner vs Ateneo, inches closer to twice\\-to\\-beat\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=June 7, 2022}} During the eliminations, Ateneo and La Salle were swept by the NU Lady Bulldogs and split their win\\-loss records with the UST Golden Tigresses and Adamson Lady Falcons. La Salle would later on grab the second seed and twice\\-to\\-beat advantage in the stepladder playoffs after National University advanced outright to the UAAP Finals, while fourth\\-seeded Ateneo ousted Adamson and UST in consecutive games to become the lowest\\-seeded Final Four team in UAAP women's volleyball history to complete a podium finish after setting up the only second Ateneo–La Salle semifinals series in the same division. La Salle dethroned Ateneo via sweep in the stepladder semifinals to pose their return to the UAAP Finals, marking the first time in the [Final Four](/wiki/Final_Four \"Final Four\") era of UAAP women's volleyball that both preceding season's finalists were ousted from the championship round for consecutive seasons.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/semifinals\\-game\\-results\\-volleyball\\-women\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-june\\-16\\-2022/\\|title\\=La Salle ends Ateneo fairy tale stepladder run, sets up finals series against NU\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 16, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135431/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/semifinals\\-game\\-results\\-volleyball\\-women\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-june\\-16\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/16/2188870/la\\-salle\\-ends\\-ateneos\\-cinderella\\-run\\-enters\\-uaap\\-finals\\|title\\=La Salle ends Ateneo's Cinderella run, enters UAAP finals\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=June 16, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135431/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/16/2188870/la\\-salle\\-ends\\-ateneos\\-cinderella\\-run\\-enters\\-uaap\\-finals\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"La Salle eventually lost to the NU Lady Bulldogs via series sweep as the Lady Bulldogs went on to win their first championship in 65 years.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-game\\-2\\-june\\-21\\-2022/\\|title\\=NU ends 65\\-year women's volleyball title search in rare 16\\-0 season sweep\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-game\\-2\\-june\\-21\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-sweep\\-season\\-to\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-drought\\-for\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\|title\\=NU Lady Bulldogs sweep season to end 65\\-year drought for UAAP volleyball title\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-sweep\\-season\\-to\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-drought\\-for\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}} National University became the first non\\-Ateneo and non\\-La Salle team to complete a sweep in UAAP women's volleyball, following the season sweep records by La Salle in 2004 (Season 67, 14–0 all throughout the eliminations) and Ateneo in 2015 (Season 77, 16–0 from the eliminations to stepladder finals series). Consequently, this season marked the first time in UAAP women's volleyball history that both Ateneo and La Salle lost in all the races of Rookie of the Year, Season and Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards, as NU clinched these accolades courtesy of [Mhicaela Belen](/wiki/Mhicaela_Belen \"Mhicaela Belen\"), the league's first collegiate volleyball player ever to sweep the Rookie of the Year, Most Valuable Player (MVP) and tournament championship awards in the same year, and team captain [Princess Anne Robles](/wiki/Princess_Anne_Robles \"Princess Anne Robles\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/06/21/22/uaap\\-nu\\-completes\\-historic\\-season\\-with\\-sweep\\-of\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=UAAP: NU completes historic season with sweep of La Salle\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/06/21/22/uaap\\-nu\\-completes\\-historic\\-season\\-with\\-sweep\\-of\\-la\\-salle\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/21/2190018/sweet\\-16\\-0\\-nu\\-sweeps\\-la\\-salle\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\-drought\\|title\\=Sweet 16\\-0: NU sweeps La Salle to end 65\\-year UAAP volleyball title drought\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/21/2190018/sweet\\-16\\-0\\-nu\\-sweeps\\-la\\-salle\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\-drought\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-sweep\\-season\\-to\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-drought\\-for\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\|title\\=NU Lady Bulldogs sweep season to end 65\\-year drought for UAAP volleyball title\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2022}}",
"**UAAP Seasons 85 and 86 Women's Volleyball**",
"In [Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 85 volleyball tournaments\"), La Salle swept all first nine games of the season to secure the top seed, including an eventual sweep of Ateneo and the defending champions NU Lady Bulldogs in the elimination rounds via quadruple 3\\-set wins. However, the UST Golden Tigresses defeated both Ateneo and La Salle in the second round of the eliminations to both revert the UAAP women's volleyball post\\-season format back to a regular Final Four setting for the first time in UAAP's post\\-[COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") era and since Season 81, and end Ateneo's Final Four appearance streak in UAAP women's volleyball dating back from [Season 72](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 72 volleyball tournaments\") – the school's longest in the tournament's history. This also officially ended the joint Ateneo\\-La Salle presence in the UAAP women's volleyball post\\-season rounds from the said season to [Season 84](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84_women%27s_volleyball_tournament \"UAAP Season 84 women's volleyball tournament\") – the longest by multiple schools simultaneously in the tournament's history.",
"La Salle went on to sweep the NU Lady Bulldogs in the Finals and claim their twelfth UAAP women's volleyball title in their first joint back\\-to\\-back UAAP Finals appearance since the sixth consecutive (and most recent) Ateneo\\-La Salle matchup in the championship series in Season 79, spearheaded by [Angel Anne Canino](/wiki/Angel_Anne_Canino \"Angel Anne Canino\"), who became the school's first ever collegiate (and the league's only second consecutive and overall, and, as of 2024, most recent women's) volleyball player to win Rookie of the Year and Season Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards in the same year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/05/14/23/la\\-salle\\-completes\\-comeback\\-vs\\-nu\\-ends\\-title\\-drought\\|title\\=La Salle completes comeback vs NU, clinches title in 5\\-set marathon\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=May 14, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\\-salle\\-completes\\-redemption\\-campaign\\-outlasts\\-nu\\-for\\-uaap\\-85\\-wvb\\-crown/272307\\|title\\=La Salle storms back, completes revenge on NU for UAAP 85 crown\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 14, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\\-volleyball\\-finals\\-game\\-2\\-results\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-may\\-14\\-2023/\\|title\\=La Salle caps off dominant Season 85 with reverse sweep of NU for 12th title\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 14, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2023}}",
"La Salle's ongoing head\\-to\\-head winning streak against Ateneo continued throughout the elimination rounds in [Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 86 volleyball tournaments\"), with Ateneo missing out consecutive seasons for Final Four contention for the first time since Season 69\\. La Salle, however, lost to the eventual finalists UST Golden Tigresses and NU Lady Bulldogs in the elimination rounds, with UST eventually dethroning La Salle during their Final Four matchup and becoming the first team to oust La Salle from UAAP Finals contention multiple times since the debut of [Ramil de Jesus](/wiki/Ramil_de_Jesus \"Ramil de Jesus\") as the latter team's (currently ongoing) head coach in Season 60 in 1997\\. As a result, Season 86 marks the first time since Season 70 in 2008 that neither Ateneo nor La Salle have qualified to the [women's volleyball championship series in the UAAP](/wiki/UAAP_volleyball_championships \"UAAP volleyball championships\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/uaap\\-women/first\\-uaap\\-finals\\-in\\-16\\-years\\-without\\-la\\-salle\\-or\\-ateneo\\-a5172\\-20240507\\|title\\=UAAP Finals without La Salle or Ateneo is rare; Finals without RDJ quite odd\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=May 7, 2024}}",
""
] |
### UAAP
**UAAP Season 74 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the first time in UAAP history, Ateneo and La Salle met each other at the [UAAP Season 74 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_74_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 74 volleyball tournaments"). The De La Salle Lady Spikers became the first volleyball team ever to automatically enter the UAAP Finals with a thrice\-to\-beat advantage after sweeping the elimination round. On the other hand, the Ateneo Lady Eagles, consistently ranked second throughout much of the elimination round (with losses to La Salle, twice, and UST in the second round), defeated the third\-seeded (and [previous season's](/wiki/UAAP_Season_73_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 73 volleyball tournaments") runner\-up) [UST Tigresses](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers "UST Growling Tigers") in the semifinals in four sets. This marks Ateneo's first entry to the UAAP volleyball finals since the school's 1978 admission into the UAAP.
Game One of the Finals was won by Ateneo in four sets, 23–25, 28–26, 25–23, 25–17, marking the first recorded Ateneo victory in any UAAP volleyball championship series while halting then\-league record of 24 consecutive wins by La Salle (dating back from Season 73\). La Salle went on to recover in Game Two in four sets, 23–25, 25–21, 26–24, 25–18, before sweeping Ateneo in Game Three, 25–16, 25–22, 25–13, to finish off the series in three games and win their second consecutive (and seventh overall) UAAP women's volleyball championship title. [Abigail Maraño](/wiki/Aby_Mara%C3%B1o "Aby Maraño") of La Salle was named as Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, while then\-graduating La Salle team captain [Charleen Cruz](/wiki/Cha_Cruz "Cha Cruz") is the first volleyball player in UAAP history to win multiple and consecutive Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/249851/la\-salle\-crushes\-ateneo\-to\-repeat\-as\-uaap\-women\-s\-volleyball\-champs/story/\|title\=La Salle crushes Ateneo to repeat as UAAP women's volleyball champs\|website\=GMA News\|date\=February 29, 2012}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2012/03/01/782277/lady\-archers\-sweep\-eagles\-retain\-volley\-crown\|title\=Lady Archers sweep Eagles, retain volley crown\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=March 1, 2012}}
**UAAP Season 75 Women's Volleyball Finals**
Ateneo and La Salle faced each other once again during the [UAAP Season 75 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_75_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 75 volleyball tournaments") after the De La Salle Lady Spikers defeated the [NU Lady Bulldogs](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs "NU Bulldogs") (in the latter's first ever Final Four placement in UAAP women's volleyball) and the Ateneo Lady Eagles defeated the [Adamson Lady Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Falcons "Adamson Falcons") during the Final Four matches, both in straight sets, that were held at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum") on February 23, 2013\. The UAAP Season 75 marked the first time ever that the league's Final Four and championship volleyball matches were played at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum") and the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena "Mall of Asia Arena").
Game One of the Finals was played before a crowd of 17,342 at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on March 2, 2013\. The Lady Spikers posed a comeback win over the Lady Eagles in five sets, 20–25, 17–25, 25–22, 25–22, 15–6\. La Salle eventually swept Ateneo in Game Two, 25–23, 25–20, 25–16, in front of 18,779 people at the Mall of Asia Arena, to finish the series in two games and win their eighth UAAP women's volleyball championship title (and their second three\-peat championship streak). La Salle team captain [Abigail Maraño](/wiki/Aby_Mara%C3%B1o "Aby Maraño") and teammate [Victonara Galang](/wiki/Victonara_Galang "Victonara Galang") became the first pair of volleyball players in UAAP history to be named co\-Most Valuable Players (MVPs) of the Season, while then\-graduating La Salle player [Michele Gumabao](/wiki/Michele_Gumabao "Michele Gumabao") was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/298005/uaap\-dlsu\-defeats\-ateneo\-for\-the\-women\-s\-volleyball\-crown\-completes\-3\-peat/story/\|title\=UAAP: DLSU defeats Ateneo for the women's volleyball crown, completes 3\-peat\|website\=GMA News\|date\=March 6, 2013\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 13, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713145337/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/298005/sports/campussports/uaap\-dlsu\-defeats\-ateneo\-for\-the\-women\-s\-volleyball\-crown\-completes\-3\-peat\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/03/06/916692/la\-salle\-blazes\-way\-uaap\-womens\-volleyball\-three\-peat\|title\=La Salle blazes way to UAAP women's volleyball three\-peat\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=March 6, 2013\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 25, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925025218/http://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/03/06/916692/la\-salle\-blazes\-way\-uaap\-womens\-volleyball\-three\-peat\|url\-status\=live}}
**UAAP Season 76 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the third time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 76 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 76 volleyball tournaments"). The De La Salle Lady Spikers became the first volleyball team ever to enter the UAAP Finals with a thrice\-to\-beat advantage after sweeping the elimination round for a second overall season. On the other hand, the Ateneo Lady Eagles, under new head coach Anusorn "Tai" Bundit, were able to reach their third consecutive finals after winning three consecutive knockout matches against fourth\-seeded Adamson Lady Falcons and then second\-seeded, twice\-to\-beat NU Lady Bulldogs under the stepladder format.
Game One of the Finals, which was held on March 5, 2014, was won by Ateneo in four sets, 17–25, 25–23, 25–13, 25–20, marking their first win against La Salle in the entire season (and their only second win against La Salle in their entire joint UAAP women's volleyball finals appearances) while ending a still\-standing league record of 30 consecutive wins by La Salle in UAAP women's volleyball history (dating back from the second game of the eliminations in Season 75\). Three days later, on March 8, 2014, La Salle bounced back in Game Two and defeated Ateneo in four sets, 25–14, 25–20, 19–25, 26–24\. The first two games of the Finals were held at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum").
The venue of the remaining games of the Finals shifted to the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena "Mall of Asia Arena"). In Game Three, which was held on March 12, 2014, Ateneo defeated La Salle in five sets in front of the 18,095\-strong crowd, 25–21, 25–23, 18–25, 16–25, 17–15, to force a winner\-take\-all title match on March 15, 2014\. As a result, the UAAP Season 76 women's volleyball finals series became the league's longest volleyball championship series, and is, to date, the only one to last up to four games (in a best\-of\-five finals series format with a 1–0 advantage for any team). In Game Four, the Ateneo Lady Eagles swept the De La Salle Lady Spikers, 25–23, 26–24, 25–21, to deny La Salle's second overall four\-peat championship bid and become the lowest\-seeded volleyball team to ever win a UAAP volleyball championship title (Ateneo's maiden title) at the Mall of Asia Arena after a 21,314\-strong audience.
Ateneo's team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez "Alyssa Valdez") became the first volleyball player in UAAP history to win both awards of the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season and of the Finals, and the first UAAP athlete to win at least four awards in a single season (including awards for the Season's Best Scorer and Best Server categories).{{cite web\|url\=https://r3\.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/53094\-ateneo\-upsets\-de\-la\-salle\-wins\-first\-uaap\-volleyball\-crown\|title\=Ateneo upsets De La Salle, wins first UAAP volleyball crown\|website\=Rappler\|date\=March 15, 2014\|access\-date\=March 15, 2014\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204351/https://r3\.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/53094\-ateneo\-upsets\-de\-la\-salle\-wins\-first\-uaap\-volleyball\-crown\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/147798/heart\-strong\-ateneo\-clinches\-uaap\-womens\-volley\-crown\|title\='Heart\-strong' Ateneo clinches UAAP women's volley crown\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=March 15, 2014\|access\-date\=March 15, 2014}}
**UAAP Season 77 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the fourth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 77 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 77 volleyball tournaments"). For the first time in UAAP history, the Ateneo Lady Eagles defeated the De La Salle Lady Spikers twice during the elimination rounds, and entered the finals with the thrice\-to\-beat advantage after amassing a 14–0 eliminations sweeps record. On the other hand, the second\-seeded De La Salle Lady Spikers suffered their first defeat from a non\-Ateneo team in the tournament (since UST Tigresses' shocking five\-set season\-opening win against DLSU in Season 75\) during Game One against the third\-seeded NU Lady Bulldogs in the semifinals (in straight sets), but recovered in Game Two in four sets at the expense of then La Salle's team captain Victonara Galang's post\-season injury (which sidelined her from playing for Season 77 Finals).
Game One of the Finals, which was held on March 11, 2015 at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum "Smart Araneta Coliseum") in front of 18,363 fans, was won by Ateneo in straight sets, 25–18, 25–19, 25–19\. Three days later, on March 14, 2015, watched by 20,705 fans at the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena "Mall of Asia Arena"), Ateneo swept La Salle again in straight sets, 25–22, 25–17, 25–23, becoming the league's first ever overall volleyball varsity team to achieve a 16–0 perfect season (eliminations round up to the championship series) record and defeated La Salle for the second consecutive season to win the UAAP Season 77 volleyball championship title. Ateneo team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez "Alyssa Valdez") was named back\-to\-back Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, while [Amy Ahomiro](/wiki/Amy_Ahomiro "Amy Ahomiro") won the award as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/452461/uaap\-ateneo\-shuts\-out\-la\-salle\-for\-perfect\-season\-wins\-second\-straight\-women\-s\-volleyball\-title/story/?ref\=related\_stories\|title\=UAAP: Ateneo shuts out La Salle for perfect season, wins second straight women's volleyball title\|website\=GMA News\|date\=March 14, 2015\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=September 20, 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195714/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/452461/uaap\-ateneo\-shuts\-out\-la\-salle\-for\-perfect\-season\-wins\-second\-straight\-women\-s\-volleyball\-title/story/?ref\=related\_stories\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/admu/86845\-ateneo\-sweeps\-season\-repeat\-uaap\-volleyball\-champion\|title\=Ateneo sweeps season, repeats as UAAP volleyball champion\|website\=Rappler\|date\=March 14, 2015\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=March 23, 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323221859/http://www.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/admu/86845\-ateneo\-sweeps\-season\-repeat\-uaap\-volleyball\-champion\|url\-status\=live}}
**UAAP Season 78 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the fifth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 78 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 78 volleyball tournaments"). During the first round of the eliminations, the eventually second\-seeded DLSU Lady Spikers swept the season's top\-seeded ADMU Lady Eagles in three straight sets (with La Salle dealing Ateneo's first single game loss after still\-standing league record of 24 consecutive wins and since winning their maiden UAAP women's volleyball title in Season 76\) to deny them a sweep of the elimination round and revert the tournament to a [Regular Final Four](/wiki/UAAP_Final_Four "UAAP Final Four") format for the first time since Season 75\. In the second round, however, Ateneo recovered in a five\-set comeback win to seal their top\-seed position.
After the eliminations, the Ateneo Lady Eagles swept the [UP Lady Maroons](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons "UP Fighting Maroons") during their comeback Final Four appearance after 13 years in three straight sets in the semifinals in a return trip to the finals for fifth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance, while the De La Salle Lady Spikers recovered from a shocking five\-set loss in Game 1 of their Final Four match\-up against the third\-seeded [FEU Lady Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws "FEU Tamaraws") to sweep their opponents in do\-or\-die Game 2 and book their eighth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance.
The UAAP Season 78 women's volleyball finals became the first championship series since the DLSU–FEU match\-up in [Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 71 volleyball tournaments") to last up to three games under such tournament division (in a best\-of\-three finals series format). Game One of the Finals, which was held on April 23, 2016 and watched by 19,921 fans at the Smart Araneta Coliseum, was won by La Salle in straight sets, 25–22, 25–22, 25–21\. Four days later, on April 27, 2016, Ateneo posed a come\-from\-behind win against La Salle in Game Two in five sets, 18–25, 26–28, 25–17, 25–16, 15–11, in front of the 20,541\-strong crowd at the Mall of Asia Arena to force a winner\-take\-all match on April 30, 2016\. La Salle, however, recovered in four sets, 19–25, 25–21, 25–16, 25–16 in Game Three to deny Ateneo's three\-peat championship bid and win their ninth overall UAAP women's volleyball championship title (and first since Season 75\) in front of a record 22,858\-strong crowd at the Smart Araneta Coliseum \- the largest in\-venue attendance for any non\-basketball or cheerdance event in UAAP history.
Graduating Ateneo Lady Eagles' team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez "Alyssa Valdez") earned her third straight award for Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, becoming the first UAAP women's volleyball athlete to earn three consecutive MVP awards since Monica Aleta from FEU from Seasons 63 to 65, and the first volleyball athlete in UAAP history to win at least four overall Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards. Meanwhile, [Kim Kianna Dy](/wiki/Kim_Kianna_Dy "Kim Kianna Dy") of the De La Salle Lady Spikers was hailed as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo\-la\-salle\-volleyball\-game\-3\-finals\-recap\-2016\-season\-78\|title\=La Salle reclaims UAAP title after defeating Ateneo\|website\=Rappler\|date\=April 30, 2016\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203024/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo\-la\-salle\-volleyball\-game\-3\-finals\-recap\-2016\-season\-78\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/la\-salle\-uaap\-season\-78\-womens\-volleyball\-champion\-ateneo\|title\=La Salle Lady Spikers end Ateneo Lady Eagles' two\-year\-reign in UAAP women's volleyball\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=April 30, 2016\|access\-date\=April 30, 2016}}
**UAAP Season 79 Women's Volleyball Finals**
For the sixth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 79 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 79 volleyball tournaments"). During the first round of eliminations, the defending champions (and eventually second\-seeded) De La Salle Lady Spikers suffered a shock straight sets loss to the UP Lady Maroons but recovered in the second round of eliminations against the same team with another straight sets victory. Meanwhile, the Ateneo Lady Eagles suffered losses only to the NU Lady Bulldogs twice in the elimination rounds but swept the De La Salle Lady Spikers in the elimination rounds to secure the top seed for this season. This marks the most recent season that Ateneo has won at least a single game against La Salle in UAAP women's volleyball tournament as of 2024\.
In the semifinal round, the De La Salle Lady Spikers won over the third\-seeded UST Tigresses during the latter's comeback Final Four appearance after 5 years in four sets to book their ninth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance, while the Ateneo Lady Eagles also won against the fourth\-seeded FEU Lady Tamaraws in four sets to book their sixth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance. This marked the longest streak of joint UAAP Finals appearances by any two women's volleyball teams in the league's history.
Game One of the Finals was held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on May 2, 2017 in front of 13,468 fans. The De La Salle Lady Spikers recorded their first victory against Ateneo Lady Eagles during this game for this season in four sets, 21–25, 29–27, 25–22 and 25–20\. Game Two of the Finals was held again at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on May 6, 2017 in front of 20,860 fans. The De La Salle Lady Spikers won against the Ateneo Lady Eagles in five sets, 19–25, 25–14, 18–25, 25–18 and 15–10, to sweep the series in two games and earn their second consecutive (and tenth overall) UAAP women's volleyball title. La Salle players [Mary Joy Baron](/wiki/Mary_Joy_Baron "Mary Joy Baron") and [Desiree Cheng](/wiki/Desiree_Cheng "Desiree Cheng") were named as Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season and of the Finals, respectively.{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-season\-79\-womens\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-reigns\-for\-10th\-time\-vanquishes\-ateneo/84567\|title\=La Salle reigns for 10th time, vanquishes Ateneo\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 6, 2017\|access\-date\=January 6, 2020\|archive\-date\=July 24, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724025141/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-season\-79\-womens\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-reigns\-for\-10th\-time\-vanquishes\-ateneo/84567\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-champion\-uaap\-season\-79\-back\-to\-back\-ateneo\-lady\-eagles\|title\=Sweet repeat for La Salle as Lady Spikers sweep rival Lady Eagles to claim Season 79 crown\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=May 6, 2017\|access\-date\=May 6, 2017}}
**UAAP Seasons 80 and 81 Women's Volleyball**
Season 79 would eventually be the last of the string of six consecutive Ateneo–La Salle match\-ups in the UAAP women's volleyball finals dating back from Season 74\. The Lady Eagles, after losing twice to the De La Salle Lady Spikers, FEU Lady Tamaraws and NU Lady Bulldogs in the first round, and to the UP Lady Maroons in the second round of the eliminations, were booted out from finals contention in [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 80 volleyball tournaments") as the third\-seeded team by that season's hosting school and second\-seeded team FEU Lady Tamaraws in four sets. This marked the first time that Ateneo lost in the Final Four with a twice\-to\-beat disadvantage since their Final Four showdown against La Salle in [Season 73](/wiki/UAAP_Season_73_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 73 volleyball tournaments").
Meanwhile, the top\-seeded De La Salle Lady Spikers, after losing only to both the Adamson Lady Falcons and NU Lady Bulldogs in the first round of the eliminations, swept the fourth\-seeded NU Lady Bulldogs in their Final Four match\-up to pose their tenth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance in 2018\. La Salle would eventually sweep FEU in the finals (in the first consecutive UAAP women's volleyball finals sweep records since collegiate volleyball's shift to second semester in the UAAP annual calendar in [Season 69](/wiki/UAAP_Season_69 "UAAP Season 69")) to win their eleventh UAAP women's volleyball title (and their third three\-peat championship streak, the most in UAAP history) in 2018\. Then\-graduating La Salle player [Dawn Macandili](/wiki/Dawn_Macandili "Dawn Macandili") became the first volleyball libero in UAAP history to win the award for Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-winner\-feu\-tamaraws\-season\-80\-finals\-game\-2\|title\=Still peerless, DLSU Lady Spikers reign as 3\-peat UAAP champions\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 2, 2018\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203957/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-winner\-feu\-tamaraws\-season\-80\-finals\-game\-2\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/lady\-spikers\-sweep\-lady\-tamaraws\-11th\-title/115487\|title\=Lady Spikers sweep Lady Tamaraws for 11th title\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 2, 2018\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203313/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/lady\-spikers\-sweep\-lady\-tamaraws\-11th\-title/115487\|url\-status\=live}}
In [Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 81 volleyball tournaments"), however, La Salle lost back\-to\-back games against the UP Lady Maroons and UST Golden Tigresses in the first round of the eliminations (marking their first back\-to\-back elimination round losses since the forfeiture of their wins in [Season 70](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 70 volleyball tournaments") due to eligibility issues), and lost back\-to\-back games against the FEU Lady Tamaraws in the last game of the eliminations, and the second\-seed playoff (and twice\-to\-beat semifinal incentive) to UST (marking their first back\-to\-back losses between the elimination rounds and the post\-season playoffs since Season 77\). La Salle was eventually dethroned in their Final Four match\-up against UST the same year, ending their third overall bid for four straight championships and still\-standing league record of decade\-long appearance in the UAAP Finals.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/05/05/1915257/ust\-ousts\-dlsu\-barges\-uaap\-womens\-volleyball\-finals\|title\=UST ousts DLSU, barges into UAAP women's volleyball finals\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=May 5, 2019}} This season marked the first time that no green\-colored school has competed in the UAAP women's volleyball finals in the 21st century, and the first time that the defending UAAP women's volleyball champions have been dethroned in the season outside the championship series since FEU's Final Four ousting of UST (and eventual overall title win) in Season 70\.
Meanwhile, the top\-seeded Ateneo Lady Eagles, after losing only to La Salle twice in the elimination rounds, won in their third consecutive year of Final Four match\-up against fourth\-seeded FEU (after erasing Ateneo's twice\-to\-beat incentive in the opening match of their semifinal showdown) to pose their return to the finals (their seventh overall) after missing the cut in the previous year. This marked the first time since Season 69 that both of the previous season's finalists were eliminated before the UAAP women's volleyball championship round. The Lady Eagles went on to win the finals against UST, 2–1, in the first ever Ateneo–UST UAAP volleyball finals showdown, to claim their third (overall) women's volleyball title (and their first since Season 77\). This marked the first time that the eventual UAAP women's volleyball champions overcame a finals series game deficit to win the title since Season 76\. Then\-graduating team captains [Cherry Ann Rondina](/wiki/Cherry_Ann_Rondina "Cherry Ann Rondina") of UST and [Bea de Leon](/wiki/Bea_de_Leon "Bea de Leon") of Ateneo were hailed the Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards of the Season and Finals, respectively.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\-81\-women\-volleyball\-finals\-game\-3\-results\-ateneo\-ust\-may\-18\-2019\|title\=Ateneo breaks UST's heart, reclaims UAAP volleyball crown\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 18, 2019\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204549/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\-81\-women\-volleyball\-finals\-game\-3\-results\-ateneo\-ust\-may\-18\-2019\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/349981/ateneo\-regains\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\-beats\-ust\-in\-game\-3\|title\=Ateneo regains UAAP title, tops UST in Game 3\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=May 18, 2019\|access\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204151/https://sports.inquirer.net/349981/ateneo\-regains\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\-beats\-ust\-in\-game\-3\|url\-status\=live}}
**UAAP Seasons 82 and 84 Women's Volleyball**
Ateneo's UAAP women's volleyball title defense campaign, however, was postponed due to the [COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") that [halted all remaining league tournaments in 2020](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 82 volleyball tournaments"). The first and only Ateneo–La Salle women's volleyball game which La Salle won in four sets, became the UAAP's last match to be held (and the [last major sporting event broadcast live in the Philippines](/wiki/2020_in_Philippine_television "2020 in Philippine television")) in the same year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\-volleyball\-game\-results\-ateneo\-dlsu\-march\-7\-2020\|title\=Debuting La Salle outclasses heated rival Ateneo\|website\=Rappler\|date\=March 7, 2020\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203338/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\-volleyball\-game\-results\-ateneo\-dlsu\-march\-7\-2020\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-overcome\-ateneo\-open\-uaap\-season\-82\-bid/181466\|title\=Rookie\-laden La Salle overcomes defending champ Ateneo to open UAAP Season 82 bid\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=March 7, 2020\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204652/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-overcome\-ateneo\-open\-uaap\-season\-82\-bid/181466\|url\-status\=live}} The remainder of [Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 "UAAP Season 82") was officially cancelled on April 7, 2020\.{{cite web\|url\=https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/07/uaap\-cancels\-season\-82\-due\-to\-covid\-19\-pandemic/\|title\=UAAP cancels Season 82 due to COVID\-19 pandemic\|website\=Manila Bulletin\|date\=April 7, 2020\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101011816/https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/07/uaap\-cancels\-season\-82\-due\-to\-covid\-19\-pandemic/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-cancels\-rest\-of\-season\-82\-due\-to\-ecq\-extension/183216\|title\=UAAP cancels rest of Season 82 due to ECQ extension\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=April 7, 2020\|access\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-date\=January 1, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101011819/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-cancels\-rest\-of\-season\-82\-due\-to\-ecq\-extension/183216\|url\-status\=live}}
La Salle would later on repeat the same victory against Ateneo in the first round of the eliminations in the post\-pandemic resumption of the UAAP tournaments in [2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 84 volleyball tournaments") to extend their head\-to\-head winning streak since their finals sweep in Season 79\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/volleyball\-game\-results\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-5\-2022/\|title\=Soreño, Malaluan star as La Salle thwarts Ateneo in UAAP volleyball\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 5, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/volleyball\-game\-results\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-may\-5\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-84\-la\-salle\-continues\-where\-it\-left\-off\-downs\-ateneo\-anew/238982\|title\=UAAP 84: La Salle continues where it left off, downs Ateneo anew\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 5, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-84\-la\-salle\-continues\-where\-it\-left\-off\-downs\-ateneo\-anew/238982\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/460998/uaap\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-thumps\-ateneo\-behind\-soreno\-malaluans\-strong\-showing\|title\=UAAP Volleyball: La Salle thumps Ateneo behind Soreño, Malaluan strong showing\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=May 5, 2022\|access\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 3, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://sports.inquirer.net/460998/uaap\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-thumps\-ateneo\-behind\-soreno\-malaluans\-strong\-showing\|url\-status\=live}} In the second game of the tournament, La Salle would win in five sets to sweep Ateneo in the elimination round.{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/465663/uaap\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-conquers\-ateneo\-in\-thriller\-to\-move\-closer\-to\-twice\-to\-beat\|title\=UAAP volleyball: La Salle conquers Ateneo in thriller to close in on twice\-to\-beat\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=June 7, 2022\|access\-date\=June 7, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607210933/https://sports.inquirer.net/465663/uaap\-volleyball\-la\-salle\-conquers\-ateneo\-in\-thriller\-to\-move\-closer\-to\-twice\-to\-beat\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-volleyball\-women\-dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-june\-7\-2022/\|title\=La Salle downs rival Ateneo in 5\-set thriller, nears twice\-to\-beat perk\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 7, 2022\|access\-date\=June 7, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 7, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607112653/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\-results\-volleyball\-women\-dlsu\-lady\-spikers\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-june\-7\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/06/07/22/uaap\-la\-salle\-pulls\-off\-5\-set\-stunner\-vs\-ateneo\|title\=UAAP: La Salle pulls off 5\-set stunner vs Ateneo, inches closer to twice\-to\-beat\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=June 7, 2022}} During the eliminations, Ateneo and La Salle were swept by the NU Lady Bulldogs and split their win\-loss records with the UST Golden Tigresses and Adamson Lady Falcons. La Salle would later on grab the second seed and twice\-to\-beat advantage in the stepladder playoffs after National University advanced outright to the UAAP Finals, while fourth\-seeded Ateneo ousted Adamson and UST in consecutive games to become the lowest\-seeded Final Four team in UAAP women's volleyball history to complete a podium finish after setting up the only second Ateneo–La Salle semifinals series in the same division. La Salle dethroned Ateneo via sweep in the stepladder semifinals to pose their return to the UAAP Finals, marking the first time in the [Final Four](/wiki/Final_Four "Final Four") era of UAAP women's volleyball that both preceding season's finalists were ousted from the championship round for consecutive seasons.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/semifinals\-game\-results\-volleyball\-women\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-june\-16\-2022/\|title\=La Salle ends Ateneo fairy tale stepladder run, sets up finals series against NU\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 16, 2022\|access\-date\=June 19, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135431/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/semifinals\-game\-results\-volleyball\-women\-ateneo\-blue\-eagles\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-june\-16\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/16/2188870/la\-salle\-ends\-ateneos\-cinderella\-run\-enters\-uaap\-finals\|title\=La Salle ends Ateneo's Cinderella run, enters UAAP finals\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=June 16, 2022\|access\-date\=June 19, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 19, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135431/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/16/2188870/la\-salle\-ends\-ateneos\-cinderella\-run\-enters\-uaap\-finals\|url\-status\=live}}
La Salle eventually lost to the NU Lady Bulldogs via series sweep as the Lady Bulldogs went on to win their first championship in 65 years.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-game\-2\-june\-21\-2022/\|title\=NU ends 65\-year women's volleyball title search in rare 16\-0 season sweep\|website\=Rappler\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\-game\-results\-nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-game\-2\-june\-21\-2022/\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-sweep\-season\-to\-end\-65\-year\-drought\-for\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\|title\=NU Lady Bulldogs sweep season to end 65\-year drought for UAAP volleyball title\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-sweep\-season\-to\-end\-65\-year\-drought\-for\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\|url\-status\=live}} National University became the first non\-Ateneo and non\-La Salle team to complete a sweep in UAAP women's volleyball, following the season sweep records by La Salle in 2004 (Season 67, 14–0 all throughout the eliminations) and Ateneo in 2015 (Season 77, 16–0 from the eliminations to stepladder finals series). Consequently, this season marked the first time in UAAP women's volleyball history that both Ateneo and La Salle lost in all the races of Rookie of the Year, Season and Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards, as NU clinched these accolades courtesy of [Mhicaela Belen](/wiki/Mhicaela_Belen "Mhicaela Belen"), the league's first collegiate volleyball player ever to sweep the Rookie of the Year, Most Valuable Player (MVP) and tournament championship awards in the same year, and team captain [Princess Anne Robles](/wiki/Princess_Anne_Robles "Princess Anne Robles").{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/06/21/22/uaap\-nu\-completes\-historic\-season\-with\-sweep\-of\-la\-salle\|title\=UAAP: NU completes historic season with sweep of La Salle\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/06/21/22/uaap\-nu\-completes\-historic\-season\-with\-sweep\-of\-la\-salle\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/21/2190018/sweet\-16\-0\-nu\-sweeps\-la\-salle\-end\-65\-year\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\-drought\|title\=Sweet 16\-0: NU sweeps La Salle to end 65\-year UAAP volleyball title drought\|website\=The Philippine Star\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-date\=June 22, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/21/2190018/sweet\-16\-0\-nu\-sweeps\-la\-salle\-end\-65\-year\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\-drought\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-sweep\-season\-to\-end\-65\-year\-drought\-for\-uaap\-volleyball\-title\|title\=NU Lady Bulldogs sweep season to end 65\-year drought for UAAP volleyball title\|website\=Inquirer\|date\=June 21, 2022\|access\-date\=June 21, 2022}}
**UAAP Seasons 85 and 86 Women's Volleyball**
In [Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 85 volleyball tournaments"), La Salle swept all first nine games of the season to secure the top seed, including an eventual sweep of Ateneo and the defending champions NU Lady Bulldogs in the elimination rounds via quadruple 3\-set wins. However, the UST Golden Tigresses defeated both Ateneo and La Salle in the second round of the eliminations to both revert the UAAP women's volleyball post\-season format back to a regular Final Four setting for the first time in UAAP's post\-[COVID\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") era and since Season 81, and end Ateneo's Final Four appearance streak in UAAP women's volleyball dating back from [Season 72](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 72 volleyball tournaments") – the school's longest in the tournament's history. This also officially ended the joint Ateneo\-La Salle presence in the UAAP women's volleyball post\-season rounds from the said season to [Season 84](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84_women%27s_volleyball_tournament "UAAP Season 84 women's volleyball tournament") – the longest by multiple schools simultaneously in the tournament's history.
La Salle went on to sweep the NU Lady Bulldogs in the Finals and claim their twelfth UAAP women's volleyball title in their first joint back\-to\-back UAAP Finals appearance since the sixth consecutive (and most recent) Ateneo\-La Salle matchup in the championship series in Season 79, spearheaded by [Angel Anne Canino](/wiki/Angel_Anne_Canino "Angel Anne Canino"), who became the school's first ever collegiate (and the league's only second consecutive and overall, and, as of 2024, most recent women's) volleyball player to win Rookie of the Year and Season Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards in the same year.{{cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/05/14/23/la\-salle\-completes\-comeback\-vs\-nu\-ends\-title\-drought\|title\=La Salle completes comeback vs NU, clinches title in 5\-set marathon\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=May 14, 2023\|access\-date\=May 14, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\-salle\-completes\-redemption\-campaign\-outlasts\-nu\-for\-uaap\-85\-wvb\-crown/272307\|title\=La Salle storms back, completes revenge on NU for UAAP 85 crown\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=May 14, 2023\|access\-date\=May 14, 2023}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\-volleyball\-finals\-game\-2\-results\-la\-salle\-lady\-spikers\-nu\-lady\-bulldogs\-may\-14\-2023/\|title\=La Salle caps off dominant Season 85 with reverse sweep of NU for 12th title\|website\=Rappler\|date\=May 14, 2023\|access\-date\=May 14, 2023}}
La Salle's ongoing head\-to\-head winning streak against Ateneo continued throughout the elimination rounds in [Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86_volleyball_tournaments "UAAP Season 86 volleyball tournaments"), with Ateneo missing out consecutive seasons for Final Four contention for the first time since Season 69\. La Salle, however, lost to the eventual finalists UST Golden Tigresses and NU Lady Bulldogs in the elimination rounds, with UST eventually dethroning La Salle during their Final Four matchup and becoming the first team to oust La Salle from UAAP Finals contention multiple times since the debut of [Ramil de Jesus](/wiki/Ramil_de_Jesus "Ramil de Jesus") as the latter team's (currently ongoing) head coach in Season 60 in 1997\. As a result, Season 86 marks the first time since Season 70 in 2008 that neither Ateneo nor La Salle have qualified to the [women's volleyball championship series in the UAAP](/wiki/UAAP_volleyball_championships "UAAP volleyball championships").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/uaap\-women/first\-uaap\-finals\-in\-16\-years\-without\-la\-salle\-or\-ateneo\-a5172\-20240507\|title\=UAAP Finals without La Salle or Ateneo is rare; Finals without RDJ quite odd\|website\=SPIN.ph\|date\=May 7, 2024}}
|
[
"### UAAP",
"**UAAP Season 74 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the first time in UAAP history, Ateneo and La Salle met each other at the [UAAP Season 74 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_74_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 74 volleyball tournaments\"). The De La Salle Lady Spikers became the first volleyball team ever to automatically enter the UAAP Finals with a thrice\\-to\\-beat advantage after sweeping the elimination round. On the other hand, the Ateneo Lady Eagles, consistently ranked second throughout much of the elimination round (with losses to La Salle, twice, and UST in the second round), defeated the third\\-seeded (and [previous season's](/wiki/UAAP_Season_73_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 73 volleyball tournaments\") runner\\-up) [UST Tigresses](/wiki/UST_Growling_Tigers \"UST Growling Tigers\") in the semifinals in four sets. This marks Ateneo's first entry to the UAAP volleyball finals since the school's 1978 admission into the UAAP.",
"Game One of the Finals was won by Ateneo in four sets, 23–25, 28–26, 25–23, 25–17, marking the first recorded Ateneo victory in any UAAP volleyball championship series while halting then\\-league record of 24 consecutive wins by La Salle (dating back from Season 73\\). La Salle went on to recover in Game Two in four sets, 23–25, 25–21, 26–24, 25–18, before sweeping Ateneo in Game Three, 25–16, 25–22, 25–13, to finish off the series in three games and win their second consecutive (and seventh overall) UAAP women's volleyball championship title. [Abigail Maraño](/wiki/Aby_Mara%C3%B1o \"Aby Maraño\") of La Salle was named as Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, while then\\-graduating La Salle team captain [Charleen Cruz](/wiki/Cha_Cruz \"Cha Cruz\") is the first volleyball player in UAAP history to win multiple and consecutive Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/249851/la\\-salle\\-crushes\\-ateneo\\-to\\-repeat\\-as\\-uaap\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-champs/story/\\|title\\=La Salle crushes Ateneo to repeat as UAAP women's volleyball champs\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=February 29, 2012}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2012/03/01/782277/lady\\-archers\\-sweep\\-eagles\\-retain\\-volley\\-crown\\|title\\=Lady Archers sweep Eagles, retain volley crown\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=March 1, 2012}}",
"**UAAP Season 75 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"Ateneo and La Salle faced each other once again during the [UAAP Season 75 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_75_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 75 volleyball tournaments\") after the De La Salle Lady Spikers defeated the [NU Lady Bulldogs](/wiki/NU_Bulldogs \"NU Bulldogs\") (in the latter's first ever Final Four placement in UAAP women's volleyball) and the Ateneo Lady Eagles defeated the [Adamson Lady Falcons](/wiki/Adamson_Falcons \"Adamson Falcons\") during the Final Four matches, both in straight sets, that were held at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\") on February 23, 2013\\. The UAAP Season 75 marked the first time ever that the league's Final Four and championship volleyball matches were played at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\") and the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena \"Mall of Asia Arena\").",
"Game One of the Finals was played before a crowd of 17,342 at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on March 2, 2013\\. The Lady Spikers posed a comeback win over the Lady Eagles in five sets, 20–25, 17–25, 25–22, 25–22, 15–6\\. La Salle eventually swept Ateneo in Game Two, 25–23, 25–20, 25–16, in front of 18,779 people at the Mall of Asia Arena, to finish the series in two games and win their eighth UAAP women's volleyball championship title (and their second three\\-peat championship streak). La Salle team captain [Abigail Maraño](/wiki/Aby_Mara%C3%B1o \"Aby Maraño\") and teammate [Victonara Galang](/wiki/Victonara_Galang \"Victonara Galang\") became the first pair of volleyball players in UAAP history to be named co\\-Most Valuable Players (MVPs) of the Season, while then\\-graduating La Salle player [Michele Gumabao](/wiki/Michele_Gumabao \"Michele Gumabao\") was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/298005/uaap\\-dlsu\\-defeats\\-ateneo\\-for\\-the\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-crown\\-completes\\-3\\-peat/story/\\|title\\=UAAP: DLSU defeats Ateneo for the women's volleyball crown, completes 3\\-peat\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=March 6, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 13, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713145337/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/298005/sports/campussports/uaap\\-dlsu\\-defeats\\-ateneo\\-for\\-the\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-crown\\-completes\\-3\\-peat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/03/06/916692/la\\-salle\\-blazes\\-way\\-uaap\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-three\\-peat\\|title\\=La Salle blazes way to UAAP women's volleyball three\\-peat\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=March 6, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 25, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925025218/http://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/03/06/916692/la\\-salle\\-blazes\\-way\\-uaap\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-three\\-peat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**UAAP Season 76 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the third time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 76 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_76_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 76 volleyball tournaments\"). The De La Salle Lady Spikers became the first volleyball team ever to enter the UAAP Finals with a thrice\\-to\\-beat advantage after sweeping the elimination round for a second overall season. On the other hand, the Ateneo Lady Eagles, under new head coach Anusorn \"Tai\" Bundit, were able to reach their third consecutive finals after winning three consecutive knockout matches against fourth\\-seeded Adamson Lady Falcons and then second\\-seeded, twice\\-to\\-beat NU Lady Bulldogs under the stepladder format.",
"Game One of the Finals, which was held on March 5, 2014, was won by Ateneo in four sets, 17–25, 25–23, 25–13, 25–20, marking their first win against La Salle in the entire season (and their only second win against La Salle in their entire joint UAAP women's volleyball finals appearances) while ending a still\\-standing league record of 30 consecutive wins by La Salle in UAAP women's volleyball history (dating back from the second game of the eliminations in Season 75\\). Three days later, on March 8, 2014, La Salle bounced back in Game Two and defeated Ateneo in four sets, 25–14, 25–20, 19–25, 26–24\\. The first two games of the Finals were held at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\").",
"The venue of the remaining games of the Finals shifted to the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena \"Mall of Asia Arena\"). In Game Three, which was held on March 12, 2014, Ateneo defeated La Salle in five sets in front of the 18,095\\-strong crowd, 25–21, 25–23, 18–25, 16–25, 17–15, to force a winner\\-take\\-all title match on March 15, 2014\\. As a result, the UAAP Season 76 women's volleyball finals series became the league's longest volleyball championship series, and is, to date, the only one to last up to four games (in a best\\-of\\-five finals series format with a 1–0 advantage for any team). In Game Four, the Ateneo Lady Eagles swept the De La Salle Lady Spikers, 25–23, 26–24, 25–21, to deny La Salle's second overall four\\-peat championship bid and become the lowest\\-seeded volleyball team to ever win a UAAP volleyball championship title (Ateneo's maiden title) at the Mall of Asia Arena after a 21,314\\-strong audience.",
"Ateneo's team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez \"Alyssa Valdez\") became the first volleyball player in UAAP history to win both awards of the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season and of the Finals, and the first UAAP athlete to win at least four awards in a single season (including awards for the Season's Best Scorer and Best Server categories).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://r3\\.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/53094\\-ateneo\\-upsets\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-wins\\-first\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-crown\\|title\\=Ateneo upsets De La Salle, wins first UAAP volleyball crown\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=March 15, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2014\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204351/https://r3\\.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/53094\\-ateneo\\-upsets\\-de\\-la\\-salle\\-wins\\-first\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-crown\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/147798/heart\\-strong\\-ateneo\\-clinches\\-uaap\\-womens\\-volley\\-crown\\|title\\='Heart\\-strong' Ateneo clinches UAAP women's volley crown\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=March 15, 2014\\|access\\-date\\=March 15, 2014}}",
"**UAAP Season 77 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the fourth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 77 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_77_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 77 volleyball tournaments\"). For the first time in UAAP history, the Ateneo Lady Eagles defeated the De La Salle Lady Spikers twice during the elimination rounds, and entered the finals with the thrice\\-to\\-beat advantage after amassing a 14–0 eliminations sweeps record. On the other hand, the second\\-seeded De La Salle Lady Spikers suffered their first defeat from a non\\-Ateneo team in the tournament (since UST Tigresses' shocking five\\-set season\\-opening win against DLSU in Season 75\\) during Game One against the third\\-seeded NU Lady Bulldogs in the semifinals (in straight sets), but recovered in Game Two in four sets at the expense of then La Salle's team captain Victonara Galang's post\\-season injury (which sidelined her from playing for Season 77 Finals).",
"Game One of the Finals, which was held on March 11, 2015 at the [Smart Araneta Coliseum](/wiki/Smart_Araneta_Coliseum \"Smart Araneta Coliseum\") in front of 18,363 fans, was won by Ateneo in straight sets, 25–18, 25–19, 25–19\\. Three days later, on March 14, 2015, watched by 20,705 fans at the [Mall of Asia Arena](/wiki/Mall_of_Asia_Arena \"Mall of Asia Arena\"), Ateneo swept La Salle again in straight sets, 25–22, 25–17, 25–23, becoming the league's first ever overall volleyball varsity team to achieve a 16–0 perfect season (eliminations round up to the championship series) record and defeated La Salle for the second consecutive season to win the UAAP Season 77 volleyball championship title. Ateneo team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez \"Alyssa Valdez\") was named back\\-to\\-back Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, while [Amy Ahomiro](/wiki/Amy_Ahomiro \"Amy Ahomiro\") won the award as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/452461/uaap\\-ateneo\\-shuts\\-out\\-la\\-salle\\-for\\-perfect\\-season\\-wins\\-second\\-straight\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-title/story/?ref\\=related\\_stories\\|title\\=UAAP: Ateneo shuts out La Salle for perfect season, wins second straight women's volleyball title\\|website\\=GMA News\\|date\\=March 14, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=September 20, 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920195714/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/sports/content/452461/uaap\\-ateneo\\-shuts\\-out\\-la\\-salle\\-for\\-perfect\\-season\\-wins\\-second\\-straight\\-women\\-s\\-volleyball\\-title/story/?ref\\=related\\_stories\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/admu/86845\\-ateneo\\-sweeps\\-season\\-repeat\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-champion\\|title\\=Ateneo sweeps season, repeats as UAAP volleyball champion\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=March 14, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=March 23, 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323221859/http://www.rappler.com/sports/university/uaap/admu/86845\\-ateneo\\-sweeps\\-season\\-repeat\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-champion\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**UAAP Season 78 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the fifth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 78 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 78 volleyball tournaments\"). During the first round of the eliminations, the eventually second\\-seeded DLSU Lady Spikers swept the season's top\\-seeded ADMU Lady Eagles in three straight sets (with La Salle dealing Ateneo's first single game loss after still\\-standing league record of 24 consecutive wins and since winning their maiden UAAP women's volleyball title in Season 76\\) to deny them a sweep of the elimination round and revert the tournament to a [Regular Final Four](/wiki/UAAP_Final_Four \"UAAP Final Four\") format for the first time since Season 75\\. In the second round, however, Ateneo recovered in a five\\-set comeback win to seal their top\\-seed position.",
"After the eliminations, the Ateneo Lady Eagles swept the [UP Lady Maroons](/wiki/UP_Fighting_Maroons \"UP Fighting Maroons\") during their comeback Final Four appearance after 13 years in three straight sets in the semifinals in a return trip to the finals for fifth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance, while the De La Salle Lady Spikers recovered from a shocking five\\-set loss in Game 1 of their Final Four match\\-up against the third\\-seeded [FEU Lady Tamaraws](/wiki/FEU_Tamaraws \"FEU Tamaraws\") to sweep their opponents in do\\-or\\-die Game 2 and book their eighth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance.",
"The UAAP Season 78 women's volleyball finals became the first championship series since the DLSU–FEU match\\-up in [Season 71](/wiki/UAAP_Season_71_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 71 volleyball tournaments\") to last up to three games under such tournament division (in a best\\-of\\-three finals series format). Game One of the Finals, which was held on April 23, 2016 and watched by 19,921 fans at the Smart Araneta Coliseum, was won by La Salle in straight sets, 25–22, 25–22, 25–21\\. Four days later, on April 27, 2016, Ateneo posed a come\\-from\\-behind win against La Salle in Game Two in five sets, 18–25, 26–28, 25–17, 25–16, 15–11, in front of the 20,541\\-strong crowd at the Mall of Asia Arena to force a winner\\-take\\-all match on April 30, 2016\\. La Salle, however, recovered in four sets, 19–25, 25–21, 25–16, 25–16 in Game Three to deny Ateneo's three\\-peat championship bid and win their ninth overall UAAP women's volleyball championship title (and first since Season 75\\) in front of a record 22,858\\-strong crowd at the Smart Araneta Coliseum \\- the largest in\\-venue attendance for any non\\-basketball or cheerdance event in UAAP history.",
"Graduating Ateneo Lady Eagles' team captain [Alyssa Valdez](/wiki/Alyssa_Valdez \"Alyssa Valdez\") earned her third straight award for Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season, becoming the first UAAP women's volleyball athlete to earn three consecutive MVP awards since Monica Aleta from FEU from Seasons 63 to 65, and the first volleyball athlete in UAAP history to win at least four overall Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards. Meanwhile, [Kim Kianna Dy](/wiki/Kim_Kianna_Dy \"Kim Kianna Dy\") of the De La Salle Lady Spikers was hailed as the Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-volleyball\\-game\\-3\\-finals\\-recap\\-2016\\-season\\-78\\|title\\=La Salle reclaims UAAP title after defeating Ateneo\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=April 30, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203024/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-volleyball\\-game\\-3\\-finals\\-recap\\-2016\\-season\\-78\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/la\\-salle\\-uaap\\-season\\-78\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-champion\\-ateneo\\|title\\=La Salle Lady Spikers end Ateneo Lady Eagles' two\\-year\\-reign in UAAP women's volleyball\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=April 30, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=April 30, 2016}}",
"**UAAP Season 79 Women's Volleyball Finals**",
"For the sixth time, Ateneo and La Salle faced each other during [UAAP Season 79 women's volleyball finals](/wiki/UAAP_Season_79_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 79 volleyball tournaments\"). During the first round of eliminations, the defending champions (and eventually second\\-seeded) De La Salle Lady Spikers suffered a shock straight sets loss to the UP Lady Maroons but recovered in the second round of eliminations against the same team with another straight sets victory. Meanwhile, the Ateneo Lady Eagles suffered losses only to the NU Lady Bulldogs twice in the elimination rounds but swept the De La Salle Lady Spikers in the elimination rounds to secure the top seed for this season. This marks the most recent season that Ateneo has won at least a single game against La Salle in UAAP women's volleyball tournament as of 2024\\.",
"In the semifinal round, the De La Salle Lady Spikers won over the third\\-seeded UST Tigresses during the latter's comeback Final Four appearance after 5 years in four sets to book their ninth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance, while the Ateneo Lady Eagles also won against the fourth\\-seeded FEU Lady Tamaraws in four sets to book their sixth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance. This marked the longest streak of joint UAAP Finals appearances by any two women's volleyball teams in the league's history.",
"Game One of the Finals was held at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on May 2, 2017 in front of 13,468 fans. The De La Salle Lady Spikers recorded their first victory against Ateneo Lady Eagles during this game for this season in four sets, 21–25, 29–27, 25–22 and 25–20\\. Game Two of the Finals was held again at the Smart Araneta Coliseum on May 6, 2017 in front of 20,860 fans. The De La Salle Lady Spikers won against the Ateneo Lady Eagles in five sets, 19–25, 25–14, 18–25, 25–18 and 15–10, to sweep the series in two games and earn their second consecutive (and tenth overall) UAAP women's volleyball title. La Salle players [Mary Joy Baron](/wiki/Mary_Joy_Baron \"Mary Joy Baron\") and [Desiree Cheng](/wiki/Desiree_Cheng \"Desiree Cheng\") were named as Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Season and of the Finals, respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-season\\-79\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-reigns\\-for\\-10th\\-time\\-vanquishes\\-ateneo/84567\\|title\\=La Salle reigns for 10th time, vanquishes Ateneo\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=January 6, 2020\\|archive\\-date\\=July 24, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724025141/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-season\\-79\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-reigns\\-for\\-10th\\-time\\-vanquishes\\-ateneo/84567\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-champion\\-uaap\\-season\\-79\\-back\\-to\\-back\\-ateneo\\-lady\\-eagles\\|title\\=Sweet repeat for La Salle as Lady Spikers sweep rival Lady Eagles to claim Season 79 crown\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=May 6, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=May 6, 2017}}",
"**UAAP Seasons 80 and 81 Women's Volleyball**",
"Season 79 would eventually be the last of the string of six consecutive Ateneo–La Salle match\\-ups in the UAAP women's volleyball finals dating back from Season 74\\. The Lady Eagles, after losing twice to the De La Salle Lady Spikers, FEU Lady Tamaraws and NU Lady Bulldogs in the first round, and to the UP Lady Maroons in the second round of the eliminations, were booted out from finals contention in [Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 80 volleyball tournaments\") as the third\\-seeded team by that season's hosting school and second\\-seeded team FEU Lady Tamaraws in four sets. This marked the first time that Ateneo lost in the Final Four with a twice\\-to\\-beat disadvantage since their Final Four showdown against La Salle in [Season 73](/wiki/UAAP_Season_73_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 73 volleyball tournaments\").",
"Meanwhile, the top\\-seeded De La Salle Lady Spikers, after losing only to both the Adamson Lady Falcons and NU Lady Bulldogs in the first round of the eliminations, swept the fourth\\-seeded NU Lady Bulldogs in their Final Four match\\-up to pose their tenth consecutive UAAP Finals appearance in 2018\\. La Salle would eventually sweep FEU in the finals (in the first consecutive UAAP women's volleyball finals sweep records since collegiate volleyball's shift to second semester in the UAAP annual calendar in [Season 69](/wiki/UAAP_Season_69 \"UAAP Season 69\")) to win their eleventh UAAP women's volleyball title (and their third three\\-peat championship streak, the most in UAAP history) in 2018\\. Then\\-graduating La Salle player [Dawn Macandili](/wiki/Dawn_Macandili \"Dawn Macandili\") became the first volleyball libero in UAAP history to win the award for Most Valuable Player (MVP) of the Finals.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-winner\\-feu\\-tamaraws\\-season\\-80\\-finals\\-game\\-2\\|title\\=Still peerless, DLSU Lady Spikers reign as 3\\-peat UAAP champions\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 2, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203957/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-winner\\-feu\\-tamaraws\\-season\\-80\\-finals\\-game\\-2\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/lady\\-spikers\\-sweep\\-lady\\-tamaraws\\-11th\\-title/115487\\|title\\=Lady Spikers sweep Lady Tamaraws for 11th title\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 2, 2018\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203313/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/lady\\-spikers\\-sweep\\-lady\\-tamaraws\\-11th\\-title/115487\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In [Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 81 volleyball tournaments\"), however, La Salle lost back\\-to\\-back games against the UP Lady Maroons and UST Golden Tigresses in the first round of the eliminations (marking their first back\\-to\\-back elimination round losses since the forfeiture of their wins in [Season 70](/wiki/UAAP_Season_70_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 70 volleyball tournaments\") due to eligibility issues), and lost back\\-to\\-back games against the FEU Lady Tamaraws in the last game of the eliminations, and the second\\-seed playoff (and twice\\-to\\-beat semifinal incentive) to UST (marking their first back\\-to\\-back losses between the elimination rounds and the post\\-season playoffs since Season 77\\). La Salle was eventually dethroned in their Final Four match\\-up against UST the same year, ending their third overall bid for four straight championships and still\\-standing league record of decade\\-long appearance in the UAAP Finals.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2019/05/05/1915257/ust\\-ousts\\-dlsu\\-barges\\-uaap\\-womens\\-volleyball\\-finals\\|title\\=UST ousts DLSU, barges into UAAP women's volleyball finals\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=May 5, 2019}} This season marked the first time that no green\\-colored school has competed in the UAAP women's volleyball finals in the 21st century, and the first time that the defending UAAP women's volleyball champions have been dethroned in the season outside the championship series since FEU's Final Four ousting of UST (and eventual overall title win) in Season 70\\.",
"Meanwhile, the top\\-seeded Ateneo Lady Eagles, after losing only to La Salle twice in the elimination rounds, won in their third consecutive year of Final Four match\\-up against fourth\\-seeded FEU (after erasing Ateneo's twice\\-to\\-beat incentive in the opening match of their semifinal showdown) to pose their return to the finals (their seventh overall) after missing the cut in the previous year. This marked the first time since Season 69 that both of the previous season's finalists were eliminated before the UAAP women's volleyball championship round. The Lady Eagles went on to win the finals against UST, 2–1, in the first ever Ateneo–UST UAAP volleyball finals showdown, to claim their third (overall) women's volleyball title (and their first since Season 77\\). This marked the first time that the eventual UAAP women's volleyball champions overcame a finals series game deficit to win the title since Season 76\\. Then\\-graduating team captains [Cherry Ann Rondina](/wiki/Cherry_Ann_Rondina \"Cherry Ann Rondina\") of UST and [Bea de Leon](/wiki/Bea_de_Leon \"Bea de Leon\") of Ateneo were hailed the Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards of the Season and Finals, respectively.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\\-81\\-women\\-volleyball\\-finals\\-game\\-3\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-may\\-18\\-2019\\|title\\=Ateneo breaks UST's heart, reclaims UAAP volleyball crown\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 18, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204549/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\\-81\\-women\\-volleyball\\-finals\\-game\\-3\\-results\\-ateneo\\-ust\\-may\\-18\\-2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/349981/ateneo\\-regains\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\-beats\\-ust\\-in\\-game\\-3\\|title\\=Ateneo regains UAAP title, tops UST in Game 3\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=May 18, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204151/https://sports.inquirer.net/349981/ateneo\\-regains\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\-beats\\-ust\\-in\\-game\\-3\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"**UAAP Seasons 82 and 84 Women's Volleyball**",
"Ateneo's UAAP women's volleyball title defense campaign, however, was postponed due to the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") that [halted all remaining league tournaments in 2020](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 82 volleyball tournaments\"). The first and only Ateneo–La Salle women's volleyball game which La Salle won in four sets, became the UAAP's last match to be held (and the [last major sporting event broadcast live in the Philippines](/wiki/2020_in_Philippine_television \"2020 in Philippine television\")) in the same year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\\-volleyball\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-dlsu\\-march\\-7\\-2020\\|title\\=Debuting La Salle outclasses heated rival Ateneo\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=March 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203338/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\\-volleyball\\-game\\-results\\-ateneo\\-dlsu\\-march\\-7\\-2020\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-overcome\\-ateneo\\-open\\-uaap\\-season\\-82\\-bid/181466\\|title\\=Rookie\\-laden La Salle overcomes defending champ Ateneo to open UAAP Season 82 bid\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=March 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204652/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-overcome\\-ateneo\\-open\\-uaap\\-season\\-82\\-bid/181466\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The remainder of [Season 82](/wiki/UAAP_Season_82 \"UAAP Season 82\") was officially cancelled on April 7, 2020\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/07/uaap\\-cancels\\-season\\-82\\-due\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-pandemic/\\|title\\=UAAP cancels Season 82 due to COVID\\-19 pandemic\\|website\\=Manila Bulletin\\|date\\=April 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101011816/https://mb.com.ph/2020/04/07/uaap\\-cancels\\-season\\-82\\-due\\-to\\-covid\\-19\\-pandemic/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-cancels\\-rest\\-of\\-season\\-82\\-due\\-to\\-ecq\\-extension/183216\\|title\\=UAAP cancels rest of Season 82 due to ECQ extension\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=April 7, 2020\\|access\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=January 1, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101011819/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-cancels\\-rest\\-of\\-season\\-82\\-due\\-to\\-ecq\\-extension/183216\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"La Salle would later on repeat the same victory against Ateneo in the first round of the eliminations in the post\\-pandemic resumption of the UAAP tournaments in [2022](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 84 volleyball tournaments\") to extend their head\\-to\\-head winning streak since their finals sweep in Season 79\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/volleyball\\-game\\-results\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-5\\-2022/\\|title\\=Soreño, Malaluan star as La Salle thwarts Ateneo in UAAP volleyball\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 5, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/volleyball\\-game\\-results\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-may\\-5\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-84\\-la\\-salle\\-continues\\-where\\-it\\-left\\-off\\-downs\\-ateneo\\-anew/238982\\|title\\=UAAP 84: La Salle continues where it left off, downs Ateneo anew\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 5, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-84\\-la\\-salle\\-continues\\-where\\-it\\-left\\-off\\-downs\\-ateneo\\-anew/238982\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/460998/uaap\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-thumps\\-ateneo\\-behind\\-soreno\\-malaluans\\-strong\\-showing\\|title\\=UAAP Volleyball: La Salle thumps Ateneo behind Soreño, Malaluan strong showing\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=May 5, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 3, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603142559/https://sports.inquirer.net/460998/uaap\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-thumps\\-ateneo\\-behind\\-soreno\\-malaluans\\-strong\\-showing\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the second game of the tournament, La Salle would win in five sets to sweep Ateneo in the elimination round.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/465663/uaap\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-conquers\\-ateneo\\-in\\-thriller\\-to\\-move\\-closer\\-to\\-twice\\-to\\-beat\\|title\\=UAAP volleyball: La Salle conquers Ateneo in thriller to close in on twice\\-to\\-beat\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=June 7, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607210933/https://sports.inquirer.net/465663/uaap\\-volleyball\\-la\\-salle\\-conquers\\-ateneo\\-in\\-thriller\\-to\\-move\\-closer\\-to\\-twice\\-to\\-beat\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-volleyball\\-women\\-dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-june\\-7\\-2022/\\|title\\=La Salle downs rival Ateneo in 5\\-set thriller, nears twice\\-to\\-beat perk\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 7, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 7, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 7, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607112653/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/game\\-results\\-volleyball\\-women\\-dlsu\\-lady\\-spikers\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-june\\-7\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/06/07/22/uaap\\-la\\-salle\\-pulls\\-off\\-5\\-set\\-stunner\\-vs\\-ateneo\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle pulls off 5\\-set stunner vs Ateneo, inches closer to twice\\-to\\-beat\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=June 7, 2022}} During the eliminations, Ateneo and La Salle were swept by the NU Lady Bulldogs and split their win\\-loss records with the UST Golden Tigresses and Adamson Lady Falcons. La Salle would later on grab the second seed and twice\\-to\\-beat advantage in the stepladder playoffs after National University advanced outright to the UAAP Finals, while fourth\\-seeded Ateneo ousted Adamson and UST in consecutive games to become the lowest\\-seeded Final Four team in UAAP women's volleyball history to complete a podium finish after setting up the only second Ateneo–La Salle semifinals series in the same division. La Salle dethroned Ateneo via sweep in the stepladder semifinals to pose their return to the UAAP Finals, marking the first time in the [Final Four](/wiki/Final_Four \"Final Four\") era of UAAP women's volleyball that both preceding season's finalists were ousted from the championship round for consecutive seasons.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/semifinals\\-game\\-results\\-volleyball\\-women\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-june\\-16\\-2022/\\|title\\=La Salle ends Ateneo fairy tale stepladder run, sets up finals series against NU\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 16, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135431/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/semifinals\\-game\\-results\\-volleyball\\-women\\-ateneo\\-blue\\-eagles\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-june\\-16\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/16/2188870/la\\-salle\\-ends\\-ateneos\\-cinderella\\-run\\-enters\\-uaap\\-finals\\|title\\=La Salle ends Ateneo's Cinderella run, enters UAAP finals\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=June 16, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 19, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 19, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619135431/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/16/2188870/la\\-salle\\-ends\\-ateneos\\-cinderella\\-run\\-enters\\-uaap\\-finals\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"La Salle eventually lost to the NU Lady Bulldogs via series sweep as the Lady Bulldogs went on to win their first championship in 65 years.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-game\\-2\\-june\\-21\\-2022/\\|title\\=NU ends 65\\-year women's volleyball title search in rare 16\\-0 season sweep\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/finals\\-game\\-results\\-nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-game\\-2\\-june\\-21\\-2022/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-sweep\\-season\\-to\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-drought\\-for\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\|title\\=NU Lady Bulldogs sweep season to end 65\\-year drought for UAAP volleyball title\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-sweep\\-season\\-to\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-drought\\-for\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\|url\\-status\\=live}} National University became the first non\\-Ateneo and non\\-La Salle team to complete a sweep in UAAP women's volleyball, following the season sweep records by La Salle in 2004 (Season 67, 14–0 all throughout the eliminations) and Ateneo in 2015 (Season 77, 16–0 from the eliminations to stepladder finals series). Consequently, this season marked the first time in UAAP women's volleyball history that both Ateneo and La Salle lost in all the races of Rookie of the Year, Season and Finals Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards, as NU clinched these accolades courtesy of [Mhicaela Belen](/wiki/Mhicaela_Belen \"Mhicaela Belen\"), the league's first collegiate volleyball player ever to sweep the Rookie of the Year, Most Valuable Player (MVP) and tournament championship awards in the same year, and team captain [Princess Anne Robles](/wiki/Princess_Anne_Robles \"Princess Anne Robles\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/06/21/22/uaap\\-nu\\-completes\\-historic\\-season\\-with\\-sweep\\-of\\-la\\-salle\\|title\\=UAAP: NU completes historic season with sweep of La Salle\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/06/21/22/uaap\\-nu\\-completes\\-historic\\-season\\-with\\-sweep\\-of\\-la\\-salle\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/21/2190018/sweet\\-16\\-0\\-nu\\-sweeps\\-la\\-salle\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\-drought\\|title\\=Sweet 16\\-0: NU sweeps La Salle to end 65\\-year UAAP volleyball title drought\\|website\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=June 22, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622001940/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/06/21/2190018/sweet\\-16\\-0\\-nu\\-sweeps\\-la\\-salle\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\-drought\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/467313/nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-sweep\\-season\\-to\\-end\\-65\\-year\\-drought\\-for\\-uaap\\-volleyball\\-title\\|title\\=NU Lady Bulldogs sweep season to end 65\\-year drought for UAAP volleyball title\\|website\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=June 21, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=June 21, 2022}}",
"**UAAP Seasons 85 and 86 Women's Volleyball**",
"In [Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 85 volleyball tournaments\"), La Salle swept all first nine games of the season to secure the top seed, including an eventual sweep of Ateneo and the defending champions NU Lady Bulldogs in the elimination rounds via quadruple 3\\-set wins. However, the UST Golden Tigresses defeated both Ateneo and La Salle in the second round of the eliminations to both revert the UAAP women's volleyball post\\-season format back to a regular Final Four setting for the first time in UAAP's post\\-[COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") era and since Season 81, and end Ateneo's Final Four appearance streak in UAAP women's volleyball dating back from [Season 72](/wiki/UAAP_Season_72_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 72 volleyball tournaments\") – the school's longest in the tournament's history. This also officially ended the joint Ateneo\\-La Salle presence in the UAAP women's volleyball post\\-season rounds from the said season to [Season 84](/wiki/UAAP_Season_84_women%27s_volleyball_tournament \"UAAP Season 84 women's volleyball tournament\") – the longest by multiple schools simultaneously in the tournament's history.",
"La Salle went on to sweep the NU Lady Bulldogs in the Finals and claim their twelfth UAAP women's volleyball title in their first joint back\\-to\\-back UAAP Finals appearance since the sixth consecutive (and most recent) Ateneo\\-La Salle matchup in the championship series in Season 79, spearheaded by [Angel Anne Canino](/wiki/Angel_Anne_Canino \"Angel Anne Canino\"), who became the school's first ever collegiate (and the league's only second consecutive and overall, and, as of 2024, most recent women's) volleyball player to win Rookie of the Year and Season Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards in the same year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/05/14/23/la\\-salle\\-completes\\-comeback\\-vs\\-nu\\-ends\\-title\\-drought\\|title\\=La Salle completes comeback vs NU, clinches title in 5\\-set marathon\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=May 14, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\\-salle\\-completes\\-redemption\\-campaign\\-outlasts\\-nu\\-for\\-uaap\\-85\\-wvb\\-crown/272307\\|title\\=La Salle storms back, completes revenge on NU for UAAP 85 crown\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=May 14, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2023}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/women\\-volleyball\\-finals\\-game\\-2\\-results\\-la\\-salle\\-lady\\-spikers\\-nu\\-lady\\-bulldogs\\-may\\-14\\-2023/\\|title\\=La Salle caps off dominant Season 85 with reverse sweep of NU for 12th title\\|website\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 14, 2023\\|access\\-date\\=May 14, 2023}}",
"La Salle's ongoing head\\-to\\-head winning streak against Ateneo continued throughout the elimination rounds in [Season 86](/wiki/UAAP_Season_86_volleyball_tournaments \"UAAP Season 86 volleyball tournaments\"), with Ateneo missing out consecutive seasons for Final Four contention for the first time since Season 69\\. La Salle, however, lost to the eventual finalists UST Golden Tigresses and NU Lady Bulldogs in the elimination rounds, with UST eventually dethroning La Salle during their Final Four matchup and becoming the first team to oust La Salle from UAAP Finals contention multiple times since the debut of [Ramil de Jesus](/wiki/Ramil_de_Jesus \"Ramil de Jesus\") as the latter team's (currently ongoing) head coach in Season 60 in 1997\\. As a result, Season 86 marks the first time since Season 70 in 2008 that neither Ateneo nor La Salle have qualified to the [women's volleyball championship series in the UAAP](/wiki/UAAP_volleyball_championships \"UAAP volleyball championships\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.spin.ph/volleyball/uaap\\-women/first\\-uaap\\-finals\\-in\\-16\\-years\\-without\\-la\\-salle\\-or\\-ateneo\\-a5172\\-20240507\\|title\\=UAAP Finals without La Salle or Ateneo is rare; Finals without RDJ quite odd\\|website\\=SPIN.ph\\|date\\=May 7, 2024}}",
""
] |
Other sports
------------
Both schools have also competed in various sports including athletics (track and field), badminton, baseball, chess, football (soccer), judo, softball, swimming, taekwondo kyorugi and poomsae, tennis, and table tennis during various periods of the NCAA and UAAP.
### Badminton
Ateneo has 14 titles whereas La Salle has six in terms of total seniors' badminton collegiate championships. In men's badminton, the first and most recent championship for La Salle came in 2007, while Ateneo has won the title in 1995, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2011, 2013, and 2023\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/freshman\-phenom\-lance\-vargas\-leads\-ateneo\-to\-uaap\-mens\-badminton\-title\-ends\-nus\-dominance/287484\#google\_vignette\|title\=Freshman phenom Lance Vargas leads Ateneo to UAAP Men's Badminton title, ends NU's dominance\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=November 12, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/12/23/ateneo\-dethrones\-nu\-to\-claim\-mens\-badminton\-title\|title\=UAAP: Ateneo dethrones NU to claim men's badminton title\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=November 12, 2023}} In women's badminton, La Salle won in 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, and 2017\.{{cite news\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-season\-80\-the\-wait\-is\-over\-la\-salle\-dethrones\-up\-to\-regain\-womens\-badminton\-tiara/100081\|title\=The Wait is Over: La Salle dethrones UP to regain Women's Badminton tiara\|work\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=October 21, 2017\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=December 22, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222104405/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-season\-80\-the\-wait\-is\-over\-la\-salle\-dethrones\-up\-to\-regain\-womens\-badminton\-tiara/100081\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.abs\-cbn.com/uaap/news/2017/10/21/lady\-shuttlers\-end\-8\-year\-title\-drought\-32557\|title\=Lady Shuttlers end 8\-year title drought\|work\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=October 21, 2017\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=December 22, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222105842/https://sports.abs\-cbn.com/uaap/news/2017/10/21/lady\-shuttlers\-end\-8\-year\-title\-drought\-32557\|url\-status\=live}} Ateneo won in 2003, 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019, 2022, and 2023\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ateneo\-secures\-uaap\-womens\-badminton\-4\-peat\-at\-ups\-expense/287560\|title\=Ateneo secures UAAP Women's Badminton 4\-peat at UP's expense\|website\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=November 12, 2023}}{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/12/23/uaap\-ateneo\-women\-retain\-badminton\-crown\|title\=UAAP: Ateneo women retain badminton crown\|website\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=November 12, 2023}}
### Baseball
In collegiate baseball, both Ateneo and La Salle have six championships each. Prior to Ateneo's 10\-year curse, in 1991, La Salle lost to Ateneo 10–5 for Ateneo's last victory before the infamous losing streak. It took 13 years before Ateneo could beat La Salle when in 2004, Johnel Clemente's game\-winning RBI single off La Salle pitcher Angel Gabriel nailed Ateneo's victory, 9–8\. In 2006, Ateneo handed La Salle its first humiliating 10\-run loss, 17–7, on Jonathan Sibal's 2\-RBI single off pitcher Jeff Ardio which ended the game prematurely at the 8th inning (mercy rule). La Salle actually led 7–4 in the 4th inning before Ateneo exploded for 9 runs and put the game out of reach. In 2009, Ateneo and La Salle combined for what may be the highest scoring game in UAAP Baseball history when Ateneo defeated La Salle, 27–14\. In [UAAP Season 78](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78 "UAAP Season 78"), La Salle ended their 13\-year title drought and dethroned Ateneo, who were the defending three\-time champions.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/03/14/16/la\-salle\-wins\-first\-uaap\-baseball\-crown\-in\-13\-years\|title\=La Salle wins first UAAP baseball crown in 13 years\|work\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=March 14, 2016\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624231457/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/03/14/16/la\-salle\-wins\-first\-uaap\-baseball\-crown\-in\-13\-years\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\-salle\-green\-batters\-end\-13\-year\-odyssey/52622\|title\=La Salle Green Batters end 13 year odyssey\|work\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=March 14, 2016\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204708/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\-salle\-green\-batters\-end\-13\-year\-odyssey/52622\|url\-status\=live}} Both teams would meet again in the [UAAP Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81 "UAAP Season 81") Finals, where La Salle won their fifth championship title after defeating Ateneo in Game 3, 11–9\.{{cite news\|url\=https://tv5\.espn.com/story/\_/id/26445915/dlsu\-reclaims\-uaap\-baseball\-title\-thriller\|title\=DLSU Green Batters outduel Ateneo, take UAAP baseball crown\|work\=ESPN 5\|date\=April 5, 2019\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210952/https://tv5\.espn.com/story/\_/id/26445915/dlsu\-reclaims\-uaap\-baseball\-title\-thriller\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/344839/la\-salle\-captures\-uaap\-baseball\-title\-slips\-past\-ateneo\-in\-thrilling\-finish\|title\=La Salle captures UAAP baseball title, slips past Ateneo in thrilling finish\|work\=Inquirer\|date\=April 5, 2019\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203839/https://sports.inquirer.net/344839/la\-salle\-captures\-uaap\-baseball\-title\-slips\-past\-ateneo\-in\-thrilling\-finish\|url\-status\=live}} In the juniors' division, Ateneo has two NCAA titles and three UAAP titles for a total of five championship titles, while La Salle won all four of its championship titles in the UAAP.
### Football (soccer)
Football, the most popular sport in the world,Radnedge, K, ed: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Soccer, London: Carlton Books, 2003 was also reported to be the top sport in the Philippines from the 1920s, 1930s, and shortly after World War II.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.newsflash.org:80/2003/05/sp/sp002970\.htm\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427015309/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/sp/sp002970\.htm\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=April 27, 2004\|title\=SPORTING CHANCE: READERS TAKE OVER\|website\=newsflash.org\|access\-date\=May 29, 2019}} In terms of the total number of collegiate and high school titles in the NCAA and UAAP combined La Salle leads Ateneo 67–19\.
La Salle has the most number of collegiate championships in NCAA history with 21 versus Ateneo with six. The De La Salle Green Booters were 9\-peat champions from 1932 through 1940\. In the UAAP, La Salle also leads with a combined 15 titles, made up of four men's titles and 11 women's titles, versus Ateneo's eight men's titles. The Green Booters were back\-to\-back champions in UAAP Seasons 59 and 60, while the [Lady Booters](/wiki/De_La_Salle_Lady_Booters "De La Salle Lady Booters") were 4\-peat champions in UAAP Seasons 65 to 68, and 3\-peat champions in UAAP Seasons 79 to 81\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\-81\-game\-results\-women\-football\-finals\-la\-salle\-feu\-may\-16\-2019\|title\=UAAP: La Salle bags 11th women's football crown\|work\=Rappler\|date\=May 16, 2019\|access\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204257/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\-81\-game\-results\-women\-football\-finals\-la\-salle\-feu\-may\-16\-2019\|url\-status\=live}} The Ateneo Lady Eagles have yet to win a title, while the Blue Eagles were 3\-peat champions in UAAP Seasons 66 to 68, and won its most recent title in UAAP Season 81\.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\-81\-game\-results\-men\-football\-finals\-ateneo\-la\-salle\-may\-16\-2019\|title\=Gayoso leads Ateneo back to UAAP men's football throne\|work\=Rappler\|date\=May 17, 2019\|access\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204156/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\-81\-game\-results\-men\-football\-finals\-ateneo\-la\-salle\-may\-16\-2019\|url\-status\=live}}
In the NCAA juniors division, La Salle has 30 titles versus Ateneo's three titles. The De La Salle Junior Archers were twice 5\-peat champions from 1937 through 1941 and 1971 through 1976\. In the UAAP, the Ateneo Blue Eaglets have two championships while the De La Salle Junior Archers have one title. In the inaugural UAAP Juniors Football Championship in 2007–08, De La Salle Zobel won the demonstration championship. Ateneo won the demonstration championship the following year. In 2009–10, Ateneo won the first official UAAP Juniors Football Championship.
### Judo
In judo, Ateneo has the upper hand with eight collegiate titles while La Salle has two. La Salle's men's team won their first title in 1992 while the women's team won their first title in 2013 which ended La Salle's 21\-year title drought.{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/121829/uaap\-judo\-ateneo\-reclaims\-mens\-title\-la\-salle\-ends\-title\-drought\|title\=UAAP judo: Ateneo reclaims men's title; La Salle ends title drought\|work\=Inquirer\|date\=September 30, 2013\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=December 22, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222100438/https://sports.inquirer.net/121829/uaap\-judo\-ateneo\-reclaims\-mens\-title\-la\-salle\-ends\-title\-drought\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/10/01/1240230/ateneo\-la\-salle\-cop\-uaap\-judo\-crowns\|title\=Ateneo, La Salle cop UAAP judo crowns\|work\=The Philippine Star\|date\=October 1, 2013\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=December 22, 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222100437/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/10/01/1240230/ateneo\-la\-salle\-cop\-uaap\-judo\-crowns\|url\-status\=live}} La Salle almost won their first Judo championships in Season 71 with three gold medals and Ateneo with two. Ateneo was able to clinch championships with bronze medals that boosted them to the overall championship. Ateneo also won the men's title in [UAAP Season 78](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78 "UAAP Season 78"), and was declared co\-champion in [UAAP Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80 "UAAP Season 80") with UST.{{cite news\|url\=https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/20/15/uaap\-judo\-ateneo\-regains\-mens\-title\-ust\-women\-rule\|title\=UAAP judo: Ateneo regains men's title; UST women rule\|work\=ABS\-CBN News\|date\=November 20, 2015\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 25, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625000205/https://news.abs\-cbn.com/sports/11/20/15/uaap\-judo\-ateneo\-regains\-mens\-title\-ust\-women\-rule\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ateneo\-ust\-declared\-co\-champions\-of\-uaap\-mens\-judo/101955\|title\=Ateneo, UST declared co\-champions of UAAP Men's Judo\|work\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=November 13, 2017\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203416/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ateneo\-ust\-declared\-co\-champions\-of\-uaap\-mens\-judo/101955\|url\-status\=live}} In the juniors' division, Ateneo has nine championships while La Salle has yet to win a title.
### Swimming
In collegiate swimming, La Salle has 17 titles versus Ateneo with 15 titles. La Salle was twice 3\-peat champion in the men's division in UAAP Seasons 53 to 55 and Seasons 63 to 65\. La Salle was also back\-to\-back champions in the women's division in UAAP Seasons 65 and 66\. In [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 "UAAP Season 85"), the DLSU Lady Tankers ended their 19\-year championship drought.{{cite news\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-85\-wsw\-chua\-isleta\-end\-la\-salles\-19\-year\-drought/256574\|title\=UAAP 85 WSW: Chua, Isleta end La Salle's 19\-year drought\|work\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=November 27, 2022\|access\-date\=December 17, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 17, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217032618/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\-85\-wsw\-chua\-isleta\-end\-la\-salles\-19\-year\-drought/256574\|url\-status\=live}} Ateneo has won eight consecutive championships in the men's division in UAAP Seasons 77 to 86,{{cite web\|url\=https://theguidon.com/1112/main/2023/11/icymi\-ateneo\-relives\-championship\-glory\-with\-eighth\-straight\-uaap\-mens\-swimming\-title/?fbclid\=IwAR3kToD0N6lH20xDR0E2Cc5mM7ZsA7NUr316\_r\-R9UQBsaBGvIWn7PmihxY\&mibextid\=xfxF2i\|title\=ICYMI: Ateneo relives championship glory with eighth\-straight UAAP Men's Swimming title\|website\=The Guidon\|date\=November 27, 2023}} and won three consecutive titles in the women's division in UAAP Seasons 80 to 82\.{{cite news\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/daos\-breaks\-datos\-200m\-butterfly\-record\-as\-ateneo\-completes\-three\-peat/166792\|title\=Daos breaks Dato's 200M butterfly record as Ateneo completes three\-peat\|work\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=October 21, 2019\|access\-date\=December 17, 2022\|archive\-date\=December 17, 2022\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217040904/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/daos\-breaks\-datos\-200m\-butterfly\-record\-as\-ateneo\-completes\-three\-peat/166792\|url\-status\=live}} In the juniors' division, La Salle has nine NCAA titles and four UAAP titles for a total of 13 championship titles, while Ateneo won all 12 of its championship titles in the UAAP.
### Taekwondo Kyorugi and Poomsae
In another popular collegiate sport, taekwondo kyorugi, La Salle has nine collegiate titles whereas Ateneo has no titles to date. In the juniors' division, Ateneo were 3\-peat champions from UAAP Seasons 62 to 64\. In taekwondo poomsae, Ateneo has yet to win a title, whereas La Salle has three championships.{{cite news\|url\=https://sports.inquirer.net/369761/la\-salle\-bags\-2nd\-straight\-uaap\-poomsae\-crown\|title\=La Salle bags 2nd straight UAAP poomsae crown\|work\=Inquirer\|date\=October 14, 2019\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=June 24, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211623/https://sports.inquirer.net/369761/la\-salle\-bags\-2nd\-straight\-uaap\-poomsae\-crown\|url\-status\=live}}{{cite news\|url\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/angelica\-gaw\-gifts\-la\-salle\-back\-to\-back\-poomsae\-titles/165575\|title\=Angelica Gaw gifts La Salle back\-to\-back UAAP Poomsae titles\|work\=Tiebreaker Times\|date\=October 14, 2019\|access\-date\=June 23, 2021\|archive\-date\=November 22, 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122045755/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/angelica\-gaw\-gifts\-la\-salle\-back\-to\-back\-poomsae\-titles/165575\|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"Other sports\n------------",
"Both schools have also competed in various sports including athletics (track and field), badminton, baseball, chess, football (soccer), judo, softball, swimming, taekwondo kyorugi and poomsae, tennis, and table tennis during various periods of the NCAA and UAAP.",
"### Badminton",
"Ateneo has 14 titles whereas La Salle has six in terms of total seniors' badminton collegiate championships. In men's badminton, the first and most recent championship for La Salle came in 2007, while Ateneo has won the title in 1995, 1996, 2001, 2003, 2011, 2013, and 2023\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/freshman\\-phenom\\-lance\\-vargas\\-leads\\-ateneo\\-to\\-uaap\\-mens\\-badminton\\-title\\-ends\\-nus\\-dominance/287484\\#google\\_vignette\\|title\\=Freshman phenom Lance Vargas leads Ateneo to UAAP Men's Badminton title, ends NU's dominance\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=November 12, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/12/23/ateneo\\-dethrones\\-nu\\-to\\-claim\\-mens\\-badminton\\-title\\|title\\=UAAP: Ateneo dethrones NU to claim men's badminton title\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=November 12, 2023}} In women's badminton, La Salle won in 2002, 2004, 2005, 2009, and 2017\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-season\\-80\\-the\\-wait\\-is\\-over\\-la\\-salle\\-dethrones\\-up\\-to\\-regain\\-womens\\-badminton\\-tiara/100081\\|title\\=The Wait is Over: La Salle dethrones UP to regain Women's Badminton tiara\\|work\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=October 21, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222104405/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-season\\-80\\-the\\-wait\\-is\\-over\\-la\\-salle\\-dethrones\\-up\\-to\\-regain\\-womens\\-badminton\\-tiara/100081\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.abs\\-cbn.com/uaap/news/2017/10/21/lady\\-shuttlers\\-end\\-8\\-year\\-title\\-drought\\-32557\\|title\\=Lady Shuttlers end 8\\-year title drought\\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=October 21, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222105842/https://sports.abs\\-cbn.com/uaap/news/2017/10/21/lady\\-shuttlers\\-end\\-8\\-year\\-title\\-drought\\-32557\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Ateneo won in 2003, 2012, 2013, 2018, 2019, 2022, and 2023\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ateneo\\-secures\\-uaap\\-womens\\-badminton\\-4\\-peat\\-at\\-ups\\-expense/287560\\|title\\=Ateneo secures UAAP Women's Badminton 4\\-peat at UP's expense\\|website\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=November 12, 2023}}{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/12/23/uaap\\-ateneo\\-women\\-retain\\-badminton\\-crown\\|title\\=UAAP: Ateneo women retain badminton crown\\|website\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=November 12, 2023}}",
"### Baseball",
"In collegiate baseball, both Ateneo and La Salle have six championships each. Prior to Ateneo's 10\\-year curse, in 1991, La Salle lost to Ateneo 10–5 for Ateneo's last victory before the infamous losing streak. It took 13 years before Ateneo could beat La Salle when in 2004, Johnel Clemente's game\\-winning RBI single off La Salle pitcher Angel Gabriel nailed Ateneo's victory, 9–8\\. In 2006, Ateneo handed La Salle its first humiliating 10\\-run loss, 17–7, on Jonathan Sibal's 2\\-RBI single off pitcher Jeff Ardio which ended the game prematurely at the 8th inning (mercy rule). La Salle actually led 7–4 in the 4th inning before Ateneo exploded for 9 runs and put the game out of reach. In 2009, Ateneo and La Salle combined for what may be the highest scoring game in UAAP Baseball history when Ateneo defeated La Salle, 27–14\\. In [UAAP Season 78](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78 \"UAAP Season 78\"), La Salle ended their 13\\-year title drought and dethroned Ateneo, who were the defending three\\-time champions.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/03/14/16/la\\-salle\\-wins\\-first\\-uaap\\-baseball\\-crown\\-in\\-13\\-years\\|title\\=La Salle wins first UAAP baseball crown in 13 years\\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=March 14, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624231457/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/03/14/16/la\\-salle\\-wins\\-first\\-uaap\\-baseball\\-crown\\-in\\-13\\-years\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\\-salle\\-green\\-batters\\-end\\-13\\-year\\-odyssey/52622\\|title\\=La Salle Green Batters end 13 year odyssey\\|work\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=March 14, 2016\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204708/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/la\\-salle\\-green\\-batters\\-end\\-13\\-year\\-odyssey/52622\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Both teams would meet again in the [UAAP Season 81](/wiki/UAAP_Season_81 \"UAAP Season 81\") Finals, where La Salle won their fifth championship title after defeating Ateneo in Game 3, 11–9\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://tv5\\.espn.com/story/\\_/id/26445915/dlsu\\-reclaims\\-uaap\\-baseball\\-title\\-thriller\\|title\\=DLSU Green Batters outduel Ateneo, take UAAP baseball crown\\|work\\=ESPN 5\\|date\\=April 5, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210952/https://tv5\\.espn.com/story/\\_/id/26445915/dlsu\\-reclaims\\-uaap\\-baseball\\-title\\-thriller\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/344839/la\\-salle\\-captures\\-uaap\\-baseball\\-title\\-slips\\-past\\-ateneo\\-in\\-thrilling\\-finish\\|title\\=La Salle captures UAAP baseball title, slips past Ateneo in thrilling finish\\|work\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=April 5, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203839/https://sports.inquirer.net/344839/la\\-salle\\-captures\\-uaap\\-baseball\\-title\\-slips\\-past\\-ateneo\\-in\\-thrilling\\-finish\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the juniors' division, Ateneo has two NCAA titles and three UAAP titles for a total of five championship titles, while La Salle won all four of its championship titles in the UAAP.",
"### Football (soccer)",
"Football, the most popular sport in the world,Radnedge, K, ed: The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Soccer, London: Carlton Books, 2003 was also reported to be the top sport in the Philippines from the 1920s, 1930s, and shortly after World War II.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.newsflash.org:80/2003/05/sp/sp002970\\.htm\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20040427015309/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/sp/sp002970\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=April 27, 2004\\|title\\=SPORTING CHANCE: READERS TAKE OVER\\|website\\=newsflash.org\\|access\\-date\\=May 29, 2019}} In terms of the total number of collegiate and high school titles in the NCAA and UAAP combined La Salle leads Ateneo 67–19\\.",
"La Salle has the most number of collegiate championships in NCAA history with 21 versus Ateneo with six. The De La Salle Green Booters were 9\\-peat champions from 1932 through 1940\\. In the UAAP, La Salle also leads with a combined 15 titles, made up of four men's titles and 11 women's titles, versus Ateneo's eight men's titles. The Green Booters were back\\-to\\-back champions in UAAP Seasons 59 and 60, while the [Lady Booters](/wiki/De_La_Salle_Lady_Booters \"De La Salle Lady Booters\") were 4\\-peat champions in UAAP Seasons 65 to 68, and 3\\-peat champions in UAAP Seasons 79 to 81\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\\-81\\-game\\-results\\-women\\-football\\-finals\\-la\\-salle\\-feu\\-may\\-16\\-2019\\|title\\=UAAP: La Salle bags 11th women's football crown\\|work\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 16, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204257/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\\-81\\-game\\-results\\-women\\-football\\-finals\\-la\\-salle\\-feu\\-may\\-16\\-2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The Ateneo Lady Eagles have yet to win a title, while the Blue Eagles were 3\\-peat champions in UAAP Seasons 66 to 68, and won its most recent title in UAAP Season 81\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\\-81\\-game\\-results\\-men\\-football\\-finals\\-ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-may\\-16\\-2019\\|title\\=Gayoso leads Ateneo back to UAAP men's football throne\\|work\\=Rappler\\|date\\=May 17, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204156/https://www.rappler.com/sports/uaap/season\\-81\\-game\\-results\\-men\\-football\\-finals\\-ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-may\\-16\\-2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In the NCAA juniors division, La Salle has 30 titles versus Ateneo's three titles. The De La Salle Junior Archers were twice 5\\-peat champions from 1937 through 1941 and 1971 through 1976\\. In the UAAP, the Ateneo Blue Eaglets have two championships while the De La Salle Junior Archers have one title. In the inaugural UAAP Juniors Football Championship in 2007–08, De La Salle Zobel won the demonstration championship. Ateneo won the demonstration championship the following year. In 2009–10, Ateneo won the first official UAAP Juniors Football Championship.",
"### Judo",
"In judo, Ateneo has the upper hand with eight collegiate titles while La Salle has two. La Salle's men's team won their first title in 1992 while the women's team won their first title in 2013 which ended La Salle's 21\\-year title drought.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/121829/uaap\\-judo\\-ateneo\\-reclaims\\-mens\\-title\\-la\\-salle\\-ends\\-title\\-drought\\|title\\=UAAP judo: Ateneo reclaims men's title; La Salle ends title drought\\|work\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=September 30, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222100438/https://sports.inquirer.net/121829/uaap\\-judo\\-ateneo\\-reclaims\\-mens\\-title\\-la\\-salle\\-ends\\-title\\-drought\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/10/01/1240230/ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-cop\\-uaap\\-judo\\-crowns\\|title\\=Ateneo, La Salle cop UAAP judo crowns\\|work\\=The Philippine Star\\|date\\=October 1, 2013\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=December 22, 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222100437/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2013/10/01/1240230/ateneo\\-la\\-salle\\-cop\\-uaap\\-judo\\-crowns\\|url\\-status\\=live}} La Salle almost won their first Judo championships in Season 71 with three gold medals and Ateneo with two. Ateneo was able to clinch championships with bronze medals that boosted them to the overall championship. Ateneo also won the men's title in [UAAP Season 78](/wiki/UAAP_Season_78 \"UAAP Season 78\"), and was declared co\\-champion in [UAAP Season 80](/wiki/UAAP_Season_80 \"UAAP Season 80\") with UST.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/20/15/uaap\\-judo\\-ateneo\\-regains\\-mens\\-title\\-ust\\-women\\-rule\\|title\\=UAAP judo: Ateneo regains men's title; UST women rule\\|work\\=ABS\\-CBN News\\|date\\=November 20, 2015\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 25, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625000205/https://news.abs\\-cbn.com/sports/11/20/15/uaap\\-judo\\-ateneo\\-regains\\-mens\\-title\\-ust\\-women\\-rule\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ateneo\\-ust\\-declared\\-co\\-champions\\-of\\-uaap\\-mens\\-judo/101955\\|title\\=Ateneo, UST declared co\\-champions of UAAP Men's Judo\\|work\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=November 13, 2017\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203416/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/ateneo\\-ust\\-declared\\-co\\-champions\\-of\\-uaap\\-mens\\-judo/101955\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the juniors' division, Ateneo has nine championships while La Salle has yet to win a title.",
"### Swimming",
"In collegiate swimming, La Salle has 17 titles versus Ateneo with 15 titles. La Salle was twice 3\\-peat champion in the men's division in UAAP Seasons 53 to 55 and Seasons 63 to 65\\. La Salle was also back\\-to\\-back champions in the women's division in UAAP Seasons 65 and 66\\. In [UAAP Season 85](/wiki/UAAP_Season_85 \"UAAP Season 85\"), the DLSU Lady Tankers ended their 19\\-year championship drought.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-85\\-wsw\\-chua\\-isleta\\-end\\-la\\-salles\\-19\\-year\\-drought/256574\\|title\\=UAAP 85 WSW: Chua, Isleta end La Salle's 19\\-year drought\\|work\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=November 27, 2022\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217032618/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/uaap\\-85\\-wsw\\-chua\\-isleta\\-end\\-la\\-salles\\-19\\-year\\-drought/256574\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Ateneo has won eight consecutive championships in the men's division in UAAP Seasons 77 to 86,{{cite web\\|url\\=https://theguidon.com/1112/main/2023/11/icymi\\-ateneo\\-relives\\-championship\\-glory\\-with\\-eighth\\-straight\\-uaap\\-mens\\-swimming\\-title/?fbclid\\=IwAR3kToD0N6lH20xDR0E2Cc5mM7ZsA7NUr316\\_r\\-R9UQBsaBGvIWn7PmihxY\\&mibextid\\=xfxF2i\\|title\\=ICYMI: Ateneo relives championship glory with eighth\\-straight UAAP Men's Swimming title\\|website\\=The Guidon\\|date\\=November 27, 2023}} and won three consecutive titles in the women's division in UAAP Seasons 80 to 82\\.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/daos\\-breaks\\-datos\\-200m\\-butterfly\\-record\\-as\\-ateneo\\-completes\\-three\\-peat/166792\\|title\\=Daos breaks Dato's 200M butterfly record as Ateneo completes three\\-peat\\|work\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=October 21, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=December 17, 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=December 17, 2022\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217040904/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/daos\\-breaks\\-datos\\-200m\\-butterfly\\-record\\-as\\-ateneo\\-completes\\-three\\-peat/166792\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In the juniors' division, La Salle has nine NCAA titles and four UAAP titles for a total of 13 championship titles, while Ateneo won all 12 of its championship titles in the UAAP.",
"### Taekwondo Kyorugi and Poomsae",
"In another popular collegiate sport, taekwondo kyorugi, La Salle has nine collegiate titles whereas Ateneo has no titles to date. In the juniors' division, Ateneo were 3\\-peat champions from UAAP Seasons 62 to 64\\. In taekwondo poomsae, Ateneo has yet to win a title, whereas La Salle has three championships.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://sports.inquirer.net/369761/la\\-salle\\-bags\\-2nd\\-straight\\-uaap\\-poomsae\\-crown\\|title\\=La Salle bags 2nd straight UAAP poomsae crown\\|work\\=Inquirer\\|date\\=October 14, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=June 24, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211623/https://sports.inquirer.net/369761/la\\-salle\\-bags\\-2nd\\-straight\\-uaap\\-poomsae\\-crown\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite news\\|url\\=https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/angelica\\-gaw\\-gifts\\-la\\-salle\\-back\\-to\\-back\\-poomsae\\-titles/165575\\|title\\=Angelica Gaw gifts La Salle back\\-to\\-back UAAP Poomsae titles\\|work\\=Tiebreaker Times\\|date\\=October 14, 2019\\|access\\-date\\=June 23, 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=November 22, 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122045755/https://tiebreakertimes.com.ph/tbt/angelica\\-gaw\\-gifts\\-la\\-salle\\-back\\-to\\-back\\-poomsae\\-titles/165575\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
Middle Ages and Renaissance
---------------------------
Italy has been influential at a coinage point of view: the medieval [Florentine florin](/wiki/Florin_%28Italian_coin%29 "Florin (Italian coin)"), one of the most used coinage types in European history and one of the most important coins in Western history, was struck in [Florence](/wiki/Florence "Florence") in the 13th century, while the [Venetian sequin](/wiki/Sequin_%28coin%29 "Sequin (coin)"), minted from 1284 to 1797, was the most prestigious gold coin in circulation in the commercial centers of the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea").
### Lombard coinage
{{main\|Lombard coinage}}
{{see also\|Lombard coinage of Benevento\|Coinage of Adelchis of Benevento}}
[thumb\|Lombard coin, {{circa\|688–700 AD}}](/wiki/File:Cunincpert_tremissis_612190.jpg "Cunincpert tremissis 612190.jpg")
The [Lombard coinage](/wiki/Lombard_coinage "Lombard coinage") refers to the autonomous productions of coins by the [Lombards](/wiki/Lombards "Lombards"). It constitutes part of the coinage produced by [Germanic peoples](/wiki/Germanic_peoples "Germanic peoples") occupying the former territory of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") during the [Migration Period](/wiki/Migration_Period "Migration Period"). All known Lombard coinage was produced after their settlement of Italy. The coinage originates from two distinct areas, in [Langobardia Major](/wiki/Langobardia_Major "Langobardia Major") between the last decades of the sixth century and 774, and in [Langobardia Minor](/wiki/Langobardia_Minor "Langobardia Minor"), in the duchy of [Benevento](/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento "Duchy of Benevento"), between approximately 680 and the end of the 9th century.
Only five hoards have been found which contain non\-pseudo\-imperial coinage of the Lombards. Of these, only two have been published in any detail.
* A hoard found at [Ossi, Sardinia](/wiki/Ossi%2C_Sardinia "Ossi, Sardinia") was described by Vincenzo Dessì in 1908\.Vincenzo Dessì, "I tremissi longobardi a proposito di un piccolo ripostiglio di monete d'oro di Liutprando, rinvenuto presso il villaggio di Ossi (Sassari)", {{cite web\|url\=https://archive.org/stream/rivistaitalianad21sociuoft/rivistaitalianad21sociuoft\_djvu.txt\| title\=''RIN'' 21 (1908\), pagg. 295–311\| date\=1888\| publisher\=Milano\|accessdate\=11 September 2009}} Ristampato in *Gli scritti di numismatica* (Sassari 1970\), pagg. 225–244\.
* A hoard found at [Ilanz](/wiki/Ilanz "Ilanz"), [Grisons](/wiki/Grisons "Grisons") was described by Fritz Jecklin in 1906,Fritz Jecklin, "Der langobardisch\-karolingische Münzfund bei Ilanz", *MBNG* (Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft) 25 (1906–07\) pagg. 28–79\. and was further studied by Bernareggi in 1977\.Ernesto Bernareggi, "I tremissi longobardi e carolingi del ripostiglio di Ilanz nei Grigioni", *Quaderni ticinesi di numismatica...*, 6 (1977\) pagg. 341–364\.
### Florentine florin
[left\|thumb\|Florentine [florin](/wiki/Florin "Florin"), 1347](/wiki/Image:Fiorino_1347.jpg "Fiorino 1347.jpg")
The [Florentine florin](/wiki/Florin_%28Italian_coin%29 "Florin (Italian coin)") ({{lang\-it\|Fiorino fiorentino}}) was struck from 1252 to 1523 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard.See the *Ricordanze di S. Maria di Cafaggio*, which mentions florins being used in the year MCCL (1250\). It had 54 [grains](/wiki/Grain_%28measure%29 "Grain (measure)") (3\.499 grams, 0\.113 [troy ounce](/wiki/Troy_ounce "Troy ounce")) of nominally pure or 'fine' gold{{cite book \|first\=Mario \|last\=Bernocchi \|title\=Le monete della repubblica fiorentina \|volume\=III \|publisher\=\[\[Leo S. Olschki Editore]] \|year\=1976 \|page\=66}} with a purchasing power difficult to estimate (and variable) but ranging according to social grouping and perspective from approximately 140 to 1,000 modern US dollars. The name of the coin comes from the *Giglio bottonato* ([it](/wiki/Giglio_bottonato "Giglio bottonato")), the floral emblem of the city, which is represented at the head of the coin.{{cite book \|title\=Il paradosso francescano tra povertà e società di mercato \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=KpoMM5RcZakC\&pg\=PA98 \|first\=Oreste \|last\=Bazzicchi \|publisher\=Effatà Editrice \|year\=2011 \|page\=98 \|isbn\=978\-88\-7402\-665\-4}}
[thumb\|Florentine [florin](/wiki/Florin "Florin"), 1507](/wiki/File:Florenz-_Stadt_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5541708.jpg "Florenz- Stadt - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5541708.jpg")
The *fiorino d'oro* (gold florin) was used in the [Republic of Florence](/wiki/Republic_of_Florence "Republic of Florence") and was the first European gold coin struck in sufficient quantities since the 7th century to play a significant commercial role. The florin was recognised across large parts of Europe. The territorial usage of the *[lira](/wiki/Lira "Lira")* and the florin often overlapped, where the lira was used for smaller transactions (wages, food purchases), the florin was for larger transactions such as those used in dowries, international trade or for tax\-related matters.{{Cite book \|last\=Hollingsworth \|first\=Mary \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bJmUDQAAQBAJ \|title\=The Medici \|publisher\=Head of Zeus \|year\=2017 \|isbn\=978\-1\-78669\-151\-4 \|language\=en \|chapter\=A Note to the Reader}}
The Florentine florin is of the most used coinage types in European history and one of the most important coins in Western history. The first minting of the florin occurred in 1252, at the time the value of the florin was equal to the *lira*, but by 1500 the florin had appreciated, seven *lire* amounted to one florin. The design of the original Florentine florins was the distinctive [fleur\-de\-lis](/wiki/Fleur_de_lis "Fleur de lis") badge of the city on one side and on the other a standing and facing figure of [St. John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist "John the Baptist"){{Cite book\|last1\=Horner\|first1\=Susan\|title\=Walks in Florence and Its Environs\|last2\=Horner\|first2\=Joanna B.\|publisher\=Smith\|year\=1884\|isbn\=\|volume\=2\|location\=\|pages\=125}} wearing a [cilice](/wiki/Cilice "Cilice"). The [Dutch guilder](/wiki/Dutch_guilder "Dutch guilder") is symbolized as Fl. or [ƒ](/wiki/Florin_sign "Florin sign"), which means florijn (florin). The [Hungarian forint](/wiki/Hungarian_forint "Hungarian forint") is named after the florin.{{Cite book\|last\=Engel, Pál, 1938\-2001\.\|url\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56676014\|title\=The realm of St. Stephen : a history of medieval Hungary, 895–1526\|date\=2001\|publisher\=I.B. Tauris\|isbn\=1\-4175\-4080\-X\|location\=London\|oclc\=56676014}}
### Venetian sequin
{{main\|Coinage of the Republic of Venice}}
[thumb\|left\|Venetian [sequin](/wiki/Sequin_%28coin%29 "Sequin (coin)"), 1382](/wiki/File:Zecchino_Antonio_Venier_1382.jpg "Zecchino Antonio Venier 1382.jpg")
The [sequin](/wiki/Sequin_%28coin%29 "Sequin (coin)") ([Venetian](/wiki/Venetian_language "Venetian language") and {{lang\-it\|zecchino}} {{IPA\|it\|dzekˈkiːno\|}}) is a [gold coin](/wiki/Gold_coin "Gold coin") minted by the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice "Republic of Venice") from the 13th century onwards. The design of the Venetian sequin remained unchanged for over 500 years, from its introduction in 1284 to the [fall of the Republic of Venice](/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice "Fall of the Republic of Venice") in 1797, making it the most prestigious gold coin in circulation in the commercial centers of the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea "Mediterranean Sea").{{Cite book\|author\=Nicolò Papadopoli Aldobrandini\|title\=Le monete di Venezia descritte ed illustrate da Nicolò Papadopoli Aldobrandini\|year\=2009\|publisher\="Progetto Gutenberg Piero Vianelli\|page\=136\|language\=it}} No other coin design has ever been produced over such a long historical period.
[thumb\|right\|Venetian [sequin](/wiki/Sequin_%28coin%29 "Sequin (coin)"), {{circa\|1789–1797}}](/wiki/File:Zecchino_Manin.jpg "Zecchino Manin.jpg")
The reverse bears a motto in [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") [hexameter](/wiki/Hexameter "Hexameter"): *{{lang\|la\|Sit tibi, Christe, datus // quem tū regis, iste ducātus}}* ("Christ, let this duchy that you rule be given to you").{{Cite book\|author\=\[\[Victor Emmanuel III]]\|title\=Corpus Nummorum Italicorum\|url\=https://www.numismaticadellostato.it/pns\-pdf/CNI/pdf/volume\_VII.pdf\#page\=1\&pagemode\=bookmarks\|access\-date\=23 November 2020\|year\=1915\|publisher\=Tipografia dell'\[\[Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei]]\|volume\=7\|page\=46\|language\=it}}. On the obverse there is [Mark the Evangelist](/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist "Mark the Evangelist"), patron saint of Venice, who is depicted with a beard and halo, is facing to the right and is wrapped in a large cloak while holding the Gospel with his left hand. With his right hand the saint offers a banner to the [Doge of Venice](/wiki/Doge_of_Venice "Doge of Venice") who is kneeling to the left and holding the staff with both hands. The Doge wears a rich fur\-trimmed cloak and the ducal cap, under the flag facing to the right the vertical writing "dux", around it "s·m·venet" and the name of the Doge.
The quality of the minting is superior to all contemporary coins and this shows that the artists of the Venice Mint had already reached a high level of taste and refinement of design at the time.{{Cite book\|author\=Alvise Zorzi\|title\=Il denaro di Venezia – Mercati e monete della Serenissima\|year\=2012\|publisher\=Biblios Edizioni\|page\=268\|isbn\=978\-88\-6448\-039\-8\|language\=it}} Initially called "[ducat](/wiki/Ducat "Ducat")" (*{{lang\|it\|ducato}}*), for the ruling [Doge of Venice](/wiki/Doge_of_Venice "Doge of Venice") who was prominently depicted on it, it was called the *{{lang\|it\|zecchino}}*, after the [Zecca](/wiki/Zecca_of_Venice "Zecca of Venice") ([mint](/wiki/Mint_%28coin%29 "Mint (coin)")) of Venice, since 1543 when Venice began minting a silver coin also called a ducat.
### Venetian grosso
[thumb\|[Venetian grosso](/wiki/Venetian_grosso "Venetian grosso"), {{circa\|1328–1339}}](/wiki/File:Venezia_Matapan_1328_1910332.jpg "Venezia Matapan 1328 1910332.jpg")
The [Venetian grosso](/wiki/Venetian_grosso "Venetian grosso") (plural grossi) is a silver coin first introduced in the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice "Republic of Venice") in 1193 under [doge](/wiki/Doge_of_Venice "Doge of Venice") [Enrico Dandolo](/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo "Enrico Dandolo"). It originally weighed 2\.18 grams, was composed of 98\.5% pure silver, and was valued at 26 {{lang\|it\|denarii}}. Its name is from the same root as *[groschen](/wiki/Groschen "Groschen")* and the English [groat](/wiki/Groat_%28coin%29 "Groat (coin)"), all deriving ultimately from the *denaro grosso* ("large penny"). Its value was allowed to float relative to other Venetian coins until it was pegged to 4 soldini in 1332, incidentally the year the soldino was introduced. In 1332, 1 grosso was the equivalent of 4 *soldini*, or 48 *{{lang\|it\|denarii}}*.
The earliest surviving account of Enrico Dandolo's introduction of the Venetian grosso associates it with the outfitting of the [Fourth Crusade](/wiki/Fourth_Crusade "Fourth Crusade") in 1202Alan M. Stahl, *Zecca the mint of Venice in the Middle Ages*, page 17 and tradition makes the need to pay for the ships which transported the crusaders the cause of the grosso's introduction. Even though coinage of the grosso might have begun a few years earlier, the influx of silver used to pay for the crusaders' ships led to its first large scale mintage. The coin had 2\.2 grams of 98\.5% fine silver, the purest medieval metallurgy could make.Thomas F. Madden, *Enrico Dandolo and The Rise of Venice*, page 110 It was initially called a *ducatus argenti* since Venice was a duchy, but is more widely known as a grosso or {{lang\|it\|matapano\|italic\=no}}, a Muslim term referring to the seated figure on its reverse.Philip Grierson, *The Coins of Medieval Europe*, page 107\.
### Venetian lira
[thumb\|left\|[Venetian lira](/wiki/Venetian_lira "Venetian lira"), {{circa\|1471–1473}}](/wiki/File:Lira_tron.jpg "Lira tron.jpg")
The [Venetian lira](/wiki/Venetian_lira "Venetian lira") (plural lire) was the distinct currency of the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice "Republic of Venice") until 1848, when it was replaced by the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira"). It originated from the [Carolingian monetary system](/wiki/Carolingian_monetary_system "Carolingian monetary system") used in much of Western Europe since the 8th century CE, with the *lira* subdivided into 20 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo "Soldo")*, each of 12 *[denari](/wiki/French_denier "French denier")*.
From its initial value of 305\.94 g fine silver, the Venetian lira had depreciated so much in value over its 1,000\-year lifetime that this original unit was referred to from 1200 CE as the *lira piccola* (small lira) in comparison to larger units of the same name.{{Cite web\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=DPc3AQAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA310\|title\=The History of Currency, 1252 to 1894\|last1\=Shaw\|first1\=William Arthur\|year\=1896}} The *[denaro](/wiki/French_denier "French denier")* or *piccolo* worth {{frac\|240}}th a *lira* was the only coin produced between 800–1200 CE. Initially weighing 1\.7 g fine silver, it depreciated over the centuries until it contained only 0\.08 g fine silver by 1200 CE.
The various currency systems of Italy became of less importance to European trade after the [Age of Discovery](/wiki/Age_of_Discovery "Age of Discovery") in the 16th century; nonetheless Venice continued to issue new coins. The *scudo d'argento* of 30\.1 g fine silver was introduced in 1578 for 7 lire, rising to 12\.4 lire by 1739\. The *tollero* of 23\.4 g fine silver was issued in 1797 for 10 lire.
The Venetian *lira piccola* was supplanted in the 19th century by the Italian lira of the [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29 "Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)") in 1806 and the [Lombardy\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardy-Venetia_pound "Lombardy-Venetia pound") of the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire"). The [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") was reintroduced by the [Republic of San Marco](/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco "Republic of San Marco") in 1848 at par with the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"), which finally replaced all previous currencies as well as the *lira piccola*, with the latter valued at 0\.5116 Italian lira.
### Genoese lira
[right\|thumb\|Genoese [genovino](/wiki/Genovino "Genovino"), 1252](/wiki/File:Genovino1.jpg "Genovino1.jpg")
[right\|thumb\|[Genoese lira](/wiki/Genoese_lira "Genoese lira"), 1794](/wiki/File:Lira_genovese.jpg "Lira genovese.jpg")
The [Genoese lira](/wiki/Genoese_lira "Genoese lira") ({{lang\-it\|Lira genovese}}) was the currency of the [Republic of Genoa](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa "Republic of Genoa") until 1797\. The mint in the Republic of Genoa began its production around 1138,{{Cite book\|last\=Desimoni\|first\=Cornelio\|title\=Tavole Descrittive Delle Monete Della Zecca Di Genova Dal 1139–1814\|publisher\=Nabu Press\|language\=it}} with coins introduced in line with similar versions issued in the rest of Europe, as follows:
* The silver *[denaro](/wiki/French_denier "French denier")* in 1138, containing 1\.06 grams of {{frac\|1\|3}} fine silver (or 84\.8 g fine silver in a lira);
* The silver *[grosso](/wiki/Grosso_%28coin%29 "Grosso (coin)")* in 1172 worth 4 *denari*, of 1\.4 g of {{frac\|23\|24}} fine silver (or 80\.5 g fine silver in a lira);
* The gold *[Genovino d'oro](/wiki/Genovino "Genovino")* in 1252, at about the same time as the Florentine [florin](/wiki/Florin "Florin"); of 3\.5 g fine gold, and worth {{frac\|1\|2}} lira (each lira worth either 7 g fine gold or 70 g fine silver);
* The *testone* or 1\-lira coin before 1500, containing about 13 g of {{frac\|23\|24}} fine silver (or 12\.5g fine). It was the highest\-valued Italian coin unit in the end of the 15th century.{{Cite book\|last\=M. Cipolla\|first\=Carlo\|title\=Economic History of World Population\|publisher\=Trophy Pr; 7 edition}}
Genoese currency became important in the 16th century during the [Golden age of Genoese banking](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%23Golden_age_of_Genoese_bankers "Republic of Genoa#Golden age of Genoese bankers"), with the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire") funnelling its massive wealth from [Spanish America](/wiki/Spanish_America "Spanish America") through the [Bank of Saint George](/wiki/Bank_of_Saint_George "Bank of Saint George"). With the decline in the fortunes of the Genoese banks and the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire") in the 17th century, however, the Genoese lira also depreciated substantially. The silver scudo's value increased to 6\.5 lire in 1646, 7\.4 lire in 1671, and 8\.74 lire just before the [Austrian occupation of Genoa](/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_%281746%29 "Siege of Genoa (1746)") in 1746\. {{Cite book \|last\=Serra \|first\=Girolamo \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8Y3Bbe\_ua0sC \|title\=Discorso sulle monete di Genova recitato dal Signor Girolamo Serra rettore dell'Università all'Accademia delle scienze, lettere ed arti, nell'adunanza del dì 15 luglio 1810 \|date\= \|language\=it}}
### Papal States florin
[thumb\|Papal States florin with [Pope Urban V](/wiki/Pope_Urban_V "Pope Urban V") depicted, {{circa\|1362–1370}}.](/wiki/File:Fiorino_urbano_V.jpg "Fiorino urbano V.jpg")
The [Byzantine monetary system](/wiki/Byzantine_monetary_system "Byzantine monetary system") is followed in the papal coinage until the reign of [Pope Leo III](/wiki/Pope_Leo_III "Pope Leo III"), after which the system of the [Frankish Empire](/wiki/Frankish_Empire "Frankish Empire") obtains.{{Catholic\|title\=Papal Mint\|url\=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10334a.htm}} [Pope John XXII](/wiki/Pope_John_XXII "Pope John XXII") adopted the Florentine system, and coined gold forms, but the weight of this coin varied from 22 to 30 carats (4\.4 to 6 g), until [Pope Gregory XI](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI "Pope Gregory XI") reduced it to the original 24 carats (4\.8 g); but deterioration came again, and then there were two kinds of florins, the papal [florin](/wiki/Florin_%28Italian_coin%29 "Florin (Italian coin)"), which maintained the old weight, and the florin di Camera, the two being in the ratio of 69 papal florins \= 100 florins di Camera \= 1 gold pound \= 10 carlini. The ducat was coined in the papal mint from the year 1432; it was a coin of Venetian origin that circulated with the florin, which in 1531 was succeeded by the [scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo "Papal States scudo"), a piece of French origin (écu) that remained the monetary unit of the Pontifical States.
### Papal States Giulio
[thumb\|left\|Papal States Giulio with [Pope Julius II](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II "Pope Julius II") depicted, 1503\.](/wiki/File:Giulio_1503.jpg "Giulio 1503.jpg")
The [Giulio](/wiki/Giulio_%28coin%29 "Giulio (coin)") was a [papal](/wiki/Pope "Pope") coin with a value of 2 [grossi](/wiki/Groschen "Groschen"). The name came from [Pope Julius II](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II "Pope Julius II") (r. 1503–13\) who had increased it in weight and intrinsic in 1504\. By order of 20 July 1504 the Pope established: "{{lang\|la\|Reformetur stampae monetariae pro ducatis, carlenis, bononiensis etc. Cogitetur de cunio monetae si posset reduci Urbs ad monetam papalem exclusa forensi etc.}}". The {{lang\|it\|carleni}} (or *[carlini](/wiki/Gigliato "Gigliato")*) were then reformed and changed their name to *giuli*, so as to distinguish them from the previous ones. They contained an abundant 4 grams of silver. Their value thus became one third higher than the pontifical *carlino*. A few years later, in 1508, the silver content had already fallen below 4 grams. In 1535 there was a further reduction to 3\.65 grams. The first minting of Julius II bore the [papal arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See "Coat of arms of the Holy See") on the obverse and the saints [Peter](/wiki/Saint_peter "Saint peter") and [Paul](/wiki/Paul_the_apostle "Paul the apostle") on the reverse.
In 1540 [Paul III](/wiki/Paul_III "Paul III") coined the coins with 3\.85 grams of fine which took the name of *[paoli](/wiki/Paolo_%28coin%29 "Paolo (coin)")*. The name of *giulio* was also used by other papal [mints](/wiki/Mint_%28facility%29 "Mint (facility)") and some Italian ones. The papal *giulio* of [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna") was forged in [Masserano](/wiki/Masserano "Masserano") by a [Fieschi](/wiki/Fieschi_family "Fieschi family") before 1597\. This coin weighed only 3\.4 grams.
The last coin minted with this name was the silver *giulio* struck by [Pius VII](/wiki/Pius_VII "Pius VII") in 1817; it weighed 2,642 g and had a title of 917/1000\. It was still worth 2 *grossi* or 10 *[baiocchi](/wiki/Baiocco "Baiocco")*. The names of *paolo* and *giulio* were in use in Rome, even when these coins were no longer in circulation, to indicate the 20 *baiocchi* coin.
### Papal States Paolo
[thumb\|Papal States Paolo with [Pope Paul III](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III "Pope Paul III") depicted, 1540\.](/wiki/File:Paolo_1540.jpg "Paolo 1540.jpg")
The [Paolo](/wiki/Paolo_%28coin%29 "Paolo (coin)") or Paulo was a [pontifical](/wiki/Papal_states "Papal states") coin; this name was given to the *[giulio](/wiki/Giulio_%28currency%29 "Giulio (currency)")* by 2 [grossi](/wiki/Groschen "Groschen") when in 1540 [Pope Paul III](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III "Pope Paul III") (hence its name) made it increase its silver content to 3\.85 g. The first minting of Paul III bore the [papal arms](/wiki/Papal_armorial "Papal armorial") on the obverse and [St. Paul](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle "Paul the Apostle") on the reverse.
At the time of the arrival of the [French Revolutionaries](/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution"), a *paolo* was valued on the [Milanese](/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan "Duchy of Milan") market with the value of 14 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo "Soldo")*. In Rome in the nineteenth century it was the popular name of the 10 *[baiocchi](/wiki/Baiocco "Baiocco")* coin. The names of *paolo* and *[giulio](/wiki/Giulio_%28coin%29 "Giulio (coin)")* remained in use in Rome until the pontificate of [Pius IX](/wiki/Pius_IX "Pius IX"), even when these coins were no longer in circulation, to indicate the 10 baiocchi coin. The same name took coins from other Italian states. In the [Grand Duchy of Tuscany](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany "Grand Duchy of Tuscany") circulated the *paolo* of 8 *[crazie](/wiki/Crazie "Crazie")*.{{Cite encyclopedia\|url\=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/paolo\_%28Enciclopedia\-Italiana%29/\|title\=Paolo\|encyclopedia\=Treccani\|language\=Italian}}
### Lazian baiocco
{{multiple image
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\| image2 \= Vatikanskt mynt. Pont Max Clem IX \- Skoklosters slott \- 109940\.tif
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\| footer \= Lazian baiocco, 1667\.
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The [baiocco](/wiki/Baiocco "Baiocco") is an ancient Italian currency denomination largely used in [Central Italy](/wiki/Central_Italy "Central Italy"), especially in [Latium](/wiki/Latium "Latium"). The origin of the name is uncertain. Its value was originally equivalent to a [shilling](/wiki/Shilling "Shilling"), slowly changing through centuries into five [quattrini](/wiki/Quattrino "Quattrino"), or consequently twenty [pennies](/wiki/Pennies "Pennies"). The size, weight and value of the coin itself changed over time. At a certain point, towards the middle of the 16th Century, it became so thin that it deserved the nickname "Baiocchino" or "Baiocchétto" because it actually weighed less than 0\.25g.
It underwent numerous other variations of material losing more and more silver and becoming more and more low alloy, so much so that it was indicated with the derogatory "*Baiocchella*" during the period of *Sixtus V* from 1585 to 1590\.{{Cite web\|title\=Baiocco Coin and ½ Half Baiocco {{!}} History and Value {{!}} Moneterare.net\|url\=https://moneterare.net/en/baiocco\-coin/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-01\|website\=Monete Rare\|language\=en\-GB}} It disappeared after the unification of Italy between 1861 and 1870, when the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") was introduced
### Neapolitan cavallo
[thumb\|Neapolitan cavallo, {{circa\|1495–1496}}](/wiki/File:Cavallo_%28moneta%292.jpg "Cavallo (moneta)2.jpg")
The [cavallo](/wiki/Cavallo_%28coin%29 "Cavallo (coin)") was a copper coin of southern Italy in the Renaissance. It was minted for the first time by King [Ferdinand I of Naples](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples "Ferdinand I of Naples") in 1472\.{{cite journal\|author\= Arthur Sambon\|title\= I "Cavalli" di Ferdinando I d'Aragona, re di Napoli\|journal\= Rivista italiana di numismatica\|volume\= IV\|year\= 1891\|page\=327\|language\=it}} It gained its name from the figure of a horse on the reverse.
The name later was used for coins of the same values but with different types such as that minted by [Charles VIII of France](/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France "Charles VIII of France") at Naples in 1494\. As its value decreased, the cavallo was abolished in 1498 and replaced with the doppio cavallo ("Double Cavallo"), also known as sestino, by [Frederick I of Naples](/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Naples "Frederick I of Naples").
The cavallo was mint again shortly under [Philip IV of Spain](/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain "Philip IV of Spain") (the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples") at the time was ruled by Spain) in 1626\. Multiples (2, 3, 4, 6 and 9 *cavalli*) were minted until [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Naples "Ferdinand IV of Naples"). The last coin of three *cavalli* was minted in 1804, being replaced by the [tornese](/wiki/Tornese "Tornese"), equal to 6 *cavalli*.
### Anconetan agontano
[right\|thumb\|Ancona [agontano](/wiki/Agontano "Agontano"), {{circa\|13th–14th centuries}}](/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28Ancona%2C_grosso_agontano%29.jpg "Анкона, гроссо агонтано (Ancona, grosso agontano).jpg")
The [agontano](/wiki/Agontano "Agontano") was the currency used by the Italian Maritime [Republic of Ancona](/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona "Republic of Ancona") from the 12th to the 16th centuries during its golden age. It was a large silver coin of 18\-22mm in diameter and a weight of 2\.04–2\.42 grams, of roughly equivalent value to the Milanese [Soldo](/wiki/Soldo "Soldo"). The first reports of Ancona's medieval coinage begin in the 12th century when the independence of the city grew and it began to mint coinage without Imperial or papal oversight.Marco Dubbini e Giancarlo Mancinelli *Storia delle monete di Ancona*, edizioni Il lavoro editoriale, Ancona 2009, {{ISBN\|978\-88\-7663\-451\-2}}
The coin, also called "Grosso Agontano", was a great success and its type was imitated in other cities of [Marche](/wiki/Marche "Marche") and also in [Emilia\-Romagna](/wiki/Emilia-Romagna "Emilia-Romagna"), Tuscany, [Lazio](/wiki/Lazio "Lazio") and [Abruzzo](/wiki/Abruzzo "Abruzzo"). For example, coins of Massa Marittima,Massimo Sozzi, *L'Agontano di Massa di Maremma*, in "L'Agontano. Una moneta d'argento per l'Italia medievale", edited by [Lucia Travaini](/wiki/Lucia_Travaini "Lucia Travaini"), Atti del Convegno di Trevi, 11–12 ottobre 2001, Perugia, Centro Stampa della Regione Umbria, 2003, pp. 111–140\. Ravenna, Rimini, Volterra,[Voce sull'agontano nell'Enciclopedia Treccani](http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/anconetano_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/) Pesaro and Ferrara.[Voce Agontano sull'enciclopedia Sapere.it](http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/agontano.html) show a marked influence from Ancona.
### Milanese soldo
[right\|thumb\|Milanese [soldo](/wiki/Soldo "Soldo"), {{circa\|1250–1310}}](/wiki/File:Ambrosino_2.jpg "Ambrosino 2.jpg")
The [soldo](/wiki/Soldo "Soldo") was an Italian medieval silver coin, issued for the first time in the late 12th century at [Milan](/wiki/Milan "Milan") by Emperor [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor").{{cite book\|author1\=David Murray Fox\|author2\=Wolfgang Ernst\|title\=Money in the Western Legal Tradition: Middle Ages to Bretton Woods\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=VC3oCwAAQBAJ\&pg\=PA257\|year\=2016\|publisher\=Oxford University Press\|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-870474\-4\|page\=257}} The name derives from the late Roman coin *[solidus](/wiki/Solidus_%28coin%29 "Solidus (coin)")*.[Soldo](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/soldo). merriam\-webster.com
It quickly became widespread in Italy, where it was coined in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa "Genoa"), [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna"), and numerous other cities. In [Venice](/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Venice "History of the Republic of Venice"), the soldo was minted from the reign of [Francesco Dandolo](/wiki/Francesco_Dandolo "Francesco Dandolo") onward, remaining in use also after the republic's dissolution in 1797 and during the Austrian occupation, until 1862\. In the 14th century [Florence](/wiki/History_of_Florence "History of Florence"), a *soldo* equaled {{frac\|1\|20}} of a *[lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira")* and 12 *[denari](/wiki/Denaro_%28coin%29 "Denaro (coin)")*.{{cite book\|author\=Christopher Kleinhenz\|title\=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=E2CTAgAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT267\|date\=2 August 2004\|publisher\=Routledge\|isbn\=978\-1\-135\-94880\-1\|page\=267}}
### Neapolitan gigliato
[thumb\|Neapolitan [gigliato](/wiki/Gigliato "Gigliato"), 1310](/wiki/File:Gigliato_1310.jpg "Gigliato 1310.jpg")
The [gigliato](/wiki/Gigliato "Gigliato"), also gillat or carlino, was a coin of pure silver established in 1303 by [Charles II of Anjou](/wiki/Charles_II_of_Anjou "Charles II of Anjou") in [Naples](/wiki/Naples "Naples"), and then also in [Provence](/wiki/Provence "Provence") from 1330\. Its name derives from the [Lilies](/wiki/Lilium "Lilium") ("giglio") depicted on the reverse entwined around a cross.
The coin weighed 4 grams. This type of coin was widely copied in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially by the [Turks](/wiki/Turkish_people "Turkish people"), such as the Emir of [Saruhan](/wiki/Manisa_Province "Manisa Province").[*European and Islamic trade in the early Ottoman state* by Kate Fleet p.15](https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbj2G4l7elYC&pg=PA15)[*Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins* by Dumbarton Oaks, Alfred Raymond Bellinger, Philip Grierson, Whittemore Collection (Fogg Art Museum) p.33](https://books.google.com/books?id=NJmoF52BiBsC&pg=PA33)
Charles II of Anjou's silver gigliato was the same diameter as the dominant silver coin of its time, the French gros tournois, or as the grosso rinforzato being struck by the Roman Senate, i.e. 24 m.m.. It contained 4\.01 grams of .929 fine silver, or 3\.73 grams of pure silver. Its types were more typical of French gold coins, especially Philip the Fair's petit royal d’or, than Italian silver coins.{{cite book\|title\=Medieval European Coinage: Volume 14, South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia\|author1\=Philip Grierson\|author2\=Lucia Travaini\|publisher\=Cambridge University Press\|year\=1998\|isbn\=978\-0521582315\|page\=220}}
### Bolognese bolognino
[thumb\|left\|Bolognese [bolognino](/wiki/Bolognino "Bolognino"), {{circa\|1370\-1378}}](/wiki/File:Bolognino_Gregorio_XI.jpg "Bolognino Gregorio XI.jpg")
The [Bolognino](/wiki/Bolognino "Bolognino") was a coin minted in [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna") and other cities of medieval Italy from the late 12th century to the 17th century.
The coin originated in 1191, when emperor [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor") granted Bologna the right to mint a silver [denaro](/wiki/French_denier "French denier"). In 1236 this unit was rechristened *Bolognino piccolo* (*Small Bolognino*) when the *Bolognino grosso* (*Big Bolognino*) was introduced, with the value of a 12 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo "Soldo")*. It weighed 9 [carats](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 "Carat (mass)").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.originebologna.com/luoghi\-famiglie\-persone\-avvenimenti/notizie\-storiche\-e\-curiosita/monete\-di\-bologna/\|title\=Monete di Bologna\|access\-date\=6 October 2023\|language\=it}}
The *grosso* was adopted in other Italian communes and cities, such as [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna "Ravenna") and [Rimini](/wiki/Rimini "Rimini") and copied by other mints, such as those of [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca "Lucca"), Rome and other cities in [Abruzzo](/wiki/Abruzzo "Abruzzo") and [Marche](/wiki/Marche "Marche"). The value changed depending from the current political and economic situation.
The *bolognino* was no longer struck starting from the 18th century. Multiples up to 100 *bolognini* continued to exist, however.
A golden *bolognino*, introduced in 1380, had the value of 30 silver *bolognini* (same title and weight of the Papal *[ducato](/wiki/Ducato_%28coin%29 "Ducato (coin)")*.
### Sicilian pierreale
[thumb\|Sicilian [pierreale](/wiki/Pierreale "Pierreale"), {{circa\|1342–1355}}](/wiki/File:Pierreale_Ludovico_d%27Aragona.jpg "Pierreale Ludovico d'Aragona.jpg")
The [pierreale](/wiki/Pierreale "Pierreale") (plural pierreali, i.e. "*[reale](/wiki/Spanish_real "Spanish real")* of Peter") was a silver coin minted by the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily "Kingdom of Sicily") between the reigns of [Peter I](/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon "Peter III of Aragon") (1282–1285\) and [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon "Ferdinand II of Aragon") (1479–1516\). It was equivalent in weight and fineness to the [Neapolitan](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples") *[carlino](/wiki/Gigliato "Gigliato")* and was sometimes called a *carlino*.
It carried on the obverse the [imperial eagle](/wiki/Imperial_eagle "Imperial eagle"), the favoured emblem of the [Staufer dynasty](/wiki/Staufer_dynasty "Staufer dynasty") of Peter I's queen, [Constance II](/wiki/Constance_of_Sicily%2C_Queen_of_Aragon "Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon"), and on the reverse the [arms of Aragon](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Aragon "Coat of arms of Aragon"), representing Peter's native kingdom. The design deliberately contrasted with that of the *carlino*. After [Alfonso I](/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon "Alfonso V of Aragon")'s conquest of Naples in 1442, he replaced the arms with an image of the seated ruler (in imitation of the *carlino*) and replaced the eagle with the quartered arms of Aragon and Naples.[Philip Grierson](/wiki/Philip_Grierson "Philip Grierson") and Lucia Travaini, *Medieval European Coinage*, Volume 14: Italy (III): South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998\), pp. 257–258\.
Gold pierreali equivalent to ten silver ones were minted under Peter I, but only rarely thereafter. Half\-pierreali and quarter\-pierreali were minted between 1377 and 1410 and again during the reign of [John](/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon "John II of Aragon") (1458–1479\).
### Sicilian augustalis
[thumb\|Sicilian [augustalis](/wiki/Augustalis "Augustalis"), {{circa\|1231–1250}}](/wiki/File:Augustale.jpg "Augustale.jpg")
An [augustalis](/wiki/Augustalis "Augustalis") or augustale, also agostaro, was a [gold coin](/wiki/Gold_coin "Gold coin") minted in the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily "Kingdom of Sicily") beginning in 1231\.{{cite book \|last1\=Grierson \|first1\=Philip \|author\-link1\=Philip Grierson \|last2\=Travaini \|first2\=Lucia \|author\-link2\=Lucia Travaini \|date\=1998 \|title\=Medieval European Coinage. Volume 14: Italy III: South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia \|url\={{Google books \|id\=jgSNmsXG1jwC \|page\=455 \|plainurl\=yes}} \|page\=455 \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-58231\-5}} It was issued by [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor"), Holy Roman Emperor (from 1220\) and [King of Sicily](/wiki/King_of_Sicily "King of Sicily") (from 1198\), and was minted until his death in 1250\.{{cite book \|last\=Abulafia \|first\=David \|author\-link\=David Abulafia \|date\=1992 \|title\=Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor \|url\={{Google books \|id\=sgufggLomo8C \|page\=222 \|plainurl\=yes}} \|page\=222 \|edition\=Oxford Paperbacks \|publisher\=\[\[Oxford University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-19\-508040\-7 \|quote\=The ''augustalis'' continued to be struck in the ''regno'' throughout the rest of the reign, and was even continued by later kings.}}{{cite book \|last1\=Grierson \|first1\=Philip \|author\-link1\=Philip Grierson \|last2\=Travaini \|first2\=Lucia \|author\-link2\=Lucia Travaini \|date\=1998 \|title\=Medieval European Coinage. Volume 14: Italy III: South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia \|url\={{Google books \|id\=jgSNmsXG1jwC \|page\=187 \|plainurl\=yes}} \|page\=187 \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-58231\-5 \|quote\=Sambon and others have supposed that augustales in Frederick's name continued to be issued \[by his successors] down to 1266, which is possible but unsupported by positive evidence.}} In addition, a half augustalis was issued. It was identical in design, but smaller and half the weight.{{cite book \|last1\=Grierson \|first1\=Philip \|author\-link1\=Philip Grierson \|last2\=Travaini \|first2\=Lucia \|author\-link2\=Lucia Travaini \|date\=1998 \|title\=Medieval European Coinage. Volume 14: Italy III: South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia \|url\={{Google books \|id\=jgSNmsXG1jwC \|page\=172 \|plainurl\=yes}} \|page\=172 \|publisher\=\[\[Cambridge University Press]] \|isbn\=978\-0\-521\-58231\-5}} The name *augustalis* means literally "of the august one", referring to the coin's provenance from the emperor himself, but also linking it with the [Roman Emperor](/wiki/Roman_Emperor "Roman Emperor"), who was commonly styled [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus_%28honorific%29 "Augustus (honorific)").
The augustalis bore a [Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") inscription and was widely circulated in Italy. It was patterned after the [Roman](/wiki/Roman_coinage "Roman coinage") [aureus](/wiki/Aureus "Aureus").{{Britannica\|42862\|Augustale}} (2008\). Retrieved 7 October 2008\. It was [struck](/wiki/Hammered_coinage "Hammered coinage") at [Brindisi](/wiki/Brindisi "Brindisi") and [Messina](/wiki/Messina "Messina") with accompanying [billon](/wiki/Billon_%28alloy%29 "Billon (alloy)") [deniers](/wiki/Denier_%28coin%29 "Denier (coin)"). The style of the augustalis has been described as splendid and proto\-[Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance"); the quality of its execution and its [fineness](/wiki/Fineness "Fineness") was high. The augustalis had a nominal weight of 5\.31 grams and was 20{{frac\|1\|2}} [carats](/wiki/Carat_%28purity%29 "Carat (purity)") (854/1000\) fine. The legal value was a quarter of a Sicilian gold [ounce](/wiki/Oncia "Oncia").
|
[
"Middle Ages and Renaissance\n---------------------------",
"Italy has been influential at a coinage point of view: the medieval [Florentine florin](/wiki/Florin_%28Italian_coin%29 \"Florin (Italian coin)\"), one of the most used coinage types in European history and one of the most important coins in Western history, was struck in [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\") in the 13th century, while the [Venetian sequin](/wiki/Sequin_%28coin%29 \"Sequin (coin)\"), minted from 1284 to 1797, was the most prestigious gold coin in circulation in the commercial centers of the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\").",
"### Lombard coinage",
"{{main\\|Lombard coinage}}\n{{see also\\|Lombard coinage of Benevento\\|Coinage of Adelchis of Benevento}}\n[thumb\\|Lombard coin, {{circa\\|688–700 AD}}](/wiki/File:Cunincpert_tremissis_612190.jpg \"Cunincpert tremissis 612190.jpg\")\nThe [Lombard coinage](/wiki/Lombard_coinage \"Lombard coinage\") refers to the autonomous productions of coins by the [Lombards](/wiki/Lombards \"Lombards\"). It constitutes part of the coinage produced by [Germanic peoples](/wiki/Germanic_peoples \"Germanic peoples\") occupying the former territory of the [Roman Empire](/wiki/Roman_Empire \"Roman Empire\") during the [Migration Period](/wiki/Migration_Period \"Migration Period\"). All known Lombard coinage was produced after their settlement of Italy. The coinage originates from two distinct areas, in [Langobardia Major](/wiki/Langobardia_Major \"Langobardia Major\") between the last decades of the sixth century and 774, and in [Langobardia Minor](/wiki/Langobardia_Minor \"Langobardia Minor\"), in the duchy of [Benevento](/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento \"Duchy of Benevento\"), between approximately 680 and the end of the 9th century.",
"Only five hoards have been found which contain non\\-pseudo\\-imperial coinage of the Lombards. Of these, only two have been published in any detail. \n* A hoard found at [Ossi, Sardinia](/wiki/Ossi%2C_Sardinia \"Ossi, Sardinia\") was described by Vincenzo Dessì in 1908\\.Vincenzo Dessì, \"I tremissi longobardi a proposito di un piccolo ripostiglio di monete d'oro di Liutprando, rinvenuto presso il villaggio di Ossi (Sassari)\", {{cite web\\|url\\=https://archive.org/stream/rivistaitalianad21sociuoft/rivistaitalianad21sociuoft\\_djvu.txt\\| title\\=''RIN'' 21 (1908\\), pagg. 295–311\\| date\\=1888\\| publisher\\=Milano\\|accessdate\\=11 September 2009}} Ristampato in *Gli scritti di numismatica* (Sassari 1970\\), pagg. 225–244\\.\n* A hoard found at [Ilanz](/wiki/Ilanz \"Ilanz\"), [Grisons](/wiki/Grisons \"Grisons\") was described by Fritz Jecklin in 1906,Fritz Jecklin, \"Der langobardisch\\-karolingische Münzfund bei Ilanz\", *MBNG* (Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft) 25 (1906–07\\) pagg. 28–79\\. and was further studied by Bernareggi in 1977\\.Ernesto Bernareggi, \"I tremissi longobardi e carolingi del ripostiglio di Ilanz nei Grigioni\", *Quaderni ticinesi di numismatica...*, 6 (1977\\) pagg. 341–364\\.",
"### Florentine florin",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Florentine [florin](/wiki/Florin \"Florin\"), 1347](/wiki/Image:Fiorino_1347.jpg \"Fiorino 1347.jpg\")\nThe [Florentine florin](/wiki/Florin_%28Italian_coin%29 \"Florin (Italian coin)\") ({{lang\\-it\\|Fiorino fiorentino}}) was struck from 1252 to 1523 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard.See the *Ricordanze di S. Maria di Cafaggio*, which mentions florins being used in the year MCCL (1250\\). It had 54 [grains](/wiki/Grain_%28measure%29 \"Grain (measure)\") (3\\.499 grams, 0\\.113 [troy ounce](/wiki/Troy_ounce \"Troy ounce\")) of nominally pure or 'fine' gold{{cite book \\|first\\=Mario \\|last\\=Bernocchi \\|title\\=Le monete della repubblica fiorentina \\|volume\\=III \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Leo S. Olschki Editore]] \\|year\\=1976 \\|page\\=66}} with a purchasing power difficult to estimate (and variable) but ranging according to social grouping and perspective from approximately 140 to 1,000 modern US dollars. The name of the coin comes from the *Giglio bottonato* ([it](/wiki/Giglio_bottonato \"Giglio bottonato\")), the floral emblem of the city, which is represented at the head of the coin.{{cite book \\|title\\=Il paradosso francescano tra povertà e società di mercato \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=KpoMM5RcZakC\\&pg\\=PA98 \\|first\\=Oreste \\|last\\=Bazzicchi \\|publisher\\=Effatà Editrice \\|year\\=2011 \\|page\\=98 \\|isbn\\=978\\-88\\-7402\\-665\\-4}}\n[thumb\\|Florentine [florin](/wiki/Florin \"Florin\"), 1507](/wiki/File:Florenz-_Stadt_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5541708.jpg \"Florenz- Stadt - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5541708.jpg\")",
"The *fiorino d'oro* (gold florin) was used in the [Republic of Florence](/wiki/Republic_of_Florence \"Republic of Florence\") and was the first European gold coin struck in sufficient quantities since the 7th century to play a significant commercial role. The florin was recognised across large parts of Europe. The territorial usage of the *[lira](/wiki/Lira \"Lira\")* and the florin often overlapped, where the lira was used for smaller transactions (wages, food purchases), the florin was for larger transactions such as those used in dowries, international trade or for tax\\-related matters.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Hollingsworth \\|first\\=Mary \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bJmUDQAAQBAJ \\|title\\=The Medici \\|publisher\\=Head of Zeus \\|year\\=2017 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78669\\-151\\-4 \\|language\\=en \\|chapter\\=A Note to the Reader}}",
"The Florentine florin is of the most used coinage types in European history and one of the most important coins in Western history. The first minting of the florin occurred in 1252, at the time the value of the florin was equal to the *lira*, but by 1500 the florin had appreciated, seven *lire* amounted to one florin. The design of the original Florentine florins was the distinctive [fleur\\-de\\-lis](/wiki/Fleur_de_lis \"Fleur de lis\") badge of the city on one side and on the other a standing and facing figure of [St. John the Baptist](/wiki/John_the_Baptist \"John the Baptist\"){{Cite book\\|last1\\=Horner\\|first1\\=Susan\\|title\\=Walks in Florence and Its Environs\\|last2\\=Horner\\|first2\\=Joanna B.\\|publisher\\=Smith\\|year\\=1884\\|isbn\\=\\|volume\\=2\\|location\\=\\|pages\\=125}} wearing a [cilice](/wiki/Cilice \"Cilice\"). The [Dutch guilder](/wiki/Dutch_guilder \"Dutch guilder\") is symbolized as Fl. or [ƒ](/wiki/Florin_sign \"Florin sign\"), which means florijn (florin). The [Hungarian forint](/wiki/Hungarian_forint \"Hungarian forint\") is named after the florin.{{Cite book\\|last\\=Engel, Pál, 1938\\-2001\\.\\|url\\=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56676014\\|title\\=The realm of St. Stephen : a history of medieval Hungary, 895–1526\\|date\\=2001\\|publisher\\=I.B. Tauris\\|isbn\\=1\\-4175\\-4080\\-X\\|location\\=London\\|oclc\\=56676014}}",
"### Venetian sequin",
"{{main\\|Coinage of the Republic of Venice}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Venetian [sequin](/wiki/Sequin_%28coin%29 \"Sequin (coin)\"), 1382](/wiki/File:Zecchino_Antonio_Venier_1382.jpg \"Zecchino Antonio Venier 1382.jpg\")",
"The [sequin](/wiki/Sequin_%28coin%29 \"Sequin (coin)\") ([Venetian](/wiki/Venetian_language \"Venetian language\") and {{lang\\-it\\|zecchino}} {{IPA\\|it\\|dzekˈkiːno\\|}}) is a [gold coin](/wiki/Gold_coin \"Gold coin\") minted by the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice \"Republic of Venice\") from the 13th century onwards. The design of the Venetian sequin remained unchanged for over 500 years, from its introduction in 1284 to the [fall of the Republic of Venice](/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice \"Fall of the Republic of Venice\") in 1797, making it the most prestigious gold coin in circulation in the commercial centers of the [Mediterranean Sea](/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea \"Mediterranean Sea\").{{Cite book\\|author\\=Nicolò Papadopoli Aldobrandini\\|title\\=Le monete di Venezia descritte ed illustrate da Nicolò Papadopoli Aldobrandini\\|year\\=2009\\|publisher\\=\"Progetto Gutenberg Piero Vianelli\\|page\\=136\\|language\\=it}} No other coin design has ever been produced over such a long historical period. \n[thumb\\|right\\|Venetian [sequin](/wiki/Sequin_%28coin%29 \"Sequin (coin)\"), {{circa\\|1789–1797}}](/wiki/File:Zecchino_Manin.jpg \"Zecchino Manin.jpg\")",
"The reverse bears a motto in [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") [hexameter](/wiki/Hexameter \"Hexameter\"): *{{lang\\|la\\|Sit tibi, Christe, datus // quem tū regis, iste ducātus}}* (\"Christ, let this duchy that you rule be given to you\").{{Cite book\\|author\\=\\[\\[Victor Emmanuel III]]\\|title\\=Corpus Nummorum Italicorum\\|url\\=https://www.numismaticadellostato.it/pns\\-pdf/CNI/pdf/volume\\_VII.pdf\\#page\\=1\\&pagemode\\=bookmarks\\|access\\-date\\=23 November 2020\\|year\\=1915\\|publisher\\=Tipografia dell'\\[\\[Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei]]\\|volume\\=7\\|page\\=46\\|language\\=it}}. On the obverse there is [Mark the Evangelist](/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist \"Mark the Evangelist\"), patron saint of Venice, who is depicted with a beard and halo, is facing to the right and is wrapped in a large cloak while holding the Gospel with his left hand. With his right hand the saint offers a banner to the [Doge of Venice](/wiki/Doge_of_Venice \"Doge of Venice\") who is kneeling to the left and holding the staff with both hands. The Doge wears a rich fur\\-trimmed cloak and the ducal cap, under the flag facing to the right the vertical writing \"dux\", around it \"s·m·venet\" and the name of the Doge.",
"The quality of the minting is superior to all contemporary coins and this shows that the artists of the Venice Mint had already reached a high level of taste and refinement of design at the time.{{Cite book\\|author\\=Alvise Zorzi\\|title\\=Il denaro di Venezia – Mercati e monete della Serenissima\\|year\\=2012\\|publisher\\=Biblios Edizioni\\|page\\=268\\|isbn\\=978\\-88\\-6448\\-039\\-8\\|language\\=it}} Initially called \"[ducat](/wiki/Ducat \"Ducat\")\" (*{{lang\\|it\\|ducato}}*), for the ruling [Doge of Venice](/wiki/Doge_of_Venice \"Doge of Venice\") who was prominently depicted on it, it was called the *{{lang\\|it\\|zecchino}}*, after the [Zecca](/wiki/Zecca_of_Venice \"Zecca of Venice\") ([mint](/wiki/Mint_%28coin%29 \"Mint (coin)\")) of Venice, since 1543 when Venice began minting a silver coin also called a ducat.",
"### Venetian grosso",
"[thumb\\|[Venetian grosso](/wiki/Venetian_grosso \"Venetian grosso\"), {{circa\\|1328–1339}}](/wiki/File:Venezia_Matapan_1328_1910332.jpg \"Venezia Matapan 1328 1910332.jpg\")\nThe [Venetian grosso](/wiki/Venetian_grosso \"Venetian grosso\") (plural grossi) is a silver coin first introduced in the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice \"Republic of Venice\") in 1193 under [doge](/wiki/Doge_of_Venice \"Doge of Venice\") [Enrico Dandolo](/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo \"Enrico Dandolo\"). It originally weighed 2\\.18 grams, was composed of 98\\.5% pure silver, and was valued at 26 {{lang\\|it\\|denarii}}. Its name is from the same root as *[groschen](/wiki/Groschen \"Groschen\")* and the English [groat](/wiki/Groat_%28coin%29 \"Groat (coin)\"), all deriving ultimately from the *denaro grosso* (\"large penny\"). Its value was allowed to float relative to other Venetian coins until it was pegged to 4 soldini in 1332, incidentally the year the soldino was introduced. In 1332, 1 grosso was the equivalent of 4 *soldini*, or 48 *{{lang\\|it\\|denarii}}*.",
"The earliest surviving account of Enrico Dandolo's introduction of the Venetian grosso associates it with the outfitting of the [Fourth Crusade](/wiki/Fourth_Crusade \"Fourth Crusade\") in 1202Alan M. Stahl, *Zecca the mint of Venice in the Middle Ages*, page 17 and tradition makes the need to pay for the ships which transported the crusaders the cause of the grosso's introduction. Even though coinage of the grosso might have begun a few years earlier, the influx of silver used to pay for the crusaders' ships led to its first large scale mintage. The coin had 2\\.2 grams of 98\\.5% fine silver, the purest medieval metallurgy could make.Thomas F. Madden, *Enrico Dandolo and The Rise of Venice*, page 110 It was initially called a *ducatus argenti* since Venice was a duchy, but is more widely known as a grosso or {{lang\\|it\\|matapano\\|italic\\=no}}, a Muslim term referring to the seated figure on its reverse.Philip Grierson, *The Coins of Medieval Europe*, page 107\\.",
"### Venetian lira",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[Venetian lira](/wiki/Venetian_lira \"Venetian lira\"), {{circa\\|1471–1473}}](/wiki/File:Lira_tron.jpg \"Lira tron.jpg\")",
"The [Venetian lira](/wiki/Venetian_lira \"Venetian lira\") (plural lire) was the distinct currency of the [Republic of Venice](/wiki/Republic_of_Venice \"Republic of Venice\") until 1848, when it was replaced by the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\"). It originated from the [Carolingian monetary system](/wiki/Carolingian_monetary_system \"Carolingian monetary system\") used in much of Western Europe since the 8th century CE, with the *lira* subdivided into 20 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo \"Soldo\")*, each of 12 *[denari](/wiki/French_denier \"French denier\")*.",
"From its initial value of 305\\.94 g fine silver, the Venetian lira had depreciated so much in value over its 1,000\\-year lifetime that this original unit was referred to from 1200 CE as the *lira piccola* (small lira) in comparison to larger units of the same name.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=DPc3AQAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA310\\|title\\=The History of Currency, 1252 to 1894\\|last1\\=Shaw\\|first1\\=William Arthur\\|year\\=1896}} The *[denaro](/wiki/French_denier \"French denier\")* or *piccolo* worth {{frac\\|240}}th a *lira* was the only coin produced between 800–1200 CE. Initially weighing 1\\.7 g fine silver, it depreciated over the centuries until it contained only 0\\.08 g fine silver by 1200 CE.",
"The various currency systems of Italy became of less importance to European trade after the [Age of Discovery](/wiki/Age_of_Discovery \"Age of Discovery\") in the 16th century; nonetheless Venice continued to issue new coins. The *scudo d'argento* of 30\\.1 g fine silver was introduced in 1578 for 7 lire, rising to 12\\.4 lire by 1739\\. The *tollero* of 23\\.4 g fine silver was issued in 1797 for 10 lire.",
"The Venetian *lira piccola* was supplanted in the 19th century by the Italian lira of the [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29 \"Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)\") in 1806 and the [Lombardy\\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardy-Venetia_pound \"Lombardy-Venetia pound\") of the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\"). The [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") was reintroduced by the [Republic of San Marco](/wiki/Republic_of_San_Marco \"Republic of San Marco\") in 1848 at par with the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\"), which finally replaced all previous currencies as well as the *lira piccola*, with the latter valued at 0\\.5116 Italian lira.",
"### Genoese lira",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Genoese [genovino](/wiki/Genovino \"Genovino\"), 1252](/wiki/File:Genovino1.jpg \"Genovino1.jpg\")\n[right\\|thumb\\|[Genoese lira](/wiki/Genoese_lira \"Genoese lira\"), 1794](/wiki/File:Lira_genovese.jpg \"Lira genovese.jpg\")\nThe [Genoese lira](/wiki/Genoese_lira \"Genoese lira\") ({{lang\\-it\\|Lira genovese}}) was the currency of the [Republic of Genoa](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa \"Republic of Genoa\") until 1797\\. The mint in the Republic of Genoa began its production around 1138,{{Cite book\\|last\\=Desimoni\\|first\\=Cornelio\\|title\\=Tavole Descrittive Delle Monete Della Zecca Di Genova Dal 1139–1814\\|publisher\\=Nabu Press\\|language\\=it}} with coins introduced in line with similar versions issued in the rest of Europe, as follows:\n* The silver *[denaro](/wiki/French_denier \"French denier\")* in 1138, containing 1\\.06 grams of {{frac\\|1\\|3}} fine silver (or 84\\.8 g fine silver in a lira);\n* The silver *[grosso](/wiki/Grosso_%28coin%29 \"Grosso (coin)\")* in 1172 worth 4 *denari*, of 1\\.4 g of {{frac\\|23\\|24}} fine silver (or 80\\.5 g fine silver in a lira);\n* The gold *[Genovino d'oro](/wiki/Genovino \"Genovino\")* in 1252, at about the same time as the Florentine [florin](/wiki/Florin \"Florin\"); of 3\\.5 g fine gold, and worth {{frac\\|1\\|2}} lira (each lira worth either 7 g fine gold or 70 g fine silver);\n* The *testone* or 1\\-lira coin before 1500, containing about 13 g of {{frac\\|23\\|24}} fine silver (or 12\\.5g fine). It was the highest\\-valued Italian coin unit in the end of the 15th century.{{Cite book\\|last\\=M. Cipolla\\|first\\=Carlo\\|title\\=Economic History of World Population\\|publisher\\=Trophy Pr; 7 edition}}",
"Genoese currency became important in the 16th century during the [Golden age of Genoese banking](/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%23Golden_age_of_Genoese_bankers \"Republic of Genoa#Golden age of Genoese bankers\"), with the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire \"Spanish Empire\") funnelling its massive wealth from [Spanish America](/wiki/Spanish_America \"Spanish America\") through the [Bank of Saint George](/wiki/Bank_of_Saint_George \"Bank of Saint George\"). With the decline in the fortunes of the Genoese banks and the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire \"Spanish Empire\") in the 17th century, however, the Genoese lira also depreciated substantially. The silver scudo's value increased to 6\\.5 lire in 1646, 7\\.4 lire in 1671, and 8\\.74 lire just before the [Austrian occupation of Genoa](/wiki/Siege_of_Genoa_%281746%29 \"Siege of Genoa (1746)\") in 1746\\. {{Cite book \\|last\\=Serra \\|first\\=Girolamo \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8Y3Bbe\\_ua0sC \\|title\\=Discorso sulle monete di Genova recitato dal Signor Girolamo Serra rettore dell'Università all'Accademia delle scienze, lettere ed arti, nell'adunanza del dì 15 luglio 1810 \\|date\\= \\|language\\=it}}",
"### Papal States florin",
"[thumb\\|Papal States florin with [Pope Urban V](/wiki/Pope_Urban_V \"Pope Urban V\") depicted, {{circa\\|1362–1370}}.](/wiki/File:Fiorino_urbano_V.jpg \"Fiorino urbano V.jpg\")",
"The [Byzantine monetary system](/wiki/Byzantine_monetary_system \"Byzantine monetary system\") is followed in the papal coinage until the reign of [Pope Leo III](/wiki/Pope_Leo_III \"Pope Leo III\"), after which the system of the [Frankish Empire](/wiki/Frankish_Empire \"Frankish Empire\") obtains.{{Catholic\\|title\\=Papal Mint\\|url\\=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10334a.htm}} [Pope John XXII](/wiki/Pope_John_XXII \"Pope John XXII\") adopted the Florentine system, and coined gold forms, but the weight of this coin varied from 22 to 30 carats (4\\.4 to 6 g), until [Pope Gregory XI](/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI \"Pope Gregory XI\") reduced it to the original 24 carats (4\\.8 g); but deterioration came again, and then there were two kinds of florins, the papal [florin](/wiki/Florin_%28Italian_coin%29 \"Florin (Italian coin)\"), which maintained the old weight, and the florin di Camera, the two being in the ratio of 69 papal florins \\= 100 florins di Camera \\= 1 gold pound \\= 10 carlini. The ducat was coined in the papal mint from the year 1432; it was a coin of Venetian origin that circulated with the florin, which in 1531 was succeeded by the [scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo \"Papal States scudo\"), a piece of French origin (écu) that remained the monetary unit of the Pontifical States.",
"### Papal States Giulio",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Papal States Giulio with [Pope Julius II](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\") depicted, 1503\\.](/wiki/File:Giulio_1503.jpg \"Giulio 1503.jpg\")",
"The [Giulio](/wiki/Giulio_%28coin%29 \"Giulio (coin)\") was a [papal](/wiki/Pope \"Pope\") coin with a value of 2 [grossi](/wiki/Groschen \"Groschen\"). The name came from [Pope Julius II](/wiki/Pope_Julius_II \"Pope Julius II\") (r. 1503–13\\) who had increased it in weight and intrinsic in 1504\\. By order of 20 July 1504 the Pope established: \"{{lang\\|la\\|Reformetur stampae monetariae pro ducatis, carlenis, bononiensis etc. Cogitetur de cunio monetae si posset reduci Urbs ad monetam papalem exclusa forensi etc.}}\". The {{lang\\|it\\|carleni}} (or *[carlini](/wiki/Gigliato \"Gigliato\")*) were then reformed and changed their name to *giuli*, so as to distinguish them from the previous ones. They contained an abundant 4 grams of silver. Their value thus became one third higher than the pontifical *carlino*. A few years later, in 1508, the silver content had already fallen below 4 grams. In 1535 there was a further reduction to 3\\.65 grams. The first minting of Julius II bore the [papal arms](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See \"Coat of arms of the Holy See\") on the obverse and the saints [Peter](/wiki/Saint_peter \"Saint peter\") and [Paul](/wiki/Paul_the_apostle \"Paul the apostle\") on the reverse.",
"In 1540 [Paul III](/wiki/Paul_III \"Paul III\") coined the coins with 3\\.85 grams of fine which took the name of *[paoli](/wiki/Paolo_%28coin%29 \"Paolo (coin)\")*. The name of *giulio* was also used by other papal [mints](/wiki/Mint_%28facility%29 \"Mint (facility)\") and some Italian ones. The papal *giulio* of [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\") was forged in [Masserano](/wiki/Masserano \"Masserano\") by a [Fieschi](/wiki/Fieschi_family \"Fieschi family\") before 1597\\. This coin weighed only 3\\.4 grams.",
"The last coin minted with this name was the silver *giulio* struck by [Pius VII](/wiki/Pius_VII \"Pius VII\") in 1817; it weighed 2,642 g and had a title of 917/1000\\. It was still worth 2 *grossi* or 10 *[baiocchi](/wiki/Baiocco \"Baiocco\")*. The names of *paolo* and *giulio* were in use in Rome, even when these coins were no longer in circulation, to indicate the 20 *baiocchi* coin.",
"### Papal States Paolo",
"[thumb\\|Papal States Paolo with [Pope Paul III](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III \"Pope Paul III\") depicted, 1540\\.](/wiki/File:Paolo_1540.jpg \"Paolo 1540.jpg\")",
"The [Paolo](/wiki/Paolo_%28coin%29 \"Paolo (coin)\") or Paulo was a [pontifical](/wiki/Papal_states \"Papal states\") coin; this name was given to the *[giulio](/wiki/Giulio_%28currency%29 \"Giulio (currency)\")* by 2 [grossi](/wiki/Groschen \"Groschen\") when in 1540 [Pope Paul III](/wiki/Pope_Paul_III \"Pope Paul III\") (hence its name) made it increase its silver content to 3\\.85 g. The first minting of Paul III bore the [papal arms](/wiki/Papal_armorial \"Papal armorial\") on the obverse and [St. Paul](/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle \"Paul the Apostle\") on the reverse.",
"At the time of the arrival of the [French Revolutionaries](/wiki/French_Revolution \"French Revolution\"), a *paolo* was valued on the [Milanese](/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan \"Duchy of Milan\") market with the value of 14 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo \"Soldo\")*. In Rome in the nineteenth century it was the popular name of the 10 *[baiocchi](/wiki/Baiocco \"Baiocco\")* coin. The names of *paolo* and *[giulio](/wiki/Giulio_%28coin%29 \"Giulio (coin)\")* remained in use in Rome until the pontificate of [Pius IX](/wiki/Pius_IX \"Pius IX\"), even when these coins were no longer in circulation, to indicate the 10 baiocchi coin. The same name took coins from other Italian states. In the [Grand Duchy of Tuscany](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany \"Grand Duchy of Tuscany\") circulated the *paolo* of 8 *[crazie](/wiki/Crazie \"Crazie\")*.{{Cite encyclopedia\\|url\\=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/paolo\\_%28Enciclopedia\\-Italiana%29/\\|title\\=Paolo\\|encyclopedia\\=Treccani\\|language\\=Italian}}",
"### Lazian baiocco",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= Vatikanskt mynt. Mezo Baiocco \\- Skoklosters slott \\- 109939\\.tif\n\\| width1 \\= 110\n\\| alt1 \\=\n\\| caption1 \\=\n\\| image2 \\= Vatikanskt mynt. Pont Max Clem IX \\- Skoklosters slott \\- 109940\\.tif\n\\| width2 \\= 110\n\\| alt2 \\=\n\\| caption2 \\=\n\\| footer \\= Lazian baiocco, 1667\\.\n}}",
"The [baiocco](/wiki/Baiocco \"Baiocco\") is an ancient Italian currency denomination largely used in [Central Italy](/wiki/Central_Italy \"Central Italy\"), especially in [Latium](/wiki/Latium \"Latium\"). The origin of the name is uncertain. Its value was originally equivalent to a [shilling](/wiki/Shilling \"Shilling\"), slowly changing through centuries into five [quattrini](/wiki/Quattrino \"Quattrino\"), or consequently twenty [pennies](/wiki/Pennies \"Pennies\"). The size, weight and value of the coin itself changed over time. At a certain point, towards the middle of the 16th Century, it became so thin that it deserved the nickname \"Baiocchino\" or \"Baiocchétto\" because it actually weighed less than 0\\.25g.",
"It underwent numerous other variations of material losing more and more silver and becoming more and more low alloy, so much so that it was indicated with the derogatory \"*Baiocchella*\" during the period of *Sixtus V* from 1585 to 1590\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Baiocco Coin and ½ Half Baiocco {{!}} History and Value {{!}} Moneterare.net\\|url\\=https://moneterare.net/en/baiocco\\-coin/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-01\\|website\\=Monete Rare\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} It disappeared after the unification of Italy between 1861 and 1870, when the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") was introduced",
"### Neapolitan cavallo",
"[thumb\\|Neapolitan cavallo, {{circa\\|1495–1496}}](/wiki/File:Cavallo_%28moneta%292.jpg \"Cavallo (moneta)2.jpg\")\nThe [cavallo](/wiki/Cavallo_%28coin%29 \"Cavallo (coin)\") was a copper coin of southern Italy in the Renaissance. It was minted for the first time by King [Ferdinand I of Naples](/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples \"Ferdinand I of Naples\") in 1472\\.{{cite journal\\|author\\= Arthur Sambon\\|title\\= I \"Cavalli\" di Ferdinando I d'Aragona, re di Napoli\\|journal\\= Rivista italiana di numismatica\\|volume\\= IV\\|year\\= 1891\\|page\\=327\\|language\\=it}} It gained its name from the figure of a horse on the reverse.",
"The name later was used for coins of the same values but with different types such as that minted by [Charles VIII of France](/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France \"Charles VIII of France\") at Naples in 1494\\. As its value decreased, the cavallo was abolished in 1498 and replaced with the doppio cavallo (\"Double Cavallo\"), also known as sestino, by [Frederick I of Naples](/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Naples \"Frederick I of Naples\").",
"The cavallo was mint again shortly under [Philip IV of Spain](/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain \"Philip IV of Spain\") (the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\") at the time was ruled by Spain) in 1626\\. Multiples (2, 3, 4, 6 and 9 *cavalli*) were minted until [Ferdinand IV](/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Naples \"Ferdinand IV of Naples\"). The last coin of three *cavalli* was minted in 1804, being replaced by the [tornese](/wiki/Tornese \"Tornese\"), equal to 6 *cavalli*.",
"### Anconetan agontano",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Ancona [agontano](/wiki/Agontano \"Agontano\"), {{circa\\|13th–14th centuries}}](/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%28Ancona%2C_grosso_agontano%29.jpg \"Анкона, гроссо агонтано (Ancona, grosso agontano).jpg\")",
"The [agontano](/wiki/Agontano \"Agontano\") was the currency used by the Italian Maritime [Republic of Ancona](/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona \"Republic of Ancona\") from the 12th to the 16th centuries during its golden age. It was a large silver coin of 18\\-22mm in diameter and a weight of 2\\.04–2\\.42 grams, of roughly equivalent value to the Milanese [Soldo](/wiki/Soldo \"Soldo\"). The first reports of Ancona's medieval coinage begin in the 12th century when the independence of the city grew and it began to mint coinage without Imperial or papal oversight.Marco Dubbini e Giancarlo Mancinelli *Storia delle monete di Ancona*, edizioni Il lavoro editoriale, Ancona 2009, {{ISBN\\|978\\-88\\-7663\\-451\\-2}}",
"The coin, also called \"Grosso Agontano\", was a great success and its type was imitated in other cities of [Marche](/wiki/Marche \"Marche\") and also in [Emilia\\-Romagna](/wiki/Emilia-Romagna \"Emilia-Romagna\"), Tuscany, [Lazio](/wiki/Lazio \"Lazio\") and [Abruzzo](/wiki/Abruzzo \"Abruzzo\"). For example, coins of Massa Marittima,Massimo Sozzi, *L'Agontano di Massa di Maremma*, in \"L'Agontano. Una moneta d'argento per l'Italia medievale\", edited by [Lucia Travaini](/wiki/Lucia_Travaini \"Lucia Travaini\"), Atti del Convegno di Trevi, 11–12 ottobre 2001, Perugia, Centro Stampa della Regione Umbria, 2003, pp. 111–140\\. Ravenna, Rimini, Volterra,[Voce sull'agontano nell'Enciclopedia Treccani](http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/anconetano_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/) Pesaro and Ferrara.[Voce Agontano sull'enciclopedia Sapere.it](http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/agontano.html) show a marked influence from Ancona.",
"### Milanese soldo",
"[right\\|thumb\\|Milanese [soldo](/wiki/Soldo \"Soldo\"), {{circa\\|1250–1310}}](/wiki/File:Ambrosino_2.jpg \"Ambrosino 2.jpg\")",
"The [soldo](/wiki/Soldo \"Soldo\") was an Italian medieval silver coin, issued for the first time in the late 12th century at [Milan](/wiki/Milan \"Milan\") by Emperor [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor\").{{cite book\\|author1\\=David Murray Fox\\|author2\\=Wolfgang Ernst\\|title\\=Money in the Western Legal Tradition: Middle Ages to Bretton Woods\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=VC3oCwAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PA257\\|year\\=2016\\|publisher\\=Oxford University Press\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-870474\\-4\\|page\\=257}} The name derives from the late Roman coin *[solidus](/wiki/Solidus_%28coin%29 \"Solidus (coin)\")*.[Soldo](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/soldo). merriam\\-webster.com",
"It quickly became widespread in Italy, where it was coined in [Genoa](/wiki/Genoa \"Genoa\"), [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\"), and numerous other cities. In [Venice](/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Venice \"History of the Republic of Venice\"), the soldo was minted from the reign of [Francesco Dandolo](/wiki/Francesco_Dandolo \"Francesco Dandolo\") onward, remaining in use also after the republic's dissolution in 1797 and during the Austrian occupation, until 1862\\. In the 14th century [Florence](/wiki/History_of_Florence \"History of Florence\"), a *soldo* equaled {{frac\\|1\\|20}} of a *[lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\")* and 12 *[denari](/wiki/Denaro_%28coin%29 \"Denaro (coin)\")*.{{cite book\\|author\\=Christopher Kleinhenz\\|title\\=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=E2CTAgAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT267\\|date\\=2 August 2004\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-135\\-94880\\-1\\|page\\=267}}",
"### Neapolitan gigliato",
"[thumb\\|Neapolitan [gigliato](/wiki/Gigliato \"Gigliato\"), 1310](/wiki/File:Gigliato_1310.jpg \"Gigliato 1310.jpg\")\nThe [gigliato](/wiki/Gigliato \"Gigliato\"), also gillat or carlino, was a coin of pure silver established in 1303 by [Charles II of Anjou](/wiki/Charles_II_of_Anjou \"Charles II of Anjou\") in [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\"), and then also in [Provence](/wiki/Provence \"Provence\") from 1330\\. Its name derives from the [Lilies](/wiki/Lilium \"Lilium\") (\"giglio\") depicted on the reverse entwined around a cross.\nThe coin weighed 4 grams. This type of coin was widely copied in the Eastern Mediterranean, especially by the [Turks](/wiki/Turkish_people \"Turkish people\"), such as the Emir of [Saruhan](/wiki/Manisa_Province \"Manisa Province\").[*European and Islamic trade in the early Ottoman state* by Kate Fleet p.15](https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbj2G4l7elYC&pg=PA15)[*Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins* by Dumbarton Oaks, Alfred Raymond Bellinger, Philip Grierson, Whittemore Collection (Fogg Art Museum) p.33](https://books.google.com/books?id=NJmoF52BiBsC&pg=PA33)",
"Charles II of Anjou's silver gigliato was the same diameter as the dominant silver coin of its time, the French gros tournois, or as the grosso rinforzato being struck by the Roman Senate, i.e. 24 m.m.. It contained 4\\.01 grams of .929 fine silver, or 3\\.73 grams of pure silver. Its types were more typical of French gold coins, especially Philip the Fair's petit royal d’or, than Italian silver coins.{{cite book\\|title\\=Medieval European Coinage: Volume 14, South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia\\|author1\\=Philip Grierson\\|author2\\=Lucia Travaini\\|publisher\\=Cambridge University Press\\|year\\=1998\\|isbn\\=978\\-0521582315\\|page\\=220}}",
"### Bolognese bolognino",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Bolognese [bolognino](/wiki/Bolognino \"Bolognino\"), {{circa\\|1370\\-1378}}](/wiki/File:Bolognino_Gregorio_XI.jpg \"Bolognino Gregorio XI.jpg\")",
"The [Bolognino](/wiki/Bolognino \"Bolognino\") was a coin minted in [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\") and other cities of medieval Italy from the late 12th century to the 17th century.",
"The coin originated in 1191, when emperor [Henry VI](/wiki/Henry_VI%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor\") granted Bologna the right to mint a silver [denaro](/wiki/French_denier \"French denier\"). In 1236 this unit was rechristened *Bolognino piccolo* (*Small Bolognino*) when the *Bolognino grosso* (*Big Bolognino*) was introduced, with the value of a 12 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo \"Soldo\")*. It weighed 9 [carats](/wiki/Carat_%28mass%29 \"Carat (mass)\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.originebologna.com/luoghi\\-famiglie\\-persone\\-avvenimenti/notizie\\-storiche\\-e\\-curiosita/monete\\-di\\-bologna/\\|title\\=Monete di Bologna\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2023\\|language\\=it}}",
"The *grosso* was adopted in other Italian communes and cities, such as [Ravenna](/wiki/Ravenna \"Ravenna\") and [Rimini](/wiki/Rimini \"Rimini\") and copied by other mints, such as those of [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca \"Lucca\"), Rome and other cities in [Abruzzo](/wiki/Abruzzo \"Abruzzo\") and [Marche](/wiki/Marche \"Marche\"). The value changed depending from the current political and economic situation.",
"The *bolognino* was no longer struck starting from the 18th century. Multiples up to 100 *bolognini* continued to exist, however.",
"A golden *bolognino*, introduced in 1380, had the value of 30 silver *bolognini* (same title and weight of the Papal *[ducato](/wiki/Ducato_%28coin%29 \"Ducato (coin)\")*.",
"### Sicilian pierreale",
"[thumb\\|Sicilian [pierreale](/wiki/Pierreale \"Pierreale\"), {{circa\\|1342–1355}}](/wiki/File:Pierreale_Ludovico_d%27Aragona.jpg \"Pierreale Ludovico d'Aragona.jpg\")",
"The [pierreale](/wiki/Pierreale \"Pierreale\") (plural pierreali, i.e. \"*[reale](/wiki/Spanish_real \"Spanish real\")* of Peter\") was a silver coin minted by the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\") between the reigns of [Peter I](/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon \"Peter III of Aragon\") (1282–1285\\) and [Ferdinand II](/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon \"Ferdinand II of Aragon\") (1479–1516\\). It was equivalent in weight and fineness to the [Neapolitan](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\") *[carlino](/wiki/Gigliato \"Gigliato\")* and was sometimes called a *carlino*.",
"It carried on the obverse the [imperial eagle](/wiki/Imperial_eagle \"Imperial eagle\"), the favoured emblem of the [Staufer dynasty](/wiki/Staufer_dynasty \"Staufer dynasty\") of Peter I's queen, [Constance II](/wiki/Constance_of_Sicily%2C_Queen_of_Aragon \"Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon\"), and on the reverse the [arms of Aragon](/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Aragon \"Coat of arms of Aragon\"), representing Peter's native kingdom. The design deliberately contrasted with that of the *carlino*. After [Alfonso I](/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon \"Alfonso V of Aragon\")'s conquest of Naples in 1442, he replaced the arms with an image of the seated ruler (in imitation of the *carlino*) and replaced the eagle with the quartered arms of Aragon and Naples.[Philip Grierson](/wiki/Philip_Grierson \"Philip Grierson\") and Lucia Travaini, *Medieval European Coinage*, Volume 14: Italy (III): South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998\\), pp. 257–258\\.",
"Gold pierreali equivalent to ten silver ones were minted under Peter I, but only rarely thereafter. Half\\-pierreali and quarter\\-pierreali were minted between 1377 and 1410 and again during the reign of [John](/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon \"John II of Aragon\") (1458–1479\\).",
"### Sicilian augustalis",
"[thumb\\|Sicilian [augustalis](/wiki/Augustalis \"Augustalis\"), {{circa\\|1231–1250}}](/wiki/File:Augustale.jpg \"Augustale.jpg\")",
"An [augustalis](/wiki/Augustalis \"Augustalis\") or augustale, also agostaro, was a [gold coin](/wiki/Gold_coin \"Gold coin\") minted in the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\") beginning in 1231\\.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Grierson \\|first1\\=Philip \\|author\\-link1\\=Philip Grierson \\|last2\\=Travaini \\|first2\\=Lucia \\|author\\-link2\\=Lucia Travaini \\|date\\=1998 \\|title\\=Medieval European Coinage. Volume 14: Italy III: South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia \\|url\\={{Google books \\|id\\=jgSNmsXG1jwC \\|page\\=455 \\|plainurl\\=yes}} \\|page\\=455 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-58231\\-5}} It was issued by [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\"), Holy Roman Emperor (from 1220\\) and [King of Sicily](/wiki/King_of_Sicily \"King of Sicily\") (from 1198\\), and was minted until his death in 1250\\.{{cite book \\|last\\=Abulafia \\|first\\=David \\|author\\-link\\=David Abulafia \\|date\\=1992 \\|title\\=Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor \\|url\\={{Google books \\|id\\=sgufggLomo8C \\|page\\=222 \\|plainurl\\=yes}} \\|page\\=222 \\|edition\\=Oxford Paperbacks \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Oxford University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-19\\-508040\\-7 \\|quote\\=The ''augustalis'' continued to be struck in the ''regno'' throughout the rest of the reign, and was even continued by later kings.}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Grierson \\|first1\\=Philip \\|author\\-link1\\=Philip Grierson \\|last2\\=Travaini \\|first2\\=Lucia \\|author\\-link2\\=Lucia Travaini \\|date\\=1998 \\|title\\=Medieval European Coinage. Volume 14: Italy III: South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia \\|url\\={{Google books \\|id\\=jgSNmsXG1jwC \\|page\\=187 \\|plainurl\\=yes}} \\|page\\=187 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-58231\\-5 \\|quote\\=Sambon and others have supposed that augustales in Frederick's name continued to be issued \\[by his successors] down to 1266, which is possible but unsupported by positive evidence.}} In addition, a half augustalis was issued. It was identical in design, but smaller and half the weight.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Grierson \\|first1\\=Philip \\|author\\-link1\\=Philip Grierson \\|last2\\=Travaini \\|first2\\=Lucia \\|author\\-link2\\=Lucia Travaini \\|date\\=1998 \\|title\\=Medieval European Coinage. Volume 14: Italy III: South Italy, Sicily, Sardinia \\|url\\={{Google books \\|id\\=jgSNmsXG1jwC \\|page\\=172 \\|plainurl\\=yes}} \\|page\\=172 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Cambridge University Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-521\\-58231\\-5}} The name *augustalis* means literally \"of the august one\", referring to the coin's provenance from the emperor himself, but also linking it with the [Roman Emperor](/wiki/Roman_Emperor \"Roman Emperor\"), who was commonly styled [Augustus](/wiki/Augustus_%28honorific%29 \"Augustus (honorific)\").",
"The augustalis bore a [Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") inscription and was widely circulated in Italy. It was patterned after the [Roman](/wiki/Roman_coinage \"Roman coinage\") [aureus](/wiki/Aureus \"Aureus\").{{Britannica\\|42862\\|Augustale}} (2008\\). Retrieved 7 October 2008\\. It was [struck](/wiki/Hammered_coinage \"Hammered coinage\") at [Brindisi](/wiki/Brindisi \"Brindisi\") and [Messina](/wiki/Messina \"Messina\") with accompanying [billon](/wiki/Billon_%28alloy%29 \"Billon (alloy)\") [deniers](/wiki/Denier_%28coin%29 \"Denier (coin)\"). The style of the augustalis has been described as splendid and proto\\-[Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\"); the quality of its execution and its [fineness](/wiki/Fineness \"Fineness\") was high. The augustalis had a nominal weight of 5\\.31 grams and was 20{{frac\\|1\\|2}} [carats](/wiki/Carat_%28purity%29 \"Carat (purity)\") (854/1000\\) fine. The legal value was a quarter of a Sicilian gold [ounce](/wiki/Oncia \"Oncia\").",
""
] |
Modern era
----------
The early modern Italian coins were very similar in style to French francs, especially in decimals, since it was ruled by the country in the [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy "Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy"). They corresponded to a value of 0\.29 grams of gold or 4\.5 grams of silver.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/welcome.htm\|title\=Italian coins\|website\=ilmarengo.com\|access\-date\=14 April 2018\|archive\-date\=8 August 2017\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808023109/http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/welcome.htm\|url\-status\=live}}
### Papal States scudo
[thumb\|left\|Papal States doppia (3 [Papal States scudi](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo "Papal States scudo")) with [Pope Pius VII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII "Pope Pius VII") depicted, {{circa\|1800–1823}}.](/wiki/File:Pius_VII_Doppia_1817.jpg "Pius VII Doppia 1817.jpg")
The [Papal States scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo "Papal States scudo") ([plural](/wiki/Plural "Plural"): *scudi*) was the coinage system used in the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States") until 1866\. It was subdivided into 100 *baiocchi* ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number "Singular number"): *baiocco*), each of 5 *quattrini* ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number "Singular number"): *quattrino*). Other denominations included the *grosso* of 5 baiocchi, the *carlino* of {{frac\|7\|1\|2}} baiocchi, the *giulio* and *paoli* both of 10 baiocchi, the *testone* of 30 baiocchi and the *doppia* of 3 scudi.
Between 1798 and 1799, the [revolutionary French forces](/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars "French Revolutionary Wars") established the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2818th_century%29 "Roman Republic (18th century)"), which issued coins denominated in baiocco and scudo. In addition, the states of Ancona, Civitavecchia, Clitunno, Foligno, Gubbio, Pergola and Perugia changed their coinage system to that of the Roman Republic. The popes entrusted the production of the [coining](/wiki/Coining_%28mint%29 "Coining (mint)") to the best artists of the time.{{Cite book\|title\= La moneta: vocabolario generale\|author \= Edoardo Martinori\|url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=1RdBAQAAMAAJ\|publisher\= Istituto italiano di numismatica\|year\= 1915\|access\-date \= 20 March 2023\|language\=it}}
In 1808, the Papal States were annexed by France, and [French francs](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") circulated as the official coins. When the Pope's authority was restored in 1814, the scudo was restored as the currency. However, the coinage of the individual states was not resumed. In 1849, another [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2819th_century%29 "Roman Republic (19th century)") was established which issued coins centrally and in Ancona.
In 1866, the scudo was replaced by the [lira](/wiki/Papal_States_lira "Papal States lira"), equivalent to the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira"). The exchange rate used was 5\.375 lire \= 1 scudo.{{cite book \|first\=S (a cura di)\|last\=Pinchera \|title \=Monete e zecche nello stato pontificio dalla restaurazione al 1870 \|trans\-title\=Coins and mints in the papal state from the restoration to 1870 \|series\=Archivio economico dell’unificazione italiana \|volume\=V, fasc. 3 \|location\=Roma \|date\=1957}} (cited in {{cite thesis \|title\=La borsa di Roma dal 1847 al 1860 \|trans\-title\=The Rome Stock Exchange from 1847 to 1860 \|url\=http://www.tesionline.it/\_\_PDF/9525/9525p.pdf \|first\=Marinella \|last\=Rossi \|lang\=it \|date\=2013 \|page\=1 \|publisher\=Tesionline \|access\-date\=4 February 2010 \|archive\-date\=27 September 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193629/http://www.tesionline.it/\_\_PDF/9525/9525p.pdf \|url\-status\=live }} (first degree thesis))
### Parman lira
[thumb\|right\|Half [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira "Parman lira"), 1815](/wiki/File:Maria_Luigia_10_soldi_768767.jpg "Maria Luigia 10 soldi 768767.jpg")
The [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira "Parman lira") was [Parma](/wiki/Parma "Parma")'s official currency before 1802, and later revived from 1815 to 1859\. The [Duchy of Parma](/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma "Duchy of Parma") had its own coinage system until it was made a part of France in 1802\. This lira was subdivided into 20 *soldi* ([singular](/wiki/Grammatical_number "Grammatical number"): *soldo*), each of 12 *denari* (singular: *denaro*), with the *sesino* worth 6 denari and the *ducato* was worth 7 lire. The currency was replaced by the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc").
After the re\-establishment of Parman independence, the Parman currency system was introduced in 1815\.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bancaditalia.it/servizi\-cittadino/musei\-collezioni/mostra\-moneta/esplora/stanza\-a/cronologia/index.html?dotcache\=refresh\|title\=Cronologia\|access\-date\=6 October 2023\|language\=it}} Also called the lira, it was subdivided into 20 *soldi* or 100 *centesimi*. However, this lira was equal to the French franc and the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira "Sardinian lira"), and it circulated alongside the latter. It weighed 5 grams, and had a purity of 9/10 of silver. Since 1861, Parma has used the equivalent [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira").
### Sardinian scudo
[thumb\|right\|Half [Sardinian scudo](/wiki/Sardinian_scudo "Sardinian scudo"), 1770](/wiki/File:Mezzo_Scudo_Carlo_Emmanuele_III%2C_1770.jpg "Mezzo Scudo Carlo Emmanuele III, 1770.jpg")
The [Sardinian scudo](/wiki/Sardinian_scudo "Sardinian scudo") ([plural](/wiki/Plural "Plural"): *scudi*) was the currency of the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia "Kingdom of Sardinia") from 1720 to 1816\. It was subdivided into 2½ *lire* ([singular](/wiki/Grammatical_number "Grammatical number"): *lira*), each of 4 *reales*, 20 *soldi*, 120 *[cagliarese](/wiki/Cagliarese "Cagliarese")* or 240 *denari*. The *doppietta* was worth 2 scudi. It was replaced by the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira "Sardinian lira").
In the late 18th century, coins circulated in denominations of 1 and 3 cagliarese, 1 soldo, ½ and 1 reale, ¼, ½ and 1 scudo, 1, 2½ and 5 doppietta. The cagliarese denominations were struck in copper, the soldo and reale in [billon](/wiki/Billon_%28alloy%29 "Billon (alloy)"), the scudo in silver and the doppietta in gold.{{numis cite SCWC\|date\=1979}}
### Two Sicilies oncia
[thumb\|left\|Sicilian oncia, 1742](/wiki/File:Carlo_III_onza_671959.jpg "Carlo III onza 671959.jpg")
In southern Italy, the [oncia](/wiki/Oncia "Oncia") (plural oncie or once) or onza (pl. onze) was a [unit of account](/wiki/Unit_of_account "Unit of account") during the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") and later a [gold coin](/wiki/Gold_coin "Gold coin") minted between 1732 and 1860\. It was also minted in the southern Italian territories of the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire"), and a silver coin of the same value was minted by the [Knights of Malta](/wiki/Knights_of_Malta "Knights of Malta"). The name is derived from the ancient Roman *[uncia](/wiki/Uncia_%28coin%29 "Uncia (coin)")*. It may sometimes be translated ounce.
In the medieval kingdoms of [Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples") and [Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily "Kingdom of Sicily"), one oncia was equivalent to 30 [tarì](/wiki/Tar%C3%AC "Tarì"), 600 *grani* and 3600 *denari* (pennies). Conventionally, a sum of money is indicated by numbers of *oncie*, *tarì*, *grani* and *denari* separated by full stops, thus 2\.2\.15\.1 indicates 2 *oncie*, two *tarì*, 15 *grani* and 1 *denaro*. Although the *oncia* was never minted in the Middle Ages, it was the basic unit of account. The lesser denominations were minted, as was the [ducat](/wiki/Ducat "Ducat") (six of which equalled an *oncia*) and the *[carlino](/wiki/Gigliato "Gigliato")* (60 to the *oncia*).Eleni Sakellariou, *Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440–c.1530* (Brill, 2012\), p. 492\.Stephan R. Epstein, *An Island for Itself: Economic Development and Social Change in Late Medieval Sicily* (Cambridge University Press, 1992\), p. xii. [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor") introduced the *[augustalis](/wiki/Augustalis "Augustalis")*, which was a quarter of an *oncia*.Donald Matthew, *The Norman Kingdom of Sicily* (Cambridge University Press, 1992\), p. xi.
### Two Sicilies tornesel
[thumb\|Two Sicilies tornesel, 1827](/wiki/File:5_tornesi_Francesco_I.jpg "5 tornesi Francesco I.jpg")
The [tornesel](/wiki/Tornesel "Tornesel"), tornesol, or {{lang\|it\|tornese}} was a silver coin of Europe in the [Late Middle Ages](/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages "Late Middle Ages") and the [early modern era](/wiki/Early_modern_period "Early modern period"). It took its name from the *{{lang\|fr\|denier tournois}}*, the {{lang\|fr\|\[\[French denier\|denier]]}} of [Tours](/wiki/Tours "Tours").
[Marco Polo](/wiki/Marco_Polo "Marco Polo") referred to the tornesel in recounts of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the [Yuan Empire](/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty "Yuan Dynasty").[Henry Yule](/wiki/Henry_Yule "Henry Yule"). [*The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule\-Cordier Edition*](http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/y#a5823). Third edition (1903\), revised and updated by [Henri Cordier](/wiki/Henri_Cordier "Henri Cordier"). Plain Label Books. p. 1226\-27\. ({{ISBN\|1603036156}})
His descriptions were based on the conversion of 1 [bezant](/wiki/Bezant "Bezant") \= 20 [groats](/wiki/Groat_%28coin%29 "Groat (coin)") \= {{sfrac\|133\|1\|3}} tornesel. The *{{lang\|it\|tornese}}* was a subunit of the [Neapolitan](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra "Neapolitan piastra"), [Sicilian](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra "Sicilian piastra"), and [Two Sicilies ducats](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_ducat "Two Sicilies ducat").
### Luccan lira
[thumb\|[Luccan lira](/wiki/Luccan_lira "Luccan lira"), 1838](/wiki/File:Lira_di_Lucca_1838.jpg "Lira di Lucca 1838.jpg")
The [Luccan lira](/wiki/Luccan_lira "Luccan lira") (plural: *lire*) was the currency of the [Republic of Lucca](/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca "Republic of Lucca") until 1800 and again of the [Duchy of Lucca](/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca "Duchy of Lucca") between 1826 and 1847\. It was subdivided into 20 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo "Soldo")*, each of 3 *quattrini* or 12 *denari*. The lira circulated until 1800, when the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") was introduced, accompanied by the [Luccan franc](/wiki/Luccan_franc "Luccan franc") from 1805\. After [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon "Napoleon")'s fall, the Luccan State remained without an official currency, using both old francs and [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira "Tuscan lira") and [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino "Tuscan fiorino"). The Luccan lira reappeared in 1826 by order of [Duke Charles Louis](/wiki/Charles_II_of_Parma "Charles II of Parma"), replacing all circulating currencies.{{numis cite SCWC\|date\=1991}}
The Luccan lira contained less silver than the [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira "Tuscan lira") had. [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca "Lucca") was absorbed by [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany "Tuscany") in 1847 and the Luccan lira was replaced by the [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino "Tuscan fiorino") at a rate of 1 fiorino \= {{frac\|1\|2\|3}} Tuscan lire \= 2 Luccan lire. In 1826, coins were introduced in denominations of q.1, q.2 and q.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 soldi, and 1 and 2 lire. The quattrini denominations and the s.1 were struck in copper, with the higher denominations in silver.
### Piedmontese scudo
[thumb\|[Piedmontese scudo](/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo "Piedmontese scudo"), 1814](/wiki/File:Scudo_Vittorio_Emanuele_I%2C_1814.jpg "Scudo Vittorio Emanuele I, 1814.jpg")
The [Piedmontese scudo](/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo "Piedmontese scudo") ([plural](/wiki/Plural "Plural"): scudi) was the currency of the [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont") and the other mainland parts of the [Savoyard](/wiki/House_of_Savoy "House of Savoy") [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia "Kingdom of Sardinia") from 1755 to 1816\. It was subdivided into 6 *lire* ([singular](/wiki/Grammatical_number "Grammatical number"): *lira*), each of 20 *soldi* or 240 *denari*. The *doppia* was worth 2 scudi. During the [Subalpine Republic](/wiki/Subalpine_Republic "Subalpine Republic") and French occupation (1800–1814\), the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") circulated, supplemented by a small number of locally produced coins. The scudo was replaced by the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira "Sardinian lira").
In the late 18th century, copper 2 denari, [billon](/wiki/Billon_%28alloy%29 "Billon (alloy)") ½, 1, 2½ and 7½ soldi, silver ¼, ½ and 1 scudo, and gold ¼, ½, 1, and 2½ doppia coins circulated. In the 1790s, copper 1 and 5 soldi, and billon 10, 15 and 20 soldi were added.{{Cite web\|url\=https://numispedia.it/\|title\=numispedia\|author\=Salvatore Celli\|website\=numispedia.it\|language\=it\|access\-date\=20 April 2021}} The Piedmont Republic issued silver ¼ and ½ scudo in 1799\. This was followed in 1800 by bronze 2 soldi struck in the name of the "Piedmont Nation" (*Nazione Piemontese*).
### Tuscan lira
[thumb\|10 [Tuscan lire](/wiki/Tuscan_lira "Tuscan lira"), 1803](/wiki/File:Dena.jpg "Dena.jpg")
The [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira "Tuscan lira") (plural: lire) was the currency of the [Grand Duchy of Tuscany](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany "Grand Duchy of Tuscany") until its annexation by [Napoleonic France](/wiki/Napoleonic_France "Napoleonic France") in 1807\. After that year, it unofficially remained in circulation thanks to its silver value until the restoration of Tuscan independence in 1814\. It was finally abolished in 1826\. It was subdivided into 20 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo "Soldo")*, each of 3 *quattrini* or 12 *denari* (singular: *soldo*, *quattrino*, *denaro*). Other denominations included the *[crazia](/wiki/Crazia "Crazia")* worth q.5; the *grosso* worth q.20; the *[paolo](/wiki/Paolo_%28coin%29 "Paolo (coin)")* worth q.40 or {{frac\|2\|3}}{{nbsp}}lira; the *testone* worth 3 paoli; and the crown\-sized *francescone* worth 10 paoli or {{frac\|6\|2\|3}}{{nbsp}}lire.
In 1803 the Tuscan lira was equivalent to 0\.84 [French francs](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"), 0\.84 [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira"), or 3\.78 grams of fine silver. In 1826 it was replaced by the [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino "Tuscan fiorino") worth 100 quattrini or {{frac\|1\|2\|3}}{{nbsp}}lira. In the late 18th century, copper coins circulated in denominations of q.1, q.2, and s.1, together with [billon](/wiki/Billon_%28alloy%29 "Billon (alloy)") q.10 and silver {{frac\|1\|2}}, 1, 2, 5 and 10 paoli. In the early 19th century, copper s.{{frac\|1\|2}} and s.2 were added, together with silver 1{{nbsp}}lira and 10{{nbsp}}lire. The 10\-lira coin was known as dena and the 5\-lira coin was known as meza\-dena ("half\-dena").{{cite book \|title\=The Merchants' Handbook \|year\=1872 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=PxgDn3HStEEC\&pg\=PA46 \|pages\=46{{ndash}}50 \|first\=William Alfred \|last\= Browne \|edition\=Second \|publisher\=Edward Stanford \|location\=London}}
### Sicilian piastra
[thumb\|[Sicilian piastra](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra "Sicilian piastra"), 1805](/wiki/File:Piastra_1805.jpg "Piastra 1805.jpg")
The [Sicilian piastra](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra "Sicilian piastra") was the distinct currency of the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily "Kingdom of Sicily") until 1815\. To distinguish it from the piastra issued on the mainland Kingdom of Sicily (also known as the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples")), it is referred to as the "Sicilian piastra" as opposed to the "Neapolitan piastra". These two piastra were equal, but were subdivided differently. The Sicilian piastra was subdivided into 12 *[tarì](/wiki/Tar%C3%AC "Tarì")*, each of 20 *grana* or 120 *piccoli*. The *[oncia](/wiki/Oncia "Oncia")* was worth 30 tarì (2½ piastra).
In 1815, a single piastra currency was introduced for the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Two_Sicilies "Two Sicilies"), the [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra "Two Sicilies piastra"). From a Riveli in 1607 [Catania](/wiki/Catania "Catania"), also a Riveli in 1811 [Avola](/wiki/Avola "Avola"), the Sicilian money system can be readily extracted. It was:\-
1 onze \= 30 Tari, 1 Taro \= 20 Grani, 1 Grano \= 6 piccioli.
On both of these historic documents, the denomination piastra was not used.
A Sicilian coin commonly available for sale today is the 120 grana silver piece, weighing an ounce. It is called, in the supplementary description of this silver piece, one piastre.
However, in 1823 [George Crabb](/wiki/George_Crabb_%28writer%29 "George Crabb (writer)"), in his *Universal Technological Dictionary* Volume 2, in addition to supporting the above relative values of onze, tari and grani in accounting, lists 120 grani as equivalent to one florino. Crabb also lists the ponto, the carlino, the [ducat](/wiki/Ducat "Ducat") and the scudo or crown and their equivalence to the grano, however no mention of the piastre.{{Cite book\|first\=George\|last\=Crabb\|title\=Universal Technological Dictionary: Or, Familiar Explanations of the Terms Used in All Arts and Sciences\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=xIoSAAAAIAAJ\|access\-date\=15 January 2021\|date\=1823\|publisher\=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy\|volume\=2}}
### Neapolitan piastra
[thumb\|left\|Neapolitan 120 grana (1 [Neapolitan piastra](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra "Neapolitan piastra")) coin, 1805](/wiki/File:Piastra_1805.jpg "Piastra 1805.jpg")
The [Neapolitan piastra](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra "Neapolitan piastra") was the most common silver coin of the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples"). To distinguish it from the piastra issued on the island of Sicily, it is referred to as the "Neapolitan piastra" as opposed to the "[Sicilian piastra](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra "Sicilian piastra")".
These two piastra were equal but were subdivided differently. The Neapolitan piastra was divided into 120 *grana* (singular: *grano*), each of 2 *tornesi* (singular: *tornese*) or 12 *cavalli* (singular: *cavallo*). There were also the *carlino* worth 10 grana and the *ducato* worth 100 grana.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.eleaml.org/sud/den\_spada/ducati.html\|title\=VALORE CORRENTE DELLE MONETE DEL REGNO DELLE DUE SICILIE\|access\-date\=6 October 2023\|language\=it}}
In 1812, the [Neapolitan lira](/wiki/Neapolitan_lira "Neapolitan lira") was introduced by the occupying French in an attempt to decimalize the Neapolitan currency units. However, the attempt failed, and the decimalization was limited to changing the value of the *cavallo* to one tenth of a *grano*. After the restoration of [Bourbon](/wiki/House_of_Bourbon "House of Bourbon") control, a single currency was issued for the whole of the [Two Sicilies](/wiki/Two_Sicilies "Two Sicilies"), the [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra "Two Sicilies piastra"). This new piastra was subdivided in the same way as the Neapolitan piastra.
### Two Sicilies piastra
[thumb\|Silver Two Sicilies 120 grana (1 [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra "Two Sicilies piastra")), 1834](/wiki/File:120_Grana_Ferdinan_1834.png "120 Grana Ferdinan 1834.png")
The [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra "Two Sicilies piastra") was the coinage system or currency of the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies") between 1815 and 1860\. It was subdivided into 120 *grana* (singular: *grano*), each of 2 *tornesi* (singular: *tornese*). Accounts were kept in *ducato*, worth 100 grana.[*A Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy* (1868\)](https://books.google.com/books?id=poU2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR40) The subdivision and the coinage of the currency were simplified with respect to the pre\-Napoleonic era: only three denominations survived. The [ducat](/wiki/Ducat "Ducat") proper was the name of the gold coins, and curiously it did not exist as a single unit; the *grana* ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number "Singular number"): *grano*) was the name of the silver coins, itself also not existing as a single unit; the *tornesel* (Italian: *tornese*) was the name of the copper coins, which were worth half a *grana*. Accounts were kept in ducats, each of 100 grana or 200 tornesels.[*A Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy* (1868\)](https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfortra37firgoog)
The *piastra* was the unofficial name of the biggest silver coin, which had a value of 120 grana. When the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") replaced the coinage of the House of Bourbon in 1861, a rate of 1 piastra \= 5\.1 lire was established.
### Neapolitan lira
[thumb\|Neapolitan ½ lira, 1813](/wiki/File:Murat_mezza_lira_1813_768769.jpg "Murat mezza lira 1813 768769.jpg")
The [Neapolitan lira](/wiki/Neapolitan_lira "Neapolitan lira") was the currency of the mainland part of the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies "Kingdom of the Two Sicilies"), known as the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples "Kingdom of Naples"), between 1812 and 1815\.{{Cite book\|author\=Lodovico Bianchini\|title\=Della storia delle finanze del Regno di Napoli\|year\=1835\|publisher\=Tipografia Flautina\|page\=862\|volume\=3\|language\=it}}{{No ISBN}} The currency was issued by [Joachim Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat "Joachim Murat"), who claimed the title of "King of the Two Sicilies" but only controlled the mainland part of the kingdom. Consequently, the currency is referred to as the "Neapolitan lira". It was subdivided into 100 *centesimi* ([singular](/wiki/Grammatical_number "Grammatical number"): *centesimo*) and was equal to the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") and [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"). It replaced the [piastra](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra "Neapolitan piastra"), which circulated again following the restoration of [Bourbon](/wiki/House_of_Bourbon "House of Bourbon") rule.
Coins were issued in denominations of 3, 5 and 10 centesimi, ½, 1, 2, 5, 20 and 40 lire. The centesimi denominations were struck in bronze, the lire coins up to 5 lire were in silver and the higher denominations were in gold. All the coins bore the head of name [Joachim Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat "Joachim Murat") and his adopted Italian name, "Gioacchino Napoleone".
### Sardinian lira
[left\|thumb\|[Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira "Sardinian lira"), 1828](/wiki/File:Carlo_Felice_1_lira_genova.jpg "Carlo Felice 1 lira genova.jpg")
The [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira "Sardinian lira") was the currency of the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia "Kingdom of Sardinia") between August 6, 1816, and March 17, 1861\. It was subdivided into 100 *centesimi* (singular *centesimo*) and was equal in value to the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") (4\.5 grams of silver), which had previously been used as the currency of the Kingdom of Sardinia, having replaced the [Piedmontese scudo](/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo "Piedmontese scudo") by 1801\.
Since the Sardinian lira was little more than another version of the French franc, it could circulate also in France, and the French coins could circulate in [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont "Piedmont") (the mainland part of the Kingdom of Sardinia). The Sardinian lira was replaced at par by the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") in 1861, as a consequence of the process of [Italian unification](/wiki/Italian_unification "Italian unification").{{cite web\|url\=https://www.mamoiada.org/\_pdf/\_lagente/\_comeravamo/Monete.pdf\|title\=MONETE CIRCOLANTI LIRA SARDA E ITALIANA DA METÁ 1800 SINO AL 1900 E NOMI IN MAMOIADINO\|access\-date\=6 October 2023\|language\=it}} Similar to the majority of 19th century currencies, the Sardinian lira was not affected by significant episodes of inflation during all its existence.
On each coin, the ruling monarch was styled in [Latin](/wiki/Latin_language "Latin language") as *King of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem by the Grace of God* on the front side, and *Duke of Savoy, Genoa and Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont et cetera* on the back side.
### Roman scudo
[thumb\|[Roman scudo](/wiki/Roman_scudo "Roman scudo"), 1846](/wiki/File:Papal_scudo_%28Sede_vacante_1846%29_651183.jpg "Papal scudo (Sede vacante 1846) 651183.jpg")
The [Roman scudo](/wiki/Roman_scudo "Roman scudo") ([plural](/wiki/Plural "Plural"): scudi romani) was the currency of the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States") until from 1835 to 1866\. It was subdivided into 100 baiocchi ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number "Singular number"): baiocco), each of 5 quattrini ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number "Singular number"): quattrino). Other denominations included the grosso of 5 baiocchi, the carlino of {{frac\|7\|1\|2}} baiocchi, the giulio and paoli both of 10 baiocchi, the testone of 30 baiocchi and the doppia of 3 scudi. In 1866, the scudo was replaced by the [Papal lira](/wiki/Papal_States_lira "Papal States lira"), equivalent to the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira"), when the Papal States joined the [Latin Monetary Union](/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union "Latin Monetary Union"). The exchange rate used was 5\.375 lire \= 1 scudo.{{cite thesis \|url\=http://www.tesionline.it/\_\_PDF/9525/9525p.pdf \|title\=il mercato borsistico romano\|author\= \|lang\=it}}
In addition to issues for the Papal States as a whole, the currency was also issued by many of the individual municipalities. In the late 18th century, this included issues from [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona "Ancona"), [Ascoli](/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno "Ascoli Piceno"), [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna"), [Civitavecchia](/wiki/Civitavecchia "Civitavecchia"), [Fano](/wiki/Fano "Fano"), [Fermo](/wiki/Fermo "Fermo"), [Foligno](/wiki/Foligno "Foligno"), [Gubbio](/wiki/Gubbio "Gubbio"), [Macerata](/wiki/Macerata "Macerata"), [Matelica](/wiki/Matelica "Matelica"), [Montalto](/wiki/Montalto_delle_Marche "Montalto delle Marche"), [Pergola](/wiki/Pergola%2C_Italy "Pergola, Italy"), [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia "Perugia"), [Ronciglione](/wiki/Ronciglione "Ronciglione"), [San Severino](/wiki/San_Severino_Marche "San Severino Marche"), [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto "Spoleto"), [Terni](/wiki/Terni "Terni"), [Tivoli](/wiki/Tivoli%2C_Italy "Tivoli, Italy") and [Viterbo](/wiki/Viterbo "Viterbo"). Uniquely in [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna "Bologna") the baiocco, also known as the *[bolognino](/wiki/Bolognino "Bolognino")*, was subdivided into 6 quattrini. In 1808, the Papal States were annexed by France, and the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") circulated officially. When the Pope's authority was restored in 1814, the scudo was restored as the currency. However, outside Rome solely the coinage of Bologna was resumed. In 1849, another [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2819th_century%29 "Roman Republic (19th century)") was established which issued coins centrally and in Ancona.
### Tuscan florin
[thumb\|right\|[Tuscan florin](/wiki/Tuscan_florin "Tuscan florin"), 1856\.](/wiki/File:Fiorino_1856.jpg "Fiorino 1856.jpg")
The [Tuscan florin](/wiki/Tuscan_florin "Tuscan florin") was the currency of [Tuscany](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany "Grand Duchy of Tuscany") between 1826 and 1859\. It was subdivided into 100 *quattrini* (singular: *quattrino*), with an additional denomination called the *paolo*, worth 40 quattrini, in circulation.
During the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars"), Tuscany was annexed by France and the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") was introduced, together with its satellite [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira"). The previous lira did not disappear, creating a big confusion between the old Tuscan lira and the new Italian lira. So, when [Duke](/wiki/Duke "Duke") [Leopold II](/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Tuscany "Leopold II of Tuscany") rose to power in 1824, he decided to introduce a new basic currency. The Tuscan florin replaced the [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira "Tuscan lira") at a rate of {{frac\|1\|2\|3}} lire \= 1 Tuscan florin.This fact was quite obvious, because the pound was equivalent to 240 denari or 60 quattrini, while the Tuscan florin was equivalent to 100 quattrini or 400 denari.
In 1847, Tuscany absorbed [Lucca](/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca "Duchy of Lucca") and the Tuscan florin replaced the [Luccan lira](/wiki/Luccan_lira "Luccan lira") at a rate of 1 Tuscan florin \= 2 lire. After a brief revolutionary coinage, the Tuscan florin was replaced in 1859 by a provisional currency denominated in "[Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira")", equal to the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira "Sardinian lira"), with 1 Tuscan florin \= 1\.4 Italian lire.
### Lombardo\-Venetian lira
[thumb\|[Lombardy\-Venetia florin](/wiki/Lombardy-Venetia_florin "Lombardy-Venetia florin"), 1824](/wiki/File:Fiorino%2C_3_lire_austriache_1824.jpg "Fiorino, 3 lire austriache 1824.jpg")
The [Lombardo\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira "Lombardo-Venetian lira") (or lira; plural: lire) was the currency of the [Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia") between 1822 and 1861\. The lira was made of 4\.33 grams of silver (with 9/10 of purity). Six lire were equal to the scudo which was equivalent to the Austrian *[Conventionsthaler](/wiki/Conventionsthaler "Conventionsthaler")*, hence they had no relation to the former currencies the [Venetian lira](/wiki/Venetian_lira "Venetian lira") and the [Milanese scudo](/wiki/Milanese_scudo "Milanese scudo"). The lira was divided into 100 centesimi (cents). Coins were minted in Milan and Venice.{{cite book\| last\= Gigante \| first\= Fabio \| title\= Monete italiane dal '700 all'avvento dell'euro\|publisher\= Gigante\|year\= 2017\|isbn\=978\-88\-89805\-18\-3\|language\=it\|page\=279}}
During the revolutions of 1848, the Lombard Provisional Government briefly suspended the production of the lira and minted instead a special 5 Italian lire coin. After the revolutions and the restoration of the Austrian monetary standard, copper coins were reduced in weight. For political purposes the name on these coins (the most popular in circulation) was changed from [Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia "Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia") to the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire "Austrian Empire").
### Lombardy\-Venetia florin
{{multiple image
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\| image1 \= RLV 1 soldo 1862 A reverse.jpg
\| width1 \= 110
\| alt1 \=
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\| image2 \= RLV 1 soldo 1862 A obverse.jpg
\| width2 \= 110
\| alt2 \=
\| caption2 \=
\| footer \= 1 Lombardy\-Venetia soldo (0,01 \[\[Lombardy\-Venetia florin]]s), 1862\.
}}
The [Lombardy\-Venetia florin](/wiki/Lombardy-Venetia_florin "Lombardy-Venetia florin") was the currency of [Lombardy\-Venetia](/wiki/Lombardy-Venetia "Lombardy-Venetia") (reduced to the sole Venetia three years before) between 1862 and 1866\. It replaced the [Lombardo\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira "Lombardo-Venetian lira") at a rate of 1 florin \= 3 lire.{{cite book\|title\=Rivista italiana di Numismatica\|url\=http://www.socnumit.org/doc/VDI/VDI1958RIN\_MonLombVen.pdf\|publisher\=Società Numismatica Italiana\|year\=1958\|volume\=6\|page\=87\|language\=it}} The florin was equivalent to the [Austro\-Hungarian florin](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin "Austro-Hungarian florin"). Although it was subdivided into 100 *soldi* rather than 100 [kreutzers](/wiki/Kreuzer "Kreuzer"), Austrian coins circulated in Venetia.
The only coins issued specifically for Venetia were copper {{frac\|2}} and 1 soldo pieces. The name soldo was chosen due to the equivalence of the predecimal kreutzer and soldo, both worth {{frac\|120}} of a [Conventionsthaler](/wiki/Conventionsthaler "Conventionsthaler").
The florin was replaced by the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") at the rate of 1 lira \= {{frac\|40\|1\|2}} soldi (1 florin \= 2\.469 lire). This rate corresponded to the comparative silver contents of the lira and florin coins.
### Papal lira
[thumb\|5 Papal lire, 1867](/wiki/File:5_lire_pontificie_1867.jpg "5 lire pontificie 1867.jpg")
The [Papal lira](/wiki/Papal_lira "Papal lira") was the currency of the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States") between 1866 and 1870\. It was subdivided into 20 *soldi*, each of 5 *centesimi*. In 1866 [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX "Pope Pius IX"), whose temporal domain had been reduced to only the province of [Latium](/wiki/Latium "Latium"), decided to join the [Latin Monetary Union](/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union "Latin Monetary Union").{{cite book\| last\= Montenegro \| first\= Eupremio \| title\= Manuale del collezionista di monete italiane \| publisher\= Edizioni Montenegro \| year \= 2008\|isbn \= 978\-88\-88894\-03\-4 \|language\= it}} A new currency, the lira, was introduced with the same value of the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") and the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira").
It replaced the [scudo](/wiki/Roman_scudo "Roman scudo") at a rate of 5\.375{{nbsp}}lire \= 1{{nbsp}}scudo. The lira was subdivided into 100 [centesimi](/wiki/Cent_%28currency%29 "Cent (currency)") and, differently from the other currencies of the union, into 20 [soldi](/wiki/Shilling "Shilling"). However, all denomination in soldo had an equivalence in cents. However, after joining the Union, the Pope's treasurer, [Giacomo Antonelli](/wiki/Giacomo_Antonelli "Giacomo Antonelli"), devalued the purity of the Papal silver coins from 900/1000 to 835/1000\.{{cite book \|first\=S (a cura di)\|last\=Pinchera \|title \=Monete e zecche nello stato pontificio dalla restaurazione al 1870 \|trans\-title\=Coins and mints in the papal state from the restoration to 1870 \|series\=Archivio economico dell’unificazione italiana \|volume\=V, fasc. 3 \|location\=Roma \|date\=1957}} (cited in {{cite thesis \|title\=La borsa di Roma dal 1847 al 1860 \|trans\-title\=The Rome Stock Exchange from 1847 to 1860 \|url\=http://www.tesionline.it/\_\_PDF/9525/9525p.pdf \|first\= Marinella \|last\=Rossi\|lang\=it \|date\=2013 \|page\=1 \|publisher\=Tesionline}} (first degree thesis)) With the annexation of the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States") to Italy in 1870, the Papal lira was replaced by the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") at par.
### Italian lira (Napoleonic)
[thumb\|Silver 1 Lira depicting [Napoleon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I "Napoleon I"), 1812](/wiki/File:1_lira_napoleonica.jpg "1 lira napoleonica.jpg")
[thumb\|Gold 20 Lire depicting [Napoleon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I "Napoleon I"), 1808](/wiki/File:20_lire_1808_Napoleone.jpg "20 lire 1808 Napoleone.jpg")
The [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29 "Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)") introduced the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") in 1807 at par with the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"), worth 4\.5 grams of fine silver or 0\.29032 gram of fine gold (gold\-silver ratio 15\.5\). Despite the kingdom's fall in 1814, this new lira eventually replaced the currencies of the different Italian states until [their unification in 1861](/wiki/Unification_of_Italy "Unification of Italy"), replacing, among others:
* The [Piedmontese scudo](/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo "Piedmontese scudo"), [Sardinian scudo](/wiki/Sardinian_scudo "Sardinian scudo") and the [Genoese lira](/wiki/Genoese_lira "Genoese lira") after 1800, by the Italian lira;
* The [Milanese lira](/wiki/Milanese_scudo "Milanese scudo"), [Venetian lira](/wiki/Venetian_lira "Venetian lira"), [Lombardo\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira "Lombardo-Venetian lira") and [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira "Parman lira") after 1814, at the rate of 270 Milanese lire \= 45 Milanese scudi \= 405 Venetian lire \= 855 Parman lire \= 207\.23 Italian lire;{{cite book \|title\=The Universal Cambist, and Commercial Instructor: Being a Full and Accurate Treatise on the Exchanges, Monies, Weights and Measures of All Trading Nations and Their Colonies; with an Account of Their Banks, Public Funds, and Paper Currencies, Volume 1 \|first\=Patrick \|last\=Kelly \|date\=1821 \|publisher\=Lackington Allen and Co. \|location\=London\| chapter\=Venice \|page\=344 \|chapter\-url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=MJnPAAAAMAAJ\&pg\=PA344}} See also Milan p 254; Parma p 275
* The [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino "Tuscan fiorino") and the [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira "Tuscan lira") in 1859, at 1 *francescone* \= 4 *fiorini* \= {{frac\|6\|2\|3}} Tuscan lire \= 5\.6 Italian lire;
* The [piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra "Two Sicilies piastra") of [Naples](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra "Neapolitan piastra") and [Sicily](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra "Sicilian piastra") in 1861, at 1 *piastra* \= 1\.2 *ducat di regno* \= 5\.1 [Neapolitan lire](/wiki/Neapolitan_lira "Neapolitan lira"), the latter at par with the Italian lira; and
* The [scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo "Papal States scudo") of Rome and the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States") in 1866, at 1 scudo \= 5\.375 [Papal lire](/wiki/Papal_lira "Papal lira"), the latter at par with the Italian lira.
The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy issued coins between 1807 and 1813 in denominations of 1 and 3 centesimi and 1 [soldo](/wiki/Soldo "Soldo") (5 centesimi) in copper, c.10 in 20% silver alloy, s.5, s.10 and s.15 (or c.25, c.50 and c.75 centesimi), 1 lira, 2 lire and 5 lire in 90% silver and 20 lire and 40 lire in 90% gold. All except the c.10 bore a portrait of [Napoleon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I "Napoleon I"), with the denominations below 1 lira also showing a [radiate crown](/wiki/Radiate_crown "Radiate crown") and the higher denominations, a shield representing the various constituent territories of the Kingdom.
After the end of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1814, the lira remained present only in the [Duchy of Parma](/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma "Duchy of Parma") and the [Kingdom of Piedmont\-Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia "Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia"). The lira of Parma was introduced by Duchess [Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma](/wiki/Marie_Louise%2C_Duchess_of_Parma "Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma"), who issued coin denominations of 1, 3, 5, 25, 50 cents and 1, 2, 5, 20 and 40 lire,{{Cite book \| last \= Gigante \| first \= Fabio \| title \= Catalogo Gigante \- Monete italiane dal '700 all'avvento dell'euro\|publisher \= Gigante\|year \= 2017\|isbn\= 978\-88\-89805\-18\-3\|pages\=324–329\|language\=it}} while gold coins of 10, 50, 80 and 100 lire were also minted from the Piedmont\-Sardinia lira introduced by [Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Savoy "Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy").{{Cite book \| last \= Gigante \| first \= Fabio \| title \= Catalogo Gigante \- Monete italiane dal '700 all'avvento dell'euro\|publisher \= Gigante\|year \= 2017\|isbn\= 978\-88\-89805\-18\-3\|pages\=52–79\|language\=it}}
|
[
"Modern era\n----------",
"The early modern Italian coins were very similar in style to French francs, especially in decimals, since it was ruled by the country in the [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy \"Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy\"). They corresponded to a value of 0\\.29 grams of gold or 4\\.5 grams of silver.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/welcome.htm\\|title\\=Italian coins\\|website\\=ilmarengo.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2017\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808023109/http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/welcome.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Papal States scudo",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Papal States doppia (3 [Papal States scudi](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo \"Papal States scudo\")) with [Pope Pius VII](/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII \"Pope Pius VII\") depicted, {{circa\\|1800–1823}}.](/wiki/File:Pius_VII_Doppia_1817.jpg \"Pius VII Doppia 1817.jpg\")\nThe [Papal States scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo \"Papal States scudo\") ([plural](/wiki/Plural \"Plural\"): *scudi*) was the coinage system used in the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States \"Papal States\") until 1866\\. It was subdivided into 100 *baiocchi* ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number \"Singular number\"): *baiocco*), each of 5 *quattrini* ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number \"Singular number\"): *quattrino*). Other denominations included the *grosso* of 5 baiocchi, the *carlino* of {{frac\\|7\\|1\\|2}} baiocchi, the *giulio* and *paoli* both of 10 baiocchi, the *testone* of 30 baiocchi and the *doppia* of 3 scudi.",
"Between 1798 and 1799, the [revolutionary French forces](/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars \"French Revolutionary Wars\") established the [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2818th_century%29 \"Roman Republic (18th century)\"), which issued coins denominated in baiocco and scudo. In addition, the states of Ancona, Civitavecchia, Clitunno, Foligno, Gubbio, Pergola and Perugia changed their coinage system to that of the Roman Republic. The popes entrusted the production of the [coining](/wiki/Coining_%28mint%29 \"Coining (mint)\") to the best artists of the time.{{Cite book\\|title\\= La moneta: vocabolario generale\\|author \\= Edoardo Martinori\\|url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=1RdBAQAAMAAJ\\|publisher\\= Istituto italiano di numismatica\\|year\\= 1915\\|access\\-date \\= 20 March 2023\\|language\\=it}}",
"In 1808, the Papal States were annexed by France, and [French francs](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") circulated as the official coins. When the Pope's authority was restored in 1814, the scudo was restored as the currency. However, the coinage of the individual states was not resumed. In 1849, another [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2819th_century%29 \"Roman Republic (19th century)\") was established which issued coins centrally and in Ancona.",
"In 1866, the scudo was replaced by the [lira](/wiki/Papal_States_lira \"Papal States lira\"), equivalent to the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\"). The exchange rate used was 5\\.375 lire \\= 1 scudo.{{cite book \\|first\\=S (a cura di)\\|last\\=Pinchera \\|title \\=Monete e zecche nello stato pontificio dalla restaurazione al 1870 \\|trans\\-title\\=Coins and mints in the papal state from the restoration to 1870 \\|series\\=Archivio economico dell’unificazione italiana \\|volume\\=V, fasc. 3 \\|location\\=Roma \\|date\\=1957}} (cited in {{cite thesis \\|title\\=La borsa di Roma dal 1847 al 1860 \\|trans\\-title\\=The Rome Stock Exchange from 1847 to 1860 \\|url\\=http://www.tesionline.it/\\_\\_PDF/9525/9525p.pdf \\|first\\=Marinella \\|last\\=Rossi \\|lang\\=it \\|date\\=2013 \\|page\\=1 \\|publisher\\=Tesionline \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 September 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193629/http://www.tesionline.it/\\_\\_PDF/9525/9525p.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} (first degree thesis))",
"### Parman lira",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Half [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira \"Parman lira\"), 1815](/wiki/File:Maria_Luigia_10_soldi_768767.jpg \"Maria Luigia 10 soldi 768767.jpg\")\nThe [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira \"Parman lira\") was [Parma](/wiki/Parma \"Parma\")'s official currency before 1802, and later revived from 1815 to 1859\\. The [Duchy of Parma](/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma \"Duchy of Parma\") had its own coinage system until it was made a part of France in 1802\\. This lira was subdivided into 20 *soldi* ([singular](/wiki/Grammatical_number \"Grammatical number\"): *soldo*), each of 12 *denari* (singular: *denaro*), with the *sesino* worth 6 denari and the *ducato* was worth 7 lire. The currency was replaced by the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\").",
"After the re\\-establishment of Parman independence, the Parman currency system was introduced in 1815\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bancaditalia.it/servizi\\-cittadino/musei\\-collezioni/mostra\\-moneta/esplora/stanza\\-a/cronologia/index.html?dotcache\\=refresh\\|title\\=Cronologia\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2023\\|language\\=it}} Also called the lira, it was subdivided into 20 *soldi* or 100 *centesimi*. However, this lira was equal to the French franc and the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira \"Sardinian lira\"), and it circulated alongside the latter. It weighed 5 grams, and had a purity of 9/10 of silver. Since 1861, Parma has used the equivalent [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\").",
"### Sardinian scudo",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Half [Sardinian scudo](/wiki/Sardinian_scudo \"Sardinian scudo\"), 1770](/wiki/File:Mezzo_Scudo_Carlo_Emmanuele_III%2C_1770.jpg \"Mezzo Scudo Carlo Emmanuele III, 1770.jpg\")\nThe [Sardinian scudo](/wiki/Sardinian_scudo \"Sardinian scudo\") ([plural](/wiki/Plural \"Plural\"): *scudi*) was the currency of the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia \"Kingdom of Sardinia\") from 1720 to 1816\\. It was subdivided into 2½ *lire* ([singular](/wiki/Grammatical_number \"Grammatical number\"): *lira*), each of 4 *reales*, 20 *soldi*, 120 *[cagliarese](/wiki/Cagliarese \"Cagliarese\")* or 240 *denari*. The *doppietta* was worth 2 scudi. It was replaced by the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira \"Sardinian lira\").",
"In the late 18th century, coins circulated in denominations of 1 and 3 cagliarese, 1 soldo, ½ and 1 reale, ¼, ½ and 1 scudo, 1, 2½ and 5 doppietta. The cagliarese denominations were struck in copper, the soldo and reale in [billon](/wiki/Billon_%28alloy%29 \"Billon (alloy)\"), the scudo in silver and the doppietta in gold.{{numis cite SCWC\\|date\\=1979}}",
"### Two Sicilies oncia",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Sicilian oncia, 1742](/wiki/File:Carlo_III_onza_671959.jpg \"Carlo III onza 671959.jpg\")\nIn southern Italy, the [oncia](/wiki/Oncia \"Oncia\") (plural oncie or once) or onza (pl. onze) was a [unit of account](/wiki/Unit_of_account \"Unit of account\") during the [Middle Ages](/wiki/Middle_Ages \"Middle Ages\") and later a [gold coin](/wiki/Gold_coin \"Gold coin\") minted between 1732 and 1860\\. It was also minted in the southern Italian territories of the [Spanish Empire](/wiki/Spanish_Empire \"Spanish Empire\"), and a silver coin of the same value was minted by the [Knights of Malta](/wiki/Knights_of_Malta \"Knights of Malta\"). The name is derived from the ancient Roman *[uncia](/wiki/Uncia_%28coin%29 \"Uncia (coin)\")*. It may sometimes be translated ounce.",
"In the medieval kingdoms of [Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\") and [Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\"), one oncia was equivalent to 30 [tarì](/wiki/Tar%C3%AC \"Tarì\"), 600 *grani* and 3600 *denari* (pennies). Conventionally, a sum of money is indicated by numbers of *oncie*, *tarì*, *grani* and *denari* separated by full stops, thus 2\\.2\\.15\\.1 indicates 2 *oncie*, two *tarì*, 15 *grani* and 1 *denaro*. Although the *oncia* was never minted in the Middle Ages, it was the basic unit of account. The lesser denominations were minted, as was the [ducat](/wiki/Ducat \"Ducat\") (six of which equalled an *oncia*) and the *[carlino](/wiki/Gigliato \"Gigliato\")* (60 to the *oncia*).Eleni Sakellariou, *Southern Italy in the Late Middle Ages: Demographic, Institutional and Economic Change in the Kingdom of Naples, c.1440–c.1530* (Brill, 2012\\), p. 492\\.Stephan R. Epstein, *An Island for Itself: Economic Development and Social Change in Late Medieval Sicily* (Cambridge University Press, 1992\\), p. xii. [Frederick II](/wiki/Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor \"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor\") introduced the *[augustalis](/wiki/Augustalis \"Augustalis\")*, which was a quarter of an *oncia*.Donald Matthew, *The Norman Kingdom of Sicily* (Cambridge University Press, 1992\\), p. xi.",
"### Two Sicilies tornesel",
"[thumb\\|Two Sicilies tornesel, 1827](/wiki/File:5_tornesi_Francesco_I.jpg \"5 tornesi Francesco I.jpg\")",
"The [tornesel](/wiki/Tornesel \"Tornesel\"), tornesol, or {{lang\\|it\\|tornese}} was a silver coin of Europe in the [Late Middle Ages](/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages \"Late Middle Ages\") and the [early modern era](/wiki/Early_modern_period \"Early modern period\"). It took its name from the *{{lang\\|fr\\|denier tournois}}*, the {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[French denier\\|denier]]}} of [Tours](/wiki/Tours \"Tours\").",
"[Marco Polo](/wiki/Marco_Polo \"Marco Polo\") referred to the tornesel in recounts of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the [Yuan Empire](/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty \"Yuan Dynasty\").[Henry Yule](/wiki/Henry_Yule \"Henry Yule\"). [*The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule\\-Cordier Edition*](http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/y#a5823). Third edition (1903\\), revised and updated by [Henri Cordier](/wiki/Henri_Cordier \"Henri Cordier\"). Plain Label Books. p. 1226\\-27\\. ({{ISBN\\|1603036156}})",
"His descriptions were based on the conversion of 1 [bezant](/wiki/Bezant \"Bezant\") \\= 20 [groats](/wiki/Groat_%28coin%29 \"Groat (coin)\") \\= {{sfrac\\|133\\|1\\|3}} tornesel. The *{{lang\\|it\\|tornese}}* was a subunit of the [Neapolitan](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra \"Neapolitan piastra\"), [Sicilian](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra \"Sicilian piastra\"), and [Two Sicilies ducats](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_ducat \"Two Sicilies ducat\").",
"### Luccan lira",
"[thumb\\|[Luccan lira](/wiki/Luccan_lira \"Luccan lira\"), 1838](/wiki/File:Lira_di_Lucca_1838.jpg \"Lira di Lucca 1838.jpg\")\nThe [Luccan lira](/wiki/Luccan_lira \"Luccan lira\") (plural: *lire*) was the currency of the [Republic of Lucca](/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca \"Republic of Lucca\") until 1800 and again of the [Duchy of Lucca](/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca \"Duchy of Lucca\") between 1826 and 1847\\. It was subdivided into 20 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo \"Soldo\")*, each of 3 *quattrini* or 12 *denari*. The lira circulated until 1800, when the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") was introduced, accompanied by the [Luccan franc](/wiki/Luccan_franc \"Luccan franc\") from 1805\\. After [Napoleon](/wiki/Napoleon \"Napoleon\")'s fall, the Luccan State remained without an official currency, using both old francs and [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira \"Tuscan lira\") and [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino \"Tuscan fiorino\"). The Luccan lira reappeared in 1826 by order of [Duke Charles Louis](/wiki/Charles_II_of_Parma \"Charles II of Parma\"), replacing all circulating currencies.{{numis cite SCWC\\|date\\=1991}}",
"The Luccan lira contained less silver than the [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira \"Tuscan lira\") had. [Lucca](/wiki/Lucca \"Lucca\") was absorbed by [Tuscany](/wiki/Tuscany \"Tuscany\") in 1847 and the Luccan lira was replaced by the [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino \"Tuscan fiorino\") at a rate of 1 fiorino \\= {{frac\\|1\\|2\\|3}} Tuscan lire \\= 2 Luccan lire. In 1826, coins were introduced in denominations of q.1, q.2 and q.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 soldi, and 1 and 2 lire. The quattrini denominations and the s.1 were struck in copper, with the higher denominations in silver.",
"### Piedmontese scudo",
"[thumb\\|[Piedmontese scudo](/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo \"Piedmontese scudo\"), 1814](/wiki/File:Scudo_Vittorio_Emanuele_I%2C_1814.jpg \"Scudo Vittorio Emanuele I, 1814.jpg\")",
"The [Piedmontese scudo](/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo \"Piedmontese scudo\") ([plural](/wiki/Plural \"Plural\"): scudi) was the currency of the [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\") and the other mainland parts of the [Savoyard](/wiki/House_of_Savoy \"House of Savoy\") [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia \"Kingdom of Sardinia\") from 1755 to 1816\\. It was subdivided into 6 *lire* ([singular](/wiki/Grammatical_number \"Grammatical number\"): *lira*), each of 20 *soldi* or 240 *denari*. The *doppia* was worth 2 scudi. During the [Subalpine Republic](/wiki/Subalpine_Republic \"Subalpine Republic\") and French occupation (1800–1814\\), the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") circulated, supplemented by a small number of locally produced coins. The scudo was replaced by the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira \"Sardinian lira\").",
"In the late 18th century, copper 2 denari, [billon](/wiki/Billon_%28alloy%29 \"Billon (alloy)\") ½, 1, 2½ and 7½ soldi, silver ¼, ½ and 1 scudo, and gold ¼, ½, 1, and 2½ doppia coins circulated. In the 1790s, copper 1 and 5 soldi, and billon 10, 15 and 20 soldi were added.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://numispedia.it/\\|title\\=numispedia\\|author\\=Salvatore Celli\\|website\\=numispedia.it\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2021}} The Piedmont Republic issued silver ¼ and ½ scudo in 1799\\. This was followed in 1800 by bronze 2 soldi struck in the name of the \"Piedmont Nation\" (*Nazione Piemontese*).",
"### Tuscan lira",
"[thumb\\|10 [Tuscan lire](/wiki/Tuscan_lira \"Tuscan lira\"), 1803](/wiki/File:Dena.jpg \"Dena.jpg\")",
"The [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira \"Tuscan lira\") (plural: lire) was the currency of the [Grand Duchy of Tuscany](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany \"Grand Duchy of Tuscany\") until its annexation by [Napoleonic France](/wiki/Napoleonic_France \"Napoleonic France\") in 1807\\. After that year, it unofficially remained in circulation thanks to its silver value until the restoration of Tuscan independence in 1814\\. It was finally abolished in 1826\\. It was subdivided into 20 *[soldi](/wiki/Soldo \"Soldo\")*, each of 3 *quattrini* or 12 *denari* (singular: *soldo*, *quattrino*, *denaro*). Other denominations included the *[crazia](/wiki/Crazia \"Crazia\")* worth q.5; the *grosso* worth q.20; the *[paolo](/wiki/Paolo_%28coin%29 \"Paolo (coin)\")* worth q.40 or {{frac\\|2\\|3}}{{nbsp}}lira; the *testone* worth 3 paoli; and the crown\\-sized *francescone* worth 10 paoli or {{frac\\|6\\|2\\|3}}{{nbsp}}lire.",
"In 1803 the Tuscan lira was equivalent to 0\\.84 [French francs](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\"), 0\\.84 [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\"), or 3\\.78 grams of fine silver. In 1826 it was replaced by the [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino \"Tuscan fiorino\") worth 100 quattrini or {{frac\\|1\\|2\\|3}}{{nbsp}}lira. In the late 18th century, copper coins circulated in denominations of q.1, q.2, and s.1, together with [billon](/wiki/Billon_%28alloy%29 \"Billon (alloy)\") q.10 and silver {{frac\\|1\\|2}}, 1, 2, 5 and 10 paoli. In the early 19th century, copper s.{{frac\\|1\\|2}} and s.2 were added, together with silver 1{{nbsp}}lira and 10{{nbsp}}lire. The 10\\-lira coin was known as dena and the 5\\-lira coin was known as meza\\-dena (\"half\\-dena\").{{cite book \\|title\\=The Merchants' Handbook \\|year\\=1872 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=PxgDn3HStEEC\\&pg\\=PA46 \\|pages\\=46{{ndash}}50 \\|first\\=William Alfred \\|last\\= Browne \\|edition\\=Second \\|publisher\\=Edward Stanford \\|location\\=London}}",
"### Sicilian piastra",
"[thumb\\|[Sicilian piastra](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra \"Sicilian piastra\"), 1805](/wiki/File:Piastra_1805.jpg \"Piastra 1805.jpg\")\nThe [Sicilian piastra](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra \"Sicilian piastra\") was the distinct currency of the [Kingdom of Sicily](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily \"Kingdom of Sicily\") until 1815\\. To distinguish it from the piastra issued on the mainland Kingdom of Sicily (also known as the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\")), it is referred to as the \"Sicilian piastra\" as opposed to the \"Neapolitan piastra\". These two piastra were equal, but were subdivided differently. The Sicilian piastra was subdivided into 12 *[tarì](/wiki/Tar%C3%AC \"Tarì\")*, each of 20 *grana* or 120 *piccoli*. The *[oncia](/wiki/Oncia \"Oncia\")* was worth 30 tarì (2½ piastra).",
"In 1815, a single piastra currency was introduced for the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Two_Sicilies \"Two Sicilies\"), the [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra \"Two Sicilies piastra\"). From a Riveli in 1607 [Catania](/wiki/Catania \"Catania\"), also a Riveli in 1811 [Avola](/wiki/Avola \"Avola\"), the Sicilian money system can be readily extracted. It was:\\-\n1 onze \\= 30 Tari, 1 Taro \\= 20 Grani, 1 Grano \\= 6 piccioli.\nOn both of these historic documents, the denomination piastra was not used.\nA Sicilian coin commonly available for sale today is the 120 grana silver piece, weighing an ounce. It is called, in the supplementary description of this silver piece, one piastre.\nHowever, in 1823 [George Crabb](/wiki/George_Crabb_%28writer%29 \"George Crabb (writer)\"), in his *Universal Technological Dictionary* Volume 2, in addition to supporting the above relative values of onze, tari and grani in accounting, lists 120 grani as equivalent to one florino. Crabb also lists the ponto, the carlino, the [ducat](/wiki/Ducat \"Ducat\") and the scudo or crown and their equivalence to the grano, however no mention of the piastre.{{Cite book\\|first\\=George\\|last\\=Crabb\\|title\\=Universal Technological Dictionary: Or, Familiar Explanations of the Terms Used in All Arts and Sciences\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xIoSAAAAIAAJ\\|access\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|date\\=1823\\|publisher\\=Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy\\|volume\\=2}}",
"### Neapolitan piastra",
"[thumb\\|left\\|Neapolitan 120 grana (1 [Neapolitan piastra](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra \"Neapolitan piastra\")) coin, 1805](/wiki/File:Piastra_1805.jpg \"Piastra 1805.jpg\")\nThe [Neapolitan piastra](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra \"Neapolitan piastra\") was the most common silver coin of the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\"). To distinguish it from the piastra issued on the island of Sicily, it is referred to as the \"Neapolitan piastra\" as opposed to the \"[Sicilian piastra](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra \"Sicilian piastra\")\".",
"These two piastra were equal but were subdivided differently. The Neapolitan piastra was divided into 120 *grana* (singular: *grano*), each of 2 *tornesi* (singular: *tornese*) or 12 *cavalli* (singular: *cavallo*). There were also the *carlino* worth 10 grana and the *ducato* worth 100 grana.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.eleaml.org/sud/den\\_spada/ducati.html\\|title\\=VALORE CORRENTE DELLE MONETE DEL REGNO DELLE DUE SICILIE\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2023\\|language\\=it}}",
"In 1812, the [Neapolitan lira](/wiki/Neapolitan_lira \"Neapolitan lira\") was introduced by the occupying French in an attempt to decimalize the Neapolitan currency units. However, the attempt failed, and the decimalization was limited to changing the value of the *cavallo* to one tenth of a *grano*. After the restoration of [Bourbon](/wiki/House_of_Bourbon \"House of Bourbon\") control, a single currency was issued for the whole of the [Two Sicilies](/wiki/Two_Sicilies \"Two Sicilies\"), the [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra \"Two Sicilies piastra\"). This new piastra was subdivided in the same way as the Neapolitan piastra.",
"### Two Sicilies piastra",
"[thumb\\|Silver Two Sicilies 120 grana (1 [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra \"Two Sicilies piastra\")), 1834](/wiki/File:120_Grana_Ferdinan_1834.png \"120 Grana Ferdinan 1834.png\")",
"The [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra \"Two Sicilies piastra\") was the coinage system or currency of the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\") between 1815 and 1860\\. It was subdivided into 120 *grana* (singular: *grano*), each of 2 *tornesi* (singular: *tornese*). Accounts were kept in *ducato*, worth 100 grana.[*A Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy* (1868\\)](https://books.google.com/books?id=poU2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR40) The subdivision and the coinage of the currency were simplified with respect to the pre\\-Napoleonic era: only three denominations survived. The [ducat](/wiki/Ducat \"Ducat\") proper was the name of the gold coins, and curiously it did not exist as a single unit; the *grana* ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number \"Singular number\"): *grano*) was the name of the silver coins, itself also not existing as a single unit; the *tornesel* (Italian: *tornese*) was the name of the copper coins, which were worth half a *grana*. Accounts were kept in ducats, each of 100 grana or 200 tornesels.[*A Handbook for Travellers in Southern Italy* (1868\\)](https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfortra37firgoog)",
"The *piastra* was the unofficial name of the biggest silver coin, which had a value of 120 grana. When the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") replaced the coinage of the House of Bourbon in 1861, a rate of 1 piastra \\= 5\\.1 lire was established.",
"### Neapolitan lira",
"[thumb\\|Neapolitan ½ lira, 1813](/wiki/File:Murat_mezza_lira_1813_768769.jpg \"Murat mezza lira 1813 768769.jpg\")",
"The [Neapolitan lira](/wiki/Neapolitan_lira \"Neapolitan lira\") was the currency of the mainland part of the [Kingdom of the Two Sicilies](/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies \"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies\"), known as the [Kingdom of Naples](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples \"Kingdom of Naples\"), between 1812 and 1815\\.{{Cite book\\|author\\=Lodovico Bianchini\\|title\\=Della storia delle finanze del Regno di Napoli\\|year\\=1835\\|publisher\\=Tipografia Flautina\\|page\\=862\\|volume\\=3\\|language\\=it}}{{No ISBN}} The currency was issued by [Joachim Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat \"Joachim Murat\"), who claimed the title of \"King of the Two Sicilies\" but only controlled the mainland part of the kingdom. Consequently, the currency is referred to as the \"Neapolitan lira\". It was subdivided into 100 *centesimi* ([singular](/wiki/Grammatical_number \"Grammatical number\"): *centesimo*) and was equal to the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") and [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\"). It replaced the [piastra](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra \"Neapolitan piastra\"), which circulated again following the restoration of [Bourbon](/wiki/House_of_Bourbon \"House of Bourbon\") rule.",
"Coins were issued in denominations of 3, 5 and 10 centesimi, ½, 1, 2, 5, 20 and 40 lire. The centesimi denominations were struck in bronze, the lire coins up to 5 lire were in silver and the higher denominations were in gold. All the coins bore the head of name [Joachim Murat](/wiki/Joachim_Murat \"Joachim Murat\") and his adopted Italian name, \"Gioacchino Napoleone\".",
"### Sardinian lira",
"[left\\|thumb\\|[Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira \"Sardinian lira\"), 1828](/wiki/File:Carlo_Felice_1_lira_genova.jpg \"Carlo Felice 1 lira genova.jpg\")\nThe [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira \"Sardinian lira\") was the currency of the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia \"Kingdom of Sardinia\") between August 6, 1816, and March 17, 1861\\. It was subdivided into 100 *centesimi* (singular *centesimo*) and was equal in value to the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") (4\\.5 grams of silver), which had previously been used as the currency of the Kingdom of Sardinia, having replaced the [Piedmontese scudo](/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo \"Piedmontese scudo\") by 1801\\.",
"Since the Sardinian lira was little more than another version of the French franc, it could circulate also in France, and the French coins could circulate in [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\") (the mainland part of the Kingdom of Sardinia). The Sardinian lira was replaced at par by the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") in 1861, as a consequence of the process of [Italian unification](/wiki/Italian_unification \"Italian unification\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.mamoiada.org/\\_pdf/\\_lagente/\\_comeravamo/Monete.pdf\\|title\\=MONETE CIRCOLANTI LIRA SARDA E ITALIANA DA METÁ 1800 SINO AL 1900 E NOMI IN MAMOIADINO\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2023\\|language\\=it}} Similar to the majority of 19th century currencies, the Sardinian lira was not affected by significant episodes of inflation during all its existence.",
"On each coin, the ruling monarch was styled in [Latin](/wiki/Latin_language \"Latin language\") as *King of Sardinia, Cyprus and Jerusalem by the Grace of God* on the front side, and *Duke of Savoy, Genoa and Montferrat, Prince of Piedmont et cetera* on the back side.",
"### Roman scudo",
"[thumb\\|[Roman scudo](/wiki/Roman_scudo \"Roman scudo\"), 1846](/wiki/File:Papal_scudo_%28Sede_vacante_1846%29_651183.jpg \"Papal scudo (Sede vacante 1846) 651183.jpg\")",
"The [Roman scudo](/wiki/Roman_scudo \"Roman scudo\") ([plural](/wiki/Plural \"Plural\"): scudi romani) was the currency of the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States \"Papal States\") until from 1835 to 1866\\. It was subdivided into 100 baiocchi ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number \"Singular number\"): baiocco), each of 5 quattrini ([singular](/wiki/Singular_number \"Singular number\"): quattrino). Other denominations included the grosso of 5 baiocchi, the carlino of {{frac\\|7\\|1\\|2}} baiocchi, the giulio and paoli both of 10 baiocchi, the testone of 30 baiocchi and the doppia of 3 scudi. In 1866, the scudo was replaced by the [Papal lira](/wiki/Papal_States_lira \"Papal States lira\"), equivalent to the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\"), when the Papal States joined the [Latin Monetary Union](/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union \"Latin Monetary Union\"). The exchange rate used was 5\\.375 lire \\= 1 scudo.{{cite thesis \\|url\\=http://www.tesionline.it/\\_\\_PDF/9525/9525p.pdf \\|title\\=il mercato borsistico romano\\|author\\= \\|lang\\=it}}",
"In addition to issues for the Papal States as a whole, the currency was also issued by many of the individual municipalities. In the late 18th century, this included issues from [Ancona](/wiki/Ancona \"Ancona\"), [Ascoli](/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno \"Ascoli Piceno\"), [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\"), [Civitavecchia](/wiki/Civitavecchia \"Civitavecchia\"), [Fano](/wiki/Fano \"Fano\"), [Fermo](/wiki/Fermo \"Fermo\"), [Foligno](/wiki/Foligno \"Foligno\"), [Gubbio](/wiki/Gubbio \"Gubbio\"), [Macerata](/wiki/Macerata \"Macerata\"), [Matelica](/wiki/Matelica \"Matelica\"), [Montalto](/wiki/Montalto_delle_Marche \"Montalto delle Marche\"), [Pergola](/wiki/Pergola%2C_Italy \"Pergola, Italy\"), [Perugia](/wiki/Perugia \"Perugia\"), [Ronciglione](/wiki/Ronciglione \"Ronciglione\"), [San Severino](/wiki/San_Severino_Marche \"San Severino Marche\"), [Spoleto](/wiki/Spoleto \"Spoleto\"), [Terni](/wiki/Terni \"Terni\"), [Tivoli](/wiki/Tivoli%2C_Italy \"Tivoli, Italy\") and [Viterbo](/wiki/Viterbo \"Viterbo\"). Uniquely in [Bologna](/wiki/Bologna \"Bologna\") the baiocco, also known as the *[bolognino](/wiki/Bolognino \"Bolognino\")*, was subdivided into 6 quattrini. In 1808, the Papal States were annexed by France, and the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") circulated officially. When the Pope's authority was restored in 1814, the scudo was restored as the currency. However, outside Rome solely the coinage of Bologna was resumed. In 1849, another [Roman Republic](/wiki/Roman_Republic_%2819th_century%29 \"Roman Republic (19th century)\") was established which issued coins centrally and in Ancona.",
"### Tuscan florin",
"[thumb\\|right\\|[Tuscan florin](/wiki/Tuscan_florin \"Tuscan florin\"), 1856\\.](/wiki/File:Fiorino_1856.jpg \"Fiorino 1856.jpg\")\nThe [Tuscan florin](/wiki/Tuscan_florin \"Tuscan florin\") was the currency of [Tuscany](/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany \"Grand Duchy of Tuscany\") between 1826 and 1859\\. It was subdivided into 100 *quattrini* (singular: *quattrino*), with an additional denomination called the *paolo*, worth 40 quattrini, in circulation.",
"During the [Napoleonic Wars](/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars \"Napoleonic Wars\"), Tuscany was annexed by France and the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") was introduced, together with its satellite [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\"). The previous lira did not disappear, creating a big confusion between the old Tuscan lira and the new Italian lira. So, when [Duke](/wiki/Duke \"Duke\") [Leopold II](/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Tuscany \"Leopold II of Tuscany\") rose to power in 1824, he decided to introduce a new basic currency. The Tuscan florin replaced the [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira \"Tuscan lira\") at a rate of {{frac\\|1\\|2\\|3}} lire \\= 1 Tuscan florin.This fact was quite obvious, because the pound was equivalent to 240 denari or 60 quattrini, while the Tuscan florin was equivalent to 100 quattrini or 400 denari.",
"In 1847, Tuscany absorbed [Lucca](/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca \"Duchy of Lucca\") and the Tuscan florin replaced the [Luccan lira](/wiki/Luccan_lira \"Luccan lira\") at a rate of 1 Tuscan florin \\= 2 lire. After a brief revolutionary coinage, the Tuscan florin was replaced in 1859 by a provisional currency denominated in \"[Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\")\", equal to the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira \"Sardinian lira\"), with 1 Tuscan florin \\= 1\\.4 Italian lire.",
"### Lombardo\\-Venetian lira",
"[thumb\\|[Lombardy\\-Venetia florin](/wiki/Lombardy-Venetia_florin \"Lombardy-Venetia florin\"), 1824](/wiki/File:Fiorino%2C_3_lire_austriache_1824.jpg \"Fiorino, 3 lire austriache 1824.jpg\")",
"The [Lombardo\\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira \"Lombardo-Venetian lira\") (or lira; plural: lire) was the currency of the [Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia \"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia\") between 1822 and 1861\\. The lira was made of 4\\.33 grams of silver (with 9/10 of purity). Six lire were equal to the scudo which was equivalent to the Austrian *[Conventionsthaler](/wiki/Conventionsthaler \"Conventionsthaler\")*, hence they had no relation to the former currencies the [Venetian lira](/wiki/Venetian_lira \"Venetian lira\") and the [Milanese scudo](/wiki/Milanese_scudo \"Milanese scudo\"). The lira was divided into 100 centesimi (cents). Coins were minted in Milan and Venice.{{cite book\\| last\\= Gigante \\| first\\= Fabio \\| title\\= Monete italiane dal '700 all'avvento dell'euro\\|publisher\\= Gigante\\|year\\= 2017\\|isbn\\=978\\-88\\-89805\\-18\\-3\\|language\\=it\\|page\\=279}}",
"During the revolutions of 1848, the Lombard Provisional Government briefly suspended the production of the lira and minted instead a special 5 Italian lire coin. After the revolutions and the restoration of the Austrian monetary standard, copper coins were reduced in weight. For political purposes the name on these coins (the most popular in circulation) was changed from [Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia \"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia\") to the [Austrian Empire](/wiki/Austrian_Empire \"Austrian Empire\").",
"### Lombardy\\-Venetia florin",
"{{multiple image\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| image1 \\= RLV 1 soldo 1862 A reverse.jpg\n\\| width1 \\= 110\n\\| alt1 \\=\n\\| caption1 \\=\n\\| image2 \\= RLV 1 soldo 1862 A obverse.jpg\n\\| width2 \\= 110\n\\| alt2 \\=\n\\| caption2 \\=\n\\| footer \\= 1 Lombardy\\-Venetia soldo (0,01 \\[\\[Lombardy\\-Venetia florin]]s), 1862\\.\n}}\nThe [Lombardy\\-Venetia florin](/wiki/Lombardy-Venetia_florin \"Lombardy-Venetia florin\") was the currency of [Lombardy\\-Venetia](/wiki/Lombardy-Venetia \"Lombardy-Venetia\") (reduced to the sole Venetia three years before) between 1862 and 1866\\. It replaced the [Lombardo\\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira \"Lombardo-Venetian lira\") at a rate of 1 florin \\= 3 lire.{{cite book\\|title\\=Rivista italiana di Numismatica\\|url\\=http://www.socnumit.org/doc/VDI/VDI1958RIN\\_MonLombVen.pdf\\|publisher\\=Società Numismatica Italiana\\|year\\=1958\\|volume\\=6\\|page\\=87\\|language\\=it}} The florin was equivalent to the [Austro\\-Hungarian florin](/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_florin \"Austro-Hungarian florin\"). Although it was subdivided into 100 *soldi* rather than 100 [kreutzers](/wiki/Kreuzer \"Kreuzer\"), Austrian coins circulated in Venetia.",
"The only coins issued specifically for Venetia were copper {{frac\\|2}} and 1 soldo pieces. The name soldo was chosen due to the equivalence of the predecimal kreutzer and soldo, both worth {{frac\\|120}} of a [Conventionsthaler](/wiki/Conventionsthaler \"Conventionsthaler\").",
"The florin was replaced by the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") at the rate of 1 lira \\= {{frac\\|40\\|1\\|2}} soldi (1 florin \\= 2\\.469 lire). This rate corresponded to the comparative silver contents of the lira and florin coins.",
"### Papal lira",
"[thumb\\|5 Papal lire, 1867](/wiki/File:5_lire_pontificie_1867.jpg \"5 lire pontificie 1867.jpg\")\nThe [Papal lira](/wiki/Papal_lira \"Papal lira\") was the currency of the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States \"Papal States\") between 1866 and 1870\\. It was subdivided into 20 *soldi*, each of 5 *centesimi*. In 1866 [Pope Pius IX](/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX \"Pope Pius IX\"), whose temporal domain had been reduced to only the province of [Latium](/wiki/Latium \"Latium\"), decided to join the [Latin Monetary Union](/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union \"Latin Monetary Union\").{{cite book\\| last\\= Montenegro \\| first\\= Eupremio \\| title\\= Manuale del collezionista di monete italiane \\| publisher\\= Edizioni Montenegro \\| year \\= 2008\\|isbn \\= 978\\-88\\-88894\\-03\\-4 \\|language\\= it}} A new currency, the lira, was introduced with the same value of the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") and the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\").",
"It replaced the [scudo](/wiki/Roman_scudo \"Roman scudo\") at a rate of 5\\.375{{nbsp}}lire \\= 1{{nbsp}}scudo. The lira was subdivided into 100 [centesimi](/wiki/Cent_%28currency%29 \"Cent (currency)\") and, differently from the other currencies of the union, into 20 [soldi](/wiki/Shilling \"Shilling\"). However, all denomination in soldo had an equivalence in cents. However, after joining the Union, the Pope's treasurer, [Giacomo Antonelli](/wiki/Giacomo_Antonelli \"Giacomo Antonelli\"), devalued the purity of the Papal silver coins from 900/1000 to 835/1000\\.{{cite book \\|first\\=S (a cura di)\\|last\\=Pinchera \\|title \\=Monete e zecche nello stato pontificio dalla restaurazione al 1870 \\|trans\\-title\\=Coins and mints in the papal state from the restoration to 1870 \\|series\\=Archivio economico dell’unificazione italiana \\|volume\\=V, fasc. 3 \\|location\\=Roma \\|date\\=1957}} (cited in {{cite thesis \\|title\\=La borsa di Roma dal 1847 al 1860 \\|trans\\-title\\=The Rome Stock Exchange from 1847 to 1860 \\|url\\=http://www.tesionline.it/\\_\\_PDF/9525/9525p.pdf \\|first\\= Marinella \\|last\\=Rossi\\|lang\\=it \\|date\\=2013 \\|page\\=1 \\|publisher\\=Tesionline}} (first degree thesis)) With the annexation of the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States \"Papal States\") to Italy in 1870, the Papal lira was replaced by the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") at par.",
"### Italian lira (Napoleonic)",
"[thumb\\|Silver 1 Lira depicting [Napoleon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I \"Napoleon I\"), 1812](/wiki/File:1_lira_napoleonica.jpg \"1 lira napoleonica.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Gold 20 Lire depicting [Napoleon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I \"Napoleon I\"), 1808](/wiki/File:20_lire_1808_Napoleone.jpg \"20 lire 1808 Napoleone.jpg\")\nThe [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29 \"Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)\") introduced the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") in 1807 at par with the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\"), worth 4\\.5 grams of fine silver or 0\\.29032 gram of fine gold (gold\\-silver ratio 15\\.5\\). Despite the kingdom's fall in 1814, this new lira eventually replaced the currencies of the different Italian states until [their unification in 1861](/wiki/Unification_of_Italy \"Unification of Italy\"), replacing, among others:",
"* The [Piedmontese scudo](/wiki/Piedmontese_scudo \"Piedmontese scudo\"), [Sardinian scudo](/wiki/Sardinian_scudo \"Sardinian scudo\") and the [Genoese lira](/wiki/Genoese_lira \"Genoese lira\") after 1800, by the Italian lira;\n* The [Milanese lira](/wiki/Milanese_scudo \"Milanese scudo\"), [Venetian lira](/wiki/Venetian_lira \"Venetian lira\"), [Lombardo\\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira \"Lombardo-Venetian lira\") and [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira \"Parman lira\") after 1814, at the rate of 270 Milanese lire \\= 45 Milanese scudi \\= 405 Venetian lire \\= 855 Parman lire \\= 207\\.23 Italian lire;{{cite book \\|title\\=The Universal Cambist, and Commercial Instructor: Being a Full and Accurate Treatise on the Exchanges, Monies, Weights and Measures of All Trading Nations and Their Colonies; with an Account of Their Banks, Public Funds, and Paper Currencies, Volume 1 \\|first\\=Patrick \\|last\\=Kelly \\|date\\=1821 \\|publisher\\=Lackington Allen and Co. \\|location\\=London\\| chapter\\=Venice \\|page\\=344 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=MJnPAAAAMAAJ\\&pg\\=PA344}} See also Milan p 254; Parma p 275\n* The [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino \"Tuscan fiorino\") and the [Tuscan lira](/wiki/Tuscan_lira \"Tuscan lira\") in 1859, at 1 *francescone* \\= 4 *fiorini* \\= {{frac\\|6\\|2\\|3}} Tuscan lire \\= 5\\.6 Italian lire;\n* The [piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra \"Two Sicilies piastra\") of [Naples](/wiki/Neapolitan_piastra \"Neapolitan piastra\") and [Sicily](/wiki/Sicilian_piastra \"Sicilian piastra\") in 1861, at 1 *piastra* \\= 1\\.2 *ducat di regno* \\= 5\\.1 [Neapolitan lire](/wiki/Neapolitan_lira \"Neapolitan lira\"), the latter at par with the Italian lira; and\n* The [scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo \"Papal States scudo\") of Rome and the [Papal States](/wiki/Papal_States \"Papal States\") in 1866, at 1 scudo \\= 5\\.375 [Papal lire](/wiki/Papal_lira \"Papal lira\"), the latter at par with the Italian lira.",
"The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy issued coins between 1807 and 1813 in denominations of 1 and 3 centesimi and 1 [soldo](/wiki/Soldo \"Soldo\") (5 centesimi) in copper, c.10 in 20% silver alloy, s.5, s.10 and s.15 (or c.25, c.50 and c.75 centesimi), 1 lira, 2 lire and 5 lire in 90% silver and 20 lire and 40 lire in 90% gold. All except the c.10 bore a portrait of [Napoleon I](/wiki/Napoleon_I \"Napoleon I\"), with the denominations below 1 lira also showing a [radiate crown](/wiki/Radiate_crown \"Radiate crown\") and the higher denominations, a shield representing the various constituent territories of the Kingdom.",
"After the end of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1814, the lira remained present only in the [Duchy of Parma](/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma \"Duchy of Parma\") and the [Kingdom of Piedmont\\-Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia \"Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia\"). The lira of Parma was introduced by Duchess [Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma](/wiki/Marie_Louise%2C_Duchess_of_Parma \"Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma\"), who issued coin denominations of 1, 3, 5, 25, 50 cents and 1, 2, 5, 20 and 40 lire,{{Cite book \\| last \\= Gigante \\| first \\= Fabio \\| title \\= Catalogo Gigante \\- Monete italiane dal '700 all'avvento dell'euro\\|publisher \\= Gigante\\|year \\= 2017\\|isbn\\= 978\\-88\\-89805\\-18\\-3\\|pages\\=324–329\\|language\\=it}} while gold coins of 10, 50, 80 and 100 lire were also minted from the Piedmont\\-Sardinia lira introduced by [Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_I_of_Savoy \"Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy\").{{Cite book \\| last \\= Gigante \\| first \\= Fabio \\| title \\= Catalogo Gigante \\- Monete italiane dal '700 all'avvento dell'euro\\|publisher \\= Gigante\\|year \\= 2017\\|isbn\\= 978\\-88\\-89805\\-18\\-3\\|pages\\=52–79\\|language\\=it}}",
""
] |
Contemporary period
-------------------
Since Italy has been for centuries divided into many [historic states](/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy "List of historic states of Italy"), they all had different coinage systems, but when the country became [unified](/wiki/Italian_unification "Italian unification") in 1861, the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") came into place, and was used until 2002\. In 1999, the [euro](/wiki/Euro "Euro") became Italy's [unit of account](/wiki/Unit_of_account "Unit of account") and the lira became a national subunit of the euro at a rate of 1 euro \= 1,936\.27 lire, before being replaced as cash in 2002\.
### Italian lira
{{Main\|Italian lira}}
[thumb\|left\|Gold 20 [lire](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") coin, 1873\.](/wiki/File:20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg "20 lire Vittorio Emanuele II.jpg")
The [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") (Plural: lire) was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002\. It was introduced by the [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29 "Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)") in 1807 at par with the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"), and was subsequently adopted by the different states that would eventually form the [Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy") in 1861\. It was subdivided into 100 *centesimi* (singular: *centesimo*), which means "hundredths" or "cents". The lira was also the currency of the [Albanian Kingdom](/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_%281939-1943%29 "Albanian Kingdom (1939-1943)") from 1941 to 1943\.{{Cite book\|title\=Guida d'Italia, Albania\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8J9exOJ01RcC\|access\-date\=11 May 2019\|year\=1940\|publisher\=Touring Editore\|pages\=13–14\| isbn\=9788836511488 }}
The term originates from *libra*, the largest unit of the [Carolingian monetary system](/wiki/Carolingian_monetary_system "Carolingian monetary system") used in Western Europe and elsewhere from the 8th to the 20th century.The last country to abandon the Carolingian system was [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria "Nigeria") in 1973, when the [pound](/wiki/Nigerian_pound "Nigerian pound") was replaced by the [naira](/wiki/Nigerian_naira "Nigerian naira"). The Carolingian system is the origin of the French *[livre tournois](/wiki/Livre_tournois "Livre tournois")* (predecessor of the [franc](/wiki/Franc "Franc")), the Italian lira, and the [pound](/wiki/Pound_%28currency%29 "Pound (currency)") unit of [sterling](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling") and related currencies.
[thumb\|10 cent coin, 1911, with the personifications [of Italy](/wiki/Italia_Turrita "Italia Turrita") and [of Rome](/wiki/Roma_%28personification%29 "Roma (personification)") with a ship in the background depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:Vittorio_Emanuele_III_10_Centesimi_87001856.jpg "Vittorio Emanuele III 10 Centesimi 87001856.jpg")
[thumb\|Silver 5 [lire](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") coin, 1914, with the [personification of Italy](/wiki/Italia_Turrita "Italia Turrita") standing on a [quadriga](/wiki/Quadriga "Quadriga") depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:5_lire_1914.jpg "5 lire 1914.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|100 lire coin, 1956, with goddess [Minerva](/wiki/Minerva "Minerva") holding an olive tree and a long spear depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg "100 lire Repubblica Italiana 1956.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|50 lire coin, 1957, with god [Vulcan](/wiki/Vulcan_%28mythology%29 "Vulcan (mythology)") beating iron on an anvil depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:50_lire.jpg "50 lire.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Silver 500 lire coin featuring the ships of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus "Christopher Columbus"), 1960](/wiki/Image:500_lire%2C_1960%2C_Italy.jpg "500 lire, 1960, Italy.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|500 lire coin, 1982](/wiki/File:500_lire.jpg "500 lire.jpg")
There was no standard [sign](/wiki/Currency_symbol "Currency symbol") or abbreviation for the Italian lira. The abbreviations *Lit.* (standing for *Lira italiana*) and L. (standing for *Lira*) and the signs [₤](/wiki/Lira%23Lira_sign "Lira#Lira sign") or [£](/wiki/Pound_sign "Pound sign") were all accepted representations of the currency. Banks and financial institutions, including the [Bank of Italy](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy "Bank of Italy"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/relazione\-annuale/1982/en\_rel82\_abridged\_annualreport.pdf?language\_id\=1\|title\=Banca d'Italia Annual Report for 1982 – page 187 \|publisher\=bancaditalia.it \|date\=31 May 1983 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20}} often used *Lit.*{{Cite web \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca\_Popolare\_di\_Milano\_50\_lire.jpg \|title\=A ''miniassegni'' issued by the Banca Popolare di Milano using "LIT." as the currency sign \|date\=20 June 2019 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115146/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca\_Popolare\_di\_Milano\_50\_lire.jpg \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg \|title\=A cheque issued by the Cassa Rurale ed Artigiana di Gaudiano di Lavello using a script version of "Lit." \|date\=30 August 2015 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115149/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg \|url\-status\=live }} and this was regarded internationally as the abbreviation for the Italian lira.{{cite book\|chapter\-url\=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The\_World\_Factbook\_(1990\)/Italy\|title\=CIA World Factbook 1990 – page 178 \|chapter\=Italy \|date\=1 April 1990 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-21}} Handwritten documents and signs at market stalls would often use "£" or "₤",{{Cite web \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933\-06\-28%20Alfa%206C%201500%2010811406%20ACI%20registration.jpg \|title\=1933 Registration Form of the Reale Automobile Club d'Italia prominently displaying "£50'000" in handwriting. \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115150/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933\-06\-28\_Alfa\_6C\_1500\_10811406\_ACI\_registration.jpg \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451\_\-\_Siracusa\_\-\_Cotognata\_\-\_Foto\_Giovanni\_Dall%27Orto\_\-\_15\-Oct\-2008\.jpg \|title\=An old price display sign in use in Sicily marked with both the lira and euro signs \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115151/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451\_\-\_Siracusa\_\-\_Cotognata\_\-\_Foto\_Giovanni\_Dall%27Orto\_\-\_15\-Oct\-2008\.jpg \|url\-status\=live }} while coins used "L."{{cite web \|title\=Category:Coins of the Kingdom of Italy by year \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins\_of\_the\_Kingdom\_of\_Italy\_by\_year}}{{cite web \|title\=Category:Coins of the Italian Republic by year \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins\_of\_the\_Italian\_Republic\_by\_year }} [Italian postage stamps](/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy "Postage stamps and postal history of Italy") mostly used the word {{lang\|it\|lire}} in full but some (such as the 1975 monuments series) used "L." The name of the currency could also be written in full as a prefix or a suffix (e.g. Lire 100,000 or 100,000 lire). The [ISO 4217](/wiki/ISO_4217 "ISO 4217") [currency code](/wiki/Currency_code "Currency code") for the lira was *ITL*.
[Italian unification](/wiki/Italian_unification "Italian unification") also highlighted the confusion of the pre\-unification Italian monetary system which was mostly based on silver monometallism and therefore in contrast with the gold monometallism in force in the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia "Kingdom of Sardinia") and in the major European nations.{{cite book\|author\=Alfredo Taracchini\|title\=Addio, cara Lira\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Edizioni Pendragon\|isbn\=978\-8883420146\|language\=it\|page\=79}} To reconcile the various monetary systems it was decided to opt for [bimetallism](/wiki/Bimetallism "Bimetallism"), taking inspiration from the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") model, from which the dimensions of the coins and the exchange rate of 1 to 15\.50 between gold and silver were taken. The Italian monetary system, however, differed from the French one in two aspects: silver coins could be exchanged in unlimited quantities with the State, but limited quantities between private individuals and it was decided to mint coins that nominally had 900‰ fine silver, but which in fact they contained 835‰ so as to approach the real exchange rate between gold and silver which was approximately 1 to 14\.38\.{{cite book\|author\=Alfredo Taracchini\|title\=Addio, cara Lira\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Edizioni Pendragon\|isbn\=978\-8883420146\|language\=it\|page\=80}} Exactly four months after the [proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy "Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy"), the government introduced the new national currency, the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira"). The legal tender of the new currency was established by the Royal Decree of 17 July 1861 which specified the exchange of pre\-unification coins into lire and the fact that local coins continued to be legal tender in their respective provinces of origin.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.normattiva.it/uri\-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.regio:1861\-7\-17;123@originale\|title\=REGIO DECRETO 17 luglio 1861, n. 123\|access\-date\=7 October 2023\|language\=it}}
On 24 August 1862 the decree was issued which established the decommissioning of all other coins circulating in the various pre\-unification states by the end of the year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.normattiva.it/uri\-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1862\-8\-24;788@originale\|title\=LEGGE 24 agosto 1862, n. 788\|access\-date\=7 October 2023\|language\=it}} [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") was a direct continuation of the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira "Sardinian lira"). Other currencies replaced by the Italian lira included the [Lombardo\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira "Lombardo-Venetian lira"), the [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra "Two Sicilies piastra"), the [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino "Tuscan fiorino"), the [Papal States scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo "Papal States scudo") and the [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira "Parman lira"). In 1865, Italy formed part of the [Latin Monetary Union](/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union "Latin Monetary Union") in which the lira was set as equal to, among others, the [French](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"), [Belgian](/wiki/Belgian_franc "Belgian franc") and [Swiss francs](/wiki/Swiss_franc "Swiss franc"): in fact, until the introduction of the euro in 2002, people speaking the [Gallo\-Italic](/wiki/Gallo-Italic "Gallo-Italic") [dialects](/wiki/Dialect "Dialect") in north\-western Italy usually called *"franc"* the lira.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dialettando.com/poesie/detail\_new.lasso?id\=5036\|title\=Poesie e Prose in dialetto\|website\=dialettando.com\|access\-date\=14 April 2018\|archive\-date\=2 July 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702221640/https://www.dialettando.com/poesie/detail\_new.lasso?id\=5036\|url\-status\=live}}
In 1866, due to the growth of public spending, partly due to the costs of the [Third Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence "Third Italian War of Independence"), the inconvertible paper money system was established, which lasted until 1881 (with effect from 1883\). However, already at the end of 1887 the convertibility of the notes had to be effectively suspended, even without openly declaring it. In 1893, the [Banca Romana](/wiki/Banca_Romana "Banca Romana") was put into liquidation, hit by a serious [scandal](/wiki/Banca_Romana_scandal "Banca Romana scandal"), and the [Bank of Italy](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy "Bank of Italy") was created, with a gold backing of at least 40% of the lire in circulation.
King [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III "Victor Emmanuel III"), who succeeded his father [Umberto I](/wiki/Umberto_I "Umberto I") on the throne of Italy in 1900, was a scholar of numismatics and a great collector of coins; he published the *Corpus Nummorum Italicorum* (1909–1943\), a work in 20 volumes in which Italian coins are described and classified. [Storia del CNI](https://web.archive.org/web/20090409084815/http://www.socnumit.org/CNI/Storia%20CNI.htm) During his reign, a rich and varied circulating coinage was minted. Upon his abdication, he donated his coin collection to the Italian state: this collection is partially exhibited in the [Roman national museum of Palazzo Massimo](/wiki/National_Roman_Museum_of_Palazzo_Massimo "National Roman Museum of Palazzo Massimo") in Rome. [La collezione numismatica di Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia](https://museonazionaleromano.beniculturali.it/palazzo-massimo/medagliere/la-collezione-numismatica-di-vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia/)
World War I broke the Latin Monetary Union and resulted in prices rising severalfold in Italy. Inflation was curbed somewhat by [Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini"), who, on 18 August 1926, declared that the exchange rate between lira and pound would be £1 \= 90 lire—the so\-called [Quota 90](/wiki/Quota_90 "Quota 90"), although the free exchange rate had been closer to 140–150 lire per pound. In 1927, the lira was pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 1 dollar \= 19 lire.Peter Neville. 2003\. *Mussolini*. Routledge. {{ISBN\|0\-415\-24989\-9}}. p. 77\. This rate lasted until 1934, with a separate "tourist" rate of US$1 \= 24\.89 lire being established in 1936\. In 1939, the "official" rate was 19\.8 lire. After the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II, an exchange rate was set at US$1 \= 120 lire (1 [British pound](/wiki/British_pound "British pound") \= 480 lire) in June 1943, reduced to 100 lire the following month. In German\-occupied areas, the exchange rate was set at 1 [Reichsmark](/wiki/German_reichsmark "German reichsmark") \= 10 lire.
After the war, the Roman mint first issued the first 1, 2, 5 and 10 lira coins (6 September 1946\). They were officially set up on 21 December of the same year and were used up to 1953–4\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/repubblica/welcome.htm\|title\=Italian Republic coins\|website\=ilmarengo.com\|access\-date\=14 April 2018\|archive\-date\=2 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502145147/http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/repubblica/welcome.htm\|url\-status\=live}} Italy joined the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") on 27 March 1947\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.esteri.it/it/politica\-estera\-e\-cooperazione\-allo\-sviluppo/organizzazioni\_internazionali/fora\-organizzazioni\-economiche\-internazionali/fondomonetariointernazionale/\|title\=Fondo Monetario Internazionale – Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale\|access\-date\=4 January 2022\|language\=it}} The value of the lira fluctuated, before Italy set a peg of US$1 \= 575 lire within the [Bretton Woods System](/wiki/Bretton_Woods_System "Bretton Woods System") in November 1947\. Following the devaluation of the pound, Italy devalued to US$1 \= 625 lire on 21 September 1949\. This rate was maintained until the end of the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s.
In December 1973 some of the major [OPEC](/wiki/OPEC "OPEC") countries decided to sharply increase the price of crude oil, thus triggering an [oil crisis](/wiki/1973_oil_crisis "1973 oil crisis") that hit the [Italian economy](/wiki/Italian_economy "Italian economy") hard. The increase in oil prices caused a sudden increase in the cost of money which in the spring of 1974 brought the Bank of Italy's [discount rate](/wiki/Bank_rate "Bank rate") to 9%; furthermore, to combat the crisis a lot of [Government debt](/wiki/Government_debt "Government debt") was issued which in 1975 exposed the lira to intense [speculative phenomena](/wiki/Speculation "Speculation").{{cite book\|author\=Alfredo Taracchini\|title\=Addio, cara Lira\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Edizioni Pendragon\|isbn\=978\-8883420146\|language\=it\|page\=182}} The increase in debt triggered by the oil crisis caused a strong devaluation compared to other European currencies and for its recovery the Bank of Italy raised the discount rate up to 15% in the autumn of 1976\.{{cite book\|author\=Alfredo Taracchini\|title\=Addio, cara Lira\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Edizioni Pendragon\|isbn\=978\-8883420146\|language\=it\|page\=183}}
The lira was the official unit of currency in Italy until 1 January 1999, when it was replaced by the euro (euro coins and notes were not introduced until 2002\). Old lira denominated currency ceased to be legal tender on 28 February 2002\. The conversion rate is 1,936\.27 lire to the euro.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia\_lira\_compl.html \|title\=Ultimalira: Storia della Lira \|access\-date\=4 February 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515000441/http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia\_lira\_compl.html \|archive\-date\=15 May 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }}
All lira banknotes in use immediately before the introduction of the euro, as all post WW2 coins, were still exchangeable for euros in all branches of the Bank of Italy until 29 February 2012\.
### Italian euro coins
{{Main\|Italian euro coins}}
[thumb\|Italian [10 euro cent coin](/wiki/10_euro_cent_coin "10 euro cent coin"), with [*The Birth of Venus*](/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29 "The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)") by [Sandro Botticelli](/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli "Sandro Botticelli") depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:Italien-_2002_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5542401.jpg "Italien- 2002 - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5542401.jpg")
The euro officially began circulating in Italy on 1 January 2002 (even though the creation of Italian lira coins was suspended in 1999\). [Italian euro coins](/wiki/Italian_euro_coins "Italian euro coins") have a design unique to each denomination, though there are many themes of works by one of the most renowned and famous Italian artists and painters. In particular, on the reverse of Italian euro coins are depicted:{{cite web\|url\=https://www.raiffeisen.it/it/sapere\-finanziario/dettaglio/cose\-raffigurato\-sulle\-monete\-italiane.html\|title\=Cos'è raffigurato sulle monete italiane?\|access\-date\=6 October 2023\|language\=it}}
* [1 euro cent coin](/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin "1 euro cent coin"): [Castel del Monte](/wiki/Castel_del_Monte_%28Apulia%29 "Castel del Monte (Apulia)"), a 13th\-century castle in [Andria](/wiki/Andria%2C_Italy "Andria, Italy")
* [2 euro cent coin](/wiki/2_euro_cent_coin "2 euro cent coin"): [Mole Antonelliana](/wiki/Mole_Antonelliana "Mole Antonelliana"), a tower symbolising the city of [Turin](/wiki/Turin "Turin")
* [5 euro cent coin](/wiki/5_euro_cent_coin "5 euro cent coin"): [Colosseum](/wiki/Colosseum "Colosseum"), famous [Roman amphitheater](/wiki/Roman_amphitheater "Roman amphitheater")
* [10 euro cent coin](/wiki/10_euro_cent_coin "10 euro cent coin"): [*The Birth of Venus*](/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29 "The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)") by [Sandro Botticelli](/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli "Sandro Botticelli")
* [20 euro cent coin](/wiki/20_euro_cent_coin "20 euro cent coin"): [Futurist](/wiki/Futurist "Futurist") sculpture *[Unique Forms of Continuity in Space](/wiki/Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space "Unique Forms of Continuity in Space")* by [Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni "Umberto Boccioni")
* [50 euro cent coin](/wiki/50_euro_cent_coin "50 euro cent coin"): *[Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius](/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius "Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius")*
* [1 euro coin](/wiki/1_euro_coin "1 euro coin"): *[Vitruvian Man](/wiki/Vitruvian_Man "Vitruvian Man")*, a drawing by [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci "Leonardo da Vinci")
* [2 euro coin](/wiki/2_euro_coin "2 euro coin"): [Dante Alighieri](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri "Dante Alighieri"), an Italian [poet](/wiki/Italian_poetry "Italian poetry"), writer and philosopher, considered the father of the Italian language
Each coin is designed by a different designer, from the 1 cent to the 2 euro coin they are: Eugenio Driutti, Luciana De Simoni, Ettore Lorenzo Frapiccini, Claudia Momoni, Maria Angela Cassol, Roberto Mauri, Laura Cretara and Maria Carmela Colaneri. All designs feature the [12 stars of the EU](/wiki/European_symbols "European symbols"), the year of imprint, the overlapping letters "RI" for *Repubblica Italiana* (Italian Republic) and the letter R for Rome.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.fleur\-de\-coin.com/eurocoins/eurocoinsitaly.asp \|title\=Buy the Italian euro coins \|access\-date\=4 February 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110103954/http://www.fleur\-de\-coin.com/eurocoins/eurocoinsitaly.asp \|archive\-date\=10 January 2010 \|url\-status\=dead }} There are no Italian euro coins dated earlier than *2002*, even though they were certainly minted earlier, as they were first distributed to the public in December 2001\.
[thumb\|upright\|The reverse of the Italian [1 euro coin](/wiki/1_euro_coin "1 euro coin"), with *[Vitruvian Man](/wiki/Vitruvian_Man "Vitruvian Man")* by [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci "Leonardo da Vinci") depicted](/wiki/File:Italian_Euro_2009_%2816868989329%29.jpg "Italian Euro 2009 (16868989329).jpg")
The choice of the design of the coins was left to the Italian public by means of a television broadcast where alternative designs were presented, letting the people vote by calling a certain telephone number.[Archivio RAI](http://www.archivio.raiuno.rai.it/schede/0013/001362.htm) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117115119/http://www.archivio.raiuno.rai.it/schede/0013/001362\.htm \|date\=17 novembre 2011 }} However, the 1 euro coin was missing in this election, because [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi "Carlo Azeglio Ciampi"), the then economy minister, had already decided it would sport the *[Vitruvian Man](/wiki/Vitruvian_Man "Vitruvian Man")* of [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci "Leonardo da Vinci").{{Cite web\|url\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1998/02/09/scoppia\-la\-febbre\-dell\-euro.html\|title\=Scoppia la febbre dell'Euro\|date\=9 February 1998\|access\-date\=11 October 2013}} Leonardo's work is highly symbolic as it represents the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") focus on man as the measure of all things, and has simultaneously a round shape that fits the coin perfectly. As Ciampi observed, this represents the "coin to the service of Man", instead of Man to the service of money.
As in [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland") and the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), the minting of 1 and 2\-cent coins was suspended in Italy from 1 January 2018\. However, coins in circulation have legal value.{{Cite web\|url\=https://quifinanza.it/soldi/addio\-monete\-da\-1\-e\-2\-centesimi\-sospeso\-il\-conio\-cosa\-cambia/171732/\|title\=Addio monete da 1 e 2 centesimi, sospeso il conio. Cosa cambia\|language\=it\|access\-date\=6 September 2022\|archive\-date\=15 February 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215110617/https://quifinanza.it/soldi/addio\-monete\-da\-1\-e\-2\-centesimi\-sospeso\-il\-conio\-cosa\-cambia/171732/\|url\-status\=dead}} The cost of creating a one\-cent euro coin exceeded its face value, resulting in negative [seigniorage](/wiki/Seigniorage "Seigniorage"). This amounted, in fact, to 4\.5 cents. Even for the production of the two\-cent coin, a sum greater than its value was spent: 5\.2 cents.{{Cite web \|url\=http://espresso.repubblica.it/palazzo/2014/05/06/news/la\-camera\-vota\-addio\-alle\-monetine\-1\.163918?ref\=HRBZ\-1 \|title\=La Camera vota: addio alle monetine\|access\-date\=7 May 2014 \|archive\-date\=8 May 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030607/http://espresso.repubblica.it/palazzo/2014/05/06/news/la\-camera\-vota\-addio\-alle\-monetine\-1\.163918?ref\=HRBZ\-1 \|url\-status\=dead}}
In 1999, following a technical error, 1,179,335 pieces of 20 cents were minted with the 1999 millage, instead of the 2002 millage foreseen by the issuing decree. The [minting error](/wiki/Mint-made_errors "Mint-made errors") was discovered shortly afterwards and the then director of the Italian mint ordered the immediate deformation of the entire lot; unknown persons nevertheless managed to steal and put into circulation an unspecified number of coins, subject to seizure by the [Guardia di Finanza](/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza "Guardia di Finanza") as they were the exclusive property of the State.{{Cite web\|url\=http://catalogo\-euro.lamoneta.it/moneta/E\-EUR/20%20centesimi%20di%20Euro\|title\=20 centesimi di Euro\|language\=it\|access\-date\=6 September 2022}} In 2002 the Italian mint mistakenly minted the reverse side of a hundred 1 cent coins with the [Mole Antonelliana](/wiki/Mole_Antonelliana "Mole Antonelliana") (which instead correctly went on the 2\-cent coins), instead of the monument of [Castel del Monte](/wiki/Castel_del_Monte_%28Apulia%29 "Castel del Monte (Apulia)"), in [Apulia](/wiki/Apulia "Apulia"). Each of these coins has been valued by numismatists at more than 2,500 euros.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/ecco\-moneta\-1\-centesimo\-che\-vale\-2500\-euro\-1126608\.html\|title\=Ecco la moneta da 1 centesimo che vale 2500 euro\|language\=it\|access\-date\=6 September 2022}}
|
[
"Contemporary period\n-------------------",
"Since Italy has been for centuries divided into many [historic states](/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy \"List of historic states of Italy\"), they all had different coinage systems, but when the country became [unified](/wiki/Italian_unification \"Italian unification\") in 1861, the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") came into place, and was used until 2002\\. In 1999, the [euro](/wiki/Euro \"Euro\") became Italy's [unit of account](/wiki/Unit_of_account \"Unit of account\") and the lira became a national subunit of the euro at a rate of 1 euro \\= 1,936\\.27 lire, before being replaced as cash in 2002\\.",
"### Italian lira",
"{{Main\\|Italian lira}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Gold 20 [lire](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") coin, 1873\\.](/wiki/File:20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg \"20 lire Vittorio Emanuele II.jpg\")\nThe [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") (Plural: lire) was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002\\. It was introduced by the [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29 \"Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)\") in 1807 at par with the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\"), and was subsequently adopted by the different states that would eventually form the [Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\") in 1861\\. It was subdivided into 100 *centesimi* (singular: *centesimo*), which means \"hundredths\" or \"cents\". The lira was also the currency of the [Albanian Kingdom](/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_%281939-1943%29 \"Albanian Kingdom (1939-1943)\") from 1941 to 1943\\.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Guida d'Italia, Albania\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8J9exOJ01RcC\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2019\\|year\\=1940\\|publisher\\=Touring Editore\\|pages\\=13–14\\| isbn\\=9788836511488 }}",
"The term originates from *libra*, the largest unit of the [Carolingian monetary system](/wiki/Carolingian_monetary_system \"Carolingian monetary system\") used in Western Europe and elsewhere from the 8th to the 20th century.The last country to abandon the Carolingian system was [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\") in 1973, when the [pound](/wiki/Nigerian_pound \"Nigerian pound\") was replaced by the [naira](/wiki/Nigerian_naira \"Nigerian naira\"). The Carolingian system is the origin of the French *[livre tournois](/wiki/Livre_tournois \"Livre tournois\")* (predecessor of the [franc](/wiki/Franc \"Franc\")), the Italian lira, and the [pound](/wiki/Pound_%28currency%29 \"Pound (currency)\") unit of [sterling](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\") and related currencies.\n[thumb\\|10 cent coin, 1911, with the personifications [of Italy](/wiki/Italia_Turrita \"Italia Turrita\") and [of Rome](/wiki/Roma_%28personification%29 \"Roma (personification)\") with a ship in the background depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:Vittorio_Emanuele_III_10_Centesimi_87001856.jpg \"Vittorio Emanuele III 10 Centesimi 87001856.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Silver 5 [lire](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") coin, 1914, with the [personification of Italy](/wiki/Italia_Turrita \"Italia Turrita\") standing on a [quadriga](/wiki/Quadriga \"Quadriga\") depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:5_lire_1914.jpg \"5 lire 1914.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|100 lire coin, 1956, with goddess [Minerva](/wiki/Minerva \"Minerva\") holding an olive tree and a long spear depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg \"100 lire Repubblica Italiana 1956.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|50 lire coin, 1957, with god [Vulcan](/wiki/Vulcan_%28mythology%29 \"Vulcan (mythology)\") beating iron on an anvil depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:50_lire.jpg \"50 lire.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Silver 500 lire coin featuring the ships of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus \"Christopher Columbus\"), 1960](/wiki/Image:500_lire%2C_1960%2C_Italy.jpg \"500 lire, 1960, Italy.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|500 lire coin, 1982](/wiki/File:500_lire.jpg \"500 lire.jpg\")",
"There was no standard [sign](/wiki/Currency_symbol \"Currency symbol\") or abbreviation for the Italian lira. The abbreviations *Lit.* (standing for *Lira italiana*) and L. (standing for *Lira*) and the signs [₤](/wiki/Lira%23Lira_sign \"Lira#Lira sign\") or [£](/wiki/Pound_sign \"Pound sign\") were all accepted representations of the currency. Banks and financial institutions, including the [Bank of Italy](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy \"Bank of Italy\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/relazione\\-annuale/1982/en\\_rel82\\_abridged\\_annualreport.pdf?language\\_id\\=1\\|title\\=Banca d'Italia Annual Report for 1982 – page 187 \\|publisher\\=bancaditalia.it \\|date\\=31 May 1983 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20}} often used *Lit.*{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca\\_Popolare\\_di\\_Milano\\_50\\_lire.jpg \\|title\\=A ''miniassegni'' issued by the Banca Popolare di Milano using \"LIT.\" as the currency sign \\|date\\=20 June 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115146/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca\\_Popolare\\_di\\_Milano\\_50\\_lire.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg \\|title\\=A cheque issued by the Cassa Rurale ed Artigiana di Gaudiano di Lavello using a script version of \"Lit.\" \\|date\\=30 August 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115149/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and this was regarded internationally as the abbreviation for the Italian lira.{{cite book\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The\\_World\\_Factbook\\_(1990\\)/Italy\\|title\\=CIA World Factbook 1990 – page 178 \\|chapter\\=Italy \\|date\\=1 April 1990 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-21}} Handwritten documents and signs at market stalls would often use \"£\" or \"₤\",{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933\\-06\\-28%20Alfa%206C%201500%2010811406%20ACI%20registration.jpg \\|title\\=1933 Registration Form of the Reale Automobile Club d'Italia prominently displaying \"£50'000\" in handwriting. \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115150/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933\\-06\\-28\\_Alfa\\_6C\\_1500\\_10811406\\_ACI\\_registration.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451\\_\\-\\_Siracusa\\_\\-\\_Cotognata\\_\\-\\_Foto\\_Giovanni\\_Dall%27Orto\\_\\-\\_15\\-Oct\\-2008\\.jpg \\|title\\=An old price display sign in use in Sicily marked with both the lira and euro signs \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115151/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451\\_\\-\\_Siracusa\\_\\-\\_Cotognata\\_\\-\\_Foto\\_Giovanni\\_Dall%27Orto\\_\\-\\_15\\-Oct\\-2008\\.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while coins used \"L.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Category:Coins of the Kingdom of Italy by year \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins\\_of\\_the\\_Kingdom\\_of\\_Italy\\_by\\_year}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Category:Coins of the Italian Republic by year \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins\\_of\\_the\\_Italian\\_Republic\\_by\\_year }} [Italian postage stamps](/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy \"Postage stamps and postal history of Italy\") mostly used the word {{lang\\|it\\|lire}} in full but some (such as the 1975 monuments series) used \"L.\" The name of the currency could also be written in full as a prefix or a suffix (e.g. Lire 100,000 or 100,000 lire). The [ISO 4217](/wiki/ISO_4217 \"ISO 4217\") [currency code](/wiki/Currency_code \"Currency code\") for the lira was *ITL*.",
"[Italian unification](/wiki/Italian_unification \"Italian unification\") also highlighted the confusion of the pre\\-unification Italian monetary system which was mostly based on silver monometallism and therefore in contrast with the gold monometallism in force in the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia \"Kingdom of Sardinia\") and in the major European nations.{{cite book\\|author\\=Alfredo Taracchini\\|title\\=Addio, cara Lira\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Pendragon\\|isbn\\=978\\-8883420146\\|language\\=it\\|page\\=79}} To reconcile the various monetary systems it was decided to opt for [bimetallism](/wiki/Bimetallism \"Bimetallism\"), taking inspiration from the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") model, from which the dimensions of the coins and the exchange rate of 1 to 15\\.50 between gold and silver were taken. The Italian monetary system, however, differed from the French one in two aspects: silver coins could be exchanged in unlimited quantities with the State, but limited quantities between private individuals and it was decided to mint coins that nominally had 900‰ fine silver, but which in fact they contained 835‰ so as to approach the real exchange rate between gold and silver which was approximately 1 to 14\\.38\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Alfredo Taracchini\\|title\\=Addio, cara Lira\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Pendragon\\|isbn\\=978\\-8883420146\\|language\\=it\\|page\\=80}} Exactly four months after the [proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy \"Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy\"), the government introduced the new national currency, the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\"). The legal tender of the new currency was established by the Royal Decree of 17 July 1861 which specified the exchange of pre\\-unification coins into lire and the fact that local coins continued to be legal tender in their respective provinces of origin.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.normattiva.it/uri\\-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.regio:1861\\-7\\-17;123@originale\\|title\\=REGIO DECRETO 17 luglio 1861, n. 123\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2023\\|language\\=it}}",
"On 24 August 1862 the decree was issued which established the decommissioning of all other coins circulating in the various pre\\-unification states by the end of the year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.normattiva.it/uri\\-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1862\\-8\\-24;788@originale\\|title\\=LEGGE 24 agosto 1862, n. 788\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2023\\|language\\=it}} [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") was a direct continuation of the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira \"Sardinian lira\"). Other currencies replaced by the Italian lira included the [Lombardo\\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira \"Lombardo-Venetian lira\"), the [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra \"Two Sicilies piastra\"), the [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino \"Tuscan fiorino\"), the [Papal States scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo \"Papal States scudo\") and the [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira \"Parman lira\"). In 1865, Italy formed part of the [Latin Monetary Union](/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union \"Latin Monetary Union\") in which the lira was set as equal to, among others, the [French](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\"), [Belgian](/wiki/Belgian_franc \"Belgian franc\") and [Swiss francs](/wiki/Swiss_franc \"Swiss franc\"): in fact, until the introduction of the euro in 2002, people speaking the [Gallo\\-Italic](/wiki/Gallo-Italic \"Gallo-Italic\") [dialects](/wiki/Dialect \"Dialect\") in north\\-western Italy usually called *\"franc\"* the lira.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dialettando.com/poesie/detail\\_new.lasso?id\\=5036\\|title\\=Poesie e Prose in dialetto\\|website\\=dialettando.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702221640/https://www.dialettando.com/poesie/detail\\_new.lasso?id\\=5036\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 1866, due to the growth of public spending, partly due to the costs of the [Third Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence \"Third Italian War of Independence\"), the inconvertible paper money system was established, which lasted until 1881 (with effect from 1883\\). However, already at the end of 1887 the convertibility of the notes had to be effectively suspended, even without openly declaring it. In 1893, the [Banca Romana](/wiki/Banca_Romana \"Banca Romana\") was put into liquidation, hit by a serious [scandal](/wiki/Banca_Romana_scandal \"Banca Romana scandal\"), and the [Bank of Italy](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy \"Bank of Italy\") was created, with a gold backing of at least 40% of the lire in circulation.",
"King [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III \"Victor Emmanuel III\"), who succeeded his father [Umberto I](/wiki/Umberto_I \"Umberto I\") on the throne of Italy in 1900, was a scholar of numismatics and a great collector of coins; he published the *Corpus Nummorum Italicorum* (1909–1943\\), a work in 20 volumes in which Italian coins are described and classified. [Storia del CNI](https://web.archive.org/web/20090409084815/http://www.socnumit.org/CNI/Storia%20CNI.htm) During his reign, a rich and varied circulating coinage was minted. Upon his abdication, he donated his coin collection to the Italian state: this collection is partially exhibited in the [Roman national museum of Palazzo Massimo](/wiki/National_Roman_Museum_of_Palazzo_Massimo \"National Roman Museum of Palazzo Massimo\") in Rome. [La collezione numismatica di Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia](https://museonazionaleromano.beniculturali.it/palazzo-massimo/medagliere/la-collezione-numismatica-di-vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia/)",
"World War I broke the Latin Monetary Union and resulted in prices rising severalfold in Italy. Inflation was curbed somewhat by [Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\"), who, on 18 August 1926, declared that the exchange rate between lira and pound would be £1 \\= 90 lire—the so\\-called [Quota 90](/wiki/Quota_90 \"Quota 90\"), although the free exchange rate had been closer to 140–150 lire per pound. In 1927, the lira was pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 1 dollar \\= 19 lire.Peter Neville. 2003\\. *Mussolini*. Routledge. {{ISBN\\|0\\-415\\-24989\\-9}}. p. 77\\. This rate lasted until 1934, with a separate \"tourist\" rate of US$1 \\= 24\\.89 lire being established in 1936\\. In 1939, the \"official\" rate was 19\\.8 lire. After the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II, an exchange rate was set at US$1 \\= 120 lire (1 [British pound](/wiki/British_pound \"British pound\") \\= 480 lire) in June 1943, reduced to 100 lire the following month. In German\\-occupied areas, the exchange rate was set at 1 [Reichsmark](/wiki/German_reichsmark \"German reichsmark\") \\= 10 lire.",
"After the war, the Roman mint first issued the first 1, 2, 5 and 10 lira coins (6 September 1946\\). They were officially set up on 21 December of the same year and were used up to 1953–4\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/repubblica/welcome.htm\\|title\\=Italian Republic coins\\|website\\=ilmarengo.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502145147/http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/repubblica/welcome.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Italy joined the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\") on 27 March 1947\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.esteri.it/it/politica\\-estera\\-e\\-cooperazione\\-allo\\-sviluppo/organizzazioni\\_internazionali/fora\\-organizzazioni\\-economiche\\-internazionali/fondomonetariointernazionale/\\|title\\=Fondo Monetario Internazionale – Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2022\\|language\\=it}} The value of the lira fluctuated, before Italy set a peg of US$1 \\= 575 lire within the [Bretton Woods System](/wiki/Bretton_Woods_System \"Bretton Woods System\") in November 1947\\. Following the devaluation of the pound, Italy devalued to US$1 \\= 625 lire on 21 September 1949\\. This rate was maintained until the end of the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s.",
"In December 1973 some of the major [OPEC](/wiki/OPEC \"OPEC\") countries decided to sharply increase the price of crude oil, thus triggering an [oil crisis](/wiki/1973_oil_crisis \"1973 oil crisis\") that hit the [Italian economy](/wiki/Italian_economy \"Italian economy\") hard. The increase in oil prices caused a sudden increase in the cost of money which in the spring of 1974 brought the Bank of Italy's [discount rate](/wiki/Bank_rate \"Bank rate\") to 9%; furthermore, to combat the crisis a lot of [Government debt](/wiki/Government_debt \"Government debt\") was issued which in 1975 exposed the lira to intense [speculative phenomena](/wiki/Speculation \"Speculation\").{{cite book\\|author\\=Alfredo Taracchini\\|title\\=Addio, cara Lira\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Pendragon\\|isbn\\=978\\-8883420146\\|language\\=it\\|page\\=182}} The increase in debt triggered by the oil crisis caused a strong devaluation compared to other European currencies and for its recovery the Bank of Italy raised the discount rate up to 15% in the autumn of 1976\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Alfredo Taracchini\\|title\\=Addio, cara Lira\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Pendragon\\|isbn\\=978\\-8883420146\\|language\\=it\\|page\\=183}}",
"The lira was the official unit of currency in Italy until 1 January 1999, when it was replaced by the euro (euro coins and notes were not introduced until 2002\\). Old lira denominated currency ceased to be legal tender on 28 February 2002\\. The conversion rate is 1,936\\.27 lire to the euro.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia\\_lira\\_compl.html \\|title\\=Ultimalira: Storia della Lira \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515000441/http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia\\_lira\\_compl.html \\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nAll lira banknotes in use immediately before the introduction of the euro, as all post WW2 coins, were still exchangeable for euros in all branches of the Bank of Italy until 29 February 2012\\.",
"### Italian euro coins",
"{{Main\\|Italian euro coins}}\n[thumb\\|Italian [10 euro cent coin](/wiki/10_euro_cent_coin \"10 euro cent coin\"), with [*The Birth of Venus*](/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29 \"The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)\") by [Sandro Botticelli](/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli \"Sandro Botticelli\") depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:Italien-_2002_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5542401.jpg \"Italien- 2002 - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5542401.jpg\")",
"The euro officially began circulating in Italy on 1 January 2002 (even though the creation of Italian lira coins was suspended in 1999\\). [Italian euro coins](/wiki/Italian_euro_coins \"Italian euro coins\") have a design unique to each denomination, though there are many themes of works by one of the most renowned and famous Italian artists and painters. In particular, on the reverse of Italian euro coins are depicted:{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.raiffeisen.it/it/sapere\\-finanziario/dettaglio/cose\\-raffigurato\\-sulle\\-monete\\-italiane.html\\|title\\=Cos'è raffigurato sulle monete italiane?\\|access\\-date\\=6 October 2023\\|language\\=it}}",
"* [1 euro cent coin](/wiki/1_euro_cent_coin \"1 euro cent coin\"): [Castel del Monte](/wiki/Castel_del_Monte_%28Apulia%29 \"Castel del Monte (Apulia)\"), a 13th\\-century castle in [Andria](/wiki/Andria%2C_Italy \"Andria, Italy\")\n* [2 euro cent coin](/wiki/2_euro_cent_coin \"2 euro cent coin\"): [Mole Antonelliana](/wiki/Mole_Antonelliana \"Mole Antonelliana\"), a tower symbolising the city of [Turin](/wiki/Turin \"Turin\")\n* [5 euro cent coin](/wiki/5_euro_cent_coin \"5 euro cent coin\"): [Colosseum](/wiki/Colosseum \"Colosseum\"), famous [Roman amphitheater](/wiki/Roman_amphitheater \"Roman amphitheater\")\n* [10 euro cent coin](/wiki/10_euro_cent_coin \"10 euro cent coin\"): [*The Birth of Venus*](/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29 \"The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)\") by [Sandro Botticelli](/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli \"Sandro Botticelli\")\n* [20 euro cent coin](/wiki/20_euro_cent_coin \"20 euro cent coin\"): [Futurist](/wiki/Futurist \"Futurist\") sculpture *[Unique Forms of Continuity in Space](/wiki/Unique_Forms_of_Continuity_in_Space \"Unique Forms of Continuity in Space\")* by [Umberto Boccioni](/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni \"Umberto Boccioni\")\n* [50 euro cent coin](/wiki/50_euro_cent_coin \"50 euro cent coin\"): *[Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius](/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius \"Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius\")*\n* [1 euro coin](/wiki/1_euro_coin \"1 euro coin\"): *[Vitruvian Man](/wiki/Vitruvian_Man \"Vitruvian Man\")*, a drawing by [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\")\n* [2 euro coin](/wiki/2_euro_coin \"2 euro coin\"): [Dante Alighieri](/wiki/Dante_Alighieri \"Dante Alighieri\"), an Italian [poet](/wiki/Italian_poetry \"Italian poetry\"), writer and philosopher, considered the father of the Italian language",
"Each coin is designed by a different designer, from the 1 cent to the 2 euro coin they are: Eugenio Driutti, Luciana De Simoni, Ettore Lorenzo Frapiccini, Claudia Momoni, Maria Angela Cassol, Roberto Mauri, Laura Cretara and Maria Carmela Colaneri. All designs feature the [12 stars of the EU](/wiki/European_symbols \"European symbols\"), the year of imprint, the overlapping letters \"RI\" for *Repubblica Italiana* (Italian Republic) and the letter R for Rome.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fleur\\-de\\-coin.com/eurocoins/eurocoinsitaly.asp \\|title\\=Buy the Italian euro coins \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110103954/http://www.fleur\\-de\\-coin.com/eurocoins/eurocoinsitaly.asp \\|archive\\-date\\=10 January 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} There are no Italian euro coins dated earlier than *2002*, even though they were certainly minted earlier, as they were first distributed to the public in December 2001\\.\n[thumb\\|upright\\|The reverse of the Italian [1 euro coin](/wiki/1_euro_coin \"1 euro coin\"), with *[Vitruvian Man](/wiki/Vitruvian_Man \"Vitruvian Man\")* by [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\") depicted](/wiki/File:Italian_Euro_2009_%2816868989329%29.jpg \"Italian Euro 2009 (16868989329).jpg\")",
"The choice of the design of the coins was left to the Italian public by means of a television broadcast where alternative designs were presented, letting the people vote by calling a certain telephone number.[Archivio RAI](http://www.archivio.raiuno.rai.it/schede/0013/001362.htm) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117115119/http://www.archivio.raiuno.rai.it/schede/0013/001362\\.htm \\|date\\=17 novembre 2011 }} However, the 1 euro coin was missing in this election, because [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi \"Carlo Azeglio Ciampi\"), the then economy minister, had already decided it would sport the *[Vitruvian Man](/wiki/Vitruvian_Man \"Vitruvian Man\")* of [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\").{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1998/02/09/scoppia\\-la\\-febbre\\-dell\\-euro.html\\|title\\=Scoppia la febbre dell'Euro\\|date\\=9 February 1998\\|access\\-date\\=11 October 2013}} Leonardo's work is highly symbolic as it represents the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\") focus on man as the measure of all things, and has simultaneously a round shape that fits the coin perfectly. As Ciampi observed, this represents the \"coin to the service of Man\", instead of Man to the service of money.",
"As in [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\") and the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands \"Netherlands\"), the minting of 1 and 2\\-cent coins was suspended in Italy from 1 January 2018\\. However, coins in circulation have legal value.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://quifinanza.it/soldi/addio\\-monete\\-da\\-1\\-e\\-2\\-centesimi\\-sospeso\\-il\\-conio\\-cosa\\-cambia/171732/\\|title\\=Addio monete da 1 e 2 centesimi, sospeso il conio. Cosa cambia\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2022\\|archive\\-date\\=15 February 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215110617/https://quifinanza.it/soldi/addio\\-monete\\-da\\-1\\-e\\-2\\-centesimi\\-sospeso\\-il\\-conio\\-cosa\\-cambia/171732/\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The cost of creating a one\\-cent euro coin exceeded its face value, resulting in negative [seigniorage](/wiki/Seigniorage \"Seigniorage\"). This amounted, in fact, to 4\\.5 cents. Even for the production of the two\\-cent coin, a sum greater than its value was spent: 5\\.2 cents.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://espresso.repubblica.it/palazzo/2014/05/06/news/la\\-camera\\-vota\\-addio\\-alle\\-monetine\\-1\\.163918?ref\\=HRBZ\\-1 \\|title\\=La Camera vota: addio alle monetine\\|access\\-date\\=7 May 2014 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 May 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030607/http://espresso.repubblica.it/palazzo/2014/05/06/news/la\\-camera\\-vota\\-addio\\-alle\\-monetine\\-1\\.163918?ref\\=HRBZ\\-1 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"In 1999, following a technical error, 1,179,335 pieces of 20 cents were minted with the 1999 millage, instead of the 2002 millage foreseen by the issuing decree. The [minting error](/wiki/Mint-made_errors \"Mint-made errors\") was discovered shortly afterwards and the then director of the Italian mint ordered the immediate deformation of the entire lot; unknown persons nevertheless managed to steal and put into circulation an unspecified number of coins, subject to seizure by the [Guardia di Finanza](/wiki/Guardia_di_Finanza \"Guardia di Finanza\") as they were the exclusive property of the State.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://catalogo\\-euro.lamoneta.it/moneta/E\\-EUR/20%20centesimi%20di%20Euro\\|title\\=20 centesimi di Euro\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2022}} In 2002 the Italian mint mistakenly minted the reverse side of a hundred 1 cent coins with the [Mole Antonelliana](/wiki/Mole_Antonelliana \"Mole Antonelliana\") (which instead correctly went on the 2\\-cent coins), instead of the monument of [Castel del Monte](/wiki/Castel_del_Monte_%28Apulia%29 \"Castel del Monte (Apulia)\"), in [Apulia](/wiki/Apulia \"Apulia\"). Each of these coins has been valued by numismatists at more than 2,500 euros.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/ecco\\-moneta\\-1\\-centesimo\\-che\\-vale\\-2500\\-euro\\-1126608\\.html\\|title\\=Ecco la moneta da 1 centesimo che vale 2500 euro\\|language\\=it\\|access\\-date\\=6 September 2022}}",
""
] |
### Italian lira
{{Main\|Italian lira}}
[thumb\|left\|Gold 20 [lire](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") coin, 1873\.](/wiki/File:20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg "20 lire Vittorio Emanuele II.jpg")
The [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") (Plural: lire) was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002\. It was introduced by the [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29 "Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)") in 1807 at par with the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"), and was subsequently adopted by the different states that would eventually form the [Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy "Kingdom of Italy") in 1861\. It was subdivided into 100 *centesimi* (singular: *centesimo*), which means "hundredths" or "cents". The lira was also the currency of the [Albanian Kingdom](/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_%281939-1943%29 "Albanian Kingdom (1939-1943)") from 1941 to 1943\.{{Cite book\|title\=Guida d'Italia, Albania\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=8J9exOJ01RcC\|access\-date\=11 May 2019\|year\=1940\|publisher\=Touring Editore\|pages\=13–14\| isbn\=9788836511488 }}
The term originates from *libra*, the largest unit of the [Carolingian monetary system](/wiki/Carolingian_monetary_system "Carolingian monetary system") used in Western Europe and elsewhere from the 8th to the 20th century.The last country to abandon the Carolingian system was [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria "Nigeria") in 1973, when the [pound](/wiki/Nigerian_pound "Nigerian pound") was replaced by the [naira](/wiki/Nigerian_naira "Nigerian naira"). The Carolingian system is the origin of the French *[livre tournois](/wiki/Livre_tournois "Livre tournois")* (predecessor of the [franc](/wiki/Franc "Franc")), the Italian lira, and the [pound](/wiki/Pound_%28currency%29 "Pound (currency)") unit of [sterling](/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling") and related currencies.
[thumb\|10 cent coin, 1911, with the personifications [of Italy](/wiki/Italia_Turrita "Italia Turrita") and [of Rome](/wiki/Roma_%28personification%29 "Roma (personification)") with a ship in the background depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:Vittorio_Emanuele_III_10_Centesimi_87001856.jpg "Vittorio Emanuele III 10 Centesimi 87001856.jpg")
[thumb\|Silver 5 [lire](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") coin, 1914, with the [personification of Italy](/wiki/Italia_Turrita "Italia Turrita") standing on a [quadriga](/wiki/Quadriga "Quadriga") depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:5_lire_1914.jpg "5 lire 1914.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|100 lire coin, 1956, with goddess [Minerva](/wiki/Minerva "Minerva") holding an olive tree and a long spear depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg "100 lire Repubblica Italiana 1956.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|50 lire coin, 1957, with god [Vulcan](/wiki/Vulcan_%28mythology%29 "Vulcan (mythology)") beating iron on an anvil depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:50_lire.jpg "50 lire.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|Silver 500 lire coin featuring the ships of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus "Christopher Columbus"), 1960](/wiki/Image:500_lire%2C_1960%2C_Italy.jpg "500 lire, 1960, Italy.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|500 lire coin, 1982](/wiki/File:500_lire.jpg "500 lire.jpg")
There was no standard [sign](/wiki/Currency_symbol "Currency symbol") or abbreviation for the Italian lira. The abbreviations *Lit.* (standing for *Lira italiana*) and L. (standing for *Lira*) and the signs [₤](/wiki/Lira%23Lira_sign "Lira#Lira sign") or [£](/wiki/Pound_sign "Pound sign") were all accepted representations of the currency. Banks and financial institutions, including the [Bank of Italy](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy "Bank of Italy"),{{cite web\|url\=https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/relazione\-annuale/1982/en\_rel82\_abridged\_annualreport.pdf?language\_id\=1\|title\=Banca d'Italia Annual Report for 1982 – page 187 \|publisher\=bancaditalia.it \|date\=31 May 1983 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20}} often used *Lit.*{{Cite web \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca\_Popolare\_di\_Milano\_50\_lire.jpg \|title\=A ''miniassegni'' issued by the Banca Popolare di Milano using "LIT." as the currency sign \|date\=20 June 2019 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115146/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca\_Popolare\_di\_Milano\_50\_lire.jpg \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg \|title\=A cheque issued by the Cassa Rurale ed Artigiana di Gaudiano di Lavello using a script version of "Lit." \|date\=30 August 2015 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115149/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg \|url\-status\=live }} and this was regarded internationally as the abbreviation for the Italian lira.{{cite book\|chapter\-url\=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The\_World\_Factbook\_(1990\)/Italy\|title\=CIA World Factbook 1990 – page 178 \|chapter\=Italy \|date\=1 April 1990 \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-21}} Handwritten documents and signs at market stalls would often use "£" or "₤",{{Cite web \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933\-06\-28%20Alfa%206C%201500%2010811406%20ACI%20registration.jpg \|title\=1933 Registration Form of the Reale Automobile Club d'Italia prominently displaying "£50'000" in handwriting. \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115150/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933\-06\-28\_Alfa\_6C\_1500\_10811406\_ACI\_registration.jpg \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451\_\-\_Siracusa\_\-\_Cotognata\_\-\_Foto\_Giovanni\_Dall%27Orto\_\-\_15\-Oct\-2008\.jpg \|title\=An old price display sign in use in Sicily marked with both the lira and euro signs \|access\-date\=2022\-06\-20 \|archive\-date\=2022\-12\-06 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115151/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451\_\-\_Siracusa\_\-\_Cotognata\_\-\_Foto\_Giovanni\_Dall%27Orto\_\-\_15\-Oct\-2008\.jpg \|url\-status\=live }} while coins used "L."{{cite web \|title\=Category:Coins of the Kingdom of Italy by year \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins\_of\_the\_Kingdom\_of\_Italy\_by\_year}}{{cite web \|title\=Category:Coins of the Italian Republic by year \|url\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins\_of\_the\_Italian\_Republic\_by\_year }} [Italian postage stamps](/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy "Postage stamps and postal history of Italy") mostly used the word {{lang\|it\|lire}} in full but some (such as the 1975 monuments series) used "L." The name of the currency could also be written in full as a prefix or a suffix (e.g. Lire 100,000 or 100,000 lire). The [ISO 4217](/wiki/ISO_4217 "ISO 4217") [currency code](/wiki/Currency_code "Currency code") for the lira was *ITL*.
[Italian unification](/wiki/Italian_unification "Italian unification") also highlighted the confusion of the pre\-unification Italian monetary system which was mostly based on silver monometallism and therefore in contrast with the gold monometallism in force in the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia "Kingdom of Sardinia") and in the major European nations.{{cite book\|author\=Alfredo Taracchini\|title\=Addio, cara Lira\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Edizioni Pendragon\|isbn\=978\-8883420146\|language\=it\|page\=79}} To reconcile the various monetary systems it was decided to opt for [bimetallism](/wiki/Bimetallism "Bimetallism"), taking inspiration from the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc "French franc") model, from which the dimensions of the coins and the exchange rate of 1 to 15\.50 between gold and silver were taken. The Italian monetary system, however, differed from the French one in two aspects: silver coins could be exchanged in unlimited quantities with the State, but limited quantities between private individuals and it was decided to mint coins that nominally had 900‰ fine silver, but which in fact they contained 835‰ so as to approach the real exchange rate between gold and silver which was approximately 1 to 14\.38\.{{cite book\|author\=Alfredo Taracchini\|title\=Addio, cara Lira\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Edizioni Pendragon\|isbn\=978\-8883420146\|language\=it\|page\=80}} Exactly four months after the [proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy "Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy"), the government introduced the new national currency, the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira"). The legal tender of the new currency was established by the Royal Decree of 17 July 1861 which specified the exchange of pre\-unification coins into lire and the fact that local coins continued to be legal tender in their respective provinces of origin.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.normattiva.it/uri\-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.regio:1861\-7\-17;123@originale\|title\=REGIO DECRETO 17 luglio 1861, n. 123\|access\-date\=7 October 2023\|language\=it}}
On 24 August 1862 the decree was issued which established the decommissioning of all other coins circulating in the various pre\-unification states by the end of the year.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.normattiva.it/uri\-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1862\-8\-24;788@originale\|title\=LEGGE 24 agosto 1862, n. 788\|access\-date\=7 October 2023\|language\=it}} [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira "Italian lira") was a direct continuation of the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira "Sardinian lira"). Other currencies replaced by the Italian lira included the [Lombardo\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira "Lombardo-Venetian lira"), the [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra "Two Sicilies piastra"), the [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino "Tuscan fiorino"), the [Papal States scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo "Papal States scudo") and the [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira "Parman lira"). In 1865, Italy formed part of the [Latin Monetary Union](/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union "Latin Monetary Union") in which the lira was set as equal to, among others, the [French](/wiki/French_franc "French franc"), [Belgian](/wiki/Belgian_franc "Belgian franc") and [Swiss francs](/wiki/Swiss_franc "Swiss franc"): in fact, until the introduction of the euro in 2002, people speaking the [Gallo\-Italic](/wiki/Gallo-Italic "Gallo-Italic") [dialects](/wiki/Dialect "Dialect") in north\-western Italy usually called *"franc"* the lira.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.dialettando.com/poesie/detail\_new.lasso?id\=5036\|title\=Poesie e Prose in dialetto\|website\=dialettando.com\|access\-date\=14 April 2018\|archive\-date\=2 July 2019\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702221640/https://www.dialettando.com/poesie/detail\_new.lasso?id\=5036\|url\-status\=live}}
In 1866, due to the growth of public spending, partly due to the costs of the [Third Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence "Third Italian War of Independence"), the inconvertible paper money system was established, which lasted until 1881 (with effect from 1883\). However, already at the end of 1887 the convertibility of the notes had to be effectively suspended, even without openly declaring it. In 1893, the [Banca Romana](/wiki/Banca_Romana "Banca Romana") was put into liquidation, hit by a serious [scandal](/wiki/Banca_Romana_scandal "Banca Romana scandal"), and the [Bank of Italy](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy "Bank of Italy") was created, with a gold backing of at least 40% of the lire in circulation.
King [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III "Victor Emmanuel III"), who succeeded his father [Umberto I](/wiki/Umberto_I "Umberto I") on the throne of Italy in 1900, was a scholar of numismatics and a great collector of coins; he published the *Corpus Nummorum Italicorum* (1909–1943\), a work in 20 volumes in which Italian coins are described and classified. [Storia del CNI](https://web.archive.org/web/20090409084815/http://www.socnumit.org/CNI/Storia%20CNI.htm) During his reign, a rich and varied circulating coinage was minted. Upon his abdication, he donated his coin collection to the Italian state: this collection is partially exhibited in the [Roman national museum of Palazzo Massimo](/wiki/National_Roman_Museum_of_Palazzo_Massimo "National Roman Museum of Palazzo Massimo") in Rome. [La collezione numismatica di Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia](https://museonazionaleromano.beniculturali.it/palazzo-massimo/medagliere/la-collezione-numismatica-di-vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia/)
World War I broke the Latin Monetary Union and resulted in prices rising severalfold in Italy. Inflation was curbed somewhat by [Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini "Benito Mussolini"), who, on 18 August 1926, declared that the exchange rate between lira and pound would be £1 \= 90 lire—the so\-called [Quota 90](/wiki/Quota_90 "Quota 90"), although the free exchange rate had been closer to 140–150 lire per pound. In 1927, the lira was pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 1 dollar \= 19 lire.Peter Neville. 2003\. *Mussolini*. Routledge. {{ISBN\|0\-415\-24989\-9}}. p. 77\. This rate lasted until 1934, with a separate "tourist" rate of US$1 \= 24\.89 lire being established in 1936\. In 1939, the "official" rate was 19\.8 lire. After the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II, an exchange rate was set at US$1 \= 120 lire (1 [British pound](/wiki/British_pound "British pound") \= 480 lire) in June 1943, reduced to 100 lire the following month. In German\-occupied areas, the exchange rate was set at 1 [Reichsmark](/wiki/German_reichsmark "German reichsmark") \= 10 lire.
After the war, the Roman mint first issued the first 1, 2, 5 and 10 lira coins (6 September 1946\). They were officially set up on 21 December of the same year and were used up to 1953–4\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/repubblica/welcome.htm\|title\=Italian Republic coins\|website\=ilmarengo.com\|access\-date\=14 April 2018\|archive\-date\=2 May 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502145147/http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/repubblica/welcome.htm\|url\-status\=live}} Italy joined the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") on 27 March 1947\.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.esteri.it/it/politica\-estera\-e\-cooperazione\-allo\-sviluppo/organizzazioni\_internazionali/fora\-organizzazioni\-economiche\-internazionali/fondomonetariointernazionale/\|title\=Fondo Monetario Internazionale – Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale\|access\-date\=4 January 2022\|language\=it}} The value of the lira fluctuated, before Italy set a peg of US$1 \= 575 lire within the [Bretton Woods System](/wiki/Bretton_Woods_System "Bretton Woods System") in November 1947\. Following the devaluation of the pound, Italy devalued to US$1 \= 625 lire on 21 September 1949\. This rate was maintained until the end of the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s.
In December 1973 some of the major [OPEC](/wiki/OPEC "OPEC") countries decided to sharply increase the price of crude oil, thus triggering an [oil crisis](/wiki/1973_oil_crisis "1973 oil crisis") that hit the [Italian economy](/wiki/Italian_economy "Italian economy") hard. The increase in oil prices caused a sudden increase in the cost of money which in the spring of 1974 brought the Bank of Italy's [discount rate](/wiki/Bank_rate "Bank rate") to 9%; furthermore, to combat the crisis a lot of [Government debt](/wiki/Government_debt "Government debt") was issued which in 1975 exposed the lira to intense [speculative phenomena](/wiki/Speculation "Speculation").{{cite book\|author\=Alfredo Taracchini\|title\=Addio, cara Lira\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Edizioni Pendragon\|isbn\=978\-8883420146\|language\=it\|page\=182}} The increase in debt triggered by the oil crisis caused a strong devaluation compared to other European currencies and for its recovery the Bank of Italy raised the discount rate up to 15% in the autumn of 1976\.{{cite book\|author\=Alfredo Taracchini\|title\=Addio, cara Lira\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\|year\=1999\|publisher\=Edizioni Pendragon\|isbn\=978\-8883420146\|language\=it\|page\=183}}
The lira was the official unit of currency in Italy until 1 January 1999, when it was replaced by the euro (euro coins and notes were not introduced until 2002\). Old lira denominated currency ceased to be legal tender on 28 February 2002\. The conversion rate is 1,936\.27 lire to the euro.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia\_lira\_compl.html \|title\=Ultimalira: Storia della Lira \|access\-date\=4 February 2010 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515000441/http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia\_lira\_compl.html \|archive\-date\=15 May 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }}
All lira banknotes in use immediately before the introduction of the euro, as all post WW2 coins, were still exchangeable for euros in all branches of the Bank of Italy until 29 February 2012\.
|
[
"### Italian lira",
"{{Main\\|Italian lira}}\n[thumb\\|left\\|Gold 20 [lire](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") coin, 1873\\.](/wiki/File:20_lire_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg \"20 lire Vittorio Emanuele II.jpg\")\nThe [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") (Plural: lire) was the currency of Italy between 1861 and 2002\\. It was introduced by the [Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_%28Napoleonic%29 \"Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)\") in 1807 at par with the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\"), and was subsequently adopted by the different states that would eventually form the [Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy \"Kingdom of Italy\") in 1861\\. It was subdivided into 100 *centesimi* (singular: *centesimo*), which means \"hundredths\" or \"cents\". The lira was also the currency of the [Albanian Kingdom](/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_%281939-1943%29 \"Albanian Kingdom (1939-1943)\") from 1941 to 1943\\.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Guida d'Italia, Albania\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=8J9exOJ01RcC\\|access\\-date\\=11 May 2019\\|year\\=1940\\|publisher\\=Touring Editore\\|pages\\=13–14\\| isbn\\=9788836511488 }}",
"The term originates from *libra*, the largest unit of the [Carolingian monetary system](/wiki/Carolingian_monetary_system \"Carolingian monetary system\") used in Western Europe and elsewhere from the 8th to the 20th century.The last country to abandon the Carolingian system was [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\") in 1973, when the [pound](/wiki/Nigerian_pound \"Nigerian pound\") was replaced by the [naira](/wiki/Nigerian_naira \"Nigerian naira\"). The Carolingian system is the origin of the French *[livre tournois](/wiki/Livre_tournois \"Livre tournois\")* (predecessor of the [franc](/wiki/Franc \"Franc\")), the Italian lira, and the [pound](/wiki/Pound_%28currency%29 \"Pound (currency)\") unit of [sterling](/wiki/Pound_sterling \"Pound sterling\") and related currencies.\n[thumb\\|10 cent coin, 1911, with the personifications [of Italy](/wiki/Italia_Turrita \"Italia Turrita\") and [of Rome](/wiki/Roma_%28personification%29 \"Roma (personification)\") with a ship in the background depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:Vittorio_Emanuele_III_10_Centesimi_87001856.jpg \"Vittorio Emanuele III 10 Centesimi 87001856.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Silver 5 [lire](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") coin, 1914, with the [personification of Italy](/wiki/Italia_Turrita \"Italia Turrita\") standing on a [quadriga](/wiki/Quadriga \"Quadriga\") depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:5_lire_1914.jpg \"5 lire 1914.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|100 lire coin, 1956, with goddess [Minerva](/wiki/Minerva \"Minerva\") holding an olive tree and a long spear depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg \"100 lire Repubblica Italiana 1956.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|50 lire coin, 1957, with god [Vulcan](/wiki/Vulcan_%28mythology%29 \"Vulcan (mythology)\") beating iron on an anvil depicted on the reverse](/wiki/File:50_lire.jpg \"50 lire.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|Silver 500 lire coin featuring the ships of [Christopher Columbus](/wiki/Christopher_Columbus \"Christopher Columbus\"), 1960](/wiki/Image:500_lire%2C_1960%2C_Italy.jpg \"500 lire, 1960, Italy.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|500 lire coin, 1982](/wiki/File:500_lire.jpg \"500 lire.jpg\")",
"There was no standard [sign](/wiki/Currency_symbol \"Currency symbol\") or abbreviation for the Italian lira. The abbreviations *Lit.* (standing for *Lira italiana*) and L. (standing for *Lira*) and the signs [₤](/wiki/Lira%23Lira_sign \"Lira#Lira sign\") or [£](/wiki/Pound_sign \"Pound sign\") were all accepted representations of the currency. Banks and financial institutions, including the [Bank of Italy](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy \"Bank of Italy\"),{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/relazione\\-annuale/1982/en\\_rel82\\_abridged\\_annualreport.pdf?language\\_id\\=1\\|title\\=Banca d'Italia Annual Report for 1982 – page 187 \\|publisher\\=bancaditalia.it \\|date\\=31 May 1983 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20}} often used *Lit.*{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca\\_Popolare\\_di\\_Milano\\_50\\_lire.jpg \\|title\\=A ''miniassegni'' issued by the Banca Popolare di Milano using \"LIT.\" as the currency sign \\|date\\=20 June 2019 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115146/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca\\_Popolare\\_di\\_Milano\\_50\\_lire.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg \\|title\\=A cheque issued by the Cassa Rurale ed Artigiana di Gaudiano di Lavello using a script version of \"Lit.\" \\|date\\=30 August 2015 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115149/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and this was regarded internationally as the abbreviation for the Italian lira.{{cite book\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The\\_World\\_Factbook\\_(1990\\)/Italy\\|title\\=CIA World Factbook 1990 – page 178 \\|chapter\\=Italy \\|date\\=1 April 1990 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-21}} Handwritten documents and signs at market stalls would often use \"£\" or \"₤\",{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933\\-06\\-28%20Alfa%206C%201500%2010811406%20ACI%20registration.jpg \\|title\\=1933 Registration Form of the Reale Automobile Club d'Italia prominently displaying \"£50'000\" in handwriting. \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115150/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933\\-06\\-28\\_Alfa\\_6C\\_1500\\_10811406\\_ACI\\_registration.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451\\_\\-\\_Siracusa\\_\\-\\_Cotognata\\_\\-\\_Foto\\_Giovanni\\_Dall%27Orto\\_\\-\\_15\\-Oct\\-2008\\.jpg \\|title\\=An old price display sign in use in Sicily marked with both the lira and euro signs \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-06\\-20 \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-06 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115151/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451\\_\\-\\_Siracusa\\_\\-\\_Cotognata\\_\\-\\_Foto\\_Giovanni\\_Dall%27Orto\\_\\-\\_15\\-Oct\\-2008\\.jpg \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while coins used \"L.\"{{cite web \\|title\\=Category:Coins of the Kingdom of Italy by year \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins\\_of\\_the\\_Kingdom\\_of\\_Italy\\_by\\_year}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Category:Coins of the Italian Republic by year \\|url\\=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins\\_of\\_the\\_Italian\\_Republic\\_by\\_year }} [Italian postage stamps](/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy \"Postage stamps and postal history of Italy\") mostly used the word {{lang\\|it\\|lire}} in full but some (such as the 1975 monuments series) used \"L.\" The name of the currency could also be written in full as a prefix or a suffix (e.g. Lire 100,000 or 100,000 lire). The [ISO 4217](/wiki/ISO_4217 \"ISO 4217\") [currency code](/wiki/Currency_code \"Currency code\") for the lira was *ITL*.",
"[Italian unification](/wiki/Italian_unification \"Italian unification\") also highlighted the confusion of the pre\\-unification Italian monetary system which was mostly based on silver monometallism and therefore in contrast with the gold monometallism in force in the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia \"Kingdom of Sardinia\") and in the major European nations.{{cite book\\|author\\=Alfredo Taracchini\\|title\\=Addio, cara Lira\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Pendragon\\|isbn\\=978\\-8883420146\\|language\\=it\\|page\\=79}} To reconcile the various monetary systems it was decided to opt for [bimetallism](/wiki/Bimetallism \"Bimetallism\"), taking inspiration from the [French franc](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\") model, from which the dimensions of the coins and the exchange rate of 1 to 15\\.50 between gold and silver were taken. The Italian monetary system, however, differed from the French one in two aspects: silver coins could be exchanged in unlimited quantities with the State, but limited quantities between private individuals and it was decided to mint coins that nominally had 900‰ fine silver, but which in fact they contained 835‰ so as to approach the real exchange rate between gold and silver which was approximately 1 to 14\\.38\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Alfredo Taracchini\\|title\\=Addio, cara Lira\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Pendragon\\|isbn\\=978\\-8883420146\\|language\\=it\\|page\\=80}} Exactly four months after the [proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy](/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy \"Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy\"), the government introduced the new national currency, the [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\"). The legal tender of the new currency was established by the Royal Decree of 17 July 1861 which specified the exchange of pre\\-unification coins into lire and the fact that local coins continued to be legal tender in their respective provinces of origin.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.normattiva.it/uri\\-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.regio:1861\\-7\\-17;123@originale\\|title\\=REGIO DECRETO 17 luglio 1861, n. 123\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2023\\|language\\=it}}",
"On 24 August 1862 the decree was issued which established the decommissioning of all other coins circulating in the various pre\\-unification states by the end of the year.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.normattiva.it/uri\\-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1862\\-8\\-24;788@originale\\|title\\=LEGGE 24 agosto 1862, n. 788\\|access\\-date\\=7 October 2023\\|language\\=it}} [Italian lira](/wiki/Italian_lira \"Italian lira\") was a direct continuation of the [Sardinian lira](/wiki/Sardinian_lira \"Sardinian lira\"). Other currencies replaced by the Italian lira included the [Lombardo\\-Venetian lira](/wiki/Lombardo-Venetian_lira \"Lombardo-Venetian lira\"), the [Two Sicilies piastra](/wiki/Two_Sicilies_piastra \"Two Sicilies piastra\"), the [Tuscan fiorino](/wiki/Tuscan_fiorino \"Tuscan fiorino\"), the [Papal States scudo](/wiki/Papal_States_scudo \"Papal States scudo\") and the [Parman lira](/wiki/Parman_lira \"Parman lira\"). In 1865, Italy formed part of the [Latin Monetary Union](/wiki/Latin_Monetary_Union \"Latin Monetary Union\") in which the lira was set as equal to, among others, the [French](/wiki/French_franc \"French franc\"), [Belgian](/wiki/Belgian_franc \"Belgian franc\") and [Swiss francs](/wiki/Swiss_franc \"Swiss franc\"): in fact, until the introduction of the euro in 2002, people speaking the [Gallo\\-Italic](/wiki/Gallo-Italic \"Gallo-Italic\") [dialects](/wiki/Dialect \"Dialect\") in north\\-western Italy usually called *\"franc\"* the lira.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.dialettando.com/poesie/detail\\_new.lasso?id\\=5036\\|title\\=Poesie e Prose in dialetto\\|website\\=dialettando.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=2 July 2019\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702221640/https://www.dialettando.com/poesie/detail\\_new.lasso?id\\=5036\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 1866, due to the growth of public spending, partly due to the costs of the [Third Italian War of Independence](/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence \"Third Italian War of Independence\"), the inconvertible paper money system was established, which lasted until 1881 (with effect from 1883\\). However, already at the end of 1887 the convertibility of the notes had to be effectively suspended, even without openly declaring it. In 1893, the [Banca Romana](/wiki/Banca_Romana \"Banca Romana\") was put into liquidation, hit by a serious [scandal](/wiki/Banca_Romana_scandal \"Banca Romana scandal\"), and the [Bank of Italy](/wiki/Bank_of_Italy \"Bank of Italy\") was created, with a gold backing of at least 40% of the lire in circulation.",
"King [Victor Emmanuel III](/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III \"Victor Emmanuel III\"), who succeeded his father [Umberto I](/wiki/Umberto_I \"Umberto I\") on the throne of Italy in 1900, was a scholar of numismatics and a great collector of coins; he published the *Corpus Nummorum Italicorum* (1909–1943\\), a work in 20 volumes in which Italian coins are described and classified. [Storia del CNI](https://web.archive.org/web/20090409084815/http://www.socnumit.org/CNI/Storia%20CNI.htm) During his reign, a rich and varied circulating coinage was minted. Upon his abdication, he donated his coin collection to the Italian state: this collection is partially exhibited in the [Roman national museum of Palazzo Massimo](/wiki/National_Roman_Museum_of_Palazzo_Massimo \"National Roman Museum of Palazzo Massimo\") in Rome. [La collezione numismatica di Vittorio Emanuele III di Savoia](https://museonazionaleromano.beniculturali.it/palazzo-massimo/medagliere/la-collezione-numismatica-di-vittorio-emanuele-iii-di-savoia/)",
"World War I broke the Latin Monetary Union and resulted in prices rising severalfold in Italy. Inflation was curbed somewhat by [Mussolini](/wiki/Benito_Mussolini \"Benito Mussolini\"), who, on 18 August 1926, declared that the exchange rate between lira and pound would be £1 \\= 90 lire—the so\\-called [Quota 90](/wiki/Quota_90 \"Quota 90\"), although the free exchange rate had been closer to 140–150 lire per pound. In 1927, the lira was pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 1 dollar \\= 19 lire.Peter Neville. 2003\\. *Mussolini*. Routledge. {{ISBN\\|0\\-415\\-24989\\-9}}. p. 77\\. This rate lasted until 1934, with a separate \"tourist\" rate of US$1 \\= 24\\.89 lire being established in 1936\\. In 1939, the \"official\" rate was 19\\.8 lire. After the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II, an exchange rate was set at US$1 \\= 120 lire (1 [British pound](/wiki/British_pound \"British pound\") \\= 480 lire) in June 1943, reduced to 100 lire the following month. In German\\-occupied areas, the exchange rate was set at 1 [Reichsmark](/wiki/German_reichsmark \"German reichsmark\") \\= 10 lire.",
"After the war, the Roman mint first issued the first 1, 2, 5 and 10 lira coins (6 September 1946\\). They were officially set up on 21 December of the same year and were used up to 1953–4\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/repubblica/welcome.htm\\|title\\=Italian Republic coins\\|website\\=ilmarengo.com\\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2018\\|archive\\-date\\=2 May 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502145147/http://www.ilmarengo.com/italia/repubblica/welcome.htm\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Italy joined the [International Monetary Fund](/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund \"International Monetary Fund\") on 27 March 1947\\.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.esteri.it/it/politica\\-estera\\-e\\-cooperazione\\-allo\\-sviluppo/organizzazioni\\_internazionali/fora\\-organizzazioni\\-economiche\\-internazionali/fondomonetariointernazionale/\\|title\\=Fondo Monetario Internazionale – Ministero degli Affari Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale\\|access\\-date\\=4 January 2022\\|language\\=it}} The value of the lira fluctuated, before Italy set a peg of US$1 \\= 575 lire within the [Bretton Woods System](/wiki/Bretton_Woods_System \"Bretton Woods System\") in November 1947\\. Following the devaluation of the pound, Italy devalued to US$1 \\= 625 lire on 21 September 1949\\. This rate was maintained until the end of the Bretton Woods System in the early 1970s.",
"In December 1973 some of the major [OPEC](/wiki/OPEC \"OPEC\") countries decided to sharply increase the price of crude oil, thus triggering an [oil crisis](/wiki/1973_oil_crisis \"1973 oil crisis\") that hit the [Italian economy](/wiki/Italian_economy \"Italian economy\") hard. The increase in oil prices caused a sudden increase in the cost of money which in the spring of 1974 brought the Bank of Italy's [discount rate](/wiki/Bank_rate \"Bank rate\") to 9%; furthermore, to combat the crisis a lot of [Government debt](/wiki/Government_debt \"Government debt\") was issued which in 1975 exposed the lira to intense [speculative phenomena](/wiki/Speculation \"Speculation\").{{cite book\\|author\\=Alfredo Taracchini\\|title\\=Addio, cara Lira\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Pendragon\\|isbn\\=978\\-8883420146\\|language\\=it\\|page\\=182}} The increase in debt triggered by the oil crisis caused a strong devaluation compared to other European currencies and for its recovery the Bank of Italy raised the discount rate up to 15% in the autumn of 1976\\.{{cite book\\|author\\=Alfredo Taracchini\\|title\\=Addio, cara Lira\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=NkYIvRjZO0kC\\|year\\=1999\\|publisher\\=Edizioni Pendragon\\|isbn\\=978\\-8883420146\\|language\\=it\\|page\\=183}}",
"The lira was the official unit of currency in Italy until 1 January 1999, when it was replaced by the euro (euro coins and notes were not introduced until 2002\\). Old lira denominated currency ceased to be legal tender on 28 February 2002\\. The conversion rate is 1,936\\.27 lire to the euro.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia\\_lira\\_compl.html \\|title\\=Ultimalira: Storia della Lira \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2010 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515000441/http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia\\_lira\\_compl.html \\|archive\\-date\\=15 May 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}\nAll lira banknotes in use immediately before the introduction of the euro, as all post WW2 coins, were still exchangeable for euros in all branches of the Bank of Italy until 29 February 2012\\.",
""
] |
Technical data
--------------
### Engine
M\-series used initially [Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland") and [Rolls\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Group_PLC "Rolls-Royce Group PLC") [diesels](/wiki/Diesel_engine "Diesel engine"). Later [Cummins](/wiki/Cummins "Cummins") came into the selection.
During the years Leyland had produced for Sisu sturdy, reliable and nearly indestructible engines – as well as technically utterly failed units. The [V8](/wiki/V8_engine "V8 engine")\-diesel O.801 was first tested in the KB\-46 before it was used in M\-series; unfortunately, this engine belongs to the latter category and therefore it stayed in the selection only for a short period.Blomberg: *Leylandista lähes vakiomoottori.* p. 106–109\.
The first Sisu's with Rolls\-Royce engines were produced in the 1950s. The first Rolls\-Royce used in the M\-series was a 282\-[hp](/wiki/Horsepower "Horsepower") version of the Eagle 275\. In 1973 an optional 297\-hp Eagle 305 became available. The 315\-hp Eagle 320 Mk III presented in 1976 became a famous engine in Sisus; later that year power was increased to 327 hp. The following year a downgraded 271\-hp Eagle 265 Mk III became available. The lorries powered by these units can be recognised by the "RR 320" or "RR 265" badges on the grill. The very last Rolls\-Royce engine installed in a Sisu is the Eagle 340 Mk III which was used in the MA\-162CZV concept vehicle.Blomberg: *Rolls\-Royce ja piikarbidiputket.* p. 109–114\.
The weakness of Eagle Mk III engines was excessive wear of [cylinder liners](/wiki/Cylinder_%28engine%29 "Cylinder (engine)"). The problem was fixed with [silicon carbide](/wiki/Silicon_carbide "Silicon carbide") treated liners which were taken into use in 1980, after which the engine type became called Rolls\-Royce Eagle Mk III "Finlandia." The more durable liners were later also installed in the older engine types. Users were also demanding more power than Rolls\-Royce could provide.{{cite magazine \| magazine \= \[\[Tekniikan Maailma]] \| ref \= TM \| date \= 1979\-10\-18 \| number \= 17/79 \| volume \= 35 \| issn \= 0355\-4287 \| title \= Lisäpuhtia Sisuun \| trans\-title \= More power for Sisu \| last \= Ahopelto \| first \= Erkki \| publisher \= TM\-Julkaisu \| location \= Helsinki \| language \= fi \| page \= 133 }}
The first experiences from Cummins engines in Sisu's in the late 1960s had not been good. The engines used were Cummins Vale V8 diesels which suffered frequent failures. But the experiences were different when the six\-cylinder {{convert\|375\|PS\|kW hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} Cummins NTE\-370 engines became available in the M\-series in 1979\. The engines were produced in Cummins factory in [Shotts](/wiki/Shotts "Shotts"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"). After some minor initial problems with fuel system were resolved, the engine soon gained the full trust of its users – it has been even said that this engine type saved Sisu. Later the selection was extended with the 290\-hp NTE\-290 and the more powerful yet 405\-hp NTE\-400\. This was a breakthrough for Cummins in Sisus; the Leyland and Rolls\-Royce options were then incrementally withdrawn.Blomberg: *Sisuun tuli kumminskin moottori.* p. 116–127\.
#### Engine data
| Model name extension | BPT | BY | BST | CST | CZT | DST | CZV | CEV | DET | BEV |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Make and model | [Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland "British Leyland")O.690 turbo | LeylandO.801 V8 | [RR](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Group_PLC "Rolls-Royce Group PLC") Eagle265 Mk I | RR Eagle305 Mk II | RR Eagle320 Mk III | RR Eagle265 Mk III | RR Eagle340 Mk III | [Cummins](/wiki/Cummins "Cummins")NTE 370 | CumminsNTE 290 | CumminsNTE 400 |
| Presented | 1969 | 1970 | 1970 | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |
| Max. output | {{convert\|197\.7\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|220\.1\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|208\.9\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|246\.2\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|235\.0\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|202\.0\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|253\.6\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|375\|PS\|kW PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on\|disp\=out}} | {{convert\|216\.3\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} | {{convert\|302\.1\|kW\|PS hp\|0\|abbr\=on}} |
### Transmission and chassis
The engine power is transferred via dry two\-plate [clutch](/wiki/Clutch "Clutch") to [Fuller](/wiki/Eaton_Corporation "Eaton Corporation") [gearbox](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 "Transmission (mechanics)"), which was available with 13 forward and two reverse gears,{{cite journal \|date\=1979\-01\-23 \|title\=Sisu M161DST \|language\=fi \|journal\=Brochure \|location\=Helsinki \|publisher\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab }} or 14 forward and 3 reverse gears. The gearbox features a [PTO](/wiki/Power_take-off "Power take-off") shaft located underneath.
The initially used driven rear axle features differential with integrated reduction gear; the ratios are 4\.72:1 and 7\.06:1 for the applications with Rolls\-Royce and six\-cylinder Leyland O.690, for the Leyland O.801 V8 engine the ratios are 5\.25:1 and 7\.85:1\. The axle is equipped with [differential interlock](/wiki/Locking_differential "Locking differential"). For an option became a double reduction model BTO in 1972 (Kirkstall D85\-13\) . A new feature was also the outstanding [full load lifting tandem axle mechanism](/wiki/Vanajan_Autotehdas%23The_Vanaja_lifting_tandem_system "Vanajan Autotehdas#The Vanaja lifting tandem system") which was inherited from [Vanaja](/wiki/Vanajan_Autotehdas "Vanajan Autotehdas"); the system could lift the rearmost axle when the load on tandem was 20 tonnes. This enabled a good grip on slippery surface.
The front axle turning angle is 50°, and due to this, the [turning radius](/wiki/Turning_radius "Turning radius") is relatively small.
The [brakes](/wiki/Brake "Brake") are [air operated](/wiki/Air_brake_%28road_vehicle%29 "Air brake (road vehicle)") [S\-cam](/wiki/S-cam "S-cam") brakes with two circuits. The braking system is equipped with front axle braking power reducing system.
The Z\-profile frame is particularly rigid and therefore good vehicle behaviour also in terrain. The transversal beams are tube profile and joined to the longitudinal ones by means of bolts.
The transmission characteristics as well as the rigid frame were valued especially in logging use. The terrain capability could be further enhanced with [Sisu Nemo](/wiki/Sisu_Nemo "Sisu Nemo") hydraulic trailer drive which was available as option; a fully laden 6×2\-driven M\-162 could pull a full two\-axle trailer with a hydraulically driven fore axle up on a 26% slope.Mäkipirtti: *Sisu Nestemoottori (Nemo).* p. 178–181\.
### Cabin
The rectangular shaped, riveted [forward control cabin](/wiki/Cab_over "Cab over") was produced by SAT. The producer advertised that the cabin, that contains seats for driver and two passengers, is particularly rigid and fulfilled all the contemporary safety requirements. Special attention was paid on engine noise isolation. Two heaters take care of heating and two fans as well as [sunroof](/wiki/Sunroof "Sunroof") are for ventilation; the cabin contains eight nozzles for incoming air. SAT advertised that it had brought the flow\-through ventilation first into market.
The whole cabin can be tilted forward for service work; it is hinged from front end with two rubber\-damped hinges. Also the rear end of the cabin is damped with rubber and in addition there is a separate [shock absorber](/wiki/Shock_absorber "Shock absorber") between the frame and cabin. The cabin can be tilted in 15 seconds but daily inspections can be done without tilting.
The dashboard instrumentation includes [speedometer](/wiki/Speedometer "Speedometer") with [odometer](/wiki/Odometer "Odometer"), [revolution counter](/wiki/Tachometer "Tachometer") and gauges showing oil pressure, fuel, cooling water temperature, air pressure of both circuits and [ammeter](/wiki/Ammeter "Ammeter"). There are lamps for oil pressure, [indicators](/wiki/Automotive_lighting%23Turn_signals "Automotive lighting#Turn signals"), alternator charging, differential interlock engagement, air pressure system warning, [parking brake](/wiki/Parking_brake "Parking brake") engagement and engine overheating indicator, and switches for headlights, heater and ventilation, [windscreen wipers](/wiki/Windscreen_wiper "Windscreen wiper"), indicators, differential interlock, hand throttle and engine shutdown; the models with tandem axle are also equipped with tandem lifting and lowering switches.
Two types of cabins were available: a normal day cabin and sleeping cabin which is 200 mm longer.{{cite journal \|date\=1980\-01\-05 \|title\=Sisu M\-162CEV 6×2 \|language\=fi \|journal\=Brochure \|location\=Helsinki \|publisher\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab }} The sleeping cabin is equipped with bunk bed of which upper bunk can be lifted close to ceiling for better visibility. The bunks and rear windows are with curtains.
The M\-series got several nicknames due to the appearance and characteristics of the cabin; it is commonly known as "rivet\-box\-Sisu", "showcase\-Sisu" and "wiener\-booth\-Sisu". An advantage in the cabin is a good visibility due to the large windows.
The cabins of M\-series were used on Sisu\-[Lokomo](/wiki/Lokomo "Lokomo") mobile cranes and they were also sold to [Irish](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") [Dennison Truck Mfg. Ltd.](/wiki/Dennison_Limited "Dennison Limited") which used them in its heaviest lorries. The cabins were delivered from Karis ready outfitted with right\-hand\-drive system.
### Other equipment
A 250\-litre fuel tank is fitted as standard, but additional tanks sizes of 170 and 250 litres were available. The tank is equipped with a filter that separates water from fuel.
Two 145 [Ah](/wiki/Ampere_hour "Ampere hour") [batteries](/wiki/Automotive_battery "Automotive battery") are fitted into heatable boxes. The voltage of the electrical system is 24 V.
### Dimensions and weights
The contemporary Finnish legislation allowed a total weight of 16 tonnes for the two\-axle M\-161\. The three\-axle M\-162 and M\-163 were allowed to load up to 22 tonnes and the four\-axle M\-168 total 28 tonnes. The [kerb weights](/wiki/Kerb_weight "Kerb weight") of the vehicles varied according to the engine, cabin and superstructures, and therefore, the payloads varied as well.{{cite journal \|date\=1975 \|title\=Sisu kuorma\-automallisto 1\.7\.1975 \|trans\-title\=Sisu lorry range 1\. July 1975 \|language\=fi \|journal\=Sisu\-Viesti \|location\=Helsinki \|publisher\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab \|page\=26 }}
The below table lists maximum permissible weights and dimensions of some of the variants. The list is incomplete. The figures which concern the applications with sleeping cabin, whenever they differ from the day cabin values, are shown in *Italic*.
| Model | Layout | Wheelbase | Kerb weight | Permitted load | Max. gross weight | Max. length of platform |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M\-161BPT | [4×2](/wiki/Two-wheel_drive "Two-wheel drive") | 3,600 mm | 6,140 – *6,290* kg | *9,710* – 9,860 kg | 16,000 kg | *5,090* – 5,490 mm |
| M\-161BPT | 4×2 | 5,200 mm | 6,490 – *6,640* kg | *9,360* – 9,510 kg | 16,000 kg | *7,730* – 8,130 mm |
| M\-161CST | 4×2 | 3,600 mm | 6,460 – *6,610* kg | *9,390* – 9,540 kg | 16,000 kg | *5,090* – 5,340 mm |
| M\-161CST | 4×2 | 5,200 mm | 6,666 – *6,810* kg | *9,190* – 9,340 kg | 16,000 kg | *7,730* – 7,980 mm |
| M\-161DST | 4×2 | 3,600 mm | 6,460 – *6,610* kg | *9,090* – 9,440 kg | *15,700* – 15,900 kg | *5,090* – 5,340 mm |
| M\-161DST | 4×2 | 4,600 mm | 6,600 – *6,750* kg | *9,250* – 9,400 kg | 16,000 kg | *6,740* – 6,990 mm |
| M\-161DST | 4×2 | 5,200 mm | 6,660 – *6,810* kg | *9,190* – 9,340 kg | 16,000 kg | *7,730* – 7,980 mm |
| M\-162BPT | [6×2](/wiki/6%C3%972 "6×2") | 3,000 \+ 1,200 mm | 7,540 – *7,690* kg | *14,300* – 14,500 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,090* – 5,490 mm |
| M\-162BPT | 6×2 | 3,400 \+ 1,200 mm | 7,610 – *7,760* kg | *14,200* – 14,400 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,750* – 6,150 mm |
| M\-162BPT | 6×2 | 3,800 \+ 1,200 mm | 7,720 – *7,870* kg | *14,100* – 14,300 kg | 22,000 kg | *6,410* – 6,810 mm |
| M\-162BPT | 6×2 | 4,200 \+ 1,200 mm | 7,790 – *7,940* kg | *14,100* – 14,200 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,070* – 7,470 mm |
| M\-162BPT | 6×2 | 4,600 \+ 1,200 mm | 7,820 – *7,970* kg | *14,000* – 14,100 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,730* – 8,130 mm |
| M\-162CEV | 6×2 | 3,400 \+ 1,200 mm | 8,090 – *8,210* kg | *13,730* – 13,910 kg | *21,950* – 22,000 kg | *5,900* – 6,100 mm |
| M\-162CEV | 6×2 | 3,800 \+ 1,200 mm | 8,120 – *8,140* kg | *13,760* – 13,880 kg | 22,000 kg | *6,200* – 6,500 mm |
| M\-162CEV | 6×2 | 4,200 \+ 1,200 mm | 8,220 – *8,340* kg | *13,660* – 13,780 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,260* – 7,460 mm |
| M\-162CEV | 6×2 | 4,600 \+ 1,200 mm | 8,270 – *8,390* kg | *13,610* – 13,730 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,940* – 8,140 mm |
| M\-162CST | 6×2 | 3,150 \+ 1,200 mm | 7,940 – *8,090* kg | *13,900* – 14,100 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,330* – 5,580 mm |
| M\-162CST | 6×2 | 3,400 \+ 1,200 mm | 7,610 – *8,110* kg | *13,900* – 14,000 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,750* – 6,000 mm |
| M\-162CST | 6×2 | 3,800 \+ 1,200 mm | 7,990 – *8,140* kg | *13,900* – 14,000 kg | 22,000 kg | *6,410* – 6,660 mm |
| M\-162CST | 6×2 | 4,200 \+ 1,200 mm | 8,090 – *8,240* kg | *13,700* – 13,900 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,070* – 7,320 mm |
| M\-162CST | 6×2 | 4,600 \+ 1,200 mm | 8,110 – *8,260* kg | *13,700* – 13,900 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,730* – 7,980 mm |
| M\-163CST | [6×4](/wiki/6%C3%974 "6×4") | 3,000 \+ 1,370 mm | 8,800 – *8,950* kg | *13,100* – 13,200 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,230* – 5,480 mm |
| M\-168CEV | [8×2](/wiki/8%C3%972 "8×2") | 1,800 \+ 4,500 \+ 1,200 mm | 9,340 kg | 18,660 kg | 28,000 kg{{cite journal \|date\=1981 \|title\=Sisu M\-168CEV\-8×2/1800\+4500\+1200 \|language\=fi \|journal\=Brochure \|location\=Helsinki \|publisher\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab / Art\-Print Oy }} | |
|
[
"Technical data\n--------------",
"### Engine",
"M\\-series used initially [Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\") and [Rolls\\-Royce](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Group_PLC \"Rolls-Royce Group PLC\") [diesels](/wiki/Diesel_engine \"Diesel engine\"). Later [Cummins](/wiki/Cummins \"Cummins\") came into the selection.",
"During the years Leyland had produced for Sisu sturdy, reliable and nearly indestructible engines – as well as technically utterly failed units. The [V8](/wiki/V8_engine \"V8 engine\")\\-diesel O.801 was first tested in the KB\\-46 before it was used in M\\-series; unfortunately, this engine belongs to the latter category and therefore it stayed in the selection only for a short period.Blomberg: *Leylandista lähes vakiomoottori.* p. 106–109\\.",
"The first Sisu's with Rolls\\-Royce engines were produced in the 1950s. The first Rolls\\-Royce used in the M\\-series was a 282\\-[hp](/wiki/Horsepower \"Horsepower\") version of the Eagle 275\\. In 1973 an optional 297\\-hp Eagle 305 became available. The 315\\-hp Eagle 320 Mk III presented in 1976 became a famous engine in Sisus; later that year power was increased to 327 hp. The following year a downgraded 271\\-hp Eagle 265 Mk III became available. The lorries powered by these units can be recognised by the \"RR 320\" or \"RR 265\" badges on the grill. The very last Rolls\\-Royce engine installed in a Sisu is the Eagle 340 Mk III which was used in the MA\\-162CZV concept vehicle.Blomberg: *Rolls\\-Royce ja piikarbidiputket.* p. 109–114\\.",
"The weakness of Eagle Mk III engines was excessive wear of [cylinder liners](/wiki/Cylinder_%28engine%29 \"Cylinder (engine)\"). The problem was fixed with [silicon carbide](/wiki/Silicon_carbide \"Silicon carbide\") treated liners which were taken into use in 1980, after which the engine type became called Rolls\\-Royce Eagle Mk III \"Finlandia.\" The more durable liners were later also installed in the older engine types. Users were also demanding more power than Rolls\\-Royce could provide.{{cite magazine \\| magazine \\= \\[\\[Tekniikan Maailma]] \\| ref \\= TM \\| date \\= 1979\\-10\\-18 \\| number \\= 17/79 \\| volume \\= 35 \\| issn \\= 0355\\-4287 \\| title \\= Lisäpuhtia Sisuun \\| trans\\-title \\= More power for Sisu \\| last \\= Ahopelto \\| first \\= Erkki \\| publisher \\= TM\\-Julkaisu \\| location \\= Helsinki \\| language \\= fi \\| page \\= 133 }}",
"The first experiences from Cummins engines in Sisu's in the late 1960s had not been good. The engines used were Cummins Vale V8 diesels which suffered frequent failures. But the experiences were different when the six\\-cylinder {{convert\\|375\\|PS\\|kW hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} Cummins NTE\\-370 engines became available in the M\\-series in 1979\\. The engines were produced in Cummins factory in [Shotts](/wiki/Shotts \"Shotts\"), [Scotland](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\"). After some minor initial problems with fuel system were resolved, the engine soon gained the full trust of its users – it has been even said that this engine type saved Sisu. Later the selection was extended with the 290\\-hp NTE\\-290 and the more powerful yet 405\\-hp NTE\\-400\\. This was a breakthrough for Cummins in Sisus; the Leyland and Rolls\\-Royce options were then incrementally withdrawn.Blomberg: *Sisuun tuli kumminskin moottori.* p. 116–127\\.",
"#### Engine data",
"",
"| Model name extension | BPT | BY | BST | CST | CZT | DST | CZV | CEV | DET | BEV |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Make and model | [Leyland](/wiki/British_Leyland \"British Leyland\")O.690 turbo | LeylandO.801 V8 | [RR](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Group_PLC \"Rolls-Royce Group PLC\") Eagle265 Mk I | RR Eagle305 Mk II | RR Eagle320 Mk III | RR Eagle265 Mk III | RR Eagle340 Mk III | [Cummins](/wiki/Cummins \"Cummins\")NTE 370 | CumminsNTE 290 | CumminsNTE 400 |\n| Presented | 1969 | 1970 | 1970 | 1973 | 1976 | 1977 | 1978 | 1979 | 1980 | 1981 |\n| Max. output | {{convert\\|197\\.7\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|220\\.1\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|208\\.9\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|246\\.2\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|235\\.0\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|202\\.0\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|253\\.6\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|375\\|PS\\|kW PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|disp\\=out}} | {{convert\\|216\\.3\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} | {{convert\\|302\\.1\\|kW\\|PS hp\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} |",
"",
"",
"### Transmission and chassis",
"The engine power is transferred via dry two\\-plate [clutch](/wiki/Clutch \"Clutch\") to [Fuller](/wiki/Eaton_Corporation \"Eaton Corporation\") [gearbox](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 \"Transmission (mechanics)\"), which was available with 13 forward and two reverse gears,{{cite journal \\|date\\=1979\\-01\\-23 \\|title\\=Sisu M161DST \\|language\\=fi \\|journal\\=Brochure \\|location\\=Helsinki \\|publisher\\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab }} or 14 forward and 3 reverse gears. The gearbox features a [PTO](/wiki/Power_take-off \"Power take-off\") shaft located underneath.",
"The initially used driven rear axle features differential with integrated reduction gear; the ratios are 4\\.72:1 and 7\\.06:1 for the applications with Rolls\\-Royce and six\\-cylinder Leyland O.690, for the Leyland O.801 V8 engine the ratios are 5\\.25:1 and 7\\.85:1\\. The axle is equipped with [differential interlock](/wiki/Locking_differential \"Locking differential\"). For an option became a double reduction model BTO in 1972 (Kirkstall D85\\-13\\) . A new feature was also the outstanding [full load lifting tandem axle mechanism](/wiki/Vanajan_Autotehdas%23The_Vanaja_lifting_tandem_system \"Vanajan Autotehdas#The Vanaja lifting tandem system\") which was inherited from [Vanaja](/wiki/Vanajan_Autotehdas \"Vanajan Autotehdas\"); the system could lift the rearmost axle when the load on tandem was 20 tonnes. This enabled a good grip on slippery surface.",
"The front axle turning angle is 50°, and due to this, the [turning radius](/wiki/Turning_radius \"Turning radius\") is relatively small.",
"The [brakes](/wiki/Brake \"Brake\") are [air operated](/wiki/Air_brake_%28road_vehicle%29 \"Air brake (road vehicle)\") [S\\-cam](/wiki/S-cam \"S-cam\") brakes with two circuits. The braking system is equipped with front axle braking power reducing system.",
"The Z\\-profile frame is particularly rigid and therefore good vehicle behaviour also in terrain. The transversal beams are tube profile and joined to the longitudinal ones by means of bolts.",
"The transmission characteristics as well as the rigid frame were valued especially in logging use. The terrain capability could be further enhanced with [Sisu Nemo](/wiki/Sisu_Nemo \"Sisu Nemo\") hydraulic trailer drive which was available as option; a fully laden 6×2\\-driven M\\-162 could pull a full two\\-axle trailer with a hydraulically driven fore axle up on a 26% slope.Mäkipirtti: *Sisu Nestemoottori (Nemo).* p. 178–181\\.",
"### Cabin",
"The rectangular shaped, riveted [forward control cabin](/wiki/Cab_over \"Cab over\") was produced by SAT. The producer advertised that the cabin, that contains seats for driver and two passengers, is particularly rigid and fulfilled all the contemporary safety requirements. Special attention was paid on engine noise isolation. Two heaters take care of heating and two fans as well as [sunroof](/wiki/Sunroof \"Sunroof\") are for ventilation; the cabin contains eight nozzles for incoming air. SAT advertised that it had brought the flow\\-through ventilation first into market.",
"The whole cabin can be tilted forward for service work; it is hinged from front end with two rubber\\-damped hinges. Also the rear end of the cabin is damped with rubber and in addition there is a separate [shock absorber](/wiki/Shock_absorber \"Shock absorber\") between the frame and cabin. The cabin can be tilted in 15 seconds but daily inspections can be done without tilting.",
"The dashboard instrumentation includes [speedometer](/wiki/Speedometer \"Speedometer\") with [odometer](/wiki/Odometer \"Odometer\"), [revolution counter](/wiki/Tachometer \"Tachometer\") and gauges showing oil pressure, fuel, cooling water temperature, air pressure of both circuits and [ammeter](/wiki/Ammeter \"Ammeter\"). There are lamps for oil pressure, [indicators](/wiki/Automotive_lighting%23Turn_signals \"Automotive lighting#Turn signals\"), alternator charging, differential interlock engagement, air pressure system warning, [parking brake](/wiki/Parking_brake \"Parking brake\") engagement and engine overheating indicator, and switches for headlights, heater and ventilation, [windscreen wipers](/wiki/Windscreen_wiper \"Windscreen wiper\"), indicators, differential interlock, hand throttle and engine shutdown; the models with tandem axle are also equipped with tandem lifting and lowering switches.",
"Two types of cabins were available: a normal day cabin and sleeping cabin which is 200 mm longer.{{cite journal \\|date\\=1980\\-01\\-05 \\|title\\=Sisu M\\-162CEV 6×2 \\|language\\=fi \\|journal\\=Brochure \\|location\\=Helsinki \\|publisher\\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab }} The sleeping cabin is equipped with bunk bed of which upper bunk can be lifted close to ceiling for better visibility. The bunks and rear windows are with curtains.",
"The M\\-series got several nicknames due to the appearance and characteristics of the cabin; it is commonly known as \"rivet\\-box\\-Sisu\", \"showcase\\-Sisu\" and \"wiener\\-booth\\-Sisu\". An advantage in the cabin is a good visibility due to the large windows.",
"The cabins of M\\-series were used on Sisu\\-[Lokomo](/wiki/Lokomo \"Lokomo\") mobile cranes and they were also sold to [Irish](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\") [Dennison Truck Mfg. Ltd.](/wiki/Dennison_Limited \"Dennison Limited\") which used them in its heaviest lorries. The cabins were delivered from Karis ready outfitted with right\\-hand\\-drive system.",
"### Other equipment",
"A 250\\-litre fuel tank is fitted as standard, but additional tanks sizes of 170 and 250 litres were available. The tank is equipped with a filter that separates water from fuel.",
"Two 145 [Ah](/wiki/Ampere_hour \"Ampere hour\") [batteries](/wiki/Automotive_battery \"Automotive battery\") are fitted into heatable boxes. The voltage of the electrical system is 24 V.",
"### Dimensions and weights",
"The contemporary Finnish legislation allowed a total weight of 16 tonnes for the two\\-axle M\\-161\\. The three\\-axle M\\-162 and M\\-163 were allowed to load up to 22 tonnes and the four\\-axle M\\-168 total 28 tonnes. The [kerb weights](/wiki/Kerb_weight \"Kerb weight\") of the vehicles varied according to the engine, cabin and superstructures, and therefore, the payloads varied as well.{{cite journal \\|date\\=1975 \\|title\\=Sisu kuorma\\-automallisto 1\\.7\\.1975 \\|trans\\-title\\=Sisu lorry range 1\\. July 1975 \\|language\\=fi \\|journal\\=Sisu\\-Viesti \\|location\\=Helsinki \\|publisher\\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab \\|page\\=26 }}",
"The below table lists maximum permissible weights and dimensions of some of the variants. The list is incomplete. The figures which concern the applications with sleeping cabin, whenever they differ from the day cabin values, are shown in *Italic*.",
"",
"| Model | Layout | Wheelbase | Kerb weight | Permitted load | Max. gross weight | Max. length of platform |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| M\\-161BPT | [4×2](/wiki/Two-wheel_drive \"Two-wheel drive\") | 3,600 mm | 6,140 – *6,290* kg | *9,710* – 9,860 kg | 16,000 kg | *5,090* – 5,490 mm |\n| M\\-161BPT | 4×2 | 5,200 mm | 6,490 – *6,640* kg | *9,360* – 9,510 kg | 16,000 kg | *7,730* – 8,130 mm |\n| M\\-161CST | 4×2 | 3,600 mm | 6,460 – *6,610* kg | *9,390* – 9,540 kg | 16,000 kg | *5,090* – 5,340 mm |\n| M\\-161CST | 4×2 | 5,200 mm | 6,666 – *6,810* kg | *9,190* – 9,340 kg | 16,000 kg | *7,730* – 7,980 mm |\n| M\\-161DST | 4×2 | 3,600 mm | 6,460 – *6,610* kg | *9,090* – 9,440 kg | *15,700* – 15,900 kg | *5,090* – 5,340 mm |\n| M\\-161DST | 4×2 | 4,600 mm | 6,600 – *6,750* kg | *9,250* – 9,400 kg | 16,000 kg | *6,740* – 6,990 mm |\n| M\\-161DST | 4×2 | 5,200 mm | 6,660 – *6,810* kg | *9,190* – 9,340 kg | 16,000 kg | *7,730* – 7,980 mm |\n| M\\-162BPT | [6×2](/wiki/6%C3%972 \"6×2\") | 3,000 \\+ 1,200 mm | 7,540 – *7,690* kg | *14,300* – 14,500 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,090* – 5,490 mm |\n| M\\-162BPT | 6×2 | 3,400 \\+ 1,200 mm | 7,610 – *7,760* kg | *14,200* – 14,400 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,750* – 6,150 mm |\n| M\\-162BPT | 6×2 | 3,800 \\+ 1,200 mm | 7,720 – *7,870* kg | *14,100* – 14,300 kg | 22,000 kg | *6,410* – 6,810 mm |\n| M\\-162BPT | 6×2 | 4,200 \\+ 1,200 mm | 7,790 – *7,940* kg | *14,100* – 14,200 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,070* – 7,470 mm |\n| M\\-162BPT | 6×2 | 4,600 \\+ 1,200 mm | 7,820 – *7,970* kg | *14,000* – 14,100 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,730* – 8,130 mm |\n| M\\-162CEV | 6×2 | 3,400 \\+ 1,200 mm | 8,090 – *8,210* kg | *13,730* – 13,910 kg | *21,950* – 22,000 kg | *5,900* – 6,100 mm |\n| M\\-162CEV | 6×2 | 3,800 \\+ 1,200 mm | 8,120 – *8,140* kg | *13,760* – 13,880 kg | 22,000 kg | *6,200* – 6,500 mm |\n| M\\-162CEV | 6×2 | 4,200 \\+ 1,200 mm | 8,220 – *8,340* kg | *13,660* – 13,780 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,260* – 7,460 mm |\n| M\\-162CEV | 6×2 | 4,600 \\+ 1,200 mm | 8,270 – *8,390* kg | *13,610* – 13,730 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,940* – 8,140 mm |\n| M\\-162CST | 6×2 | 3,150 \\+ 1,200 mm | 7,940 – *8,090* kg | *13,900* – 14,100 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,330* – 5,580 mm |\n| M\\-162CST | 6×2 | 3,400 \\+ 1,200 mm | 7,610 – *8,110* kg | *13,900* – 14,000 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,750* – 6,000 mm |\n| M\\-162CST | 6×2 | 3,800 \\+ 1,200 mm | 7,990 – *8,140* kg | *13,900* – 14,000 kg | 22,000 kg | *6,410* – 6,660 mm |\n| M\\-162CST | 6×2 | 4,200 \\+ 1,200 mm | 8,090 – *8,240* kg | *13,700* – 13,900 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,070* – 7,320 mm |\n| M\\-162CST | 6×2 | 4,600 \\+ 1,200 mm | 8,110 – *8,260* kg | *13,700* – 13,900 kg | 22,000 kg | *7,730* – 7,980 mm |\n| M\\-163CST | [6×4](/wiki/6%C3%974 \"6×4\") | 3,000 \\+ 1,370 mm | 8,800 – *8,950* kg | *13,100* – 13,200 kg | 22,000 kg | *5,230* – 5,480 mm |\n| M\\-168CEV | [8×2](/wiki/8%C3%972 \"8×2\") | 1,800 \\+ 4,500 \\+ 1,200 mm | 9,340 kg | 18,660 kg | 28,000 kg{{cite journal \\|date\\=1981 \\|title\\=Sisu M\\-168CEV\\-8×2/1800\\+4500\\+1200 \\|language\\=fi \\|journal\\=Brochure \\|location\\=Helsinki \\|publisher\\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab / Art\\-Print Oy }} | |",
""
] |
### Transmission and chassis
The engine power is transferred via dry two\-plate [clutch](/wiki/Clutch "Clutch") to [Fuller](/wiki/Eaton_Corporation "Eaton Corporation") [gearbox](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 "Transmission (mechanics)"), which was available with 13 forward and two reverse gears,{{cite journal \|date\=1979\-01\-23 \|title\=Sisu M161DST \|language\=fi \|journal\=Brochure \|location\=Helsinki \|publisher\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab }} or 14 forward and 3 reverse gears. The gearbox features a [PTO](/wiki/Power_take-off "Power take-off") shaft located underneath.
The initially used driven rear axle features differential with integrated reduction gear; the ratios are 4\.72:1 and 7\.06:1 for the applications with Rolls\-Royce and six\-cylinder Leyland O.690, for the Leyland O.801 V8 engine the ratios are 5\.25:1 and 7\.85:1\. The axle is equipped with [differential interlock](/wiki/Locking_differential "Locking differential"). For an option became a double reduction model BTO in 1972 (Kirkstall D85\-13\) . A new feature was also the outstanding [full load lifting tandem axle mechanism](/wiki/Vanajan_Autotehdas%23The_Vanaja_lifting_tandem_system "Vanajan Autotehdas#The Vanaja lifting tandem system") which was inherited from [Vanaja](/wiki/Vanajan_Autotehdas "Vanajan Autotehdas"); the system could lift the rearmost axle when the load on tandem was 20 tonnes. This enabled a good grip on slippery surface.
The front axle turning angle is 50°, and due to this, the [turning radius](/wiki/Turning_radius "Turning radius") is relatively small.
The [brakes](/wiki/Brake "Brake") are [air operated](/wiki/Air_brake_%28road_vehicle%29 "Air brake (road vehicle)") [S\-cam](/wiki/S-cam "S-cam") brakes with two circuits. The braking system is equipped with front axle braking power reducing system.
The Z\-profile frame is particularly rigid and therefore good vehicle behaviour also in terrain. The transversal beams are tube profile and joined to the longitudinal ones by means of bolts.
The transmission characteristics as well as the rigid frame were valued especially in logging use. The terrain capability could be further enhanced with [Sisu Nemo](/wiki/Sisu_Nemo "Sisu Nemo") hydraulic trailer drive which was available as option; a fully laden 6×2\-driven M\-162 could pull a full two\-axle trailer with a hydraulically driven fore axle up on a 26% slope.Mäkipirtti: *Sisu Nestemoottori (Nemo).* p. 178–181\.
|
[
"### Transmission and chassis",
"The engine power is transferred via dry two\\-plate [clutch](/wiki/Clutch \"Clutch\") to [Fuller](/wiki/Eaton_Corporation \"Eaton Corporation\") [gearbox](/wiki/Transmission_%28mechanics%29 \"Transmission (mechanics)\"), which was available with 13 forward and two reverse gears,{{cite journal \\|date\\=1979\\-01\\-23 \\|title\\=Sisu M161DST \\|language\\=fi \\|journal\\=Brochure \\|location\\=Helsinki \\|publisher\\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab }} or 14 forward and 3 reverse gears. The gearbox features a [PTO](/wiki/Power_take-off \"Power take-off\") shaft located underneath.",
"The initially used driven rear axle features differential with integrated reduction gear; the ratios are 4\\.72:1 and 7\\.06:1 for the applications with Rolls\\-Royce and six\\-cylinder Leyland O.690, for the Leyland O.801 V8 engine the ratios are 5\\.25:1 and 7\\.85:1\\. The axle is equipped with [differential interlock](/wiki/Locking_differential \"Locking differential\"). For an option became a double reduction model BTO in 1972 (Kirkstall D85\\-13\\) . A new feature was also the outstanding [full load lifting tandem axle mechanism](/wiki/Vanajan_Autotehdas%23The_Vanaja_lifting_tandem_system \"Vanajan Autotehdas#The Vanaja lifting tandem system\") which was inherited from [Vanaja](/wiki/Vanajan_Autotehdas \"Vanajan Autotehdas\"); the system could lift the rearmost axle when the load on tandem was 20 tonnes. This enabled a good grip on slippery surface.",
"The front axle turning angle is 50°, and due to this, the [turning radius](/wiki/Turning_radius \"Turning radius\") is relatively small.",
"The [brakes](/wiki/Brake \"Brake\") are [air operated](/wiki/Air_brake_%28road_vehicle%29 \"Air brake (road vehicle)\") [S\\-cam](/wiki/S-cam \"S-cam\") brakes with two circuits. The braking system is equipped with front axle braking power reducing system.",
"The Z\\-profile frame is particularly rigid and therefore good vehicle behaviour also in terrain. The transversal beams are tube profile and joined to the longitudinal ones by means of bolts.",
"The transmission characteristics as well as the rigid frame were valued especially in logging use. The terrain capability could be further enhanced with [Sisu Nemo](/wiki/Sisu_Nemo \"Sisu Nemo\") hydraulic trailer drive which was available as option; a fully laden 6×2\\-driven M\\-162 could pull a full two\\-axle trailer with a hydraulically driven fore axle up on a 26% slope.Mäkipirtti: *Sisu Nestemoottori (Nemo).* p. 178–181\\.",
""
] |
### Cabin
The rectangular shaped, riveted [forward control cabin](/wiki/Cab_over "Cab over") was produced by SAT. The producer advertised that the cabin, that contains seats for driver and two passengers, is particularly rigid and fulfilled all the contemporary safety requirements. Special attention was paid on engine noise isolation. Two heaters take care of heating and two fans as well as [sunroof](/wiki/Sunroof "Sunroof") are for ventilation; the cabin contains eight nozzles for incoming air. SAT advertised that it had brought the flow\-through ventilation first into market.
The whole cabin can be tilted forward for service work; it is hinged from front end with two rubber\-damped hinges. Also the rear end of the cabin is damped with rubber and in addition there is a separate [shock absorber](/wiki/Shock_absorber "Shock absorber") between the frame and cabin. The cabin can be tilted in 15 seconds but daily inspections can be done without tilting.
The dashboard instrumentation includes [speedometer](/wiki/Speedometer "Speedometer") with [odometer](/wiki/Odometer "Odometer"), [revolution counter](/wiki/Tachometer "Tachometer") and gauges showing oil pressure, fuel, cooling water temperature, air pressure of both circuits and [ammeter](/wiki/Ammeter "Ammeter"). There are lamps for oil pressure, [indicators](/wiki/Automotive_lighting%23Turn_signals "Automotive lighting#Turn signals"), alternator charging, differential interlock engagement, air pressure system warning, [parking brake](/wiki/Parking_brake "Parking brake") engagement and engine overheating indicator, and switches for headlights, heater and ventilation, [windscreen wipers](/wiki/Windscreen_wiper "Windscreen wiper"), indicators, differential interlock, hand throttle and engine shutdown; the models with tandem axle are also equipped with tandem lifting and lowering switches.
Two types of cabins were available: a normal day cabin and sleeping cabin which is 200 mm longer.{{cite journal \|date\=1980\-01\-05 \|title\=Sisu M\-162CEV 6×2 \|language\=fi \|journal\=Brochure \|location\=Helsinki \|publisher\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab }} The sleeping cabin is equipped with bunk bed of which upper bunk can be lifted close to ceiling for better visibility. The bunks and rear windows are with curtains.
The M\-series got several nicknames due to the appearance and characteristics of the cabin; it is commonly known as "rivet\-box\-Sisu", "showcase\-Sisu" and "wiener\-booth\-Sisu". An advantage in the cabin is a good visibility due to the large windows.
The cabins of M\-series were used on Sisu\-[Lokomo](/wiki/Lokomo "Lokomo") mobile cranes and they were also sold to [Irish](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") [Dennison Truck Mfg. Ltd.](/wiki/Dennison_Limited "Dennison Limited") which used them in its heaviest lorries. The cabins were delivered from Karis ready outfitted with right\-hand\-drive system.
|
[
"### Cabin",
"The rectangular shaped, riveted [forward control cabin](/wiki/Cab_over \"Cab over\") was produced by SAT. The producer advertised that the cabin, that contains seats for driver and two passengers, is particularly rigid and fulfilled all the contemporary safety requirements. Special attention was paid on engine noise isolation. Two heaters take care of heating and two fans as well as [sunroof](/wiki/Sunroof \"Sunroof\") are for ventilation; the cabin contains eight nozzles for incoming air. SAT advertised that it had brought the flow\\-through ventilation first into market.",
"The whole cabin can be tilted forward for service work; it is hinged from front end with two rubber\\-damped hinges. Also the rear end of the cabin is damped with rubber and in addition there is a separate [shock absorber](/wiki/Shock_absorber \"Shock absorber\") between the frame and cabin. The cabin can be tilted in 15 seconds but daily inspections can be done without tilting.",
"The dashboard instrumentation includes [speedometer](/wiki/Speedometer \"Speedometer\") with [odometer](/wiki/Odometer \"Odometer\"), [revolution counter](/wiki/Tachometer \"Tachometer\") and gauges showing oil pressure, fuel, cooling water temperature, air pressure of both circuits and [ammeter](/wiki/Ammeter \"Ammeter\"). There are lamps for oil pressure, [indicators](/wiki/Automotive_lighting%23Turn_signals \"Automotive lighting#Turn signals\"), alternator charging, differential interlock engagement, air pressure system warning, [parking brake](/wiki/Parking_brake \"Parking brake\") engagement and engine overheating indicator, and switches for headlights, heater and ventilation, [windscreen wipers](/wiki/Windscreen_wiper \"Windscreen wiper\"), indicators, differential interlock, hand throttle and engine shutdown; the models with tandem axle are also equipped with tandem lifting and lowering switches.",
"Two types of cabins were available: a normal day cabin and sleeping cabin which is 200 mm longer.{{cite journal \\|date\\=1980\\-01\\-05 \\|title\\=Sisu M\\-162CEV 6×2 \\|language\\=fi \\|journal\\=Brochure \\|location\\=Helsinki \\|publisher\\=Oy Suomen Autoteollisuus Ab }} The sleeping cabin is equipped with bunk bed of which upper bunk can be lifted close to ceiling for better visibility. The bunks and rear windows are with curtains.",
"The M\\-series got several nicknames due to the appearance and characteristics of the cabin; it is commonly known as \"rivet\\-box\\-Sisu\", \"showcase\\-Sisu\" and \"wiener\\-booth\\-Sisu\". An advantage in the cabin is a good visibility due to the large windows.",
"The cabins of M\\-series were used on Sisu\\-[Lokomo](/wiki/Lokomo \"Lokomo\") mobile cranes and they were also sold to [Irish](/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\") [Dennison Truck Mfg. Ltd.](/wiki/Dennison_Limited \"Dennison Limited\") which used them in its heaviest lorries. The cabins were delivered from Karis ready outfitted with right\\-hand\\-drive system.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1890\= 472
\|1900\= 630
\|1910\= 526
\|1920\= 1160
\|1930\= 2254
\|1940\= 2055
\|1950\= 2241
\|1960\= 4037
\|1970\= 5107
\|1980\= 4530
\|1990\= 7710
\|2000\= 9618
\|2010\= 13656
\|2020\= 17703
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015\|archive\-date\=April 26, 2015\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html\|url\-status\=live}}
}}
### 2020 census
| \+Mount Holly racial composition{{Cite web\|title\=Explore Census Data\|url\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US3744960\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|access\-date\=2021\-12\-20\|website\=data.census.gov\|archive\-date\=December 20, 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220124231/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\=1600000US3744960\&tid\=DECENNIALPL2020\.P2\|url\-status\=live}} | Race
Number
Percentage
| --- |
| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic)
11,734 |
66\.28% |
| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)") (non\-Hispanic)
3,189 |
18\.01% |
| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)")
50 |
0\.28% |
| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)")
495 |
2\.79% |
| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 "Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)")
8 |
0\.05% |
| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)")
879 |
4\.97% |
| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)")
1,349 |
7\.62% |
As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census "2020 United States census"), there were 17,703 people, 6,134 households, and 3,846 families residing in the city.
### 2000 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2000, there were 9,618 people, 4,028 households, and 2,658 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|1,236\.3\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 4,241 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|545\.2\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial composition of the city in 2010 was: 76\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 15\.8% [Black](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._Census%29 "Black (U.S. Census)") or [African American](/wiki/African_American "African American"), 2\.60% [Asian American](/wiki/Asian_American "Asian American"), 7\.3% [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino American](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans "Hispanic and Latino Americans"), 0\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States "Native Americans in the United States"), 0\.0% [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian "Native Hawaiian") or [Other Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American "Pacific Islander American"), 0\.75% [some other race](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 "Race (United States Census)"), and 0\.9% [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_American "Multiracial American").
There were 4,028 households, out of which 29\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 14\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\.0% were non\-families. 27\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.37 and the average family size was 2\.89\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23\.4% under the age of 18, 8\.4% from 18 to 24, 34\.3% from 25 to 44, 20\.6% from 45 to 64, and 13\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $39,459, and the median income for a family was $46,295\. Males had a median income of $32,128 versus $23,965 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $20,161\. About 8\.2% of families and 10\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 16\.5% of those under age 18 and 8\.5% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1890\\= 472\n\\|1900\\= 630\n\\|1910\\= 526\n\\|1920\\= 1160\n\\|1930\\= 2254\n\\|1940\\= 2055\n\\|1950\\= 2241\n\\|1960\\= 4037\n\\|1970\\= 5107\n\\|1980\\= 4530\n\\|1990\\= 7710\n\\|2000\\= 9618\n\\|2010\\= 13656\n\\|2020\\= 17703\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=April 26, 2015\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426102944/http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n}}",
"### 2020 census",
"",
"| \\+Mount Holly racial composition{{Cite web\\|title\\=Explore Census Data\\|url\\=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US3744960\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-20\\|website\\=data.census.gov\\|archive\\-date\\=December 20, 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220124231/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g\\=1600000US3744960\\&tid\\=DECENNIALPL2020\\.P2\\|url\\-status\\=live}} | Race",
"Number",
"Percentage",
"| --- |\n| [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)",
"11,734 |\n 66\\.28% |\n| [Black or African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\") (non\\-Hispanic)",
"3,189 |\n 18\\.01% |\n| [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\")",
"50 |\n 0\\.28% |\n| [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\")",
"495 |\n 2\\.79% |\n| [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)\")",
"8 |\n 0\\.05% |\n| [Other/Mixed](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\")",
"879 |\n 4\\.97% |\n| [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\")",
"1,349 |\n 7\\.62% |",
"As of the [2020 United States census](/wiki/2020_United_States_census \"2020 United States census\"), there were 17,703 people, 6,134 households, and 3,846 families residing in the city.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2000, there were 9,618 people, 4,028 households, and 2,658 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|1,236\\.3\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 4,241 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|545\\.2\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial composition of the city in 2010 was: 76\\.3% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 15\\.8% [Black](/wiki/Black_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Black (U.S. Census)\") or [African American](/wiki/African_American \"African American\"), 2\\.60% [Asian American](/wiki/Asian_American \"Asian American\"), 7\\.3% [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino American](/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans \"Hispanic and Latino Americans\"), 0\\.1% [Native American](/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States \"Native Americans in the United States\"), 0\\.0% [Native Hawaiian](/wiki/Native_Hawaiian \"Native Hawaiian\") or [Other Pacific Islander](/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American \"Pacific Islander American\"), 0\\.75% [some other race](/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29 \"Race (United States Census)\"), and 0\\.9% [two or more races](/wiki/Multiracial_American \"Multiracial American\").",
"There were 4,028 households, out of which 29\\.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47\\.1% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 14\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34\\.0% were non\\-families. 27\\.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10\\.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.37 and the average family size was 2\\.89\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 23\\.4% under the age of 18, 8\\.4% from 18 to 24, 34\\.3% from 25 to 44, 20\\.6% from 45 to 64, and 13\\.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92\\.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88\\.4 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $39,459, and the median income for a family was $46,295\\. Males had a median income of $32,128 versus $23,965 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $20,161\\. About 8\\.2% of families and 10\\.8% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 16\\.5% of those under age 18 and 8\\.5% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
History
-------
The beginning in year 1999, Manaseer, was with a chemical and fertilizer distribution company with a total head count of 15 employees. Since then the group has grown to include more than 19 companies related to Infrastructure, Energy, Business solutions, Consumer products \& services, Chemicals, and doing partnerships with three of the biggest companies in the kingdom.
### Manaseer Iron and Steel (2001\)
The Company manufactures steel from the kingdom’s resources of scrap metal to
produce steel billets and reinforced steel.
### Manaseer Ready Mix Concrete (2001\)
### Manaseer Crushers (2002\)
### Manaseer concrete products (2006\)
Manaseer concrete company was established
in 2006\.
### Manaseer Cement and Mining (2009\)
In order to complete the cycle of
construction services rendered to the customers, Manaseer group established
Manaseer Cement Industry in 2009\.
The company has signed an agreement with
the European company FLS to supply production lines,
equipment and civil work design, as well as commissioning the plant with a
capacity of 3\.5 million ton annually.
The production started in 2012\.
### Manaseer Oil \& Gas (2002\)
Manaseer Oil \& Gas is the first
company in Jordan to manage a chain of fuel stations.
### Manaseer Import \& Export (2012\)
The company is concerned with importing and
exporting oil and lubricants.
### Manaseer Transport (2010\)
### Manaseer Vision (2010\)
The Company handles car parts and
accessories.
### Manaseer Machinery Trading (2012\)
The company provides business solutions
through the representation of PACCAR (DAF, Kenworth \& Peterbilt) for
trucks, Diesel Engines, Concord Concrete Pumps, Kawasaki \& Kobelco Heavy
Machinery, GoodYear Tires and Petro Canada Oil \& Lubricants in addition to
TRP spare parts.
### Manaseer Invest (2007\)
The company’s main aim is to serve the
group in the Real Estate market, Property management and investing in other
companies by buying shares, importing and exporting, owning transferable and
non\-transferable funds for the company’s continuity.
### Manaseer Food (2003\)
Manaseer Food is concerned with the production of extra virgin olive oil under the
brand name “TERRA ROSSA”.
### Manaseer High Technology (2004\)
### Lumi Market (2012\)
drinks, snacks, groceries and
hygiene products
### Manaseer Trade (1999\)
The company was established in 1999 to Import
\& export chemicals, fertilizers and trading of agricultural seeds.
### Manaseer Chemicals (2002\)
The company’s aim is to pioneer the
production, and manufacture of fertilizers and chemicals using creative ideas and solutions. The
company has a French designed NPK Fertilizer factory that uses a special and fully
automatic mixing technology, a Urea Phosphate plant was then created using a
Swiss technology. Production capacity of both facilities exceeds 60K tons
annually.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The beginning in year 1999, Manaseer, was with a chemical and fertilizer distribution company with a total head count of 15 employees. Since then the group has grown to include more than 19 companies related to Infrastructure, Energy, Business solutions, Consumer products \\& services, Chemicals, and doing partnerships with three of the biggest companies in the kingdom.",
"### Manaseer Iron and Steel (2001\\)",
"The Company manufactures steel from the kingdom’s resources of scrap metal to\nproduce steel billets and reinforced steel.",
"### Manaseer Ready Mix Concrete (2001\\)",
"### Manaseer Crushers (2002\\)",
"### Manaseer concrete products (2006\\)",
"Manaseer concrete company was established\nin 2006\\.",
"### Manaseer Cement and Mining (2009\\)",
"In order to complete the cycle of\nconstruction services rendered to the customers, Manaseer group established\nManaseer Cement Industry in 2009\\.",
"The company has signed an agreement with\nthe European company FLS to supply production lines,\nequipment and civil work design, as well as commissioning the plant with a\ncapacity of 3\\.5 million ton annually.",
"The production started in 2012\\.",
"### Manaseer Oil \\& Gas (2002\\)",
"Manaseer Oil \\& Gas is the first\ncompany in Jordan to manage a chain of fuel stations.",
"### Manaseer Import \\& Export (2012\\)",
"The company is concerned with importing and\nexporting oil and lubricants.",
"### Manaseer Transport (2010\\)",
"### Manaseer Vision (2010\\)",
"The Company handles car parts and\naccessories.",
"### Manaseer Machinery Trading (2012\\)",
"The company provides business solutions\nthrough the representation of PACCAR (DAF, Kenworth \\& Peterbilt) for\ntrucks, Diesel Engines, Concord Concrete Pumps, Kawasaki \\& Kobelco Heavy\nMachinery, GoodYear Tires and Petro Canada Oil \\& Lubricants in addition to\nTRP spare parts.",
"### Manaseer Invest (2007\\)",
"The company’s main aim is to serve the\ngroup in the Real Estate market, Property management and investing in other\ncompanies by buying shares, importing and exporting, owning transferable and\nnon\\-transferable funds for the company’s continuity.",
"### Manaseer Food (2003\\)",
"Manaseer Food is concerned with the production of extra virgin olive oil under the\nbrand name “TERRA ROSSA”.",
"### Manaseer High Technology (2004\\)",
"### Lumi Market (2012\\)",
"drinks, snacks, groceries and\nhygiene products",
"### Manaseer Trade (1999\\)",
"The company was established in 1999 to Import\n\\& export chemicals, fertilizers and trading of agricultural seeds.",
"### Manaseer Chemicals (2002\\)",
"The company’s aim is to pioneer the\nproduction, and manufacture of fertilizers and chemicals using creative ideas and solutions. The\ncompany has a French designed NPK Fertilizer factory that uses a special and fully\nautomatic mixing technology, a Urea Phosphate plant was then created using a\nSwiss technology. Production capacity of both facilities exceeds 60K tons\nannually.",
""
] |
History
-------
Modern philosophy in the [Yugoslav](/wiki/Yugoslavia "Yugoslavia") territories started with the formation of [University of Belgrade](/wiki/University_of_Belgrade%2319th_century "University of Belgrade#19th century") in the early 19th century as a liberal court philosophy, replicating theories of [John Stuart Mill](/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill "John Stuart Mill"), [Herbert Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer "Herbert Spencer") and other [Western philosophers](/wiki/Western_philosophy "Western philosophy"). They wrote mostly textbook theories about broader subjects such as logic, psychology and pedagogy and the most prominent figure of this period was [Alimpije Vasiljević](/wiki/Alimpije_Vasiljevi%C4%87 "Alimpije Vasiljević").
At the end of 19th century, this school was surpassed in popularity by [Branislav Petronijević](/wiki/Branislav_Petronijevi%C4%87 "Branislav Petronijević"), leading philosopher of the [Kingdom of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia "Kingdom of Yugoslavia"). His idealist rationalist metaphysical system was known as "hypermetaphysics", with his three principal philosophical works being *Principi Metafizike* (Principles of Metaphysics), *O Vrednosti života* (On the Value of Life) and *Istorija novije filozofije* (History of Contemporary Philosophy). Petronijević had many students and followers, among others [Ksenija Atanasijević](/wiki/Ksenija_Atanasijevi%C4%87 "Ksenija Atanasijević"), the first major female Yugoslav philosopher, who slid into more mystic theories of new [scholasticism](/wiki/Scholasticism "Scholasticism").
After the [6 January Dictatorship](/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship "6 January Dictatorship"), Yugoslav philosophy as a whole moved towards the political right, with the thinkers such as [Vladimir Dvorniković](/wiki/Vladimir_Dvornikovi%C4%87 "Vladimir Dvorniković") obtaining positions in the government. Dvorniković was a prominent advocate of Yugoslav [integral nationalism](/wiki/Integral_nationalism "Integral nationalism") and his most famous work was *Karakterologija Jugoslovena* (Characterology of the Yugoslavs). There was also a strong irrationalist current with [Albert Bazala](/wiki/Albert_Bazala "Albert Bazala"), who became rector of [University of Zagreb](/wiki/University_of_Zagreb "University of Zagreb") in 1932\. At the time, universities were under strong religious influence and the most prominent thinker of this school was the Slovenian [Aleš Ušeničnik](/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_U%C5%A1eni%C4%8Dnik "Aleš Ušeničnik"), a philosopher of [neo\-Thomism](/wiki/Neo-Thomism "Neo-Thomism").
In parallel, the social democratic movement had its own prominent theoreticians such as [Dimitrije Tucović](/wiki/Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87 "Dimitrije Tucović") and [Sima Marković](/wiki/Sima_Markovi%C4%87 "Sima Marković"), who was later killed in the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge "Great Purge"). After [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), socialists took power and rejected all former philosophy as idealistic and bourgeois. [Dialectical materialism](/wiki/Dialectical_materialism "Dialectical materialism") was introduced, with revolutionary philosophers such as [Boris Ziherl](/wiki/Boris_Ziherl "Boris Ziherl") or [Dušan Nedeljković](/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Nedeljkovi%C4%87 "Dušan Nedeljković").
This theory later evolved towards [Marxist humanism](/wiki/Marxist_humanism "Marxist humanism") with the [Praxis School](/wiki/Praxis_School "Praxis School"), which originated in [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb "Zagreb") and [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade") during the 1960s. Prominent figures among the school's founders include [Gajo Petrović](/wiki/Gajo_Petrovi%C4%87 "Gajo Petrović"), [Milan Kangrga](/wiki/Milan_Kangrga "Milan Kangrga"), [Mihailo Marković](/wiki/Mihailo_Markovi%C4%87 "Mihailo Marković") and [Predrag Vranicki](/wiki/Predrag_Vranicki "Predrag Vranicki"). From 1964 to 1974 they published the journal *Praxis*, which was renowned as one of the leading international journals in Marxist theory.
Apart from Praxis, Yugoslav philosophy was especially strong in [SR Slovenia](/wiki/SR_Slovenia "SR Slovenia") with the Marxist [Božidar Debenjak](/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Debenjak "Božidar Debenjak") and [phenomenological](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29 "Phenomenology (philosophy)") school of [Tine Hribar](/wiki/Tine_Hribar "Tine Hribar"). In the seventies, the [Ljubljana Lacanian School](/wiki/Ljubljana_school_of_psychoanalysis "Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis") with the journal *Problemi* (Problems) was founded by young followers of the theories of the French [psychoanalyst](/wiki/Psychoanalyst "Psychoanalyst") [Jacques Lacan](/wiki/Jacques_Lacan "Jacques Lacan"). A specific feature of the Ljubljana School was to connect the Marxist and Hegelian traditions with Lacanian psychoanalysis and [structuralism](/wiki/Structuralism "Structuralism"), with its most famous philosopher being [Slavoj Žižek](/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek "Slavoj Žižek").
After the [breakup of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia "Breakup of Yugoslavia"), newly formed countries continued their philosophical tradition in various directions, but mostly abandoned the principles of Marxism.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Modern philosophy in the [Yugoslav](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\") territories started with the formation of [University of Belgrade](/wiki/University_of_Belgrade%2319th_century \"University of Belgrade#19th century\") in the early 19th century as a liberal court philosophy, replicating theories of [John Stuart Mill](/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill \"John Stuart Mill\"), [Herbert Spencer](/wiki/Herbert_Spencer \"Herbert Spencer\") and other [Western philosophers](/wiki/Western_philosophy \"Western philosophy\"). They wrote mostly textbook theories about broader subjects such as logic, psychology and pedagogy and the most prominent figure of this period was [Alimpije Vasiljević](/wiki/Alimpije_Vasiljevi%C4%87 \"Alimpije Vasiljević\").",
"At the end of 19th century, this school was surpassed in popularity by [Branislav Petronijević](/wiki/Branislav_Petronijevi%C4%87 \"Branislav Petronijević\"), leading philosopher of the [Kingdom of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia \"Kingdom of Yugoslavia\"). His idealist rationalist metaphysical system was known as \"hypermetaphysics\", with his three principal philosophical works being *Principi Metafizike* (Principles of Metaphysics), *O Vrednosti života* (On the Value of Life) and *Istorija novije filozofije* (History of Contemporary Philosophy). Petronijević had many students and followers, among others [Ksenija Atanasijević](/wiki/Ksenija_Atanasijevi%C4%87 \"Ksenija Atanasijević\"), the first major female Yugoslav philosopher, who slid into more mystic theories of new [scholasticism](/wiki/Scholasticism \"Scholasticism\").",
"After the [6 January Dictatorship](/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship \"6 January Dictatorship\"), Yugoslav philosophy as a whole moved towards the political right, with the thinkers such as [Vladimir Dvorniković](/wiki/Vladimir_Dvornikovi%C4%87 \"Vladimir Dvorniković\") obtaining positions in the government. Dvorniković was a prominent advocate of Yugoslav [integral nationalism](/wiki/Integral_nationalism \"Integral nationalism\") and his most famous work was *Karakterologija Jugoslovena* (Characterology of the Yugoslavs). There was also a strong irrationalist current with [Albert Bazala](/wiki/Albert_Bazala \"Albert Bazala\"), who became rector of [University of Zagreb](/wiki/University_of_Zagreb \"University of Zagreb\") in 1932\\. At the time, universities were under strong religious influence and the most prominent thinker of this school was the Slovenian [Aleš Ušeničnik](/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_U%C5%A1eni%C4%8Dnik \"Aleš Ušeničnik\"), a philosopher of [neo\\-Thomism](/wiki/Neo-Thomism \"Neo-Thomism\").",
"In parallel, the social democratic movement had its own prominent theoreticians such as [Dimitrije Tucović](/wiki/Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87 \"Dimitrije Tucović\") and [Sima Marković](/wiki/Sima_Markovi%C4%87 \"Sima Marković\"), who was later killed in the [Great Purge](/wiki/Great_Purge \"Great Purge\"). After [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), socialists took power and rejected all former philosophy as idealistic and bourgeois. [Dialectical materialism](/wiki/Dialectical_materialism \"Dialectical materialism\") was introduced, with revolutionary philosophers such as [Boris Ziherl](/wiki/Boris_Ziherl \"Boris Ziherl\") or [Dušan Nedeljković](/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Nedeljkovi%C4%87 \"Dušan Nedeljković\").",
"This theory later evolved towards [Marxist humanism](/wiki/Marxist_humanism \"Marxist humanism\") with the [Praxis School](/wiki/Praxis_School \"Praxis School\"), which originated in [Zagreb](/wiki/Zagreb \"Zagreb\") and [Belgrade](/wiki/Belgrade \"Belgrade\") during the 1960s. Prominent figures among the school's founders include [Gajo Petrović](/wiki/Gajo_Petrovi%C4%87 \"Gajo Petrović\"), [Milan Kangrga](/wiki/Milan_Kangrga \"Milan Kangrga\"), [Mihailo Marković](/wiki/Mihailo_Markovi%C4%87 \"Mihailo Marković\") and [Predrag Vranicki](/wiki/Predrag_Vranicki \"Predrag Vranicki\"). From 1964 to 1974 they published the journal *Praxis*, which was renowned as one of the leading international journals in Marxist theory.",
"Apart from Praxis, Yugoslav philosophy was especially strong in [SR Slovenia](/wiki/SR_Slovenia \"SR Slovenia\") with the Marxist [Božidar Debenjak](/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Debenjak \"Božidar Debenjak\") and [phenomenological](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29 \"Phenomenology (philosophy)\") school of [Tine Hribar](/wiki/Tine_Hribar \"Tine Hribar\"). In the seventies, the [Ljubljana Lacanian School](/wiki/Ljubljana_school_of_psychoanalysis \"Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis\") with the journal *Problemi* (Problems) was founded by young followers of the theories of the French [psychoanalyst](/wiki/Psychoanalyst \"Psychoanalyst\") [Jacques Lacan](/wiki/Jacques_Lacan \"Jacques Lacan\"). A specific feature of the Ljubljana School was to connect the Marxist and Hegelian traditions with Lacanian psychoanalysis and [structuralism](/wiki/Structuralism \"Structuralism\"), with its most famous philosopher being [Slavoj Žižek](/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek \"Slavoj Žižek\").",
"After the [breakup of Yugoslavia](/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia \"Breakup of Yugoslavia\"), newly formed countries continued their philosophical tradition in various directions, but mostly abandoned the principles of Marxism.",
""
] |
History
-------
The [North West Company](/wiki/North_West_Company "North West Company") had a major depot at [Grand Portage](/wiki/Grand_Portage "Grand Portage") to the west of Fort William. After the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War "American Revolutionary War"), Britain finally ceded the area to the United States (US) under the [Jay Treaty](/wiki/Jay_Treaty "Jay Treaty") of 1796, to settle the northern border. British/Canadian fur traders wanted to create a new center of operations to avoid US taxes, and so the trading post was moved north to what became [Fort William](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Ontario "Fort William, Ontario") on the Canadian side of the border.Joseph M. Mauro, *A Golden Gateway of the Great Northwest \- History of Thunder Bay*, Thunder Bay, Ontario: Lehto Printers Ltd., 1981, pp. 21\-23
Fort William Historical Park is known as a [living history](/wiki/Living_history "Living history") site. Numerous historic buildings have been reconstructed to show the range of the post, and costumed historical interpreters recreate Fort William of the year 1816\. Fort William was then not primarily a settlement, but a central transport depot within the now\-defunct North West Company's network of fur trade outposts. Due to its central role, Fort William was much larger, with more facilities than the average fur trade post. Reflecting this, Fort William Historical Park contains 42 reconstructed buildings, a reconstructed [Ojibwa](/wiki/Ojibwa "Ojibwa") village, and a small farm.
Historical interpreters represent the many roles and cultures involved in the fur trade, including [Scottish](/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") fur traders (people of capital), who often took Native American wives and had their families living with them; [French Canadian](/wiki/French_Canadian "French Canadian") [voyageurs](/wiki/Voyageurs "Voyageurs") and workers, who also had wives from among the Natives; and [native hunters and trappers](/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada "Aboriginal peoples in Canada"). The native people in the Fort William area are predominantly Ojibwa and are represented accordingly among the interpreters.
The North West Company's "winter partners", fur traders who lived at the post, in the early years married into the upper classes of the native people, strengthening their alliances. There were thus two tiers of society \- the fur traders and chiefs and their daughters, and the workers, who formed liaisons or married native women. The descendants of the latter tended to stay in fur trapping and became the [Métis](/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_%28Canada%29 "Métis people (Canada)") ethnic group. While also of mixed heritage, children of fur traders and chief's daughters tended to receive thorough English educations (as well as learning Native culture from their mothers' families) and often moved within the upper classes of Canadian society, including being selected for government posts.
Fort William Historical Park has a working community of skilled [tradesmen](/wiki/Tradesmen "Tradesmen"), including a [blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith "Blacksmith"), [tinsmith](/wiki/Tinsmith "Tinsmith"), [carpenter](/wiki/Carpenter "Carpenter"), [cooper](/wiki/Cooper_%28profession%29 "Cooper (profession)"), and [birch bark](/wiki/Birch_bark "Birch bark") [canoe](/wiki/Canoe "Canoe") builder. They all craft products according to traditional early 19th\-century methods and tools. Many of their crafts are not widely practised elsewhere. Fort William's canoe builder has built birch bark canoes for other Canadian cultural sites, including the [Canadian Museum of Civilization](/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization "Canadian Museum of Civilization").
Each summer Fort William Historical Park hosts the "Great Rendezvous", a recreation of the annual meeting of company fur traders that took place at this central location. Participants from all over Canada and the United States register to camp for the weekend at Fort William Historical Park and take part in this [historical reenactment](/wiki/Historical_reenactment "Historical reenactment").
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The [North West Company](/wiki/North_West_Company \"North West Company\") had a major depot at [Grand Portage](/wiki/Grand_Portage \"Grand Portage\") to the west of Fort William. After the [American Revolutionary War](/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War \"American Revolutionary War\"), Britain finally ceded the area to the United States (US) under the [Jay Treaty](/wiki/Jay_Treaty \"Jay Treaty\") of 1796, to settle the northern border. British/Canadian fur traders wanted to create a new center of operations to avoid US taxes, and so the trading post was moved north to what became [Fort William](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Ontario \"Fort William, Ontario\") on the Canadian side of the border.Joseph M. Mauro, *A Golden Gateway of the Great Northwest \\- History of Thunder Bay*, Thunder Bay, Ontario: Lehto Printers Ltd., 1981, pp. 21\\-23",
"Fort William Historical Park is known as a [living history](/wiki/Living_history \"Living history\") site. Numerous historic buildings have been reconstructed to show the range of the post, and costumed historical interpreters recreate Fort William of the year 1816\\. Fort William was then not primarily a settlement, but a central transport depot within the now\\-defunct North West Company's network of fur trade outposts. Due to its central role, Fort William was much larger, with more facilities than the average fur trade post. Reflecting this, Fort William Historical Park contains 42 reconstructed buildings, a reconstructed [Ojibwa](/wiki/Ojibwa \"Ojibwa\") village, and a small farm.",
"Historical interpreters represent the many roles and cultures involved in the fur trade, including [Scottish](/wiki/Scotland \"Scotland\") fur traders (people of capital), who often took Native American wives and had their families living with them; [French Canadian](/wiki/French_Canadian \"French Canadian\") [voyageurs](/wiki/Voyageurs \"Voyageurs\") and workers, who also had wives from among the Natives; and [native hunters and trappers](/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada \"Aboriginal peoples in Canada\"). The native people in the Fort William area are predominantly Ojibwa and are represented accordingly among the interpreters.",
"The North West Company's \"winter partners\", fur traders who lived at the post, in the early years married into the upper classes of the native people, strengthening their alliances. There were thus two tiers of society \\- the fur traders and chiefs and their daughters, and the workers, who formed liaisons or married native women. The descendants of the latter tended to stay in fur trapping and became the [Métis](/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_%28Canada%29 \"Métis people (Canada)\") ethnic group. While also of mixed heritage, children of fur traders and chief's daughters tended to receive thorough English educations (as well as learning Native culture from their mothers' families) and often moved within the upper classes of Canadian society, including being selected for government posts.",
"Fort William Historical Park has a working community of skilled [tradesmen](/wiki/Tradesmen \"Tradesmen\"), including a [blacksmith](/wiki/Blacksmith \"Blacksmith\"), [tinsmith](/wiki/Tinsmith \"Tinsmith\"), [carpenter](/wiki/Carpenter \"Carpenter\"), [cooper](/wiki/Cooper_%28profession%29 \"Cooper (profession)\"), and [birch bark](/wiki/Birch_bark \"Birch bark\") [canoe](/wiki/Canoe \"Canoe\") builder. They all craft products according to traditional early 19th\\-century methods and tools. Many of their crafts are not widely practised elsewhere. Fort William's canoe builder has built birch bark canoes for other Canadian cultural sites, including the [Canadian Museum of Civilization](/wiki/Canadian_Museum_of_Civilization \"Canadian Museum of Civilization\").",
"Each summer Fort William Historical Park hosts the \"Great Rendezvous\", a recreation of the annual meeting of company fur traders that took place at this central location. Participants from all over Canada and the United States register to camp for the weekend at Fort William Historical Park and take part in this [historical reenactment](/wiki/Historical_reenactment \"Historical reenactment\").",
""
] |
History
-------
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=November 2021}}
The municipality's name has been written several ways over the centuries: Feußdorf (1373\), Freuhsdorp (1555\), Freußdorff (1558\), Feurstorf (1658\), Feustorf (1704\), Feustorff (1720\), Feurstorp (1729\), Feußdorf (1775\) and finally Feusdorf (1822\).
In 1373 Feusdorf had its first documentary mention as *Feußdorf*. This comes from a seal, now in the Koblenz State Archive, used by Clais (Nikolaus) von Feußdorf, who was the *[Burgmann](/wiki/Burgmann "Burgmann")* at Junckeroide ([Jünkerath](/wiki/J%C3%BCnkerath "Jünkerath")).
In 1477 Wilhelm von Mirbach was enfeoffed with an estate at Feusdorf by the Duke of Jülich and Berk. In 1491, Count Johann von Manderscheid enfeoffed Nikolaus Gyse von Mertloch with several castle houses at [Gerolstein](/wiki/Gerolstein "Gerolstein") and with half a house at Feusdorf. In 1543, in connection with the clergyman Johann Schnyder's introduction into Esch, the *Servatiuskapelle* (“[Saint Servatius](/wiki/Saint_Servatius "Saint Servatius")’s Chapel”) in Feusdorf was mentioned for the first time. In 1604, Philipp Roist von Weers was enfeoffed with holdings at Feusdorf by Count Arnold von Manderscheid.
In 1631 Threin (Katharina) Heunen, a woman from Feusdorf, was burnt alive in [Esch](/wiki/Esch%2C_Vulkaneifel "Esch, Vulkaneifel") as a [witch](/wiki/Witch "Witch").
In 1809 some men from the Mayoralty of Lissendorf opposed [Napoleon's](/wiki/Napoleon_I "Napoleon I") call to serve in his army. One of these men, named Linck, was from Feusdorf. After his house was searched, turning up four rifles, he was arrested, and shortly thereafter, along with four others, he was sentenced to death by shooting. The sentence was carried out on 23 January 1810 in [Prüm](/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm "Prüm").
In 1843 Feusdorf and Hütte Jünkerath together had 21 houses and 175 inhabitants. In 1848, three houses and the chapel all burnt down, but were built again on the same sites. In 1866, many villagers came down with [typhus](/wiki/Epidemic_typhus "Epidemic typhus"), and the sickness claimed seven lives. For its part, the district council (*Kreistag*) granted the municipality 25 *[Thaler](/wiki/Thaler "Thaler")* for those who suffered typhus.
In 1876 the first school building was opened on Escher Straße, coming complete with a teacher's dwelling. In 1880, there were 40 houses in Feusdorf.
Two years later, in 1882, came a year of catastrophe. The harvest was so scant that without the state's and the province's help, a famine emergency would have had to be declared. In 1888, 54 children were attending school, 26 boys and 28 girls, although 10 of these children came from [Jünkerath](/wiki/J%C3%BCnkerath "Jünkerath"). Within a year, though, a new school also opened there, and these ten thereafter went there for their schooling.
In 1893 half\-day schooling was introduced so that children could help with farmwork. The craftsmen's association was founded. This body's goal was to actively support members who were left without a livelihood by illness or accidents. Support was to begin with the onset of an illness and was set at two marks weekly.
In 1889 a heavy storm on 18 and 19 January damaged many roofs in Feusdorf, even leaving one house's roof on a neighbour's dungheap.
In late February 1900 [diphtheria](/wiki/Diphtheria "Diphtheria") broke out among the schoolchildren. Two of them, Gotthard May, 7, and Margareta Leyendecker, 9, quickly succumbed to this illness. The school was closed forthwith and lessons did not begin again for a fortnight. Another disaster befell the local steelworks that same year. On 10 May, a pan full of molten steel tipped over, spilling its contents over 25 moulders who were on the job that evening. Six of them died of their injuries, although none of these was from Feusdorf.
On 10 February 1923 Feusdorf was connected to the electricity network. It was the first village in the Daun district (now called the [Vulkaneifel](/wiki/Vulkaneifel "Vulkaneifel") district) to have electrical service. In 1925, a census yielded a population figure of 346 for Feusdorf.
On 27 February 1930 the [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia "Prussia") Ministry of State in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") released a law allowing for the creation of the municipality of [Jünkerath](/wiki/J%C3%BCnkerath "Jünkerath"), whereby Feusdorf was obliged to yield a certain amount of its municipal area to this new entity. Not only did it lose land area, but also about 70 of its inhabitants, who suddenly found their homes within the new municipality of Jünkerath. Feusdorf's population had now fallen to 260\.
In 1935, during excavation work for a new hunting lodge at the edge of the woods towards [Esch](/wiki/Esch%2C_Vulkaneifel "Esch, Vulkaneifel"), an urn grave with ashes and bone remnants was unearthed, showing that human habitation in Feusdorf must go back quite a long way.
In November 1939 a great fuel storage facility was established above the village in the Esch municipal forest. This was, of course, related to the German [war](/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") effort. In 1940 Feusdorf was granted permission to develop a water supply system. However, owing to the ongoing war, this would have to wait. Indeed, on 1 September 1944, owing to the critical wartime situation, the school was temporarily closed. On 29 December that same year, there came an air raid, which damaged many buildings, there were no fatalities.
In late September 1945 after the fighting had ended, school began again after an interruption of more than a year when the [French](/wiki/France "France") [occupying](/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany "Allied-occupied Germany") authorities granted leave for lessons to resume. The old schoolbooks were reused, but only after all material pertaining to the [Third Reich](/wiki/Nazi_Germany "Nazi Germany") and [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi_Party "Nazi Party") ideology had been torn out. There were 55 pupils, 27 boys and 28 girls.
On 26 February 1946 the 32\-man French occupying force was withdrawn from the village. At this time, the municipal boundary between Feusdorf and [Alendorf](/wiki/Blankenheim%2C_North_Rhine-Westphalia "Blankenheim, North Rhine-Westphalia") also happened to be the boundary between the French and [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") zones of occupation. The checkpoint between these was set up at Hauptstraße 6\.
After some measure of [democracy](/wiki/Democracy "Democracy") was restored, Anton Brang became Feusdorf's first postwar mayor after an election held on 15 September 1946\.
On [Repentance and Prayer Day](/wiki/Bu%C3%9F-_und_Bettag "Buß- und Bettag") in November 1958, the new Warriors’ Memorial was dedicated in a ceremony for the victims of both World Wars. Of the 7,500 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark "Deutsche Mark") that it cost to build the memorial, 5,000 DM was covered by donations from Feusdorf citizens.
At the end of the 1968\-1969 school year, the [one\-room school](/wiki/One-room_school "One-room school") was dissolved. Also, the old chapel was torn down, leaving only the quire standing. This was incorporated into the new church, which was consecrated on 12 April 1970\. In 1969, the municipality of Feusdorf won in the contest *Unser Dorf soll schöner werden* (“Our village should become lovelier”).
In 1985 the municipality laid out the building development area *Am Seewinkel*, filling the building gap between the village and another development area, *Auf Rütt*. Work on this new area began that same year and was completed in 1989\. A new village square was also built in 1985\.
On 28 February 1990 “Hurricane Wiebke” struck Germany, laying great swathes of the country waste. Feusdorf was not spared, and several hundred cubic metres of wood were “mown around”.[Feusdorf’s history](http://www.feusdorf.de/media/downloads/feusdorf_im_wandel_der_zeiten.pdf) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719010159/http://www.feusdorf.de/media/downloads/feusdorf\_im\_wandel\_der\_zeiten.pdf \|date\=2011\-07\-19 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=November 2021}}\nThe municipality's name has been written several ways over the centuries: Feußdorf (1373\\), Freuhsdorp (1555\\), Freußdorff (1558\\), Feurstorf (1658\\), Feustorf (1704\\), Feustorff (1720\\), Feurstorp (1729\\), Feußdorf (1775\\) and finally Feusdorf (1822\\).",
"In 1373 Feusdorf had its first documentary mention as *Feußdorf*. This comes from a seal, now in the Koblenz State Archive, used by Clais (Nikolaus) von Feußdorf, who was the *[Burgmann](/wiki/Burgmann \"Burgmann\")* at Junckeroide ([Jünkerath](/wiki/J%C3%BCnkerath \"Jünkerath\")).",
"In 1477 Wilhelm von Mirbach was enfeoffed with an estate at Feusdorf by the Duke of Jülich and Berk. In 1491, Count Johann von Manderscheid enfeoffed Nikolaus Gyse von Mertloch with several castle houses at [Gerolstein](/wiki/Gerolstein \"Gerolstein\") and with half a house at Feusdorf. In 1543, in connection with the clergyman Johann Schnyder's introduction into Esch, the *Servatiuskapelle* (“[Saint Servatius](/wiki/Saint_Servatius \"Saint Servatius\")’s Chapel”) in Feusdorf was mentioned for the first time. In 1604, Philipp Roist von Weers was enfeoffed with holdings at Feusdorf by Count Arnold von Manderscheid.",
"In 1631 Threin (Katharina) Heunen, a woman from Feusdorf, was burnt alive in [Esch](/wiki/Esch%2C_Vulkaneifel \"Esch, Vulkaneifel\") as a [witch](/wiki/Witch \"Witch\").",
"In 1809 some men from the Mayoralty of Lissendorf opposed [Napoleon's](/wiki/Napoleon_I \"Napoleon I\") call to serve in his army. One of these men, named Linck, was from Feusdorf. After his house was searched, turning up four rifles, he was arrested, and shortly thereafter, along with four others, he was sentenced to death by shooting. The sentence was carried out on 23 January 1810 in [Prüm](/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm \"Prüm\").",
"In 1843 Feusdorf and Hütte Jünkerath together had 21 houses and 175 inhabitants. In 1848, three houses and the chapel all burnt down, but were built again on the same sites. In 1866, many villagers came down with [typhus](/wiki/Epidemic_typhus \"Epidemic typhus\"), and the sickness claimed seven lives. For its part, the district council (*Kreistag*) granted the municipality 25 *[Thaler](/wiki/Thaler \"Thaler\")* for those who suffered typhus.",
"In 1876 the first school building was opened on Escher Straße, coming complete with a teacher's dwelling. In 1880, there were 40 houses in Feusdorf.",
"Two years later, in 1882, came a year of catastrophe. The harvest was so scant that without the state's and the province's help, a famine emergency would have had to be declared. In 1888, 54 children were attending school, 26 boys and 28 girls, although 10 of these children came from [Jünkerath](/wiki/J%C3%BCnkerath \"Jünkerath\"). Within a year, though, a new school also opened there, and these ten thereafter went there for their schooling.",
"In 1893 half\\-day schooling was introduced so that children could help with farmwork. The craftsmen's association was founded. This body's goal was to actively support members who were left without a livelihood by illness or accidents. Support was to begin with the onset of an illness and was set at two marks weekly.",
"In 1889 a heavy storm on 18 and 19 January damaged many roofs in Feusdorf, even leaving one house's roof on a neighbour's dungheap.",
"In late February 1900 [diphtheria](/wiki/Diphtheria \"Diphtheria\") broke out among the schoolchildren. Two of them, Gotthard May, 7, and Margareta Leyendecker, 9, quickly succumbed to this illness. The school was closed forthwith and lessons did not begin again for a fortnight. Another disaster befell the local steelworks that same year. On 10 May, a pan full of molten steel tipped over, spilling its contents over 25 moulders who were on the job that evening. Six of them died of their injuries, although none of these was from Feusdorf.",
"On 10 February 1923 Feusdorf was connected to the electricity network. It was the first village in the Daun district (now called the [Vulkaneifel](/wiki/Vulkaneifel \"Vulkaneifel\") district) to have electrical service. In 1925, a census yielded a population figure of 346 for Feusdorf.",
"On 27 February 1930 the [Prussian](/wiki/Prussia \"Prussia\") Ministry of State in [Berlin](/wiki/Berlin \"Berlin\") released a law allowing for the creation of the municipality of [Jünkerath](/wiki/J%C3%BCnkerath \"Jünkerath\"), whereby Feusdorf was obliged to yield a certain amount of its municipal area to this new entity. Not only did it lose land area, but also about 70 of its inhabitants, who suddenly found their homes within the new municipality of Jünkerath. Feusdorf's population had now fallen to 260\\.",
"In 1935, during excavation work for a new hunting lodge at the edge of the woods towards [Esch](/wiki/Esch%2C_Vulkaneifel \"Esch, Vulkaneifel\"), an urn grave with ashes and bone remnants was unearthed, showing that human habitation in Feusdorf must go back quite a long way.",
"In November 1939 a great fuel storage facility was established above the village in the Esch municipal forest. This was, of course, related to the German [war](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\") effort. In 1940 Feusdorf was granted permission to develop a water supply system. However, owing to the ongoing war, this would have to wait. Indeed, on 1 September 1944, owing to the critical wartime situation, the school was temporarily closed. On 29 December that same year, there came an air raid, which damaged many buildings, there were no fatalities.",
"In late September 1945 after the fighting had ended, school began again after an interruption of more than a year when the [French](/wiki/France \"France\") [occupying](/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany \"Allied-occupied Germany\") authorities granted leave for lessons to resume. The old schoolbooks were reused, but only after all material pertaining to the [Third Reich](/wiki/Nazi_Germany \"Nazi Germany\") and [Nazi](/wiki/Nazi_Party \"Nazi Party\") ideology had been torn out. There were 55 pupils, 27 boys and 28 girls.",
"On 26 February 1946 the 32\\-man French occupying force was withdrawn from the village. At this time, the municipal boundary between Feusdorf and [Alendorf](/wiki/Blankenheim%2C_North_Rhine-Westphalia \"Blankenheim, North Rhine-Westphalia\") also happened to be the boundary between the French and [British](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") zones of occupation. The checkpoint between these was set up at Hauptstraße 6\\.",
"After some measure of [democracy](/wiki/Democracy \"Democracy\") was restored, Anton Brang became Feusdorf's first postwar mayor after an election held on 15 September 1946\\.",
"On [Repentance and Prayer Day](/wiki/Bu%C3%9F-_und_Bettag \"Buß- und Bettag\") in November 1958, the new Warriors’ Memorial was dedicated in a ceremony for the victims of both World Wars. Of the 7,500 [DM](/wiki/Deutsche_Mark \"Deutsche Mark\") that it cost to build the memorial, 5,000 DM was covered by donations from Feusdorf citizens.",
"At the end of the 1968\\-1969 school year, the [one\\-room school](/wiki/One-room_school \"One-room school\") was dissolved. Also, the old chapel was torn down, leaving only the quire standing. This was incorporated into the new church, which was consecrated on 12 April 1970\\. In 1969, the municipality of Feusdorf won in the contest *Unser Dorf soll schöner werden* (“Our village should become lovelier”).",
"In 1985 the municipality laid out the building development area *Am Seewinkel*, filling the building gap between the village and another development area, *Auf Rütt*. Work on this new area began that same year and was completed in 1989\\. A new village square was also built in 1985\\.",
"On 28 February 1990 “Hurricane Wiebke” struck Germany, laying great swathes of the country waste. Feusdorf was not spared, and several hundred cubic metres of wood were “mown around”.[Feusdorf’s history](http://www.feusdorf.de/media/downloads/feusdorf_im_wandel_der_zeiten.pdf) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719010159/http://www.feusdorf.de/media/downloads/feusdorf\\_im\\_wandel\\_der\\_zeiten.pdf \\|date\\=2011\\-07\\-19 }}",
""
] |
Civil War
---------
On April 16, 1861, Devens gave an impassioned speech at Mechanics Hall in Worcester. To a large crowd he called upon the young men of Worcester to "rise and go with" him to the "rescue of Washington". Three days later, he was appointed major of the 3rd Massachusetts Rifle Battalion.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.fortdevensmuseum.org/GeneralDevens.php \|title\=History: In the News: General Devens — Fort Devens Museum \|access\-date\=2015\-05\-08 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074315/http://www.fortdevensmuseum.org/GeneralDevens.php \|archive\-date\=2015\-05\-18 \|url\-status\=dead }}
He was appointed as [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 "Colonel (United States)") of the 15th Massachusetts Infantry in July 1861 and wounded at the [Battle of Ball's Bluff](/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Bluff "Battle of Ball's Bluff") in Virginia in October.
[thumb\|left\|200px\|[General](/wiki/General_officer "General officer") Charles Devens (center) and other officers in [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia"), April, 1865\.](/wiki/File:MajCDevens-Richmond.jpg "MajCDevens-Richmond.jpg")
[thumb\|right\|250px\|upright\|General Charles Devens](/wiki/File:GenChasDevens.jpg "GenChasDevens.jpg")
Although still recovering, Devens was promoted to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 "Brigadier general (United States)") of volunteers in April 1862 and assigned command of the 1st Brigade/1st Division. He was wounded a second time at the [Battle of Seven Pines](/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines "Battle of Seven Pines") and spent most of the summer recovering. His brigade was not heavily involved in the [Maryland Campaign](/wiki/Maryland_Campaign "Maryland Campaign"). Shortly afterwards, it was reassigned to the [VI Corps](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28ACW%29 "VI Corps (ACW)"). Devens commanded the 2nd Brigade/3rd Division/VI Corps during the [Battle of Fredericksburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg "Battle of Fredericksburg").
In January 1863, Devens was given command of the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps. After Maj. Gen [Oliver O. Howard](/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard "Oliver O. Howard") took command of the XI Corps, he appointed Devens as a division commander, and at Chancellorsville he was wounded a third time. According to a report by Gen. Steward L. Woodford, who served with him, Devens remounted his horse, stayed with his men and did not go to the hospital until his men had bivouacked (set up camp).
[thumb\|Peninsula Campaign March 17 – May 31, 1862](/wiki/File:Peninsula_Campaign_March_17_-_May_31%2C_1862.png "Peninsula Campaign March 17 - May 31, 1862.png")
Devens distinguished himself at the [Battle of Cold Harbor](/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor "Battle of Cold Harbor"), while commanding the 3rd Division/[XVIII Corps](/wiki/XVIII_Corps_%28ACW%29 "XVIII Corps (ACW)") in [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant")'s [Overland Campaign](/wiki/Overland_Campaign "Overland Campaign"). During the final stages of the [Siege of Petersburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg "Siege of Petersburg"), he commanded the 3rd Division of the [XXIV Corps](/wiki/XXIV_Corps_%28ACW%29 "XXIV Corps (ACW)").
Devens's troops were the first to occupy [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia") after its fall in April 1865\.{{sfn\|Chisholm\|1911}}
After the war, Devens became a companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States "Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States").
|
[
"Civil War\n---------",
"On April 16, 1861, Devens gave an impassioned speech at Mechanics Hall in Worcester. To a large crowd he called upon the young men of Worcester to \"rise and go with\" him to the \"rescue of Washington\". Three days later, he was appointed major of the 3rd Massachusetts Rifle Battalion.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.fortdevensmuseum.org/GeneralDevens.php \\|title\\=History: In the News: General Devens — Fort Devens Museum \\|access\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-08 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074315/http://www.fortdevensmuseum.org/GeneralDevens.php \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-05\\-18 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"He was appointed as [colonel](/wiki/Colonel_%28United_States%29 \"Colonel (United States)\") of the 15th Massachusetts Infantry in July 1861 and wounded at the [Battle of Ball's Bluff](/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Bluff \"Battle of Ball's Bluff\") in Virginia in October.",
"[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|[General](/wiki/General_officer \"General officer\") Charles Devens (center) and other officers in [Richmond, Virginia](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\"), April, 1865\\.](/wiki/File:MajCDevens-Richmond.jpg \"MajCDevens-Richmond.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|right\\|250px\\|upright\\|General Charles Devens](/wiki/File:GenChasDevens.jpg \"GenChasDevens.jpg\")",
"Although still recovering, Devens was promoted to [brigadier general](/wiki/Brigadier_general_%28United_States%29 \"Brigadier general (United States)\") of volunteers in April 1862 and assigned command of the 1st Brigade/1st Division. He was wounded a second time at the [Battle of Seven Pines](/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines \"Battle of Seven Pines\") and spent most of the summer recovering. His brigade was not heavily involved in the [Maryland Campaign](/wiki/Maryland_Campaign \"Maryland Campaign\"). Shortly afterwards, it was reassigned to the [VI Corps](/wiki/VI_Corps_%28ACW%29 \"VI Corps (ACW)\"). Devens commanded the 2nd Brigade/3rd Division/VI Corps during the [Battle of Fredericksburg](/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg \"Battle of Fredericksburg\").",
"In January 1863, Devens was given command of the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps. After Maj. Gen [Oliver O. Howard](/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard \"Oliver O. Howard\") took command of the XI Corps, he appointed Devens as a division commander, and at Chancellorsville he was wounded a third time. According to a report by Gen. Steward L. Woodford, who served with him, Devens remounted his horse, stayed with his men and did not go to the hospital until his men had bivouacked (set up camp).",
"[thumb\\|Peninsula Campaign March 17 – May 31, 1862](/wiki/File:Peninsula_Campaign_March_17_-_May_31%2C_1862.png \"Peninsula Campaign March 17 - May 31, 1862.png\")",
"Devens distinguished himself at the [Battle of Cold Harbor](/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor \"Battle of Cold Harbor\"), while commanding the 3rd Division/[XVIII Corps](/wiki/XVIII_Corps_%28ACW%29 \"XVIII Corps (ACW)\") in [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\")'s [Overland Campaign](/wiki/Overland_Campaign \"Overland Campaign\"). During the final stages of the [Siege of Petersburg](/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg \"Siege of Petersburg\"), he commanded the 3rd Division of the [XXIV Corps](/wiki/XXIV_Corps_%28ACW%29 \"XXIV Corps (ACW)\").",
"Devens's troops were the first to occupy [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Virginia \"Richmond, Virginia\") after its fall in April 1865\\.{{sfn\\|Chisholm\\|1911}}",
"After the war, Devens became a companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the [Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States](/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States \"Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States\").",
""
] |
Works
-----
### Logomachy
[Adriaan Heereboord](/wiki/Adriaan_Heereboord "Adriaan Heereboord") had argued in [Cartesian](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes "René Descartes") style, against [scholasticism](/wiki/Scholasticism "Scholasticism") for limitations to be put on [disputation](/wiki/Disputation "Disputation"), which should be bounded by good faith in the participants. Werenfels went further, regarding "logomachy" as a malaise of the [Republic of Letters](/wiki/Republic_of_Letters "Republic of Letters").Wolfgang Rother, *Paratus sum sententiam mutare: The Influence of Cartesian Philosophy at Basle* pp. 79–80, in *History of Universities*, Volume XXII/1 (2007\), pp. 79–80; [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=4APyWcH1m-AC&pg=PA93). The "triumvirate" position on [ecumenism](/wiki/Ecumenism "Ecumenism") was based on the use of [fundamental articles](/wiki/Fundamental_articles_%28theology%29 "Fundamental articles (theology)") through the forum of the Republic of Letters.Martin I. Klauber, *Between Reformed Scholasticism and Pan\-Protestantism: Jean\-Alphonse Turretin (1671–1737\) and enlightened orthodoxy at the Academy of Geneva* (1994\), p. 173; [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=hsLBOHvG15UC&pg=PA173).
The underlying causes of logomachy were taken by Werenfels to be prejudice and other failings of the disputants, and [ambiguity](/wiki/Ambiguity "Ambiguity") in language. In his dissertation *De logomachiis eruditorum* ([Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), 1688\)1702 edition on [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=-I1DAAAAcAAJ). Werenfels argued that controversies that divide Christians are often verbal disputes, arising from moral deficiencies, especially from pride. He proposed to do away with them by making a universal lexicon of all terms and concepts.
In the *Oratio de vero et falso theologorum zelo* he admonished those who fight professedly for purity of doctrine, but in reality for their own system. He considers it the duty of the [polemicist](/wiki/Polemic "Polemic") not to combat antiquated [heresies](/wiki/Heresies "Heresies") and to warm up dead issues, but to overthrow the prevalent enemies of true Christian living.
### Theology
In 1699 he published anonymously *Judicium de argumento Cartesii pro existentia Dei*. It was an acceptance in particular of the [proof of existence of God](/wiki/Proof_of_existence_of_God "Proof of existence of God") from the third *Meditation* of [Descartes](/wiki/Descartes "Descartes"); and in general of Cartesian philosophical premises.Rother, p. 85; [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=4APyWcH1m-AC&pg=PA85).
His conception of his duties as a theological professor was shown in his address, *De scopo doctoris in academia sacras litteras docentis*. He believed that it was more important to care for the piety of candidates for the ministry, than for their scholarship. It was his belief that a professor of practical theology is as necessary as a professor of practical [medicine](/wiki/Medicine "Medicine").
He stood for the necessity of a special revelation of [God](/wiki/God "God"), and defended the Biblical miracles as confirmations of the words of the evangelists. In his *Cogitationes generales de ratione uniendi ecclesias protestantes, quae vulgo Lutheranarum et Reformatorum nominibus distingui solent*, he sought a way of reconciling Lutherans and Calvinists.
The *De jure in conscientias ab homine non usurpando* dated from 1702; it was written after Nicolaus Wil(c)kens had defended a thesis on [religious freedom](/wiki/Religious_freedom "Religious freedom") in the absence of consequences for [public order](/wiki/Public_order "Public order"), and defends [freedom of conscience](/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience "Freedom of conscience"). The work met the approval of [Benjamin Hoadly](/wiki/Benjamin_Hoadly "Benjamin Hoadly") and [Samuel Haliday](/wiki/Samuel_Haliday "Samuel Haliday"), while being used by [Daniel Gerdes](/wiki/Daniel_Gerdes "Daniel Gerdes") to attack [Johannes Stinstra](/wiki/Johannes_Stinstra "Johannes Stinstra").*Dutch Review of Church History* (2006\), review p. 540; [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=8mUJ8-W_kZsC&pg=PA540).
### Collections
His *Dissertationum theologicarum sylloge* appeared first Basel, 1709;[Google Books](https://books.google.com/books/about/?id=lbKAHAAACAAJ). a further collection of his works is *Opuscula theologica, philologica, et philosophica* (Basel, 1718, new ed., 3 vols., 1782\).
### Sermons, dissertations, translations
From 1710 Werenfels (a native speaker of German) was asked to preach sermons in the French church at Basel; they were in a plain style.[Edwin Charles Dargan](/wiki/Edwin_Charles_Dargan "Edwin Charles Dargan"), *A History of Preaching* vol. 2 (1905\), p. 269; [archive.org](https://archive.org/stream/historyofpreachi02darg#page/268/mode/2up). As a preacher he has been described as "estranged from false pathos, elegant, intelligible, and edifying".*Schaff\-Herzog Encyclopedia* volume 9, article *Preaching, history of*, p. 171; [archive.org](https://archive.org/stream/newschaffherzog09haucgoog#page/n196/mode/2up). These sermons were published as *Sermons sur des verités importantes de la religion auxquels on ajoute des Considerations sur la reünion des protestans* (1715\). They were translated into [German](/wiki/German_language "German language"), and into [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language "Dutch language") by [Marten Schagen](/wiki/Marten_Schagen "Marten Schagen").Van Eijnatten, p. 170;[Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=pqYTE0KSg0wC&pg=PA170). Schagen also translated the *De recto theologi zelo* into Dutch.Van Eijnatten, p. 168 note 102;[Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=pqYTE0KSg0wC&pg=PA168).
The *De logomachiis eruditorum* was translated into English as *Discourse of Logomachys, or Controversys about Words* (1711\).{{Cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=4APyWcH1m\-AC\&pg\=PA93 \| title\=History of Universities: Volume XXII/1\| isbn\=9780199227488\| last1\=Feingold\| first1\=Mordechai\| date\=13 September 2007\| publisher\=OUP Oxford}} [Thomas Herne](/wiki/Thomas_Herne "Thomas Herne") under a pseudonym translated Latin and French works as *Three Discourses* (1718\), at the time of the [Bangorian Controversy](/wiki/Bangorian_Controversy "Bangorian Controversy").*Three Discourses: one a defence of private judgment; the second against the authority of the Magistrate over conscience; the third, concerning the Reuniting of Protestants.* Translated from the Latin \& French of Dr Samuel Werenfels. By Phileleutherus Cantab. London. 1718\. [William Duncombe](/wiki/William_Duncombe "William Duncombe") translated *An Oration on the Usefulness of Dramatic Interludes in the Education of Youth* (1744\).[John Nichols](/wiki/John_Nichols_%28printer%29 "John Nichols (printer)"), *Literary Anecdotes of the XVIII Century* (1812–15\) vol. 8, pp. 265–70; [Spenserians page](http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/BiographyRecord.php?action=GET&bioid=33774).
|
[
"Works\n-----",
"### Logomachy",
"[Adriaan Heereboord](/wiki/Adriaan_Heereboord \"Adriaan Heereboord\") had argued in [Cartesian](/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes \"René Descartes\") style, against [scholasticism](/wiki/Scholasticism \"Scholasticism\") for limitations to be put on [disputation](/wiki/Disputation \"Disputation\"), which should be bounded by good faith in the participants. Werenfels went further, regarding \"logomachy\" as a malaise of the [Republic of Letters](/wiki/Republic_of_Letters \"Republic of Letters\").Wolfgang Rother, *Paratus sum sententiam mutare: The Influence of Cartesian Philosophy at Basle* pp. 79–80, in *History of Universities*, Volume XXII/1 (2007\\), pp. 79–80; [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=4APyWcH1m-AC&pg=PA93). The \"triumvirate\" position on [ecumenism](/wiki/Ecumenism \"Ecumenism\") was based on the use of [fundamental articles](/wiki/Fundamental_articles_%28theology%29 \"Fundamental articles (theology)\") through the forum of the Republic of Letters.Martin I. Klauber, *Between Reformed Scholasticism and Pan\\-Protestantism: Jean\\-Alphonse Turretin (1671–1737\\) and enlightened orthodoxy at the Academy of Geneva* (1994\\), p. 173; [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=hsLBOHvG15UC&pg=PA173).",
"The underlying causes of logomachy were taken by Werenfels to be prejudice and other failings of the disputants, and [ambiguity](/wiki/Ambiguity \"Ambiguity\") in language. In his dissertation *De logomachiis eruditorum* ([Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\"), 1688\\)1702 edition on [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=-I1DAAAAcAAJ). Werenfels argued that controversies that divide Christians are often verbal disputes, arising from moral deficiencies, especially from pride. He proposed to do away with them by making a universal lexicon of all terms and concepts.",
"In the *Oratio de vero et falso theologorum zelo* he admonished those who fight professedly for purity of doctrine, but in reality for their own system. He considers it the duty of the [polemicist](/wiki/Polemic \"Polemic\") not to combat antiquated [heresies](/wiki/Heresies \"Heresies\") and to warm up dead issues, but to overthrow the prevalent enemies of true Christian living.",
"### Theology",
"In 1699 he published anonymously *Judicium de argumento Cartesii pro existentia Dei*. It was an acceptance in particular of the [proof of existence of God](/wiki/Proof_of_existence_of_God \"Proof of existence of God\") from the third *Meditation* of [Descartes](/wiki/Descartes \"Descartes\"); and in general of Cartesian philosophical premises.Rother, p. 85; [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=4APyWcH1m-AC&pg=PA85).",
"His conception of his duties as a theological professor was shown in his address, *De scopo doctoris in academia sacras litteras docentis*. He believed that it was more important to care for the piety of candidates for the ministry, than for their scholarship. It was his belief that a professor of practical theology is as necessary as a professor of practical [medicine](/wiki/Medicine \"Medicine\").",
"He stood for the necessity of a special revelation of [God](/wiki/God \"God\"), and defended the Biblical miracles as confirmations of the words of the evangelists. In his *Cogitationes generales de ratione uniendi ecclesias protestantes, quae vulgo Lutheranarum et Reformatorum nominibus distingui solent*, he sought a way of reconciling Lutherans and Calvinists.",
"The *De jure in conscientias ab homine non usurpando* dated from 1702; it was written after Nicolaus Wil(c)kens had defended a thesis on [religious freedom](/wiki/Religious_freedom \"Religious freedom\") in the absence of consequences for [public order](/wiki/Public_order \"Public order\"), and defends [freedom of conscience](/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience \"Freedom of conscience\"). The work met the approval of [Benjamin Hoadly](/wiki/Benjamin_Hoadly \"Benjamin Hoadly\") and [Samuel Haliday](/wiki/Samuel_Haliday \"Samuel Haliday\"), while being used by [Daniel Gerdes](/wiki/Daniel_Gerdes \"Daniel Gerdes\") to attack [Johannes Stinstra](/wiki/Johannes_Stinstra \"Johannes Stinstra\").*Dutch Review of Church History* (2006\\), review p. 540; [Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=8mUJ8-W_kZsC&pg=PA540).",
"### Collections",
"His *Dissertationum theologicarum sylloge* appeared first Basel, 1709;[Google Books](https://books.google.com/books/about/?id=lbKAHAAACAAJ). a further collection of his works is *Opuscula theologica, philologica, et philosophica* (Basel, 1718, new ed., 3 vols., 1782\\).",
"### Sermons, dissertations, translations",
"From 1710 Werenfels (a native speaker of German) was asked to preach sermons in the French church at Basel; they were in a plain style.[Edwin Charles Dargan](/wiki/Edwin_Charles_Dargan \"Edwin Charles Dargan\"), *A History of Preaching* vol. 2 (1905\\), p. 269; [archive.org](https://archive.org/stream/historyofpreachi02darg#page/268/mode/2up). As a preacher he has been described as \"estranged from false pathos, elegant, intelligible, and edifying\".*Schaff\\-Herzog Encyclopedia* volume 9, article *Preaching, history of*, p. 171; [archive.org](https://archive.org/stream/newschaffherzog09haucgoog#page/n196/mode/2up). These sermons were published as *Sermons sur des verités importantes de la religion auxquels on ajoute des Considerations sur la reünion des protestans* (1715\\). They were translated into [German](/wiki/German_language \"German language\"), and into [Dutch](/wiki/Dutch_language \"Dutch language\") by [Marten Schagen](/wiki/Marten_Schagen \"Marten Schagen\").Van Eijnatten, p. 170;[Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=pqYTE0KSg0wC&pg=PA170). Schagen also translated the *De recto theologi zelo* into Dutch.Van Eijnatten, p. 168 note 102;[Google Books](https://books.google.com/books?id=pqYTE0KSg0wC&pg=PA168).",
"The *De logomachiis eruditorum* was translated into English as *Discourse of Logomachys, or Controversys about Words* (1711\\).{{Cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=4APyWcH1m\\-AC\\&pg\\=PA93 \\| title\\=History of Universities: Volume XXII/1\\| isbn\\=9780199227488\\| last1\\=Feingold\\| first1\\=Mordechai\\| date\\=13 September 2007\\| publisher\\=OUP Oxford}} [Thomas Herne](/wiki/Thomas_Herne \"Thomas Herne\") under a pseudonym translated Latin and French works as *Three Discourses* (1718\\), at the time of the [Bangorian Controversy](/wiki/Bangorian_Controversy \"Bangorian Controversy\").*Three Discourses: one a defence of private judgment; the second against the authority of the Magistrate over conscience; the third, concerning the Reuniting of Protestants.* Translated from the Latin \\& French of Dr Samuel Werenfels. By Phileleutherus Cantab. London. 1718\\. [William Duncombe](/wiki/William_Duncombe \"William Duncombe\") translated *An Oration on the Usefulness of Dramatic Interludes in the Education of Youth* (1744\\).[John Nichols](/wiki/John_Nichols_%28printer%29 \"John Nichols (printer)\"), *Literary Anecdotes of the XVIII Century* (1812–15\\) vol. 8, pp. 265–70; [Spenserians page](http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/BiographyRecord.php?action=GET&bioid=33774).",
""
] |
Politician
----------
### In the Socialist Republic of Serbia (1986–90\)
Vučković was elected to the [City Assembly of Belgrade](/wiki/City_Assembly_of_Belgrade "City Assembly of Belgrade") in the [1986 Serbian local elections](/wiki/1986_Serbian_local_elections "1986 Serbian local elections"). During this period, a number of seats in Yugoslavia's legislative bodies were reserved for representatives of different professions and occupations; Vučković received a seat on the nomination of the Belgrade Bar Association. He was not a member of the [League of Communists of Serbia](/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia "League of Communists of Serbia"), which was the only legal political party at the time, but instead served as an independent delegate.
After completing his term in the city assembly, he was elected to the national assembly in the [1989 parliamentary election](/wiki/1989_Serbian_parliamentary_election "1989 Serbian parliamentary election") as the nominee of the Serbian Bar Association and social organizations in Belgrade. He contributed to a law barring the League of Communists from operating through Serbia's labour organizations, and in 1990 he was one of only six delegates to vote against the adoption of a new constitution favoured by Milošević.
Vučković was the Democratic Party's first member of the national assembly; he joined the DS when multi\-party politics was re\-introduced to Serbia in 1990\.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\.
### Opposition to the Milošević administration (1990–2000\)
Serbia's electoral system was revised prior to the [1990 parliamentary election](/wiki/1990_Serbian_parliamentary_election "1990 Serbian parliamentary election"), such that all delegates were elected by popular vote in single\-member constituencies. Vučković was re\-elected for the central Belgrade division of [Savski Venac](/wiki/Savski_Venac "Savski Venac"). Milošević's [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia "Socialist Party of Serbia") (*Socijalistička partija Srbije*, SPS) won a majority victory, and Vučković served as a member of the [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 "Opposition (politics)"). He was a member of the foreign affairs committee and took part in delegations to the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") and the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe"), as well as to [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") and the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"). He also served on the justice committee and on a special committee that investigated the [1991 protests in Belgrade](/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade "1991 protests in Belgrade"); this committee's report led to the resignation of [interior minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_%28Serbia%29 "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia)") [Radmilo Bogdanović](/wiki/Radmilo_Bogdanovi%C4%87 "Radmilo Bogdanović").[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\. In December 1991, Vučković suggested including [Slovene](/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia") and [Croatian](/wiki/Croatia "Croatia") business leaders in negotiations to end the [Croatian War](/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence "Croatian War of Independence"), given the importance of those countries to Serbia's economy.[Dimitrije Boarov, "Serbia Alone"](https://serbiandigest.libraries.rutgers.edu/10/serbia-alone), *Vreme*, 2 December 1991, accessed via Rutgers University Libraries on 24 June 2022\.
For the [1992 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/1992_Serbian_parliamentary_election "1992 Serbian parliamentary election"), Serbia abandoned single\-member electoral divisions and adopted a system of [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation "Proportional representation"). Vučković led the DS's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list "Electoral list") in the [Smederevo](/wiki/Smederevo "Smederevo") division; the list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") to win any mandates, and his parliamentary term ended when the new assembly convened in early 1993\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 20\. и 27\. децембра 1992\. године и 3\. јануара 1993\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (8 Смедерево)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1992.php) and [Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 20\. и 27\. децембра 1992\. године и 3\. јануара 1993\. године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1992.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 30 July 2021\. He was, however, elected to the Savski Venac municipal assembly in the concurrent [December 1992 Serbian local elections](/wiki/December_1992_Serbian_local_elections "December 1992 Serbian local elections").[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\.
He was given the tenth position on the DS's list for Belgrade in the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Serbian_parliamentary_election "1993 Serbian parliamentary election") and was not given a new mandate when the list won eight seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 19\. и 26\. децембра 1993\. године и 5\. јануара 1994\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (1 Београд)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1993.php) and [Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 19\. и 26\. децембра 1993\. године и 5\. јануара 1994\. године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1993.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 30 July 2021\. (From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one\-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates on successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two\-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of sponsoring parties or coalitions. Vučković could have been given a mandate despite his list position, but he was not.)[Guide to the Early Election](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002.pdf), Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, December 1992, made available by the [International Foundation for Electoral Systems](/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems "International Foundation for Electoral Systems"), accessed 14 July 2017\.*Službeni glasnik (Republike Srbije)*, Volume 50 Number 11 (25 January 1994\), p. 193\.
Vučković opposed the DS's policy direction after [Zoran Đinđić](/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87 "Zoran Đinđić") became party leader in January 1994, and he resigned from his positions in the party in March of the same year.[Milan Milošević, "The Big Transfer"](https://serbiandigest.libraries.rutgers.edu/155/big-transfer), *Vreme*, 12 September 1994, accessed via Rutgers University Libraries on 24 June 2022\. He left the DS entirely in February 1995 and joined the Democratic Centre in 1997, later serving on its presidency. He was also a co\-founder of Serbia's Center for Democracy Foundation and Forum for International Relations in this period, and served for a time as vice\-president of the latter organization.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\.["Moskva hoće izbore"](https://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/04/05/srpski/P00040402.shtm), *Glas javnosti*, 5 April 2000, accessed 24 June 2022\.
In 2000, the DC participated in the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia "Democratic Opposition of Serbia") (*Demokratska opozicija Srbije*, DOS), a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to Milošević's administration. DOS candidate [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica "Vojislav Koštunica") defeated Milošević in the [2000 Yugoslavian presidential election](/wiki/2000_Yugoslavian_presidential_election "2000 Yugoslavian presidential election"), a watershed moment in Serbian and Yugoslavian politics. Vučković was elected to a second term in the Savski Venac assembly in the concurrent [2000 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2000_Serbian_local_elections "2000 Serbian local elections") as a DOS candidate.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\. In December 2001, he was appointed to the management board of [Naftna Industrija Srbije](/wiki/Naftna_Industrija_Srbije "Naftna Industrija Srbije").["Nenad Milić zamenik ministra"](http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2001/12/21/srpski/P01122015.shtml), *Glas javnosti*, 21 December 2001, accessed 23 June 2022\.
### After the fall of Milošević (2000–07\)
Serbia's electoral system was reformed once again in 2000, such that the entire country became a single electoral division and all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties and coalitions, irrespective of numerical order.Serbia's Law on the Election of Representatives (2000\) stipulated that parliamentary mandates would be awarded to electoral lists (Article 80\) that crossed the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") (Article 81\), that mandates would be given to candidates appearing on the relevant lists (Article 83\), and that the submitters of the lists were responsible for selecting their parliamentary delegations within ten days of the final results being published (Article 84\). See Law on the Election of Representatives, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2000, made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), accessed 28 February 2017\. The DC had effected a partial reconciliation with the DS by 2003 and contested [that year's parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2003 Serbian parliamentary election") on the DS's list. Vučković was given the 229th position; the list won thirty\-seven mandates, and he was included in the DC's delegation when the new assembly convened in early 2004\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\. децембра 2003\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5\. ДЕМОКРАТСКА СТРАНКА – БОРИС ТАДИЋ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 2 July 2021\.["DC saopštio koje poslanike će delegirati u parlament"](https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2004&mm=01&dd=09&nav_category=11&nav_id=129663), B92, 9 January 2004, accessed 24 January 2022\.["Podrška neoročenoj vladi"](http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2004/01/15/srpski/P04011407.shtml), *Glas javnosti*, 15 January 2004, accessed 24 June 2022\. The rival [Democratic Party of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia "Democratic Party of Serbia") (*Demokratska stranka Srbije*, DSS) became the leading party in Serbia's [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government "Coalition government") after the election, and both the DS and DC served in opposition.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\. децембра 2003\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5\. ДЕМОКРАТСКА СТРАНКА \- БОРИС ТАДИЋ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 18 May 2021\. After a gap of eleven years, Vučković rejoined both the foreign affairs committee and the justice committee; he also served on the committee on economic reforms.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ВУЧКОВИЋ, СЛОБОДАН, {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107163337/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici.asp \|date\=2007\-01\-07 }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 20 May 2022\.
The Democratic Centre formally merged back into the Democratic Party in 2004, and Vučković once again served as a DS delegate in the assembly. He did not seek re\-election in [2007](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election "2007 Serbian parliamentary election"). He remained a member of the party's main board until 2010, when he retired from political life.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\.
|
[
"Politician\n----------",
"### In the Socialist Republic of Serbia (1986–90\\)",
"Vučković was elected to the [City Assembly of Belgrade](/wiki/City_Assembly_of_Belgrade \"City Assembly of Belgrade\") in the [1986 Serbian local elections](/wiki/1986_Serbian_local_elections \"1986 Serbian local elections\"). During this period, a number of seats in Yugoslavia's legislative bodies were reserved for representatives of different professions and occupations; Vučković received a seat on the nomination of the Belgrade Bar Association. He was not a member of the [League of Communists of Serbia](/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia \"League of Communists of Serbia\"), which was the only legal political party at the time, but instead served as an independent delegate.",
"After completing his term in the city assembly, he was elected to the national assembly in the [1989 parliamentary election](/wiki/1989_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"1989 Serbian parliamentary election\") as the nominee of the Serbian Bar Association and social organizations in Belgrade. He contributed to a law barring the League of Communists from operating through Serbia's labour organizations, and in 1990 he was one of only six delegates to vote against the adoption of a new constitution favoured by Milošević.",
"Vučković was the Democratic Party's first member of the national assembly; he joined the DS when multi\\-party politics was re\\-introduced to Serbia in 1990\\.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\.",
"### Opposition to the Milošević administration (1990–2000\\)",
"Serbia's electoral system was revised prior to the [1990 parliamentary election](/wiki/1990_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"1990 Serbian parliamentary election\"), such that all delegates were elected by popular vote in single\\-member constituencies. Vučković was re\\-elected for the central Belgrade division of [Savski Venac](/wiki/Savski_Venac \"Savski Venac\"). Milošević's [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia \"Socialist Party of Serbia\") (*Socijalistička partija Srbije*, SPS) won a majority victory, and Vučković served as a member of the [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 \"Opposition (politics)\"). He was a member of the foreign affairs committee and took part in delegations to the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") and the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe \"Council of Europe\"), as well as to [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") and the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\"). He also served on the justice committee and on a special committee that investigated the [1991 protests in Belgrade](/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade \"1991 protests in Belgrade\"); this committee's report led to the resignation of [interior minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_%28Serbia%29 \"Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia)\") [Radmilo Bogdanović](/wiki/Radmilo_Bogdanovi%C4%87 \"Radmilo Bogdanović\").[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\. In December 1991, Vučković suggested including [Slovene](/wiki/Slovenia \"Slovenia\") and [Croatian](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\") business leaders in negotiations to end the [Croatian War](/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence \"Croatian War of Independence\"), given the importance of those countries to Serbia's economy.[Dimitrije Boarov, \"Serbia Alone\"](https://serbiandigest.libraries.rutgers.edu/10/serbia-alone), *Vreme*, 2 December 1991, accessed via Rutgers University Libraries on 24 June 2022\\.",
"For the [1992 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/1992_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"1992 Serbian parliamentary election\"), Serbia abandoned single\\-member electoral divisions and adopted a system of [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation \"Proportional representation\"). Vučković led the DS's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list \"Electoral list\") in the [Smederevo](/wiki/Smederevo \"Smederevo\") division; the list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") to win any mandates, and his parliamentary term ended when the new assembly convened in early 1993\\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 20\\. и 27\\. децембра 1992\\. године и 3\\. јануара 1993\\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (8 Смедерево)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1992.php) and [Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 20\\. и 27\\. децембра 1992\\. године и 3\\. јануара 1993\\. године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1992.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 30 July 2021\\. He was, however, elected to the Savski Venac municipal assembly in the concurrent [December 1992 Serbian local elections](/wiki/December_1992_Serbian_local_elections \"December 1992 Serbian local elections\").[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\.",
"He was given the tenth position on the DS's list for Belgrade in the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"1993 Serbian parliamentary election\") and was not given a new mandate when the list won eight seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 19\\. и 26\\. децембра 1993\\. године и 5\\. јануара 1994\\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (1 Београд)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1993.php) and [Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 19\\. и 26\\. децембра 1993\\. године и 5\\. јануара 1994\\. године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1993.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 30 July 2021\\. (From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one\\-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates on successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two\\-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of sponsoring parties or coalitions. Vučković could have been given a mandate despite his list position, but he was not.)[Guide to the Early Election](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002.pdf), Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, December 1992, made available by the [International Foundation for Electoral Systems](/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems \"International Foundation for Electoral Systems\"), accessed 14 July 2017\\.*Službeni glasnik (Republike Srbije)*, Volume 50 Number 11 (25 January 1994\\), p. 193\\.",
"Vučković opposed the DS's policy direction after [Zoran Đinđić](/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87 \"Zoran Đinđić\") became party leader in January 1994, and he resigned from his positions in the party in March of the same year.[Milan Milošević, \"The Big Transfer\"](https://serbiandigest.libraries.rutgers.edu/155/big-transfer), *Vreme*, 12 September 1994, accessed via Rutgers University Libraries on 24 June 2022\\. He left the DS entirely in February 1995 and joined the Democratic Centre in 1997, later serving on its presidency. He was also a co\\-founder of Serbia's Center for Democracy Foundation and Forum for International Relations in this period, and served for a time as vice\\-president of the latter organization.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\.[\"Moskva hoće izbore\"](https://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/04/05/srpski/P00040402.shtm), *Glas javnosti*, 5 April 2000, accessed 24 June 2022\\.",
"In 2000, the DC participated in the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia \"Democratic Opposition of Serbia\") (*Demokratska opozicija Srbije*, DOS), a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to Milošević's administration. DOS candidate [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica \"Vojislav Koštunica\") defeated Milošević in the [2000 Yugoslavian presidential election](/wiki/2000_Yugoslavian_presidential_election \"2000 Yugoslavian presidential election\"), a watershed moment in Serbian and Yugoslavian politics. Vučković was elected to a second term in the Savski Venac assembly in the concurrent [2000 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2000_Serbian_local_elections \"2000 Serbian local elections\") as a DOS candidate.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\. In December 2001, he was appointed to the management board of [Naftna Industrija Srbije](/wiki/Naftna_Industrija_Srbije \"Naftna Industrija Srbije\").[\"Nenad Milić zamenik ministra\"](http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2001/12/21/srpski/P01122015.shtml), *Glas javnosti*, 21 December 2001, accessed 23 June 2022\\.",
"### After the fall of Milošević (2000–07\\)",
"Serbia's electoral system was reformed once again in 2000, such that the entire country became a single electoral division and all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists at the discretion of the sponsoring parties and coalitions, irrespective of numerical order.Serbia's Law on the Election of Representatives (2000\\) stipulated that parliamentary mandates would be awarded to electoral lists (Article 80\\) that crossed the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") (Article 81\\), that mandates would be given to candidates appearing on the relevant lists (Article 83\\), and that the submitters of the lists were responsible for selecting their parliamentary delegations within ten days of the final results being published (Article 84\\). See Law on the Election of Representatives, Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No. 35/2000, made available via [LegislationOnline](http://www.legislationline.org/topics/country/5/topic/6), accessed 28 February 2017\\. The DC had effected a partial reconciliation with the DS by 2003 and contested [that year's parliamentary election](/wiki/2003_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2003 Serbian parliamentary election\") on the DS's list. Vučković was given the 229th position; the list won thirty\\-seven mandates, and he was included in the DC's delegation when the new assembly convened in early 2004\\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\\. децембра 2003\\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5\\. ДЕМОКРАТСКА СТРАНКА – БОРИС ТАДИЋ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 2 July 2021\\.[\"DC saopštio koje poslanike će delegirati u parlament\"](https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2004&mm=01&dd=09&nav_category=11&nav_id=129663), B92, 9 January 2004, accessed 24 January 2022\\.[\"Podrška neoročenoj vladi\"](http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2004/01/15/srpski/P04011407.shtml), *Glas javnosti*, 15 January 2004, accessed 24 June 2022\\. The rival [Democratic Party of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Serbia \"Democratic Party of Serbia\") (*Demokratska stranka Srbije*, DSS) became the leading party in Serbia's [coalition government](/wiki/Coalition_government \"Coalition government\") after the election, and both the DS and DC served in opposition.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 28\\. децембра 2003\\. године, ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (5\\. ДЕМОКРАТСКА СТРАНКА \\- БОРИС ТАДИЋ)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-2003.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 18 May 2021\\. After a gap of eleven years, Vučković rejoined both the foreign affairs committee and the justice committee; he also served on the committee on economic reforms.ДЕТАЉИ О НАРОДНОМ ПОСЛАНИКУ: ВУЧКОВИЋ, СЛОБОДАН, {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107163337/http://www.parlament.sr.gov.yu/content/cir/sastav/poslanici.asp \\|date\\=2007\\-01\\-07 }}, National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, accessed 20 May 2022\\.",
"The Democratic Centre formally merged back into the Democratic Party in 2004, and Vučković once again served as a DS delegate in the assembly. He did not seek re\\-election in [2007](/wiki/2007_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"2007 Serbian parliamentary election\"). He remained a member of the party's main board until 2010, when he retired from political life.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\.",
""
] |
### Opposition to the Milošević administration (1990–2000\)
Serbia's electoral system was revised prior to the [1990 parliamentary election](/wiki/1990_Serbian_parliamentary_election "1990 Serbian parliamentary election"), such that all delegates were elected by popular vote in single\-member constituencies. Vučković was re\-elected for the central Belgrade division of [Savski Venac](/wiki/Savski_Venac "Savski Venac"). Milošević's [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia "Socialist Party of Serbia") (*Socijalistička partija Srbije*, SPS) won a majority victory, and Vučković served as a member of the [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 "Opposition (politics)"). He was a member of the foreign affairs committee and took part in delegations to the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") and the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe "Council of Europe"), as well as to [Greece](/wiki/Greece "Greece") and the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"). He also served on the justice committee and on a special committee that investigated the [1991 protests in Belgrade](/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade "1991 protests in Belgrade"); this committee's report led to the resignation of [interior minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_%28Serbia%29 "Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia)") [Radmilo Bogdanović](/wiki/Radmilo_Bogdanovi%C4%87 "Radmilo Bogdanović").[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\. In December 1991, Vučković suggested including [Slovene](/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia") and [Croatian](/wiki/Croatia "Croatia") business leaders in negotiations to end the [Croatian War](/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence "Croatian War of Independence"), given the importance of those countries to Serbia's economy.[Dimitrije Boarov, "Serbia Alone"](https://serbiandigest.libraries.rutgers.edu/10/serbia-alone), *Vreme*, 2 December 1991, accessed via Rutgers University Libraries on 24 June 2022\.
For the [1992 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/1992_Serbian_parliamentary_election "1992 Serbian parliamentary election"), Serbia abandoned single\-member electoral divisions and adopted a system of [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation "Proportional representation"). Vučković led the DS's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list "Electoral list") in the [Smederevo](/wiki/Smederevo "Smederevo") division; the list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold "Electoral threshold") to win any mandates, and his parliamentary term ended when the new assembly convened in early 1993\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 20\. и 27\. децембра 1992\. године и 3\. јануара 1993\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (8 Смедерево)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1992.php) and [Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 20\. и 27\. децембра 1992\. године и 3\. јануара 1993\. године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1992.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 30 July 2021\. He was, however, elected to the Savski Venac municipal assembly in the concurrent [December 1992 Serbian local elections](/wiki/December_1992_Serbian_local_elections "December 1992 Serbian local elections").[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\.
He was given the tenth position on the DS's list for Belgrade in the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Serbian_parliamentary_election "1993 Serbian parliamentary election") and was not given a new mandate when the list won eight seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 19\. и 26\. децембра 1993\. године и 5\. јануара 1994\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (1 Београд)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1993.php) and [Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 19\. и 26\. децембра 1993\. године и 5\. јануара 1994\. године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1993.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 30 July 2021\. (From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one\-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates on successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two\-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of sponsoring parties or coalitions. Vučković could have been given a mandate despite his list position, but he was not.)[Guide to the Early Election](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002.pdf), Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, December 1992, made available by the [International Foundation for Electoral Systems](/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems "International Foundation for Electoral Systems"), accessed 14 July 2017\.*Službeni glasnik (Republike Srbije)*, Volume 50 Number 11 (25 January 1994\), p. 193\.
Vučković opposed the DS's policy direction after [Zoran Đinđić](/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87 "Zoran Đinđić") became party leader in January 1994, and he resigned from his positions in the party in March of the same year.[Milan Milošević, "The Big Transfer"](https://serbiandigest.libraries.rutgers.edu/155/big-transfer), *Vreme*, 12 September 1994, accessed via Rutgers University Libraries on 24 June 2022\. He left the DS entirely in February 1995 and joined the Democratic Centre in 1997, later serving on its presidency. He was also a co\-founder of Serbia's Center for Democracy Foundation and Forum for International Relations in this period, and served for a time as vice\-president of the latter organization.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\.["Moskva hoće izbore"](https://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/04/05/srpski/P00040402.shtm), *Glas javnosti*, 5 April 2000, accessed 24 June 2022\.
In 2000, the DC participated in the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia "Democratic Opposition of Serbia") (*Demokratska opozicija Srbije*, DOS), a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to Milošević's administration. DOS candidate [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica "Vojislav Koštunica") defeated Milošević in the [2000 Yugoslavian presidential election](/wiki/2000_Yugoslavian_presidential_election "2000 Yugoslavian presidential election"), a watershed moment in Serbian and Yugoslavian politics. Vučković was elected to a second term in the Savski Venac assembly in the concurrent [2000 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2000_Serbian_local_elections "2000 Serbian local elections") as a DOS candidate.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\. In December 2001, he was appointed to the management board of [Naftna Industrija Srbije](/wiki/Naftna_Industrija_Srbije "Naftna Industrija Srbije").["Nenad Milić zamenik ministra"](http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2001/12/21/srpski/P01122015.shtml), *Glas javnosti*, 21 December 2001, accessed 23 June 2022\.
|
[
"### Opposition to the Milošević administration (1990–2000\\)",
"Serbia's electoral system was revised prior to the [1990 parliamentary election](/wiki/1990_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"1990 Serbian parliamentary election\"), such that all delegates were elected by popular vote in single\\-member constituencies. Vučković was re\\-elected for the central Belgrade division of [Savski Venac](/wiki/Savski_Venac \"Savski Venac\"). Milošević's [Socialist Party of Serbia](/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Serbia \"Socialist Party of Serbia\") (*Socijalistička partija Srbije*, SPS) won a majority victory, and Vučković served as a member of the [opposition](/wiki/Opposition_%28politics%29 \"Opposition (politics)\"). He was a member of the foreign affairs committee and took part in delegations to the [European Parliament](/wiki/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") and the [Council of Europe](/wiki/Council_of_Europe \"Council of Europe\"), as well as to [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") and the [Czech Republic](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\"). He also served on the justice committee and on a special committee that investigated the [1991 protests in Belgrade](/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade \"1991 protests in Belgrade\"); this committee's report led to the resignation of [interior minister](/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_%28Serbia%29 \"Ministry of Internal Affairs (Serbia)\") [Radmilo Bogdanović](/wiki/Radmilo_Bogdanovi%C4%87 \"Radmilo Bogdanović\").[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\. In December 1991, Vučković suggested including [Slovene](/wiki/Slovenia \"Slovenia\") and [Croatian](/wiki/Croatia \"Croatia\") business leaders in negotiations to end the [Croatian War](/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence \"Croatian War of Independence\"), given the importance of those countries to Serbia's economy.[Dimitrije Boarov, \"Serbia Alone\"](https://serbiandigest.libraries.rutgers.edu/10/serbia-alone), *Vreme*, 2 December 1991, accessed via Rutgers University Libraries on 24 June 2022\\.",
"For the [1992 Serbian parliamentary election](/wiki/1992_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"1992 Serbian parliamentary election\"), Serbia abandoned single\\-member electoral divisions and adopted a system of [proportional representation](/wiki/Proportional_representation \"Proportional representation\"). Vučković led the DS's [electoral list](/wiki/Electoral_list \"Electoral list\") in the [Smederevo](/wiki/Smederevo \"Smederevo\") division; the list did not cross the [electoral threshold](/wiki/Electoral_threshold \"Electoral threshold\") to win any mandates, and his parliamentary term ended when the new assembly convened in early 1993\\.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 20\\. и 27\\. децембра 1992\\. године и 3\\. јануара 1993\\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (8 Смедерево)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1992.php) and [Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 20\\. и 27\\. децембра 1992\\. године и 3\\. јануара 1993\\. године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1992.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 30 July 2021\\. He was, however, elected to the Savski Venac municipal assembly in the concurrent [December 1992 Serbian local elections](/wiki/December_1992_Serbian_local_elections \"December 1992 Serbian local elections\").[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\.",
"He was given the tenth position on the DS's list for Belgrade in the [1993 parliamentary election](/wiki/1993_Serbian_parliamentary_election \"1993 Serbian parliamentary election\") and was not given a new mandate when the list won eight seats.[Избори за народне посланике Народне скупштине одржани 19\\. и 26\\. децембра 1993\\. године и 5\\. јануара 1994\\. године – ЗБИРНЕ ИЗБОРНЕ ЛИСТЕ (1 Београд)](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1993.php) and [Извештај о укупним резултатима избора за народне посланике у Народну скупштину Републике Србије, одржаних 19\\. и 26\\. децембра 1993\\. године и 5\\. јануара 1994\\. године](http://arhiva.rik.parlament.gov.rs/arhiva-izbori-za-narodne-poslanike-1993.php), Republic Election Commission, Republic of Serbia, accessed 30 July 2021\\. (From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one\\-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates on successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two\\-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates at the discretion of sponsoring parties or coalitions. Vučković could have been given a mandate despite his list position, but he was not.)[Guide to the Early Election](http://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/el00002.pdf), Ministry of Information of the Republic of Serbia, December 1992, made available by the [International Foundation for Electoral Systems](/wiki/International_Foundation_for_Electoral_Systems \"International Foundation for Electoral Systems\"), accessed 14 July 2017\\.*Službeni glasnik (Republike Srbije)*, Volume 50 Number 11 (25 January 1994\\), p. 193\\.",
"Vučković opposed the DS's policy direction after [Zoran Đinđić](/wiki/Zoran_%C4%90in%C4%91i%C4%87 \"Zoran Đinđić\") became party leader in January 1994, and he resigned from his positions in the party in March of the same year.[Milan Milošević, \"The Big Transfer\"](https://serbiandigest.libraries.rutgers.edu/155/big-transfer), *Vreme*, 12 September 1994, accessed via Rutgers University Libraries on 24 June 2022\\. He left the DS entirely in February 1995 and joined the Democratic Centre in 1997, later serving on its presidency. He was also a co\\-founder of Serbia's Center for Democracy Foundation and Forum for International Relations in this period, and served for a time as vice\\-president of the latter organization.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\.[\"Moskva hoće izbore\"](https://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2000/04/05/srpski/P00040402.shtm), *Glas javnosti*, 5 April 2000, accessed 24 June 2022\\.",
"In 2000, the DC participated in the [Democratic Opposition of Serbia](/wiki/Democratic_Opposition_of_Serbia \"Democratic Opposition of Serbia\") (*Demokratska opozicija Srbije*, DOS), a broad and ideologically diverse coalition of parties opposed to Milošević's administration. DOS candidate [Vojislav Koštunica](/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica \"Vojislav Koštunica\") defeated Milošević in the [2000 Yugoslavian presidential election](/wiki/2000_Yugoslavian_presidential_election \"2000 Yugoslavian presidential election\"), a watershed moment in Serbian and Yugoslavian politics. Vučković was elected to a second term in the Savski Venac assembly in the concurrent [2000 Serbian local elections](/wiki/2000_Serbian_local_elections \"2000 Serbian local elections\") as a DOS candidate.[Advokat Slobodan VUCKOVIC: BIOGRAFIJA](http://www.rem.rs/uploads/files/RDUS-i-RDUV/2011/Slobodan%20Vuckovic.pdf), rem.rs, accessed 23 June 2022\\. In December 2001, he was appointed to the management board of [Naftna Industrija Srbije](/wiki/Naftna_Industrija_Srbije \"Naftna Industrija Srbije\").[\"Nenad Milić zamenik ministra\"](http://arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs/arhiva/2001/12/21/srpski/P01122015.shtml), *Glas javnosti*, 21 December 2001, accessed 23 June 2022\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Estación del Norte (1861–1993\)
[thumb\|left\|1882 passenger hall](/wiki/File:Principe_Pio.001_-_Madrid.JPG "Principe Pio.001 - Madrid.JPG")
[thumb\|left\|1928 passenger hall before recent renovations](/wiki/File:Estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_de_Madrid_-_01.jpg "Estación del Norte de Madrid - 01.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Interior of the trainshed in 1981](/wiki/File:Principe_Pio_1981_2.jpg "Principe Pio 1981 2.jpg")
#### Construction
Príncipe Pío station was originally known as the Estación del Norte (North Station), which was built as the Madrid terminus for the [Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España](/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_los_Caminos_de_Hierro_del_Norte_de_Espa%C3%B1a "Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España") (Railway Company of Northern Spain). The company operated a line northward to [Irun](/wiki/Irun "Irun") on the French border, where passengers could continue on to the rest of Europe. Work began on the Madrid\-Irun line in 1856, and work began on the station in 1859\. Around the same time, surface\-level tracks were built to connect the Estación del Norte with [Atocha](/wiki/Madrid_Atocha "Madrid Atocha") station. The Madrid\-Irun line was built by French engineers, and a nearby railway bridge over the River Manzanares, the [Puente de los Franceses](/wiki/Puente_de_los_Franceses_%28Madrid%29 "Puente de los Franceses (Madrid)") (Bridge of the Frenchmen), was named after them. The original station had a simple construction and opened in June 1861, although the line initially only offered service to [El Escorial](/wiki/El_Escorial%2C_Madrid "El Escorial, Madrid") near Madrid.
Due to a lack of space, maintenance facilities were built alongside the track between the station and the Puente de los Franceses. On 16 July 1882, the first of the station's two passenger halls was inaugurated, located parallel to the tracks and facing the Paseo de la Florida. At the end of the tracks, a garden was planted between the station and the Cuesta de San Vicente.
In 1928, a second passenger hall was inaugurated, located at the end of the tracks and facing the Cuesta de San Vicente. After its construction, it was designated for departures, while the 1882 hall was designated for arrivals.
#### Madrid Metro Ramal service
The Estación del Norte was located on the banks of the River Manzanares at a lower elevation than the city center, and travelers initially had to climb the steep Cuesta de San Vicente street to get to the city center. In order to solve this difficulty, on 26 December 1925, Madrid Metro opened a branch of its [Line 2](/wiki/Line_2_%28Madrid_Metro%29 "Line 2 (Madrid Metro)") between the Estación del Norte and Isabel II station (today [Ópera](/wiki/%C3%93pera_%28Madrid_Metro%29 "Ópera (Madrid Metro)")),{{cite web\|title\=La nueva línea del Metro hasta la Estación del Norte\|language\=Spanish\|trans\-title\=New Metro line to the Estación del Norte\|website\=ABC\|date\=27 December 1925\|access\-date\=19 December 2018\|url\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1925/12/27/022\.html}} allowing travelers to take the subway rather than climb the hill. Service between these two stations is now considered a separate line from Line 2 and is known as Ramal (Branch).
#### Post\-war years
The Estación del Norte was badly damaged during the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War"). The war caused severe damage throughout the Spanish railway system, and the Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte and other railroads went bankrupt. Because of this, the government had to rescue the rail network, creating a state rail agency, the [Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles](/wiki/Red_Nacional_de_los_Ferrocarriles_Espa%C3%B1oles "Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles") (National Network of Spanish Railways) or RENFE. In those years, the Estación del Norte became the second busiest railway station in Madrid after Atocha with service to northwestern Spain, [Castile and León](/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n "Castile and León"), and [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal").
#### Decline in use
The station declined in importance in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1967, the [Chamartín](/wiki/Madrid_Chamart%C3%ADn_railway_station "Madrid Chamartín railway station") station was built north of the city. The station served as the terminus for a new direct line to [Burgos](/wiki/Burgos "Burgos") that offered a shorter trip to [Irun](/wiki/Irun "Irun") and the French border than the older route through [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid "Valladolid"). The same year, the so\-called *Túnel de la Risa* ("Tunnel of Laughter") opened, connecting Atocha and Chamartín stations and allowing trains to pass underneath the city center. The new tunnel bypassed the Estación del Norte. Little by little, rail lines were moved to Chamartín, and by 1976 the only remaining non\-Metro trains were the Cercanías commuter rail lines. However, in 1979, the Estación del Norte recovered some rail service when it became a terminus for express trains to [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29 "Galicia (Spain)").
Between 1985 and 1992, Atocha was closed for renovations, and trains from southern Spain and the Mediterranean coast were rerouted to Chamartín via the Túnel de la Risa. To avoid overcrowding at Chamartín, some of the lines to Galicia, [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias "Asturias"), and [Cantabria](/wiki/Cantabria "Cantabria") were rerouted to the Estación del Norte.
### Príncipe Pío station (1995\)
[thumb\|Interior of Príncipe Pío station](/wiki/File:Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_hall.jpg "Príncipe Pío hall.jpg")
[thumb\|Line 6 and 10 platforms](/wiki/File:Madrid_-_Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_%287172268427%29.jpg "Madrid - Estación de Príncipe Pío (7172268427).jpg")
[thumb\|Bus station headhouse](/wiki/File:Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_2.jpg "Príncipe Pío 2.jpg")
[thumb\|Cercanías train at Príncipe Pío](/wiki/File:Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_Cercan%C3%ADas_4.jpg "Príncipe Pío Cercanías 4.jpg")
#### Renovations
On 30 January 1993, the last long\-distance train departed the Estación del Norte, and it closed for an extensive renovation planned by engineer Javier Bustinduy.{{cite news\|title\=Renfe cambia hoy de estación a los trenes del Este y del Norte\|url\=http://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/31/madrid/728483059\_850215\.html\|access\-date\=26 May 2014\|website\=El País\|date\=31 January 1993}}{{cite web\|author\=José Manuel Seseña\|title\=El Ramal Ópera – Príncipe Pío (III)\|url\=http://historias\-matritenses.blogspot.com.es/2010/12/el\-ramal\-opera\-principe\-pio\-iii.html\|access\-date\=26 May 2014\|website\=Historias matritenses\|date\=28 December 2010}} These renovations changed the station's layout completely in order to turn it into a major intermodal station for the Metro and Cercanías. The floor underneath the trainshed was excavated, opening a partially underground space for Madrid Metro Lines 6 and 10\. At the same time, the track layout was modified to accommodate Cercanías commuter rail services.{{cite web\|author1\=Irene Gonzáles\|author2\=Iryna Shandra\|author3\=María Teresa Chin\|author4\=María Victoria Cobeña\|title\=Proyecto de restauración y rehabilitación\|language\=Spanish\|trans\-title\=Restoration and rehabilitation project\|date\=19 January 2010\|access\-date\=12 December 2018\|url\=https://issuu.com/irynashandra/docs/proyecto\_restauracion\_principe\_pio}} The renovated station was renamed Príncipe Pío station after the nearby [Príncipe Pío hill](/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_%28hill%29 "Príncipe Pío (hill)"), which in turn was named for its former owner, Italian nobleman Francesco Pio di Savoia.
The renovation coincided with the Pasillo Verde Ferroviario (Green Rail Corridor) project, which was intended to improve the Cercanías ring route around Madrid. The project replaced a neglected surface rail line with a tunnel between the Estación del Norte and [Delicias](/wiki/Delicias_railway_station "Delicias railway station") station. The former rail corridor was then converted into green space and commercial and residential areas. The new tunnel allowed Cercanías trains from the northwest to stop at Príncipe Pío and then continue to Atocha.{{cite web\|author\=Mercedes Contreras\|title\=La apertura del túnel del Pasillo Verde\|language\=Spanish\|trans\-title\=Green Corridor tunnel opens\|website\=ABC\|date\=28 June 1996\|access\-date\=12 December 2018\|url\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1996/06/28/064\.html}}{{cite web\|title\=Pasillo Verde Ferroviario\|website\=PublicSpace\|date\=2 May 2018\|access\-date\=12 December 2018\|url\=https://www.publicspace.org/works/\-/project/w012\-pasillo\-verde\-ferroviario}}
On 10 May 1995, Príncipe Pío's Line 6 platforms were inaugurated. The opening coincided with the completion of the Metro segment between [Laguna](/wiki/Laguna_%28Madrid_Metro%29 "Laguna (Madrid Metro)") and [Ciudad Universitaria](/wiki/Ciudad_Universitaria_%28Madrid_Metro%29 "Ciudad Universitaria (Madrid Metro)"), which converted Line 6 into a [circular route](/wiki/Circle_route "Circle route").{{cite news\|author\=Lucía Enguita Mayo\|title\=Madrid estrena la línea redonda del metro\|language\=Spanish\|trans\-title\=Madrid debuts round metro line\|url\=http://elpais.com/diario/1995/05/11/madrid/800191458\_850215\.html\|access\-date\=8 March 2014\|website\=El País\|date\=11 May 1995}}{{cite web\|author\=Mercedes Contreras\|title\=Abiertas las 27 estaciones sin fin del Metro circular\|language\=Spanish\|trans\-title\=The 27 stations of the endless circular Metro are open\|url\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1995/05/11/063\.html\|access\-date\=8 March 2014\|website\=ABC\|date\=11 May 1995}} Cercanías service began the following year on 30 June 1996, and the Line 10 platforms were opened on 26 December 1996\. When Line 10 was first built in 1961, its tracks passed under Príncipe Pío but did not stop there, so the Line 10 platforms are an [infill station](/wiki/Infill_station "Infill station"). The Line 6 and 10 tracks were designed to facilitate cross\-platform transfers. They consist of four parallel tracks on the same level. Line 6 uses the inner two tracks and Line 10 uses the outer two tracks, simplifying transfers between the two lines.
#### Bus terminal
Príncipe Pío's location near the [M\-30](/wiki/Autopista_de_Circunvalaci%C3%B3n_M-30 "Autopista de Circunvalación M-30") and [A\-5](/wiki/Autov%C3%ADa_A-5 "Autovía A-5") highways and local routes made it a major stop for intercity buses. At first, a surface bus station was built between the 1882 passenger hall and the Paseo de la Florida. In the mid\-2000s, a multi\-level underground bus station was built with greater capacity and direct connection to the M\-30 and A\-5 highways. The new bus terminal was built under the Paseo de la Florida and opened on 8 May 2007\.{{cite web\|author\=Europa Press\|title\=El intercambiador de Príncipe Pío será inaugurado esta tarde por Aguirre\|url\=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/05/08/madrid/1178620884\.html\|access\-date\=26 May 2014\|website\=El Mundo.es\|date\=8 May 2007}}
#### Shopping center and theater
Much of the station's interior space went unused until 2000, when the old trainshed and the 1882 passenger hall were converted into a shopping center. Additional space was provided by a new building on land previously occupied by the railyard, and the shopping center was inaugurated on 22 October 2004\.{{cite news\|author\=Michael Neudecker\|title\=El centro comercial de Príncipe Pío, el primero de la capital que abre 365 días al año\|language\=Spanish\|trans\-title\=Príncipe Pío shopping center, the first in the capital open 365 days a year\|url\=http://elpais.com/diario/2004/11/06/madrid/1099743869\_850215\.html\|access\-date\=26 May 2014\|work\=El País\|date\=6 November 2004}}
In 2018, the 1928 passenger hall was converted into a theater and entertainment complex known as Gran Teatro Bankia Príncipe Pío.{{cite news\|title\=El edificio principal de la estación de Príncipe Pío, cubierto por andamios\|language\=Spanish\|trans\-title\=Main building of Príncipe Pío covered in scaffolding\|website\=La Vanguardia\|date\=9 August 2018\|access\-date\=5 December 2018\|url\=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20180809/451269722775/el\-edificio\-principal\-de\-la\-estacion\-de\-principe\-pio\-cubierto\-por\-andamios.html}}{{cite web\|author\=S. L.\|title\=Madrid inaugurará en otoño de 2018 el «Gran Teatro Bankia Príncipe Pío»\|language\=Spanish\|trans\-title\=Madrid to inaugurate Gran Teatro Bankia Príncipe Pío in fall 2018\|website\=ABC\|date\=29 November 2016\|access\-date\=12 December 2018\|url\=https://www.abc.es/espana/madrid/abci\-madrid\-inaugurara\-otono\-2018\-gran\-teatro\-bankia\-principe\-201611281806\_noticia.html}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Estación del Norte (1861–1993\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|1882 passenger hall](/wiki/File:Principe_Pio.001_-_Madrid.JPG \"Principe Pio.001 - Madrid.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1928 passenger hall before recent renovations](/wiki/File:Estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_de_Madrid_-_01.jpg \"Estación del Norte de Madrid - 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Interior of the trainshed in 1981](/wiki/File:Principe_Pio_1981_2.jpg \"Principe Pio 1981 2.jpg\")",
"#### Construction",
"Príncipe Pío station was originally known as the Estación del Norte (North Station), which was built as the Madrid terminus for the [Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España](/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_los_Caminos_de_Hierro_del_Norte_de_Espa%C3%B1a \"Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España\") (Railway Company of Northern Spain). The company operated a line northward to [Irun](/wiki/Irun \"Irun\") on the French border, where passengers could continue on to the rest of Europe. Work began on the Madrid\\-Irun line in 1856, and work began on the station in 1859\\. Around the same time, surface\\-level tracks were built to connect the Estación del Norte with [Atocha](/wiki/Madrid_Atocha \"Madrid Atocha\") station. The Madrid\\-Irun line was built by French engineers, and a nearby railway bridge over the River Manzanares, the [Puente de los Franceses](/wiki/Puente_de_los_Franceses_%28Madrid%29 \"Puente de los Franceses (Madrid)\") (Bridge of the Frenchmen), was named after them. The original station had a simple construction and opened in June 1861, although the line initially only offered service to [El Escorial](/wiki/El_Escorial%2C_Madrid \"El Escorial, Madrid\") near Madrid.",
"Due to a lack of space, maintenance facilities were built alongside the track between the station and the Puente de los Franceses. On 16 July 1882, the first of the station's two passenger halls was inaugurated, located parallel to the tracks and facing the Paseo de la Florida. At the end of the tracks, a garden was planted between the station and the Cuesta de San Vicente.",
"In 1928, a second passenger hall was inaugurated, located at the end of the tracks and facing the Cuesta de San Vicente. After its construction, it was designated for departures, while the 1882 hall was designated for arrivals.",
"#### Madrid Metro Ramal service",
"The Estación del Norte was located on the banks of the River Manzanares at a lower elevation than the city center, and travelers initially had to climb the steep Cuesta de San Vicente street to get to the city center. In order to solve this difficulty, on 26 December 1925, Madrid Metro opened a branch of its [Line 2](/wiki/Line_2_%28Madrid_Metro%29 \"Line 2 (Madrid Metro)\") between the Estación del Norte and Isabel II station (today [Ópera](/wiki/%C3%93pera_%28Madrid_Metro%29 \"Ópera (Madrid Metro)\")),{{cite web\\|title\\=La nueva línea del Metro hasta la Estación del Norte\\|language\\=Spanish\\|trans\\-title\\=New Metro line to the Estación del Norte\\|website\\=ABC\\|date\\=27 December 1925\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2018\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1925/12/27/022\\.html}} allowing travelers to take the subway rather than climb the hill. Service between these two stations is now considered a separate line from Line 2 and is known as Ramal (Branch).",
"#### Post\\-war years",
"The Estación del Norte was badly damaged during the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"). The war caused severe damage throughout the Spanish railway system, and the Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte and other railroads went bankrupt. Because of this, the government had to rescue the rail network, creating a state rail agency, the [Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles](/wiki/Red_Nacional_de_los_Ferrocarriles_Espa%C3%B1oles \"Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles\") (National Network of Spanish Railways) or RENFE. In those years, the Estación del Norte became the second busiest railway station in Madrid after Atocha with service to northwestern Spain, [Castile and León](/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n \"Castile and León\"), and [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\").",
"#### Decline in use",
"The station declined in importance in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1967, the [Chamartín](/wiki/Madrid_Chamart%C3%ADn_railway_station \"Madrid Chamartín railway station\") station was built north of the city. The station served as the terminus for a new direct line to [Burgos](/wiki/Burgos \"Burgos\") that offered a shorter trip to [Irun](/wiki/Irun \"Irun\") and the French border than the older route through [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\"). The same year, the so\\-called *Túnel de la Risa* (\"Tunnel of Laughter\") opened, connecting Atocha and Chamartín stations and allowing trains to pass underneath the city center. The new tunnel bypassed the Estación del Norte. Little by little, rail lines were moved to Chamartín, and by 1976 the only remaining non\\-Metro trains were the Cercanías commuter rail lines. However, in 1979, the Estación del Norte recovered some rail service when it became a terminus for express trains to [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29 \"Galicia (Spain)\").",
"Between 1985 and 1992, Atocha was closed for renovations, and trains from southern Spain and the Mediterranean coast were rerouted to Chamartín via the Túnel de la Risa. To avoid overcrowding at Chamartín, some of the lines to Galicia, [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias \"Asturias\"), and [Cantabria](/wiki/Cantabria \"Cantabria\") were rerouted to the Estación del Norte.",
"### Príncipe Pío station (1995\\)",
"[thumb\\|Interior of Príncipe Pío station](/wiki/File:Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_hall.jpg \"Príncipe Pío hall.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Line 6 and 10 platforms](/wiki/File:Madrid_-_Estaci%C3%B3n_de_Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_%287172268427%29.jpg \"Madrid - Estación de Príncipe Pío (7172268427).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Bus station headhouse](/wiki/File:Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_2.jpg \"Príncipe Pío 2.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Cercanías train at Príncipe Pío](/wiki/File:Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_Cercan%C3%ADas_4.jpg \"Príncipe Pío Cercanías 4.jpg\")",
"#### Renovations",
"On 30 January 1993, the last long\\-distance train departed the Estación del Norte, and it closed for an extensive renovation planned by engineer Javier Bustinduy.{{cite news\\|title\\=Renfe cambia hoy de estación a los trenes del Este y del Norte\\|url\\=http://elpais.com/diario/1993/01/31/madrid/728483059\\_850215\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2014\\|website\\=El País\\|date\\=31 January 1993}}{{cite web\\|author\\=José Manuel Seseña\\|title\\=El Ramal Ópera – Príncipe Pío (III)\\|url\\=http://historias\\-matritenses.blogspot.com.es/2010/12/el\\-ramal\\-opera\\-principe\\-pio\\-iii.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2014\\|website\\=Historias matritenses\\|date\\=28 December 2010}} These renovations changed the station's layout completely in order to turn it into a major intermodal station for the Metro and Cercanías. The floor underneath the trainshed was excavated, opening a partially underground space for Madrid Metro Lines 6 and 10\\. At the same time, the track layout was modified to accommodate Cercanías commuter rail services.{{cite web\\|author1\\=Irene Gonzáles\\|author2\\=Iryna Shandra\\|author3\\=María Teresa Chin\\|author4\\=María Victoria Cobeña\\|title\\=Proyecto de restauración y rehabilitación\\|language\\=Spanish\\|trans\\-title\\=Restoration and rehabilitation project\\|date\\=19 January 2010\\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2018\\|url\\=https://issuu.com/irynashandra/docs/proyecto\\_restauracion\\_principe\\_pio}} The renovated station was renamed Príncipe Pío station after the nearby [Príncipe Pío hill](/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe_P%C3%ADo_%28hill%29 \"Príncipe Pío (hill)\"), which in turn was named for its former owner, Italian nobleman Francesco Pio di Savoia.",
"The renovation coincided with the Pasillo Verde Ferroviario (Green Rail Corridor) project, which was intended to improve the Cercanías ring route around Madrid. The project replaced a neglected surface rail line with a tunnel between the Estación del Norte and [Delicias](/wiki/Delicias_railway_station \"Delicias railway station\") station. The former rail corridor was then converted into green space and commercial and residential areas. The new tunnel allowed Cercanías trains from the northwest to stop at Príncipe Pío and then continue to Atocha.{{cite web\\|author\\=Mercedes Contreras\\|title\\=La apertura del túnel del Pasillo Verde\\|language\\=Spanish\\|trans\\-title\\=Green Corridor tunnel opens\\|website\\=ABC\\|date\\=28 June 1996\\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2018\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1996/06/28/064\\.html}}{{cite web\\|title\\=Pasillo Verde Ferroviario\\|website\\=PublicSpace\\|date\\=2 May 2018\\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2018\\|url\\=https://www.publicspace.org/works/\\-/project/w012\\-pasillo\\-verde\\-ferroviario}}",
"On 10 May 1995, Príncipe Pío's Line 6 platforms were inaugurated. The opening coincided with the completion of the Metro segment between [Laguna](/wiki/Laguna_%28Madrid_Metro%29 \"Laguna (Madrid Metro)\") and [Ciudad Universitaria](/wiki/Ciudad_Universitaria_%28Madrid_Metro%29 \"Ciudad Universitaria (Madrid Metro)\"), which converted Line 6 into a [circular route](/wiki/Circle_route \"Circle route\").{{cite news\\|author\\=Lucía Enguita Mayo\\|title\\=Madrid estrena la línea redonda del metro\\|language\\=Spanish\\|trans\\-title\\=Madrid debuts round metro line\\|url\\=http://elpais.com/diario/1995/05/11/madrid/800191458\\_850215\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2014\\|website\\=El País\\|date\\=11 May 1995}}{{cite web\\|author\\=Mercedes Contreras\\|title\\=Abiertas las 27 estaciones sin fin del Metro circular\\|language\\=Spanish\\|trans\\-title\\=The 27 stations of the endless circular Metro are open\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1995/05/11/063\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=8 March 2014\\|website\\=ABC\\|date\\=11 May 1995}} Cercanías service began the following year on 30 June 1996, and the Line 10 platforms were opened on 26 December 1996\\. When Line 10 was first built in 1961, its tracks passed under Príncipe Pío but did not stop there, so the Line 10 platforms are an [infill station](/wiki/Infill_station \"Infill station\"). The Line 6 and 10 tracks were designed to facilitate cross\\-platform transfers. They consist of four parallel tracks on the same level. Line 6 uses the inner two tracks and Line 10 uses the outer two tracks, simplifying transfers between the two lines.",
"#### Bus terminal",
"Príncipe Pío's location near the [M\\-30](/wiki/Autopista_de_Circunvalaci%C3%B3n_M-30 \"Autopista de Circunvalación M-30\") and [A\\-5](/wiki/Autov%C3%ADa_A-5 \"Autovía A-5\") highways and local routes made it a major stop for intercity buses. At first, a surface bus station was built between the 1882 passenger hall and the Paseo de la Florida. In the mid\\-2000s, a multi\\-level underground bus station was built with greater capacity and direct connection to the M\\-30 and A\\-5 highways. The new bus terminal was built under the Paseo de la Florida and opened on 8 May 2007\\.{{cite web\\|author\\=Europa Press\\|title\\=El intercambiador de Príncipe Pío será inaugurado esta tarde por Aguirre\\|url\\=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2007/05/08/madrid/1178620884\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2014\\|website\\=El Mundo.es\\|date\\=8 May 2007}}",
"#### Shopping center and theater",
"Much of the station's interior space went unused until 2000, when the old trainshed and the 1882 passenger hall were converted into a shopping center. Additional space was provided by a new building on land previously occupied by the railyard, and the shopping center was inaugurated on 22 October 2004\\.{{cite news\\|author\\=Michael Neudecker\\|title\\=El centro comercial de Príncipe Pío, el primero de la capital que abre 365 días al año\\|language\\=Spanish\\|trans\\-title\\=Príncipe Pío shopping center, the first in the capital open 365 days a year\\|url\\=http://elpais.com/diario/2004/11/06/madrid/1099743869\\_850215\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=26 May 2014\\|work\\=El País\\|date\\=6 November 2004}}",
"In 2018, the 1928 passenger hall was converted into a theater and entertainment complex known as Gran Teatro Bankia Príncipe Pío.{{cite news\\|title\\=El edificio principal de la estación de Príncipe Pío, cubierto por andamios\\|language\\=Spanish\\|trans\\-title\\=Main building of Príncipe Pío covered in scaffolding\\|website\\=La Vanguardia\\|date\\=9 August 2018\\|access\\-date\\=5 December 2018\\|url\\=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20180809/451269722775/el\\-edificio\\-principal\\-de\\-la\\-estacion\\-de\\-principe\\-pio\\-cubierto\\-por\\-andamios.html}}{{cite web\\|author\\=S. L.\\|title\\=Madrid inaugurará en otoño de 2018 el «Gran Teatro Bankia Príncipe Pío»\\|language\\=Spanish\\|trans\\-title\\=Madrid to inaugurate Gran Teatro Bankia Príncipe Pío in fall 2018\\|website\\=ABC\\|date\\=29 November 2016\\|access\\-date\\=12 December 2018\\|url\\=https://www.abc.es/espana/madrid/abci\\-madrid\\-inaugurara\\-otono\\-2018\\-gran\\-teatro\\-bankia\\-principe\\-201611281806\\_noticia.html}}",
""
] |
### Estación del Norte (1861–1993\)
[thumb\|left\|1882 passenger hall](/wiki/File:Principe_Pio.001_-_Madrid.JPG "Principe Pio.001 - Madrid.JPG")
[thumb\|left\|1928 passenger hall before recent renovations](/wiki/File:Estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_de_Madrid_-_01.jpg "Estación del Norte de Madrid - 01.jpg")
[thumb\|left\|Interior of the trainshed in 1981](/wiki/File:Principe_Pio_1981_2.jpg "Principe Pio 1981 2.jpg")
#### Construction
Príncipe Pío station was originally known as the Estación del Norte (North Station), which was built as the Madrid terminus for the [Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España](/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_los_Caminos_de_Hierro_del_Norte_de_Espa%C3%B1a "Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España") (Railway Company of Northern Spain). The company operated a line northward to [Irun](/wiki/Irun "Irun") on the French border, where passengers could continue on to the rest of Europe. Work began on the Madrid\-Irun line in 1856, and work began on the station in 1859\. Around the same time, surface\-level tracks were built to connect the Estación del Norte with [Atocha](/wiki/Madrid_Atocha "Madrid Atocha") station. The Madrid\-Irun line was built by French engineers, and a nearby railway bridge over the River Manzanares, the [Puente de los Franceses](/wiki/Puente_de_los_Franceses_%28Madrid%29 "Puente de los Franceses (Madrid)") (Bridge of the Frenchmen), was named after them. The original station had a simple construction and opened in June 1861, although the line initially only offered service to [El Escorial](/wiki/El_Escorial%2C_Madrid "El Escorial, Madrid") near Madrid.
Due to a lack of space, maintenance facilities were built alongside the track between the station and the Puente de los Franceses. On 16 July 1882, the first of the station's two passenger halls was inaugurated, located parallel to the tracks and facing the Paseo de la Florida. At the end of the tracks, a garden was planted between the station and the Cuesta de San Vicente.
In 1928, a second passenger hall was inaugurated, located at the end of the tracks and facing the Cuesta de San Vicente. After its construction, it was designated for departures, while the 1882 hall was designated for arrivals.
#### Madrid Metro Ramal service
The Estación del Norte was located on the banks of the River Manzanares at a lower elevation than the city center, and travelers initially had to climb the steep Cuesta de San Vicente street to get to the city center. In order to solve this difficulty, on 26 December 1925, Madrid Metro opened a branch of its [Line 2](/wiki/Line_2_%28Madrid_Metro%29 "Line 2 (Madrid Metro)") between the Estación del Norte and Isabel II station (today [Ópera](/wiki/%C3%93pera_%28Madrid_Metro%29 "Ópera (Madrid Metro)")),{{cite web\|title\=La nueva línea del Metro hasta la Estación del Norte\|language\=Spanish\|trans\-title\=New Metro line to the Estación del Norte\|website\=ABC\|date\=27 December 1925\|access\-date\=19 December 2018\|url\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1925/12/27/022\.html}} allowing travelers to take the subway rather than climb the hill. Service between these two stations is now considered a separate line from Line 2 and is known as Ramal (Branch).
#### Post\-war years
The Estación del Norte was badly damaged during the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War "Spanish Civil War"). The war caused severe damage throughout the Spanish railway system, and the Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte and other railroads went bankrupt. Because of this, the government had to rescue the rail network, creating a state rail agency, the [Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles](/wiki/Red_Nacional_de_los_Ferrocarriles_Espa%C3%B1oles "Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles") (National Network of Spanish Railways) or RENFE. In those years, the Estación del Norte became the second busiest railway station in Madrid after Atocha with service to northwestern Spain, [Castile and León](/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n "Castile and León"), and [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal").
#### Decline in use
The station declined in importance in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1967, the [Chamartín](/wiki/Madrid_Chamart%C3%ADn_railway_station "Madrid Chamartín railway station") station was built north of the city. The station served as the terminus for a new direct line to [Burgos](/wiki/Burgos "Burgos") that offered a shorter trip to [Irun](/wiki/Irun "Irun") and the French border than the older route through [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid "Valladolid"). The same year, the so\-called *Túnel de la Risa* ("Tunnel of Laughter") opened, connecting Atocha and Chamartín stations and allowing trains to pass underneath the city center. The new tunnel bypassed the Estación del Norte. Little by little, rail lines were moved to Chamartín, and by 1976 the only remaining non\-Metro trains were the Cercanías commuter rail lines. However, in 1979, the Estación del Norte recovered some rail service when it became a terminus for express trains to [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29 "Galicia (Spain)").
Between 1985 and 1992, Atocha was closed for renovations, and trains from southern Spain and the Mediterranean coast were rerouted to Chamartín via the Túnel de la Risa. To avoid overcrowding at Chamartín, some of the lines to Galicia, [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias "Asturias"), and [Cantabria](/wiki/Cantabria "Cantabria") were rerouted to the Estación del Norte.
|
[
"### Estación del Norte (1861–1993\\)",
"[thumb\\|left\\|1882 passenger hall](/wiki/File:Principe_Pio.001_-_Madrid.JPG \"Principe Pio.001 - Madrid.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|1928 passenger hall before recent renovations](/wiki/File:Estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_de_Madrid_-_01.jpg \"Estación del Norte de Madrid - 01.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Interior of the trainshed in 1981](/wiki/File:Principe_Pio_1981_2.jpg \"Principe Pio 1981 2.jpg\")",
"#### Construction",
"Príncipe Pío station was originally known as the Estación del Norte (North Station), which was built as the Madrid terminus for the [Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España](/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_los_Caminos_de_Hierro_del_Norte_de_Espa%C3%B1a \"Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España\") (Railway Company of Northern Spain). The company operated a line northward to [Irun](/wiki/Irun \"Irun\") on the French border, where passengers could continue on to the rest of Europe. Work began on the Madrid\\-Irun line in 1856, and work began on the station in 1859\\. Around the same time, surface\\-level tracks were built to connect the Estación del Norte with [Atocha](/wiki/Madrid_Atocha \"Madrid Atocha\") station. The Madrid\\-Irun line was built by French engineers, and a nearby railway bridge over the River Manzanares, the [Puente de los Franceses](/wiki/Puente_de_los_Franceses_%28Madrid%29 \"Puente de los Franceses (Madrid)\") (Bridge of the Frenchmen), was named after them. The original station had a simple construction and opened in June 1861, although the line initially only offered service to [El Escorial](/wiki/El_Escorial%2C_Madrid \"El Escorial, Madrid\") near Madrid.",
"Due to a lack of space, maintenance facilities were built alongside the track between the station and the Puente de los Franceses. On 16 July 1882, the first of the station's two passenger halls was inaugurated, located parallel to the tracks and facing the Paseo de la Florida. At the end of the tracks, a garden was planted between the station and the Cuesta de San Vicente.",
"In 1928, a second passenger hall was inaugurated, located at the end of the tracks and facing the Cuesta de San Vicente. After its construction, it was designated for departures, while the 1882 hall was designated for arrivals.",
"#### Madrid Metro Ramal service",
"The Estación del Norte was located on the banks of the River Manzanares at a lower elevation than the city center, and travelers initially had to climb the steep Cuesta de San Vicente street to get to the city center. In order to solve this difficulty, on 26 December 1925, Madrid Metro opened a branch of its [Line 2](/wiki/Line_2_%28Madrid_Metro%29 \"Line 2 (Madrid Metro)\") between the Estación del Norte and Isabel II station (today [Ópera](/wiki/%C3%93pera_%28Madrid_Metro%29 \"Ópera (Madrid Metro)\")),{{cite web\\|title\\=La nueva línea del Metro hasta la Estación del Norte\\|language\\=Spanish\\|trans\\-title\\=New Metro line to the Estación del Norte\\|website\\=ABC\\|date\\=27 December 1925\\|access\\-date\\=19 December 2018\\|url\\=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1925/12/27/022\\.html}} allowing travelers to take the subway rather than climb the hill. Service between these two stations is now considered a separate line from Line 2 and is known as Ramal (Branch).",
"#### Post\\-war years",
"The Estación del Norte was badly damaged during the [Spanish Civil War](/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War \"Spanish Civil War\"). The war caused severe damage throughout the Spanish railway system, and the Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte and other railroads went bankrupt. Because of this, the government had to rescue the rail network, creating a state rail agency, the [Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles](/wiki/Red_Nacional_de_los_Ferrocarriles_Espa%C3%B1oles \"Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles\") (National Network of Spanish Railways) or RENFE. In those years, the Estación del Norte became the second busiest railway station in Madrid after Atocha with service to northwestern Spain, [Castile and León](/wiki/Castile_and_Le%C3%B3n \"Castile and León\"), and [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\").",
"#### Decline in use",
"The station declined in importance in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1967, the [Chamartín](/wiki/Madrid_Chamart%C3%ADn_railway_station \"Madrid Chamartín railway station\") station was built north of the city. The station served as the terminus for a new direct line to [Burgos](/wiki/Burgos \"Burgos\") that offered a shorter trip to [Irun](/wiki/Irun \"Irun\") and the French border than the older route through [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\"). The same year, the so\\-called *Túnel de la Risa* (\"Tunnel of Laughter\") opened, connecting Atocha and Chamartín stations and allowing trains to pass underneath the city center. The new tunnel bypassed the Estación del Norte. Little by little, rail lines were moved to Chamartín, and by 1976 the only remaining non\\-Metro trains were the Cercanías commuter rail lines. However, in 1979, the Estación del Norte recovered some rail service when it became a terminus for express trains to [Galicia](/wiki/Galicia_%28Spain%29 \"Galicia (Spain)\").",
"Between 1985 and 1992, Atocha was closed for renovations, and trains from southern Spain and the Mediterranean coast were rerouted to Chamartín via the Túnel de la Risa. To avoid overcrowding at Chamartín, some of the lines to Galicia, [Asturias](/wiki/Asturias \"Asturias\"), and [Cantabria](/wiki/Cantabria \"Cantabria\") were rerouted to the Estación del Norte.",
""
] |
History
-------
An original [construction permit](/wiki/Construction_permit "Construction permit") to build a television station on [VHF](/wiki/VHF "VHF") channel 6 in Kingman granted to Grand Canyon Television Company on April 8, 1985\. Grand Canyon was one of four firms to apply and the only one from Arizona;{{Cite news\|page\=1\|work\=The Mohave Daily Miner\|date\=July 27, 1984\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=261PAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA1\&dq\=%22Channel\+6%22\&article\_id\=1682,2399987\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwiBsaSii9CIAxUCLUQIHcokAHk4ChDoAXoECAsQAg\#v\=onepage\&q\=%22Channel%206%22\&f\=false\|title\=Four companies file applications for VHF TV channel in area\|first\=Drew\|last\=Williamson}} Its transmitter facilities were to be located at Hualapai Peak, operating at an [effective radiated power](/wiki/Effective_radiated_power "Effective radiated power") (ERP) of 10 [kW](/wiki/KW "KW").{{citation \|title\=For the Record \|periodical\=Broadcasting \|page\=106 \|date\=July 23, 1984 }} The permit was modified in August 1986 to specify Black Mountain as the transmitter location with an ERP of 100 kW, which was the maximum allowed for a low\-band VHF station.{{citation \|title\=Public Notice Comment \|work\=FCC CDBS database \|date\=July 21, 1986 }} The tower was erected in January 1988, after winter weather forced delays,{{cite news\|title\=Weather forces more delay in KMOH\-TV start\-up date\|first\=George\|last\=Stewart\|date\=January 28, 1988\|work\=Mohave Daily Miner\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UVMLAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA1\&dq\=%22Channel\+6%22\&article\_id\=4856,1459351\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwj\_soODi9CIAxXMJEQIHS8fCSwQ6AF6BAgFEAI\#v\=onepage\&q\=%22Channel%206%22\&f\=false\|page\=1}} The station first signed on the air on February 22, 1988, and was licensed on June 1\.{{citation \|title\=Application Search Details \|work\=FCC CDBS database \|date\=June 1, 1988 }}
During the late 1980s and early 1990s, KMOH varied in programming. It initially consisted of a near\-complete simulcast of Grand Canyon Television Company's other station, [KNAZ\-TV](/wiki/KNAZ-TV "KNAZ-TV") in [Flagstaff](/wiki/Flagstaff%2C_Arizona "Flagstaff, Arizona"), an [NBC](/wiki/NBC "NBC") affiliate; the station had an office in Kingman, and Mohave County news was inserted into the KNAZ\-TV local newscasts.{{Cite news\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=0jpQAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA11\&dq\=KMOH\&article\_id\=6974,6472140\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwivkNTos86IAxUYIUQIHZOcE944KBDoAXoECA4QAg\#v\=onepage\&q\=KMOH\&f\=false\|first\=George\|last\=Stewart\|date\=December 30, 1987\|page\=Weekender 7\|title\=TV station set to go on air Jan. 25}} The inserts were four minutes in length, though Grand Canyon planned to originate a full half\-hour of news for KMOH.{{Cite news\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=p6FPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA3\&dq\=KMOH\&article\_id\=6740,1087188\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwiEo839s86IAxWqD0QIHSUoAi44PBDoAXoECAwQAg\#v\=onepage\&q\=KMOH\&f\=false\|title\=TV team views area loaded with stories\|first\=Susan\|last\=Allred\|page\=5\|date\=March 13, 1989}} By April 1989, KMOH had become an [independent station](/wiki/Independent_station "Independent station") with sports, movies, and syndicated programming.{{Cite news\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=QrpPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA19\&dq\=KMOH\&article\_id\=7202,3281003\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwjo7Pevss6IAxUzle4BHdtrMj84ChDoAXoECAkQAg\#v\=onepage\&q\&f\=false\|pages\=Weekender 17, 18\|first\=Wendy\|last\=Miller\|work\=Mohave Daily Miner\|title\=KMOH gets off the ground, on the air across Mohave County}} In November 1990, the station shuttered the Kingman office and began originating its news from Flagstaff,{{Cite news\|page\=2\|first\=John\|last\=Zitzelberger\|title\=KMOH television moving broadcast to Flagstaff\|work\=Mohave Daily Miner\|date\=November 16, 1990\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=ALtPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA2\&dq\=KMOH\&article\_id\=6926,2270873\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwjo7Pevss6IAxUzle4BHdtrMj84ChDoAXoECAoQAg\#v\=onepage\&q\=KMOH\&f\=false}} just four months after going to 30\-minute local newscasts at 6 and 10 p.m.{{Cite news\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UaxPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA2\&dq\=KMOH\&article\_id\=4742,2023380\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwjo7Pevss6IAxUzle4BHdtrMj84ChDoAXoECAYQAg\#v\=onepage\&q\=KMOH\&f\=false\|work\=Mohave Daily Miner\|date\=July 16, 1990\|title\=KMOH TV expands news casts\|page\=2}}
The station moved its headquarters from Kingman to [Bullhead City](/wiki/Bullhead_City%2C_Arizona "Bullhead City, Arizona") in March 1991 and lost its spot on Kingman's cable system for months; it planned to begin rebroadcasting NBC programs from [KVBC](/wiki/KSNV "KSNV") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas") but remained with much the same programming.{{cite news\|title\=Local television station moving to Bullhead, off Warner Cable\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bOxPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA1\&dq\=KMOH\&article\_id\=1764,3676572\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwi6o7jzsc6IAxUMle4BHQE\_LqEQ6AF6BAgLEAI\#v\=onepage\&q\=KMOH\&f\=false\|first\=Eric\|last\=Oestmann\|work\=Kingman Daily Miner\|page\=1\|date\=March 27, 1991}}{{Cite news\|title\=KMOH\-TV returning to Kingman\|page\=1\|first\=John\|last\=Zitzelberger\|date\=July 30, 1991\|work\=Kingman Daily Miner\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=bOxPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA1\&dq\=KMOH\&article\_id\=1764,3676572\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwi6o7jzsc6IAxUMle4BHQE\_LqEQ6AF6BAgLEAI\#v\=onepage\&q\=KMOH\&f\=false}} The Bullhead City studios had belonged to a former low\-power operation, "KBUL".{{cite news\|pages\=Weekender 8, 9\|first\=Kathleen\|last\=Winstead\|date\=March 12, 1991\|title\=KMOH moves operations to Bullhead City\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Y\-xPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA12\&dq\=KMOH\&article\_id\=6823,1583780\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwjbyZOhjNCIAxVFle4BHQWSCMcQ6AF6BAgJEAI\#v\=onepage\&q\=KMOH\&f\=false\|work\=Kingman Daily Miner}}
In September 1995, KMOH became an affiliate of [The WB](/wiki/The_WB "The WB").{{cite news\|last\=Smith\|first\=Doug\|title\=TV News\|url\=https://www.wtfda.org/vud90s/1995/11\-95vud.pdf\|access\-date\=September 29, 2018\|newspaper\=VHF\-UHF Digest\|date\=November 1995\|page\=13\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419114044/https://wtfda.org/vud90s/1995/11\-95vud.pdf\|archive\-date\=April 19, 2015}} It was listed as an [American Independent Network](/wiki/American_Independent_Network "American Independent Network") (AIN) affiliate in July 1996, and has also been listed as a [Network One](/wiki/Network_One "Network One") (N1\) affiliate at an unknown date.{{citation\|url\=//www.n1\.com/affiliate.htm \|title\=Network One Affiliate List \|date\=October 8, 1997 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2012 \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/19971008055026/http://www.n1\.com/affiliate.htm \|archive\-date\=October 8, 1997 }} KMOH was still primarily a WB affiliate in May 1997, when the broadcasting arm of the Gannett Company (now [Tegna Inc.](/wiki/Tegna_Inc. "Tegna Inc.")) bought the station, along with [KNAZ\-TV](/wiki/KNAZ-TV "KNAZ-TV") in [Flagstaff](/wiki/Flagstaff%2C_Arizona "Flagstaff, Arizona"), from Grand Canyon Television Company.{{citation \|url\=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/1997/05/26/daily1\.html \|title\=Gannett acquires Arizona Stations \|work\=Phoenix Business Journal \|date\=May 26, 1997 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2012}} In November 1999, Gannett converted KMOH into a [satellite station](/wiki/Satellite_station "Satellite station") of Phoenix\-based NBC affiliate [KPNX](/wiki/KPNX "KPNX") (channel 12\).[KidVid Public Access](http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/KidVid/public/report/10/query.faces) Search the call sign "KMOH" for the filing period of "1999 Q4"{{Cite news\|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=k\-tPAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=PA9\&dq\=KMOH\&article\_id\=3819,2325890\&hl\=en\&sa\=X\&ved\=2ahUKEwjo7Pevss6IAxUzle4BHdtrMj84ChDoAXoECA4QAg\#v\=onepage\&q\=KMOH\&f\=false\|title\=KMOH to change programming, joins NBC from WB Network\|page\=2B\|date\=October 24, 1999\|work\=Kingman Daily Miner}} It was perceived as a redundant move, as KPNX was already available on cable in the Kingman area.
In August 2004, Bela Broadcasting, looking to expand the reach of its family\-oriented [Spanish\-language](/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States "Spanish language in the United States") format, acquired KMOH from Gannett, making the station a Spanish\-language independent station, airing mostly the same content as sister station [KBEH](/wiki/KBEH "KBEH") in [Oxnard, California](/wiki/Oxnard%2C_California "Oxnard, California"), but on a different schedule. From Kingman, Bela hoped to put signals into the Phoenix and [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas") markets, both of which have large Hispanic populations.{{citation \|url\=http://www.lvbusinesspress.com/articles/2004/12/30/news/news04\.txt \|title\=New TV station signals a shift in the market \|first\=S.\|last\=Mihailovich \|work\=Las Vegas Business Press \|date\=December 30, 2004 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2012}} While it cannot be verified as a reason for buying KMOH, a full\-power station in the Phoenix [media market](/wiki/Media_market "Media market"), it is clear that Bela Broadcasting desired [must\-carry](/wiki/Must-carry "Must-carry") cable coverage in Phoenix as well. With KMOH no longer a rebroadcaster of KPNX, [Cox Communications](/wiki/Cox_Communications "Cox Communications") petitioned the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") (FCC) to allow it to exclude the station from must\-carry provisions in its 16 Phoenix\-area communities, since, while it is part of the Phoenix market, it operates {{convert\|165\|mi\|km\|0}} away from the city itself and the station's signal did not reach into Phoenix. KMOH fought the exclusion, but lost, in large part due to the station's lack of local programming directed at Phoenix viewers, and also in part due to not being receivable in Phoenix.{{citation \|url\=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs\_public/attachmatch/DA\-05\-2248A1\.pdf \|title\=Memorandum Opinion and Order \|work\=FCC CDBS Database \|date\=August 9, 2005 \|access\-date\=December 7, 2012}} In November 2005, Bela Broadcasting acquired KQBN\-LP (channel 43, now KEJR\-LP) from Una Vez Más Holdings, and made it a translator station of KMOH\-TV, giving the station a translator in Phoenix. As Phoenix is the much larger market, both stations were branded as "KEJR 43 Phoenix" instead of as "KMOH 6".
[thumb\|logo as MundoFox, 2012–2015](/wiki/File:KMOH6.png "KMOH6.png")
On November 27, 2006, Bela dropped the Spanish independent format from all of its stations and made them affiliates of [MTV Tr3́s](/wiki/MTV_Tr3%CC%81s "MTV Tr3́s"). Bela Broadcasting sold KMOH and KEJR to Hero Broadcasting in January 2008\.{{citation \|url\=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news\-articles/deals/84192 \|title\=Deals \|work\=Broadcasting \& Cable Magazine \|date\=January 13, 2008 \|access\-date\=April 8, 2017}} KMOH and KEJR became charter affiliates of the MundoFox Spanish\-language network when it launched on August 1, 2012, replacing Tr3́s. MundoFox changed its name to [MundoMax](/wiki/MundoMax "MundoMax") in 2015, and shut down on December 1, 2016; KMOH\-TV and KEJR\-LD then switched affiliations to [América TeVé](/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_TeV%C3%A9 "América TeVé"). [HC2 Holdings](/wiki/HC2_Holdings "HC2 Holdings") agreed to acquire KMOH\-TV and KEJR\-LD from Hero Broadcasting on December 29, 2017;{{cite web\|title\=Application for Consent to Assignment of Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License\|url\=http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill\_and\_display.pl?Application\_id\=1775275\&Service\=DT\&Form\_id\=314\&Facility\_id\=24753\|website\=CDBS Public Access\|publisher\=\[\[Federal Communications Commission]]\|access\-date\=January 17, 2018\|date\=January 3, 2018}} the sale was completed on June 18, 2018\.{{cite web\|title\=Consummation Notice\|url\=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context\=25\&appn\=101787021\&formid\=905\&fac\_num\=24753\|website\=CDBS Public Access\|publisher\=\[\[Federal Communications Commission]]\|access\-date\=July 16, 2018\|date\=June 18, 2018}} HC2 replaced América TeVé programming with [Azteca América](/wiki/Azteca_Am%C3%A9rica "Azteca América"), which was also owned by HC2\.
In December 2020, HC2 sold KMOH\-TV and KEJR\-LD, along with two other stations, to Weigel Broadcasting, owner of (or managing partner in) five diginets. MeTV was placed on KMOH 6\.1 on February 13, 2021\.
### KEJR\-LD history pre\-2005
Raul Infante, Jr. was granted an original construction permit for a television station on UHF channel 31, which was assigned the callsign K31DI, on June 5, 1992, and licensed on August 22, 1995\. The original transmitter site was in [Sun City](/wiki/Sun_City%2C_Arizona "Sun City, Arizona"). Early programming is unknown.
In June 1998, Infante sold the station to Hispanic Television of Phoenix, who in turn sold it to Television Apogeo de Phoenix in October. In 1999, the FCC granted [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company "Fox Broadcasting Company") [owned\-and\-operated station](/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station "Owned-and-operated station") [KSAZ\-TV](/wiki/KSAZ-TV "KSAZ-TV") (channel 10\) permission to build its digital signal on channel 31; as a result, K31DI was forced to move to another channel. Television Apogeo took the station silent in March 2000, but returned it to the air in October, when the company was granted [special temporary authority](/wiki/Special_temporary_authority "Special temporary authority") to operate on channel 43\. Television Apogeo licensed the station on channel 43 with new call letters, K43GV, in December 2001\. By this time, it was simulcasting [Telemundo](/wiki/Telemundo "Telemundo") programming from KDRX\-CA (now [KDPH\-LP](/wiki/KDPH-LP "KDPH-LP")).
Una Vez Más Holdings acquired the station in January 2004 and applied to move the transmitter location from Sun City to [South Mountain](/wiki/South_Mountains_%28Arizona%29 "South Mountains (Arizona)") in Phoenix. The permit was granted and the new facilities were licensed in October 2005\. Meanwhile, Una Vez Más resurrected a set of call letters the company had used for its station in Tucson, and renamed the station KQBN\-LP in March 2005\. Telemundo programming was also replaced by the Spanish\-language [Christian](/wiki/Christianity "Christianity") network [Almavision](/wiki/Almavision "Almavision").
Even before the station was licensed at its new South Mountain transmitter site, Una Vez Mas sold the station to Bela Broadcasting, with the transaction finalized in November 2005\. Upon taking ownership, Bela again changed the call letters, this time to KEJR\-LP, and made the station a translator for KMOH\-TV.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"An original [construction permit](/wiki/Construction_permit \"Construction permit\") to build a television station on [VHF](/wiki/VHF \"VHF\") channel 6 in Kingman granted to Grand Canyon Television Company on April 8, 1985\\. Grand Canyon was one of four firms to apply and the only one from Arizona;{{Cite news\\|page\\=1\\|work\\=The Mohave Daily Miner\\|date\\=July 27, 1984\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=261PAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA1\\&dq\\=%22Channel\\+6%22\\&article\\_id\\=1682,2399987\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwiBsaSii9CIAxUCLUQIHcokAHk4ChDoAXoECAsQAg\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=%22Channel%206%22\\&f\\=false\\|title\\=Four companies file applications for VHF TV channel in area\\|first\\=Drew\\|last\\=Williamson}} Its transmitter facilities were to be located at Hualapai Peak, operating at an [effective radiated power](/wiki/Effective_radiated_power \"Effective radiated power\") (ERP) of 10 [kW](/wiki/KW \"KW\").{{citation \\|title\\=For the Record \\|periodical\\=Broadcasting \\|page\\=106 \\|date\\=July 23, 1984 }} The permit was modified in August 1986 to specify Black Mountain as the transmitter location with an ERP of 100 kW, which was the maximum allowed for a low\\-band VHF station.{{citation \\|title\\=Public Notice Comment \\|work\\=FCC CDBS database \\|date\\=July 21, 1986 }} The tower was erected in January 1988, after winter weather forced delays,{{cite news\\|title\\=Weather forces more delay in KMOH\\-TV start\\-up date\\|first\\=George\\|last\\=Stewart\\|date\\=January 28, 1988\\|work\\=Mohave Daily Miner\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UVMLAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA1\\&dq\\=%22Channel\\+6%22\\&article\\_id\\=4856,1459351\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwj\\_soODi9CIAxXMJEQIHS8fCSwQ6AF6BAgFEAI\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=%22Channel%206%22\\&f\\=false\\|page\\=1}} The station first signed on the air on February 22, 1988, and was licensed on June 1\\.{{citation \\|title\\=Application Search Details \\|work\\=FCC CDBS database \\|date\\=June 1, 1988 }}",
"During the late 1980s and early 1990s, KMOH varied in programming. It initially consisted of a near\\-complete simulcast of Grand Canyon Television Company's other station, [KNAZ\\-TV](/wiki/KNAZ-TV \"KNAZ-TV\") in [Flagstaff](/wiki/Flagstaff%2C_Arizona \"Flagstaff, Arizona\"), an [NBC](/wiki/NBC \"NBC\") affiliate; the station had an office in Kingman, and Mohave County news was inserted into the KNAZ\\-TV local newscasts.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=0jpQAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA11\\&dq\\=KMOH\\&article\\_id\\=6974,6472140\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwivkNTos86IAxUYIUQIHZOcE944KBDoAXoECA4QAg\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=KMOH\\&f\\=false\\|first\\=George\\|last\\=Stewart\\|date\\=December 30, 1987\\|page\\=Weekender 7\\|title\\=TV station set to go on air Jan. 25}} The inserts were four minutes in length, though Grand Canyon planned to originate a full half\\-hour of news for KMOH.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=p6FPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA3\\&dq\\=KMOH\\&article\\_id\\=6740,1087188\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwiEo839s86IAxWqD0QIHSUoAi44PBDoAXoECAwQAg\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=KMOH\\&f\\=false\\|title\\=TV team views area loaded with stories\\|first\\=Susan\\|last\\=Allred\\|page\\=5\\|date\\=March 13, 1989}} By April 1989, KMOH had become an [independent station](/wiki/Independent_station \"Independent station\") with sports, movies, and syndicated programming.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=QrpPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA19\\&dq\\=KMOH\\&article\\_id\\=7202,3281003\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwjo7Pevss6IAxUzle4BHdtrMj84ChDoAXoECAkQAg\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\&f\\=false\\|pages\\=Weekender 17, 18\\|first\\=Wendy\\|last\\=Miller\\|work\\=Mohave Daily Miner\\|title\\=KMOH gets off the ground, on the air across Mohave County}} In November 1990, the station shuttered the Kingman office and began originating its news from Flagstaff,{{Cite news\\|page\\=2\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Zitzelberger\\|title\\=KMOH television moving broadcast to Flagstaff\\|work\\=Mohave Daily Miner\\|date\\=November 16, 1990\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=ALtPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA2\\&dq\\=KMOH\\&article\\_id\\=6926,2270873\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwjo7Pevss6IAxUzle4BHdtrMj84ChDoAXoECAoQAg\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=KMOH\\&f\\=false}} just four months after going to 30\\-minute local newscasts at 6 and 10 p.m.{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UaxPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA2\\&dq\\=KMOH\\&article\\_id\\=4742,2023380\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwjo7Pevss6IAxUzle4BHdtrMj84ChDoAXoECAYQAg\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=KMOH\\&f\\=false\\|work\\=Mohave Daily Miner\\|date\\=July 16, 1990\\|title\\=KMOH TV expands news casts\\|page\\=2}}",
"The station moved its headquarters from Kingman to [Bullhead City](/wiki/Bullhead_City%2C_Arizona \"Bullhead City, Arizona\") in March 1991 and lost its spot on Kingman's cable system for months; it planned to begin rebroadcasting NBC programs from [KVBC](/wiki/KSNV \"KSNV\") in [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\") but remained with much the same programming.{{cite news\\|title\\=Local television station moving to Bullhead, off Warner Cable\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bOxPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA1\\&dq\\=KMOH\\&article\\_id\\=1764,3676572\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwi6o7jzsc6IAxUMle4BHQE\\_LqEQ6AF6BAgLEAI\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=KMOH\\&f\\=false\\|first\\=Eric\\|last\\=Oestmann\\|work\\=Kingman Daily Miner\\|page\\=1\\|date\\=March 27, 1991}}{{Cite news\\|title\\=KMOH\\-TV returning to Kingman\\|page\\=1\\|first\\=John\\|last\\=Zitzelberger\\|date\\=July 30, 1991\\|work\\=Kingman Daily Miner\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=bOxPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA1\\&dq\\=KMOH\\&article\\_id\\=1764,3676572\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwi6o7jzsc6IAxUMle4BHQE\\_LqEQ6AF6BAgLEAI\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=KMOH\\&f\\=false}} The Bullhead City studios had belonged to a former low\\-power operation, \"KBUL\".{{cite news\\|pages\\=Weekender 8, 9\\|first\\=Kathleen\\|last\\=Winstead\\|date\\=March 12, 1991\\|title\\=KMOH moves operations to Bullhead City\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Y\\-xPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA12\\&dq\\=KMOH\\&article\\_id\\=6823,1583780\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwjbyZOhjNCIAxVFle4BHQWSCMcQ6AF6BAgJEAI\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=KMOH\\&f\\=false\\|work\\=Kingman Daily Miner}}",
"In September 1995, KMOH became an affiliate of [The WB](/wiki/The_WB \"The WB\").{{cite news\\|last\\=Smith\\|first\\=Doug\\|title\\=TV News\\|url\\=https://www.wtfda.org/vud90s/1995/11\\-95vud.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=September 29, 2018\\|newspaper\\=VHF\\-UHF Digest\\|date\\=November 1995\\|page\\=13\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419114044/https://wtfda.org/vud90s/1995/11\\-95vud.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=April 19, 2015}} It was listed as an [American Independent Network](/wiki/American_Independent_Network \"American Independent Network\") (AIN) affiliate in July 1996, and has also been listed as a [Network One](/wiki/Network_One \"Network One\") (N1\\) affiliate at an unknown date.{{citation\\|url\\=//www.n1\\.com/affiliate.htm \\|title\\=Network One Affiliate List \\|date\\=October 8, 1997 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2012 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/19971008055026/http://www.n1\\.com/affiliate.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=October 8, 1997 }} KMOH was still primarily a WB affiliate in May 1997, when the broadcasting arm of the Gannett Company (now [Tegna Inc.](/wiki/Tegna_Inc. \"Tegna Inc.\")) bought the station, along with [KNAZ\\-TV](/wiki/KNAZ-TV \"KNAZ-TV\") in [Flagstaff](/wiki/Flagstaff%2C_Arizona \"Flagstaff, Arizona\"), from Grand Canyon Television Company.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/1997/05/26/daily1\\.html \\|title\\=Gannett acquires Arizona Stations \\|work\\=Phoenix Business Journal \\|date\\=May 26, 1997 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2012}} In November 1999, Gannett converted KMOH into a [satellite station](/wiki/Satellite_station \"Satellite station\") of Phoenix\\-based NBC affiliate [KPNX](/wiki/KPNX \"KPNX\") (channel 12\\).[KidVid Public Access](http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/KidVid/public/report/10/query.faces) Search the call sign \"KMOH\" for the filing period of \"1999 Q4\"{{Cite news\\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=k\\-tPAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=PA9\\&dq\\=KMOH\\&article\\_id\\=3819,2325890\\&hl\\=en\\&sa\\=X\\&ved\\=2ahUKEwjo7Pevss6IAxUzle4BHdtrMj84ChDoAXoECA4QAg\\#v\\=onepage\\&q\\=KMOH\\&f\\=false\\|title\\=KMOH to change programming, joins NBC from WB Network\\|page\\=2B\\|date\\=October 24, 1999\\|work\\=Kingman Daily Miner}} It was perceived as a redundant move, as KPNX was already available on cable in the Kingman area.",
"In August 2004, Bela Broadcasting, looking to expand the reach of its family\\-oriented [Spanish\\-language](/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States \"Spanish language in the United States\") format, acquired KMOH from Gannett, making the station a Spanish\\-language independent station, airing mostly the same content as sister station [KBEH](/wiki/KBEH \"KBEH\") in [Oxnard, California](/wiki/Oxnard%2C_California \"Oxnard, California\"), but on a different schedule. From Kingman, Bela hoped to put signals into the Phoenix and [Las Vegas](/wiki/Las_Vegas \"Las Vegas\") markets, both of which have large Hispanic populations.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.lvbusinesspress.com/articles/2004/12/30/news/news04\\.txt \\|title\\=New TV station signals a shift in the market \\|first\\=S.\\|last\\=Mihailovich \\|work\\=Las Vegas Business Press \\|date\\=December 30, 2004 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2012}} While it cannot be verified as a reason for buying KMOH, a full\\-power station in the Phoenix [media market](/wiki/Media_market \"Media market\"), it is clear that Bela Broadcasting desired [must\\-carry](/wiki/Must-carry \"Must-carry\") cable coverage in Phoenix as well. With KMOH no longer a rebroadcaster of KPNX, [Cox Communications](/wiki/Cox_Communications \"Cox Communications\") petitioned the [Federal Communications Commission](/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") (FCC) to allow it to exclude the station from must\\-carry provisions in its 16 Phoenix\\-area communities, since, while it is part of the Phoenix market, it operates {{convert\\|165\\|mi\\|km\\|0}} away from the city itself and the station's signal did not reach into Phoenix. KMOH fought the exclusion, but lost, in large part due to the station's lack of local programming directed at Phoenix viewers, and also in part due to not being receivable in Phoenix.{{citation \\|url\\=http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs\\_public/attachmatch/DA\\-05\\-2248A1\\.pdf \\|title\\=Memorandum Opinion and Order \\|work\\=FCC CDBS Database \\|date\\=August 9, 2005 \\|access\\-date\\=December 7, 2012}} In November 2005, Bela Broadcasting acquired KQBN\\-LP (channel 43, now KEJR\\-LP) from Una Vez Más Holdings, and made it a translator station of KMOH\\-TV, giving the station a translator in Phoenix. As Phoenix is the much larger market, both stations were branded as \"KEJR 43 Phoenix\" instead of as \"KMOH 6\".",
"[thumb\\|logo as MundoFox, 2012–2015](/wiki/File:KMOH6.png \"KMOH6.png\")\nOn November 27, 2006, Bela dropped the Spanish independent format from all of its stations and made them affiliates of [MTV Tr3́s](/wiki/MTV_Tr3%CC%81s \"MTV Tr3́s\"). Bela Broadcasting sold KMOH and KEJR to Hero Broadcasting in January 2008\\.{{citation \\|url\\=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news\\-articles/deals/84192 \\|title\\=Deals \\|work\\=Broadcasting \\& Cable Magazine \\|date\\=January 13, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=April 8, 2017}} KMOH and KEJR became charter affiliates of the MundoFox Spanish\\-language network when it launched on August 1, 2012, replacing Tr3́s. MundoFox changed its name to [MundoMax](/wiki/MundoMax \"MundoMax\") in 2015, and shut down on December 1, 2016; KMOH\\-TV and KEJR\\-LD then switched affiliations to [América TeVé](/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_TeV%C3%A9 \"América TeVé\"). [HC2 Holdings](/wiki/HC2_Holdings \"HC2 Holdings\") agreed to acquire KMOH\\-TV and KEJR\\-LD from Hero Broadcasting on December 29, 2017;{{cite web\\|title\\=Application for Consent to Assignment of Broadcast Station Construction Permit or License\\|url\\=http://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\\-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/prefill\\_and\\_display.pl?Application\\_id\\=1775275\\&Service\\=DT\\&Form\\_id\\=314\\&Facility\\_id\\=24753\\|website\\=CDBS Public Access\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Communications Commission]]\\|access\\-date\\=January 17, 2018\\|date\\=January 3, 2018}} the sale was completed on June 18, 2018\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Consummation Notice\\|url\\=https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi\\-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/cdbsmenu.hts?context\\=25\\&appn\\=101787021\\&formid\\=905\\&fac\\_num\\=24753\\|website\\=CDBS Public Access\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Federal Communications Commission]]\\|access\\-date\\=July 16, 2018\\|date\\=June 18, 2018}} HC2 replaced América TeVé programming with [Azteca América](/wiki/Azteca_Am%C3%A9rica \"Azteca América\"), which was also owned by HC2\\.",
"In December 2020, HC2 sold KMOH\\-TV and KEJR\\-LD, along with two other stations, to Weigel Broadcasting, owner of (or managing partner in) five diginets. MeTV was placed on KMOH 6\\.1 on February 13, 2021\\.",
"### KEJR\\-LD history pre\\-2005",
"Raul Infante, Jr. was granted an original construction permit for a television station on UHF channel 31, which was assigned the callsign K31DI, on June 5, 1992, and licensed on August 22, 1995\\. The original transmitter site was in [Sun City](/wiki/Sun_City%2C_Arizona \"Sun City, Arizona\"). Early programming is unknown.",
"In June 1998, Infante sold the station to Hispanic Television of Phoenix, who in turn sold it to Television Apogeo de Phoenix in October. In 1999, the FCC granted [Fox](/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company \"Fox Broadcasting Company\") [owned\\-and\\-operated station](/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station \"Owned-and-operated station\") [KSAZ\\-TV](/wiki/KSAZ-TV \"KSAZ-TV\") (channel 10\\) permission to build its digital signal on channel 31; as a result, K31DI was forced to move to another channel. Television Apogeo took the station silent in March 2000, but returned it to the air in October, when the company was granted [special temporary authority](/wiki/Special_temporary_authority \"Special temporary authority\") to operate on channel 43\\. Television Apogeo licensed the station on channel 43 with new call letters, K43GV, in December 2001\\. By this time, it was simulcasting [Telemundo](/wiki/Telemundo \"Telemundo\") programming from KDRX\\-CA (now [KDPH\\-LP](/wiki/KDPH-LP \"KDPH-LP\")).",
"Una Vez Más Holdings acquired the station in January 2004 and applied to move the transmitter location from Sun City to [South Mountain](/wiki/South_Mountains_%28Arizona%29 \"South Mountains (Arizona)\") in Phoenix. The permit was granted and the new facilities were licensed in October 2005\\. Meanwhile, Una Vez Más resurrected a set of call letters the company had used for its station in Tucson, and renamed the station KQBN\\-LP in March 2005\\. Telemundo programming was also replaced by the Spanish\\-language [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") network [Almavision](/wiki/Almavision \"Almavision\").",
"Even before the station was licensed at its new South Mountain transmitter site, Una Vez Mas sold the station to Bela Broadcasting, with the transaction finalized in November 2005\\. Upon taking ownership, Bela again changed the call letters, this time to KEJR\\-LP, and made the station a translator for KMOH\\-TV.",
""
] |
To reach near by places
-----------------------
Pichatur which is a Part of the sacred Bharat continent, the elegant Telugu language and the pure [Tamil language](/wiki/Tamil_language "Tamil language") have mixed like milk and honey and these two language are spoken by the people. Also, It is central hot spot to reach very famous temples. The following information might be helpful.
Pichatur to [Tirupati](/wiki/Tirupati "Tirupati") its 57 km distance by Road. The Venkateshwara Temple in the mountain town of [Tirumala](/wiki/Tirumala "Tirumala") near in the city of [Tirupati](/wiki/Tirupati "Tirupati") is one of the most important and most visited Hindu temples in [India](/wiki/India "India"). It is dedicated to god [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu").
Pichatur to [Narayanavanam](/wiki/Narayanavanam "Narayanavanam") its around 19 km distance by Road. The Temple is dedicated to Lord Kalyana [Venkateswara](/wiki/Venkateswara "Venkateswara"), an incarnation of [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu"). Lord Sri [Venkateswara](/wiki/Venkateswara "Venkateswara") Swamy and Sri Padmavathi Ammavaru married here.
Pichatur to [Nagalapuram](/wiki/Nagalapuram "Nagalapuram") its just 8 km distance by Road.This town is home to Vedanarayana Swamy temple, where the presiding deity [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu "Vishnu") is in the form of [Matsya](/wiki/Matsya "Matsya"), the first incarnation of [Dasavatara](/wiki/Dasavatara "Dasavatara").
Pichatur to [srikalahasti](/wiki/Srikalahasti "Srikalahasti") its around 44 km distance by Road. [vayu](/wiki/Vayu "Vayu") lingam (wind Lingam), One of the Panchabhootha Sthalams, god [shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva") worshipped as Kalahasteeswara. This temple is also regarded as Rahu\-ketu kshetra and Dakshina kailasam.
Pichatur to [Surutupalle](/wiki/Surutupalle "Surutupalle") its around 19 km distance by Road. God [shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva") worshipped as Pallikondeshwarudu. God [shiva](/wiki/Shiva "Shiva") is in Sleeping posture on the lap of [Parvati](/wiki/Parvati "Parvati") such unique posture is no where else in the world.
Pichatur to [Periapalayam](/wiki/Periapalayam "Periapalayam"), [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"). It is around 38 km distance by Road. Here, Sri Bhavani Amman located.
Pichatur to [Tiruttani](/wiki/Tiruttani "Tiruttani"), [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu") . Its around 40 km distance by Road. This town is famous for [Murugan Temple](/wiki/Thiruthani_Murugan_Temple "Thiruthani Murugan Temple") which is one of the [Arupadaiveedu](/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan "Six Abodes of Murugan") and is dedicated to the Lord ([Kartikeya](/wiki/Kartikeya "Kartikeya")) [Murugan](/wiki/Murugan "Murugan").
Pichatur to [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai "Chennai"), [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu "Tamil Nadu"). It is around 80 km distance by Road. It is biggest cultural and economic centre, earlier known as Madras.
|
[
"To reach near by places\n-----------------------",
"Pichatur which is a Part of the sacred Bharat continent, the elegant Telugu language and the pure [Tamil language](/wiki/Tamil_language \"Tamil language\") have mixed like milk and honey and these two language are spoken by the people. Also, It is central hot spot to reach very famous temples. The following information might be helpful.",
"Pichatur to [Tirupati](/wiki/Tirupati \"Tirupati\") its 57 km distance by Road. The Venkateshwara Temple in the mountain town of [Tirumala](/wiki/Tirumala \"Tirumala\") near in the city of [Tirupati](/wiki/Tirupati \"Tirupati\") is one of the most important and most visited Hindu temples in [India](/wiki/India \"India\"). It is dedicated to god [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\").",
"Pichatur to [Narayanavanam](/wiki/Narayanavanam \"Narayanavanam\") its around 19 km distance by Road. The Temple is dedicated to Lord Kalyana [Venkateswara](/wiki/Venkateswara \"Venkateswara\"), an incarnation of [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\"). Lord Sri [Venkateswara](/wiki/Venkateswara \"Venkateswara\") Swamy and Sri Padmavathi Ammavaru married here.",
"Pichatur to [Nagalapuram](/wiki/Nagalapuram \"Nagalapuram\") its just 8 km distance by Road.This town is home to Vedanarayana Swamy temple, where the presiding deity [Vishnu](/wiki/Vishnu \"Vishnu\") is in the form of [Matsya](/wiki/Matsya \"Matsya\"), the first incarnation of [Dasavatara](/wiki/Dasavatara \"Dasavatara\").",
"Pichatur to [srikalahasti](/wiki/Srikalahasti \"Srikalahasti\") its around 44 km distance by Road. [vayu](/wiki/Vayu \"Vayu\") lingam (wind Lingam), One of the Panchabhootha Sthalams, god [shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") worshipped as Kalahasteeswara. This temple is also regarded as Rahu\\-ketu kshetra and Dakshina kailasam.",
"Pichatur to [Surutupalle](/wiki/Surutupalle \"Surutupalle\") its around 19 km distance by Road. God [shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") worshipped as Pallikondeshwarudu. God [shiva](/wiki/Shiva \"Shiva\") is in Sleeping posture on the lap of [Parvati](/wiki/Parvati \"Parvati\") such unique posture is no where else in the world.",
"Pichatur to [Periapalayam](/wiki/Periapalayam \"Periapalayam\"), [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"). It is around 38 km distance by Road. Here, Sri Bhavani Amman located.",
"Pichatur to [Tiruttani](/wiki/Tiruttani \"Tiruttani\"), [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\") . Its around 40 km distance by Road. This town is famous for [Murugan Temple](/wiki/Thiruthani_Murugan_Temple \"Thiruthani Murugan Temple\") which is one of the [Arupadaiveedu](/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan \"Six Abodes of Murugan\") and is dedicated to the Lord ([Kartikeya](/wiki/Kartikeya \"Kartikeya\")) [Murugan](/wiki/Murugan \"Murugan\").",
"Pichatur to [Chennai](/wiki/Chennai \"Chennai\"), [Tamil Nadu](/wiki/Tamil_Nadu \"Tamil Nadu\"). It is around 80 km distance by Road. It is biggest cultural and economic centre, earlier known as Madras.",
""
] |
History
-------
Fujita\-gumi, the forerunner of DOWA,{{cite book \|first1\=Cristina \|last1\=Joanaz de Melo \|first2\=Estelita \|last2\=Vaz \|first3\=Lígia \|last3\=M. Costa Pinto \|title\=Environmental History in the Making: Volume II: Acting \|date\=October 21, 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[Springer Science\+Business Media]] \|isbn\=978\-3\-319\-41139\-2 \|pages\=206–207}} was established by three brothers from [Yamaguchi prefecture](/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture "Yamaguchi Prefecture") in 1881\. The brothers had personal connections with influential members of the government, so in 1884 they bought the [Kosaka mine](/wiki/Kosaka_mine "Kosaka mine"), from which they expanded their business into various fields, centered on the coal mining business.{{cite book \|first1\=Janet \|last1\=Hunter \|first2\=Cornelia \|last2\=Storz \|title\=Institutional and Technological Change in Japan's Economy: Past and Present \|date\=June 28, 2006 \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|isbn\=978\-1\-134\-20681\-0\|pages\=32–33}} After the purchase, Fujita\-gumi increased its capital and invested heavily in skilled labor and equipment. By 1888, the [Kosaka mine](/wiki/Kosaka_mine "Kosaka mine") became Japan's top producer of silver.
In 1900, an engineer at Kosaka succeeded in extracting copper by accessing *kuroko* (black ore — a mixture of copper, zinc and lead) deep in the mine. After that, Kosaka changed its focus from silver to copper, and in 1907, became Japan's largest copper producer.
Dowa Mining was an early developer of [Yuzawa](/wiki/Yuzawa "Yuzawa"), a hot spring town using [geothermal energy](/wiki/Geothermal_energy "Geothermal energy"), in the late 20th century.{{Cite news \|last1\=Tabuchi \|first1\=Hiroko \|last2\=Lee \|first2\=Chang W. \|date\=2023\-03\-22 \|title\=Geothermal Power, Cheap and Clean, Could Help Run Japan. So Why Doesn't It? \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/climate/japan\-hot\-springs\-geothermal\-energy.html \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-31 \|work\=The New York Times \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=0362\-4331}}
### Post 2000s
As of April 2007, Dowa Holdings was Japan's largest silver smelter."[Japan's golden trash](https://www.newspapers.com/image/949727401/)". *[The Toronto Star](/wiki/The_Toronto_Star "The Toronto Star")*. April 26, 2007\. p. 51\. Retrieved July 16, 2024 – via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com").
Dowa Holdings built a recycling plant in Kosaka which has been operating since 2008, extracting minerals and valuable metals from old electronics parts. One of its subsidiaries, Kosaka Smelting and Refining, has reclaimed rare materials including gold, indium, and [antimony](/wiki/Antimony "Antimony"). In 2010, the company was working on methods to reclaim [rare\-earth elements](/wiki/Rare-earth_elements "Rare-earth elements"), which are harder to mine, such as [neodymium](/wiki/Neodymium "Neodymium") and [dysprosium](/wiki/Dysprosium "Dysprosium").Tabuchi, Hiroko (4 October 2010\). "[Japan Recycles Minerals From Used Electronics](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/business/global/05recycle.html)". *nytimes.com*.
As of 2010, Dowa was one of the top three zinc producers in Japan.Hur, Jae; Suzuki, Ichiro (25 May 2010\). "[Dowa to Invest in Copper Mines to Double Ore Procurement Rate](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-05-25/dowa-to-invest-in-copper-mines-to-double-ore-procurement-rate)". *bloomberg.com*. As of 2016, Dowa Holdings possessed the technology for recovering 22 metals, including [germanium](/wiki/Germanium "Germanium"), [ruthenium](/wiki/Ruthenium "Ruthenium"), [gallium](/wiki/Gallium "Gallium"), and [selenium](/wiki/Selenium "Selenium").Keun\-young, Lee (26 December 2016\). "[As global deposits near depletion, urban mining for rare metals](https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/776158)". *hani.co.kr*. In 2017, Dowa Holdings was involved in recycling efforts by sorting through electronics wastes in search for gold, platinum, [palladium](/wiki/Palladium "Palladium"), and additional rare metals."[Japanese companies digging for gold in urban waste](https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Japanese-companies-digging-for-gold-in-urban-waste)". *asia.nikkei.com*. 3 October 2017\. As of 2018, Dowa Holdings had more than 6,000 employees."[Dowa Thermotech completes purchase of property in Sanford](https://www.newspapers.com/image/890631113/?terms=dowa%20thermotech&match=1)". *[The Chatham News](/wiki/The_Chatham_News "The Chatham News")*. November 22, 2018\. p. 22\. Retrieved July 21, 2024 – via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com "Newspapers.com").
In April 2023, Mitsubishi Materials Corp took full ownership of Onahama Smelting \& Refining after purchasing its stake in Dowa Holdings and [Furukawa Co.](/wiki/Furukawa_Group "Furukawa Group").{{Cite web \|date\=October 2, 2023 \|title\=Japan's Mitsubishi Materials sees H2 copper output up 34% y/y \|url\=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/japans\-mitsubishi\-materials\-sees\-h2\-copper\-output\-up\-34\-yy\-2023\-10\-02/ \|website\=Reuters}}
As of July 2023, Dowa Holdings was the top producer worldwide of high\-purity gallium.Evans, Catherine (7 July 2023\). "[Companies respond to China's curbs on gallium and germanium exports](https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/companies-respond-chinas-curbs-gallium-germanium-exports-2023-07-06/)". *reuters.com*. In 2024, Dowa filed a patent for gold plating.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-07\-03 \|title\=Meta Title: Dowa Holdings Co Ltd Patent for Silver\-Plated Material with Two\-Layer Plating Structures \|url\=https://www.mining\-technology.com/data\-insights/dowa\-files\-patent\-for\-silver\-plated\-material\-with\-two\-layer\-plating\-structures/ \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703174143/https://www.mining\-technology.com/data\-insights/dowa\-files\-patent\-for\-silver\-plated\-material\-with\-two\-layer\-plating\-structures/ \|archive\-date\=July 3, 2024 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-03 }} In 2024, Dowa was granted a patent for copper plating.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-07\-03 \|title\=Meta Title: "Dowa Holdings Co Ltd Patent: Copper Alloy Sheet Material Composition \|url\=https://www.mining\-technology.com/data\-insights/dowa\-gets\-grant\-for\-copper\-alloy\-sheet\-material\-with\-specific\-composition\-and\-structure/ \|url\-status\=bot: unknown \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703175107/https://www.mining\-technology.com/data\-insights/dowa\-gets\-grant\-for\-copper\-alloy\-sheet\-material\-with\-specific\-composition\-and\-structure/ \|archive\-date\=July 3, 2024 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-03 }}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Fujita\\-gumi, the forerunner of DOWA,{{cite book \\|first1\\=Cristina \\|last1\\=Joanaz de Melo \\|first2\\=Estelita \\|last2\\=Vaz \\|first3\\=Lígia \\|last3\\=M. Costa Pinto \\|title\\=Environmental History in the Making: Volume II: Acting \\|date\\=October 21, 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Springer Science\\+Business Media]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-3\\-319\\-41139\\-2 \\|pages\\=206–207}} was established by three brothers from [Yamaguchi prefecture](/wiki/Yamaguchi_Prefecture \"Yamaguchi Prefecture\") in 1881\\. The brothers had personal connections with influential members of the government, so in 1884 they bought the [Kosaka mine](/wiki/Kosaka_mine \"Kosaka mine\"), from which they expanded their business into various fields, centered on the coal mining business.{{cite book \\|first1\\=Janet \\|last1\\=Hunter \\|first2\\=Cornelia \\|last2\\=Storz \\|title\\=Institutional and Technological Change in Japan's Economy: Past and Present \\|date\\=June 28, 2006 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-134\\-20681\\-0\\|pages\\=32–33}} After the purchase, Fujita\\-gumi increased its capital and invested heavily in skilled labor and equipment. By 1888, the [Kosaka mine](/wiki/Kosaka_mine \"Kosaka mine\") became Japan's top producer of silver.",
"In 1900, an engineer at Kosaka succeeded in extracting copper by accessing *kuroko* (black ore — a mixture of copper, zinc and lead) deep in the mine. After that, Kosaka changed its focus from silver to copper, and in 1907, became Japan's largest copper producer.",
"Dowa Mining was an early developer of [Yuzawa](/wiki/Yuzawa \"Yuzawa\"), a hot spring town using [geothermal energy](/wiki/Geothermal_energy \"Geothermal energy\"), in the late 20th century.{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Tabuchi \\|first1\\=Hiroko \\|last2\\=Lee \\|first2\\=Chang W. \\|date\\=2023\\-03\\-22 \\|title\\=Geothermal Power, Cheap and Clean, Could Help Run Japan. So Why Doesn't It? \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/22/climate/japan\\-hot\\-springs\\-geothermal\\-energy.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-31 \\|work\\=The New York Times \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=0362\\-4331}}",
"### Post 2000s",
"As of April 2007, Dowa Holdings was Japan's largest silver smelter.\"[Japan's golden trash](https://www.newspapers.com/image/949727401/)\". *[The Toronto Star](/wiki/The_Toronto_Star \"The Toronto Star\")*. April 26, 2007\\. p. 51\\. Retrieved July 16, 2024 – via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com \"Newspapers.com\").",
"Dowa Holdings built a recycling plant in Kosaka which has been operating since 2008, extracting minerals and valuable metals from old electronics parts. One of its subsidiaries, Kosaka Smelting and Refining, has reclaimed rare materials including gold, indium, and [antimony](/wiki/Antimony \"Antimony\"). In 2010, the company was working on methods to reclaim [rare\\-earth elements](/wiki/Rare-earth_elements \"Rare-earth elements\"), which are harder to mine, such as [neodymium](/wiki/Neodymium \"Neodymium\") and [dysprosium](/wiki/Dysprosium \"Dysprosium\").Tabuchi, Hiroko (4 October 2010\\). \"[Japan Recycles Minerals From Used Electronics](https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/business/global/05recycle.html)\". *nytimes.com*.",
"As of 2010, Dowa was one of the top three zinc producers in Japan.Hur, Jae; Suzuki, Ichiro (25 May 2010\\). \"[Dowa to Invest in Copper Mines to Double Ore Procurement Rate](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-05-25/dowa-to-invest-in-copper-mines-to-double-ore-procurement-rate)\". *bloomberg.com*. As of 2016, Dowa Holdings possessed the technology for recovering 22 metals, including [germanium](/wiki/Germanium \"Germanium\"), [ruthenium](/wiki/Ruthenium \"Ruthenium\"), [gallium](/wiki/Gallium \"Gallium\"), and [selenium](/wiki/Selenium \"Selenium\").Keun\\-young, Lee (26 December 2016\\). \"[As global deposits near depletion, urban mining for rare metals](https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_business/776158)\". *hani.co.kr*. In 2017, Dowa Holdings was involved in recycling efforts by sorting through electronics wastes in search for gold, platinum, [palladium](/wiki/Palladium \"Palladium\"), and additional rare metals.\"[Japanese companies digging for gold in urban waste](https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Japanese-companies-digging-for-gold-in-urban-waste)\". *asia.nikkei.com*. 3 October 2017\\. As of 2018, Dowa Holdings had more than 6,000 employees.\"[Dowa Thermotech completes purchase of property in Sanford](https://www.newspapers.com/image/890631113/?terms=dowa%20thermotech&match=1)\". *[The Chatham News](/wiki/The_Chatham_News \"The Chatham News\")*. November 22, 2018\\. p. 22\\. Retrieved July 21, 2024 – via [Newspapers.com](/wiki/Newspapers.com \"Newspapers.com\").",
"In April 2023, Mitsubishi Materials Corp took full ownership of Onahama Smelting \\& Refining after purchasing its stake in Dowa Holdings and [Furukawa Co.](/wiki/Furukawa_Group \"Furukawa Group\").{{Cite web \\|date\\=October 2, 2023 \\|title\\=Japan's Mitsubishi Materials sees H2 copper output up 34% y/y \\|url\\=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/japans\\-mitsubishi\\-materials\\-sees\\-h2\\-copper\\-output\\-up\\-34\\-yy\\-2023\\-10\\-02/ \\|website\\=Reuters}}",
"As of July 2023, Dowa Holdings was the top producer worldwide of high\\-purity gallium.Evans, Catherine (7 July 2023\\). \"[Companies respond to China's curbs on gallium and germanium exports](https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/companies-respond-chinas-curbs-gallium-germanium-exports-2023-07-06/)\". *reuters.com*. In 2024, Dowa filed a patent for gold plating.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-03 \\|title\\=Meta Title: Dowa Holdings Co Ltd Patent for Silver\\-Plated Material with Two\\-Layer Plating Structures \\|url\\=https://www.mining\\-technology.com/data\\-insights/dowa\\-files\\-patent\\-for\\-silver\\-plated\\-material\\-with\\-two\\-layer\\-plating\\-structures/ \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703174143/https://www.mining\\-technology.com/data\\-insights/dowa\\-files\\-patent\\-for\\-silver\\-plated\\-material\\-with\\-two\\-layer\\-plating\\-structures/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-03 }} In 2024, Dowa was granted a patent for copper plating.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-03 \\|title\\=Meta Title: \"Dowa Holdings Co Ltd Patent: Copper Alloy Sheet Material Composition \\|url\\=https://www.mining\\-technology.com/data\\-insights/dowa\\-gets\\-grant\\-for\\-copper\\-alloy\\-sheet\\-material\\-with\\-specific\\-composition\\-and\\-structure/ \\|url\\-status\\=bot: unknown \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703175107/https://www.mining\\-technology.com/data\\-insights/dowa\\-gets\\-grant\\-for\\-copper\\-alloy\\-sheet\\-material\\-with\\-specific\\-composition\\-and\\-structure/ \\|archive\\-date\\=July 3, 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-03 }}",
""
] |
Government violations
---------------------
Nigerian security forces are frequently alleged to carry out arbitrary arrests, torture,[*Africa Eye: Torture ‘rampant’ among Nigeria's security forces*](https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-51419440/africa-eye-torture-rampant-among-nigeria-s-security-forces) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210032346/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world\-africa\-51419440/africa\-eye\-torture\-rampant\-among\-nigeria\-s\-security\-forces \|date\=10 February 2020 }}, BBC news, 10 February 2020\. [forced disappearances](/wiki/Forced_disappearance "Forced disappearance"), assassinations and extrajudicial [summary executions](/wiki/Summary_execution "Summary execution"). These abuses typically occur within the context of the Nigerian government's security operations or are directed against political and religious organizations and individuals. Several instances of mass killings of political opponents and agitators by security forces have been reported.
### Army
On 12–14 December 2015, the Nigerian Army carried out a [massacre](/wiki/2015_Zaria_massacre "2015 Zaria massacre") of 347 members of the [Islamic Movement of Nigeria](/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Nigeria "Islamic Movement of Nigeria") (IMN) in [Zaria](/wiki/Zaria "Zaria"), [Kaduna State](/wiki/Kaduna_State "Kaduna State") and buried the bodies in mass graves. In March 2020, it was revealed that some Nigeria army soldiers took advantage of food shortages at refugee camps in [Borno state](/wiki/Borno_state "Borno state") and raped women at female\-designated "satellite camps" in exchange for granting them food.{{Cite web\|title\=Nigeria: Starving women raped by soldiers and militia who claim to be rescuing them\|url\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/nigeria\-starving\-women\-raped\-by\-soldiers\-and\-militia\-who\-claim\-to\-be\-rescuing\-them/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=www.amnesty.org\|date\=24 May 2018 \|language\=en\|archive\-date\=27 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727210244/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/nigeria\-starving\-women\-raped\-by\-soldiers\-and\-militia\-who\-claim\-to\-be\-rescuing\-them/\|url\-status\=live}} These refugee camp food shortages have also been reported to result in the death of thousands of people since 2015\. On 4 April 2020, three Army soldiers were arrested in [Lagos state](/wiki/Lagos_state "Lagos state") for issuing threats to rape women.{{Cite news\|title\=Army arrest soldiers wey 'threaten to rape women for Warri'\|work\=BBC News Pidgin\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori\-52163377\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|archive\-date\=6 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106010301/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori\-52163377\|url\-status\=live}} On 21 May 2020, two Lagos state Army deserters, Kehinde Elijah and Ezeh Joseph, were arrested for their involvement in the murder of a police sergeant on 10 May 2020\.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-05\-21\|title\=Police DPO arrested over sergeant's murder\|url\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\-news/393982\-police\-dpo\-arrested\-over\-sergeants\-murder.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|language\=en\-GB\|archive\-date\=31 May 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531014030/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\-news/393982\-police\-dpo\-arrested\-over\-sergeants\-murder.html\|url\-status\=live}} The shooters, who were afterwards taken into military custody, were also assisted by a Nigerian police officer and were wanted for "violent crimes."
### Police force
In Nigeria, the [Nigeria Police Force](/wiki/Nigeria_Police_Force "Nigeria Police Force") has been commonly viewed as inefficient and corrupt. The Nigerian [Joint Task Force](/wiki/Joint_Task_Force "Joint Task Force") (JTF) has been accused of providing an inadequate and violent response to the [Boko Haram](/wiki/Boko_Haram "Boko Haram") attacks. The JTF has been involved in killing suspects without fair trial as well as killing multiple members of different communities suspected of supporting the Boko Haram. [Human Right Watch](/wiki/Human_Right_Watch "Human Right Watch") has stated that these actions violate human rights with the lack of access to a fair trial and use of discriminatory techniques to determine perpetrators of violence.
Within the regular Nigerian Police Force, there are high amounts of corruption and violations that include extortion and embezzlement. A common extortion tactic of the police force involves putting up unnecessary roadblocks that require a fee to pass. Within the police force, there is no equal protection under the law.Human Rights Watch. "Everyone's in on the Game\- Corruption and Human Rights Abuses by the Nigerian Police Force". August 2010 The wealthy are able to pay off the police to act as their security, as well as expect the police to turn a blind eye to any illegal activities they may participate in.
On 2 August 2019, two officers of the Nigerian Police Force's Anti\-Cultism Squad, Insp. Ogunyemi Olalekan and Sgt. Godwin Orji, were arrested and charged with murdering a man during a raid in Lagos.{{Cite web\|last\=AfricaNews\|date\=2019\-04\-02\|title\=Nigeria policemen arrested for murder after \#StopPoliceKilling protest\|url\=https://www.africanews.com/2019/04/02/nigeria\-policemen\-arrested\-for\-murder\-after\-stoppolicekilling\-protest/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Africanews\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=17 August 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817193502/https://www.africanews.com/2019/04/02/nigeria\-policemen\-arrested\-for\-murder\-after\-stoppolicekilling\-protest//\|url\-status\=live}} On 21 August 2019, four SARS operatives were arrested and charged with murder after being caught on film manhandling and then shooting to death two suspected phone thieves in broad daylight.{{Cite web\|title\=Police arrest officers who killed suspected Lagos phone thieves\|url\=https://punchng.com/breaking\-police\-arrest\-officers\-who\-killed\-suspected\-igando\-phone\-thieves/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Punch Newspapers\|date\=21 August 2019 \|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=27 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211846/https://punchng.com/breaking\-police\-arrest\-officers\-who\-killed\-suspected\-igando\-phone\-thieves/\|url\-status\=live}} The shooting occurred after the suspected thieves had already been arrested.
On 5 January 2020, three Nigerian Police Force officers were arrested for beating bus passenger Justice Obasi, after he refused to unlock his mobile phone.{{Cite news\|title\=VIRAL VIDEO: Police Officers Arrested After Beating Up Bus Passenger, Confiscating His Phone In Enugu\|url\=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/05/police\-arrest\-three\-officers\-for\-assaulting\-man\-in\-enugu/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Channels Television\|archive\-date\=8 April 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408050305/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/05/police\-arrest\-three\-officers\-for\-assaulting\-man\-in\-enugu/\|url\-status\=live}} On 3 April 2020, a Nigerian police officer was arrested for assaulting a port worker.{{Cite web\|last\=Agyeman\|first\=Adwoa\|date\=2020\-04\-03\|title\=Coronavirus lockdown: Nigerian Police officer arrested for assaulting civilian\|url\=https://www.adomonline.com/coronavirus\-lockdown\-nigerian\-police\-officer\-arrested\-for\-assaulting\-civilian/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Adomonline.com\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=27 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727212723/https://www.adomonline.com/coronavirus\-lockdown\-nigerian\-police\-officer\-arrested\-for\-assaulting\-civilian/\|url\-status\=live}} On 18 April 2020, the Nigerian Police Force stated that two of its officers were arrested after being caught on film beating a woman at the [Odo Ori Market](https://vymaps.com/NG/Odo-Ori-Market-110440/) in [Iwo, Osun](/wiki/Iwo%2C_Osun "Iwo, Osun").{{Cite web\|last\=Abiola\|first\=Rahaman\|date\=2020\-04\-19\|title\=Lockdown: 2 police officers caught on camera assaulting woman in Osun arrested\|url\=https://www.legit.ng/1322289\-lockdown\-police\-arrest\-officers\-caught\-beating\-woman\-osun\-state.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Legit.ng \- Nigeria news.\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=13 May 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513055626/https://www.legit.ng/1322289\-lockdown\-police\-arrest\-officers\-caught\-beating\-woman\-osun\-state.html\|url\-status\=live}}
On 28 April 2020, Nigerian Police Force's [Rivers State Police Command](/wiki/Rivers_State_Police_Command "Rivers State Police Command") arraigned former Sgt. Bitrus Osaiah in court for shooting to death his female colleague, Lavender Elekwachi, during a raid on street trading and illegal motor parks the previous week.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-04\-28\|title\=Breaking: Rivers Police arraign Sergeant Bitrus Osaiah in court for killing female colleague\|url\=https://theportcitynews.com/2020/04/28/breaking\-rivers\-police\-arraign\-sergeant\-bitrus\-osaiah\-in\-court\-for\-killing\-female\-colleague/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=The Port City News\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=27 July 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727213750/https://theportcitynews.com/2020/04/28/breaking\-rivers\-police\-arraign\-sergeant\-bitrus\-osaiah\-in\-court\-for\-killing\-female\-colleague/\|url\-status\=live}} Osaiah was dismissed as a police officer the previous day for killing Elekwachi, who also held the rank of a Sergeant.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-04\-27\|title\=Police dismiss Seargent who shot female colleague dead in Rivers \-\|url\=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/04/27/police\-dismiss\-seargent\-who\-shot\-female\-colleague\-dead\-in\-rivers/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=The NEWS\|archive\-date\=29 April 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429203220/https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/04/27/police\-dismiss\-seargent\-who\-shot\-female\-colleague\-dead\-in\-rivers/\|url\-status\=live}} It was reported that Osaiah was in fact arrested for the killing.{{citation needed\|date\=September 2022}} On 21 May 2020, Yahaha Adeshina, the Divisional Police Officer of Ilemba Hausa Division, was arresting for assisting Kehinde Elijah and Ezeh Joseph in the 10 May 2020 murder of sergeant Onalaja Onajide. All three shooters were nervously wanted for violent crimes. On 30 May 2020, two Lagos police officers were arrested for shooting to death a 16\-year old girl.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-05\-29\|title\=Police arrest two officers for shooting teenager in Lagos\|url\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth\-west/395179\-police\-arrest\-two\-officers\-for\-shooting\-teenager\-in\-lagos.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|language\=en\-GB\|archive\-date\=29 September 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929080407/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth\-west/395179\-police\-arrest\-two\-officers\-for\-shooting\-teenager\-in\-lagos.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-05\-29\|title\=Nigeria: Police Officer Who Allegedly Killed 16\-Year\-Old Girl Arrested\|url\=https://www.ghgossip.com/nigeria\-police\-officer\-who\-allegedly\-killed\-16\-year\-old\-girl\-arrested/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=GhGossip\|language\=en\-AU\|archive\-date\=17 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017051555/https://www.ghgossip.com/nigeria\-police\-officer\-who\-allegedly\-killed\-16\-year\-old\-girl\-arrested/\|url\-status\=live}}
In February 2019, it was reported that Nigerian police officers commonly gained extra money by extorting local residents.{{Cite web\|last\=Kazeem\|first\=Yomi\|title\=Ordinary Nigerians are leading the charge to reform the country's corrupt police force\|url\=https://qz.com/africa/1543811/nigerias\-corrupt\-police\-prompt\-a\-startup\-for\-on\-call\-lawyers/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Quartz Africa\|date\=8 February 2019 \|language\=en\|archive\-date\=3 May 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503031505/https://qz.com/africa/1543811/nigerias\-corrupt\-police\-prompt\-a\-startup\-for\-on\-call\-lawyers/\|url\-status\=live}} On 30 July 2019, three Nigeria Police Force Officers from Anambra State were arrested on charges of extorting three residents.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-30\|title\=Three police officers arrested for extortion {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria\|url\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth\-east/343998\-three\-police\-officers\-arrested\-for\-extortion.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|language\=en\-GB}} On 10 November 2019, the Nigerian Police Force issued a statement revealing that Safer Highways Patrol officer Onuh Makedomu was arrested after being filmed accepting a bribe from a motorist in Lagos.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-11\-10\|title\=Nigerian police arrest officer filmed collecting bribe\|url\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\-news/361954\-nigerian\-police\-arrest\-officer\-filmed\-collecting\-bribe.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|language\=en\-GB\|archive\-date\=15 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015093507/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\-news/361954\-nigerian\-police\-arrest\-officer\-filmed\-collecting\-bribe.html\|url\-status\=live}} On 9 March 2020, two Nigeria Police Force officers from [Lagos](/wiki/Lagos "Lagos"), Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) Adebayo Ojo and Sergeant Adeleke Mojisola were both arrested on charges of extorting a woman.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-04\-09\|title\=Police ASP, Sergeant arrested for extortion\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/police\-asp\-sergeant\-arrested\-for\-extortion/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Vanguard News\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=28 April 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428084808/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/police\-asp\-sergeant\-arrested\-for\-extortion/\|url\-status\=live}} On 11 April 2020 another Nigeria Police Force officer from Lagos, Inspector Taloju Martins, was arrested after being caught on camera exhorting a motorist.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-04\-11\|title\=Lockdown: Police officer caught on camera extorting N40,000 from motorist\|url\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\-news/387378\-lockdown\-police\-officer\-caught\-on\-camera\-extorting\-n40000\-from\-motorist.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|language\=en\-GB\|archive\-date\=28 April 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428165907/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\-news/387378\-lockdown\-police\-officer\-caught\-on\-camera\-extorting\-n40000\-from\-motorist.html\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|title\=Police Inspector Arrested For Extortion In Lagos\|url\=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/04/12/police\-inspector\-arrested\-for\-extortion\-in\-lagos/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Channels Television\|archive\-date\=29 April 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429232453/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/04/12/police\-inspector\-arrested\-for\-extortion\-in\-lagos/\|url\-status\=live}} On 3 June 2020, the Adamawa State police command announced that one of its officers was arrested for murdering a motorcycist who refused to pay him a bribe.{{Cite web\|last\=Fulani\|first\=Iro Dan\|date\=2020\-06\-03\|title\=Nigeria: Police Arrest Officer Who Allegedly Killed Motorcyclist Over N100 Bribe\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/202006030573\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=allAfrica.com\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=11 June 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611124725/https://allafrica.com/stories/202006030573\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
On 31 July 2020, Peter Ebah, an inspector officer for the Nigeria Police Forces's Rivers Command, was arrested for raping a woman at a checkpoint in the Tai area of Rivers State for not wearing a face mask.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-07\-31\|title\=Police Arrest Officer Who Raped Woman Apprehended For Not Wearing Face Mask\|url\=http://saharareporters.com/2020/07/31/police\-arrest\-officer\-who\-raped\-woman\-apprehended\-not\-wearing\-face\-mask\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-28\|website\=Sahara Reporters\|archive\-date\=26 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026152721/http://saharareporters.com/2020/07/31/police\-arrest\-officer\-who\-raped\-woman\-apprehended\-not\-wearing\-face\-mask\|url\-status\=live}} As of 9 September 2020, he was still in custody for the rape.{{Cite web\|last\=Obaji\|first\=Philip Jr.\|title\=Women 'abused' by police enforcing COVID\-19 rules in Nigeria\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/9/9/women\-abused\-by\-police\-enforcing\-covid\-19\-rules\-in\-nigeria\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-28\|website\=www.aljazeera.com\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=22 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022212020/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/9/9/women\-abused\-by\-police\-enforcing\-covid\-19\-rules\-in\-nigeria\|url\-status\=live}} A case involving accusations that Nigeria Police Force officers in Abuja raped some of the 65 women who were arrested for illicit nightclub activity in April 2019 after they refused to pay the officers bribes for their release was still ongoing as well.
On 21 October 2020, [UN](/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") Secretary General [António Guterres](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "António Guterres") issued a statement criticizing Nigerian authorities, as many protesters were shot dead and wounded during a violent escalation in [Lagos](/wiki/Lagos "Lagos").{{cite web\|url\=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075842\|title\=UN chief calls for end to reported police brutality in Nigeria\|access\-date\=21 October 2020\|website\=UN News\|date\=21 October 2020 \|archive\-date\=22 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022155139/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075842\|url\-status\=live}} [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") reported that at least 12 people were shot dead but, the government confirmed only two deaths in October. In November, the government admitted that there were live rounds shot in [Lekki](/wiki/Lekki "Lekki") by the police.
In December 2020, the government confirmed that 51 civilians, 11 police officers, and seven soldiers lost their lives in the ongoing conflict between protesters and police. Protesters are demanding police reforms, and Lekki Toll Gate has become a rallying cry for Nigerians.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigerias\-police\-reform\-efforts\-under\-scrutiny\|title\=Nigeria's Police Reform Efforts Under Scrutiny\|access\-date\=2 December 2020\|website\=Voice of America\|archive\-date\=2 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202195723/https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigerias\-police\-reform\-efforts\-under\-scrutiny\|url\-status\=live}}
### SARS controversies and dismantlement
On 22 October 2020, Nigerian President [Muhammadu Buhari](/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari "Muhammadu Buhari") confirmed in a publicly\-aired address that Nigeria's controversial [Special Anti\-Robbery Squad](/wiki/Special_Anti-Robbery_Squad "Special Anti-Robbery Squad") (SARS) had been dismantled, as a response to the demands of the widespread [EndSARS](/wiki/EndSARS "EndSARS") protests. He also accused some members of SARS of committing "acts of excessive force" when the unit was operational.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-10\-22\|title\=Full text of President Muhammadu Buhari's speech\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/full\-text\-of\-president\-muhammadu\-buharis\-speech/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-28\|website\=Vanguard News\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=28 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028145855/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/full\-text\-of\-president\-muhammadu\-buharis\-speech/\|url\-status\=live}} Plans were then put in place to also prosecute some former SARS members for extortion, rape, and murder.{{Cite news\|last\=Akingbule\|first\=Joe Parkinson, Drew Hinshaw and Gbenga\|date\=2020\-10\-23\|title\=Young Nigerians Came to Protest Police Brutality. Then the Shooting Started.\|language\=en\-US\|work\=Wall Street Journal\|url\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/young\-nigerians\-came\-to\-protest\-police\-brutality\-then\-the\-shooting\-started\-11603452187\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-29\|issn\=0099\-9660\|archive\-date\=26 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026163903/https://www.wsj.com/articles/young\-nigerians\-came\-to\-protest\-police\-brutality\-then\-the\-shooting\-started\-11603452187\|url\-status\=live}} Numerous Nigerians had long accused the controversial police unit of committing acts of extortion, rape, torture and murder.{{Cite web\|last\=Dark\|first\=Shayera\|title\=\#EndSARS: How Nigerians harness social media against police abuse\|url\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/25/endsars\-how\-nigerians\-use\-social\-media\-against\-police\-brutality\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-29\|website\=www.aljazeera.com\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=26 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026103347/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/25/endsars\-how\-nigerians\-use\-social\-media\-against\-police\-brutality\|url\-status\=live}}
### Corruption
{{Further\|Corruption in Nigeria}}
Nigeria has the label of having [one of the world's highest levels of corruption](/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria "Corruption in Nigeria"). This is especially seen within the public sector including stealing public funds and accepting bribes."Everyone's in on the Game\- Corruption and Human Rights Abuses by the Nigerian Police Force". It is estimated that between 1999 and 2007, the country lost around $4–8 billion yearly due to corruption.Human Rights Watch. "Criminal Politics". October 2007
Politicians often siphon public funds to further their political careers, in addition to paying off gangs to aid them in rigging their elections. The elections since the end of military rule occurring in 1999, 2003, and 2007 were bloody affairs and were openly rigged. In 2007, ballot boxes were visibly stuffed by paid hoodlums and in some cases, electoral results were simply made up.Human Rights Watch. "Nigeria: Polls Marred by Violence, Fraud". 17 April 2007\. [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") estimates that at least 300 were killed due to the 2007 elections, and that is considered to be a conservative estimate, as cited from a Human Rights Watch telephone interview with Derrick Marco, Nigeria country director in March 2007\. These measures of violence and intimidation discouraged the general public from voting. Those who did come out were subject to attacks by hired gangs.
The current Fourth Republic of Nigeria has strengthened its laws against corruption. As part of its efforts, the government established the [Independent Corrupt Practices Commission](/wiki/Independent_Corrupt_Practices_Commission "Independent Corrupt Practices Commission") (ICPC) and [Economic and Financial Crimes Commission](/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission "Economic and Financial Crimes Commission") (EFCC) in the early 2000s. However, due to the previous institutionalization of corruption, the battle against corruption is ongoing. These anti\-corruption commissions have made attempts to combat the issue, but have been lenient in terms of punishment of convicted offenders. As an example, former Edo State governor [Lucky Igbinedion](/wiki/Lucky_Igbinedion "Lucky Igbinedion") pleaded guilty to embezzling 2\.9 billion Naira (apprx. $24\.2 million). However, he had a plea bargain with the EFCC and was fined 3\.5 million Naira ($29,167\) and did not serve any jail time.Ahemba, Tume. "Convicted Nigerian ex\-governor to pay $25,750 fine". Reuters. 19 December 2008\. As of January 2015, many high\-level politicians remain un\-investigated and only lower\-level officials with less influence are arrested.{{cite web\|title\=World Report 2015: Nigeria\|url\=https://www.hrw.org/world\-report/2015/country\-chapters/nigeria\|website\=Human Rights Watch\|date\=12 January 2015\|access\-date\=9 October 2015\|archive\-date\=18 December 2018\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218205848/https://www.hrw.org/world\-report/2015/country\-chapters/nigeria\|url\-status\=live}}
In 2015, newly elected Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari began a [major crackdown on corruption in Nigeria](/wiki/Buhari%27s_anti-corruption_war "Buhari's anti-corruption war"). Despite criticism, the Nigerian [Economic and Financial Crimes Commission](/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission "Economic and Financial Crimes Commission") (EFCC) announced in May 2018 that 603 Nigerian figures had been convicted on corruption charges since Buhari took office in 2015\.{{Cite web\|title\=Nigeria: EFCC Secures 603 Convictions in Three Years\|url\=https://allafrica.com/stories/201805290530\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|archive\-date\=28 April 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428090013/https://allafrica.com/stories/201805290530\.html\|url\-status\=live}} The EFCC also announced that for the first time in Nigeria's history, judges and top military officers including retired service chiefs are being prosecuted for corruption. In January 2020, however, Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI) still gave Nigeria a low ranking spot of 146 out of 180 countries surveyed.{{Cite news\|title\=Why Nigeria Was Ranked Low In Corruption Index – Transparency International\|url\=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/23/transparency\-international\-scores\-nigeria\-low\-on\-corruption\-perception\-index/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Channels Television\|archive\-date\=7 April 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407125427/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/23/transparency\-international\-scores\-nigeria\-low\-on\-corruption\-perception\-index/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-01\-28\|title\=What statistics say about Buhari's anti\-corruption war \[Analysis]\|url\=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/buhari\-what\-statistics\-say\-about\-presidents\-anti\-corruption\-war/bh2br7v\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-13\|website\=Pulse Nigeria\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=28 April 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428060538/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/buhari\-what\-statistics\-say\-about\-presidents\-anti\-corruption\-war/bh2br7v\|url\-status\=live}} By October 2020, however, even [End SARS](/wiki/End_SARS "End SARS") protestors alleged that Nigerian police officers, despite being known for having a long history of corruption,{{Cite book\|chapter\-url\=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10\.1007/978\-981\-13\-8215\-4\_16\|doi \= 10\.1007/978\-981\-13\-8215\-4\_16\|chapter \= Understanding Police Corruption and Its Effect on Internal Security in Nigeria\|title \= Internal Security Management in Nigeria\|year \= 2019\|last1 \= Enweremadu\|first1 \= David U.\|pages \= 327–350\|isbn \= 978\-981\-13\-8214\-7\| s2cid\=199886322 }}{{Cite web\|date\=2010\-08\-17\|title\=Everyone's in on the Game\|url\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/08/17/everyones\-game/corruption\-and\-human\-rights\-abuses\-nigeria\-police\-force\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-29\|website\=Human Rights Watch\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=23 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023031639/https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/08/17/everyones\-game/corruption\-and\-human\-rights\-abuses\-nigeria\-police\-force\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|last\=Iheukwumere\|first\=Marvellous\|date\=2019\-09\-06\|title\=Fighting Police Corruption in Nigeria: An Agenda for Comprehensive Reform\|url\=https://globalanticorruptionblog.com/2019/09/06/fighting\-police\-corruption\-in\-nigeria\-an\-agenda\-for\-comprehensive\-reform/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-29\|website\=GAB {{!}} The Global Anticorruption Blog\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=20 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020191001/https://globalanticorruptionblog.com/2019/09/06/fighting\-police\-corruption\-in\-nigeria\-an\-agenda\-for\-comprehensive\-reform/\|url\-status\=live}} were now not being adequately paid, and despite protesting police brutality, called for an increase in police salaries so they could be "adequately compensated for protecting lives and property of citizens" as one of their five demands.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-10\-12\|title\=Five demands from \#EndSARS protesters\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/five\-demands\-from\-endsars\-protesters/\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-22\|website\=Vanguard News\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=15 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015082152/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/five\-demands\-from\-endsars\-protesters/\|url\-status\=live}}
### Forced evictions
Forced evictions are an integral aspect of human rights violation. They comprise the forceful removal of persons without their assent and against their will on a temporary or permanent basis from their homeland, normal place of abode without clear preparations for adequate compensation and relocation.{{Cite web\|title\=OHCHR {{!}} Forced Evictions\|url\=https://www.ohchr.org/en/Issues/Housing/Pages/ForcedEvictions.aspx\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15\|website\=www.ohchr.org\|archive\-date\=28 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028173619/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Housing/Pages/ForcedEvictions.aspx\|url\-status\=live}} This increases the problems of displacement of individuals and homelessness in countries.{{Cite web\|title\=PDHRE: Forced Eviction\|url\=https://www.pdhre.org/rights/eviction.html\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-20\|website\=www.pdhre.org}} Governments at different levels continue to forcefully evict people without adequate compensation in some African countries including Nigeria{{Cite web\|title\=Human rights in Africa: Review of 2019 \- Nigeria\|url\=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/human\-rights\-africa\-review\-2019\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15\|website\=ReliefWeb\|date\=8 April 2020 \|language\=en\|archive\-date\=21 December 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221135333/https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/human\-rights\-africa\-review\-2019\|url\-status\=live}} which is estimated to have the largest urban slum population in sub Saharan Africa in terms of size and percentage of the total population.{{citation needed\|date\=June 2021}} [Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions](/wiki/Centre_on_Housing_Rights_and_Evictions "Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions") (COHRE) has labelled Nigeria as a consistent violator of housing rights.{{Cite web\|date\=2007\-11\-23\|title\=Abuja's splendid centre surrounded by urban blight\|url\=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/239353\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-01\|website\=The New Humanitarian\|language\=fr}}
The Nigerian government forcefully evicted over 2 million people between 2000 and 2009\.{{Cite web\|title\=Nigeria: 'Ruthless' forced evictions leave 11 dead and 30,000 homeless \- new report\|url\=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press\-releases/nigeria\-ruthless\-forced\-evictions\-leave\-11\-dead\-and\-30000\-homeless\-new\-report\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-18\|website\=www.amnesty.org.uk\|archive\-date\=24 February 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224123747/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press\-releases/nigeria\-ruthless\-forced\-evictions\-leave\-11\-dead\-and\-30000\-homeless\-new\-report\|url\-status\=live}} In Lagos State alone, between 2003 and 2015, communities in Makoko Yaba, Ijora East, Ijora Badiya, PURA\-NPA Bar Beach, Ikota Housing Estate, Ogudu Ori\-Oke, Mosafejo in Oshodi, Agric\-Owutu, Ageologo\-Mile 12, and Mile 2 [Okokomaiko](/wiki/Okokomaiko "Okokomaiko") have been forcefully evicted under the guise of development.{{Cite web\|last\=Amnesty International\|date\=2017\|title\=The human cost of a megacity forces evictions of the urban poor in Lagos, Nigeria\|url\=https://www.amnesty.be/IMG/pdf/the\_human\_cost\_of\_a\_megacity\_\-\_nigeria\_forced\_evictions\_report.pdf\|access\-date\=2 February 2021\|website\=Amnesty international}}{{Cite web\|last\=Mario\-Utomi\|first\=Jerome\|date\=20 August 2020\|title\=Lagos and the litany of forced evictions\|url\=https://guardian.ng/opinion/lagos\-and\-the\-litany\-of\-forced\-evictions/\|access\-date\=19 January 2021\|website\=\[\[guardian.ng]]}} Between July and September 2000, at least 50,000 people in [Abuja](/wiki/Abuja "Abuja") were evicted without prior notices or adequate alternative accommodation. The evictions were done to move communities/settlements who government claimed had distorted the Abuja Development Master Plan.{{Cite web\|last\=Yumpu.com\|title\=PUSHING THE POOR OUT OF ABUJA METROPOLIS \- Serac\|url\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/11595726/pushing\-the\-poor\-out\-of\-abuja\-metropolis\-serac\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-01\|website\=yumpu.com\|language\=en}}
In [Lagos State](/wiki/Lagos_State "Lagos State"), Nigeria, the forced evictions are done with the major purpose of reclaiming the land and building luxury apartments as the population of the country continue to soar creating housing deficits.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-01\-31\|title\=Waterfront communities displaced by forced evictions in Lagos, Nigeria · Global Voices\|url\=https://globalvoices.org/2020/01/31/waterfront\-communities\-displaced\-by\-forced\-evictions\-in\-lagos\-nigeria/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15\|website\=Global Voices\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=15 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115161622/https://globalvoices.org/2020/01/31/waterfront\-communities\-displaced\-by\-forced\-evictions\-in\-lagos\-nigeria/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|last\=Onyemenam\|first\=Amaka Y.\|date\=2019\-03\-20\|title\=Curators of Forcible Evictions\|url\=https://republic.com.ng/february\-march\-2019/the\-lagos\-state\-problem/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15\|website\=The Republic\|language\=en\-GB\|archive\-date\=19 October 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019150429/https://republic.com.ng/february\-march\-2019/the\-lagos\-state\-problem/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-09\-24\|title\=Nigeria must address housing crisis and end forced evictions \- U.N. rapporteur\|url\=https://www.euronews.com/2019/09/24/nigeria\-must\-address\-housing\-crisis\-and\-end\-forced\-evictions\-un\-rapporteur\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-19\|website\=euronews\|language\=en}} However, this breeds discrimination and inequality as the new buildings do not fulfill any housing need for the general populace.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-09\-24\|title\=Nigeria must act to stop housing crisis and forced evictions: UN rights expert\|url\=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/nigeria\-must\-act\-stop\-housing\-crisis\-and\-forced\-evictions\-un\-rights\-expert\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-20\|website\=Africa Renewal\|language\=en}} In July 2016, the Lagos State Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development after a notice of 72hrs forcefully evicted residents of [Makoko](/wiki/Makoko "Makoko"), a waterfront community made up of six villages \- Oko Agbon, Adogbo, Migbewhe, Yanshiwhe, Sogunro and Apollo without a court order.{{Cite web\|title\=Nigeria: Destitution and Pains of Eviction\|url\=http://www.hlrn.org/news.php?id\=pWhsZA\=\=\#.YAaa4BYo\-00\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-19\|website\=www.hlrn.org}} This rendered an estimated 30,000 people homeless.{{Cite web\|date\=2012\-07\-17\|title\=The 'Poor Man's Venice': Nigeria Demolishes Makoko In Lagos, Evicting Thousands\|url\=https://www.ibtimes.com/poor\-mans\-venice\-nigeria\-demolishes\-makoko\-lagos\-evicting\-thousands\-723329\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-18\|website\=International Business Times\|archive\-date\=14 January 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114060630/https://www.ibtimes.com/poor\-mans\-venice\-nigeria\-demolishes\-makoko\-lagos\-evicting\-thousands\-723329\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|last1\=Ogunlesi\|first1\=Tolu\|last2\=Esiebo\|first2\=Andrew\|date\=2016\-02\-23\|title\=Inside Makoko: danger and ingenuity in the world's biggest floating slum\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=The Guardian\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/feb/23/makoko\-lagos\-danger\-ingenuity\-floating\-slum\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-18\|issn\=0261\-3077\|archive\-date\=5 January 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105131951/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/feb/23/makoko\-lagos\-danger\-ingenuity\-floating\-slum\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|last\=Unah\|first\=Linus\|author\-link\= Linus Unah\|date\=2018\-04\-30\|title\=On the Edge of the Lagos Lagoon, Settlement Residents Defend Their Stake in a City\|url\=https://citylimits.org/2018/04/30/on\-the\-edge\-of\-the\-lagos\-lagoon\-settlement\-residents\-defend\-their\-stake\-in\-a\-city/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-18\|website\=City Limits\|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=9 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021519/https://citylimits.org/2018/04/30/on\-the\-edge\-of\-the\-lagos\-lagoon\-settlement\-residents\-defend\-their\-stake\-in\-a\-city/\|url\-status\=live}} Makoko is one of the nine communities targeted in the $200 Million [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank")\-funded Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project (LMDGP) of the Lagos State government for urbanization, waste management, drainage and water supply.{{Cite web\|date\=2013\-07\-26\|title\=Violent forced evictions of 30,000 people as homes in Nigeria's Makoko community are demolished\|url\=https://landportal.org/node/8437\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-19\|website\=Land Portal\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|title\=World Bank Project : Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project \- P071340\|url\=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects\-operations/project\-detail/P071340\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-19\|website\=World Bank\|language\=en}} The community which has been in existent for more than 100yrs is said to have started as a settlement of fishermen from [Togo](/wiki/Togo "Togo") and the Republic of Benin.{{Cite web\|date\=2020\-02\-26\|title\=How Makoko, Nigeria's Floating Slum Went Digital With New Mapping Project\|url\=https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/how\-makoko\-nigerias\-floating\-slum\-went\-digital\-new\-mapping\-project\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-19\|website\=Pulitzer Center\|language\=en}}
At least 266 structures in Badia East community, Lagos State which were being used as homes and businesses were pulled down in February 2013, by the State government. The Resettlement Action Plan which was agreed to in April 2013 did not have clear\-cut remedies for adequate resettlement of the displaced persons.{{Cite web\|title\=Report on Forced Evictions in Lagos\|url\=https://rightsindevelopment.org/news/report\-on\-forced\-evictions\-in\-lagos/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15\|website\=Coalition for Human Rights in Development\|date\=20 August 2014 \|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=8 August 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808121128/https://rightsindevelopment.org/news/report\-on\-forced\-evictions\-in\-lagos/\|url\-status\=live}} Badia is one of the communities slated for urbanization through upgrading from being a slum in the $200 million World Bank\-funded Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project (LMDGP). The project specifies minimal involuntary resettlement and where absolutely necessary such must have been discussed and agreed on with the residents including adequate notice, compensation and well spelt\-out resettlement plans.{{Cite web\|title\=Lagos, Thousands forcefully evicted in Badia east / Habitantes de las Africas / Noticias / Home \- International Alliance of Inhabitants\|url\=https://esp.habitants.org/noticias/habitantes\_de\_las\_africas/lagos\_thousands\_forcefully\_evicted\_in\_badia\_east\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-19\|website\=esp.habitants.org}}
Between 2016 and 2017, Otodo\-Gbame an ancestral fishing community and Ilubrin community were forcefully sacked from their homes with fatalities after 12 days of written eviction notice.{{Cite web\|last\=Newstalk\|title\=Amnesty warns 'deadly' forced evictions in Nigeria threaten communities\|url\=https://www.newstalk.com/news/amnesty\-warns\-deadly\-forced\-evictions\-in\-nigeria\-threaten\-communities\-520288\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15\|website\=Newstalk}}{{Cite web\|title\=Nigeria: Left with nowhere to go: Stories of survivors of forced evictions in Nigeria's mega city \- Nigeria\|url\=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria\-left\-nowhere\-go\-stories\-survivors\-forced\-evictions\-nigerias\-mega\-city\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-19\|website\=ReliefWeb\|date\=9 November 2018 \|language\=en}} On 17 March 2017, despite a January 2017 court injunction, Itedo, a waterfront community of more than 35,000 persons was forcefully evicted early in the morning while some were still asleep.{{Cite web\|date\=2017\-05\-31\|title\='They came while we were asleep': Lagos residents tell of brutal evictions\|url\=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/may/31/destroyed\-community\-lagos\-nigeria\-residents\-forced\-evictions\-demolitions\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15\|website\=The Guardian\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=11 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225722/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/may/31/destroyed\-community\-lagos\-nigeria\-residents\-forced\-evictions\-demolitions\|url\-status\=live}} In 2019, a UN Special Rapporteur on right to adequate housing asked that Nigerian government declares a nationwide moratorium on forced evictions.{{Cite web\|title\=ACNUDH {{!}} Nigeria must act urgently to stop forced evictions and address grossly inadequate housing, says UN expert\|url\=https://www.ohchr.org/SP/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID\=25050\&LangID\=S\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-01\|website\=www.ohchr.org}}
On 20 January 2020 residents of [Tarkwa Bay](/wiki/Tarkwa_Bay_Beach "Tarkwa Bay Beach"), a waterfront community was forcefully evicted by security personnel in what has been termed a gross violation of human rights.{{Cite web\|last\=Kazeem\|first\=Yomi\|title\=Africa's largest city has a habit of kicking out its poor to make room for the rich\|url\=https://qz.com/africa/1793811/lagos\-evicts\-tarkwa\-bay\-okun\-ayo\-slums/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15\|website\=Quartz Africa\|date\=31 January 2020 \|language\=en\|archive\-date\=28 November 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128081023/https://qz.com/africa/1793811/lagos\-evicts\-tarkwa\-bay\-okun\-ayo\-slums/\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|title\=AI asks FG, LASG to end forced evictions in Tarkwa Bay\|url\=https://punchng.com/ai\-asks\-fg\-lasg\-to\-end\-forced\-evictions\-in\-tarkwa\-bay/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-15\|website\=Punch Newspapers\|date\=23 January 2020 \|language\=en\-US\|archive\-date\=25 January 2020\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025752/https://punchng.com/ai\-asks\-fg\-lasg\-to\-end\-forced\-evictions\-in\-tarkwa\-bay\|url\-status\=live}} Oil theft through the pipelines along the beach is the reason given by government authorities for the forced evictions.{{Cite web\|author\=Bukola Adebayo\|title\=Thousands of Nigerian slum dwellers left homeless after mass eviction\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/22/africa/nigeria\-tarkwa\-bay\-evictions\-intl/index.html\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-19\|website\=CNN\|date\=22 January 2020 }}
|
[
"Government violations\n---------------------",
"Nigerian security forces are frequently alleged to carry out arbitrary arrests, torture,[*Africa Eye: Torture ‘rampant’ among Nigeria's security forces*](https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-51419440/africa-eye-torture-rampant-among-nigeria-s-security-forces) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210032346/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world\\-africa\\-51419440/africa\\-eye\\-torture\\-rampant\\-among\\-nigeria\\-s\\-security\\-forces \\|date\\=10 February 2020 }}, BBC news, 10 February 2020\\. [forced disappearances](/wiki/Forced_disappearance \"Forced disappearance\"), assassinations and extrajudicial [summary executions](/wiki/Summary_execution \"Summary execution\"). These abuses typically occur within the context of the Nigerian government's security operations or are directed against political and religious organizations and individuals. Several instances of mass killings of political opponents and agitators by security forces have been reported.",
"### Army",
"On 12–14 December 2015, the Nigerian Army carried out a [massacre](/wiki/2015_Zaria_massacre \"2015 Zaria massacre\") of 347 members of the [Islamic Movement of Nigeria](/wiki/Islamic_Movement_of_Nigeria \"Islamic Movement of Nigeria\") (IMN) in [Zaria](/wiki/Zaria \"Zaria\"), [Kaduna State](/wiki/Kaduna_State \"Kaduna State\") and buried the bodies in mass graves. In March 2020, it was revealed that some Nigeria army soldiers took advantage of food shortages at refugee camps in [Borno state](/wiki/Borno_state \"Borno state\") and raped women at female\\-designated \"satellite camps\" in exchange for granting them food.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Nigeria: Starving women raped by soldiers and militia who claim to be rescuing them\\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/nigeria\\-starving\\-women\\-raped\\-by\\-soldiers\\-and\\-militia\\-who\\-claim\\-to\\-be\\-rescuing\\-them/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=www.amnesty.org\\|date\\=24 May 2018 \\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727210244/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/nigeria\\-starving\\-women\\-raped\\-by\\-soldiers\\-and\\-militia\\-who\\-claim\\-to\\-be\\-rescuing\\-them/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} These refugee camp food shortages have also been reported to result in the death of thousands of people since 2015\\. On 4 April 2020, three Army soldiers were arrested in [Lagos state](/wiki/Lagos_state \"Lagos state\") for issuing threats to rape women.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Army arrest soldiers wey 'threaten to rape women for Warri'\\|work\\=BBC News Pidgin\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori\\-52163377\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|archive\\-date\\=6 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106010301/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori\\-52163377\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 21 May 2020, two Lagos state Army deserters, Kehinde Elijah and Ezeh Joseph, were arrested for their involvement in the murder of a police sergeant on 10 May 2020\\.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-21\\|title\\=Police DPO arrested over sergeant's murder\\|url\\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\\-news/393982\\-police\\-dpo\\-arrested\\-over\\-sergeants\\-murder.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|archive\\-date\\=31 May 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531014030/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\\-news/393982\\-police\\-dpo\\-arrested\\-over\\-sergeants\\-murder.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The shooters, who were afterwards taken into military custody, were also assisted by a Nigerian police officer and were wanted for \"violent crimes.\"",
"### Police force",
"In Nigeria, the [Nigeria Police Force](/wiki/Nigeria_Police_Force \"Nigeria Police Force\") has been commonly viewed as inefficient and corrupt. The Nigerian [Joint Task Force](/wiki/Joint_Task_Force \"Joint Task Force\") (JTF) has been accused of providing an inadequate and violent response to the [Boko Haram](/wiki/Boko_Haram \"Boko Haram\") attacks. The JTF has been involved in killing suspects without fair trial as well as killing multiple members of different communities suspected of supporting the Boko Haram. [Human Right Watch](/wiki/Human_Right_Watch \"Human Right Watch\") has stated that these actions violate human rights with the lack of access to a fair trial and use of discriminatory techniques to determine perpetrators of violence.",
"Within the regular Nigerian Police Force, there are high amounts of corruption and violations that include extortion and embezzlement. A common extortion tactic of the police force involves putting up unnecessary roadblocks that require a fee to pass. Within the police force, there is no equal protection under the law.Human Rights Watch. \"Everyone's in on the Game\\- Corruption and Human Rights Abuses by the Nigerian Police Force\". August 2010 The wealthy are able to pay off the police to act as their security, as well as expect the police to turn a blind eye to any illegal activities they may participate in.",
"On 2 August 2019, two officers of the Nigerian Police Force's Anti\\-Cultism Squad, Insp. Ogunyemi Olalekan and Sgt. Godwin Orji, were arrested and charged with murdering a man during a raid in Lagos.{{Cite web\\|last\\=AfricaNews\\|date\\=2019\\-04\\-02\\|title\\=Nigeria policemen arrested for murder after \\#StopPoliceKilling protest\\|url\\=https://www.africanews.com/2019/04/02/nigeria\\-policemen\\-arrested\\-for\\-murder\\-after\\-stoppolicekilling\\-protest/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Africanews\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=17 August 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817193502/https://www.africanews.com/2019/04/02/nigeria\\-policemen\\-arrested\\-for\\-murder\\-after\\-stoppolicekilling\\-protest//\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 21 August 2019, four SARS operatives were arrested and charged with murder after being caught on film manhandling and then shooting to death two suspected phone thieves in broad daylight.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Police arrest officers who killed suspected Lagos phone thieves\\|url\\=https://punchng.com/breaking\\-police\\-arrest\\-officers\\-who\\-killed\\-suspected\\-igando\\-phone\\-thieves/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Punch Newspapers\\|date\\=21 August 2019 \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211846/https://punchng.com/breaking\\-police\\-arrest\\-officers\\-who\\-killed\\-suspected\\-igando\\-phone\\-thieves/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The shooting occurred after the suspected thieves had already been arrested.",
"On 5 January 2020, three Nigerian Police Force officers were arrested for beating bus passenger Justice Obasi, after he refused to unlock his mobile phone.{{Cite news\\|title\\=VIRAL VIDEO: Police Officers Arrested After Beating Up Bus Passenger, Confiscating His Phone In Enugu\\|url\\=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/05/police\\-arrest\\-three\\-officers\\-for\\-assaulting\\-man\\-in\\-enugu/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Channels Television\\|archive\\-date\\=8 April 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408050305/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/05/police\\-arrest\\-three\\-officers\\-for\\-assaulting\\-man\\-in\\-enugu/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 3 April 2020, a Nigerian police officer was arrested for assaulting a port worker.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Agyeman\\|first\\=Adwoa\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-03\\|title\\=Coronavirus lockdown: Nigerian Police officer arrested for assaulting civilian\\|url\\=https://www.adomonline.com/coronavirus\\-lockdown\\-nigerian\\-police\\-officer\\-arrested\\-for\\-assaulting\\-civilian/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Adomonline.com\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727212723/https://www.adomonline.com/coronavirus\\-lockdown\\-nigerian\\-police\\-officer\\-arrested\\-for\\-assaulting\\-civilian/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 18 April 2020, the Nigerian Police Force stated that two of its officers were arrested after being caught on film beating a woman at the [Odo Ori Market](https://vymaps.com/NG/Odo-Ori-Market-110440/) in [Iwo, Osun](/wiki/Iwo%2C_Osun \"Iwo, Osun\").{{Cite web\\|last\\=Abiola\\|first\\=Rahaman\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-19\\|title\\=Lockdown: 2 police officers caught on camera assaulting woman in Osun arrested\\|url\\=https://www.legit.ng/1322289\\-lockdown\\-police\\-arrest\\-officers\\-caught\\-beating\\-woman\\-osun\\-state.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Legit.ng \\- Nigeria news.\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=13 May 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513055626/https://www.legit.ng/1322289\\-lockdown\\-police\\-arrest\\-officers\\-caught\\-beating\\-woman\\-osun\\-state.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 28 April 2020, Nigerian Police Force's [Rivers State Police Command](/wiki/Rivers_State_Police_Command \"Rivers State Police Command\") arraigned former Sgt. Bitrus Osaiah in court for shooting to death his female colleague, Lavender Elekwachi, during a raid on street trading and illegal motor parks the previous week.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-28\\|title\\=Breaking: Rivers Police arraign Sergeant Bitrus Osaiah in court for killing female colleague\\|url\\=https://theportcitynews.com/2020/04/28/breaking\\-rivers\\-police\\-arraign\\-sergeant\\-bitrus\\-osaiah\\-in\\-court\\-for\\-killing\\-female\\-colleague/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=The Port City News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=27 July 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727213750/https://theportcitynews.com/2020/04/28/breaking\\-rivers\\-police\\-arraign\\-sergeant\\-bitrus\\-osaiah\\-in\\-court\\-for\\-killing\\-female\\-colleague/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Osaiah was dismissed as a police officer the previous day for killing Elekwachi, who also held the rank of a Sergeant.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-27\\|title\\=Police dismiss Seargent who shot female colleague dead in Rivers \\-\\|url\\=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/04/27/police\\-dismiss\\-seargent\\-who\\-shot\\-female\\-colleague\\-dead\\-in\\-rivers/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=The NEWS\\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429203220/https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/04/27/police\\-dismiss\\-seargent\\-who\\-shot\\-female\\-colleague\\-dead\\-in\\-rivers/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} It was reported that Osaiah was in fact arrested for the killing.{{citation needed\\|date\\=September 2022}} On 21 May 2020, Yahaha Adeshina, the Divisional Police Officer of Ilemba Hausa Division, was arresting for assisting Kehinde Elijah and Ezeh Joseph in the 10 May 2020 murder of sergeant Onalaja Onajide. All three shooters were nervously wanted for violent crimes. On 30 May 2020, two Lagos police officers were arrested for shooting to death a 16\\-year old girl.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-29\\|title\\=Police arrest two officers for shooting teenager in Lagos\\|url\\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth\\-west/395179\\-police\\-arrest\\-two\\-officers\\-for\\-shooting\\-teenager\\-in\\-lagos.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929080407/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth\\-west/395179\\-police\\-arrest\\-two\\-officers\\-for\\-shooting\\-teenager\\-in\\-lagos.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-29\\|title\\=Nigeria: Police Officer Who Allegedly Killed 16\\-Year\\-Old Girl Arrested\\|url\\=https://www.ghgossip.com/nigeria\\-police\\-officer\\-who\\-allegedly\\-killed\\-16\\-year\\-old\\-girl\\-arrested/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=GhGossip\\|language\\=en\\-AU\\|archive\\-date\\=17 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017051555/https://www.ghgossip.com/nigeria\\-police\\-officer\\-who\\-allegedly\\-killed\\-16\\-year\\-old\\-girl\\-arrested/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In February 2019, it was reported that Nigerian police officers commonly gained extra money by extorting local residents.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kazeem\\|first\\=Yomi\\|title\\=Ordinary Nigerians are leading the charge to reform the country's corrupt police force\\|url\\=https://qz.com/africa/1543811/nigerias\\-corrupt\\-police\\-prompt\\-a\\-startup\\-for\\-on\\-call\\-lawyers/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Quartz Africa\\|date\\=8 February 2019 \\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=3 May 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503031505/https://qz.com/africa/1543811/nigerias\\-corrupt\\-police\\-prompt\\-a\\-startup\\-for\\-on\\-call\\-lawyers/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 30 July 2019, three Nigeria Police Force Officers from Anambra State were arrested on charges of extorting three residents.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-30\\|title\\=Three police officers arrested for extortion {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria\\|url\\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth\\-east/343998\\-three\\-police\\-officers\\-arrested\\-for\\-extortion.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} On 10 November 2019, the Nigerian Police Force issued a statement revealing that Safer Highways Patrol officer Onuh Makedomu was arrested after being filmed accepting a bribe from a motorist in Lagos.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-11\\-10\\|title\\=Nigerian police arrest officer filmed collecting bribe\\|url\\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\\-news/361954\\-nigerian\\-police\\-arrest\\-officer\\-filmed\\-collecting\\-bribe.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015093507/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\\-news/361954\\-nigerian\\-police\\-arrest\\-officer\\-filmed\\-collecting\\-bribe.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 9 March 2020, two Nigeria Police Force officers from [Lagos](/wiki/Lagos \"Lagos\"), Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) Adebayo Ojo and Sergeant Adeleke Mojisola were both arrested on charges of extorting a woman.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-09\\|title\\=Police ASP, Sergeant arrested for extortion\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/police\\-asp\\-sergeant\\-arrested\\-for\\-extortion/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Vanguard News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428084808/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/police\\-asp\\-sergeant\\-arrested\\-for\\-extortion/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 11 April 2020 another Nigeria Police Force officer from Lagos, Inspector Taloju Martins, was arrested after being caught on camera exhorting a motorist.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-04\\-11\\|title\\=Lockdown: Police officer caught on camera extorting N40,000 from motorist\\|url\\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\\-news/387378\\-lockdown\\-police\\-officer\\-caught\\-on\\-camera\\-extorting\\-n40000\\-from\\-motorist.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428165907/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\\-news/387378\\-lockdown\\-police\\-officer\\-caught\\-on\\-camera\\-extorting\\-n40000\\-from\\-motorist.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|title\\=Police Inspector Arrested For Extortion In Lagos\\|url\\=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/04/12/police\\-inspector\\-arrested\\-for\\-extortion\\-in\\-lagos/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Channels Television\\|archive\\-date\\=29 April 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429232453/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/04/12/police\\-inspector\\-arrested\\-for\\-extortion\\-in\\-lagos/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} On 3 June 2020, the Adamawa State police command announced that one of its officers was arrested for murdering a motorcycist who refused to pay him a bribe.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Fulani\\|first\\=Iro Dan\\|date\\=2020\\-06\\-03\\|title\\=Nigeria: Police Arrest Officer Who Allegedly Killed Motorcyclist Over N100 Bribe\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/202006030573\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=allAfrica.com\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=11 June 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611124725/https://allafrica.com/stories/202006030573\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"On 31 July 2020, Peter Ebah, an inspector officer for the Nigeria Police Forces's Rivers Command, was arrested for raping a woman at a checkpoint in the Tai area of Rivers State for not wearing a face mask.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-31\\|title\\=Police Arrest Officer Who Raped Woman Apprehended For Not Wearing Face Mask\\|url\\=http://saharareporters.com/2020/07/31/police\\-arrest\\-officer\\-who\\-raped\\-woman\\-apprehended\\-not\\-wearing\\-face\\-mask\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-28\\|website\\=Sahara Reporters\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026152721/http://saharareporters.com/2020/07/31/police\\-arrest\\-officer\\-who\\-raped\\-woman\\-apprehended\\-not\\-wearing\\-face\\-mask\\|url\\-status\\=live}} As of 9 September 2020, he was still in custody for the rape.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Obaji\\|first\\=Philip Jr.\\|title\\=Women 'abused' by police enforcing COVID\\-19 rules in Nigeria\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/9/9/women\\-abused\\-by\\-police\\-enforcing\\-covid\\-19\\-rules\\-in\\-nigeria\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-28\\|website\\=www.aljazeera.com\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022212020/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/9/9/women\\-abused\\-by\\-police\\-enforcing\\-covid\\-19\\-rules\\-in\\-nigeria\\|url\\-status\\=live}} A case involving accusations that Nigeria Police Force officers in Abuja raped some of the 65 women who were arrested for illicit nightclub activity in April 2019 after they refused to pay the officers bribes for their release was still ongoing as well.",
"On 21 October 2020, [UN](/wiki/United_Nations \"United Nations\") Secretary General [António Guterres](/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres \"António Guterres\") issued a statement criticizing Nigerian authorities, as many protesters were shot dead and wounded during a violent escalation in [Lagos](/wiki/Lagos \"Lagos\").{{cite web\\|url\\=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075842\\|title\\=UN chief calls for end to reported police brutality in Nigeria\\|access\\-date\\=21 October 2020\\|website\\=UN News\\|date\\=21 October 2020 \\|archive\\-date\\=22 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022155139/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1075842\\|url\\-status\\=live}} [Amnesty International](/wiki/Amnesty_International \"Amnesty International\") reported that at least 12 people were shot dead but, the government confirmed only two deaths in October. In November, the government admitted that there were live rounds shot in [Lekki](/wiki/Lekki \"Lekki\") by the police. \nIn December 2020, the government confirmed that 51 civilians, 11 police officers, and seven soldiers lost their lives in the ongoing conflict between protesters and police. Protesters are demanding police reforms, and Lekki Toll Gate has become a rallying cry for Nigerians.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigerias\\-police\\-reform\\-efforts\\-under\\-scrutiny\\|title\\=Nigeria's Police Reform Efforts Under Scrutiny\\|access\\-date\\=2 December 2020\\|website\\=Voice of America\\|archive\\-date\\=2 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202195723/https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigerias\\-police\\-reform\\-efforts\\-under\\-scrutiny\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### SARS controversies and dismantlement",
"On 22 October 2020, Nigerian President [Muhammadu Buhari](/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari \"Muhammadu Buhari\") confirmed in a publicly\\-aired address that Nigeria's controversial [Special Anti\\-Robbery Squad](/wiki/Special_Anti-Robbery_Squad \"Special Anti-Robbery Squad\") (SARS) had been dismantled, as a response to the demands of the widespread [EndSARS](/wiki/EndSARS \"EndSARS\") protests. He also accused some members of SARS of committing \"acts of excessive force\" when the unit was operational.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-22\\|title\\=Full text of President Muhammadu Buhari's speech\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/full\\-text\\-of\\-president\\-muhammadu\\-buharis\\-speech/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-28\\|website\\=Vanguard News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028145855/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/full\\-text\\-of\\-president\\-muhammadu\\-buharis\\-speech/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Plans were then put in place to also prosecute some former SARS members for extortion, rape, and murder.{{Cite news\\|last\\=Akingbule\\|first\\=Joe Parkinson, Drew Hinshaw and Gbenga\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-23\\|title\\=Young Nigerians Came to Protest Police Brutality. Then the Shooting Started.\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|work\\=Wall Street Journal\\|url\\=https://www.wsj.com/articles/young\\-nigerians\\-came\\-to\\-protest\\-police\\-brutality\\-then\\-the\\-shooting\\-started\\-11603452187\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-29\\|issn\\=0099\\-9660\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026163903/https://www.wsj.com/articles/young\\-nigerians\\-came\\-to\\-protest\\-police\\-brutality\\-then\\-the\\-shooting\\-started\\-11603452187\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Numerous Nigerians had long accused the controversial police unit of committing acts of extortion, rape, torture and murder.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Dark\\|first\\=Shayera\\|title\\=\\#EndSARS: How Nigerians harness social media against police abuse\\|url\\=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/25/endsars\\-how\\-nigerians\\-use\\-social\\-media\\-against\\-police\\-brutality\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-29\\|website\\=www.aljazeera.com\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=26 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026103347/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/25/endsars\\-how\\-nigerians\\-use\\-social\\-media\\-against\\-police\\-brutality\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Corruption",
"{{Further\\|Corruption in Nigeria}}",
"Nigeria has the label of having [one of the world's highest levels of corruption](/wiki/Corruption_in_Nigeria \"Corruption in Nigeria\"). This is especially seen within the public sector including stealing public funds and accepting bribes.\"Everyone's in on the Game\\- Corruption and Human Rights Abuses by the Nigerian Police Force\". It is estimated that between 1999 and 2007, the country lost around $4–8 billion yearly due to corruption.Human Rights Watch. \"Criminal Politics\". October 2007",
"Politicians often siphon public funds to further their political careers, in addition to paying off gangs to aid them in rigging their elections. The elections since the end of military rule occurring in 1999, 2003, and 2007 were bloody affairs and were openly rigged. In 2007, ballot boxes were visibly stuffed by paid hoodlums and in some cases, electoral results were simply made up.Human Rights Watch. \"Nigeria: Polls Marred by Violence, Fraud\". 17 April 2007\\. [Human Rights Watch](/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") estimates that at least 300 were killed due to the 2007 elections, and that is considered to be a conservative estimate, as cited from a Human Rights Watch telephone interview with Derrick Marco, Nigeria country director in March 2007\\. These measures of violence and intimidation discouraged the general public from voting. Those who did come out were subject to attacks by hired gangs.",
"The current Fourth Republic of Nigeria has strengthened its laws against corruption. As part of its efforts, the government established the [Independent Corrupt Practices Commission](/wiki/Independent_Corrupt_Practices_Commission \"Independent Corrupt Practices Commission\") (ICPC) and [Economic and Financial Crimes Commission](/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission \"Economic and Financial Crimes Commission\") (EFCC) in the early 2000s. However, due to the previous institutionalization of corruption, the battle against corruption is ongoing. These anti\\-corruption commissions have made attempts to combat the issue, but have been lenient in terms of punishment of convicted offenders. As an example, former Edo State governor [Lucky Igbinedion](/wiki/Lucky_Igbinedion \"Lucky Igbinedion\") pleaded guilty to embezzling 2\\.9 billion Naira (apprx. $24\\.2 million). However, he had a plea bargain with the EFCC and was fined 3\\.5 million Naira ($29,167\\) and did not serve any jail time.Ahemba, Tume. \"Convicted Nigerian ex\\-governor to pay $25,750 fine\". Reuters. 19 December 2008\\. As of January 2015, many high\\-level politicians remain un\\-investigated and only lower\\-level officials with less influence are arrested.{{cite web\\|title\\=World Report 2015: Nigeria\\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/world\\-report/2015/country\\-chapters/nigeria\\|website\\=Human Rights Watch\\|date\\=12 January 2015\\|access\\-date\\=9 October 2015\\|archive\\-date\\=18 December 2018\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218205848/https://www.hrw.org/world\\-report/2015/country\\-chapters/nigeria\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2015, newly elected Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari began a [major crackdown on corruption in Nigeria](/wiki/Buhari%27s_anti-corruption_war \"Buhari's anti-corruption war\"). Despite criticism, the Nigerian [Economic and Financial Crimes Commission](/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission \"Economic and Financial Crimes Commission\") (EFCC) announced in May 2018 that 603 Nigerian figures had been convicted on corruption charges since Buhari took office in 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Nigeria: EFCC Secures 603 Convictions in Three Years\\|url\\=https://allafrica.com/stories/201805290530\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428090013/https://allafrica.com/stories/201805290530\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The EFCC also announced that for the first time in Nigeria's history, judges and top military officers including retired service chiefs are being prosecuted for corruption. In January 2020, however, Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI) still gave Nigeria a low ranking spot of 146 out of 180 countries surveyed.{{Cite news\\|title\\=Why Nigeria Was Ranked Low In Corruption Index – Transparency International\\|url\\=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/23/transparency\\-international\\-scores\\-nigeria\\-low\\-on\\-corruption\\-perception\\-index/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Channels Television\\|archive\\-date\\=7 April 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407125427/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/23/transparency\\-international\\-scores\\-nigeria\\-low\\-on\\-corruption\\-perception\\-index/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-28\\|title\\=What statistics say about Buhari's anti\\-corruption war \\[Analysis]\\|url\\=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/buhari\\-what\\-statistics\\-say\\-about\\-presidents\\-anti\\-corruption\\-war/bh2br7v\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-13\\|website\\=Pulse Nigeria\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=28 April 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428060538/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/buhari\\-what\\-statistics\\-say\\-about\\-presidents\\-anti\\-corruption\\-war/bh2br7v\\|url\\-status\\=live}} By October 2020, however, even [End SARS](/wiki/End_SARS \"End SARS\") protestors alleged that Nigerian police officers, despite being known for having a long history of corruption,{{Cite book\\|chapter\\-url\\=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10\\.1007/978\\-981\\-13\\-8215\\-4\\_16\\|doi \\= 10\\.1007/978\\-981\\-13\\-8215\\-4\\_16\\|chapter \\= Understanding Police Corruption and Its Effect on Internal Security in Nigeria\\|title \\= Internal Security Management in Nigeria\\|year \\= 2019\\|last1 \\= Enweremadu\\|first1 \\= David U.\\|pages \\= 327–350\\|isbn \\= 978\\-981\\-13\\-8214\\-7\\| s2cid\\=199886322 }}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2010\\-08\\-17\\|title\\=Everyone's in on the Game\\|url\\=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/08/17/everyones\\-game/corruption\\-and\\-human\\-rights\\-abuses\\-nigeria\\-police\\-force\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-29\\|website\\=Human Rights Watch\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=23 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023031639/https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/08/17/everyones\\-game/corruption\\-and\\-human\\-rights\\-abuses\\-nigeria\\-police\\-force\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Iheukwumere\\|first\\=Marvellous\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-06\\|title\\=Fighting Police Corruption in Nigeria: An Agenda for Comprehensive Reform\\|url\\=https://globalanticorruptionblog.com/2019/09/06/fighting\\-police\\-corruption\\-in\\-nigeria\\-an\\-agenda\\-for\\-comprehensive\\-reform/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-29\\|website\\=GAB {{!}} The Global Anticorruption Blog\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020191001/https://globalanticorruptionblog.com/2019/09/06/fighting\\-police\\-corruption\\-in\\-nigeria\\-an\\-agenda\\-for\\-comprehensive\\-reform/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} were now not being adequately paid, and despite protesting police brutality, called for an increase in police salaries so they could be \"adequately compensated for protecting lives and property of citizens\" as one of their five demands.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-10\\-12\\|title\\=Five demands from \\#EndSARS protesters\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/five\\-demands\\-from\\-endsars\\-protesters/\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-22\\|website\\=Vanguard News\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=15 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015082152/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/10/five\\-demands\\-from\\-endsars\\-protesters/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"### Forced evictions",
"Forced evictions are an integral aspect of human rights violation. They comprise the forceful removal of persons without their assent and against their will on a temporary or permanent basis from their homeland, normal place of abode without clear preparations for adequate compensation and relocation.{{Cite web\\|title\\=OHCHR {{!}} Forced Evictions\\|url\\=https://www.ohchr.org/en/Issues/Housing/Pages/ForcedEvictions.aspx\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=www.ohchr.org\\|archive\\-date\\=28 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028173619/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Housing/Pages/ForcedEvictions.aspx\\|url\\-status\\=live}} This increases the problems of displacement of individuals and homelessness in countries.{{Cite web\\|title\\=PDHRE: Forced Eviction\\|url\\=https://www.pdhre.org/rights/eviction.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-20\\|website\\=www.pdhre.org}} Governments at different levels continue to forcefully evict people without adequate compensation in some African countries including Nigeria{{Cite web\\|title\\=Human rights in Africa: Review of 2019 \\- Nigeria\\|url\\=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/human\\-rights\\-africa\\-review\\-2019\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=ReliefWeb\\|date\\=8 April 2020 \\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=21 December 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221135333/https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/human\\-rights\\-africa\\-review\\-2019\\|url\\-status\\=live}} which is estimated to have the largest urban slum population in sub Saharan Africa in terms of size and percentage of the total population.{{citation needed\\|date\\=June 2021}} [Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions](/wiki/Centre_on_Housing_Rights_and_Evictions \"Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions\") (COHRE) has labelled Nigeria as a consistent violator of housing rights.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2007\\-11\\-23\\|title\\=Abuja's splendid centre surrounded by urban blight\\|url\\=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/239353\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-01\\|website\\=The New Humanitarian\\|language\\=fr}}",
"The Nigerian government forcefully evicted over 2 million people between 2000 and 2009\\.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Nigeria: 'Ruthless' forced evictions leave 11 dead and 30,000 homeless \\- new report\\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press\\-releases/nigeria\\-ruthless\\-forced\\-evictions\\-leave\\-11\\-dead\\-and\\-30000\\-homeless\\-new\\-report\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-18\\|website\\=www.amnesty.org.uk\\|archive\\-date\\=24 February 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224123747/https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press\\-releases/nigeria\\-ruthless\\-forced\\-evictions\\-leave\\-11\\-dead\\-and\\-30000\\-homeless\\-new\\-report\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In Lagos State alone, between 2003 and 2015, communities in Makoko Yaba, Ijora East, Ijora Badiya, PURA\\-NPA Bar Beach, Ikota Housing Estate, Ogudu Ori\\-Oke, Mosafejo in Oshodi, Agric\\-Owutu, Ageologo\\-Mile 12, and Mile 2 [Okokomaiko](/wiki/Okokomaiko \"Okokomaiko\") have been forcefully evicted under the guise of development.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Amnesty International\\|date\\=2017\\|title\\=The human cost of a megacity forces evictions of the urban poor in Lagos, Nigeria\\|url\\=https://www.amnesty.be/IMG/pdf/the\\_human\\_cost\\_of\\_a\\_megacity\\_\\-\\_nigeria\\_forced\\_evictions\\_report.pdf\\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2021\\|website\\=Amnesty international}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Mario\\-Utomi\\|first\\=Jerome\\|date\\=20 August 2020\\|title\\=Lagos and the litany of forced evictions\\|url\\=https://guardian.ng/opinion/lagos\\-and\\-the\\-litany\\-of\\-forced\\-evictions/\\|access\\-date\\=19 January 2021\\|website\\=\\[\\[guardian.ng]]}} Between July and September 2000, at least 50,000 people in [Abuja](/wiki/Abuja \"Abuja\") were evicted without prior notices or adequate alternative accommodation. The evictions were done to move communities/settlements who government claimed had distorted the Abuja Development Master Plan.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Yumpu.com\\|title\\=PUSHING THE POOR OUT OF ABUJA METROPOLIS \\- Serac\\|url\\=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/11595726/pushing\\-the\\-poor\\-out\\-of\\-abuja\\-metropolis\\-serac\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-01\\|website\\=yumpu.com\\|language\\=en}}",
"In [Lagos State](/wiki/Lagos_State \"Lagos State\"), Nigeria, the forced evictions are done with the major purpose of reclaiming the land and building luxury apartments as the population of the country continue to soar creating housing deficits.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-01\\-31\\|title\\=Waterfront communities displaced by forced evictions in Lagos, Nigeria · Global Voices\\|url\\=https://globalvoices.org/2020/01/31/waterfront\\-communities\\-displaced\\-by\\-forced\\-evictions\\-in\\-lagos\\-nigeria/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=Global Voices\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=15 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115161622/https://globalvoices.org/2020/01/31/waterfront\\-communities\\-displaced\\-by\\-forced\\-evictions\\-in\\-lagos\\-nigeria/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Onyemenam\\|first\\=Amaka Y.\\|date\\=2019\\-03\\-20\\|title\\=Curators of Forcible Evictions\\|url\\=https://republic.com.ng/february\\-march\\-2019/the\\-lagos\\-state\\-problem/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=The Republic\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|archive\\-date\\=19 October 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019150429/https://republic.com.ng/february\\-march\\-2019/the\\-lagos\\-state\\-problem/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-24\\|title\\=Nigeria must address housing crisis and end forced evictions \\- U.N. rapporteur\\|url\\=https://www.euronews.com/2019/09/24/nigeria\\-must\\-address\\-housing\\-crisis\\-and\\-end\\-forced\\-evictions\\-un\\-rapporteur\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=euronews\\|language\\=en}} However, this breeds discrimination and inequality as the new buildings do not fulfill any housing need for the general populace.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-09\\-24\\|title\\=Nigeria must act to stop housing crisis and forced evictions: UN rights expert\\|url\\=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/nigeria\\-must\\-act\\-stop\\-housing\\-crisis\\-and\\-forced\\-evictions\\-un\\-rights\\-expert\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-20\\|website\\=Africa Renewal\\|language\\=en}} In July 2016, the Lagos State Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development after a notice of 72hrs forcefully evicted residents of [Makoko](/wiki/Makoko \"Makoko\"), a waterfront community made up of six villages \\- Oko Agbon, Adogbo, Migbewhe, Yanshiwhe, Sogunro and Apollo without a court order.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Nigeria: Destitution and Pains of Eviction\\|url\\=http://www.hlrn.org/news.php?id\\=pWhsZA\\=\\=\\#.YAaa4BYo\\-00\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=www.hlrn.org}} This rendered an estimated 30,000 people homeless.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2012\\-07\\-17\\|title\\=The 'Poor Man's Venice': Nigeria Demolishes Makoko In Lagos, Evicting Thousands\\|url\\=https://www.ibtimes.com/poor\\-mans\\-venice\\-nigeria\\-demolishes\\-makoko\\-lagos\\-evicting\\-thousands\\-723329\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-18\\|website\\=International Business Times\\|archive\\-date\\=14 January 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114060630/https://www.ibtimes.com/poor\\-mans\\-venice\\-nigeria\\-demolishes\\-makoko\\-lagos\\-evicting\\-thousands\\-723329\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|last1\\=Ogunlesi\\|first1\\=Tolu\\|last2\\=Esiebo\\|first2\\=Andrew\\|date\\=2016\\-02\\-23\\|title\\=Inside Makoko: danger and ingenuity in the world's biggest floating slum\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=The Guardian\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/feb/23/makoko\\-lagos\\-danger\\-ingenuity\\-floating\\-slum\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-18\\|issn\\=0261\\-3077\\|archive\\-date\\=5 January 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105131951/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/feb/23/makoko\\-lagos\\-danger\\-ingenuity\\-floating\\-slum\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=Unah\\|first\\=Linus\\|author\\-link\\= Linus Unah\\|date\\=2018\\-04\\-30\\|title\\=On the Edge of the Lagos Lagoon, Settlement Residents Defend Their Stake in a City\\|url\\=https://citylimits.org/2018/04/30/on\\-the\\-edge\\-of\\-the\\-lagos\\-lagoon\\-settlement\\-residents\\-defend\\-their\\-stake\\-in\\-a\\-city/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-18\\|website\\=City Limits\\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=9 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021519/https://citylimits.org/2018/04/30/on\\-the\\-edge\\-of\\-the\\-lagos\\-lagoon\\-settlement\\-residents\\-defend\\-their\\-stake\\-in\\-a\\-city/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Makoko is one of the nine communities targeted in the $200 Million [World Bank](/wiki/World_Bank \"World Bank\")\\-funded Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project (LMDGP) of the Lagos State government for urbanization, waste management, drainage and water supply.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2013\\-07\\-26\\|title\\=Violent forced evictions of 30,000 people as homes in Nigeria's Makoko community are demolished\\|url\\=https://landportal.org/node/8437\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=Land Portal\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=World Bank Project : Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project \\- P071340\\|url\\=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects\\-operations/project\\-detail/P071340\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=World Bank\\|language\\=en}} The community which has been in existent for more than 100yrs is said to have started as a settlement of fishermen from [Togo](/wiki/Togo \"Togo\") and the Republic of Benin.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2020\\-02\\-26\\|title\\=How Makoko, Nigeria's Floating Slum Went Digital With New Mapping Project\\|url\\=https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/how\\-makoko\\-nigerias\\-floating\\-slum\\-went\\-digital\\-new\\-mapping\\-project\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=Pulitzer Center\\|language\\=en}}",
"At least 266 structures in Badia East community, Lagos State which were being used as homes and businesses were pulled down in February 2013, by the State government. The Resettlement Action Plan which was agreed to in April 2013 did not have clear\\-cut remedies for adequate resettlement of the displaced persons.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Report on Forced Evictions in Lagos\\|url\\=https://rightsindevelopment.org/news/report\\-on\\-forced\\-evictions\\-in\\-lagos/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=Coalition for Human Rights in Development\\|date\\=20 August 2014 \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=8 August 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808121128/https://rightsindevelopment.org/news/report\\-on\\-forced\\-evictions\\-in\\-lagos/\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Badia is one of the communities slated for urbanization through upgrading from being a slum in the $200 million World Bank\\-funded Lagos Metropolitan Development and Governance Project (LMDGP). The project specifies minimal involuntary resettlement and where absolutely necessary such must have been discussed and agreed on with the residents including adequate notice, compensation and well spelt\\-out resettlement plans.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Lagos, Thousands forcefully evicted in Badia east / Habitantes de las Africas / Noticias / Home \\- International Alliance of Inhabitants\\|url\\=https://esp.habitants.org/noticias/habitantes\\_de\\_las\\_africas/lagos\\_thousands\\_forcefully\\_evicted\\_in\\_badia\\_east\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=esp.habitants.org}}",
"Between 2016 and 2017, Otodo\\-Gbame an ancestral fishing community and Ilubrin community were forcefully sacked from their homes with fatalities after 12 days of written eviction notice.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Newstalk\\|title\\=Amnesty warns 'deadly' forced evictions in Nigeria threaten communities\\|url\\=https://www.newstalk.com/news/amnesty\\-warns\\-deadly\\-forced\\-evictions\\-in\\-nigeria\\-threaten\\-communities\\-520288\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=Newstalk}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Nigeria: Left with nowhere to go: Stories of survivors of forced evictions in Nigeria's mega city \\- Nigeria\\|url\\=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria\\-left\\-nowhere\\-go\\-stories\\-survivors\\-forced\\-evictions\\-nigerias\\-mega\\-city\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=ReliefWeb\\|date\\=9 November 2018 \\|language\\=en}} On 17 March 2017, despite a January 2017 court injunction, Itedo, a waterfront community of more than 35,000 persons was forcefully evicted early in the morning while some were still asleep.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2017\\-05\\-31\\|title\\='They came while we were asleep': Lagos residents tell of brutal evictions\\|url\\=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/may/31/destroyed\\-community\\-lagos\\-nigeria\\-residents\\-forced\\-evictions\\-demolitions\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=The Guardian\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=11 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111225722/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/may/31/destroyed\\-community\\-lagos\\-nigeria\\-residents\\-forced\\-evictions\\-demolitions\\|url\\-status\\=live}} In 2019, a UN Special Rapporteur on right to adequate housing asked that Nigerian government declares a nationwide moratorium on forced evictions.{{Cite web\\|title\\=ACNUDH {{!}} Nigeria must act urgently to stop forced evictions and address grossly inadequate housing, says UN expert\\|url\\=https://www.ohchr.org/SP/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID\\=25050\\&LangID\\=S\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-01\\|website\\=www.ohchr.org}}",
"On 20 January 2020 residents of [Tarkwa Bay](/wiki/Tarkwa_Bay_Beach \"Tarkwa Bay Beach\"), a waterfront community was forcefully evicted by security personnel in what has been termed a gross violation of human rights.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kazeem\\|first\\=Yomi\\|title\\=Africa's largest city has a habit of kicking out its poor to make room for the rich\\|url\\=https://qz.com/africa/1793811/lagos\\-evicts\\-tarkwa\\-bay\\-okun\\-ayo\\-slums/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=Quartz Africa\\|date\\=31 January 2020 \\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=28 November 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128081023/https://qz.com/africa/1793811/lagos\\-evicts\\-tarkwa\\-bay\\-okun\\-ayo\\-slums/\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=AI asks FG, LASG to end forced evictions in Tarkwa Bay\\|url\\=https://punchng.com/ai\\-asks\\-fg\\-lasg\\-to\\-end\\-forced\\-evictions\\-in\\-tarkwa\\-bay/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-15\\|website\\=Punch Newspapers\\|date\\=23 January 2020 \\|language\\=en\\-US\\|archive\\-date\\=25 January 2020\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025752/https://punchng.com/ai\\-asks\\-fg\\-lasg\\-to\\-end\\-forced\\-evictions\\-in\\-tarkwa\\-bay\\|url\\-status\\=live}} Oil theft through the pipelines along the beach is the reason given by government authorities for the forced evictions.{{Cite web\\|author\\=Bukola Adebayo\\|title\\=Thousands of Nigerian slum dwellers left homeless after mass eviction\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/22/africa/nigeria\\-tarkwa\\-bay\\-evictions\\-intl/index.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-19\\|website\\=CNN\\|date\\=22 January 2020 }}",
""
] |
Social rights and equality
--------------------------
### LGBT rights
{{Main\|LGBT rights in Nigeria}}
In May 2013, Nigeria's House of Representatives voted to pass the [Same\-Sex Marriage Bill](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Nigeria "Same-sex marriage in Nigeria"), which prohibits gay marriage and public displays of affection between same\-sex couples and allots fourteen years in prison to those engaged in same\-sex relationships.{{Cite web\|last\=Human Dignity Trust\|date\=2012\|title\=Nigeria\|url\=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country\-profile/nigeria/\|access\-date\=2 February 2012\|website\=www.humandignitytrust.org }} This bill also allows punishment for those knowingly associating with those identifying as members of the LGBT community or aiding these individuals in becoming married or pursuing that lifestyle. The punishment for abetting gay marriage is 5 years imprisonment. Furthermore, the bill criminalizes any association with gay identity and the promotion of lesbian and gay rights, such as gathering privately with gay people.{{Cite web\|url \= http://www.petertatchell.net/a2/print\_versions/251\.htm\|title \= Nigeria \- Vicious New Anti\-Gay Law: World's Most Sweeping, Draconian Homophobic Legislation\|date \= 19 January 2006\|last \= Tatchell\|first \= Peter\|access\-date \= 30 October 2015\|archive\-date \= 14 August 2014\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20140814054054/http://www.petertatchell.net/a2/print\_versions/251\.htm\|url\-status \= live}} The Same\-Sex Marriage Bill was ratified by President Goodluck Jonathan in January 2014 and has received much condemnation from the West for its restriction of the freedoms of expression and assembly for the LGBT community in Nigeria. In July 2015, President Muhammadu Buhari in one of his visits to the United States of America told American President Barack Obama that he will not support same sex marriage in Nigeria and that sodomy is against the law of the country and abhorent against the Nigerian culture and way of life.{{Cite web\|date\=2015\-07\-22\|title\=Buhari rejects U.S's gay marriage — Presidency\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/07/buhari\-rejects\-u\-ss\-gay\-marriage\-presidency/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=Vanguard News\|language\=en\-US}}
[Peter Tatchell](/wiki/Peter_Tatchell "Peter Tatchell") has stated that the Same\-Sex Marriage Bill is "the most comprehensively homophobic legislation ever proposed in any country in the world." Shawn Gaylord, Advocacy Counsel of [Human Rights First](/wiki/Human_Rights_First "Human Rights First"), has said that the Same\-Sex Marriage Bill "sets a dangerous precedence for persecution and violence against minorities" not only in Nigeria, but throughout Africa as a whole.{{Cite news\|url \= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10570304/Nigeria\-passes\-law\-banning\-homosexuality.html\|title \= Nigeria passes law banning homosexuality\|date \= 14 January 2014\|access\-date \= 15 November 2015\|publisher \= The Telegraph\|archive\-date \= 16 August 2019\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20190816035925/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10570304/Nigeria\-passes\-law\-banning\-homosexuality.html\|url\-status \= live}} There has been various cases against LGBT people in Nigeria and these cases point to the fact that LGBT rights are constantly tampered in Nigeria and the Government is not interested in supporting it.{{Cite web\|title\=Nigeria {{!}} Human Dignity Trust\|url\=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country\-profile/nigeria/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=www.humandignitytrust.org.\|language\=en}}
### Women
{{Main\|Women in Nigeria}}
[Women in Nigeria](/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria "Women in Nigeria") face various versions of human rights violations despite the provisions granted unto them in the 1999 Constitution.Kuteyi, O.S. "The Rights of Nigerian Under the Laws: Real or Myth". Gender Issues and National Development. Regardless of the opportunity provided to take up unconstitutionality to higher courts in Nigeria, women do not often utilize this option and as such, there continues to be many violations occurring.
Women who are involved in the [informal economy](/wiki/Informal_economy "Informal economy") can often enjoy some degree of autonomy, but men are often in control of land and credit, from a societal perspective. Depending on their connections with important men, educated women may enjoy a higher social status. Education has provided many women with access to wage labor, which is usually outside of the direct control of men, but women are often still restrained by social expectations and boundaries. Even when they have employment opportunities, tradition in Nigerian society dictates that a career be secondary to a woman's primary role in the family as a mother or housewife.{{Cite journal\|title \= Reconfiguring Tradition: Women's Rights and Social Status in Contemporary Nigeria\|last \= Okeke\|first \= Phil\|date \= 2000\|journal \= Africa Today\|volume \= 47\|pages \= 48–63\|doi \= 10\.2979/AFT.2000\.47\.1\.48\| s2cid\=144387477 }}
Nigerian women face particular problems and injustices once they become widows. The women are subject to cultural pressures that are inconsistent with human rights. In the widowhood practice, culture demands that when a man of significance within the community dies, his widow must act in a certain way as documented by Akpo Offiong Bassey in her studies of the [Cross River State](/wiki/Cross_River_State "Cross River State").Ako\-Nai, Ronke. "Gender and Power Relations in Nigeria". Lexington Books. 2012 In some Nigerian tribal cultures, the woman must initially go into seclusion. They are also forced to neglect their bodies; they are not allowed to shave, shower, or change their clothing. They have to rub cow dung and palm oil on their bodies and must also sleep on the floor. Widows are also expected to wear black, the color of mourning, for two years to properly show their loss and respect for their late husband."Gender and Power Relations in Nigeria" These practices widely vary in severity and methods, based on the individual cultural backdrop. However, there has been a major decline of such practices in recent years.
Apart from mourning, the widow has immediate concerns involving living situations and property to deal with. In most cases, the eldest son and not the widow inherits the entire property. Women are culturally viewed as property and can be inherited like the rest of a husband's estate. Whether or not the widow can continue to reside on the property is dependent on her relationship with her eldest son or, if there are no sons, the eldest male relative of her husband. There have also been instances where the woman must return to her premarital home after refunding the bride price. The lack of sufficient property right makes these women dependent on men while single, married, or widowed.
Though the [Nigerian Supreme Court](/wiki/Nigerian_Supreme_Court "Nigerian Supreme Court") has yet to formally deal with this issue, in the 2007 Nnanyelugo v. Nnanyelugo case, two brothers attempted to get the land of their deceased brother under the case that a widow has no business with the property. The ruling stated that they would no longer allow the males to take advantage of the vulnerable position of the widows and young children. There are other cases in which courts have ruled to implement the equality guaranteed underneath the constitution.
Because of the patrilineal nature of Nigerian cultures, it is often seen as justifiable to have another wife to ensure that there will be a male heir to carry the lineage of the family. In custody decisions, women's opinions are often ignored, and decisions are usually made in men's favor.
Women in Nigeria also face maltreation from the police and the society when they go about their business. In one of the widely condemned incidents, the Police in Federal Capital Territory arrested some set of women on 27 April 2019 after it raided night clubs in the [Federal Capital Territory](/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory "Federal Capital Territory") and committed inhumane offences against them while in detention at their station.{{Cite web\|last1\=16 July\|last2\=Eteng\|first2\=2019 {{!}} Innocent\|title\=Police raids in Abuja lead to arbitrary arrests for prostitution and sexual abuse in custody \- Women's Media Center\|url\=https://womensmediacenter.com/women\-under\-siege/police\-raids\-in\-abuja\-lead\-to\-arbitrary\-arrests\-for\-prostitution\-and\-sexual\-abuse\-in\-custody\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=womensmediacenter.com\|language\=en}}{{Cite web\|date\=2014\-02\-10\|title\=INVESTIGATION: How Abuja NGO, AEPB, arrest innocent women, label them prostitutes\|url\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/154446\-how\-abuja\-ngo\-aepb\-arrest\-innocent\-women\-label\-them\-prostitutes.html\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|language\=en\-GB}} This action led to widespread condemnation by different human rights activities and calls were made for them to be released and the officers prosecuted.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-05\-06\|title\=Arrest/Rape of Abuja 'prostitutes': Rights body threatens court action against FG\|url\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/arrest\-rape\-of\-abuja\-prostitutes\-rights\-body\-threatens\-court\-action\-against\-fg/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=Vanguard News\|language\=en\-US}}
Human rights violations also include [female genital mutilation](/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria "Female genital mutilation in Nigeria"), in which Nigeria accounts for the highest absolute number worldwide, affecting 27% of Nigerian women between the ages of 15 and 49 (as of 2012\).{{Cite journal \|last\=Goldberg \|first\=Howard \|last2\=Stupp \|first2\=Paul \|last3\=Okoroh \|first3\=Ekwutosi \|last4\=Besera \|first4\=Ghenet \|last5\=Goodman \|first5\=David \|last6\=Danel \|first6\=Isabella \|date\=March 2016 \|title\=Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the United States: Updated Estimates of Women and Girls at Risk, 2012 \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1177/003335491613100218 \|journal\=Public Health Reports \|volume\=131 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=340–347 \|doi\=10\.1177/003335491613100218 \|issn\=0033\-3549\|pmc\=4765983 }} Although the practice has been banned by [President](/wiki/President_of_Nigeria "President of Nigeria") [Goodluck Ebele Jonathan](/wiki/Goodluck_Ebele_Jonathan "Goodluck Ebele Jonathan") in 2015,{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-06\-08 \|title\=Nigeria Bans Female Genital Mutilation, But Advocates Say There's Still More Work To Do \|url\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nigeria\-female\-genital\-mutilation\_n\_7535412 \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-13 \|website\=HuffPost \|language\=en}} many communities still view it as part of their tradition or as a religious requirement; uncut women are often viewed as unclean or unmarriageable.{{Cite journal \|last\=Siddhanta \|first\=Ankita \|date\=September 2015 \|title\=P14\.08 Comparative study of vulnerability of circumcision among women of kenya and nigeria \|url\=http://dx.doi.org/10\.1136/sextrans\-2015\-052270\.520 \|journal\=Sexually Transmitted Infections \|volume\=91 \|issue\=Suppl 2 \|pages\=A201\.1–A201 \|doi\=10\.1136/sextrans\-2015\-052270\.520 \|issn\=1368\-4973}}
### Child labor and child marriage
{{Main\|Child marriage in Nigeria\|Girl child labour in Nigeria}}
According to the [U.S. Department of Labor](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor "U.S. Department of Labor"), 31% of Nigerian children (around 14,000,000 children) aged 5 to 14 years old are working children who engage in [forced labor](/wiki/Forced_labor "Forced labor") in various sectors.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child\-labor/nigeria.htm \|title\=Nigeria, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor \|access\-date\=14 April 2015 \|archive\-date\=19 April 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419013452/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child\-labor/nigeria.htm \|url\-status\=live }} According to the International Labor Organisation, over 15 million children in Nigeria are estimated to be child labourers.{{Cite web\|title\=Child Labor: Not Gone, but Forgotten \- Millions of Children Trapped between Extreme Poverty and the Profits of Others\|url\=http://www.gfa.org/special\-report/child\-labor\-today/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=www.gfa.org}} According to the department's *[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor](/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor "List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor")*, instances of [child labor](/wiki/Child_labor "Child labor") have been observed in the agricultural sector where children participate in the production of cocoa, [cassava](/wiki/Cassava_production_in_Nigeria "Cassava production in Nigeria"), and sand, and in the mining industry where they mine, quarry, and crush gravel and granite.{{Cite web\|title\=Child labour\|url\=https://www.unicef.org/protection/child\-labour\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=www.unicef.org\|language\=en}}
Nigeria is characterized by many small farms that largely depend on family labor in the operations of the farm. In Nigeria, most child labor is found in the informal agricultural sector. Instead of attending school, more than 50% of children living in the rural areas of Nigeria spend more than 20 hours a week working, which is considered the point at which a child's education becomes significantly affected.{{Cite journal\|title \= Child Farm Labor in Rural Households of Southwest Nigeria\|last1 \= Adeoti\|first1 \= Adetola\|date \= 2013\|journal \= Global Journal of Human Social Science\|last2 \= Coster\|first2 \= A.S.\|last3 \= Gbolagun\|first3 \= A.O.}}
Early marriage is prevalent in Nigeria, especially amongst [Muslims](/wiki/Muslim "Muslim") in the north, due to the belief that early marriage prevents promiscuity. However, the major cause of early marriage has been attributed to poverty by Tim Braimah.{{Cite journal\|last\=Braimah\|first\=Tim\|date\=2014\|title\=Child marriage in Northern Nigeria: Section 61 of Part I of the 1999 Constitution and the protection of children against child marriage\|url\=http://www.ahrlj.up.ac.za/braimah\-t\-s\|journal\=African Human Rights Law Journal\|volume\=14\|issue\=2\|access\-date\=2 September 2016\|archive\-date\=30 September 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930160219/http://www.ahrlj.up.ac.za/braimah\-t\-s\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite web\|title\=Child Marriage – a practice driven by poverty – International Alliance of Women\|date\=12 December 2016 \|url\=https://www.womenalliance.org/child\-marriage\-a\-practice\-driven\-by\-poverty/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|language\=en\-GB}} Based on Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) of 2013, 58\.2 per cent of Nigerian girls get married before they turn 18 years old. Moreover, from 2014 to 2020, 16% of girls aged 15 and 43% of girls aged 18 were married.{{Cite web \|last\=Ogunlowo \|first\=Samiah \|date\=2022\-05\-29 \|title\=Nigeria to have 29 million child brides by 2050 \-\- Official \|url\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\-news/533356\-nigeria\-to\-have\-29\-million\-child\-brides\-by\-2050\-official.html \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|website\=Premium Times Nigeria \|language\=en\-GB}}{{Cite web \|title\=Nigeria: child marriage by gender \|url\=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1128822/child\-marriage\-in\-nigeria\-by\-gender/ \|access\-date\=2022\-12\-09 \|website\=Statista \|language\=en}}
Many girls are married off by the time they are 15, and some girls are married as early as age 9\. Girls are extremely susceptible to disease and domestic violence and are restricted access to education due to the early age at which they give birth and begin caring for their children.{{Cite web\|last\=Brides\|first\=Girls Not\|title\=What is the impact of child marriage?\|url\=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/what\-is\-the\-impact/\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-03\|website\=Girls Not Brides\|language\=en}}
One popular source of legislation proposed in 1991, which became national law in 2003, is the Child Rights Act. The act provides that in all matters involving a child which come before a court for adjudication, the best interest of the child is the paramount consideration. Among other factors to protect children from abuses and discrimination, Section 21 and 23 of the act made it illegal to marry off a child below the age of 18\. If someone consummates a marriage with a child, it is considered rape.{{Cite journal\|doi\=10\.1080/01436590600933677\|title\=Revisiting equality as a right: The minimum age of marriage clause in the Nigerian Child Rights Act, 2003\|year\=2006\|last1\=Toyo\|first1\=Nkoyo\|journal\=Third World Quarterly\|volume\=27\|issue\=7\|pages\=1299–1312\|s2cid\=145615662}}
The Child Rights Act competes with [sharia law](/wiki/Sharia_law "Sharia law") in some states as well as with customs and cultural expectations in different regions. The Child Rights Act has not been enacted in 13 of Nigeria's 36 states where other cultural and religious factors largely influence the laws that are enacted.Mark, Monica. "Nigeria's child brides". The Guardian. 2 September 2013 Even in states with laws prohibiting child marriage, these laws have been observed to be ineffective.{{Cite web\|last\=Brides\|first\=Girls Not\|title\=Welcome to Girls Not Brides\|url\=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/\|access\-date\=2021\-02\-03\|website\=Girls Not Brides\|language\=en}}
### Ethnic minorities
Minority ethnic groups have been fighting for equal rights since Nigeria's independence in 1960\.{{Cite journal\|title \= Ethnic Minorities and the Nigerian State\|last1 \= Rindap\|first1 \= Manko\|date \= July 2014\|journal \= AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities\|last2 \= Auwal\|first2 \= Mari\|issue \= 3\|volume \= 3\|pages \= 89–101 \|doi\=10\.4314/ijah.v3i3\.8\|doi\-access \= free}} Many of the tensions between ethnic groups arise from Nigeria's federal system,{{Cite book\|title \= Ethnic Minority Conflicts and Governance in Nigeria\|last \= Suberu\|first \= Rotimi\|publisher \= Institut français de recherche en Afrique\|year \= 1996\|location \= Ibadan}} and many minorities view the governmental structure as skewed in favor of the three major ethnic groups, the [Hausa\-Fulani](/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Fulani "Hausa–Fulani") in the North, the [Yoruba](/wiki/Yoruba_people "Yoruba people") in the West, and the [Igbo](/wiki/Igbo_people "Igbo people") in the east. They believe that the federation is not inclusive of minorities, which leads to marginalized ethnic groups.{{Cite web\|last\=VOA\|date\=2021\-02\-28\|title\=Nigeria: Bandits Blame Crime On Government Neglect\|url\=https://www.eurasiareview.com/28022021\-nigeria\-bandits\-blame\-crime\-on\-government\-neglect/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=Eurasia Review\|language\=en\-US}}
Since Nigeria's independence, minorities have joined together to demand the formation of new states, increasing the number of states from 12 in 1967 to the current number of 36, in the attempts to reduce the regional power of dominant ethnic groups. However, this only led to the further marginalization of smaller ethnic minorities by more powerful ethnic minorities within the state. Also, the limited presence of power\-sharing mechanisms means that the national leadership of Nigeria has remained in the power of the majority ethnic groups. In recent times, because of the incessant attacks on communities along religious lines in Kaduna State, the southern and northern part of the state came together seeking for creation of a new state for the both of them. The northern part agreed for the Kaduna state to remain for them while the southern part asked for the creation of Gurara State for them. The clamour for creation of new states and divisions can be traced to long term marginalization by the governments both at the federal and state level in different parts of the country.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-05\-28\|title\=ICYMI: Southern, northern Kaduna groups agree to split state into two\|url\=https://www.thecable.ng/icymi\-southern\-northern\-kaduna\-groups\-agree\-to\-split\-state\-into\-two\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=TheCable\|language\=en\-US}}
### Religious minorities
According to its constitution, Nigeria is a secular country.{{cite journal\|last1\=Zarifis\|first1\=Ismene\|title\=Rights of Religious Minorities in Nigeria\|journal\=Human Rights Brief\|date\=2002\|volume\=10\|issue\=1\|pages\=22–25}} The Constitution forbids the establishment of a state religion and guarantees the right to [freedom of religion](/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Nigeria "Freedom of religion in Nigeria"). Nigeria has a population roughly split in half, between Christians predominantly in the South and Muslims in the North, and with a minority population of traditional religion worshippers.{{cite journal\|last1\=Ilesanmi\|first1\=Simeon\|title\=Constitutional Treatment of Religion and the Politics of Human Rights in Nigeria\|journal\=African Affairs\|date\=2001\|volume\=100\|issue\=401\|pages\=529–54\|doi\=10\.1093/afraf/100\.401\.529}} Despite the clear provisions in the Constitution,{{Cite web\|url \= http://www.yusufali.net/articles/religious\_and\_other\_minorities\_right\_nigeria\_as\_case\_study.pdf\|title \= Religious and Other Minorities' Rights: Nigeria as a Case Study\|access\-date \= 30 October 2015\|last \= Ali\|first \= Yusuf\|url\-status \= dead\|archive\-url \= https://web.archive.org/web/20151121170259/http://www.yusufali.net/articles/religious\_and\_other\_minorities\_right\_nigeria\_as\_case\_study.pdf\|archive\-date \= 21 November 2015\|df \= dmy\-all}} Nigerian public holidays honor Christian and Muslim feast days, but not holidays of any other religion. The government subsidizes only Christian and Muslim pilgrimages and allows Christian and Muslim religious education in schools.
Since January 2000, several Northern states have institutionalized a version of [Sharia law](/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria "Sharia in Nigeria").{{Cite web\|title\=Sharia and the Nigerian Constitution: Strange Bedfellows?\|url\=https://constitutionnet.org/news/sharia\-and\-nigerian\-constitution\-strange\-bedfellows\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=ConstitutionNet\|language\=en}} This enactment of Sharia law has caused controversy over its violation of fundamental rights, such as the right for minorities in those states to practice their religion, the right to life, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishment.
Historically, the Nigerian Constitution has allowed Sharia courts jurisdiction over certain cases, but their jurisdiction is limited to matters of Islamic personal or family law. Several state governments in the North have extended Sharia law to criminal offenses, thereby violating the Constitution's prohibition of an official religion. These states have relied on a constitutional provision that allows the Sharia Court to exercise other jurisdiction given to it by the state in introducing Sharia penal codes. The imposition of Sharia law in certain states in Nigeria infringes on the rights of Muslims and non\-Muslims alike. Muslims who would prefer to be judged under the Constitution are not able to do so, and non\-Muslims are denied the right to practice their religions freely.{{Cite web\|title\=Exploring 15 years of Sharia implementation in northern Nigeria {{!}} Oxford Department of International Development\|url\=https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/exploring\-15\-years\-sharia\-implementation\-northern\-nigeria\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=www.qeh.ox.ac.uk\|archive\-date\=21 June 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621234851/https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/exploring\-15\-years\-sharia\-implementation\-northern\-nigeria\|url\-status\=dead}}
The severe penalties given to lesser offenses under Sharia penal laws have raised concern about their violation of rights that are protected by international human rights treaties. The [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights](/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights") (ICCPR), of which Nigeria is a party, allows the death penalty if it is carried out in a way that causes the least suffering and only in the cases of serious crimes that intentionally cause lethal consequences. Under Sharia law, adultery is punished by death by stoning, which violates both conditions set forth by the ICCPR.
In southern Nigeria, especially in areas with Christian majorities, many rights are denied to Muslims as well as other religious minorities. Some educational institutions have banned the use of the [hijab](/wiki/Hijab "Hijab"), which violates the right of Muslim women to practice their religion. Some state governments in the South have also denied many requests for land grants to build mosques or Islamic schools.{{Cite news\|date\=2016\-07\-22\|title\=Nigeria's Muslims applaud lifting of hijab ban in Lagos schools\|language\=en\-GB\|work\=BBC News\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\-africa\-36865257\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05}} In western Nigeria, violence erupted between parents of the christian and muslim denominations after Kwara State officials suspended classes at 10 historically Christian schools because of refusal to admit a female student who came with hijab to one of the christian schools.{{Cite web\|date\=2021\-03\-23\|title\=Anglican Schools Caught Up in Nigerian Hijab Conflict\|url\=https://livingchurch.org/2021/03/23/anglican\-schools\-caught\-up\-in\-nigerian\-hijab\-conflict/\|access\-date\=2021\-06\-05\|website\=The Living Church\|language\=en\-US}}
Throughout Nigeria, religious minorities are systematically restricted from building places of worship and schools through the denial of land grants. Members of minority religious groups are often attacked during riots and religious conflicts.
|
[
"Social rights and equality\n--------------------------",
"### LGBT rights",
"{{Main\\|LGBT rights in Nigeria}}\nIn May 2013, Nigeria's House of Representatives voted to pass the [Same\\-Sex Marriage Bill](/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Nigeria \"Same-sex marriage in Nigeria\"), which prohibits gay marriage and public displays of affection between same\\-sex couples and allots fourteen years in prison to those engaged in same\\-sex relationships.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Human Dignity Trust\\|date\\=2012\\|title\\=Nigeria\\|url\\=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country\\-profile/nigeria/\\|access\\-date\\=2 February 2012\\|website\\=www.humandignitytrust.org }} This bill also allows punishment for those knowingly associating with those identifying as members of the LGBT community or aiding these individuals in becoming married or pursuing that lifestyle. The punishment for abetting gay marriage is 5 years imprisonment. Furthermore, the bill criminalizes any association with gay identity and the promotion of lesbian and gay rights, such as gathering privately with gay people.{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://www.petertatchell.net/a2/print\\_versions/251\\.htm\\|title \\= Nigeria \\- Vicious New Anti\\-Gay Law: World's Most Sweeping, Draconian Homophobic Legislation\\|date \\= 19 January 2006\\|last \\= Tatchell\\|first \\= Peter\\|access\\-date \\= 30 October 2015\\|archive\\-date \\= 14 August 2014\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20140814054054/http://www.petertatchell.net/a2/print\\_versions/251\\.htm\\|url\\-status \\= live}} The Same\\-Sex Marriage Bill was ratified by President Goodluck Jonathan in January 2014 and has received much condemnation from the West for its restriction of the freedoms of expression and assembly for the LGBT community in Nigeria. In July 2015, President Muhammadu Buhari in one of his visits to the United States of America told American President Barack Obama that he will not support same sex marriage in Nigeria and that sodomy is against the law of the country and abhorent against the Nigerian culture and way of life.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2015\\-07\\-22\\|title\\=Buhari rejects U.S's gay marriage — Presidency\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/07/buhari\\-rejects\\-u\\-ss\\-gay\\-marriage\\-presidency/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=Vanguard News\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"[Peter Tatchell](/wiki/Peter_Tatchell \"Peter Tatchell\") has stated that the Same\\-Sex Marriage Bill is \"the most comprehensively homophobic legislation ever proposed in any country in the world.\" Shawn Gaylord, Advocacy Counsel of [Human Rights First](/wiki/Human_Rights_First \"Human Rights First\"), has said that the Same\\-Sex Marriage Bill \"sets a dangerous precedence for persecution and violence against minorities\" not only in Nigeria, but throughout Africa as a whole.{{Cite news\\|url \\= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10570304/Nigeria\\-passes\\-law\\-banning\\-homosexuality.html\\|title \\= Nigeria passes law banning homosexuality\\|date \\= 14 January 2014\\|access\\-date \\= 15 November 2015\\|publisher \\= The Telegraph\\|archive\\-date \\= 16 August 2019\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20190816035925/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10570304/Nigeria\\-passes\\-law\\-banning\\-homosexuality.html\\|url\\-status \\= live}} There has been various cases against LGBT people in Nigeria and these cases point to the fact that LGBT rights are constantly tampered in Nigeria and the Government is not interested in supporting it.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Nigeria {{!}} Human Dignity Trust\\|url\\=https://www.humandignitytrust.org./country\\-profile/nigeria/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=www.humandignitytrust.org.\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Women",
"{{Main\\|Women in Nigeria}}\n[Women in Nigeria](/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria \"Women in Nigeria\") face various versions of human rights violations despite the provisions granted unto them in the 1999 Constitution.Kuteyi, O.S. \"The Rights of Nigerian Under the Laws: Real or Myth\". Gender Issues and National Development. Regardless of the opportunity provided to take up unconstitutionality to higher courts in Nigeria, women do not often utilize this option and as such, there continues to be many violations occurring.",
"Women who are involved in the [informal economy](/wiki/Informal_economy \"Informal economy\") can often enjoy some degree of autonomy, but men are often in control of land and credit, from a societal perspective. Depending on their connections with important men, educated women may enjoy a higher social status. Education has provided many women with access to wage labor, which is usually outside of the direct control of men, but women are often still restrained by social expectations and boundaries. Even when they have employment opportunities, tradition in Nigerian society dictates that a career be secondary to a woman's primary role in the family as a mother or housewife.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Reconfiguring Tradition: Women's Rights and Social Status in Contemporary Nigeria\\|last \\= Okeke\\|first \\= Phil\\|date \\= 2000\\|journal \\= Africa Today\\|volume \\= 47\\|pages \\= 48–63\\|doi \\= 10\\.2979/AFT.2000\\.47\\.1\\.48\\| s2cid\\=144387477 }}",
"Nigerian women face particular problems and injustices once they become widows. The women are subject to cultural pressures that are inconsistent with human rights. In the widowhood practice, culture demands that when a man of significance within the community dies, his widow must act in a certain way as documented by Akpo Offiong Bassey in her studies of the [Cross River State](/wiki/Cross_River_State \"Cross River State\").Ako\\-Nai, Ronke. \"Gender and Power Relations in Nigeria\". Lexington Books. 2012 In some Nigerian tribal cultures, the woman must initially go into seclusion. They are also forced to neglect their bodies; they are not allowed to shave, shower, or change their clothing. They have to rub cow dung and palm oil on their bodies and must also sleep on the floor. Widows are also expected to wear black, the color of mourning, for two years to properly show their loss and respect for their late husband.\"Gender and Power Relations in Nigeria\" These practices widely vary in severity and methods, based on the individual cultural backdrop. However, there has been a major decline of such practices in recent years.",
"Apart from mourning, the widow has immediate concerns involving living situations and property to deal with. In most cases, the eldest son and not the widow inherits the entire property. Women are culturally viewed as property and can be inherited like the rest of a husband's estate. Whether or not the widow can continue to reside on the property is dependent on her relationship with her eldest son or, if there are no sons, the eldest male relative of her husband. There have also been instances where the woman must return to her premarital home after refunding the bride price. The lack of sufficient property right makes these women dependent on men while single, married, or widowed.",
"Though the [Nigerian Supreme Court](/wiki/Nigerian_Supreme_Court \"Nigerian Supreme Court\") has yet to formally deal with this issue, in the 2007 Nnanyelugo v. Nnanyelugo case, two brothers attempted to get the land of their deceased brother under the case that a widow has no business with the property. The ruling stated that they would no longer allow the males to take advantage of the vulnerable position of the widows and young children. There are other cases in which courts have ruled to implement the equality guaranteed underneath the constitution.",
"Because of the patrilineal nature of Nigerian cultures, it is often seen as justifiable to have another wife to ensure that there will be a male heir to carry the lineage of the family. In custody decisions, women's opinions are often ignored, and decisions are usually made in men's favor.",
"Women in Nigeria also face maltreation from the police and the society when they go about their business. In one of the widely condemned incidents, the Police in Federal Capital Territory arrested some set of women on 27 April 2019 after it raided night clubs in the [Federal Capital Territory](/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory \"Federal Capital Territory\") and committed inhumane offences against them while in detention at their station.{{Cite web\\|last1\\=16 July\\|last2\\=Eteng\\|first2\\=2019 {{!}} Innocent\\|title\\=Police raids in Abuja lead to arbitrary arrests for prostitution and sexual abuse in custody \\- Women's Media Center\\|url\\=https://womensmediacenter.com/women\\-under\\-siege/police\\-raids\\-in\\-abuja\\-lead\\-to\\-arbitrary\\-arrests\\-for\\-prostitution\\-and\\-sexual\\-abuse\\-in\\-custody\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=womensmediacenter.com\\|language\\=en}}{{Cite web\\|date\\=2014\\-02\\-10\\|title\\=INVESTIGATION: How Abuja NGO, AEPB, arrest innocent women, label them prostitutes\\|url\\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/154446\\-how\\-abuja\\-ngo\\-aepb\\-arrest\\-innocent\\-women\\-label\\-them\\-prostitutes.html\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} This action led to widespread condemnation by different human rights activities and calls were made for them to be released and the officers prosecuted.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-05\\-06\\|title\\=Arrest/Rape of Abuja 'prostitutes': Rights body threatens court action against FG\\|url\\=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/arrest\\-rape\\-of\\-abuja\\-prostitutes\\-rights\\-body\\-threatens\\-court\\-action\\-against\\-fg/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=Vanguard News\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Human rights violations also include [female genital mutilation](/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria \"Female genital mutilation in Nigeria\"), in which Nigeria accounts for the highest absolute number worldwide, affecting 27% of Nigerian women between the ages of 15 and 49 (as of 2012\\).{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Goldberg \\|first\\=Howard \\|last2\\=Stupp \\|first2\\=Paul \\|last3\\=Okoroh \\|first3\\=Ekwutosi \\|last4\\=Besera \\|first4\\=Ghenet \\|last5\\=Goodman \\|first5\\=David \\|last6\\=Danel \\|first6\\=Isabella \\|date\\=March 2016 \\|title\\=Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in the United States: Updated Estimates of Women and Girls at Risk, 2012 \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1177/003335491613100218 \\|journal\\=Public Health Reports \\|volume\\=131 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=340–347 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/003335491613100218 \\|issn\\=0033\\-3549\\|pmc\\=4765983 }} Although the practice has been banned by [President](/wiki/President_of_Nigeria \"President of Nigeria\") [Goodluck Ebele Jonathan](/wiki/Goodluck_Ebele_Jonathan \"Goodluck Ebele Jonathan\") in 2015,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-06\\-08 \\|title\\=Nigeria Bans Female Genital Mutilation, But Advocates Say There's Still More Work To Do \\|url\\=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nigeria\\-female\\-genital\\-mutilation\\_n\\_7535412 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-13 \\|website\\=HuffPost \\|language\\=en}} many communities still view it as part of their tradition or as a religious requirement; uncut women are often viewed as unclean or unmarriageable.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Siddhanta \\|first\\=Ankita \\|date\\=September 2015 \\|title\\=P14\\.08 Comparative study of vulnerability of circumcision among women of kenya and nigeria \\|url\\=http://dx.doi.org/10\\.1136/sextrans\\-2015\\-052270\\.520 \\|journal\\=Sexually Transmitted Infections \\|volume\\=91 \\|issue\\=Suppl 2 \\|pages\\=A201\\.1–A201 \\|doi\\=10\\.1136/sextrans\\-2015\\-052270\\.520 \\|issn\\=1368\\-4973}}",
"### Child labor and child marriage",
"{{Main\\|Child marriage in Nigeria\\|Girl child labour in Nigeria}}\nAccording to the [U.S. Department of Labor](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor \"U.S. Department of Labor\"), 31% of Nigerian children (around 14,000,000 children) aged 5 to 14 years old are working children who engage in [forced labor](/wiki/Forced_labor \"Forced labor\") in various sectors.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child\\-labor/nigeria.htm \\|title\\=Nigeria, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor \\|access\\-date\\=14 April 2015 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419013452/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child\\-labor/nigeria.htm \\|url\\-status\\=live }} According to the International Labor Organisation, over 15 million children in Nigeria are estimated to be child labourers.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Child Labor: Not Gone, but Forgotten \\- Millions of Children Trapped between Extreme Poverty and the Profits of Others\\|url\\=http://www.gfa.org/special\\-report/child\\-labor\\-today/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=www.gfa.org}} According to the department's *[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor](/wiki/List_of_Goods_Produced_by_Child_Labor_or_Forced_Labor \"List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor\")*, instances of [child labor](/wiki/Child_labor \"Child labor\") have been observed in the agricultural sector where children participate in the production of cocoa, [cassava](/wiki/Cassava_production_in_Nigeria \"Cassava production in Nigeria\"), and sand, and in the mining industry where they mine, quarry, and crush gravel and granite.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Child labour\\|url\\=https://www.unicef.org/protection/child\\-labour\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=www.unicef.org\\|language\\=en}}",
"Nigeria is characterized by many small farms that largely depend on family labor in the operations of the farm. In Nigeria, most child labor is found in the informal agricultural sector. Instead of attending school, more than 50% of children living in the rural areas of Nigeria spend more than 20 hours a week working, which is considered the point at which a child's education becomes significantly affected.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Child Farm Labor in Rural Households of Southwest Nigeria\\|last1 \\= Adeoti\\|first1 \\= Adetola\\|date \\= 2013\\|journal \\= Global Journal of Human Social Science\\|last2 \\= Coster\\|first2 \\= A.S.\\|last3 \\= Gbolagun\\|first3 \\= A.O.}}",
"Early marriage is prevalent in Nigeria, especially amongst [Muslims](/wiki/Muslim \"Muslim\") in the north, due to the belief that early marriage prevents promiscuity. However, the major cause of early marriage has been attributed to poverty by Tim Braimah.{{Cite journal\\|last\\=Braimah\\|first\\=Tim\\|date\\=2014\\|title\\=Child marriage in Northern Nigeria: Section 61 of Part I of the 1999 Constitution and the protection of children against child marriage\\|url\\=http://www.ahrlj.up.ac.za/braimah\\-t\\-s\\|journal\\=African Human Rights Law Journal\\|volume\\=14\\|issue\\=2\\|access\\-date\\=2 September 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=30 September 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930160219/http://www.ahrlj.up.ac.za/braimah\\-t\\-s\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Child Marriage – a practice driven by poverty – International Alliance of Women\\|date\\=12 December 2016 \\|url\\=https://www.womenalliance.org/child\\-marriage\\-a\\-practice\\-driven\\-by\\-poverty/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|language\\=en\\-GB}} Based on Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) of 2013, 58\\.2 per cent of Nigerian girls get married before they turn 18 years old. Moreover, from 2014 to 2020, 16% of girls aged 15 and 43% of girls aged 18 were married.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Ogunlowo \\|first\\=Samiah \\|date\\=2022\\-05\\-29 \\|title\\=Nigeria to have 29 million child brides by 2050 \\-\\- Official \\|url\\=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top\\-news/533356\\-nigeria\\-to\\-have\\-29\\-million\\-child\\-brides\\-by\\-2050\\-official.html \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=Premium Times Nigeria \\|language\\=en\\-GB}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Nigeria: child marriage by gender \\|url\\=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1128822/child\\-marriage\\-in\\-nigeria\\-by\\-gender/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-12\\-09 \\|website\\=Statista \\|language\\=en}}",
"Many girls are married off by the time they are 15, and some girls are married as early as age 9\\. Girls are extremely susceptible to disease and domestic violence and are restricted access to education due to the early age at which they give birth and begin caring for their children.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Brides\\|first\\=Girls Not\\|title\\=What is the impact of child marriage?\\|url\\=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/what\\-is\\-the\\-impact/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-03\\|website\\=Girls Not Brides\\|language\\=en}}",
"One popular source of legislation proposed in 1991, which became national law in 2003, is the Child Rights Act. The act provides that in all matters involving a child which come before a court for adjudication, the best interest of the child is the paramount consideration. Among other factors to protect children from abuses and discrimination, Section 21 and 23 of the act made it illegal to marry off a child below the age of 18\\. If someone consummates a marriage with a child, it is considered rape.{{Cite journal\\|doi\\=10\\.1080/01436590600933677\\|title\\=Revisiting equality as a right: The minimum age of marriage clause in the Nigerian Child Rights Act, 2003\\|year\\=2006\\|last1\\=Toyo\\|first1\\=Nkoyo\\|journal\\=Third World Quarterly\\|volume\\=27\\|issue\\=7\\|pages\\=1299–1312\\|s2cid\\=145615662}}",
"The Child Rights Act competes with [sharia law](/wiki/Sharia_law \"Sharia law\") in some states as well as with customs and cultural expectations in different regions. The Child Rights Act has not been enacted in 13 of Nigeria's 36 states where other cultural and religious factors largely influence the laws that are enacted.Mark, Monica. \"Nigeria's child brides\". The Guardian. 2 September 2013 Even in states with laws prohibiting child marriage, these laws have been observed to be ineffective.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Brides\\|first\\=Girls Not\\|title\\=Welcome to Girls Not Brides\\|url\\=https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-03\\|website\\=Girls Not Brides\\|language\\=en}}",
"### Ethnic minorities",
"Minority ethnic groups have been fighting for equal rights since Nigeria's independence in 1960\\.{{Cite journal\\|title \\= Ethnic Minorities and the Nigerian State\\|last1 \\= Rindap\\|first1 \\= Manko\\|date \\= July 2014\\|journal \\= AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities\\|last2 \\= Auwal\\|first2 \\= Mari\\|issue \\= 3\\|volume \\= 3\\|pages \\= 89–101 \\|doi\\=10\\.4314/ijah.v3i3\\.8\\|doi\\-access \\= free}} Many of the tensions between ethnic groups arise from Nigeria's federal system,{{Cite book\\|title \\= Ethnic Minority Conflicts and Governance in Nigeria\\|last \\= Suberu\\|first \\= Rotimi\\|publisher \\= Institut français de recherche en Afrique\\|year \\= 1996\\|location \\= Ibadan}} and many minorities view the governmental structure as skewed in favor of the three major ethnic groups, the [Hausa\\-Fulani](/wiki/Hausa%E2%80%93Fulani \"Hausa–Fulani\") in the North, the [Yoruba](/wiki/Yoruba_people \"Yoruba people\") in the West, and the [Igbo](/wiki/Igbo_people \"Igbo people\") in the east. They believe that the federation is not inclusive of minorities, which leads to marginalized ethnic groups.{{Cite web\\|last\\=VOA\\|date\\=2021\\-02\\-28\\|title\\=Nigeria: Bandits Blame Crime On Government Neglect\\|url\\=https://www.eurasiareview.com/28022021\\-nigeria\\-bandits\\-blame\\-crime\\-on\\-government\\-neglect/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=Eurasia Review\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Since Nigeria's independence, minorities have joined together to demand the formation of new states, increasing the number of states from 12 in 1967 to the current number of 36, in the attempts to reduce the regional power of dominant ethnic groups. However, this only led to the further marginalization of smaller ethnic minorities by more powerful ethnic minorities within the state. Also, the limited presence of power\\-sharing mechanisms means that the national leadership of Nigeria has remained in the power of the majority ethnic groups. In recent times, because of the incessant attacks on communities along religious lines in Kaduna State, the southern and northern part of the state came together seeking for creation of a new state for the both of them. The northern part agreed for the Kaduna state to remain for them while the southern part asked for the creation of Gurara State for them. The clamour for creation of new states and divisions can be traced to long term marginalization by the governments both at the federal and state level in different parts of the country.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-05\\-28\\|title\\=ICYMI: Southern, northern Kaduna groups agree to split state into two\\|url\\=https://www.thecable.ng/icymi\\-southern\\-northern\\-kaduna\\-groups\\-agree\\-to\\-split\\-state\\-into\\-two\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=TheCable\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"### Religious minorities",
"According to its constitution, Nigeria is a secular country.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Zarifis\\|first1\\=Ismene\\|title\\=Rights of Religious Minorities in Nigeria\\|journal\\=Human Rights Brief\\|date\\=2002\\|volume\\=10\\|issue\\=1\\|pages\\=22–25}} The Constitution forbids the establishment of a state religion and guarantees the right to [freedom of religion](/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Nigeria \"Freedom of religion in Nigeria\"). Nigeria has a population roughly split in half, between Christians predominantly in the South and Muslims in the North, and with a minority population of traditional religion worshippers.{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Ilesanmi\\|first1\\=Simeon\\|title\\=Constitutional Treatment of Religion and the Politics of Human Rights in Nigeria\\|journal\\=African Affairs\\|date\\=2001\\|volume\\=100\\|issue\\=401\\|pages\\=529–54\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/afraf/100\\.401\\.529}} Despite the clear provisions in the Constitution,{{Cite web\\|url \\= http://www.yusufali.net/articles/religious\\_and\\_other\\_minorities\\_right\\_nigeria\\_as\\_case\\_study.pdf\\|title \\= Religious and Other Minorities' Rights: Nigeria as a Case Study\\|access\\-date \\= 30 October 2015\\|last \\= Ali\\|first \\= Yusuf\\|url\\-status \\= dead\\|archive\\-url \\= https://web.archive.org/web/20151121170259/http://www.yusufali.net/articles/religious\\_and\\_other\\_minorities\\_right\\_nigeria\\_as\\_case\\_study.pdf\\|archive\\-date \\= 21 November 2015\\|df \\= dmy\\-all}} Nigerian public holidays honor Christian and Muslim feast days, but not holidays of any other religion. The government subsidizes only Christian and Muslim pilgrimages and allows Christian and Muslim religious education in schools.",
"Since January 2000, several Northern states have institutionalized a version of [Sharia law](/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria \"Sharia in Nigeria\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Sharia and the Nigerian Constitution: Strange Bedfellows?\\|url\\=https://constitutionnet.org/news/sharia\\-and\\-nigerian\\-constitution\\-strange\\-bedfellows\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=ConstitutionNet\\|language\\=en}} This enactment of Sharia law has caused controversy over its violation of fundamental rights, such as the right for minorities in those states to practice their religion, the right to life, and freedom from cruel and unusual punishment.",
"Historically, the Nigerian Constitution has allowed Sharia courts jurisdiction over certain cases, but their jurisdiction is limited to matters of Islamic personal or family law. Several state governments in the North have extended Sharia law to criminal offenses, thereby violating the Constitution's prohibition of an official religion. These states have relied on a constitutional provision that allows the Sharia Court to exercise other jurisdiction given to it by the state in introducing Sharia penal codes. The imposition of Sharia law in certain states in Nigeria infringes on the rights of Muslims and non\\-Muslims alike. Muslims who would prefer to be judged under the Constitution are not able to do so, and non\\-Muslims are denied the right to practice their religions freely.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Exploring 15 years of Sharia implementation in northern Nigeria {{!}} Oxford Department of International Development\\|url\\=https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/exploring\\-15\\-years\\-sharia\\-implementation\\-northern\\-nigeria\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=www.qeh.ox.ac.uk\\|archive\\-date\\=21 June 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621234851/https://www.qeh.ox.ac.uk/content/exploring\\-15\\-years\\-sharia\\-implementation\\-northern\\-nigeria\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"The severe penalties given to lesser offenses under Sharia penal laws have raised concern about their violation of rights that are protected by international human rights treaties. The [International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights](/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights \"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights\") (ICCPR), of which Nigeria is a party, allows the death penalty if it is carried out in a way that causes the least suffering and only in the cases of serious crimes that intentionally cause lethal consequences. Under Sharia law, adultery is punished by death by stoning, which violates both conditions set forth by the ICCPR.",
"In southern Nigeria, especially in areas with Christian majorities, many rights are denied to Muslims as well as other religious minorities. Some educational institutions have banned the use of the [hijab](/wiki/Hijab \"Hijab\"), which violates the right of Muslim women to practice their religion. Some state governments in the South have also denied many requests for land grants to build mosques or Islamic schools.{{Cite news\\|date\\=2016\\-07\\-22\\|title\\=Nigeria's Muslims applaud lifting of hijab ban in Lagos schools\\|language\\=en\\-GB\\|work\\=BBC News\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/world\\-africa\\-36865257\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05}} In western Nigeria, violence erupted between parents of the christian and muslim denominations after Kwara State officials suspended classes at 10 historically Christian schools because of refusal to admit a female student who came with hijab to one of the christian schools.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2021\\-03\\-23\\|title\\=Anglican Schools Caught Up in Nigerian Hijab Conflict\\|url\\=https://livingchurch.org/2021/03/23/anglican\\-schools\\-caught\\-up\\-in\\-nigerian\\-hijab\\-conflict/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-05\\|website\\=The Living Church\\|language\\=en\\-US}}",
"Throughout Nigeria, religious minorities are systematically restricted from building places of worship and schools through the denial of land grants. Members of minority religious groups are often attacked during riots and religious conflicts.",
""
] |
Background
----------
Zhu Haiyang was 25 years old and Yang Xin was 22 at the time of her death.
### Yang Xin
On January 8, 2009, Ms. Yang, from [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), arrived to Virginia Tech in [Blacksburg](/wiki/Blacksburg%2C_Virginia "Blacksburg, Virginia") to study for a [master's degree](/wiki/Master%27s_degree "Master's degree") in [accounting](/wiki/Accounting "Accounting").
Yang Xin went to social events with other international students and had settled in and started making friends.{{Cite web \|date\=2015\-03\-25 \|title\=Virginia Tech Student Decapitated With Kitchen Knife by Attacker She Knew \|url\=https://www.foxnews.com/story/virginia\-tech\-student\-decapitated\-with\-kitchen\-knife\-by\-attacker\-she\-knew \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-29 \|website\=Associated Press \|language\=en\-US}} Yang was described as a "sweet young woman".
### Zhu Haiyang
Zhu was from [Ningbo](/wiki/Ningbo "Ningbo"), [China](/wiki/China "China"). He pursued a [PhD](/wiki/PhD "PhD") in agricultural and applied economics at Virginia Tech, starting in August 2008\.
Zhu was initially helping Yang adapt to campus life.
Zhu had fallen in love with Yang and even wrote a love letter (found in his dormitory) expressing his deep affection for her. It expressed that Yang Xin was beautiful and that Zhu would treasure her forever. Zhu had also asked Yang to be his girlfriend.
But on the morning of January 20, 2009, Yang rejected Zhu as Yang already had a boyfriend she was planning to marry. In a letter titled "Will", Zhu said he was heartbroken by Yang's rejection and that Yang's [fiance](/wiki/Fiance "Fiance") could not compare to Zhu's background and education. Zhu also wrote that Yang should have seen that Zhu would have been the best husband for her.
### 2007 Virginia Tech shooting
{{Main\|Virginia Tech shooting\|Clery Act\#Virginia\_Tech}}
Following the mass shooting, the campus installed an alert system to notify students immediately rather than delay for two hours. In 2009, the night Zhu decapitated Yang, after Zhu was arrested, the school security system informed 30,000 subscribers in half an hour.
Classes were held as normal on the following day (Thursday) across the campus.
The university provided counseling to students and faculty. Officials also contacted the families of the victims of the 2007 shooting as well as Yang Xin's family.
|
[
"Background\n----------",
"Zhu Haiyang was 25 years old and Yang Xin was 22 at the time of her death.",
"### Yang Xin",
"On January 8, 2009, Ms. Yang, from [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\"), arrived to Virginia Tech in [Blacksburg](/wiki/Blacksburg%2C_Virginia \"Blacksburg, Virginia\") to study for a [master's degree](/wiki/Master%27s_degree \"Master's degree\") in [accounting](/wiki/Accounting \"Accounting\").",
"Yang Xin went to social events with other international students and had settled in and started making friends.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2015\\-03\\-25 \\|title\\=Virginia Tech Student Decapitated With Kitchen Knife by Attacker She Knew \\|url\\=https://www.foxnews.com/story/virginia\\-tech\\-student\\-decapitated\\-with\\-kitchen\\-knife\\-by\\-attacker\\-she\\-knew \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-29 \\|website\\=Associated Press \\|language\\=en\\-US}} Yang was described as a \"sweet young woman\".",
"### Zhu Haiyang",
"Zhu was from [Ningbo](/wiki/Ningbo \"Ningbo\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\"). He pursued a [PhD](/wiki/PhD \"PhD\") in agricultural and applied economics at Virginia Tech, starting in August 2008\\.",
"Zhu was initially helping Yang adapt to campus life.",
"Zhu had fallen in love with Yang and even wrote a love letter (found in his dormitory) expressing his deep affection for her. It expressed that Yang Xin was beautiful and that Zhu would treasure her forever. Zhu had also asked Yang to be his girlfriend.",
"But on the morning of January 20, 2009, Yang rejected Zhu as Yang already had a boyfriend she was planning to marry. In a letter titled \"Will\", Zhu said he was heartbroken by Yang's rejection and that Yang's [fiance](/wiki/Fiance \"Fiance\") could not compare to Zhu's background and education. Zhu also wrote that Yang should have seen that Zhu would have been the best husband for her.",
"### 2007 Virginia Tech shooting",
"{{Main\\|Virginia Tech shooting\\|Clery Act\\#Virginia\\_Tech}}",
"Following the mass shooting, the campus installed an alert system to notify students immediately rather than delay for two hours. In 2009, the night Zhu decapitated Yang, after Zhu was arrested, the school security system informed 30,000 subscribers in half an hour.",
"Classes were held as normal on the following day (Thursday) across the campus.",
"The university provided counseling to students and faculty. Officials also contacted the families of the victims of the 2007 shooting as well as Yang Xin's family.",
""
] |
Aftermath
---------
### Police investigation
Nicole Irvine from the Virginia Tech police department said she saw Yang's body lying on the ground and Zhu walking towards her with Yang's head in his hand. When the police ordered Zhu to put his hands in the air, he dropped the head to the ground. Irvine found a kitchen knife on the cafe table, and Zhu told her that he had a hammer and more knives in his backpack.
Corey Cox, a cafe worker who witnessed the attack, said that Zhu lunged at Yang and cut her head off with a knife. Zhu was on top of Yang, and while he was cutting off her head, Zhu was staring at Yang with a "blank, determined" look on his face. Cox hid behind the counter and called [911](/wiki/911_%28emergency_number%29 "911 (emergency number)") while his manager and the other customers fled from the shop.
Seven other cafe workers informed the police that Zhu and Yang were not arguing prior to the attack.
Investigators asked to search Zhu's phone, computer, and diaries for clues on the attack.
Kim Beisecker, the director of the Cranwell International Center, said that Zhu had only recently met Yang. Zhu was listed as one of Ms. Yang's emergency contacts.
Zhu's landlord, Will Segar, said that Zhu behaved strangely and belligerently. For example, Zhu rented an apartment with two other people and had refused to turn up the heat in the apartment, which caused the pipes to freeze and break. Segar then installed a [thermostat](/wiki/Thermostat "Thermostat"), but Zhu then shut down the heater.
Virginia Tech had a security notification system that was set up after the 2007 shootings. On Wednesday night, when Zhu decapitated Yang, this system sent about 60,000 emergency notifications to 30,000 subscribers in half an hour. The director of the Office of Recovery and Support at Virginia Tech said the experience was "retraumatizing" following the 2007 shooting.
Prosecutors described Zhu as "obsessed" and "jilted". While Zhu was held at the [Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Virginia "Montgomery County, Virginia") jail, he was also evaluated at a [mental hospital](/wiki/Mental_hospital "Mental hospital").
### Sentence
Zhu was charged with [first\-degree murder](/wiki/First-degree_murder "First-degree murder") and sentenced on April 19, 2010\.
Montgomery County Judge Gino Williams certified the murder charges against Zhu. In December, 2009, the plea hearing was held in [Christiansburg, Virginia](/wiki/Christiansburg%2C_Virginia "Christiansburg, Virginia").
In April, 2010, Montgomery Circuit Judge Robert Turk sentenced Zhu Haiyang to [life imprisonment](/wiki/Life_imprisonment "Life imprisonment") without [parole](/wiki/Parole "Parole").
Attorney Brad Finch described Zhu's murder as "extremely brutal" and was pleased that Turk sentenced Zhu to life in prison.
In prison, Zhu wrote a letter saying that Yang's rejecting him "forced" him to kill her as Zhu loved her so much.
|
[
"Aftermath\n---------",
"### Police investigation",
"Nicole Irvine from the Virginia Tech police department said she saw Yang's body lying on the ground and Zhu walking towards her with Yang's head in his hand. When the police ordered Zhu to put his hands in the air, he dropped the head to the ground. Irvine found a kitchen knife on the cafe table, and Zhu told her that he had a hammer and more knives in his backpack.",
"Corey Cox, a cafe worker who witnessed the attack, said that Zhu lunged at Yang and cut her head off with a knife. Zhu was on top of Yang, and while he was cutting off her head, Zhu was staring at Yang with a \"blank, determined\" look on his face. Cox hid behind the counter and called [911](/wiki/911_%28emergency_number%29 \"911 (emergency number)\") while his manager and the other customers fled from the shop.",
"Seven other cafe workers informed the police that Zhu and Yang were not arguing prior to the attack.",
"Investigators asked to search Zhu's phone, computer, and diaries for clues on the attack.",
"Kim Beisecker, the director of the Cranwell International Center, said that Zhu had only recently met Yang. Zhu was listed as one of Ms. Yang's emergency contacts.",
"Zhu's landlord, Will Segar, said that Zhu behaved strangely and belligerently. For example, Zhu rented an apartment with two other people and had refused to turn up the heat in the apartment, which caused the pipes to freeze and break. Segar then installed a [thermostat](/wiki/Thermostat \"Thermostat\"), but Zhu then shut down the heater.",
"Virginia Tech had a security notification system that was set up after the 2007 shootings. On Wednesday night, when Zhu decapitated Yang, this system sent about 60,000 emergency notifications to 30,000 subscribers in half an hour. The director of the Office of Recovery and Support at Virginia Tech said the experience was \"retraumatizing\" following the 2007 shooting.",
"Prosecutors described Zhu as \"obsessed\" and \"jilted\". While Zhu was held at the [Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Virginia \"Montgomery County, Virginia\") jail, he was also evaluated at a [mental hospital](/wiki/Mental_hospital \"Mental hospital\").",
"### Sentence",
"Zhu was charged with [first\\-degree murder](/wiki/First-degree_murder \"First-degree murder\") and sentenced on April 19, 2010\\.",
"Montgomery County Judge Gino Williams certified the murder charges against Zhu. In December, 2009, the plea hearing was held in [Christiansburg, Virginia](/wiki/Christiansburg%2C_Virginia \"Christiansburg, Virginia\").",
"In April, 2010, Montgomery Circuit Judge Robert Turk sentenced Zhu Haiyang to [life imprisonment](/wiki/Life_imprisonment \"Life imprisonment\") without [parole](/wiki/Parole \"Parole\").",
"Attorney Brad Finch described Zhu's murder as \"extremely brutal\" and was pleased that Turk sentenced Zhu to life in prison.",
"In prison, Zhu wrote a letter saying that Yang's rejecting him \"forced\" him to kill her as Zhu loved her so much.",
""
] |
### Police investigation
Nicole Irvine from the Virginia Tech police department said she saw Yang's body lying on the ground and Zhu walking towards her with Yang's head in his hand. When the police ordered Zhu to put his hands in the air, he dropped the head to the ground. Irvine found a kitchen knife on the cafe table, and Zhu told her that he had a hammer and more knives in his backpack.
Corey Cox, a cafe worker who witnessed the attack, said that Zhu lunged at Yang and cut her head off with a knife. Zhu was on top of Yang, and while he was cutting off her head, Zhu was staring at Yang with a "blank, determined" look on his face. Cox hid behind the counter and called [911](/wiki/911_%28emergency_number%29 "911 (emergency number)") while his manager and the other customers fled from the shop.
Seven other cafe workers informed the police that Zhu and Yang were not arguing prior to the attack.
Investigators asked to search Zhu's phone, computer, and diaries for clues on the attack.
Kim Beisecker, the director of the Cranwell International Center, said that Zhu had only recently met Yang. Zhu was listed as one of Ms. Yang's emergency contacts.
Zhu's landlord, Will Segar, said that Zhu behaved strangely and belligerently. For example, Zhu rented an apartment with two other people and had refused to turn up the heat in the apartment, which caused the pipes to freeze and break. Segar then installed a [thermostat](/wiki/Thermostat "Thermostat"), but Zhu then shut down the heater.
Virginia Tech had a security notification system that was set up after the 2007 shootings. On Wednesday night, when Zhu decapitated Yang, this system sent about 60,000 emergency notifications to 30,000 subscribers in half an hour. The director of the Office of Recovery and Support at Virginia Tech said the experience was "retraumatizing" following the 2007 shooting.
Prosecutors described Zhu as "obsessed" and "jilted". While Zhu was held at the [Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Virginia "Montgomery County, Virginia") jail, he was also evaluated at a [mental hospital](/wiki/Mental_hospital "Mental hospital").
|
[
"### Police investigation",
"Nicole Irvine from the Virginia Tech police department said she saw Yang's body lying on the ground and Zhu walking towards her with Yang's head in his hand. When the police ordered Zhu to put his hands in the air, he dropped the head to the ground. Irvine found a kitchen knife on the cafe table, and Zhu told her that he had a hammer and more knives in his backpack.",
"Corey Cox, a cafe worker who witnessed the attack, said that Zhu lunged at Yang and cut her head off with a knife. Zhu was on top of Yang, and while he was cutting off her head, Zhu was staring at Yang with a \"blank, determined\" look on his face. Cox hid behind the counter and called [911](/wiki/911_%28emergency_number%29 \"911 (emergency number)\") while his manager and the other customers fled from the shop.",
"Seven other cafe workers informed the police that Zhu and Yang were not arguing prior to the attack.",
"Investigators asked to search Zhu's phone, computer, and diaries for clues on the attack.",
"Kim Beisecker, the director of the Cranwell International Center, said that Zhu had only recently met Yang. Zhu was listed as one of Ms. Yang's emergency contacts.",
"Zhu's landlord, Will Segar, said that Zhu behaved strangely and belligerently. For example, Zhu rented an apartment with two other people and had refused to turn up the heat in the apartment, which caused the pipes to freeze and break. Segar then installed a [thermostat](/wiki/Thermostat \"Thermostat\"), but Zhu then shut down the heater.",
"Virginia Tech had a security notification system that was set up after the 2007 shootings. On Wednesday night, when Zhu decapitated Yang, this system sent about 60,000 emergency notifications to 30,000 subscribers in half an hour. The director of the Office of Recovery and Support at Virginia Tech said the experience was \"retraumatizing\" following the 2007 shooting.",
"Prosecutors described Zhu as \"obsessed\" and \"jilted\". While Zhu was held at the [Montgomery County](/wiki/Montgomery_County%2C_Virginia \"Montgomery County, Virginia\") jail, he was also evaluated at a [mental hospital](/wiki/Mental_hospital \"Mental hospital\").",
""
] |
### Sentence
Zhu was charged with [first\-degree murder](/wiki/First-degree_murder "First-degree murder") and sentenced on April 19, 2010\.
Montgomery County Judge Gino Williams certified the murder charges against Zhu. In December, 2009, the plea hearing was held in [Christiansburg, Virginia](/wiki/Christiansburg%2C_Virginia "Christiansburg, Virginia").
In April, 2010, Montgomery Circuit Judge Robert Turk sentenced Zhu Haiyang to [life imprisonment](/wiki/Life_imprisonment "Life imprisonment") without [parole](/wiki/Parole "Parole").
Attorney Brad Finch described Zhu's murder as "extremely brutal" and was pleased that Turk sentenced Zhu to life in prison.
In prison, Zhu wrote a letter saying that Yang's rejecting him "forced" him to kill her as Zhu loved her so much.
|
[
"### Sentence",
"Zhu was charged with [first\\-degree murder](/wiki/First-degree_murder \"First-degree murder\") and sentenced on April 19, 2010\\.",
"Montgomery County Judge Gino Williams certified the murder charges against Zhu. In December, 2009, the plea hearing was held in [Christiansburg, Virginia](/wiki/Christiansburg%2C_Virginia \"Christiansburg, Virginia\").",
"In April, 2010, Montgomery Circuit Judge Robert Turk sentenced Zhu Haiyang to [life imprisonment](/wiki/Life_imprisonment \"Life imprisonment\") without [parole](/wiki/Parole \"Parole\").",
"Attorney Brad Finch described Zhu's murder as \"extremely brutal\" and was pleased that Turk sentenced Zhu to life in prison.",
"In prison, Zhu wrote a letter saying that Yang's rejecting him \"forced\" him to kill her as Zhu loved her so much.",
""
] |
Romance languages
-----------------
### Historical note
{{Unreferenced section\|date\=May 2020}}
[Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek "Ancient Greek") and [Classical Latin](/wiki/Latin "Latin") had generic words for "human"/"humanity in general" or "human being"—{{lang\|grc\|ἄνθρωπος}} ({{transliteration\|grc\|anthropos}}) (grammatically masculine or feminine) and {{lang\|la\|homo}} (grammatically masculine) respectively—which are the [etyma](/wiki/Etymon "Etymon") of such modern terms as "[anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology "Anthropology")" or {{lang\|la\|\[\[human\|Homo sapiens]]}}. For "male human as opposed to female human", there existed the separate words {{lang\|grc\|ἀνήρ/ἀνδρός}} ({{transliteration\|grc\|aner/andros}}) and {{lang\|la\|vir}} (the [etyma](/wiki/Etymon "Etymon") of English "androgen" and "virile", respectively). Note Ancient Greek is not a Romance language but the many borrowings we see demonstrates a good contrast with the Latin.
Most modern derivatives of the Latin noun {{lang\|la\|homo}}, however, such as French {{lang\|fr\|homme}}, Italian {{lang\|it\|uomo}}, Portuguese {{lang\|pt\|homem}}, and Spanish {{lang\|es\|hombre}}, have acquired a predominantly male denotation, although they are sometimes still used generically, notably in [high registers](/wiki/Register_%28sociolinguistics%29 "Register (sociolinguistics)"). For example, French {{lang\|fr\|Musée de l'homme}} for an [anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology "Anthropology") museum exhibiting human culture, is not specifically "male culture". This [semantic shift](/wiki/Semantic_shift "Semantic shift") was parallel to the evolution of the word "man" in English. These languages therefore largely lack a third, neutral option aside from the gender\-specific words for "man" and "woman". Spanish {{lang\|es\|ser humano}}, Portuguese {{lang\|pt\|ser humano}} and French {{lang\|fr\|être humain}} are used to say "human being". In [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language "Romanian language"), however, the cognate {{lang\|ro\|om}} retains its original meaning of "any human person", as opposed to the gender\-specific words for "man" and "woman" ({{lang\|ro\|bărbat}} and {{lang\|ro\|femeie}}, respectively). In [Romansh](/wiki/Romansh_language "Romansh language") the word {{lang\|rm\|um}} only refers to a male, whereas "human being" is expressed in different ways in the different dialects: {{lang\|rm\|carstgaun}} or {{lang\|rm\|uman}}.
### Scientific Latin
In [binomial nomenclature](/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature "Binomial nomenclature"), Latin species names are typically either masculine or feminine, often ending in the *\-i* suffix for masculine names and the *\-ae* suffix for feminine names. In 2021, the species [Strumigenys ayersthey](/wiki/Strumigenys_ayersthey "Strumigenys ayersthey") was named with the suffix *\-they* (derived from the English [singular they](/wiki/Singular_they "Singular they") pronoun) to create the first gender\-neutral Latin binomial name. It was named to honor the [non\-binary](/wiki/Non-binary "Non-binary") community.{{Cite web\|url\=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2276684\-ant\-species\-given\-first\-gender\-neutral\-scientific\-name/\|title\=Ant species given first gender\-neutral scientific name\|first\=Matthew\|last\=Sparkes\|website\=\[\[New Scientist]]\|date\=5 May 2021}}
### Spanish
{{Main\|Gender neutrality in Spanish}}
[thumb\|Banner written "todos, todas, todes" at the [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid "Valladolid") [Pride](/wiki/Pride_parade "Pride parade") in 2023](/wiki/File:2023_LGBT_Pride_Valladolid_61_%28cropped%29.jpg "2023 LGBT Pride Valladolid 61 (cropped).jpg")
In [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"), nouns, pronouns, articles, and adjectives are marked as masculine or feminine.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/07/how\-one\-mexican\-magazine\-adopted\-inclusive\-language\-in\-spanish/\|title\=How one Mexican magazine adopted inclusive language in Spanish\|first\=Hanaa'\|last\=Tameez\|date\=27 July 2022\|work\=NiemanLab\|access\-date\=9 December 2022}} The feminine is often marked with the suffix {{lang\|es\|\-a}}, while masculine is often marked with *\-o* (e.g., {{lang\|es\|cirujano}} 'male surgeon' and {{Lang\|es\|cirujana}} 'female surgeon'); however, there are many exceptions often caused by the [etymology](/wiki/Etymology "Etymology") of the word ({{lang\|es\|la mano}} 'the hand' is feminine and {{lang\|es\|el día}} 'the day' is masculine).{{cite web\|url\=https://blog.lengua\-e.com/2017/mano\-un\-sustantivo\-rarito/\|title\='Mano': un sustantivo rarito\|work\=Blog de Lengua\|first\=Alberto\|last\=Bustos\|language\=Es\|access\-date\=9 December 2022}}
As in other [Romance languages](/wiki/Romance_languages "Romance languages"), it is traditional to use the masculine form of nouns and pronouns when referring to males and females collectively.{{cite journal\|title\=Attitudes Toward Gender\-Neutral Spanish: Acceptability and Adoptability\|first1\=Juan Eduardo\|last1\=Bonnin\|first2\=Alejandro\|last2\=Anibal Coronel\|journal\=Frontiers in Sociology \|publisher\=\[\[Frontiers Media]]\|date\=15 March 2021\|volume\=6 \|page\=629616 \|doi\=10\.3389/fsoc.2021\.629616 \|pmid\=33869578 \|pmc\=8022528 \|doi\-access\=free }} Advocates of gender\-neutral language modification consider this to be [sexist](/wiki/Sexist "Sexist") and favor new ways of writing and speaking.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1581\|title\=Sexism in the Spanish Language\|first\=Teresa\|last\=Meana Suárez \|author\-link\=Teresa Meana Suárez\|date\=May 2022\|work\=Central American University\|publisher\=Envío\|access\-date\=9 December 2022}} Two methods have begun to come into use. One of them is to use the [at\-sign](/wiki/At_sign "At sign") (@) or the letter *x* to replace {{lang\|es\|\-o}} or {{lang\|es\|\-a}}, especially in radical political writing ({{lang\|es\|¡Ciudadan@s!}} or {{lang\|es\|Compañerxs}}), but use of the slash (/) as in ({{lang\|es\|el/la candidato/a}}) is more common. The [ligature æ](/wiki/%C3%86 "Æ") can be used in the same way ({{lang\|es\|escritoræs}} for writers of two genders, although {{lang\|es\|escritores/as}} is more common). Typically these forms are pronounced with an ending \[e]. They are also commonly seen simply spelled as *\-e*.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/20/world/americas/argentina\-gender\-neutral\-spanish.html\|title\=In Argentina, One of the World's First Bans on Gender\-Neutral Language\|first\=Ana\|last\=Lankes\|work\=The New York Times\|date\=20 July 2022 \|location\=Buenos Aires\|access\-date\=9 December 2022}} There have also been attempts to reword sentences via [periphrasis](/wiki/Periphrasis "Periphrasis") in such way that gendered words referring to people are not used, such as using *la persona refugiada* 'the refugee person' instead of *el refugiado* 'the \[male] refugee'.{{Cite web \|title\=Recomendaciones para el uso de un lenguaje inclusivo de género \|url\=https://www.acnur.org/media/recomendaciones\-para\-el\-uso\-de\-un\-lenguaje\-inclusivo\-de\-genero \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-30 \|website\=ACNUR \|language\=es}}{{cite web\|url\=https://www.acnur.org/5fa998834\.pdf\|title\=Recomendaciones para el uso de un lenguaje inclusivo de género\|language\=Es\|publisher\=\[\[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]\|date\=February 2018\|access\-date\=9 December 2022}}{{cite web\|url\=https://lenguajeinclusivo.ucr.ac.cr/uso\-de\-perifrasis\|title\=Uso de perífrasis\|date\=8 January 2022\|first\=Silvia\|last\=Rivera Alfaro\|publisher\=University of Costa Rica\|access\-date\=9 December 2022}} There are also attempts of using more gender\-neutral nouns such as *la pareja* 'the pair/couple' in place of *los novios* 'the \[masculine] couple'.[https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/wp\-content/uploads/2020/04/Guia\-practica\-de\-lenguaje\-inclusivo\-Chrysallis.pdf](https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Guia-practica-de-lenguaje-inclusivo-Chrysallis.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=August 2024}} Even the term 'non\-binary' is gendered in Spanish, *no binario* \[masculine] and *no binaria* \[feminine].<https://www.unive.it/pag/fileadmin/user_upload/dipartimenti/DSLCC/documenti/DEP/numeri/n48/08_Papadopoulos_English.pdf> {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=August 2024}}
Some politicians have adopted gender\-neutral language to avoid perceived sexism in their speeches; for example, the Mexican president [Vicente Fox Quesada](/wiki/Vicente_Fox_Quesada "Vicente Fox Quesada") was famous for repeating gendered nouns in both their masculine and feminine versions ({{lang\|es\|ciudadanos y ciudadanas}}).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.letraslibres.com/revista\-espana/avatares\-del\-lenguaje\-no\-sexista/\|title\=Avatares del lenguaje no sexista\|language\=es\|work\=Letras Libres\|date\=17 July 2015\|first\=Alejandro\|last\=Higashi\|access\-date\=9 December 2022}} This way of speaking is subject to parodies where new words with the opposite ending are created for the sole purpose of contrasting with the gendered word traditionally used for the common case (like \*{{lang\|es\|hombres y hombras}} instead of {{lang\|es\|hombres y mujeres}}).{{cite web\|url\=https://www.milenio.com/opinion/alfredo\-villeda/fusilerias/la\-trampa\-del\-lenguaje\-inclusivo\|title\=La trampa del lenguaje inclusivo\|work\=Milenio\|date\=14 July 2018\|first\=Alfredo\|last\=Campos Villeda\|access\-date\=9 December 2022}} There are other grammatical work\-arounds, such as using the imperative or impersonal form when speaking, these allow the speaker to avoid using gendered nouns and pronouns for more formal and gender neutral ways of addressing.<https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/AreaTematica/DocumentacionPublicaciones/InstListDownload/Guia%20lenguaje%20inclusivo.pdf> {{Bare URL PDF\|date\=August 2024}}
The increase in popularity in evolving the Spanish language to be more gender\-neutral has come with mixed reception. Particularly the methods of changing the endings of nouns and pronouns seem to be the most controversial as they aim to change the rules of the Spanish language. The capital of Argentina, Buenos Aires, gained attention when they banned the use of 'inclusive language' such as \-e, \-x, and \-@ endings in up to secondary education.{{Cite news \|title\=Ni "chiques", ni "chicxs", ni "chic@s": los países en los que se rechaza el lenguaje inclusivo (y por qué muchos creen que se impondrá de todos modos) \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias\-61916860 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-30 \|work\=BBC News Mundo \|language\=es}}
### French
{{More citations needed section\|date\=May 2020}}
To make words or phrases gender\-inclusive, French\-speakers use two methods.
1. [Orthographic](/wiki/Orthography "Orthography") solutions strive to include both the masculine and feminine endings in the word. Examples include hyphens ({{lang\|fr\|étudiant\-e\-s}}), [middle dots](/wiki/Interpunct "Interpunct") ({{lang\|fr\|étudiant·e·s}}),{{Cite web \|last\=Timsit \|first\=Annabelle \|date\=2017\-11\-24 \|title\=The Push to Make French Gender\-Neutral \|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/inclusive\-writing\-france\-feminism/545048/ \|access\-date\=2021\-06\-14 \|website\=\[\[The Atlantic]] \|language\=en }} parentheses ({{lang\|fr\|étudiant(e)s}}), or capital letters ({{lang\|fr\|étudiantEs}}). The parentheses method is now often considered sexist, because parentheses are used to show something less important. Most writers avoid this practice in official titles such as [Governor General](/wiki/Governor_General "Governor General") and favor the next process.
2. A [hendiadys](/wiki/Hendiadys "Hendiadys") is a phrase that contains two complementary words, and a gender\-neutral hendiadys will include a feminine word and a masculine word, e.g. {{lang\|fr\|toutes et tous}}, {{lang\|fr\|citoyennes et citoyens}}.
Within France, this gender\-inclusive language has been met with some harsh resistance from the [Académie Française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise "Académie Française") and French [conservatives](/wiki/Conservatism "Conservatism"). For example, in 2017, Prime Minister [Édouard Philippe](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe "Édouard Philippe") called for the banning of inclusive language in official documents because it purportedly violated French grammar.{{Cite news \|date\=2017\-11\-21 \|title\=Edouard Philippe décide de bannir l'écriture inclusive des textes officiels \|language\=fr \|work\=\[\[Le Monde]] \|url\=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/11/21/le\-premier\-ministre\-edouard\-philippe\-decide\-de\-bannir\-l\-ecriture\-inclusive\-des\-textes\-officiels\_5218122\_823448\.html \|access\-date\=2021\-06\-14 }} Additionally, the Académie Française does not support the inclusive [feminine forms](/wiki/Feminization_of_language "Feminization of language") of traditionally masculine job titles, stating their position on their website:
> {{Lang\|fr\|L’une des contraintes propres à la langue française est qu’elle n’a que deux genres : pour désigner les qualités communes aux deux sexes, il a donc fallu qu’à l’un des deux genres soit conférée une valeur générique afin qu’il puisse neutraliser la différence entre les sexes. L’héritage latin a opté pour le masculin. \[...] Des changements, faits de propos délibéré dans un secteur, peuvent avoir sur les autres des répercussions insoupçonnées. Ils risquent de mettre la confusion et le désordre dans un équilibre subtil né de l’usage, et qu’il paraîtrait mieux avisé de laisser à l’usage le soin de modifier.}}
> One of the constraints of the French language is that it only has two genders; to describe qualities common to both sexes, it was necessary to impart a generic value to only one of the two genders so it can neutralize the difference between the sexes. The Latin heritage opted for the masculine. \[...] Changes, made deliberately in one area, may have unexpected consequences in others. They risk sowing confusion and disorder in a subtle balance that has been achieved through use, and that it would seem better advised to leave it to usage to make any changes.
In this same statement, the Académie Française expressed that if an individual wishes for her job title to reflect her gender, it is her right to name her own identity in personal correspondences.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.academie\-francaise.fr/actualites/la\-feminisation\-des\-noms\-de\-metiers\-fonctions\-grades\-ou\-titres\-mise\-au\-point\-de\-lacademie \|title\=La féminisation des noms de métiers, fonctions, grades ou titres \- Mise au point de l'Académie française \|author\= \|date\= 10 October 2014 \|publisher\=\[\[Académie française]] \|language\=fr \|trans\-title\=Feminization of the names of professions, functions, ranks or titles — Clarification from the Academie Française}}
In contrast to linguistic traditionalism in France, the use of feminine job titles is more widely accepted in the larger [Francophonie](/wiki/Francophonie "Francophonie"). The use of non\-gendered job titles in [French](/wiki/French_language "French language") is common and generally standard practice among the [francophones](/wiki/Francophone "Francophone") in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") and in [Canada](/wiki/Canada "Canada"). By law in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec "Quebec"), the use of gender\-inclusive job titles is obligatory if the writer has not opted for gender\-free terms.{{Citation needed\|date\=June 2021}}
Although some long\-established positions of high prestige, such [Governor General of Canada](/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada "Governor General of Canada") exist in both masculine and feminine variants, honorary titles remain masculine throughout the Francophonie even when the award or honor is bestowed unto a woman. Examples are titles such as {{lang\|fr\|Grand Officier}}, {{lang\|fr\|Commandeur}}, {{lang\|fr\|Officier}}, {{lang\|fr\|Chevalier}}, {{lang\|fr\|Compagnon}}, {{lang\|fr\|Immortel}} used in the [Order of Canada](/wiki/Order_of_Canada "Order of Canada"), the [National Order of Quebec](/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec "National Order of Quebec"), France's [Legion of Honor](/wiki/Legion_of_Honor "Legion of Honor") and the Académie Française, or Belgium's and [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco "Monaco")'s [Order of the Crown](/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_%28Monaco%29 "Order of the Crown (Monaco)").See also the [French version of this article](/wiki/Langage_sexiste "Langage sexiste").{{Circular reference\|date\=March 2024}}
The most common way of feminizing job titles in French is by adding a feminine [suffix](/wiki/Affix "Affix") to the masculine version of the noun, most commonly {{lang\|fr\|\-e}} ({{lang\|fr\|l'avocat}}, {{lang\|fr\|l'avocate}}), {{lang\|fr\|\-eure}} ({{lang\|fr\|le docteur}}, {{lang\|fr\|la docteure}}), {{lang\|fr\|\-euse}} ({{lang\|fr\|le travailleur}}, {{lang\|fr\|la travailleuse}}), {{lang\|fr\|\-esse}} ({{lang\|fr\|le maire}}, {{lang\|fr\|la mairesse}}), {{lang\|fr\|\-trice}} ({{lang\|fr\|le directeur}}, {{lang\|fr\|la directrice}}). For job titles ending in [epicene](/wiki/Epicene "Epicene") suffixes such as {{lang\|fr\|\-iste}} ({{lang\|fr\|le/la dentiste}}) or {{lang\|fr\|\-logue}} ({{lang\|fr\|le/la psychologue}}), the only change is in the article ({{lang\|fr\|le/la}}) and any associated adjectives. Abbreviated professions only change the article as well ({{lang\|fr\|le/la prof}}).
In some cases, words already had a feminine form which was rarely used, and a new one was created. For instance {{lang\|fr\|docteur}} had the feminine {{lang\|fr\|doctoresse}} but {{lang\|fr\|docteure}} was still created. {{lang\|fr\|Chasseur}} had the feminine {{lang\|fr\|chasseresse}} (typically used only of the goddess Artemis) but {{lang\|fr\|chasseuse}} was still created. Nowadays both feminine forms can be encountered, with the old ones being generally more prevalent in Europe and the new ones in Québec.
Words that formerly referred solely to a dignitary's wife ({{lang\|fr\|l'ambassadrice}}) are now used to refer to a woman holding the same dignitary position. Although marriage titles have mainly dropped out of use, many cite the possible confusion as a reason for continuing to use those such as {{lang\|fr\|Madame le Président}} or {{lang\|fr\|Madame l'ambassadeur}}. For this reason, the traditional use remains the most frequent in France. Nonetheless, in France, the husband of a female ambassador would never be known as {{lang\|fr\|Monsieur l'ambassadrice}}. Instead, he would be called literally "the ambassador's husband", {{lang\|fr\|le mari de l'ambassadeur}}. The title {{lang\|fr\|\[\[mademoiselle (title)\|mademoiselle]]}} has been rejected in public writing by the [French government](/wiki/French_government "French government") since December 2012, in favour of {{lang\|fr\|madame}} for all adult women, without respect to [civil status](/wiki/Civil_status "Civil status").
[Non\-binary](/wiki/Non-binary "Non-binary") French\-speakers in Canada have coined a gender\-neutral 3rd person pronoun {{Wikt\-lang\|fr\|iel}} as an alternative to the masculine {{Lang\|fr\|il}} or feminine {{Lang\|fr\|elle}}.{{Cite web \|date\=2021\-01\-08\|title\=Gender nonconforming French Canadians hit roadblocks as they seek to make language more gender\-neutral\|url\=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/gender\-nonconforming\-french\-canadians\-hit\-roadblocks\-as\-they\-seek\-to\-make\-language\-more\-gender\-neutral\-1\.5259027 \|access\-date\=2021\-06\-14 \|website\=Montreal\|language\=en}} {{Lang\|fr\|\[\[Iel (pronoun)\|Iel]]}} was also added to Le Petit Robert in November 2021\.{{Cite web \|title\=iel \- Définitions, synonymes, conjugaison, exemples \|url\=https://dictionnaire.lerobert.com/definition/iel \|access\-date\=2021\-12\-13 \|publisher\=\[\[Dictionnaires Le Robert]] \|language\=fr\-FR }}
### Portuguese
{{Main\|Gender neutrality in Portuguese}}
#### Brazilian
In practice, the proposal is to use E as a nominal ending for words that admit gender inflection (e.g., *Ariel é muito esperte*, "Ariel is very smart").{{Cite web\|title\=Linguagem neutra: bobagem ou luta contra a discriminação?\|url\=https://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/atualidades/linguagem\-neutra\-bobagem\-ou\-luta\-contra\-a\-discriminacao/\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-22\|website\=Guia do Estudante\|language\=pt\-BR}}
The first person possessive pronoun, in contrast to masculine 'meu' and feminine 'minha,' is 'minhe' in neutral form (e.g. *Ariel é* *minhe* *namorade,* "Ariel is my partner"). For third person personal pronouns (where the masculine is 'ele' and the feminine is 'ela'), the most recognized options are '[elu](/wiki/wikt:Elu%23Pronoun_4 "Elu#Pronoun 4")' and 'ile',{{Cite web\|last\=Brazilian\|first\=Speaking\|date\=2021\-11\-02\|title\=Gender\-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese\|url\=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral\|access\-date\=2022\-02\-12\|website\=speaking\-brazilian\|language\=en}} among others, the usage depends on the user's preference.
Brazilian Portuguese is strongly regionalized, so gender neutral language does vary from state to state. For example, the gender neutral language from the [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "São Paulo") [community](/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory "LGBT rights by country or territory") is different compared to gender neutral language from the [Rio Branco](/wiki/Rio_Branco%2C_Acre "Rio Branco, Acre"). Also, due to Brazil's [conservative society](/wiki/2013_protests_in_Brazil "2013 protests in Brazil") and [government](/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro "Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro"),{{Cite web\|last\=Peña\|first\=Alejandro Milcíades\|title\=Brazilian spring: what's behind the latest protests?\|url\=http://theconversation.com/brazilian\-spring\-whats\-behind\-the\-latest\-protests\-56477\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-22\|website\=The Conversation\|date\=18 March 2016 \|language\=en}} gender neutral language is often seen as a political statement.
### Italian
{{More citations needed section\|date\=May 2020}}
In [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language "Italian language"), female job titles are easily formed with {{lang\|it\|\-a}}, {{lang\|it\|\-essa}} and other feminine suffixes: a female teacher is a {{lang\|it\|maestra}}, a female doctor is a {{lang\|it\|dottoressa}}. Historically, for jobs that have only recently opened up to women, there was some resistance to using the feminine forms, which are considered ugly or ridiculous, but recent surveys argue the average citizen has no problem with these forms.Castenetto and Ondelli (2020\). The Acceptability of Feminine Job Titles in Italian Newspaper [https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978\-88\-6969\-479\-0/978\-88\-6969\-479\-0\-ch\-04\.pdf](https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-479-0/978-88-6969-479-0-ch-04.pdf) For example, a female lawyer can be called {{lang\|it\|avvocata}} or {{lang\|it\|avvocatessa}} (feminine) but some might prefer to use the word {{lang\|it\|avvocato}} (masculine). Opponents{{Cite web \|last\=Piser \|first\=Karina \|date\=2023\-11\-27 \|title\=Aux Armes, Citoyen·nes! \|url\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/04/france\-gender\-language\-ecriture\-inclusive\-aux\-armes\-citoyennes/ \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-23 \|website\=Foreign Policy \|language\=en\-US}} of these feminine forms claim that they're offensive because they overemphasize the gender, or that they're incorrect neologisms. The [Accademia della Crusca](/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca "Accademia della Crusca") and the [Treccani](/wiki/Treccani "Treccani") have spoken in favour of the usage of feminine job titles.{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.accademiadellacrusca.it/it/comunicato\-stampa/crusca\-risponde\-ministro\-ministra \|title \= La Crusca risponde: Il ministro o la ministra? \| Accademia della Crusca}}{{Cite web \| url\=http://www.treccani.it/lingua\_italiana/articoli/scritto\_e\_parlato/ministro.html \|title \= La ministro è priva di grammatica}}
In spite of traditional standards of Italian grammar, some Italians in recent years have opted to start using the pronoun "loro" (a literal translation of English "they"), to refer to people who desire to be identified with a gender neutral pronoun, although this usage may be perceived as incorrect due to the plural agreement of verbs.{{Citation needed\|reason\=Who?\|date\=January 2022}} The suffix *\-u*, while not commonly used in standard Italian, has also been suggested as a gender neutral suffix.{{cite web \|last1\=Abraham \|first1\=Amelia \|title\=Perché i pronomi di genere neutro sono così importanti \|url\=https://www.wired.it/attualita/politica/2020/07/01/loro\-pronomi\-genere\-non\-binario/ \|website\=vogue.it \|date\=July 2020 \|publisher\=Condé Nast \|access\-date\=25 August 2021}}{{Cite magazine\|date\=2020\-07\-01\|title\=La grande guerra dei pronomi inclusivi\|url\=https://www.wired.it/attualita/politica/2020/07/01/loro\-pronomi\-genere\-non\-binario/\|access\-date\=2021\-01\-31\|magazine\=Wired\|language\=it}}{{verify source\|date\=February 2021}}. In a similar way, some advocated using the [schwa](/wiki/Schwa "Schwa") (ə) as a new letter to signify a neutral or non\-binary gender. However, most Italians would understand this new symbol orally as a masculine ending, visually as a feminine ending.{{Cite web\|url\=https://accademiadellacrusca.it/it/consulenza/un\-asterisco\-sul\-genere/4018\|title \= Un asterisco sul genere \- Consulenza Linguistica \- Accademia della Crusca}}
### Catalan
The most common gender\-neutral third\-person pronoun in [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language "Catalan language") is {{wikt\-lang\|ca\|elli}}, derived from the gendered pronouns {{wikt\-lang\|ca\|ell}} and {{wikt\-lang\|ca\|ella}}.{{cite news\|url\=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/societat/genere\-persona\-no\-binaria\_577584\_102\.html\|title\=El gènere no\-binari: quan no t'identifiques amb un gènere masculí o femení\|language\=ca\|date\=2021\-01\-31\|access\-date\=2023\-04\-03\|author\=Guillem Maneja Juvanteny}}
|
[
"Romance languages\n-----------------",
"### Historical note",
"{{Unreferenced section\\|date\\=May 2020}}",
"[Ancient Greek](/wiki/Ancient_Greek \"Ancient Greek\") and [Classical Latin](/wiki/Latin \"Latin\") had generic words for \"human\"/\"humanity in general\" or \"human being\"—{{lang\\|grc\\|ἄνθρωπος}} ({{transliteration\\|grc\\|anthropos}}) (grammatically masculine or feminine) and {{lang\\|la\\|homo}} (grammatically masculine) respectively—which are the [etyma](/wiki/Etymon \"Etymon\") of such modern terms as \"[anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology \"Anthropology\")\" or {{lang\\|la\\|\\[\\[human\\|Homo sapiens]]}}. For \"male human as opposed to female human\", there existed the separate words {{lang\\|grc\\|ἀνήρ/ἀνδρός}} ({{transliteration\\|grc\\|aner/andros}}) and {{lang\\|la\\|vir}} (the [etyma](/wiki/Etymon \"Etymon\") of English \"androgen\" and \"virile\", respectively). Note Ancient Greek is not a Romance language but the many borrowings we see demonstrates a good contrast with the Latin.",
"Most modern derivatives of the Latin noun {{lang\\|la\\|homo}}, however, such as French {{lang\\|fr\\|homme}}, Italian {{lang\\|it\\|uomo}}, Portuguese {{lang\\|pt\\|homem}}, and Spanish {{lang\\|es\\|hombre}}, have acquired a predominantly male denotation, although they are sometimes still used generically, notably in [high registers](/wiki/Register_%28sociolinguistics%29 \"Register (sociolinguistics)\"). For example, French {{lang\\|fr\\|Musée de l'homme}} for an [anthropology](/wiki/Anthropology \"Anthropology\") museum exhibiting human culture, is not specifically \"male culture\". This [semantic shift](/wiki/Semantic_shift \"Semantic shift\") was parallel to the evolution of the word \"man\" in English. These languages therefore largely lack a third, neutral option aside from the gender\\-specific words for \"man\" and \"woman\". Spanish {{lang\\|es\\|ser humano}}, Portuguese {{lang\\|pt\\|ser humano}} and French {{lang\\|fr\\|être humain}} are used to say \"human being\". In [Romanian](/wiki/Romanian_language \"Romanian language\"), however, the cognate {{lang\\|ro\\|om}} retains its original meaning of \"any human person\", as opposed to the gender\\-specific words for \"man\" and \"woman\" ({{lang\\|ro\\|bărbat}} and {{lang\\|ro\\|femeie}}, respectively). In [Romansh](/wiki/Romansh_language \"Romansh language\") the word {{lang\\|rm\\|um}} only refers to a male, whereas \"human being\" is expressed in different ways in the different dialects: {{lang\\|rm\\|carstgaun}} or {{lang\\|rm\\|uman}}.",
"### Scientific Latin",
"In [binomial nomenclature](/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature \"Binomial nomenclature\"), Latin species names are typically either masculine or feminine, often ending in the *\\-i* suffix for masculine names and the *\\-ae* suffix for feminine names. In 2021, the species [Strumigenys ayersthey](/wiki/Strumigenys_ayersthey \"Strumigenys ayersthey\") was named with the suffix *\\-they* (derived from the English [singular they](/wiki/Singular_they \"Singular they\") pronoun) to create the first gender\\-neutral Latin binomial name. It was named to honor the [non\\-binary](/wiki/Non-binary \"Non-binary\") community.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2276684\\-ant\\-species\\-given\\-first\\-gender\\-neutral\\-scientific\\-name/\\|title\\=Ant species given first gender\\-neutral scientific name\\|first\\=Matthew\\|last\\=Sparkes\\|website\\=\\[\\[New Scientist]]\\|date\\=5 May 2021}}",
"### Spanish",
"{{Main\\|Gender neutrality in Spanish}}\n[thumb\\|Banner written \"todos, todas, todes\" at the [Valladolid](/wiki/Valladolid \"Valladolid\") [Pride](/wiki/Pride_parade \"Pride parade\") in 2023](/wiki/File:2023_LGBT_Pride_Valladolid_61_%28cropped%29.jpg \"2023 LGBT Pride Valladolid 61 (cropped).jpg\")\nIn [Spanish](/wiki/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\"), nouns, pronouns, articles, and adjectives are marked as masculine or feminine.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.niemanlab.org/2022/07/how\\-one\\-mexican\\-magazine\\-adopted\\-inclusive\\-language\\-in\\-spanish/\\|title\\=How one Mexican magazine adopted inclusive language in Spanish\\|first\\=Hanaa'\\|last\\=Tameez\\|date\\=27 July 2022\\|work\\=NiemanLab\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2022}} The feminine is often marked with the suffix {{lang\\|es\\|\\-a}}, while masculine is often marked with *\\-o* (e.g., {{lang\\|es\\|cirujano}} 'male surgeon' and {{Lang\\|es\\|cirujana}} 'female surgeon'); however, there are many exceptions often caused by the [etymology](/wiki/Etymology \"Etymology\") of the word ({{lang\\|es\\|la mano}} 'the hand' is feminine and {{lang\\|es\\|el día}} 'the day' is masculine).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://blog.lengua\\-e.com/2017/mano\\-un\\-sustantivo\\-rarito/\\|title\\='Mano': un sustantivo rarito\\|work\\=Blog de Lengua\\|first\\=Alberto\\|last\\=Bustos\\|language\\=Es\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2022}}",
"As in other [Romance languages](/wiki/Romance_languages \"Romance languages\"), it is traditional to use the masculine form of nouns and pronouns when referring to males and females collectively.{{cite journal\\|title\\=Attitudes Toward Gender\\-Neutral Spanish: Acceptability and Adoptability\\|first1\\=Juan Eduardo\\|last1\\=Bonnin\\|first2\\=Alejandro\\|last2\\=Anibal Coronel\\|journal\\=Frontiers in Sociology \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Frontiers Media]]\\|date\\=15 March 2021\\|volume\\=6 \\|page\\=629616 \\|doi\\=10\\.3389/fsoc.2021\\.629616 \\|pmid\\=33869578 \\|pmc\\=8022528 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }} Advocates of gender\\-neutral language modification consider this to be [sexist](/wiki/Sexist \"Sexist\") and favor new ways of writing and speaking.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/1581\\|title\\=Sexism in the Spanish Language\\|first\\=Teresa\\|last\\=Meana Suárez \\|author\\-link\\=Teresa Meana Suárez\\|date\\=May 2022\\|work\\=Central American University\\|publisher\\=Envío\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2022}} Two methods have begun to come into use. One of them is to use the [at\\-sign](/wiki/At_sign \"At sign\") (@) or the letter *x* to replace {{lang\\|es\\|\\-o}} or {{lang\\|es\\|\\-a}}, especially in radical political writing ({{lang\\|es\\|¡Ciudadan@s!}} or {{lang\\|es\\|Compañerxs}}), but use of the slash (/) as in ({{lang\\|es\\|el/la candidato/a}}) is more common. The [ligature æ](/wiki/%C3%86 \"Æ\") can be used in the same way ({{lang\\|es\\|escritoræs}} for writers of two genders, although {{lang\\|es\\|escritores/as}} is more common). Typically these forms are pronounced with an ending \\[e]. They are also commonly seen simply spelled as *\\-e*.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/20/world/americas/argentina\\-gender\\-neutral\\-spanish.html\\|title\\=In Argentina, One of the World's First Bans on Gender\\-Neutral Language\\|first\\=Ana\\|last\\=Lankes\\|work\\=The New York Times\\|date\\=20 July 2022 \\|location\\=Buenos Aires\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2022}} There have also been attempts to reword sentences via [periphrasis](/wiki/Periphrasis \"Periphrasis\") in such way that gendered words referring to people are not used, such as using *la persona refugiada* 'the refugee person' instead of *el refugiado* 'the \\[male] refugee'.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Recomendaciones para el uso de un lenguaje inclusivo de género \\|url\\=https://www.acnur.org/media/recomendaciones\\-para\\-el\\-uso\\-de\\-un\\-lenguaje\\-inclusivo\\-de\\-genero \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-30 \\|website\\=ACNUR \\|language\\=es}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.acnur.org/5fa998834\\.pdf\\|title\\=Recomendaciones para el uso de un lenguaje inclusivo de género\\|language\\=Es\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]\\|date\\=February 2018\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2022}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://lenguajeinclusivo.ucr.ac.cr/uso\\-de\\-perifrasis\\|title\\=Uso de perífrasis\\|date\\=8 January 2022\\|first\\=Silvia\\|last\\=Rivera Alfaro\\|publisher\\=University of Costa Rica\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2022}} There are also attempts of using more gender\\-neutral nouns such as *la pareja* 'the pair/couple' in place of *los novios* 'the \\[masculine] couple'.[https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/04/Guia\\-practica\\-de\\-lenguaje\\-inclusivo\\-Chrysallis.pdf](https://www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Guia-practica-de-lenguaje-inclusivo-Chrysallis.pdf) {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=August 2024}} Even the term 'non\\-binary' is gendered in Spanish, *no binario* \\[masculine] and *no binaria* \\[feminine].<https://www.unive.it/pag/fileadmin/user_upload/dipartimenti/DSLCC/documenti/DEP/numeri/n48/08_Papadopoulos_English.pdf> {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"Some politicians have adopted gender\\-neutral language to avoid perceived sexism in their speeches; for example, the Mexican president [Vicente Fox Quesada](/wiki/Vicente_Fox_Quesada \"Vicente Fox Quesada\") was famous for repeating gendered nouns in both their masculine and feminine versions ({{lang\\|es\\|ciudadanos y ciudadanas}}).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.letraslibres.com/revista\\-espana/avatares\\-del\\-lenguaje\\-no\\-sexista/\\|title\\=Avatares del lenguaje no sexista\\|language\\=es\\|work\\=Letras Libres\\|date\\=17 July 2015\\|first\\=Alejandro\\|last\\=Higashi\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2022}} This way of speaking is subject to parodies where new words with the opposite ending are created for the sole purpose of contrasting with the gendered word traditionally used for the common case (like \\*{{lang\\|es\\|hombres y hombras}} instead of {{lang\\|es\\|hombres y mujeres}}).{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.milenio.com/opinion/alfredo\\-villeda/fusilerias/la\\-trampa\\-del\\-lenguaje\\-inclusivo\\|title\\=La trampa del lenguaje inclusivo\\|work\\=Milenio\\|date\\=14 July 2018\\|first\\=Alfredo\\|last\\=Campos Villeda\\|access\\-date\\=9 December 2022}} There are other grammatical work\\-arounds, such as using the imperative or impersonal form when speaking, these allow the speaker to avoid using gendered nouns and pronouns for more formal and gender neutral ways of addressing.<https://www.mjusticia.gob.es/es/AreaTematica/DocumentacionPublicaciones/InstListDownload/Guia%20lenguaje%20inclusivo.pdf> {{Bare URL PDF\\|date\\=August 2024}}",
"The increase in popularity in evolving the Spanish language to be more gender\\-neutral has come with mixed reception. Particularly the methods of changing the endings of nouns and pronouns seem to be the most controversial as they aim to change the rules of the Spanish language. The capital of Argentina, Buenos Aires, gained attention when they banned the use of 'inclusive language' such as \\-e, \\-x, and \\-@ endings in up to secondary education.{{Cite news \\|title\\=Ni \"chiques\", ni \"chicxs\", ni \"chic@s\": los países en los que se rechaza el lenguaje inclusivo (y por qué muchos creen que se impondrá de todos modos) \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias\\-61916860 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-30 \\|work\\=BBC News Mundo \\|language\\=es}}",
"### French",
"{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=May 2020}}\nTo make words or phrases gender\\-inclusive, French\\-speakers use two methods.\n1. [Orthographic](/wiki/Orthography \"Orthography\") solutions strive to include both the masculine and feminine endings in the word. Examples include hyphens ({{lang\\|fr\\|étudiant\\-e\\-s}}), [middle dots](/wiki/Interpunct \"Interpunct\") ({{lang\\|fr\\|étudiant·e·s}}),{{Cite web \\|last\\=Timsit \\|first\\=Annabelle \\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-24 \\|title\\=The Push to Make French Gender\\-Neutral \\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/inclusive\\-writing\\-france\\-feminism/545048/ \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-14 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Atlantic]] \\|language\\=en }} parentheses ({{lang\\|fr\\|étudiant(e)s}}), or capital letters ({{lang\\|fr\\|étudiantEs}}). The parentheses method is now often considered sexist, because parentheses are used to show something less important. Most writers avoid this practice in official titles such as [Governor General](/wiki/Governor_General \"Governor General\") and favor the next process.\n2. A [hendiadys](/wiki/Hendiadys \"Hendiadys\") is a phrase that contains two complementary words, and a gender\\-neutral hendiadys will include a feminine word and a masculine word, e.g. {{lang\\|fr\\|toutes et tous}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|citoyennes et citoyens}}.\nWithin France, this gender\\-inclusive language has been met with some harsh resistance from the [Académie Française](/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise \"Académie Française\") and French [conservatives](/wiki/Conservatism \"Conservatism\"). For example, in 2017, Prime Minister [Édouard Philippe](/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe \"Édouard Philippe\") called for the banning of inclusive language in official documents because it purportedly violated French grammar.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2017\\-11\\-21 \\|title\\=Edouard Philippe décide de bannir l'écriture inclusive des textes officiels \\|language\\=fr \\|work\\=\\[\\[Le Monde]] \\|url\\=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/11/21/le\\-premier\\-ministre\\-edouard\\-philippe\\-decide\\-de\\-bannir\\-l\\-ecriture\\-inclusive\\-des\\-textes\\-officiels\\_5218122\\_823448\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-14 }} Additionally, the Académie Française does not support the inclusive [feminine forms](/wiki/Feminization_of_language \"Feminization of language\") of traditionally masculine job titles, stating their position on their website:",
"> {{Lang\\|fr\\|L’une des contraintes propres à la langue française est qu’elle n’a que deux genres : pour désigner les qualités communes aux deux sexes, il a donc fallu qu’à l’un des deux genres soit conférée une valeur générique afin qu’il puisse neutraliser la différence entre les sexes. L’héritage latin a opté pour le masculin. \\[...] Des changements, faits de propos délibéré dans un secteur, peuvent avoir sur les autres des répercussions insoupçonnées. Ils risquent de mettre la confusion et le désordre dans un équilibre subtil né de l’usage, et qu’il paraîtrait mieux avisé de laisser à l’usage le soin de modifier.}}",
"",
"> One of the constraints of the French language is that it only has two genders; to describe qualities common to both sexes, it was necessary to impart a generic value to only one of the two genders so it can neutralize the difference between the sexes. The Latin heritage opted for the masculine. \\[...] Changes, made deliberately in one area, may have unexpected consequences in others. They risk sowing confusion and disorder in a subtle balance that has been achieved through use, and that it would seem better advised to leave it to usage to make any changes.",
"In this same statement, the Académie Française expressed that if an individual wishes for her job title to reflect her gender, it is her right to name her own identity in personal correspondences.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.academie\\-francaise.fr/actualites/la\\-feminisation\\-des\\-noms\\-de\\-metiers\\-fonctions\\-grades\\-ou\\-titres\\-mise\\-au\\-point\\-de\\-lacademie \\|title\\=La féminisation des noms de métiers, fonctions, grades ou titres \\- Mise au point de l'Académie française \\|author\\= \\|date\\= 10 October 2014 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Académie française]] \\|language\\=fr \\|trans\\-title\\=Feminization of the names of professions, functions, ranks or titles — Clarification from the Academie Française}}",
"In contrast to linguistic traditionalism in France, the use of feminine job titles is more widely accepted in the larger [Francophonie](/wiki/Francophonie \"Francophonie\"). The use of non\\-gendered job titles in [French](/wiki/French_language \"French language\") is common and generally standard practice among the [francophones](/wiki/Francophone \"Francophone\") in [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium \"Belgium\") and in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"). By law in [Quebec](/wiki/Quebec \"Quebec\"), the use of gender\\-inclusive job titles is obligatory if the writer has not opted for gender\\-free terms.{{Citation needed\\|date\\=June 2021}}",
"Although some long\\-established positions of high prestige, such [Governor General of Canada](/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada \"Governor General of Canada\") exist in both masculine and feminine variants, honorary titles remain masculine throughout the Francophonie even when the award or honor is bestowed unto a woman. Examples are titles such as {{lang\\|fr\\|Grand Officier}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|Commandeur}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|Officier}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|Chevalier}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|Compagnon}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|Immortel}} used in the [Order of Canada](/wiki/Order_of_Canada \"Order of Canada\"), the [National Order of Quebec](/wiki/National_Order_of_Quebec \"National Order of Quebec\"), France's [Legion of Honor](/wiki/Legion_of_Honor \"Legion of Honor\") and the Académie Française, or Belgium's and [Monaco](/wiki/Monaco \"Monaco\")'s [Order of the Crown](/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_%28Monaco%29 \"Order of the Crown (Monaco)\").See also the [French version of this article](/wiki/Langage_sexiste \"Langage sexiste\").{{Circular reference\\|date\\=March 2024}}",
"The most common way of feminizing job titles in French is by adding a feminine [suffix](/wiki/Affix \"Affix\") to the masculine version of the noun, most commonly {{lang\\|fr\\|\\-e}} ({{lang\\|fr\\|l'avocat}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|l'avocate}}), {{lang\\|fr\\|\\-eure}} ({{lang\\|fr\\|le docteur}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|la docteure}}), {{lang\\|fr\\|\\-euse}} ({{lang\\|fr\\|le travailleur}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|la travailleuse}}), {{lang\\|fr\\|\\-esse}} ({{lang\\|fr\\|le maire}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|la mairesse}}), {{lang\\|fr\\|\\-trice}} ({{lang\\|fr\\|le directeur}}, {{lang\\|fr\\|la directrice}}). For job titles ending in [epicene](/wiki/Epicene \"Epicene\") suffixes such as {{lang\\|fr\\|\\-iste}} ({{lang\\|fr\\|le/la dentiste}}) or {{lang\\|fr\\|\\-logue}} ({{lang\\|fr\\|le/la psychologue}}), the only change is in the article ({{lang\\|fr\\|le/la}}) and any associated adjectives. Abbreviated professions only change the article as well ({{lang\\|fr\\|le/la prof}}).",
"In some cases, words already had a feminine form which was rarely used, and a new one was created. For instance {{lang\\|fr\\|docteur}} had the feminine {{lang\\|fr\\|doctoresse}} but {{lang\\|fr\\|docteure}} was still created. {{lang\\|fr\\|Chasseur}} had the feminine {{lang\\|fr\\|chasseresse}} (typically used only of the goddess Artemis) but {{lang\\|fr\\|chasseuse}} was still created. Nowadays both feminine forms can be encountered, with the old ones being generally more prevalent in Europe and the new ones in Québec.",
"Words that formerly referred solely to a dignitary's wife ({{lang\\|fr\\|l'ambassadrice}}) are now used to refer to a woman holding the same dignitary position. Although marriage titles have mainly dropped out of use, many cite the possible confusion as a reason for continuing to use those such as {{lang\\|fr\\|Madame le Président}} or {{lang\\|fr\\|Madame l'ambassadeur}}. For this reason, the traditional use remains the most frequent in France. Nonetheless, in France, the husband of a female ambassador would never be known as {{lang\\|fr\\|Monsieur l'ambassadrice}}. Instead, he would be called literally \"the ambassador's husband\", {{lang\\|fr\\|le mari de l'ambassadeur}}. The title {{lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[mademoiselle (title)\\|mademoiselle]]}} has been rejected in public writing by the [French government](/wiki/French_government \"French government\") since December 2012, in favour of {{lang\\|fr\\|madame}} for all adult women, without respect to [civil status](/wiki/Civil_status \"Civil status\").",
"[Non\\-binary](/wiki/Non-binary \"Non-binary\") French\\-speakers in Canada have coined a gender\\-neutral 3rd person pronoun {{Wikt\\-lang\\|fr\\|iel}} as an alternative to the masculine {{Lang\\|fr\\|il}} or feminine {{Lang\\|fr\\|elle}}.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-08\\|title\\=Gender nonconforming French Canadians hit roadblocks as they seek to make language more gender\\-neutral\\|url\\=https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/gender\\-nonconforming\\-french\\-canadians\\-hit\\-roadblocks\\-as\\-they\\-seek\\-to\\-make\\-language\\-more\\-gender\\-neutral\\-1\\.5259027 \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-06\\-14 \\|website\\=Montreal\\|language\\=en}} {{Lang\\|fr\\|\\[\\[Iel (pronoun)\\|Iel]]}} was also added to Le Petit Robert in November 2021\\.{{Cite web \\|title\\=iel \\- Définitions, synonymes, conjugaison, exemples \\|url\\=https://dictionnaire.lerobert.com/definition/iel \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-12\\-13 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Dictionnaires Le Robert]] \\|language\\=fr\\-FR }}",
"### Portuguese",
"{{Main\\|Gender neutrality in Portuguese}}",
"#### Brazilian",
"In practice, the proposal is to use E as a nominal ending for words that admit gender inflection (e.g., *Ariel é muito esperte*, \"Ariel is very smart\").{{Cite web\\|title\\=Linguagem neutra: bobagem ou luta contra a discriminação?\\|url\\=https://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/atualidades/linguagem\\-neutra\\-bobagem\\-ou\\-luta\\-contra\\-a\\-discriminacao/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-22\\|website\\=Guia do Estudante\\|language\\=pt\\-BR}}",
"The first person possessive pronoun, in contrast to masculine 'meu' and feminine 'minha,' is 'minhe' in neutral form (e.g. *Ariel é* *minhe* *namorade,* \"Ariel is my partner\"). For third person personal pronouns (where the masculine is 'ele' and the feminine is 'ela'), the most recognized options are '[elu](/wiki/wikt:Elu%23Pronoun_4 \"Elu#Pronoun 4\")' and 'ile',{{Cite web\\|last\\=Brazilian\\|first\\=Speaking\\|date\\=2021\\-11\\-02\\|title\\=Gender\\-Neutral Language in Brazilian Portuguese\\|url\\=https://www.speakingbrazilian.com/post/neutral\\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-02\\-12\\|website\\=speaking\\-brazilian\\|language\\=en}} among others, the usage depends on the user's preference.",
"Brazilian Portuguese is strongly regionalized, so gender neutral language does vary from state to state. For example, the gender neutral language from the [São Paulo](/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"São Paulo\") [community](/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory \"LGBT rights by country or territory\") is different compared to gender neutral language from the [Rio Branco](/wiki/Rio_Branco%2C_Acre \"Rio Branco, Acre\"). Also, due to Brazil's [conservative society](/wiki/2013_protests_in_Brazil \"2013 protests in Brazil\") and [government](/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro \"Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro\"),{{Cite web\\|last\\=Peña\\|first\\=Alejandro Milcíades\\|title\\=Brazilian spring: what's behind the latest protests?\\|url\\=http://theconversation.com/brazilian\\-spring\\-whats\\-behind\\-the\\-latest\\-protests\\-56477\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-22\\|website\\=The Conversation\\|date\\=18 March 2016 \\|language\\=en}} gender neutral language is often seen as a political statement.",
"### Italian",
"{{More citations needed section\\|date\\=May 2020}}",
"In [Italian](/wiki/Italian_language \"Italian language\"), female job titles are easily formed with {{lang\\|it\\|\\-a}}, {{lang\\|it\\|\\-essa}} and other feminine suffixes: a female teacher is a {{lang\\|it\\|maestra}}, a female doctor is a {{lang\\|it\\|dottoressa}}. Historically, for jobs that have only recently opened up to women, there was some resistance to using the feminine forms, which are considered ugly or ridiculous, but recent surveys argue the average citizen has no problem with these forms.Castenetto and Ondelli (2020\\). The Acceptability of Feminine Job Titles in Italian Newspaper [https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978\\-88\\-6969\\-479\\-0/978\\-88\\-6969\\-479\\-0\\-ch\\-04\\.pdf](https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-479-0/978-88-6969-479-0-ch-04.pdf) For example, a female lawyer can be called {{lang\\|it\\|avvocata}} or {{lang\\|it\\|avvocatessa}} (feminine) but some might prefer to use the word {{lang\\|it\\|avvocato}} (masculine). Opponents{{Cite web \\|last\\=Piser \\|first\\=Karina \\|date\\=2023\\-11\\-27 \\|title\\=Aux Armes, Citoyen·nes! \\|url\\=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/04/france\\-gender\\-language\\-ecriture\\-inclusive\\-aux\\-armes\\-citoyennes/ \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-23 \\|website\\=Foreign Policy \\|language\\=en\\-US}} of these feminine forms claim that they're offensive because they overemphasize the gender, or that they're incorrect neologisms. The [Accademia della Crusca](/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca \"Accademia della Crusca\") and the [Treccani](/wiki/Treccani \"Treccani\") have spoken in favour of the usage of feminine job titles.{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.accademiadellacrusca.it/it/comunicato\\-stampa/crusca\\-risponde\\-ministro\\-ministra \\|title \\= La Crusca risponde: Il ministro o la ministra? \\| Accademia della Crusca}}{{Cite web \\| url\\=http://www.treccani.it/lingua\\_italiana/articoli/scritto\\_e\\_parlato/ministro.html \\|title \\= La ministro è priva di grammatica}}",
"In spite of traditional standards of Italian grammar, some Italians in recent years have opted to start using the pronoun \"loro\" (a literal translation of English \"they\"), to refer to people who desire to be identified with a gender neutral pronoun, although this usage may be perceived as incorrect due to the plural agreement of verbs.{{Citation needed\\|reason\\=Who?\\|date\\=January 2022}} The suffix *\\-u*, while not commonly used in standard Italian, has also been suggested as a gender neutral suffix.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Abraham \\|first1\\=Amelia \\|title\\=Perché i pronomi di genere neutro sono così importanti \\|url\\=https://www.wired.it/attualita/politica/2020/07/01/loro\\-pronomi\\-genere\\-non\\-binario/ \\|website\\=vogue.it \\|date\\=July 2020 \\|publisher\\=Condé Nast \\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2021}}{{Cite magazine\\|date\\=2020\\-07\\-01\\|title\\=La grande guerra dei pronomi inclusivi\\|url\\=https://www.wired.it/attualita/politica/2020/07/01/loro\\-pronomi\\-genere\\-non\\-binario/\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-01\\-31\\|magazine\\=Wired\\|language\\=it}}{{verify source\\|date\\=February 2021}}. In a similar way, some advocated using the [schwa](/wiki/Schwa \"Schwa\") (ə) as a new letter to signify a neutral or non\\-binary gender. However, most Italians would understand this new symbol orally as a masculine ending, visually as a feminine ending.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://accademiadellacrusca.it/it/consulenza/un\\-asterisco\\-sul\\-genere/4018\\|title \\= Un asterisco sul genere \\- Consulenza Linguistica \\- Accademia della Crusca}}",
"### Catalan",
"The most common gender\\-neutral third\\-person pronoun in [Catalan](/wiki/Catalan_language \"Catalan language\") is {{wikt\\-lang\\|ca\\|elli}}, derived from the gendered pronouns {{wikt\\-lang\\|ca\\|ell}} and {{wikt\\-lang\\|ca\\|ella}}.{{cite news\\|url\\=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/societat/genere\\-persona\\-no\\-binaria\\_577584\\_102\\.html\\|title\\=El gènere no\\-binari: quan no t'identifiques amb un gènere masculí o femení\\|language\\=ca\\|date\\=2021\\-01\\-31\\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-04\\-03\\|author\\=Guillem Maneja Juvanteny}}",
""
] |
Celtic languages
----------------
Nouns in the [six modern Celtic languages](/wiki/Celtic_languages%23Living_languages "Celtic languages#Living languages") belong to either one of two groups, masculine or feminine. There are only two singular third person personal prounouns which correspond to the grammatical gender of the noun to which they refer;{{Cite book\|title\=Gramadeg y Gymraeg\|last\=Thomas\|first\=Peter Wynn\|publisher\=University of Wales Press\|year\=1996\|isbn\=0\-7083\-1345\-0\|location\=Cardiff\|pages\=148}}{{Cite book\|title\=A Grammar of Modern Cornish\|last\=Brown\|first\=Wella\|publisher\=Kesva an Taves Kernewek / The Cornish Language Board\|year\=2001\|isbn\=1\-902917\-00\-6\|pages\=49}}{{Cite book\|title\=Colloquial Breton\|last\=Press\|first\=Ian\|publisher\=Routledge\|year\=2004\|isbn\=0\-415\-22451\-9\|location\=London\|pages\=214}}{{Cite book\|title\=Collins Gem Irish Dictionary\|last\=Mac Mathúna\|first\=Séamus\|publisher\=Harper Collins\|year\=1995\|isbn\=0\-00\-470753\-2\|pages\=170}}{{Cite book\|title\=Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks\|last\=Ó Maolalaigh\|first\=Roibeard\|publisher\=Birlinn\|year\=2008\|isbn\=978\-1\-84158\-643\-4\|location\=Edinburgh\|pages\=8}}{{Cite book\|title\=First Lessons in Manx\|last\=Goodwin\|first\=Edmund\|publisher\=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh\|year\=1966\|location\=Douglas\|pages\=9}} for example, the [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic "Scottish Gaelic") for "It is big" is {{lang\|gd\|Tha e mòr}} when referring to {{lang\|gd\|leabhar}}, "a book" (masculine), but {{lang\|gd\|Tha i mòr}} when talking about {{lang\|gd\|deoch}}, "a drink" (feminine).
A very small number of nouns in some languages can be either masculine or feminine. When referring to these mixed\-gender nouns, a decision has to be made, based on factors such as meaning, dialect or sometimes even personal preference, whether to use a masculine or feminine pronoun. There are no neutral or mixed\-gender singular third person pronouns.
The result of how having two grammatical genders manifests itself in each individual language is detailed below.
### Welsh
In [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language"), the third person singular personal pronouns are {{lang\|cy\|ef, (f)e, (f)o}} "he, it" and {{lang\|cy\|hi}} "she, it". {{lang\|cy\|Hi}}, "she", is the traditional [dummy pronoun](/wiki/Dummy_pronoun "Dummy pronoun");{{cite book\|last1\=King\|first1\=Gareth\|title\=Modern Welsh. A Comprehensive Grammar. (Routledge Grammars)\|date\=1993\|publisher\=Routledge\|location\=London and New York\|isbn\=0\-415\-09269\-8\|page\=94}} it is used when talking about the weather, {{lang\|cy\|Mae hi'n wyntog}}, "It is windy", or time, {{lang\|cy\|Mae hi'n ddeg o'r gloch}}, "It is ten o'clock".
The singular possessive pronoun {{lang\|cy\|ei}} is the same word for both masculine and feminine referents, but the gender difference is seen in the sound changes it effects on the following word. When masculine, {{lang\|cy\|ei}} the subsequent word will take a [soft mutation](/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology%23Initial_consonant_mutation "Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation"), but when feminine, {{lang\|cy\|ei}} causes an [aspirate mutation](/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology%23Initial_consonant_mutation "Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation") or prefixes an {{lang\|cy\|h}} to a vowel and the semivowel [\[j](/wiki/Palatal_approximant%23Palatal "Palatal approximant#Palatal")]. An example of this is the word {{lang\|cy\|cath}} "cat" becoming either {{lang\|cy\|ei gath}} "his cat" or {{lang\|cy\|ei chath}} "her cat".
Grammatical gender is sometimes shown in other parts of speech by means of mutations, vowel changes and specific word choices. Examples of this include:
* {{lang\|cy\|y mwyaf}} "the biggest" (masculine) without mutation vs {{lang\|cy\|y fwyaf}} "the biggest" (feminine) with soft mutation
* {{lang\|cy\|Cafodd Sam ei weld}} "Sam was seen" (masculine) with soft mutation of {{lang\|cy\|gweld}} vs {{lang\|cy\|Cafodd Sam ei gweld}} "Sam was seen" (feminine) with no mutation
* {{lang\|cy\|cochyn}} "[a redhead](/wiki/Red_hair "Red hair")" (masculine) vs {{lang\|cy\|cochen}} "a redhead" (feminine)
* {{lang\|cy\|un gwyn}} "a white one" (masculine) vs {{lang\|cy\|un wen}} "a white one" (feminine) with mutation and vowel change
* {{lang\|cy\|pedwar cariad}} "four lovers/boyfriends" with masculine {{lang\|cy\|pedwar}} vs {{lang\|cy\|pedair cariad}} "four lovers/girlfriends" with feminine {{lang\|cy\|pedair}}
A few job titles have gendered terms, for example {{lang\|cy\|dyn busnes}} "businessman" and {{lang\|cy\|dynes fusnes}} "businesswoman". In other instances a feminine job title may derive from a masculine one such as feminine {{lang\|cy\|gofalwraig}} "carer, caretaker" from masculine {{lang\|cy\|gofalwr}}, or {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifenyddes}} "secretary" from {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifennydd}}. Occasionally only one meaning of a masculine word can be made feminine, for example, when "secretary" refers to a [personal assistant](/wiki/Personal_assistant "Personal assistant"), there are masculine and feminine forms, {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifennydd}} and {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifenyddes}} respectively, however when "secretary" is used as a [title](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 "Secretary (title)") for people in leadership, the only valid form is {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifennydd}}. This means, in her job as [Cabinet Secretary for Education](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Education%2C_Lifelong_Learning_and_Skills "Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills"), [Kirsty Williams](/wiki/Kirsty_Williams "Kirsty Williams") is always {{lang\|cy\|Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet dros Addysg}} despite being a woman. The same is true of {{lang\|cy\|athro}} and {{lang\|cy\|athrawes}}, which are the masculine and feminine words for "teacher", but when used to mean "professor", only {{lang\|cy\|athro}} can be used.
Theoretically any job title can be made feminine but in practice most job titles without a feminine suffix are used as a gender\-neutral term.{{Cite web\|url\=http://geiriaduracademi.org/\|title\=Geiriadur yr Academi \- The Welsh Academy English\-Welsh Dictionary Online\|access\-date\=25 August 2018}} Some authorities emphasize that a distinction needs to be made between biological sex and grammatical gender. The *[Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary](/wiki/Welsh_Academy_English%E2%80%93Welsh_Dictionary "Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary")* explains "it must be reiterated, gender is a {{em\|grammatical}} classification, not an indicator of sex; it is misleading and unfortunate that the labels {{em\|masculine and feminine}} have to be used, according to tradition. (...) There is no reason why nouns ending in \-wr, \-ydd should not refer equally well to a woman as to a man." This is why the [Welsh Government](/wiki/Welsh_Government "Welsh Government")'s Translation Service recommends translating such phrases as "If a parent sends his or her child to school" is translated as {{lang\|cy\|"Os bydd rhiant yn anfon ei blentyn i’r ysgol"}}, literally "If a parent sends his child to school" as {{lang\|cy\|rhiant}} "parent" is a masculine noun.
Some consider the agent suffix {{lang\|cy\|\-ydd}} to be more gender neutral than {{lang\|cy\|\-wr}} however the Translation Service advises against the use of words ending in {{lang\|cy\|\-ydd}} in job titles unless it is natural to do so.{{Cite web\|url\=https://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/131128\-translation\-service\-style\-guide\-cy.pdf\|title\=Arddulliadur Gwasanaeth Cyfieithu Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru\|access\-date\=25 August 2018}} This means that established words such as {{lang\|cy\|cyfieithydd}} "translator" are readily used whereas terms such as {{lang\|cy\|rheolydd}} for "manager" instead of {{lang\|cy\|rheolwr}} or {{lang\|cy\|cyfarwyddwraig}} "(specifically feminine) director" instead of {{lang\|cy\|cyfarwyddwr}} are proscribed by the Service. It does however allow for their use in personal contexts such as [email signatures](/wiki/Signature_block "Signature block") and [business cards](/wiki/Business_card "Business card").
A distinction in gender is also found in some other classes of words, for instance, those referring to nationality. This becomes is more apparent in Welsh, which prefers to use a noun, than in English, which tends to use an adjective of nationality, for example, "He is Irish" is more often {{lang\|cy\|Gwyddel yw e}} "He is an Irishman" and "She is Irish" becomes {{lang\|cy\|Gwyddeles yw hi}} "She is an Irishwoman". With countries that do not have such a close connection with Wales, usually those further away, only one form of the noun is found, for example, {{lang\|cy\|Rwsiad}} "a Russian" (both masculine and feminine). Phrases can also be used rather than a single word and these can be gender specific, e.g., {{lang\|cy\|dyn o Angola}} "a man from Angola, an Angolan" and {{lang\|cy\|merch o Angola}} "a woman from Angola, an Angolan", or have one form for both referents, e.g., {{lang\|cy\|un o Angola}} "one from Angola, an Angolan".
In the plural, there is a single third person plural pronoun, {{lang\|cy\|nhw}} "they", and no distinction is made for grammatical gender. With nouns, the tendency is to use the form of the grammatically masculine nouns when referring to groups of mixed sex, so {{lang\|cy\|athrawon}} "teachers" (from masculine {{lang\|cy\|athro}}) is used when describing male and female teachers together.{{Cite web\|url\=http://cymraeg.gov.wales/btc/?lang\=en\|title\=BydTermCymru\|date\=2015\-07\-12\|access\-date\=30 August 2018}} The plural {{lang\|cy\|athrawesau}} "teachers" (from feminine {{lang\|cy\|athrawes}}) exists is used rarely and in contexts where the speaker desires to emphasize the fact that the teachers are female.
### Cornish
The [Cornish](/wiki/Cornish_language "Cornish language") independent third person singular pronouns are {{wikt\-lang\|kw\|ev}} 'he, it' and {{wikt\-lang\|kw\|hi}} 'she, it'.
[Ken George](/wiki/Ken_George "Ken George") has recently suggested a complete set of gender\-neutral pronouns in Cornish for referring to non\-binary people, based on the forms George believes these pronouns would take if the neuter gender had survived from Proto\-Celtic to Middle Cornish (independent \*{{lang\|kw\|hun}}, possessive \*{{lang\|kw\|eydh}}, infixed \*{{lang\|kw\|'h}}, demonstrative \*{{lang\|kw\|homma}}, \*{{lang\|kw\|humma}}, and prepositional suffix \*{{lang\|kw\|\-es}}).{{Cite web \|last\=George \|first\=K.J. \|date\=2021 \|title\=NON\-BINARY PRONOUNS IN CORNISH \|url\=http://cornishlanguage.info/gram/neuter1\.pdf \|website\=cornishlanguage.info}}
Job titles usually have both a masculine and feminine version, the latter usually derived from the former by means of the suffix {{lang\|kw\|\-es}}, for example, {{lang\|kw\|negesydh}} "businessman" and {{lang\|kw\|negesydhes}} "businesswoman", {{lang\|kw\|skrifennyas}} "(male) secretary" and {{lang\|kw\|skrifenyades}} "(female) secretary", {{lang\|kw\|sodhek}} "(male) officer" and {{lang\|kw\|sodhoges}} "(female) officer".{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/\|title\=MAGA Cornish dictionary / Gerlyver kernewek MAGA\|access\-date\=30 August 2018}} In the last example, compare Welsh {{lang\|cy\|swyddog}} which uses the grammatically masculine term for both males and females. Occasionally, nouns have only one gender despite referring to either males or females, for example {{lang\|kw\|kannas}} "messenger" is always feminine.{{Cite book\|title\=Tavas a Ragadazow\|last\=Gendall\|first\=Richard\|publisher\=Teer ha Tavas\|year\=2000\|isbn\=0\-9537710\-0\-8\|location\=Menheniot\|pages\=2}}
|
[
"Celtic languages\n----------------",
"Nouns in the [six modern Celtic languages](/wiki/Celtic_languages%23Living_languages \"Celtic languages#Living languages\") belong to either one of two groups, masculine or feminine. There are only two singular third person personal prounouns which correspond to the grammatical gender of the noun to which they refer;{{Cite book\\|title\\=Gramadeg y Gymraeg\\|last\\=Thomas\\|first\\=Peter Wynn\\|publisher\\=University of Wales Press\\|year\\=1996\\|isbn\\=0\\-7083\\-1345\\-0\\|location\\=Cardiff\\|pages\\=148}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=A Grammar of Modern Cornish\\|last\\=Brown\\|first\\=Wella\\|publisher\\=Kesva an Taves Kernewek / The Cornish Language Board\\|year\\=2001\\|isbn\\=1\\-902917\\-00\\-6\\|pages\\=49}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=Colloquial Breton\\|last\\=Press\\|first\\=Ian\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|year\\=2004\\|isbn\\=0\\-415\\-22451\\-9\\|location\\=London\\|pages\\=214}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=Collins Gem Irish Dictionary\\|last\\=Mac Mathúna\\|first\\=Séamus\\|publisher\\=Harper Collins\\|year\\=1995\\|isbn\\=0\\-00\\-470753\\-2\\|pages\\=170}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=Scottish Gaelic in Twelve Weeks\\|last\\=Ó Maolalaigh\\|first\\=Roibeard\\|publisher\\=Birlinn\\|year\\=2008\\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-84158\\-643\\-4\\|location\\=Edinburgh\\|pages\\=8}}{{Cite book\\|title\\=First Lessons in Manx\\|last\\=Goodwin\\|first\\=Edmund\\|publisher\\=Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh\\|year\\=1966\\|location\\=Douglas\\|pages\\=9}} for example, the [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic \"Scottish Gaelic\") for \"It is big\" is {{lang\\|gd\\|Tha e mòr}} when referring to {{lang\\|gd\\|leabhar}}, \"a book\" (masculine), but {{lang\\|gd\\|Tha i mòr}} when talking about {{lang\\|gd\\|deoch}}, \"a drink\" (feminine).",
"A very small number of nouns in some languages can be either masculine or feminine. When referring to these mixed\\-gender nouns, a decision has to be made, based on factors such as meaning, dialect or sometimes even personal preference, whether to use a masculine or feminine pronoun. There are no neutral or mixed\\-gender singular third person pronouns.",
"The result of how having two grammatical genders manifests itself in each individual language is detailed below.",
"### Welsh",
"In [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_language \"Welsh language\"), the third person singular personal pronouns are {{lang\\|cy\\|ef, (f)e, (f)o}} \"he, it\" and {{lang\\|cy\\|hi}} \"she, it\". {{lang\\|cy\\|Hi}}, \"she\", is the traditional [dummy pronoun](/wiki/Dummy_pronoun \"Dummy pronoun\");{{cite book\\|last1\\=King\\|first1\\=Gareth\\|title\\=Modern Welsh. A Comprehensive Grammar. (Routledge Grammars)\\|date\\=1993\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|location\\=London and New York\\|isbn\\=0\\-415\\-09269\\-8\\|page\\=94}} it is used when talking about the weather, {{lang\\|cy\\|Mae hi'n wyntog}}, \"It is windy\", or time, {{lang\\|cy\\|Mae hi'n ddeg o'r gloch}}, \"It is ten o'clock\".",
"The singular possessive pronoun {{lang\\|cy\\|ei}} is the same word for both masculine and feminine referents, but the gender difference is seen in the sound changes it effects on the following word. When masculine, {{lang\\|cy\\|ei}} the subsequent word will take a [soft mutation](/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology%23Initial_consonant_mutation \"Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation\"), but when feminine, {{lang\\|cy\\|ei}} causes an [aspirate mutation](/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology%23Initial_consonant_mutation \"Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation\") or prefixes an {{lang\\|cy\\|h}} to a vowel and the semivowel [\\[j](/wiki/Palatal_approximant%23Palatal \"Palatal approximant#Palatal\")]. An example of this is the word {{lang\\|cy\\|cath}} \"cat\" becoming either {{lang\\|cy\\|ei gath}} \"his cat\" or {{lang\\|cy\\|ei chath}} \"her cat\".",
"Grammatical gender is sometimes shown in other parts of speech by means of mutations, vowel changes and specific word choices. Examples of this include:\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|y mwyaf}} \"the biggest\" (masculine) without mutation vs {{lang\\|cy\\|y fwyaf}} \"the biggest\" (feminine) with soft mutation\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|Cafodd Sam ei weld}} \"Sam was seen\" (masculine) with soft mutation of {{lang\\|cy\\|gweld}} vs {{lang\\|cy\\|Cafodd Sam ei gweld}} \"Sam was seen\" (feminine) with no mutation\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|cochyn}} \"[a redhead](/wiki/Red_hair \"Red hair\")\" (masculine) vs {{lang\\|cy\\|cochen}} \"a redhead\" (feminine)\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|un gwyn}} \"a white one\" (masculine) vs {{lang\\|cy\\|un wen}} \"a white one\" (feminine) with mutation and vowel change\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|pedwar cariad}} \"four lovers/boyfriends\" with masculine {{lang\\|cy\\|pedwar}} vs {{lang\\|cy\\|pedair cariad}} \"four lovers/girlfriends\" with feminine {{lang\\|cy\\|pedair}}",
"A few job titles have gendered terms, for example {{lang\\|cy\\|dyn busnes}} \"businessman\" and {{lang\\|cy\\|dynes fusnes}} \"businesswoman\". In other instances a feminine job title may derive from a masculine one such as feminine {{lang\\|cy\\|gofalwraig}} \"carer, caretaker\" from masculine {{lang\\|cy\\|gofalwr}}, or {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifenyddes}} \"secretary\" from {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifennydd}}. Occasionally only one meaning of a masculine word can be made feminine, for example, when \"secretary\" refers to a [personal assistant](/wiki/Personal_assistant \"Personal assistant\"), there are masculine and feminine forms, {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifennydd}} and {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifenyddes}} respectively, however when \"secretary\" is used as a [title](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 \"Secretary (title)\") for people in leadership, the only valid form is {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifennydd}}. This means, in her job as [Cabinet Secretary for Education](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Education%2C_Lifelong_Learning_and_Skills \"Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills\"), [Kirsty Williams](/wiki/Kirsty_Williams \"Kirsty Williams\") is always {{lang\\|cy\\|Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet dros Addysg}} despite being a woman. The same is true of {{lang\\|cy\\|athro}} and {{lang\\|cy\\|athrawes}}, which are the masculine and feminine words for \"teacher\", but when used to mean \"professor\", only {{lang\\|cy\\|athro}} can be used.",
"Theoretically any job title can be made feminine but in practice most job titles without a feminine suffix are used as a gender\\-neutral term.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://geiriaduracademi.org/\\|title\\=Geiriadur yr Academi \\- The Welsh Academy English\\-Welsh Dictionary Online\\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2018}} Some authorities emphasize that a distinction needs to be made between biological sex and grammatical gender. The *[Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary](/wiki/Welsh_Academy_English%E2%80%93Welsh_Dictionary \"Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary\")* explains \"it must be reiterated, gender is a {{em\\|grammatical}} classification, not an indicator of sex; it is misleading and unfortunate that the labels {{em\\|masculine and feminine}} have to be used, according to tradition. (...) There is no reason why nouns ending in \\-wr, \\-ydd should not refer equally well to a woman as to a man.\" This is why the [Welsh Government](/wiki/Welsh_Government \"Welsh Government\")'s Translation Service recommends translating such phrases as \"If a parent sends his or her child to school\" is translated as {{lang\\|cy\\|\"Os bydd rhiant yn anfon ei blentyn i’r ysgol\"}}, literally \"If a parent sends his child to school\" as {{lang\\|cy\\|rhiant}} \"parent\" is a masculine noun.",
"Some consider the agent suffix {{lang\\|cy\\|\\-ydd}} to be more gender neutral than {{lang\\|cy\\|\\-wr}} however the Translation Service advises against the use of words ending in {{lang\\|cy\\|\\-ydd}} in job titles unless it is natural to do so.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/131128\\-translation\\-service\\-style\\-guide\\-cy.pdf\\|title\\=Arddulliadur Gwasanaeth Cyfieithu Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru\\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2018}} This means that established words such as {{lang\\|cy\\|cyfieithydd}} \"translator\" are readily used whereas terms such as {{lang\\|cy\\|rheolydd}} for \"manager\" instead of {{lang\\|cy\\|rheolwr}} or {{lang\\|cy\\|cyfarwyddwraig}} \"(specifically feminine) director\" instead of {{lang\\|cy\\|cyfarwyddwr}} are proscribed by the Service. It does however allow for their use in personal contexts such as [email signatures](/wiki/Signature_block \"Signature block\") and [business cards](/wiki/Business_card \"Business card\").",
"A distinction in gender is also found in some other classes of words, for instance, those referring to nationality. This becomes is more apparent in Welsh, which prefers to use a noun, than in English, which tends to use an adjective of nationality, for example, \"He is Irish\" is more often {{lang\\|cy\\|Gwyddel yw e}} \"He is an Irishman\" and \"She is Irish\" becomes {{lang\\|cy\\|Gwyddeles yw hi}} \"She is an Irishwoman\". With countries that do not have such a close connection with Wales, usually those further away, only one form of the noun is found, for example, {{lang\\|cy\\|Rwsiad}} \"a Russian\" (both masculine and feminine). Phrases can also be used rather than a single word and these can be gender specific, e.g., {{lang\\|cy\\|dyn o Angola}} \"a man from Angola, an Angolan\" and {{lang\\|cy\\|merch o Angola}} \"a woman from Angola, an Angolan\", or have one form for both referents, e.g., {{lang\\|cy\\|un o Angola}} \"one from Angola, an Angolan\".",
"In the plural, there is a single third person plural pronoun, {{lang\\|cy\\|nhw}} \"they\", and no distinction is made for grammatical gender. With nouns, the tendency is to use the form of the grammatically masculine nouns when referring to groups of mixed sex, so {{lang\\|cy\\|athrawon}} \"teachers\" (from masculine {{lang\\|cy\\|athro}}) is used when describing male and female teachers together.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://cymraeg.gov.wales/btc/?lang\\=en\\|title\\=BydTermCymru\\|date\\=2015\\-07\\-12\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2018}} The plural {{lang\\|cy\\|athrawesau}} \"teachers\" (from feminine {{lang\\|cy\\|athrawes}}) exists is used rarely and in contexts where the speaker desires to emphasize the fact that the teachers are female.",
"### Cornish",
"The [Cornish](/wiki/Cornish_language \"Cornish language\") independent third person singular pronouns are {{wikt\\-lang\\|kw\\|ev}} 'he, it' and {{wikt\\-lang\\|kw\\|hi}} 'she, it'.",
"[Ken George](/wiki/Ken_George \"Ken George\") has recently suggested a complete set of gender\\-neutral pronouns in Cornish for referring to non\\-binary people, based on the forms George believes these pronouns would take if the neuter gender had survived from Proto\\-Celtic to Middle Cornish (independent \\*{{lang\\|kw\\|hun}}, possessive \\*{{lang\\|kw\\|eydh}}, infixed \\*{{lang\\|kw\\|'h}}, demonstrative \\*{{lang\\|kw\\|homma}}, \\*{{lang\\|kw\\|humma}}, and prepositional suffix \\*{{lang\\|kw\\|\\-es}}).{{Cite web \\|last\\=George \\|first\\=K.J. \\|date\\=2021 \\|title\\=NON\\-BINARY PRONOUNS IN CORNISH \\|url\\=http://cornishlanguage.info/gram/neuter1\\.pdf \\|website\\=cornishlanguage.info}}",
"Job titles usually have both a masculine and feminine version, the latter usually derived from the former by means of the suffix {{lang\\|kw\\|\\-es}}, for example, {{lang\\|kw\\|negesydh}} \"businessman\" and {{lang\\|kw\\|negesydhes}} \"businesswoman\", {{lang\\|kw\\|skrifennyas}} \"(male) secretary\" and {{lang\\|kw\\|skrifenyades}} \"(female) secretary\", {{lang\\|kw\\|sodhek}} \"(male) officer\" and {{lang\\|kw\\|sodhoges}} \"(female) officer\".{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.cornishdictionary.org.uk/\\|title\\=MAGA Cornish dictionary / Gerlyver kernewek MAGA\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2018}} In the last example, compare Welsh {{lang\\|cy\\|swyddog}} which uses the grammatically masculine term for both males and females. Occasionally, nouns have only one gender despite referring to either males or females, for example {{lang\\|kw\\|kannas}} \"messenger\" is always feminine.{{Cite book\\|title\\=Tavas a Ragadazow\\|last\\=Gendall\\|first\\=Richard\\|publisher\\=Teer ha Tavas\\|year\\=2000\\|isbn\\=0\\-9537710\\-0\\-8\\|location\\=Menheniot\\|pages\\=2}}",
""
] |
### Welsh
In [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language"), the third person singular personal pronouns are {{lang\|cy\|ef, (f)e, (f)o}} "he, it" and {{lang\|cy\|hi}} "she, it". {{lang\|cy\|Hi}}, "she", is the traditional [dummy pronoun](/wiki/Dummy_pronoun "Dummy pronoun");{{cite book\|last1\=King\|first1\=Gareth\|title\=Modern Welsh. A Comprehensive Grammar. (Routledge Grammars)\|date\=1993\|publisher\=Routledge\|location\=London and New York\|isbn\=0\-415\-09269\-8\|page\=94}} it is used when talking about the weather, {{lang\|cy\|Mae hi'n wyntog}}, "It is windy", or time, {{lang\|cy\|Mae hi'n ddeg o'r gloch}}, "It is ten o'clock".
The singular possessive pronoun {{lang\|cy\|ei}} is the same word for both masculine and feminine referents, but the gender difference is seen in the sound changes it effects on the following word. When masculine, {{lang\|cy\|ei}} the subsequent word will take a [soft mutation](/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology%23Initial_consonant_mutation "Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation"), but when feminine, {{lang\|cy\|ei}} causes an [aspirate mutation](/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology%23Initial_consonant_mutation "Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation") or prefixes an {{lang\|cy\|h}} to a vowel and the semivowel [\[j](/wiki/Palatal_approximant%23Palatal "Palatal approximant#Palatal")]. An example of this is the word {{lang\|cy\|cath}} "cat" becoming either {{lang\|cy\|ei gath}} "his cat" or {{lang\|cy\|ei chath}} "her cat".
Grammatical gender is sometimes shown in other parts of speech by means of mutations, vowel changes and specific word choices. Examples of this include:
* {{lang\|cy\|y mwyaf}} "the biggest" (masculine) without mutation vs {{lang\|cy\|y fwyaf}} "the biggest" (feminine) with soft mutation
* {{lang\|cy\|Cafodd Sam ei weld}} "Sam was seen" (masculine) with soft mutation of {{lang\|cy\|gweld}} vs {{lang\|cy\|Cafodd Sam ei gweld}} "Sam was seen" (feminine) with no mutation
* {{lang\|cy\|cochyn}} "[a redhead](/wiki/Red_hair "Red hair")" (masculine) vs {{lang\|cy\|cochen}} "a redhead" (feminine)
* {{lang\|cy\|un gwyn}} "a white one" (masculine) vs {{lang\|cy\|un wen}} "a white one" (feminine) with mutation and vowel change
* {{lang\|cy\|pedwar cariad}} "four lovers/boyfriends" with masculine {{lang\|cy\|pedwar}} vs {{lang\|cy\|pedair cariad}} "four lovers/girlfriends" with feminine {{lang\|cy\|pedair}}
A few job titles have gendered terms, for example {{lang\|cy\|dyn busnes}} "businessman" and {{lang\|cy\|dynes fusnes}} "businesswoman". In other instances a feminine job title may derive from a masculine one such as feminine {{lang\|cy\|gofalwraig}} "carer, caretaker" from masculine {{lang\|cy\|gofalwr}}, or {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifenyddes}} "secretary" from {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifennydd}}. Occasionally only one meaning of a masculine word can be made feminine, for example, when "secretary" refers to a [personal assistant](/wiki/Personal_assistant "Personal assistant"), there are masculine and feminine forms, {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifennydd}} and {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifenyddes}} respectively, however when "secretary" is used as a [title](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 "Secretary (title)") for people in leadership, the only valid form is {{lang\|cy\|ysgrifennydd}}. This means, in her job as [Cabinet Secretary for Education](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Education%2C_Lifelong_Learning_and_Skills "Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills"), [Kirsty Williams](/wiki/Kirsty_Williams "Kirsty Williams") is always {{lang\|cy\|Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet dros Addysg}} despite being a woman. The same is true of {{lang\|cy\|athro}} and {{lang\|cy\|athrawes}}, which are the masculine and feminine words for "teacher", but when used to mean "professor", only {{lang\|cy\|athro}} can be used.
Theoretically any job title can be made feminine but in practice most job titles without a feminine suffix are used as a gender\-neutral term.{{Cite web\|url\=http://geiriaduracademi.org/\|title\=Geiriadur yr Academi \- The Welsh Academy English\-Welsh Dictionary Online\|access\-date\=25 August 2018}} Some authorities emphasize that a distinction needs to be made between biological sex and grammatical gender. The *[Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary](/wiki/Welsh_Academy_English%E2%80%93Welsh_Dictionary "Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary")* explains "it must be reiterated, gender is a {{em\|grammatical}} classification, not an indicator of sex; it is misleading and unfortunate that the labels {{em\|masculine and feminine}} have to be used, according to tradition. (...) There is no reason why nouns ending in \-wr, \-ydd should not refer equally well to a woman as to a man." This is why the [Welsh Government](/wiki/Welsh_Government "Welsh Government")'s Translation Service recommends translating such phrases as "If a parent sends his or her child to school" is translated as {{lang\|cy\|"Os bydd rhiant yn anfon ei blentyn i’r ysgol"}}, literally "If a parent sends his child to school" as {{lang\|cy\|rhiant}} "parent" is a masculine noun.
Some consider the agent suffix {{lang\|cy\|\-ydd}} to be more gender neutral than {{lang\|cy\|\-wr}} however the Translation Service advises against the use of words ending in {{lang\|cy\|\-ydd}} in job titles unless it is natural to do so.{{Cite web\|url\=https://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/131128\-translation\-service\-style\-guide\-cy.pdf\|title\=Arddulliadur Gwasanaeth Cyfieithu Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru\|access\-date\=25 August 2018}} This means that established words such as {{lang\|cy\|cyfieithydd}} "translator" are readily used whereas terms such as {{lang\|cy\|rheolydd}} for "manager" instead of {{lang\|cy\|rheolwr}} or {{lang\|cy\|cyfarwyddwraig}} "(specifically feminine) director" instead of {{lang\|cy\|cyfarwyddwr}} are proscribed by the Service. It does however allow for their use in personal contexts such as [email signatures](/wiki/Signature_block "Signature block") and [business cards](/wiki/Business_card "Business card").
A distinction in gender is also found in some other classes of words, for instance, those referring to nationality. This becomes is more apparent in Welsh, which prefers to use a noun, than in English, which tends to use an adjective of nationality, for example, "He is Irish" is more often {{lang\|cy\|Gwyddel yw e}} "He is an Irishman" and "She is Irish" becomes {{lang\|cy\|Gwyddeles yw hi}} "She is an Irishwoman". With countries that do not have such a close connection with Wales, usually those further away, only one form of the noun is found, for example, {{lang\|cy\|Rwsiad}} "a Russian" (both masculine and feminine). Phrases can also be used rather than a single word and these can be gender specific, e.g., {{lang\|cy\|dyn o Angola}} "a man from Angola, an Angolan" and {{lang\|cy\|merch o Angola}} "a woman from Angola, an Angolan", or have one form for both referents, e.g., {{lang\|cy\|un o Angola}} "one from Angola, an Angolan".
In the plural, there is a single third person plural pronoun, {{lang\|cy\|nhw}} "they", and no distinction is made for grammatical gender. With nouns, the tendency is to use the form of the grammatically masculine nouns when referring to groups of mixed sex, so {{lang\|cy\|athrawon}} "teachers" (from masculine {{lang\|cy\|athro}}) is used when describing male and female teachers together.{{Cite web\|url\=http://cymraeg.gov.wales/btc/?lang\=en\|title\=BydTermCymru\|date\=2015\-07\-12\|access\-date\=30 August 2018}} The plural {{lang\|cy\|athrawesau}} "teachers" (from feminine {{lang\|cy\|athrawes}}) exists is used rarely and in contexts where the speaker desires to emphasize the fact that the teachers are female.
|
[
"### Welsh",
"In [Welsh](/wiki/Welsh_language \"Welsh language\"), the third person singular personal pronouns are {{lang\\|cy\\|ef, (f)e, (f)o}} \"he, it\" and {{lang\\|cy\\|hi}} \"she, it\". {{lang\\|cy\\|Hi}}, \"she\", is the traditional [dummy pronoun](/wiki/Dummy_pronoun \"Dummy pronoun\");{{cite book\\|last1\\=King\\|first1\\=Gareth\\|title\\=Modern Welsh. A Comprehensive Grammar. (Routledge Grammars)\\|date\\=1993\\|publisher\\=Routledge\\|location\\=London and New York\\|isbn\\=0\\-415\\-09269\\-8\\|page\\=94}} it is used when talking about the weather, {{lang\\|cy\\|Mae hi'n wyntog}}, \"It is windy\", or time, {{lang\\|cy\\|Mae hi'n ddeg o'r gloch}}, \"It is ten o'clock\".",
"The singular possessive pronoun {{lang\\|cy\\|ei}} is the same word for both masculine and feminine referents, but the gender difference is seen in the sound changes it effects on the following word. When masculine, {{lang\\|cy\\|ei}} the subsequent word will take a [soft mutation](/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology%23Initial_consonant_mutation \"Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation\"), but when feminine, {{lang\\|cy\\|ei}} causes an [aspirate mutation](/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology%23Initial_consonant_mutation \"Colloquial Welsh morphology#Initial consonant mutation\") or prefixes an {{lang\\|cy\\|h}} to a vowel and the semivowel [\\[j](/wiki/Palatal_approximant%23Palatal \"Palatal approximant#Palatal\")]. An example of this is the word {{lang\\|cy\\|cath}} \"cat\" becoming either {{lang\\|cy\\|ei gath}} \"his cat\" or {{lang\\|cy\\|ei chath}} \"her cat\".",
"Grammatical gender is sometimes shown in other parts of speech by means of mutations, vowel changes and specific word choices. Examples of this include:\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|y mwyaf}} \"the biggest\" (masculine) without mutation vs {{lang\\|cy\\|y fwyaf}} \"the biggest\" (feminine) with soft mutation\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|Cafodd Sam ei weld}} \"Sam was seen\" (masculine) with soft mutation of {{lang\\|cy\\|gweld}} vs {{lang\\|cy\\|Cafodd Sam ei gweld}} \"Sam was seen\" (feminine) with no mutation\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|cochyn}} \"[a redhead](/wiki/Red_hair \"Red hair\")\" (masculine) vs {{lang\\|cy\\|cochen}} \"a redhead\" (feminine)\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|un gwyn}} \"a white one\" (masculine) vs {{lang\\|cy\\|un wen}} \"a white one\" (feminine) with mutation and vowel change\n* {{lang\\|cy\\|pedwar cariad}} \"four lovers/boyfriends\" with masculine {{lang\\|cy\\|pedwar}} vs {{lang\\|cy\\|pedair cariad}} \"four lovers/girlfriends\" with feminine {{lang\\|cy\\|pedair}}",
"A few job titles have gendered terms, for example {{lang\\|cy\\|dyn busnes}} \"businessman\" and {{lang\\|cy\\|dynes fusnes}} \"businesswoman\". In other instances a feminine job title may derive from a masculine one such as feminine {{lang\\|cy\\|gofalwraig}} \"carer, caretaker\" from masculine {{lang\\|cy\\|gofalwr}}, or {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifenyddes}} \"secretary\" from {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifennydd}}. Occasionally only one meaning of a masculine word can be made feminine, for example, when \"secretary\" refers to a [personal assistant](/wiki/Personal_assistant \"Personal assistant\"), there are masculine and feminine forms, {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifennydd}} and {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifenyddes}} respectively, however when \"secretary\" is used as a [title](/wiki/Secretary_%28title%29 \"Secretary (title)\") for people in leadership, the only valid form is {{lang\\|cy\\|ysgrifennydd}}. This means, in her job as [Cabinet Secretary for Education](/wiki/Department_for_Children%2C_Education%2C_Lifelong_Learning_and_Skills \"Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills\"), [Kirsty Williams](/wiki/Kirsty_Williams \"Kirsty Williams\") is always {{lang\\|cy\\|Ysgrifennydd y Cabinet dros Addysg}} despite being a woman. The same is true of {{lang\\|cy\\|athro}} and {{lang\\|cy\\|athrawes}}, which are the masculine and feminine words for \"teacher\", but when used to mean \"professor\", only {{lang\\|cy\\|athro}} can be used.",
"Theoretically any job title can be made feminine but in practice most job titles without a feminine suffix are used as a gender\\-neutral term.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://geiriaduracademi.org/\\|title\\=Geiriadur yr Academi \\- The Welsh Academy English\\-Welsh Dictionary Online\\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2018}} Some authorities emphasize that a distinction needs to be made between biological sex and grammatical gender. The *[Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary](/wiki/Welsh_Academy_English%E2%80%93Welsh_Dictionary \"Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary\")* explains \"it must be reiterated, gender is a {{em\\|grammatical}} classification, not an indicator of sex; it is misleading and unfortunate that the labels {{em\\|masculine and feminine}} have to be used, according to tradition. (...) There is no reason why nouns ending in \\-wr, \\-ydd should not refer equally well to a woman as to a man.\" This is why the [Welsh Government](/wiki/Welsh_Government \"Welsh Government\")'s Translation Service recommends translating such phrases as \"If a parent sends his or her child to school\" is translated as {{lang\\|cy\\|\"Os bydd rhiant yn anfon ei blentyn i’r ysgol\"}}, literally \"If a parent sends his child to school\" as {{lang\\|cy\\|rhiant}} \"parent\" is a masculine noun.",
"Some consider the agent suffix {{lang\\|cy\\|\\-ydd}} to be more gender neutral than {{lang\\|cy\\|\\-wr}} however the Translation Service advises against the use of words ending in {{lang\\|cy\\|\\-ydd}} in job titles unless it is natural to do so.{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/131128\\-translation\\-service\\-style\\-guide\\-cy.pdf\\|title\\=Arddulliadur Gwasanaeth Cyfieithu Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru\\|access\\-date\\=25 August 2018}} This means that established words such as {{lang\\|cy\\|cyfieithydd}} \"translator\" are readily used whereas terms such as {{lang\\|cy\\|rheolydd}} for \"manager\" instead of {{lang\\|cy\\|rheolwr}} or {{lang\\|cy\\|cyfarwyddwraig}} \"(specifically feminine) director\" instead of {{lang\\|cy\\|cyfarwyddwr}} are proscribed by the Service. It does however allow for their use in personal contexts such as [email signatures](/wiki/Signature_block \"Signature block\") and [business cards](/wiki/Business_card \"Business card\").",
"A distinction in gender is also found in some other classes of words, for instance, those referring to nationality. This becomes is more apparent in Welsh, which prefers to use a noun, than in English, which tends to use an adjective of nationality, for example, \"He is Irish\" is more often {{lang\\|cy\\|Gwyddel yw e}} \"He is an Irishman\" and \"She is Irish\" becomes {{lang\\|cy\\|Gwyddeles yw hi}} \"She is an Irishwoman\". With countries that do not have such a close connection with Wales, usually those further away, only one form of the noun is found, for example, {{lang\\|cy\\|Rwsiad}} \"a Russian\" (both masculine and feminine). Phrases can also be used rather than a single word and these can be gender specific, e.g., {{lang\\|cy\\|dyn o Angola}} \"a man from Angola, an Angolan\" and {{lang\\|cy\\|merch o Angola}} \"a woman from Angola, an Angolan\", or have one form for both referents, e.g., {{lang\\|cy\\|un o Angola}} \"one from Angola, an Angolan\".",
"In the plural, there is a single third person plural pronoun, {{lang\\|cy\\|nhw}} \"they\", and no distinction is made for grammatical gender. With nouns, the tendency is to use the form of the grammatically masculine nouns when referring to groups of mixed sex, so {{lang\\|cy\\|athrawon}} \"teachers\" (from masculine {{lang\\|cy\\|athro}}) is used when describing male and female teachers together.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://cymraeg.gov.wales/btc/?lang\\=en\\|title\\=BydTermCymru\\|date\\=2015\\-07\\-12\\|access\\-date\\=30 August 2018}} The plural {{lang\\|cy\\|athrawesau}} \"teachers\" (from feminine {{lang\\|cy\\|athrawes}}) exists is used rarely and in contexts where the speaker desires to emphasize the fact that the teachers are female.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
He was born in the village of [Mega Revma](/wiki/Mega_Revma "Mega Revma") near [Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul "Istanbul") in 1869\. He was the son of Irene\-Erifylli and Alexander Psachos, descended from [Cephalonia](/wiki/Cephalonia "Cephalonia").
A few years later he entered the Central Seminary of Constantinople as a supernumerary. In the Central Seminary, Psachos completed the circular education and was also taught chanting by the responsible teacher and housekeeper of the School, Archimandrite Theodore Matzouranis.Foundation of the Hellenic Word, Konstantinos Psachos, chapter 2\.
In May 1887, he became a [cantor](/wiki/Cantor_%28church%29 "Cantor (church)") (*[domestikos](/wiki/Domestikos "Domestikos")*) at the Church of the Transfiguration in [Galata](/wiki/Galata "Galata"), serving there until 1891\. In 1892, he became archcantor at the Saint Charalampos Greek Hospital of [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna "Smyrna"). He returned to [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople "Constantinople") and in 1895 was appointed as archcantor at the [Metochion](/wiki/Metochion "Metochion") of the [Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre "Holy Sepulchre"), where he was given the opportunity to study many manuscripts in the library of the Metochion.
He also served as teacher of [Greek language](/wiki/Greek_language "Greek language") and religion in various schools, such as the Girls' School at the Metochion, to which he was appointed in 1896\.Despotopoulou, Fountoulaki (2004\), pp. 190\-191\. In 1898, he helped establish the "Ecclesiastical Music Association of Constantinople", of which he was special secretary and where he actively served until 1902, when he resigned. He also served as archcantor at the churches of Saint Theodore of Vlanga (1901 to 1903\) and Saint Nicholas of [Galata](/wiki/Galata "Galata") (1903 to 1904\).Greek Musipedia: [Konstantinos Psachos](http://www.musipedia.gr/wiki/Ψάχος_Κωνσταντίνος_Α.).
### Life in Athens
In the early 20th century, Theocletus, the [Archbishop of Athens](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Athens "Archbishop of Athens"), and [George Nazos](/wiki/George_Nazos "George Nazos"), director of [Athens Conservatory](/wiki/Athens_Conservatory "Athens Conservatory"), decided to establish a school of [Byzantine music](/wiki/Byzantine_music "Byzantine music") and wrote to the [Patriarchate of Constantinople](/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople "Patriarchate of Constantinople"), requesting suggestions for the school's first director. [Patriarch Anthimus VII](/wiki/Patriarch_Anthimus_VII_of_Constantinople "Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople") responded to their request by suggesting that Konstantinos Psachos was a suitable person for this post. In 1904, by order of the King [George I of Greece](/wiki/George_I_of_Greece "George I of Greece"), a warship sailing to Constantinople took Psachos to Athens, where he arrived in September 1904\. On 23 September 1904 the School began its operation.
On 4 September 1905 he married Evanthia Amerikanou from [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna "Smyrna"). In 1919, he clashed with the Directorate of the Athens Conservatory, and left the school, along with [Manolis Kalomiris](/wiki/Manolis_Kalomiris "Manolis Kalomiris"). In October 1919, he founded the National Conservatory of Music in Athens.
Psachos' first wife died in 1922\. He married his second wife, Amalia Armao, in December 1932 at [Delphi](/wiki/Delphi "Delphi").Foundation of the Hellenic Word, Konstantinos Psachos, chapters 3, 9 and 10\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"He was born in the village of [Mega Revma](/wiki/Mega_Revma \"Mega Revma\") near [Constantinople](/wiki/Istanbul \"Istanbul\") in 1869\\. He was the son of Irene\\-Erifylli and Alexander Psachos, descended from [Cephalonia](/wiki/Cephalonia \"Cephalonia\").",
"A few years later he entered the Central Seminary of Constantinople as a supernumerary. In the Central Seminary, Psachos completed the circular education and was also taught chanting by the responsible teacher and housekeeper of the School, Archimandrite Theodore Matzouranis.Foundation of the Hellenic Word, Konstantinos Psachos, chapter 2\\.",
"In May 1887, he became a [cantor](/wiki/Cantor_%28church%29 \"Cantor (church)\") (*[domestikos](/wiki/Domestikos \"Domestikos\")*) at the Church of the Transfiguration in [Galata](/wiki/Galata \"Galata\"), serving there until 1891\\. In 1892, he became archcantor at the Saint Charalampos Greek Hospital of [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna \"Smyrna\"). He returned to [Constantinople](/wiki/Constantinople \"Constantinople\") and in 1895 was appointed as archcantor at the [Metochion](/wiki/Metochion \"Metochion\") of the [Holy Sepulchre](/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre \"Holy Sepulchre\"), where he was given the opportunity to study many manuscripts in the library of the Metochion.",
"He also served as teacher of [Greek language](/wiki/Greek_language \"Greek language\") and religion in various schools, such as the Girls' School at the Metochion, to which he was appointed in 1896\\.Despotopoulou, Fountoulaki (2004\\), pp. 190\\-191\\. In 1898, he helped establish the \"Ecclesiastical Music Association of Constantinople\", of which he was special secretary and where he actively served until 1902, when he resigned. He also served as archcantor at the churches of Saint Theodore of Vlanga (1901 to 1903\\) and Saint Nicholas of [Galata](/wiki/Galata \"Galata\") (1903 to 1904\\).Greek Musipedia: [Konstantinos Psachos](http://www.musipedia.gr/wiki/Ψάχος_Κωνσταντίνος_Α.).",
"### Life in Athens",
"In the early 20th century, Theocletus, the [Archbishop of Athens](/wiki/Archbishop_of_Athens \"Archbishop of Athens\"), and [George Nazos](/wiki/George_Nazos \"George Nazos\"), director of [Athens Conservatory](/wiki/Athens_Conservatory \"Athens Conservatory\"), decided to establish a school of [Byzantine music](/wiki/Byzantine_music \"Byzantine music\") and wrote to the [Patriarchate of Constantinople](/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople \"Patriarchate of Constantinople\"), requesting suggestions for the school's first director. [Patriarch Anthimus VII](/wiki/Patriarch_Anthimus_VII_of_Constantinople \"Patriarch Anthimus VII of Constantinople\") responded to their request by suggesting that Konstantinos Psachos was a suitable person for this post. In 1904, by order of the King [George I of Greece](/wiki/George_I_of_Greece \"George I of Greece\"), a warship sailing to Constantinople took Psachos to Athens, where he arrived in September 1904\\. On 23 September 1904 the School began its operation.",
"On 4 September 1905 he married Evanthia Amerikanou from [Smyrna](/wiki/Smyrna \"Smyrna\"). In 1919, he clashed with the Directorate of the Athens Conservatory, and left the school, along with [Manolis Kalomiris](/wiki/Manolis_Kalomiris \"Manolis Kalomiris\"). In October 1919, he founded the National Conservatory of Music in Athens.",
"Psachos' first wife died in 1922\\. He married his second wife, Amalia Armao, in December 1932 at [Delphi](/wiki/Delphi \"Delphi\").Foundation of the Hellenic Word, Konstantinos Psachos, chapters 3, 9 and 10\\.",
""
] |
Early life, education
---------------------
Miles McDougall was born and raised in [Christchurch](/wiki/Christchurch "Christchurch"), New Zealand. He grew up listening intently to musicians such as the [Pet Shop Boys](/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys "Pet Shop Boys"), [Eurythmics](/wiki/Eurythmics "Eurythmics"), [B52](/wiki/B52 "B52")′s and [Matt Bianco](/wiki/Matt_Bianco "Matt Bianco"), and as an adult listens to most releases from [DFA Records](/wiki/DFA_Records "DFA Records") and [Kitsuné](/wiki/Kitsun%C3%A9 "Kitsuné"). He studied classical music in his youth, and after graduating high school, studied at the [CPIT](/wiki/CPIT "CPIT"), Jazz School; majoring in performance on drum kit.
### Founding
McDougall founded Pikachunes as a solo project in 2009, after a skateboarding incident left him with plates and pins in his arm. At the time he was studying Jazz Performance on drums and working towards a [Bachelor of Music](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music "Bachelor of Music"). While his arm healed McDougall turned to digital composition and production to keep himself occupied. According to McDougall, "The name came to me whilst I was in hospital under heavy amounts of morphine for pain. As cliche as it sounds I woke up with the name in my head and it stuck." In August 2015 McDougall signed with Sydney record label, [Monday Records.](/wiki/Monday_records "Monday records"){{Cite web\|title \= Pikachunes joins Monday Records \-\|url \= http://mondayrecords.com/2015/08/27/pikachunes\-joins\-monday\-records/\|accessdate \= 2015\-09\-22}}
### Releases
After finishing a national tour in 2009 with O'Lovely and Tiger Tones, Pikachunes released his debut EP in 2010\.
His first LP, *Pikachunes,* was released on [Lil' Chief Records](/wiki/Lil%27_Chief_Records "Lil' Chief Records") in September 2011\. The songwriting process took six months, with McDougall building the songs first out of the rhythm section. The single from the album, "Nervous," was dubbed an "addictive Pet Shop Boys\-esque lead single." He released music videos for the tracks "Shout It Out” and “Just a Boy.”
He went on to perform live in New Zealand, [Australia](/wiki/Australia "Australia"), The East Coast of the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), and has made multiple tours of [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"), often sharing shows with labelmate [Princess Chelsea](/wiki/Princess_Chelsea "Princess Chelsea"). He has played alongside groups like [Star Slinger](/wiki/Star_Slinger "Star Slinger"),[Gold Panda](/wiki/Gold_Panda "Gold Panda"), [Bachelorette](/wiki/Bachelorette_%28singer%29 "Bachelorette (singer)") and [Casiotone For The Painfully Alone](/wiki/Casiotone_For_The_Painfully_Alone "Casiotone For The Painfully Alone").
In February 2013 he released the EP *Miles* on Lil' Chief. It features his remix of the [Kids of 88](/wiki/Kids_of_88 "Kids of 88") track "Tucan," and guest appearances by [Boycrush](/wiki/Boycrush_%28musician%29 "Boycrush (musician)") and [Zowie](/wiki/Zowie "Zowie"), the latter providing vocals for the single "Cinnamon Pop Dream." The album was mastered by Dejisan Suskov at Revolver Studios.
In April 2016, Miles released a new single and animated video for *You / Are,* premiered through Australian music magazine, Happy Mag.{{Cite web\|url\=http://hhhhappy.com/pikachunes\-drop\-a\-heart\-crushing\-video\-for\-their\-new\-single\-you\-are/\|title\=Pikachunes drop their video for You Are, floods of tears ensue\|website\=hhhhappy.com\|access\-date\=2016\-12\-19}}
### Style
About his sound, "a typical track features one or two synths, a '70s analog bass line, and a series of reverberated vocal harmonies, all driven by an atypical disco beat." He performs onstage with only a [drum machine](/wiki/Drum_machine "Drum machine"), a laptop, and a microphone, though in the latter of 2012 he claimed to be putting together a band for live performances.
|
[
"Early life, education\n---------------------",
"Miles McDougall was born and raised in [Christchurch](/wiki/Christchurch \"Christchurch\"), New Zealand. He grew up listening intently to musicians such as the [Pet Shop Boys](/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys \"Pet Shop Boys\"), [Eurythmics](/wiki/Eurythmics \"Eurythmics\"), [B52](/wiki/B52 \"B52\")′s and [Matt Bianco](/wiki/Matt_Bianco \"Matt Bianco\"), and as an adult listens to most releases from [DFA Records](/wiki/DFA_Records \"DFA Records\") and [Kitsuné](/wiki/Kitsun%C3%A9 \"Kitsuné\"). He studied classical music in his youth, and after graduating high school, studied at the [CPIT](/wiki/CPIT \"CPIT\"), Jazz School; majoring in performance on drum kit.",
"### Founding",
"McDougall founded Pikachunes as a solo project in 2009, after a skateboarding incident left him with plates and pins in his arm. At the time he was studying Jazz Performance on drums and working towards a [Bachelor of Music](/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music \"Bachelor of Music\"). While his arm healed McDougall turned to digital composition and production to keep himself occupied. According to McDougall, \"The name came to me whilst I was in hospital under heavy amounts of morphine for pain. As cliche as it sounds I woke up with the name in my head and it stuck.\" In August 2015 McDougall signed with Sydney record label, [Monday Records.](/wiki/Monday_records \"Monday records\"){{Cite web\\|title \\= Pikachunes joins Monday Records \\-\\|url \\= http://mondayrecords.com/2015/08/27/pikachunes\\-joins\\-monday\\-records/\\|accessdate \\= 2015\\-09\\-22}}",
"### Releases",
"After finishing a national tour in 2009 with O'Lovely and Tiger Tones, Pikachunes released his debut EP in 2010\\.",
"His first LP, *Pikachunes,* was released on [Lil' Chief Records](/wiki/Lil%27_Chief_Records \"Lil' Chief Records\") in September 2011\\. The songwriting process took six months, with McDougall building the songs first out of the rhythm section. The single from the album, \"Nervous,\" was dubbed an \"addictive Pet Shop Boys\\-esque lead single.\" He released music videos for the tracks \"Shout It Out” and “Just a Boy.”",
"He went on to perform live in New Zealand, [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"), The East Coast of the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), and has made multiple tours of [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"), often sharing shows with labelmate [Princess Chelsea](/wiki/Princess_Chelsea \"Princess Chelsea\"). He has played alongside groups like [Star Slinger](/wiki/Star_Slinger \"Star Slinger\"),[Gold Panda](/wiki/Gold_Panda \"Gold Panda\"), [Bachelorette](/wiki/Bachelorette_%28singer%29 \"Bachelorette (singer)\") and [Casiotone For The Painfully Alone](/wiki/Casiotone_For_The_Painfully_Alone \"Casiotone For The Painfully Alone\").",
"In February 2013 he released the EP *Miles* on Lil' Chief. It features his remix of the [Kids of 88](/wiki/Kids_of_88 \"Kids of 88\") track \"Tucan,\" and guest appearances by [Boycrush](/wiki/Boycrush_%28musician%29 \"Boycrush (musician)\") and [Zowie](/wiki/Zowie \"Zowie\"), the latter providing vocals for the single \"Cinnamon Pop Dream.\" The album was mastered by Dejisan Suskov at Revolver Studios.",
"In April 2016, Miles released a new single and animated video for *You / Are,* premiered through Australian music magazine, Happy Mag.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://hhhhappy.com/pikachunes\\-drop\\-a\\-heart\\-crushing\\-video\\-for\\-their\\-new\\-single\\-you\\-are/\\|title\\=Pikachunes drop their video for You Are, floods of tears ensue\\|website\\=hhhhappy.com\\|access\\-date\\=2016\\-12\\-19}}",
"### Style",
"About his sound, \"a typical track features one or two synths, a '70s analog bass line, and a series of reverberated vocal harmonies, all driven by an atypical disco beat.\" He performs onstage with only a [drum machine](/wiki/Drum_machine \"Drum machine\"), a laptop, and a microphone, though in the latter of 2012 he claimed to be putting together a band for live performances.",
""
] |
Plot
----
In April 1963, a [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy "U.S. Navy") destroyer is on a routine patrol off Guadalcanal when [sonar](/wiki/Sonar "Sonar") picks up a sound beneath the waves; the crew believe that it sounds like something banging on metal.
They discover a submarine on the ocean floor, but inquiries to naval command reveal no recent sinkings in the area. A joking suggestion from some of the crew that the sub may be haunted sends an anxious and bewildered [Chief Boatswain's Mate](/wiki/Boatswain%27s_mate_%28United_States_Navy%29 "Boatswain's mate (United States Navy)") Bell, who has been feeling unwell for a couple of days, into a frenzy of bizarre behavior, including fainting spells. The destroyer's commander, Captain Beecham, orders the ship's diver, McClure, to investigate. They find out that it is an American submarine, and the metal sound is coming from inside. When McClure bangs on the submarine hull, the metal banging seemingly responds. Chief Bell begins to see apparitions of dead sailors beckoning him. The ship's doctor unsuccessfully tries to convince Bell that he is just having nightmares, and reports to the captain that Bell is experiencing effects of [psychological trauma](/wiki/Psychological_trauma "Psychological trauma") which could be caused by his wartime experiences. The doctor finds a pile of [seaweed](/wiki/Seaweed "Seaweed") in the spot where Bell saw the apparitions.
McClure later discovers the number of the submarine, "714", which Beecham identifies as belonging to a submarine that was sunk during the [First Battle of the Solomon Sea](/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island "Battle of Savo Island") in early August 1942, almost twenty years ago.{{ref\|Subnote\|1}} Although stunned at the idea that someone inside the submarine could still be alive, Beecham asks Pacific Fleet command for an emergency\-priority rescue operation. McClure goes down again to try to ascertain exactly where the sound is coming from, to help the rescue outfit determine where to enter the boat. The diver receives no response to his bangs on the hull, but he finds a [dog tag](/wiki/Dog_tag "Dog tag") which he delivers to Beecham. It belongs to Chief Bell.
When Beecham shows the dog tag to Bell, he recounts that he was a [signalman](/wiki/Signalman_%28rank%29 "Signalman (rank)") on a submarine during the war. He dropped a signal light while attempting to change the [infrared](/wiki/Infrared "Infrared") filter at night, causing the filter to fall off. As a result, [Japanese](/wiki/Japan "Japan") destroyers saw the light and attacked. Bell was blown into the water by the shelling. The captain ordered a [dive](/wiki/Crash_dive "Crash dive"), but [depth charges](/wiki/Depth_charge "Depth charge") sank the boat. Bell, the sole survivor, was later rescued by an American destroyer. Bell tells Beecham that he now understands: his dead shipmates know he is above them right now and are demanding that he join them. Bell is overcome by [survivor guilt](/wiki/Survivor_guilt "Survivor guilt"), and says, "I sunk that sub. I'm responsible." Despite Captain Beecham's efforts to convince Bell that his mistake did nothing, that a boat caught on the surface and surrounded by enemy ships was already doomed, Bell dons the dog tag, races out on deck and jumps overboard, shouting, "They're calling [muster](/wiki/Muster_%28military%29 "Muster (military)") on me!" The destroyer's crew are unable to save Bell or find his body.
Later, McClure accompanies the rescue mission into the submarine. Upon returning to the ship, he reports to Beecham that the boat was a wreck inside, and no one was left alive. Inside the control room, he found the periscope shears cut in half, with one section swinging back and forth. When Beecham asks him to confirm that this was the clanging noise they had heard, McClure agrees, but adds that he also saw the remains of eight dead sailors; one was holding a hammer in his hand.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"In April 1963, a [U.S. Navy](/wiki/U.S._Navy \"U.S. Navy\") destroyer is on a routine patrol off Guadalcanal when [sonar](/wiki/Sonar \"Sonar\") picks up a sound beneath the waves; the crew believe that it sounds like something banging on metal.",
"They discover a submarine on the ocean floor, but inquiries to naval command reveal no recent sinkings in the area. A joking suggestion from some of the crew that the sub may be haunted sends an anxious and bewildered [Chief Boatswain's Mate](/wiki/Boatswain%27s_mate_%28United_States_Navy%29 \"Boatswain's mate (United States Navy)\") Bell, who has been feeling unwell for a couple of days, into a frenzy of bizarre behavior, including fainting spells. The destroyer's commander, Captain Beecham, orders the ship's diver, McClure, to investigate. They find out that it is an American submarine, and the metal sound is coming from inside. When McClure bangs on the submarine hull, the metal banging seemingly responds. Chief Bell begins to see apparitions of dead sailors beckoning him. The ship's doctor unsuccessfully tries to convince Bell that he is just having nightmares, and reports to the captain that Bell is experiencing effects of [psychological trauma](/wiki/Psychological_trauma \"Psychological trauma\") which could be caused by his wartime experiences. The doctor finds a pile of [seaweed](/wiki/Seaweed \"Seaweed\") in the spot where Bell saw the apparitions.",
"McClure later discovers the number of the submarine, \"714\", which Beecham identifies as belonging to a submarine that was sunk during the [First Battle of the Solomon Sea](/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island \"Battle of Savo Island\") in early August 1942, almost twenty years ago.{{ref\\|Subnote\\|1}} Although stunned at the idea that someone inside the submarine could still be alive, Beecham asks Pacific Fleet command for an emergency\\-priority rescue operation. McClure goes down again to try to ascertain exactly where the sound is coming from, to help the rescue outfit determine where to enter the boat. The diver receives no response to his bangs on the hull, but he finds a [dog tag](/wiki/Dog_tag \"Dog tag\") which he delivers to Beecham. It belongs to Chief Bell.",
"When Beecham shows the dog tag to Bell, he recounts that he was a [signalman](/wiki/Signalman_%28rank%29 \"Signalman (rank)\") on a submarine during the war. He dropped a signal light while attempting to change the [infrared](/wiki/Infrared \"Infrared\") filter at night, causing the filter to fall off. As a result, [Japanese](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\") destroyers saw the light and attacked. Bell was blown into the water by the shelling. The captain ordered a [dive](/wiki/Crash_dive \"Crash dive\"), but [depth charges](/wiki/Depth_charge \"Depth charge\") sank the boat. Bell, the sole survivor, was later rescued by an American destroyer. Bell tells Beecham that he now understands: his dead shipmates know he is above them right now and are demanding that he join them. Bell is overcome by [survivor guilt](/wiki/Survivor_guilt \"Survivor guilt\"), and says, \"I sunk that sub. I'm responsible.\" Despite Captain Beecham's efforts to convince Bell that his mistake did nothing, that a boat caught on the surface and surrounded by enemy ships was already doomed, Bell dons the dog tag, races out on deck and jumps overboard, shouting, \"They're calling [muster](/wiki/Muster_%28military%29 \"Muster (military)\") on me!\" The destroyer's crew are unable to save Bell or find his body.",
"Later, McClure accompanies the rescue mission into the submarine. Upon returning to the ship, he reports to Beecham that the boat was a wreck inside, and no one was left alive. Inside the control room, he found the periscope shears cut in half, with one section swinging back and forth. When Beecham asks him to confirm that this was the clanging noise they had heard, McClure agrees, but adds that he also saw the remains of eight dead sailors; one was holding a hammer in his hand.",
""
] |
Formation
---------
Fake Major was formed by David McGinty and Richard Ferguson in 2013\. They were former members of the band Endor (2001–2012\), which split up after 10 years. Endor consisted of four members, David McGinty (Vocals/Guitar), Richard Ferguson (Drums/Vocals), Calum Johnston (Bass) and Mark Church (Guitar/Vocals). Endor released an EP "Without the Help of Sparks" and a self\-titled album which featured music played with drums, guitars, glockenspiel, harmonica, melodica, organ and rhodes. A second Endor record was considered but Richard Ferguson and David McGinty, being the main songwriters of Endor, decided to start their own project as a duo. McGinty and Ferguson prepared their Fake Major EP before officially announcing the disbandment of Endor.
### Endor
The original group, Endor, was named after the [second moon of Endor](/wiki/Endor_%28Star_Wars%29 "Endor (Star Wars)") from *[Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars "Star Wars")*. The band formed in 2001 and lasted 10 years. David McGinty and Richard Ferguson were the two main songwriters for Endor and began writing songs for Fake Major before Endor had officially split.
Endor released their debut album on 5 July 2010\. In an interview at the time, David McGinty, now a member of Fake Major claimed that
> Having the CDs in our hands feels really strange. All the work you put in is suddenly just a massive box sitting on the doorstep, with a delivery man asking you to sign for it and you definitely can't then say "No, I’m not signing for these, I want to record an alternative guitar part". But the physical copies look great.
The album was recorded in The Diving Bell Lounge in Glasgow, with Marcus Mackay. The band released the album themselves.
One of Endor's biggest appearances was on the T\-Break stage at T in the Park, 2006, a stage in which Fake Major would become familiar with again in 2013\.
The band were well known for having sung in a choir for the recording of Snow Patrol's album *Eye's Open*.
|
[
"Formation\n---------",
"Fake Major was formed by David McGinty and Richard Ferguson in 2013\\. They were former members of the band Endor (2001–2012\\), which split up after 10 years. Endor consisted of four members, David McGinty (Vocals/Guitar), Richard Ferguson (Drums/Vocals), Calum Johnston (Bass) and Mark Church (Guitar/Vocals). Endor released an EP \"Without the Help of Sparks\" and a self\\-titled album which featured music played with drums, guitars, glockenspiel, harmonica, melodica, organ and rhodes. A second Endor record was considered but Richard Ferguson and David McGinty, being the main songwriters of Endor, decided to start their own project as a duo. McGinty and Ferguson prepared their Fake Major EP before officially announcing the disbandment of Endor.",
"### Endor",
"The original group, Endor, was named after the [second moon of Endor](/wiki/Endor_%28Star_Wars%29 \"Endor (Star Wars)\") from *[Star Wars](/wiki/Star_Wars \"Star Wars\")*. The band formed in 2001 and lasted 10 years. David McGinty and Richard Ferguson were the two main songwriters for Endor and began writing songs for Fake Major before Endor had officially split.",
"Endor released their debut album on 5 July 2010\\. In an interview at the time, David McGinty, now a member of Fake Major claimed that",
"",
"> Having the CDs in our hands feels really strange. All the work you put in is suddenly just a massive box sitting on the doorstep, with a delivery man asking you to sign for it and you definitely can't then say \"No, I’m not signing for these, I want to record an alternative guitar part\". But the physical copies look great.",
"The album was recorded in The Diving Bell Lounge in Glasgow, with Marcus Mackay. The band released the album themselves.",
"One of Endor's biggest appearances was on the T\\-Break stage at T in the Park, 2006, a stage in which Fake Major would become familiar with again in 2013\\.",
"The band were well known for having sung in a choir for the recording of Snow Patrol's album *Eye's Open*.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Born in [Bargoed](/wiki/Bargoed "Bargoed"), Glamorgan, Francis George Fisher was educated at Lewis' School, [Pengam](/wiki/Pengam "Pengam"), and at [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff "University College, Cardiff"), where he captained the University swimming team before graduating in Mathematics in 1930\. For a short period he was a teacher in a missionary college on the [Gold Coast](/wiki/Ghana "Ghana") in West Africa; then in 1932 a mathematics teacher at [Llangefni](/wiki/Llangefni "Llangefni") Grammar School, latterly Llangefni County Comprehensive, becoming deputy headmaster until his sudden death.
George Fisher (he preferred his middle name) began writing in [English](/wiki/English_language "English language"), publishing his first novel, *One Has Been Honest*, at the age of 21 before his graduation. He wrote many poems and stories, published in *The Adelphi* and *The Twentieth Century* during the 1930s, before turning to drama. His play *The Disinherited* was performed in [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea "Swansea")'s Little Theatre in July 1939\.
Fisher served in the Navy during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") as a Lieutenant and, while he was in [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland "Iceland"), he learned Welsh from [Caradar](/wiki/A._S._D._Smith "A. S. D. Smith")'s booklet *Welsh Made Easy*. From that time, he was intent on writing plays in Welsh, mastering '[cynghanedd](/wiki/Cynghanedd "Cynghanedd")'. He wrote at least five short plays between 1945 and 1952 and three long plays: *Catrin* (first prize in the [National Eisteddfod](/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales "National Eisteddfod of Wales") at [Dolgellau](/wiki/Dolgellau "Dolgellau"), 1949\), *{{lang\|cy\|Y Ferch a'r Dewin}}* ("The girl and the wizard") (which shared first prize in the National Eisteddfod at [Rhyl](/wiki/Rhyl "Rhyl"), 1953\) and *{{lang\|cy\|Merch yw Medusa}}* ("Medusa is a girl"), 1951\.
He also translated Andre Obey's play, *Noa* (1951\). He produced thirty plays, twenty of these in Welsh, including all his own works and the memorably great productions of the plays of [Saunders Lewis](/wiki/Saunders_Lewis "Saunders Lewis").{{citation needed\|date\=March 2012}} He became a member of the [Welsh Arts Council](/wiki/Welsh_Arts_Council "Welsh Arts Council") Drama Committee and was awarded the [MBE](/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire "Order of the British Empire") for services to Welsh Theatre in 1958\.
His most important contribution was to ensure that {{lang\|cy\|Cymdeithas Ddrama Llangefni\|italic\=no}} (Llangefni dramatic society) had a permanent home, with the opening of Theatr Fach in Pencraig, [Llangefni](/wiki/Llangefni "Llangefni"), on 3 May 1955\.'The rapid advance of Theatr Fach Llangefni to a leading role came through purposefully aiming at a higher level than just satisfying a creative urge latent in most communities'. *Western Mail*; 20 September 1960 He was made director of the theatre and realised his vision of an amateur theatre, regularly presenting plays of truly professional standard in Welsh and English. Theatr Fach celebrated its 50th anniversary in May 2005 and this is his monument.
Fisher died at his house in [Llangefni](/wiki/Llangefni "Llangefni") in 1970\.[("George Fisher died in 1970, at his house in Llangefni, Anglesey (Ynys Mon). )](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y35IAQAAIAAJ&q=George+Fisher+1970+welsh)
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Born in [Bargoed](/wiki/Bargoed \"Bargoed\"), Glamorgan, Francis George Fisher was educated at Lewis' School, [Pengam](/wiki/Pengam \"Pengam\"), and at [University College, Cardiff](/wiki/University_College%2C_Cardiff \"University College, Cardiff\"), where he captained the University swimming team before graduating in Mathematics in 1930\\. For a short period he was a teacher in a missionary college on the [Gold Coast](/wiki/Ghana \"Ghana\") in West Africa; then in 1932 a mathematics teacher at [Llangefni](/wiki/Llangefni \"Llangefni\") Grammar School, latterly Llangefni County Comprehensive, becoming deputy headmaster until his sudden death.",
"George Fisher (he preferred his middle name) began writing in [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\"), publishing his first novel, *One Has Been Honest*, at the age of 21 before his graduation. He wrote many poems and stories, published in *The Adelphi* and *The Twentieth Century* during the 1930s, before turning to drama. His play *The Disinherited* was performed in [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea \"Swansea\")'s Little Theatre in July 1939\\.",
"Fisher served in the Navy during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") as a Lieutenant and, while he was in [Iceland](/wiki/Iceland \"Iceland\"), he learned Welsh from [Caradar](/wiki/A._S._D._Smith \"A. S. D. Smith\")'s booklet *Welsh Made Easy*. From that time, he was intent on writing plays in Welsh, mastering '[cynghanedd](/wiki/Cynghanedd \"Cynghanedd\")'. He wrote at least five short plays between 1945 and 1952 and three long plays: *Catrin* (first prize in the [National Eisteddfod](/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales \"National Eisteddfod of Wales\") at [Dolgellau](/wiki/Dolgellau \"Dolgellau\"), 1949\\), *{{lang\\|cy\\|Y Ferch a'r Dewin}}* (\"The girl and the wizard\") (which shared first prize in the National Eisteddfod at [Rhyl](/wiki/Rhyl \"Rhyl\"), 1953\\) and *{{lang\\|cy\\|Merch yw Medusa}}* (\"Medusa is a girl\"), 1951\\.",
"He also translated Andre Obey's play, *Noa* (1951\\). He produced thirty plays, twenty of these in Welsh, including all his own works and the memorably great productions of the plays of [Saunders Lewis](/wiki/Saunders_Lewis \"Saunders Lewis\").{{citation needed\\|date\\=March 2012}} He became a member of the [Welsh Arts Council](/wiki/Welsh_Arts_Council \"Welsh Arts Council\") Drama Committee and was awarded the [MBE](/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire \"Order of the British Empire\") for services to Welsh Theatre in 1958\\.",
"His most important contribution was to ensure that {{lang\\|cy\\|Cymdeithas Ddrama Llangefni\\|italic\\=no}} (Llangefni dramatic society) had a permanent home, with the opening of Theatr Fach in Pencraig, [Llangefni](/wiki/Llangefni \"Llangefni\"), on 3 May 1955\\.'The rapid advance of Theatr Fach Llangefni to a leading role came through purposefully aiming at a higher level than just satisfying a creative urge latent in most communities'. *Western Mail*; 20 September 1960 He was made director of the theatre and realised his vision of an amateur theatre, regularly presenting plays of truly professional standard in Welsh and English. Theatr Fach celebrated its 50th anniversary in May 2005 and this is his monument.",
"Fisher died at his house in [Llangefni](/wiki/Llangefni \"Llangefni\") in 1970\\.[(\"George Fisher died in 1970, at his house in Llangefni, Anglesey (Ynys Mon). )](https://books.google.com/books?id=Y35IAQAAIAAJ&q=George+Fisher+1970+welsh)",
""
] |
Silica in marine environments
-----------------------------
[Silicate](/wiki/Silicate "Silicate"), or [silicic acid](/wiki/Silicic_acid "Silicic acid") (H4SiO4), is an important [nutrient](/wiki/Nutrient "Nutrient") in the ocean. Unlike the other major nutrients such as [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate "Phosphate"), [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate "Nitrate"), or [ammonium](/wiki/Ammonium "Ammonium"), which are needed by almost all marine [plankton](/wiki/Plankton "Plankton"), silicate is an essential chemical requirement for very specific [biota](/wiki/Biota_%28ecology%29 "Biota (ecology)"), including [diatoms](/wiki/Diatoms "Diatoms"), [radiolaria](/wiki/Radiolaria "Radiolaria"), [silicoflagellates](/wiki/Silicoflagellate "Silicoflagellate"), and [siliceous sponges](/wiki/Siliceous_sponge "Siliceous sponge"). These organisms extract dissolved silicate from open ocean surface waters for the buildup of their particulate silica (SiO2), or opaline, skeletal structures (i.e. the biota's hard parts).Boggs, S. (2005\). "Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (4th Edition)". Pearson Education, Inc, 662p.DeMaster, D.J. (1981\)."The supply and accumulation of silica in the marine environment". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45: 1715\-1732\. Some of the most common siliceous structures observed at the cell surface of silica\-secreting organisms include: spicules, scales, solid plates, granules, frustules, and other elaborate geometric forms, depending on the species considered.Ehrlich et al. (2010\). "Modern Views on Desilicification: Biosilica and Abiotic Silica Dissolution in Natural and Artificial Environments ". Chem. Rev. 110: 4656\-4689\.
### Marine sources of silica
Five major sources of [dissolved](/wiki/Dissolution_%28chemistry%29 "Dissolution (chemistry)") silica to the marine environment can be distinguished:
* [Riverine](/wiki/Riverine "Riverine") influx of dissolved silica to the oceans: 4\.2 ± 0\.8 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1
* Submarine volcanism and associated [hydrothermal](/wiki/Hydrothermal "Hydrothermal") emanations: 1\.9 ± 1\.0 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1
* Glacial [weathering](/wiki/Weathering "Weathering"): 2 × 1012 g SiO2 yr−1
* Low temperature submarine weathering of oceanic [basalts](/wiki/Basalt "Basalt")
* Some silica may also escape from silica\-enriched pore waters of [pelagic sediments](/wiki/Pelagic_sediments "Pelagic sediments") on the [seafloor](/wiki/Seafloor "Seafloor")
Once the organism has perished, part of the siliceous skeletal material [dissolves](/wiki/Dissolution_%28chemistry%29 "Dissolution (chemistry)"), as it settles through the [water column](/wiki/Water_column "Water column"), enriching the deep waters with dissolved silica. Some of the siliceous scales can also be preserved over time as [microfossils](/wiki/Microfossils "Microfossils") in [deep\-sea](/wiki/Deep-sea "Deep-sea") [sediments](/wiki/Sediments "Sediments"), providing a window into modern and ancient [plankton](/wiki/Plankton "Plankton")/[protists](/wiki/Protists "Protists") communities. This biologic process has operated, since at least early [Paleozoic](/wiki/Paleozoic "Paleozoic") time, to regulate the balance of silica in the ocean.
Radiolarians ([Cambrian](/wiki/Cambrian "Cambrian")/[Ordovician](/wiki/Ordovician "Ordovician")\-[Holocene](/wiki/Holocene "Holocene")), [diatoms](/wiki/Diatoms "Diatoms") ([Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous")\-[Holocene](/wiki/Holocene "Holocene")), and silicoflagellates ([Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous "Cretaceous")\-[Holocene](/wiki/Holocene "Holocene")) form the ocean's main contributors to the global silica biogenic cycle throughout [geologic time](/wiki/Geologic_time "Geologic time"). Diatoms account for 43% of the ocean primary production, and are responsible for the bulk of silica extraction from ocean waters in the modern ocean, and during much of the past fifty million years. In contrast, oceans of [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic "Jurassic") and older ages, were characterized by [radiolarians](/wiki/Radiolarians "Radiolarians") as major silica\-utilizing phyla. Nowadays, radiolarians are the second (after diatoms) major producers of suspended amorphous silica in ocean waters. Their distribution ranges from the [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic "Arctic") to the [Antarctic](/wiki/Antarctic "Antarctic"), being most abundant in the equatorial zone. In equatorial [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific "Pacific") waters, for example, about 16,000 specimens per cubic meter can be observed.
### Silica cycle
{{main\|Silica cycle}}
The silicon cycle has gained increasingly in scientific attention the past decade for several reasons:
*Firstly*, the modern [marine](/wiki/Marine_%28ocean%29 "Marine (ocean)") silica cycle is widely believed to be dominated by diatoms for the fixation and export of [particulate matter](/wiki/Suspended_solids "Suspended solids") (including [organic](/wiki/Organic_matter "Organic matter") [carbon](/wiki/Carbon "Carbon")), from the [euphotic zone](/wiki/Euphotic_zone "Euphotic zone") to the deep ocean, via a process known as the [biological pump](/wiki/Biological_pump "Biological pump"). As a result, diatoms, and other silica\-secreting organisms, play a crucial role in the global [carbon cycle](/wiki/Carbon_cycle "Carbon cycle"), and have the ability to affect [atmospheric](/wiki/Atmospheric "Atmospheric") CO2 concentrations on a variety of time scales, by [sequestering](/wiki/Carbon_sequestration "Carbon sequestration") CO2 in the ocean. This connection between *biogenic silica* and organic carbon, together with the significantly higher [preservation potential](/wiki/Preservation_potential "Preservation potential") of biogenic siliceous compounds, compared to organic carbon, makes opal accumulation records very interesting for [paleoceanography](/wiki/Paleoceanography "Paleoceanography") and [paleoclimatology](/wiki/Paleoclimatology "Paleoclimatology").
*Secondly*, biogenic silica accumulation on the sea floor contains lot of information about where in the ocean [export production](/wiki/Export_production "Export production") has occurred on time scales ranging from hundreds to millions of years. For this reason, opal deposition records provide valuable information regarding large\-scale oceanographic reorganizations in the geological past, as well as paleoproductivity.
*Thirdly*, the mean oceanic [residence time](/wiki/Residence_time_%28fluid_dynamics%29 "Residence time (fluid dynamics)") for silicate is approximately 10,000–15,000 yr. This relative short residence time, makes oceanic silicate concentrations and fluxes sensitive to [glacial](/wiki/Glacial "Glacial")/[interglacial](/wiki/Interglacial "Interglacial") perturbations, and thus an excellent [proxy](/wiki/Proxy_%28climate%29 "Proxy (climate)") for evaluating climate changes.Cortese, G., Gersonde, R. (2004\). "Opal sedimentation shifts in the World Ocean over the last 15 Myr". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 224: 509\-527\.
Increasingly, [isotope ratios](/wiki/Isotopic_signature "Isotopic signature") of oxygen (O18:O16) and silicon (Si30:Si28) are analysed from biogenic silica preserved in lake and marine sediments to derive records of past [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") and [nutrient cycling](/wiki/Nutrient_cycle "Nutrient cycle") (De La Rocha, 2006; Leng and Barker, 2006\). This is a particularly valuable approach considering the role of [diatoms](/wiki/Diatom "Diatom") in global carbon cycling. In addition, isotope analyses from BSi are useful for tracing past climate changes in regions such as in the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean "Southern Ocean"), where few biogenic [carbonates](/wiki/Carbonate "Carbonate") are preserved.
### Marine silica sinks
#### Siliceous ooze
The remains of diatoms and other silica\-utilizing organisms are found, as opal sediments within pelagic deep\-sea deposits. [Pelagic sediments](/wiki/Pelagic_sediments "Pelagic sediments"), containing significant quantities of siliceous biogenic remains, are commonly referred to as [siliceous ooze](/wiki/Siliceous_ooze "Siliceous ooze"). Siliceous ooze are particularly abundant in the modern ocean at high latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres. A striking feature of siliceous ooze distribution is a ca. 200 km wide belt stretching across the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean "Southern Ocean"). Some equatorial regions of [upwelling](/wiki/Upwelling "Upwelling"), where [nutrients](/wiki/Nutrients "Nutrients") are abundant and [productivity](/wiki/Productivity_%28ecology%29 "Productivity (ecology)") is high, are also characterized by local siliceous ooze.
Siliceous oozes are composed primarily of the remains of diatoms and radiolarians, but may also include other siliceous organisms, such as silicoflagellates and [sponge](/wiki/Sponge "Sponge") [spicules](/wiki/Spicule_%28sponge%29 "Spicule (sponge)"). Diatom ooze occurs mainly in high\-latitude areas and along some continental margins, whereas radiolarian ooze are more characteristic of equatorial areas. Siliceous ooze are modified and transformed during burial into bedded [cherts](/wiki/Chert "Chert").
#### Southern Ocean sediments
Southern Ocean sediments are a major sink for biogenic silica (50\-75% of the oceanic total of 4\.5 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1; DeMaster, 1981\), but only a minor sink for organic [carbon](/wiki/Carbon "Carbon") (\<1% of the oceanic 2 × 1014 g of organic C yr−1). These relatively high rates of biogenic silica accumulation in the Southern Ocean sediments (predominantly beneath the Polar Front) relative to organic carbon (60:1 on a weight basis) results from the preferential preservation of biogenic silica in the Antarctic water column.
In contrast to what was previously thought, these high rates of biogenic silica accumulation are not the result from high rates of [primary production](/wiki/Primary_production "Primary production"). Biological production in the Southern Ocean is strongly limited due to the low levels of [irradiance](/wiki/Irradiance "Irradiance") coupled with deep mixed layers and/or by limited amounts of [micronutrients](/wiki/Micronutrients "Micronutrients"), such as [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron").DeMaster, D. (1992\)."Cycling and Accumulation of Biogenic Silica and Organic Matter in High\-Latitude Environments: The Ross Sea". Oceanography 5(3\): 147\-153
This preferential preservation of biogenic silica relative to organic carbon is evident in the steadily increasing ratio of silica/organic C as function of depth in the water column. About thirty\-five percent of the biogenic silica produced in the [euphotic](/wiki/Euphotic "Euphotic") zone survives dissolution within the surface layer; whereas only 4% of the organic carbon escapes [microbial](/wiki/Microbial "Microbial") degradation in these near\-surface waters.
Consequently, considerable decoupling of organic C and silica occurs during settling through the water column. The accumulation of biogenic silica in the seabed represents 12% of the surface production, whereas the seabed organic\-carbon accumulation rate accounts for solely \<0\.5% of the surface production. As a result, polar sediments account for most of the ocean's biogenic silica accumulation, but only a small amount of the sedimentary organic\-carbon flux.
#### Effect of oceanic circulation on silica sinks
Large\-scale oceanic circulation has a direct impact on [opal](/wiki/Opal "Opal") deposition. The Pacific (characterized by nutrient poor surface waters, and deep nutrient rich waters) and Atlantic Ocean circulations favor the [production](/wiki/Productivity_%28ecology%29 "Productivity (ecology)")/[preservation](/wiki/wikt:Preservation "Preservation") of silica and carbonate respectively. For instance, Si/N and Si/P ratios increase from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Southern Ocean, favoring opal versus [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate "Carbonate") producers. Consequently, the modern configuration of large\-scale oceanic circulation resulted in the localization of major opal burial zones in the Equatorial Pacific, in the eastern boundary current upwelling systems, and by far the most important, the Southern Ocean.
##### Pacific and Southern Oceans
Waters from the modern Pacific and Southern ocean, typically observe an increase in Si/N ratio at intermediate depth, which results in an increase in opal export (\~ increase in opal production). In the Southern Ocean and North Pacific, this relationship between opal export and Si/N ratio switches from linear to exponential for Si/N ratios greater than 2\. This gradual increase in the importance of silicate (Si) relative to nitrogen (N) has tremendous consequences for the ocean biological production. The change in nutrient ratios contributes to select [diatoms](/wiki/Diatoms "Diatoms") as main producers, compared to other (e.g., calcifying) organisms. For example, [microcosm](/wiki/Microcosm:Model_/_experimental_ecosystem "Model / experimental ecosystem") experiments have demonstrated that diatoms are DSi supercompetitors and dominate other producers above 2 μM DSi. Consequently, opal vs. carbonate export will be favored, resulting in increasing opal production. The Southern Ocean and the North Pacific also display maximum biogenic silicate/Corganic flux ratios, and consist thus in an enrichment in biogenic silicate, compared to Corganic export flux. This combined increase in opal preservation and export makes the Southern Ocean the most important *sink* for DSi today.
##### Atlantic Ocean
In the Atlantic Ocean, intermediate and deep waters are characterized by a lower content in DSi, compared to the modern Pacific and Southern Ocean. This lower interbasin difference in DSi has the effect of decreasing the [preservation potential](/wiki/Preservation_potential "Preservation potential") of opal in the Atlantic compared to its Pacific and Southern ocean counterparts. Atlantic DSi depleted waters tends to produce relatively less [silicified](/wiki/Silicified "Silicified") organisms, which has a strong influence on the preservation of their [frustules](/wiki/Frustules "Frustules"). This mechanism in best illustrated when comparing the Peru and northwest Africa upwelling systems. The [dissolution](/wiki/Dissolution_%28chemistry%29 "Dissolution (chemistry)")/production ratio is much higher in the Atlantic upwelling than in the Pacific upwelling. This is due to the fact that coastal upwelling source waters are much richer in DSi off Peru, than off NW Africa.
### Marine biogenic silica budget
Rivers and submarine [hydrothermal](/wiki/Hydrothermal "Hydrothermal") emanations supply 6\.1 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1 to the marine environment. Approximately two\-thirds of this silica input is stored in [continental margin](/wiki/Continental_margin "Continental margin") and [deep\-sea](/wiki/Deep-sea "Deep-sea") deposits. Siliceous deep\-sea sediments located beneath the [Antarctic Convergence](/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence "Antarctic Convergence") ([convergence zone](/wiki/Convergence_zone "Convergence zone")) host some 25% of the silica supplied to the oceans (i.e. 1\.6 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1) and consequently form one of Earth's major silica sinks. The highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in this area are observed in the South Atlantic, with values as large as 53 cm.kyr−1 during the last 18,000 yr. Further, extensive biogenic silica accumulation has been recorded in the deep\-sea sediments of the [Bering Sea](/wiki/Bering_Sea "Bering Sea"), [Sea of Okhotsk](/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk "Sea of Okhotsk"), and [Subarctic](/wiki/Subarctic "Subarctic") [North Pacific](/wiki/North_Pacific "North Pacific"). Total biogenic silica accumulation rates in these regions amounts nearly 0\.6 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1, which is equivalent to 10% of the dissolved silica input to the oceans.
Continental margin upwelling areas, such as the [Gulf of California](/wiki/Gulf_of_California "Gulf of California"), the Peru and Chile coast, are characteristic for some of the highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in the world. For example, biogenic silica accumulation rates of 69 g SiO2/cm2/kyr have been reported for the Gulf of California. Due to the laterally confined character of these rapid biogenic silica accumulation zones, upwelling areas solely account for approximately 5% of the dissolved silica supplied to the oceans. At last, extremely low biogenic silica accumulation rates have been observed in the extensive deep\-sea deposits of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, rendering these oceans insignificant for the global marine silica budget.DeMaster, D.J. (2002\). "The accumulation and cycling of biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean: revisiting the marine silica budget". Deep\-Sea Research Part II 49: 3155\-3167
#### Biogenic silica production
[thumb\|right\|300px\|[Diatomaceous earth](/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth "Diatomaceous earth") as viewed under bright field [illumination](/wiki/Lighting "Lighting") on a [light microscope](/wiki/Light_microscope "Light microscope"). Diatomaceous earth is made up of [diatom](/wiki/Diatom "Diatom") [cell walls](/wiki/Cell_wall "Cell wall"), an example of biogenic [silica](/wiki/Silica "Silica"). Silica is synthesised in the diatom cell by the [polymerisation](/wiki/Polymerisation "Polymerisation") of [silicic acid](/wiki/Silicic_acid "Silicic acid"). This image of diatomaceous earth particles in water is at a scale of 6\.236 pixels/[μm](/wiki/%CE%9Cm "Μm"), the entire image covers a region of approximately 1\.13 by 0\.69 mm.](/wiki/File:Diatomaceous_Earth_BrightField.jpg "Diatomaceous Earth BrightField.jpg")
The mean daily BSi rate strongly depends on the region:
* [Coastal upwelling](/wiki/Coastal_upwelling "Coastal upwelling"): 46 mmol.m−2.d−1
* Sub\-[arctic](/wiki/Arctic "Arctic") Pacific: 18 mmol.m−2.d−1
* Southern Ocean: 3–38 mmol.m−2.d−1
* mid\-ocean [gyres](/wiki/Gyre "Gyre"): 0\.2–1\.6 mmol.m−2.d−1
Likewise, the integrated annual BSi production strongly depends on the region:
* Coastal upwelling: 3 × 1012 mol.yr−1
* Subarctic Pacific: 8 × 1012 mol.yr−1
* Southern Ocean: 17–37 × 1012 mol.yr−1
* mid\-ocean gyres: 26 × 1012 mol.yr−1
BSi production is controlled by:
* [Dissolved silica](/wiki/Dissolved_silica "Dissolved silica") availability, however, half saturation constant *Kμ* for silicon\-limited growth is lower than *Ks* for silicon uptake.
* Light availability: There is no direct light requirement; silicon uptake at 2x depth of [photosynthesis](/wiki/Photosynthesis "Photosynthesis"); silicon uptake continues at night but cells must be actively growing.
* [Micronutrient](/wiki/Micronutrient "Micronutrient") availability.
#### Biogenic silica dissolution
BSi dissolution is controlled by:
* [Thermodynamics](/wiki/Thermodynamics "Thermodynamics") of [solubility](/wiki/Solubility "Solubility"): Temperature (0 to 25 °C \- 50x increase).
* [Sinking rate](/wiki/Sinking_rate "Sinking rate"): Food web structure—grazers, fecal pellets, discarded feeding structures, Aggregation \- rapid transport.
* [Bacterial](/wiki/Bacteria "Bacteria") [degradation](/wiki/Biodegradation "Biodegradation") of [organic matrix](/wiki/Organic_matrix "Organic matrix") (Bidle and Azam, 1999\).
#### Biogenic silica preservation
BSi preservation is measured by:
* Sedimentation rates, mainly sediment traps (Honjo);
* [Benthic](/wiki/Benthic_zone "Benthic zone") [remineralization](/wiki/Remineralisation "Remineralisation") rates ("recycling"), benthic [flux chamber](/wiki/Flux_chamber "Flux chamber") (Berelson);
* BSi concentration in sediments, chemical leaching in [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline "Alkaline") [solution](/wiki/Solution_%28chemistry%29 "Solution (chemistry)"), site specific, need to differentiate [lithogenic](/wiki/Lithogenic_silica "Lithogenic silica") vs. biogenic Si, [X\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_diffraction "X-ray diffraction").
BSi preservation is controlled by:
* Sedimentation rate;
* [Porewater](/wiki/Porewater "Porewater") dissolved silica concentration: saturation at 1\.100 μmol/L;
* Surface coatings: dissolved Al modifies solubility of deposited biogenic silica particles, dissolved silica can also [precipitate](/wiki/Precipitate "Precipitate") with Al as [clay](/wiki/Clay "Clay") or Al\-Si coatings.
|
[
"Silica in marine environments\n-----------------------------",
"[Silicate](/wiki/Silicate \"Silicate\"), or [silicic acid](/wiki/Silicic_acid \"Silicic acid\") (H4SiO4), is an important [nutrient](/wiki/Nutrient \"Nutrient\") in the ocean. Unlike the other major nutrients such as [phosphate](/wiki/Phosphate \"Phosphate\"), [nitrate](/wiki/Nitrate \"Nitrate\"), or [ammonium](/wiki/Ammonium \"Ammonium\"), which are needed by almost all marine [plankton](/wiki/Plankton \"Plankton\"), silicate is an essential chemical requirement for very specific [biota](/wiki/Biota_%28ecology%29 \"Biota (ecology)\"), including [diatoms](/wiki/Diatoms \"Diatoms\"), [radiolaria](/wiki/Radiolaria \"Radiolaria\"), [silicoflagellates](/wiki/Silicoflagellate \"Silicoflagellate\"), and [siliceous sponges](/wiki/Siliceous_sponge \"Siliceous sponge\"). These organisms extract dissolved silicate from open ocean surface waters for the buildup of their particulate silica (SiO2), or opaline, skeletal structures (i.e. the biota's hard parts).Boggs, S. (2005\\). \"Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (4th Edition)\". Pearson Education, Inc, 662p.DeMaster, D.J. (1981\\).\"The supply and accumulation of silica in the marine environment\". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45: 1715\\-1732\\. Some of the most common siliceous structures observed at the cell surface of silica\\-secreting organisms include: spicules, scales, solid plates, granules, frustules, and other elaborate geometric forms, depending on the species considered.Ehrlich et al. (2010\\). \"Modern Views on Desilicification: Biosilica and Abiotic Silica Dissolution in Natural and Artificial Environments \". Chem. Rev. 110: 4656\\-4689\\.",
"### Marine sources of silica",
"Five major sources of [dissolved](/wiki/Dissolution_%28chemistry%29 \"Dissolution (chemistry)\") silica to the marine environment can be distinguished:\n* [Riverine](/wiki/Riverine \"Riverine\") influx of dissolved silica to the oceans: 4\\.2 ± 0\\.8 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1\n* Submarine volcanism and associated [hydrothermal](/wiki/Hydrothermal \"Hydrothermal\") emanations: 1\\.9 ± 1\\.0 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1\n* Glacial [weathering](/wiki/Weathering \"Weathering\"): 2 × 1012 g SiO2 yr−1\n* Low temperature submarine weathering of oceanic [basalts](/wiki/Basalt \"Basalt\")\n* Some silica may also escape from silica\\-enriched pore waters of [pelagic sediments](/wiki/Pelagic_sediments \"Pelagic sediments\") on the [seafloor](/wiki/Seafloor \"Seafloor\")",
"Once the organism has perished, part of the siliceous skeletal material [dissolves](/wiki/Dissolution_%28chemistry%29 \"Dissolution (chemistry)\"), as it settles through the [water column](/wiki/Water_column \"Water column\"), enriching the deep waters with dissolved silica. Some of the siliceous scales can also be preserved over time as [microfossils](/wiki/Microfossils \"Microfossils\") in [deep\\-sea](/wiki/Deep-sea \"Deep-sea\") [sediments](/wiki/Sediments \"Sediments\"), providing a window into modern and ancient [plankton](/wiki/Plankton \"Plankton\")/[protists](/wiki/Protists \"Protists\") communities. This biologic process has operated, since at least early [Paleozoic](/wiki/Paleozoic \"Paleozoic\") time, to regulate the balance of silica in the ocean.",
"Radiolarians ([Cambrian](/wiki/Cambrian \"Cambrian\")/[Ordovician](/wiki/Ordovician \"Ordovician\")\\-[Holocene](/wiki/Holocene \"Holocene\")), [diatoms](/wiki/Diatoms \"Diatoms\") ([Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\")\\-[Holocene](/wiki/Holocene \"Holocene\")), and silicoflagellates ([Cretaceous](/wiki/Cretaceous \"Cretaceous\")\\-[Holocene](/wiki/Holocene \"Holocene\")) form the ocean's main contributors to the global silica biogenic cycle throughout [geologic time](/wiki/Geologic_time \"Geologic time\"). Diatoms account for 43% of the ocean primary production, and are responsible for the bulk of silica extraction from ocean waters in the modern ocean, and during much of the past fifty million years. In contrast, oceans of [Jurassic](/wiki/Jurassic \"Jurassic\") and older ages, were characterized by [radiolarians](/wiki/Radiolarians \"Radiolarians\") as major silica\\-utilizing phyla. Nowadays, radiolarians are the second (after diatoms) major producers of suspended amorphous silica in ocean waters. Their distribution ranges from the [Arctic](/wiki/Arctic \"Arctic\") to the [Antarctic](/wiki/Antarctic \"Antarctic\"), being most abundant in the equatorial zone. In equatorial [Pacific](/wiki/Pacific \"Pacific\") waters, for example, about 16,000 specimens per cubic meter can be observed.",
"### Silica cycle",
"{{main\\|Silica cycle}}",
"The silicon cycle has gained increasingly in scientific attention the past decade for several reasons:",
"*Firstly*, the modern [marine](/wiki/Marine_%28ocean%29 \"Marine (ocean)\") silica cycle is widely believed to be dominated by diatoms for the fixation and export of [particulate matter](/wiki/Suspended_solids \"Suspended solids\") (including [organic](/wiki/Organic_matter \"Organic matter\") [carbon](/wiki/Carbon \"Carbon\")), from the [euphotic zone](/wiki/Euphotic_zone \"Euphotic zone\") to the deep ocean, via a process known as the [biological pump](/wiki/Biological_pump \"Biological pump\"). As a result, diatoms, and other silica\\-secreting organisms, play a crucial role in the global [carbon cycle](/wiki/Carbon_cycle \"Carbon cycle\"), and have the ability to affect [atmospheric](/wiki/Atmospheric \"Atmospheric\") CO2 concentrations on a variety of time scales, by [sequestering](/wiki/Carbon_sequestration \"Carbon sequestration\") CO2 in the ocean. This connection between *biogenic silica* and organic carbon, together with the significantly higher [preservation potential](/wiki/Preservation_potential \"Preservation potential\") of biogenic siliceous compounds, compared to organic carbon, makes opal accumulation records very interesting for [paleoceanography](/wiki/Paleoceanography \"Paleoceanography\") and [paleoclimatology](/wiki/Paleoclimatology \"Paleoclimatology\").",
"*Secondly*, biogenic silica accumulation on the sea floor contains lot of information about where in the ocean [export production](/wiki/Export_production \"Export production\") has occurred on time scales ranging from hundreds to millions of years. For this reason, opal deposition records provide valuable information regarding large\\-scale oceanographic reorganizations in the geological past, as well as paleoproductivity.",
"*Thirdly*, the mean oceanic [residence time](/wiki/Residence_time_%28fluid_dynamics%29 \"Residence time (fluid dynamics)\") for silicate is approximately 10,000–15,000 yr. This relative short residence time, makes oceanic silicate concentrations and fluxes sensitive to [glacial](/wiki/Glacial \"Glacial\")/[interglacial](/wiki/Interglacial \"Interglacial\") perturbations, and thus an excellent [proxy](/wiki/Proxy_%28climate%29 \"Proxy (climate)\") for evaluating climate changes.Cortese, G., Gersonde, R. (2004\\). \"Opal sedimentation shifts in the World Ocean over the last 15 Myr\". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 224: 509\\-527\\.",
"Increasingly, [isotope ratios](/wiki/Isotopic_signature \"Isotopic signature\") of oxygen (O18:O16) and silicon (Si30:Si28) are analysed from biogenic silica preserved in lake and marine sediments to derive records of past [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\") and [nutrient cycling](/wiki/Nutrient_cycle \"Nutrient cycle\") (De La Rocha, 2006; Leng and Barker, 2006\\). This is a particularly valuable approach considering the role of [diatoms](/wiki/Diatom \"Diatom\") in global carbon cycling. In addition, isotope analyses from BSi are useful for tracing past climate changes in regions such as in the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean \"Southern Ocean\"), where few biogenic [carbonates](/wiki/Carbonate \"Carbonate\") are preserved.",
"### Marine silica sinks",
"#### Siliceous ooze",
"The remains of diatoms and other silica\\-utilizing organisms are found, as opal sediments within pelagic deep\\-sea deposits. [Pelagic sediments](/wiki/Pelagic_sediments \"Pelagic sediments\"), containing significant quantities of siliceous biogenic remains, are commonly referred to as [siliceous ooze](/wiki/Siliceous_ooze \"Siliceous ooze\"). Siliceous ooze are particularly abundant in the modern ocean at high latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres. A striking feature of siliceous ooze distribution is a ca. 200 km wide belt stretching across the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean \"Southern Ocean\"). Some equatorial regions of [upwelling](/wiki/Upwelling \"Upwelling\"), where [nutrients](/wiki/Nutrients \"Nutrients\") are abundant and [productivity](/wiki/Productivity_%28ecology%29 \"Productivity (ecology)\") is high, are also characterized by local siliceous ooze.",
"Siliceous oozes are composed primarily of the remains of diatoms and radiolarians, but may also include other siliceous organisms, such as silicoflagellates and [sponge](/wiki/Sponge \"Sponge\") [spicules](/wiki/Spicule_%28sponge%29 \"Spicule (sponge)\"). Diatom ooze occurs mainly in high\\-latitude areas and along some continental margins, whereas radiolarian ooze are more characteristic of equatorial areas. Siliceous ooze are modified and transformed during burial into bedded [cherts](/wiki/Chert \"Chert\").",
"#### Southern Ocean sediments",
"Southern Ocean sediments are a major sink for biogenic silica (50\\-75% of the oceanic total of 4\\.5 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1; DeMaster, 1981\\), but only a minor sink for organic [carbon](/wiki/Carbon \"Carbon\") (\\<1% of the oceanic 2 × 1014 g of organic C yr−1). These relatively high rates of biogenic silica accumulation in the Southern Ocean sediments (predominantly beneath the Polar Front) relative to organic carbon (60:1 on a weight basis) results from the preferential preservation of biogenic silica in the Antarctic water column.",
"In contrast to what was previously thought, these high rates of biogenic silica accumulation are not the result from high rates of [primary production](/wiki/Primary_production \"Primary production\"). Biological production in the Southern Ocean is strongly limited due to the low levels of [irradiance](/wiki/Irradiance \"Irradiance\") coupled with deep mixed layers and/or by limited amounts of [micronutrients](/wiki/Micronutrients \"Micronutrients\"), such as [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\").DeMaster, D. (1992\\).\"Cycling and Accumulation of Biogenic Silica and Organic Matter in High\\-Latitude Environments: The Ross Sea\". Oceanography 5(3\\): 147\\-153",
"This preferential preservation of biogenic silica relative to organic carbon is evident in the steadily increasing ratio of silica/organic C as function of depth in the water column. About thirty\\-five percent of the biogenic silica produced in the [euphotic](/wiki/Euphotic \"Euphotic\") zone survives dissolution within the surface layer; whereas only 4% of the organic carbon escapes [microbial](/wiki/Microbial \"Microbial\") degradation in these near\\-surface waters.",
"Consequently, considerable decoupling of organic C and silica occurs during settling through the water column. The accumulation of biogenic silica in the seabed represents 12% of the surface production, whereas the seabed organic\\-carbon accumulation rate accounts for solely \\<0\\.5% of the surface production. As a result, polar sediments account for most of the ocean's biogenic silica accumulation, but only a small amount of the sedimentary organic\\-carbon flux.",
"#### Effect of oceanic circulation on silica sinks",
"Large\\-scale oceanic circulation has a direct impact on [opal](/wiki/Opal \"Opal\") deposition. The Pacific (characterized by nutrient poor surface waters, and deep nutrient rich waters) and Atlantic Ocean circulations favor the [production](/wiki/Productivity_%28ecology%29 \"Productivity (ecology)\")/[preservation](/wiki/wikt:Preservation \"Preservation\") of silica and carbonate respectively. For instance, Si/N and Si/P ratios increase from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Southern Ocean, favoring opal versus [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate \"Carbonate\") producers. Consequently, the modern configuration of large\\-scale oceanic circulation resulted in the localization of major opal burial zones in the Equatorial Pacific, in the eastern boundary current upwelling systems, and by far the most important, the Southern Ocean.",
"##### Pacific and Southern Oceans",
"Waters from the modern Pacific and Southern ocean, typically observe an increase in Si/N ratio at intermediate depth, which results in an increase in opal export (\\~ increase in opal production). In the Southern Ocean and North Pacific, this relationship between opal export and Si/N ratio switches from linear to exponential for Si/N ratios greater than 2\\. This gradual increase in the importance of silicate (Si) relative to nitrogen (N) has tremendous consequences for the ocean biological production. The change in nutrient ratios contributes to select [diatoms](/wiki/Diatoms \"Diatoms\") as main producers, compared to other (e.g., calcifying) organisms. For example, [microcosm](/wiki/Microcosm:Model_/_experimental_ecosystem \"Model / experimental ecosystem\") experiments have demonstrated that diatoms are DSi supercompetitors and dominate other producers above 2 μM DSi. Consequently, opal vs. carbonate export will be favored, resulting in increasing opal production. The Southern Ocean and the North Pacific also display maximum biogenic silicate/Corganic flux ratios, and consist thus in an enrichment in biogenic silicate, compared to Corganic export flux. This combined increase in opal preservation and export makes the Southern Ocean the most important *sink* for DSi today.",
"##### Atlantic Ocean",
"In the Atlantic Ocean, intermediate and deep waters are characterized by a lower content in DSi, compared to the modern Pacific and Southern Ocean. This lower interbasin difference in DSi has the effect of decreasing the [preservation potential](/wiki/Preservation_potential \"Preservation potential\") of opal in the Atlantic compared to its Pacific and Southern ocean counterparts. Atlantic DSi depleted waters tends to produce relatively less [silicified](/wiki/Silicified \"Silicified\") organisms, which has a strong influence on the preservation of their [frustules](/wiki/Frustules \"Frustules\"). This mechanism in best illustrated when comparing the Peru and northwest Africa upwelling systems. The [dissolution](/wiki/Dissolution_%28chemistry%29 \"Dissolution (chemistry)\")/production ratio is much higher in the Atlantic upwelling than in the Pacific upwelling. This is due to the fact that coastal upwelling source waters are much richer in DSi off Peru, than off NW Africa.",
"### Marine biogenic silica budget",
"Rivers and submarine [hydrothermal](/wiki/Hydrothermal \"Hydrothermal\") emanations supply 6\\.1 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1 to the marine environment. Approximately two\\-thirds of this silica input is stored in [continental margin](/wiki/Continental_margin \"Continental margin\") and [deep\\-sea](/wiki/Deep-sea \"Deep-sea\") deposits. Siliceous deep\\-sea sediments located beneath the [Antarctic Convergence](/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence \"Antarctic Convergence\") ([convergence zone](/wiki/Convergence_zone \"Convergence zone\")) host some 25% of the silica supplied to the oceans (i.e. 1\\.6 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1) and consequently form one of Earth's major silica sinks. The highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in this area are observed in the South Atlantic, with values as large as 53 cm.kyr−1 during the last 18,000 yr. Further, extensive biogenic silica accumulation has been recorded in the deep\\-sea sediments of the [Bering Sea](/wiki/Bering_Sea \"Bering Sea\"), [Sea of Okhotsk](/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk \"Sea of Okhotsk\"), and [Subarctic](/wiki/Subarctic \"Subarctic\") [North Pacific](/wiki/North_Pacific \"North Pacific\"). Total biogenic silica accumulation rates in these regions amounts nearly 0\\.6 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1, which is equivalent to 10% of the dissolved silica input to the oceans.",
"Continental margin upwelling areas, such as the [Gulf of California](/wiki/Gulf_of_California \"Gulf of California\"), the Peru and Chile coast, are characteristic for some of the highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in the world. For example, biogenic silica accumulation rates of 69 g SiO2/cm2/kyr have been reported for the Gulf of California. Due to the laterally confined character of these rapid biogenic silica accumulation zones, upwelling areas solely account for approximately 5% of the dissolved silica supplied to the oceans. At last, extremely low biogenic silica accumulation rates have been observed in the extensive deep\\-sea deposits of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, rendering these oceans insignificant for the global marine silica budget.DeMaster, D.J. (2002\\). \"The accumulation and cycling of biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean: revisiting the marine silica budget\". Deep\\-Sea Research Part II 49: 3155\\-3167",
"#### Biogenic silica production",
"[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|[Diatomaceous earth](/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth \"Diatomaceous earth\") as viewed under bright field [illumination](/wiki/Lighting \"Lighting\") on a [light microscope](/wiki/Light_microscope \"Light microscope\"). Diatomaceous earth is made up of [diatom](/wiki/Diatom \"Diatom\") [cell walls](/wiki/Cell_wall \"Cell wall\"), an example of biogenic [silica](/wiki/Silica \"Silica\"). Silica is synthesised in the diatom cell by the [polymerisation](/wiki/Polymerisation \"Polymerisation\") of [silicic acid](/wiki/Silicic_acid \"Silicic acid\"). This image of diatomaceous earth particles in water is at a scale of 6\\.236 pixels/[μm](/wiki/%CE%9Cm \"Μm\"), the entire image covers a region of approximately 1\\.13 by 0\\.69 mm.](/wiki/File:Diatomaceous_Earth_BrightField.jpg \"Diatomaceous Earth BrightField.jpg\")\nThe mean daily BSi rate strongly depends on the region:\n* [Coastal upwelling](/wiki/Coastal_upwelling \"Coastal upwelling\"): 46 mmol.m−2.d−1\n* Sub\\-[arctic](/wiki/Arctic \"Arctic\") Pacific: 18 mmol.m−2.d−1\n* Southern Ocean: 3–38 mmol.m−2.d−1\n* mid\\-ocean [gyres](/wiki/Gyre \"Gyre\"): 0\\.2–1\\.6 mmol.m−2.d−1",
"Likewise, the integrated annual BSi production strongly depends on the region:\n* Coastal upwelling: 3 × 1012 mol.yr−1\n* Subarctic Pacific: 8 × 1012 mol.yr−1\n* Southern Ocean: 17–37 × 1012 mol.yr−1\n* mid\\-ocean gyres: 26 × 1012 mol.yr−1",
"BSi production is controlled by:\n* [Dissolved silica](/wiki/Dissolved_silica \"Dissolved silica\") availability, however, half saturation constant *Kμ* for silicon\\-limited growth is lower than *Ks* for silicon uptake.\n* Light availability: There is no direct light requirement; silicon uptake at 2x depth of [photosynthesis](/wiki/Photosynthesis \"Photosynthesis\"); silicon uptake continues at night but cells must be actively growing.\n* [Micronutrient](/wiki/Micronutrient \"Micronutrient\") availability.",
"#### Biogenic silica dissolution",
"BSi dissolution is controlled by:",
"* [Thermodynamics](/wiki/Thermodynamics \"Thermodynamics\") of [solubility](/wiki/Solubility \"Solubility\"): Temperature (0 to 25 °C \\- 50x increase).\n* [Sinking rate](/wiki/Sinking_rate \"Sinking rate\"): Food web structure—grazers, fecal pellets, discarded feeding structures, Aggregation \\- rapid transport.\n* [Bacterial](/wiki/Bacteria \"Bacteria\") [degradation](/wiki/Biodegradation \"Biodegradation\") of [organic matrix](/wiki/Organic_matrix \"Organic matrix\") (Bidle and Azam, 1999\\).",
"#### Biogenic silica preservation",
"BSi preservation is measured by:\n* Sedimentation rates, mainly sediment traps (Honjo);\n* [Benthic](/wiki/Benthic_zone \"Benthic zone\") [remineralization](/wiki/Remineralisation \"Remineralisation\") rates (\"recycling\"), benthic [flux chamber](/wiki/Flux_chamber \"Flux chamber\") (Berelson);\n* BSi concentration in sediments, chemical leaching in [alkaline](/wiki/Alkaline \"Alkaline\") [solution](/wiki/Solution_%28chemistry%29 \"Solution (chemistry)\"), site specific, need to differentiate [lithogenic](/wiki/Lithogenic_silica \"Lithogenic silica\") vs. biogenic Si, [X\\-ray diffraction](/wiki/X-ray_diffraction \"X-ray diffraction\").",
"BSi preservation is controlled by:\n* Sedimentation rate;\n* [Porewater](/wiki/Porewater \"Porewater\") dissolved silica concentration: saturation at 1\\.100 μmol/L;\n* Surface coatings: dissolved Al modifies solubility of deposited biogenic silica particles, dissolved silica can also [precipitate](/wiki/Precipitate \"Precipitate\") with Al as [clay](/wiki/Clay \"Clay\") or Al\\-Si coatings.",
""
] |
### Marine silica sinks
#### Siliceous ooze
The remains of diatoms and other silica\-utilizing organisms are found, as opal sediments within pelagic deep\-sea deposits. [Pelagic sediments](/wiki/Pelagic_sediments "Pelagic sediments"), containing significant quantities of siliceous biogenic remains, are commonly referred to as [siliceous ooze](/wiki/Siliceous_ooze "Siliceous ooze"). Siliceous ooze are particularly abundant in the modern ocean at high latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres. A striking feature of siliceous ooze distribution is a ca. 200 km wide belt stretching across the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean "Southern Ocean"). Some equatorial regions of [upwelling](/wiki/Upwelling "Upwelling"), where [nutrients](/wiki/Nutrients "Nutrients") are abundant and [productivity](/wiki/Productivity_%28ecology%29 "Productivity (ecology)") is high, are also characterized by local siliceous ooze.
Siliceous oozes are composed primarily of the remains of diatoms and radiolarians, but may also include other siliceous organisms, such as silicoflagellates and [sponge](/wiki/Sponge "Sponge") [spicules](/wiki/Spicule_%28sponge%29 "Spicule (sponge)"). Diatom ooze occurs mainly in high\-latitude areas and along some continental margins, whereas radiolarian ooze are more characteristic of equatorial areas. Siliceous ooze are modified and transformed during burial into bedded [cherts](/wiki/Chert "Chert").
#### Southern Ocean sediments
Southern Ocean sediments are a major sink for biogenic silica (50\-75% of the oceanic total of 4\.5 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1; DeMaster, 1981\), but only a minor sink for organic [carbon](/wiki/Carbon "Carbon") (\<1% of the oceanic 2 × 1014 g of organic C yr−1). These relatively high rates of biogenic silica accumulation in the Southern Ocean sediments (predominantly beneath the Polar Front) relative to organic carbon (60:1 on a weight basis) results from the preferential preservation of biogenic silica in the Antarctic water column.
In contrast to what was previously thought, these high rates of biogenic silica accumulation are not the result from high rates of [primary production](/wiki/Primary_production "Primary production"). Biological production in the Southern Ocean is strongly limited due to the low levels of [irradiance](/wiki/Irradiance "Irradiance") coupled with deep mixed layers and/or by limited amounts of [micronutrients](/wiki/Micronutrients "Micronutrients"), such as [iron](/wiki/Iron "Iron").DeMaster, D. (1992\)."Cycling and Accumulation of Biogenic Silica and Organic Matter in High\-Latitude Environments: The Ross Sea". Oceanography 5(3\): 147\-153
This preferential preservation of biogenic silica relative to organic carbon is evident in the steadily increasing ratio of silica/organic C as function of depth in the water column. About thirty\-five percent of the biogenic silica produced in the [euphotic](/wiki/Euphotic "Euphotic") zone survives dissolution within the surface layer; whereas only 4% of the organic carbon escapes [microbial](/wiki/Microbial "Microbial") degradation in these near\-surface waters.
Consequently, considerable decoupling of organic C and silica occurs during settling through the water column. The accumulation of biogenic silica in the seabed represents 12% of the surface production, whereas the seabed organic\-carbon accumulation rate accounts for solely \<0\.5% of the surface production. As a result, polar sediments account for most of the ocean's biogenic silica accumulation, but only a small amount of the sedimentary organic\-carbon flux.
#### Effect of oceanic circulation on silica sinks
Large\-scale oceanic circulation has a direct impact on [opal](/wiki/Opal "Opal") deposition. The Pacific (characterized by nutrient poor surface waters, and deep nutrient rich waters) and Atlantic Ocean circulations favor the [production](/wiki/Productivity_%28ecology%29 "Productivity (ecology)")/[preservation](/wiki/wikt:Preservation "Preservation") of silica and carbonate respectively. For instance, Si/N and Si/P ratios increase from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Southern Ocean, favoring opal versus [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate "Carbonate") producers. Consequently, the modern configuration of large\-scale oceanic circulation resulted in the localization of major opal burial zones in the Equatorial Pacific, in the eastern boundary current upwelling systems, and by far the most important, the Southern Ocean.
##### Pacific and Southern Oceans
Waters from the modern Pacific and Southern ocean, typically observe an increase in Si/N ratio at intermediate depth, which results in an increase in opal export (\~ increase in opal production). In the Southern Ocean and North Pacific, this relationship between opal export and Si/N ratio switches from linear to exponential for Si/N ratios greater than 2\. This gradual increase in the importance of silicate (Si) relative to nitrogen (N) has tremendous consequences for the ocean biological production. The change in nutrient ratios contributes to select [diatoms](/wiki/Diatoms "Diatoms") as main producers, compared to other (e.g., calcifying) organisms. For example, [microcosm](/wiki/Microcosm:Model_/_experimental_ecosystem "Model / experimental ecosystem") experiments have demonstrated that diatoms are DSi supercompetitors and dominate other producers above 2 μM DSi. Consequently, opal vs. carbonate export will be favored, resulting in increasing opal production. The Southern Ocean and the North Pacific also display maximum biogenic silicate/Corganic flux ratios, and consist thus in an enrichment in biogenic silicate, compared to Corganic export flux. This combined increase in opal preservation and export makes the Southern Ocean the most important *sink* for DSi today.
##### Atlantic Ocean
In the Atlantic Ocean, intermediate and deep waters are characterized by a lower content in DSi, compared to the modern Pacific and Southern Ocean. This lower interbasin difference in DSi has the effect of decreasing the [preservation potential](/wiki/Preservation_potential "Preservation potential") of opal in the Atlantic compared to its Pacific and Southern ocean counterparts. Atlantic DSi depleted waters tends to produce relatively less [silicified](/wiki/Silicified "Silicified") organisms, which has a strong influence on the preservation of their [frustules](/wiki/Frustules "Frustules"). This mechanism in best illustrated when comparing the Peru and northwest Africa upwelling systems. The [dissolution](/wiki/Dissolution_%28chemistry%29 "Dissolution (chemistry)")/production ratio is much higher in the Atlantic upwelling than in the Pacific upwelling. This is due to the fact that coastal upwelling source waters are much richer in DSi off Peru, than off NW Africa.
|
[
"### Marine silica sinks",
"#### Siliceous ooze",
"The remains of diatoms and other silica\\-utilizing organisms are found, as opal sediments within pelagic deep\\-sea deposits. [Pelagic sediments](/wiki/Pelagic_sediments \"Pelagic sediments\"), containing significant quantities of siliceous biogenic remains, are commonly referred to as [siliceous ooze](/wiki/Siliceous_ooze \"Siliceous ooze\"). Siliceous ooze are particularly abundant in the modern ocean at high latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres. A striking feature of siliceous ooze distribution is a ca. 200 km wide belt stretching across the [Southern Ocean](/wiki/Southern_Ocean \"Southern Ocean\"). Some equatorial regions of [upwelling](/wiki/Upwelling \"Upwelling\"), where [nutrients](/wiki/Nutrients \"Nutrients\") are abundant and [productivity](/wiki/Productivity_%28ecology%29 \"Productivity (ecology)\") is high, are also characterized by local siliceous ooze.",
"Siliceous oozes are composed primarily of the remains of diatoms and radiolarians, but may also include other siliceous organisms, such as silicoflagellates and [sponge](/wiki/Sponge \"Sponge\") [spicules](/wiki/Spicule_%28sponge%29 \"Spicule (sponge)\"). Diatom ooze occurs mainly in high\\-latitude areas and along some continental margins, whereas radiolarian ooze are more characteristic of equatorial areas. Siliceous ooze are modified and transformed during burial into bedded [cherts](/wiki/Chert \"Chert\").",
"#### Southern Ocean sediments",
"Southern Ocean sediments are a major sink for biogenic silica (50\\-75% of the oceanic total of 4\\.5 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1; DeMaster, 1981\\), but only a minor sink for organic [carbon](/wiki/Carbon \"Carbon\") (\\<1% of the oceanic 2 × 1014 g of organic C yr−1). These relatively high rates of biogenic silica accumulation in the Southern Ocean sediments (predominantly beneath the Polar Front) relative to organic carbon (60:1 on a weight basis) results from the preferential preservation of biogenic silica in the Antarctic water column.",
"In contrast to what was previously thought, these high rates of biogenic silica accumulation are not the result from high rates of [primary production](/wiki/Primary_production \"Primary production\"). Biological production in the Southern Ocean is strongly limited due to the low levels of [irradiance](/wiki/Irradiance \"Irradiance\") coupled with deep mixed layers and/or by limited amounts of [micronutrients](/wiki/Micronutrients \"Micronutrients\"), such as [iron](/wiki/Iron \"Iron\").DeMaster, D. (1992\\).\"Cycling and Accumulation of Biogenic Silica and Organic Matter in High\\-Latitude Environments: The Ross Sea\". Oceanography 5(3\\): 147\\-153",
"This preferential preservation of biogenic silica relative to organic carbon is evident in the steadily increasing ratio of silica/organic C as function of depth in the water column. About thirty\\-five percent of the biogenic silica produced in the [euphotic](/wiki/Euphotic \"Euphotic\") zone survives dissolution within the surface layer; whereas only 4% of the organic carbon escapes [microbial](/wiki/Microbial \"Microbial\") degradation in these near\\-surface waters.",
"Consequently, considerable decoupling of organic C and silica occurs during settling through the water column. The accumulation of biogenic silica in the seabed represents 12% of the surface production, whereas the seabed organic\\-carbon accumulation rate accounts for solely \\<0\\.5% of the surface production. As a result, polar sediments account for most of the ocean's biogenic silica accumulation, but only a small amount of the sedimentary organic\\-carbon flux.",
"#### Effect of oceanic circulation on silica sinks",
"Large\\-scale oceanic circulation has a direct impact on [opal](/wiki/Opal \"Opal\") deposition. The Pacific (characterized by nutrient poor surface waters, and deep nutrient rich waters) and Atlantic Ocean circulations favor the [production](/wiki/Productivity_%28ecology%29 \"Productivity (ecology)\")/[preservation](/wiki/wikt:Preservation \"Preservation\") of silica and carbonate respectively. For instance, Si/N and Si/P ratios increase from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Southern Ocean, favoring opal versus [carbonate](/wiki/Carbonate \"Carbonate\") producers. Consequently, the modern configuration of large\\-scale oceanic circulation resulted in the localization of major opal burial zones in the Equatorial Pacific, in the eastern boundary current upwelling systems, and by far the most important, the Southern Ocean.",
"##### Pacific and Southern Oceans",
"Waters from the modern Pacific and Southern ocean, typically observe an increase in Si/N ratio at intermediate depth, which results in an increase in opal export (\\~ increase in opal production). In the Southern Ocean and North Pacific, this relationship between opal export and Si/N ratio switches from linear to exponential for Si/N ratios greater than 2\\. This gradual increase in the importance of silicate (Si) relative to nitrogen (N) has tremendous consequences for the ocean biological production. The change in nutrient ratios contributes to select [diatoms](/wiki/Diatoms \"Diatoms\") as main producers, compared to other (e.g., calcifying) organisms. For example, [microcosm](/wiki/Microcosm:Model_/_experimental_ecosystem \"Model / experimental ecosystem\") experiments have demonstrated that diatoms are DSi supercompetitors and dominate other producers above 2 μM DSi. Consequently, opal vs. carbonate export will be favored, resulting in increasing opal production. The Southern Ocean and the North Pacific also display maximum biogenic silicate/Corganic flux ratios, and consist thus in an enrichment in biogenic silicate, compared to Corganic export flux. This combined increase in opal preservation and export makes the Southern Ocean the most important *sink* for DSi today.",
"##### Atlantic Ocean",
"In the Atlantic Ocean, intermediate and deep waters are characterized by a lower content in DSi, compared to the modern Pacific and Southern Ocean. This lower interbasin difference in DSi has the effect of decreasing the [preservation potential](/wiki/Preservation_potential \"Preservation potential\") of opal in the Atlantic compared to its Pacific and Southern ocean counterparts. Atlantic DSi depleted waters tends to produce relatively less [silicified](/wiki/Silicified \"Silicified\") organisms, which has a strong influence on the preservation of their [frustules](/wiki/Frustules \"Frustules\"). This mechanism in best illustrated when comparing the Peru and northwest Africa upwelling systems. The [dissolution](/wiki/Dissolution_%28chemistry%29 \"Dissolution (chemistry)\")/production ratio is much higher in the Atlantic upwelling than in the Pacific upwelling. This is due to the fact that coastal upwelling source waters are much richer in DSi off Peru, than off NW Africa.",
""
] |
Plot
----
Following Splinter's death and the Super Shredder's destruction at the hands of [Leonardo](/wiki/Leonardo_%28Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles%29 "Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)"), the Turtles, [April O'Neil](/wiki/April_O%27Neil "April O'Neil"), [Casey Jones](/wiki/Casey_Jones_%28Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles%29 "Casey Jones (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)") and [Karai](/wiki/Karai_%28Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles%29 "Karai (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)") have all moved on with their daily lives. Leo takes on even more responsibility as sensei. However, Tiger Claw and an underground cult dedicated to the Foot Clan have plans to bring back the Shredder, with the help of a Demodragon named Kavaxas.
A [flashback](/wiki/Flashback_%28narrative%29 "Flashback (narrative)") (prequel) shows how Splinter and the four Turtles, as babies, found their underground lair while being pursued by the Kraang. Splinter realizes he has been given a second chance at fatherhood, and names the infant Turtles after his favorite Italian artists of the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance"). After Splinter tells the story to his sons (who are kids when they first hear the story), he gives them their signature weapons and prepares them for the next level of their ninja training.
In the alternate post\-apocalyptic future, humanity and most of the mutant\-kind have been wiped out after an extremely powerful and destructive mutagen bomb was triggered. An elderly, weathered version of Raphael and a robot containing Donatello's consciousness scour a wasteland that was once their home in New York City. They encounter a [meerkat](/wiki/Meerkat "Meerkat") named Mira who is hunted by a [honey badger](/wiki/Honey_badger "Honey badger") named Verminator Rex and his gang of bikers. Mira reveals a map imprinted on her arm that leads to a haven called "the Green Paradise" or "Oasis".
During [Halloween](/wiki/Halloween "Halloween"), the Turtles and their time\-traveling ally, Renet, are reunited with their enemy, Savanti Romero as he plans to turn all of [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") into a monster\-filled [dystopia](/wiki/Dystopia "Dystopia") while sending them back in time at [Transylvania](/wiki/Transylvania "Transylvania"), during the age of [Dracula](/wiki/Dracula "Dracula") and 1810s [Central Europe](/wiki/Central_Europe "Central Europe"), with [Frankenstein](/wiki/Frankenstein "Frankenstein").
Raphael's Salamandrian girlfriend, Mona Lisa, and their friend, Sal Commander, arrive on Earth asking the Turtles for help finding the Newtralizer, a Salamandrian bounty hunter who nearly killed Sal Commander at one point and seeks to destroy the Utroms. It is later revealed that the Newtralizer is working with Lord Dregg, who has cheated death and sworn revenge on the Turtles.
In another dimension inhabited by anthropomorphic animals in [Feudal Japan](/wiki/Feudal_Japan "Feudal Japan"), a lone rabbit ronin named [Miyamoto Usagi](/wiki/Miyamoto_Usagi "Miyamoto Usagi") has been tasked with protecting an unpleasant [Pug](/wiki/Pug "Pug") named Kintaro, the "Golden Child" of the Sky Buddha. Meanwhile, the [gray wolf](/wiki/Gray_wolf "Gray wolf") wizard Jei transports the turtles into his reality to serve as mind\-controlled hitmen, to prevent Usagi from ever reaching the Temple of the Sky Buddha.
The Turtles once again meet their counterparts from the 1987 series. The 1987 versions of the Shredder and Krang have fled to the 2012 reality and seek help from the 2012 versions of Bebop and Rocksteady as they plan to conquer both dimensions. The Mighty Mutanimals are later enlisted by the Turtles to help stop the villains.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"Following Splinter's death and the Super Shredder's destruction at the hands of [Leonardo](/wiki/Leonardo_%28Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles%29 \"Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)\"), the Turtles, [April O'Neil](/wiki/April_O%27Neil \"April O'Neil\"), [Casey Jones](/wiki/Casey_Jones_%28Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles%29 \"Casey Jones (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)\") and [Karai](/wiki/Karai_%28Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles%29 \"Karai (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)\") have all moved on with their daily lives. Leo takes on even more responsibility as sensei. However, Tiger Claw and an underground cult dedicated to the Foot Clan have plans to bring back the Shredder, with the help of a Demodragon named Kavaxas.",
"A [flashback](/wiki/Flashback_%28narrative%29 \"Flashback (narrative)\") (prequel) shows how Splinter and the four Turtles, as babies, found their underground lair while being pursued by the Kraang. Splinter realizes he has been given a second chance at fatherhood, and names the infant Turtles after his favorite Italian artists of the [Renaissance](/wiki/Renaissance \"Renaissance\"). After Splinter tells the story to his sons (who are kids when they first hear the story), he gives them their signature weapons and prepares them for the next level of their ninja training.",
"In the alternate post\\-apocalyptic future, humanity and most of the mutant\\-kind have been wiped out after an extremely powerful and destructive mutagen bomb was triggered. An elderly, weathered version of Raphael and a robot containing Donatello's consciousness scour a wasteland that was once their home in New York City. They encounter a [meerkat](/wiki/Meerkat \"Meerkat\") named Mira who is hunted by a [honey badger](/wiki/Honey_badger \"Honey badger\") named Verminator Rex and his gang of bikers. Mira reveals a map imprinted on her arm that leads to a haven called \"the Green Paradise\" or \"Oasis\".",
"During [Halloween](/wiki/Halloween \"Halloween\"), the Turtles and their time\\-traveling ally, Renet, are reunited with their enemy, Savanti Romero as he plans to turn all of [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") into a monster\\-filled [dystopia](/wiki/Dystopia \"Dystopia\") while sending them back in time at [Transylvania](/wiki/Transylvania \"Transylvania\"), during the age of [Dracula](/wiki/Dracula \"Dracula\") and 1810s [Central Europe](/wiki/Central_Europe \"Central Europe\"), with [Frankenstein](/wiki/Frankenstein \"Frankenstein\").",
"Raphael's Salamandrian girlfriend, Mona Lisa, and their friend, Sal Commander, arrive on Earth asking the Turtles for help finding the Newtralizer, a Salamandrian bounty hunter who nearly killed Sal Commander at one point and seeks to destroy the Utroms. It is later revealed that the Newtralizer is working with Lord Dregg, who has cheated death and sworn revenge on the Turtles.",
"In another dimension inhabited by anthropomorphic animals in [Feudal Japan](/wiki/Feudal_Japan \"Feudal Japan\"), a lone rabbit ronin named [Miyamoto Usagi](/wiki/Miyamoto_Usagi \"Miyamoto Usagi\") has been tasked with protecting an unpleasant [Pug](/wiki/Pug \"Pug\") named Kintaro, the \"Golden Child\" of the Sky Buddha. Meanwhile, the [gray wolf](/wiki/Gray_wolf \"Gray wolf\") wizard Jei transports the turtles into his reality to serve as mind\\-controlled hitmen, to prevent Usagi from ever reaching the Temple of the Sky Buddha.",
"The Turtles once again meet their counterparts from the 1987 series. The 1987 versions of the Shredder and Krang have fled to the 2012 reality and seek help from the 2012 versions of Bebop and Rocksteady as they plan to conquer both dimensions. The Mighty Mutanimals are later enlisted by the Turtles to help stop the villains.",
""
] |
Demographics
------------
{{US Census population
\|1910\= 405
\|1920\= 483
\|1930\= 524
\|1940\= 526
\|1950\= 950
\|1960\= 957
\|1970\= 1164
\|1980\= 1419
\|1990\= 2016
\|2000\= 2371
\|2010\= 2695
\|2020\= 4356
\|footnote\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\|url\=https://www.census.gov/programs\-surveys/decennial\-census.html\|title\=Census of Population and Housing\|publisher\=Census.gov\|access\-date\=June 4, 2015}}{{cite web\|url\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\=P1\_001N,NAME\&for\=place:\*∈\=state:41\&key\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\|title\=Census Population API\|publisher\=United States Census Bureau\|accessdate\=Oct 12, 2022}}
}}
### 2010 census
As of the [census](/wiki/Census "Census") of 2010, there were 2,695 people, 1,062 households, and 672 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density "Population density") was {{convert\|1340\.8\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|1}}. There were 1,155 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|574\.6\|/sqmi\|/km2\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 92\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 "White (U.S. Census)"), 0\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "African American (U.S. Census)"), 0\.7% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 "Native American (U.S. Census)"), 1\.2% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 "Asian (U.S. Census)"), 0\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), 2\.7% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 "Race (U.S. Census)"), and 2\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 "Hispanic (U.S. Census)") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 "Latino (U.S. Census)") of any race were 7\.5% of the population.{{cite web\|title\=U.S. Census website\|url\=https://www.census.gov\|publisher\=\[\[United States Census Bureau]]\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-21}}
There were 1,062 households, of which 35\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage "Marriage") living together, 14\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\.7% were non\-families. 30\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.53 and the average family size was 3\.16\.
The median age in the city was 35\.7 years. 26\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27\.2% were from 25 to 44; 24\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 12\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\.8% male and 50\.2% female.
### 2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,371 people, 850 households, and 591 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\|2,259\.6\|PD/sqmi\|PD/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. There were 886 housing units at an average density of {{convert\|844\.4\|/sqmi\|/km2\|sp\=us\|adj\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 84\.86% White, 0\.17% African American, 1\.43% Native American, 1\.77% Asian, 0\.04% Pacific Islander, 9\.91% from other races, and 1\.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12\.78% of the population.
There were 850 households, out of which 39\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\.9% were married couples living together, 13\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\.4% were non\-families. 26\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\.78 and the average family size was 3\.26\.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29\.6% under the age of 18, 10\.5% from 18 to 24, 28\.5% from 25 to 44, 20\.5% from 45 to 64, and 11\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $39,200, and the median income for a family was $46,445\. Males had a median income of $37,269 versus $22,267 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income "Per capita income") for the city was $17,049\. About 10\.1% of families and 12\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line "Poverty line"), including 15\.8% of those under age 18 and 5\.9% of those age 65 or over.
|
[
"Demographics\n------------",
"{{US Census population\n\\|1910\\= 405\n\\|1920\\= 483\n\\|1930\\= 524\n\\|1940\\= 526\n\\|1950\\= 950\n\\|1960\\= 957\n\\|1970\\= 1164\n\\|1980\\= 1419\n\\|1990\\= 2016\n\\|2000\\= 2371\n\\|2010\\= 2695\n\\|2020\\= 4356\n\\|footnote\\=U.S. Decennial Census{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov/programs\\-surveys/decennial\\-census.html\\|title\\=Census of Population and Housing\\|publisher\\=Census.gov\\|access\\-date\\=June 4, 2015}}{{cite web\\|url\\=https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get\\=P1\\_001N,NAME\\&for\\=place:\\*∈\\=state:41\\&key\\=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108\\|title\\=Census Population API\\|publisher\\=United States Census Bureau\\|accessdate\\=Oct 12, 2022}}\n}}",
"### 2010 census",
"As of the [census](/wiki/Census \"Census\") of 2010, there were 2,695 people, 1,062 households, and 672 families residing in the city. The [population density](/wiki/Population_density \"Population density\") was {{convert\\|1340\\.8\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|1}}. There were 1,155 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|574\\.6\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 92\\.0% [White](/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29 \"White (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.8% [African American](/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"African American (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.7% [Native American](/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Native American (U.S. Census)\"), 1\\.2% [Asian](/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Asian (U.S. Census)\"), 0\\.2% [Pacific Islander](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), 2\\.7% from [other races](/wiki/Race_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Race (U.S. Census)\"), and 2\\.4% from two or more races. [Hispanic](/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Hispanic (U.S. Census)\") or [Latino](/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29 \"Latino (U.S. Census)\") of any race were 7\\.5% of the population.{{cite web\\|title\\=U.S. Census website\\|url\\=https://www.census.gov\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[United States Census Bureau]]\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-21}}",
"There were 1,062 households, of which 35\\.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43\\.8% were [married couples](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") living together, 14\\.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5\\.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36\\.7% were non\\-families. 30\\.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15\\.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.53 and the average family size was 3\\.16\\.",
"The median age in the city was 35\\.7 years. 26\\.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8\\.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27\\.2% were from 25 to 44; 24\\.6% were from 45 to 64; and 12\\.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49\\.8% male and 50\\.2% female.",
"### 2000 census",
"As of the census of 2000, there were 2,371 people, 850 households, and 591 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert\\|2,259\\.6\\|PD/sqmi\\|PD/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. There were 886 housing units at an average density of {{convert\\|844\\.4\\|/sqmi\\|/km2\\|sp\\=us\\|adj\\=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 84\\.86% White, 0\\.17% African American, 1\\.43% Native American, 1\\.77% Asian, 0\\.04% Pacific Islander, 9\\.91% from other races, and 1\\.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12\\.78% of the population.",
"There were 850 households, out of which 39\\.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50\\.9% were married couples living together, 13\\.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30\\.4% were non\\-families. 26\\.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13\\.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2\\.78 and the average family size was 3\\.26\\.",
"In the city, the population was spread out, with 29\\.6% under the age of 18, 10\\.5% from 18 to 24, 28\\.5% from 25 to 44, 20\\.5% from 45 to 64, and 11\\.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 93\\.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90\\.9 males.",
"The median income for a household in the city was $39,200, and the median income for a family was $46,445\\. Males had a median income of $37,269 versus $22,267 for females. The [per capita income](/wiki/Per_capita_income \"Per capita income\") for the city was $17,049\\. About 10\\.1% of families and 12\\.9% of the population were below the [poverty line](/wiki/Poverty_line \"Poverty line\"), including 15\\.8% of those under age 18 and 5\\.9% of those age 65 or over.",
""
] |
Definitions
-----------
Let X be a topological space, and let x be a point of X.
A space X is called **locally connected at x**Munkres, p. 161 if every [neighborhood](/wiki/Neighborhood_%28mathematics%29 "Neighborhood (mathematics)") of x contains a [connected](/wiki/Connected_%28topology%29 "Connected (topology)") *open* neighborhood of x, that is, if the point x has a [neighborhood base](/wiki/Neighborhood_base "Neighborhood base") consisting of connected open sets. A **locally connected space**Willard, Definition 27\.7, p. 199 is a space that is locally connected at each of its points.
Local connectedness does not imply connectedness (consider two disjoint open intervals in \\R for example); and connectedness does not imply local connectedness (see the [topologist's sine curve](/wiki/Topologist%27s_sine_curve "Topologist's sine curve")).
{{anchor\|locally path connected}}A space X is called **locally path connected at x** if every neighborhood of x contains a [path connected](/wiki/Path_connected "Path connected") *open* neighborhood of x, that is, if the point x has a neighborhood base consisting of path connected open sets. A **locally path connected space**Willard, Definition 27\.4, p.199 is a space that is locally path connected at each of its points.
Locally path connected spaces are locally connected. The converse does not hold (see the [lexicographic order topology on the unit square](/wiki/Lexicographic_order_topology_on_the_unit_square "Lexicographic order topology on the unit square")).
### Connectedness im kleinen
A space X is called **connected im kleinen at x**Willard, Definition 27\.14, p. 201 or **weakly locally connected at x**Munkres, exercise 6, p. 162 if every neighborhood of x contains a connected (not necessarily open) neighborhood of x, that is, if the point x has a neighborhood base consisting of connected sets. A space is called **weakly locally connected** if it is weakly locally connected at each of its points; as indicated below, this concept is in fact the same as being locally connected.
A space that is locally connected at x is connected im kleinen at x. The converse does not hold, as shown for example by a certain infinite union of decreasing [broom spaces](/wiki/Broom_space "Broom space"), that is connected im kleinen at a particular point, but not locally connected at that point.Steen \& Seebach, example 119\.4, p. 139Munkres, exercise 7, p. 162{{cite web \|title\=Show that X is not locally connected at p \|url\=https://math.stackexchange.com/q/2439096}} However, if a space is connected im kleinen at each of its points, it is locally connected.Willard, Theorem 27\.16, p. 201
A space X is said to be **path connected im kleinen at x**{{cite journal \|last1\=Björn \|first1\=Anders \|last2\=Björn \|first2\=Jana \|last3\=Shanmugalingam \|first3\=Nageswari \|title\=The Mazurkiewicz distance and sets that are finitely connected at the boundary \|journal\=Journal of Geometric Analysis \|volume\=26 \|year\=2016 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=873–897 \|doi\=10\.1007/s12220\-015\-9575\-9 \|arxiv\=1311\.5122\|s2cid\=255549682 }}, section 2 if every neighborhood of x contains a path connected (not necessarily open) neighborhood of x, that is, if the point x has a neighborhood base consisting of path connected sets.
A space that is locally path connected at x is path connected im kleinen at x. The converse does not hold, as shown by the same infinite union of decreasing broom spaces as above. However, if a space is path connected im kleinen at each of its points, it is locally path connected.{{cite web \|title\=Definition of locally pathwise connected \|url\=https://math.stackexchange.com/q/2999685}}
|
[
"Definitions\n-----------",
"Let X be a topological space, and let x be a point of X.",
"A space X is called **locally connected at x**Munkres, p. 161 if every [neighborhood](/wiki/Neighborhood_%28mathematics%29 \"Neighborhood (mathematics)\") of x contains a [connected](/wiki/Connected_%28topology%29 \"Connected (topology)\") *open* neighborhood of x, that is, if the point x has a [neighborhood base](/wiki/Neighborhood_base \"Neighborhood base\") consisting of connected open sets. A **locally connected space**Willard, Definition 27\\.7, p. 199 is a space that is locally connected at each of its points.",
"Local connectedness does not imply connectedness (consider two disjoint open intervals in \\\\R for example); and connectedness does not imply local connectedness (see the [topologist's sine curve](/wiki/Topologist%27s_sine_curve \"Topologist's sine curve\")).",
"{{anchor\\|locally path connected}}A space X is called **locally path connected at x** if every neighborhood of x contains a [path connected](/wiki/Path_connected \"Path connected\") *open* neighborhood of x, that is, if the point x has a neighborhood base consisting of path connected open sets. A **locally path connected space**Willard, Definition 27\\.4, p.199 is a space that is locally path connected at each of its points.",
"Locally path connected spaces are locally connected. The converse does not hold (see the [lexicographic order topology on the unit square](/wiki/Lexicographic_order_topology_on_the_unit_square \"Lexicographic order topology on the unit square\")).",
"### Connectedness im kleinen",
"A space X is called **connected im kleinen at x**Willard, Definition 27\\.14, p. 201 or **weakly locally connected at x**Munkres, exercise 6, p. 162 if every neighborhood of x contains a connected (not necessarily open) neighborhood of x, that is, if the point x has a neighborhood base consisting of connected sets. A space is called **weakly locally connected** if it is weakly locally connected at each of its points; as indicated below, this concept is in fact the same as being locally connected.",
"A space that is locally connected at x is connected im kleinen at x. The converse does not hold, as shown for example by a certain infinite union of decreasing [broom spaces](/wiki/Broom_space \"Broom space\"), that is connected im kleinen at a particular point, but not locally connected at that point.Steen \\& Seebach, example 119\\.4, p. 139Munkres, exercise 7, p. 162{{cite web \\|title\\=Show that X is not locally connected at p \\|url\\=https://math.stackexchange.com/q/2439096}} However, if a space is connected im kleinen at each of its points, it is locally connected.Willard, Theorem 27\\.16, p. 201",
"A space X is said to be **path connected im kleinen at x**{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Björn \\|first1\\=Anders \\|last2\\=Björn \\|first2\\=Jana \\|last3\\=Shanmugalingam \\|first3\\=Nageswari \\|title\\=The Mazurkiewicz distance and sets that are finitely connected at the boundary \\|journal\\=Journal of Geometric Analysis \\|volume\\=26 \\|year\\=2016 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=873–897 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s12220\\-015\\-9575\\-9 \\|arxiv\\=1311\\.5122\\|s2cid\\=255549682 }}, section 2 if every neighborhood of x contains a path connected (not necessarily open) neighborhood of x, that is, if the point x has a neighborhood base consisting of path connected sets.",
"A space that is locally path connected at x is path connected im kleinen at x. The converse does not hold, as shown by the same infinite union of decreasing broom spaces as above. However, if a space is path connected im kleinen at each of its points, it is locally path connected.{{cite web \\|title\\=Definition of locally pathwise connected \\|url\\=https://math.stackexchange.com/q/2999685}}",
""
] |
Components and path components
------------------------------
The following result follows almost immediately from the definitions but will be quite useful:
Lemma: Let *X* be a space, and \\{Y\_i\\} a family of subsets of *X*. Suppose that \\bigcap\_i Y\_i is nonempty. Then, if each Y\_i is connected (respectively, path connected) then the union \\bigcup\_i Y\_i is connected (respectively, path connected).Willard, Theorem 26\.7a, p. 192
Now consider two relations on a topological space *X*: for x,y \\in X, write:
x \\equiv\_c y if there is a connected subset of *X* containing both *x* and *y*; and
x \\equiv\_{pc} y if there is a path connected subset of *X* containing both *x* and *y*.
Evidently both relations are reflexive and symmetric. Moreover, if *x* and *y* are contained in a connected (respectively, path connected) subset *A* and *y* and *z* are connected in a connected (respectively, path connected) subset *B*, then the Lemma implies that A \\cup B is a connected (respectively, path connected) subset containing *x*, *y* and *z*. Thus each relation is an [equivalence relation](/wiki/Equivalence_relation "Equivalence relation"), and defines a partition of *X* into [equivalence classes](/wiki/Equivalence_classes "Equivalence classes"). We consider these two partitions in turn.
For *x* in *X*, the set C\_x of all points *y* such that y \\equiv\_c x is called the [connected component](/wiki/Connected_component_%28topology%29 "Connected component (topology)") of *x*.Willard, Definition 26\.11, p.194 The Lemma implies that C\_x is the unique maximal connected subset of *X* containing *x*.Willard, Problem 26B, pp. 195–196 Since
the closure of C\_x is also a connected subset containing *x*,Kelley, Theorem 20, p. 54; Willard, Theorem 26\.8, p.193 it follows that C\_x is closed.Willard, Theorem 26\.12, p. 194
If *X* has only finitely many connected components, then each component is the complement of a finite union of closed sets and therefore open. In general, the connected components need not be open, since, e.g., there exist totally disconnected spaces (i.e., C\_x \= \\{x\\} for all points *x*) that are not discrete, like Cantor space. However, the connected components of a locally connected space are also open, and thus are [clopen sets](/wiki/Clopen_sets "Clopen sets").Willard, Corollary 27\.10, p. 200 It follows that a locally connected space *X* is a topological disjoint union \\coprod C\_x of its distinct connected components. Conversely, if for every open subset *U* of *X*, the connected components of *U* are open, then *X* admits a base of connected sets and is therefore locally connected.Willard, Theorem 27\.9, p. 200
Similarly *x* in *X*, the set PC\_x of all points *y* such that y \\equiv\_{pc} x is called the *path component* of *x*.Willard, Problem 27D, p. 202 As above, PC\_x is also the union of all path connected subsets of *X* that contain *x*, so by the Lemma is itself path connected. Because path connected sets are connected, we have PC\_x \\subseteq C\_x for all x \\in X.
However the closure of a path connected set need not be path connected: for instance, the topologist's sine curve is the closure of the open subset *U* consisting of all points *(x,sin(x))* with *x \> 0*, and *U*, being homeomorphic to an interval on the real line, is certainly path connected. Moreover, the path components of the topologist's sine curve *C* are *U*, which is open but not closed, and C \\setminus U, which is closed but not open.
A space is locally path connected if and only if for all open subsets *U*, the path components of *U* are open. Therefore the path components of a locally path connected space give a partition of *X* into pairwise disjoint open sets. It follows that an open connected subspace of a locally path connected space is necessarily path connected.Willard, Theorem 27\.5, p. 199 Moreover, if a space is locally path connected, then it is also locally connected, so for all x \\in X, C\_x is connected and open, hence path connected, that is, C\_x \= PC\_x. That is, for a locally path connected space the components and path components coincide.
### Examples
1. The set I \\times I (where I \= \[0, 1]) in the [dictionary](/wiki/Lexicographical_order "Lexicographical order") [order topology](/wiki/Order_topology "Order topology") has exactly one component (because it is connected) but has uncountably many path components. Indeed, any set of the form \\{a\\} \\times I is a path component for each *a* belonging to *I*.
2. Let f : \\R \\to \\R\_{\\ell} be a continuous map from \\R to \\R\_{\\ell} (which is \\R in the [lower limit topology](/wiki/Lower_limit_topology "Lower limit topology")). Since \\R is connected, and the image of a connected space under a continuous map must be connected, the image of \\R under f must be connected. Therefore, the image of \\R under f must be a subset of a component of \\R\_{\\ell}/ Since this image is nonempty, the only continuous maps from '\\R to \\R\_{\\ell}, are the constant maps. In fact, any continuous map from a connected space to a totally disconnected space must be constant.
|
[
"Components and path components\n------------------------------",
"The following result follows almost immediately from the definitions but will be quite useful:",
"Lemma: Let *X* be a space, and \\\\{Y\\_i\\\\} a family of subsets of *X*. Suppose that \\\\bigcap\\_i Y\\_i is nonempty. Then, if each Y\\_i is connected (respectively, path connected) then the union \\\\bigcup\\_i Y\\_i is connected (respectively, path connected).Willard, Theorem 26\\.7a, p. 192",
"Now consider two relations on a topological space *X*: for x,y \\\\in X, write:\nx \\\\equiv\\_c y if there is a connected subset of *X* containing both *x* and *y*; and\n x \\\\equiv\\_{pc} y if there is a path connected subset of *X* containing both *x* and *y*.",
"Evidently both relations are reflexive and symmetric. Moreover, if *x* and *y* are contained in a connected (respectively, path connected) subset *A* and *y* and *z* are connected in a connected (respectively, path connected) subset *B*, then the Lemma implies that A \\\\cup B is a connected (respectively, path connected) subset containing *x*, *y* and *z*. Thus each relation is an [equivalence relation](/wiki/Equivalence_relation \"Equivalence relation\"), and defines a partition of *X* into [equivalence classes](/wiki/Equivalence_classes \"Equivalence classes\"). We consider these two partitions in turn.",
"For *x* in *X*, the set C\\_x of all points *y* such that y \\\\equiv\\_c x is called the [connected component](/wiki/Connected_component_%28topology%29 \"Connected component (topology)\") of *x*.Willard, Definition 26\\.11, p.194 The Lemma implies that C\\_x is the unique maximal connected subset of *X* containing *x*.Willard, Problem 26B, pp. 195–196 Since\nthe closure of C\\_x is also a connected subset containing *x*,Kelley, Theorem 20, p. 54; Willard, Theorem 26\\.8, p.193 it follows that C\\_x is closed.Willard, Theorem 26\\.12, p. 194",
"If *X* has only finitely many connected components, then each component is the complement of a finite union of closed sets and therefore open. In general, the connected components need not be open, since, e.g., there exist totally disconnected spaces (i.e., C\\_x \\= \\\\{x\\\\} for all points *x*) that are not discrete, like Cantor space. However, the connected components of a locally connected space are also open, and thus are [clopen sets](/wiki/Clopen_sets \"Clopen sets\").Willard, Corollary 27\\.10, p. 200 It follows that a locally connected space *X* is a topological disjoint union \\\\coprod C\\_x of its distinct connected components. Conversely, if for every open subset *U* of *X*, the connected components of *U* are open, then *X* admits a base of connected sets and is therefore locally connected.Willard, Theorem 27\\.9, p. 200",
"Similarly *x* in *X*, the set PC\\_x of all points *y* such that y \\\\equiv\\_{pc} x is called the *path component* of *x*.Willard, Problem 27D, p. 202 As above, PC\\_x is also the union of all path connected subsets of *X* that contain *x*, so by the Lemma is itself path connected. Because path connected sets are connected, we have PC\\_x \\\\subseteq C\\_x for all x \\\\in X.",
"However the closure of a path connected set need not be path connected: for instance, the topologist's sine curve is the closure of the open subset *U* consisting of all points *(x,sin(x))* with *x \\> 0*, and *U*, being homeomorphic to an interval on the real line, is certainly path connected. Moreover, the path components of the topologist's sine curve *C* are *U*, which is open but not closed, and C \\\\setminus U, which is closed but not open.",
"A space is locally path connected if and only if for all open subsets *U*, the path components of *U* are open. Therefore the path components of a locally path connected space give a partition of *X* into pairwise disjoint open sets. It follows that an open connected subspace of a locally path connected space is necessarily path connected.Willard, Theorem 27\\.5, p. 199 Moreover, if a space is locally path connected, then it is also locally connected, so for all x \\\\in X, C\\_x is connected and open, hence path connected, that is, C\\_x \\= PC\\_x. That is, for a locally path connected space the components and path components coincide.",
"### Examples",
"1. The set I \\\\times I (where I \\= \\[0, 1]) in the [dictionary](/wiki/Lexicographical_order \"Lexicographical order\") [order topology](/wiki/Order_topology \"Order topology\") has exactly one component (because it is connected) but has uncountably many path components. Indeed, any set of the form \\\\{a\\\\} \\\\times I is a path component for each *a* belonging to *I*.\n2. Let f : \\\\R \\\\to \\\\R\\_{\\\\ell} be a continuous map from \\\\R to \\\\R\\_{\\\\ell} (which is \\\\R in the [lower limit topology](/wiki/Lower_limit_topology \"Lower limit topology\")). Since \\\\R is connected, and the image of a connected space under a continuous map must be connected, the image of \\\\R under f must be connected. Therefore, the image of \\\\R under f must be a subset of a component of \\\\R\\_{\\\\ell}/ Since this image is nonempty, the only continuous maps from '\\\\R to \\\\R\\_{\\\\ell}, are the constant maps. In fact, any continuous map from a connected space to a totally disconnected space must be constant."
] |
In India
--------
[thumb\|Japanese mandala of Prajñāpāramitā bodhisattva (Jp: Hannya bosatsu), 14th century, [MET](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art "Metropolitan Museum of Art").](/wiki/File:%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%9B%BC%E8%8D%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%9B%B3-Mandala_of_Hannya_Bosatsu_MET_DT209331.jpg "般若菩薩曼荼羅図-Mandala of Hannya Bosatsu MET DT209331.jpg")
[thumb\|Prajñāpāramitā, Cambodia, [Bayon](/wiki/Bayon "Bayon") style, ca. 1200, Sandstone](/wiki/File:WLA_haa_Prajnaparamita_Cambodia_Bayon_style.jpg "WLA haa Prajnaparamita Cambodia Bayon style.jpg")
[thumb\|Prajñāpāramitā, Tibet, 15th century, gilt bronze, [Berkeley Art Museum](/wiki/Berkeley_Art_Museum_and_Pacific_Film_Archive "Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive")](/wiki/File:Prajnaparamita%2C_Tibet%2C_15th_century%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Berkeley_Art_Museum_and_Pacific_Film_Archive_-_DSC03998.JPG "Prajnaparamita, Tibet, 15th century, gilt bronze - Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive - DSC03998.JPG")
[thumb\|Illustration of Prajñāpāramitā Devi in a 13th century Tibetan manuscript](/wiki/File:Art_of_Tibet_detail%2C_Bodhisattva_as_the_personification_of_the_text_of_Prajnaparamita_%28the_Perfection_of_Wisdom%29_13th_century_manuscript-_Walters_W8561_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg "Art of Tibet detail, Bodhisattva as the personification of the text of Prajnaparamita (the Perfection of Wisdom) 13th century manuscript- Walters W8561 (2) (cropped).jpg")
In Indian [Mahayana Buddhism](/wiki/Mahayana "Mahayana"), [worship of the Prajñāpāramitā sutras](/wiki/Mahayana_sutras%23Sutra_worship "Mahayana sutras#Sutra worship") (in the form of books, Sanskrit: pustaka) was already an important element which is found in the [sutras](/wiki/Sutra "Sutra") themselves.Apple, James B. "Prajñaparamita", in *Encyclopedia of Indian Religions,* ed. by Arvind Sharma (2019\). Springer. The *[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra](/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra "Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra")* teaches the worship of the sutra on an altar with flowers, lamps, incense and so forth. The Prajñāpāramitā sutras also reference themselves as the highest object of study and worship, claiming that studying, reciting, and worshiping them is superior to worshiping stupas, Buddha relics, and other objects. This is because Prajñāpāramitā, the transcendent knowledge that sees all phenomena as [illusory](/wiki/Maya_%28religion%29 "Maya (religion)") and [unborn](/wiki/Anutpada "Anutpada"), is the true source of Buddhahood, the "mother" of all Buddhas and bodhisattvas.Kinnard, Jacob (1999\). *Imaging Wisdom: Seeing and Knowing in the Art of Indian Buddhism*, pp. 79\-114\. Routledge.
According to Jacob Kinnard, these sutras even present the physical book form of a Prajñāpāramitā sutra as akin to the Buddha's [rūpakāya](/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya "Nirmāṇakāya") (physical form to be worshiped, like his relics) as well as his [dharmakāya](/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya "Dharmakāya") (which contains the [Dharma](/wiki/Dharma "Dharma"), the Buddha's teachings).
A further development in this form of worship occurred when the Prajñāpāramitā scriptures, along with the concept of [Prajñāpāramitā](/wiki/Prajnaparamita "Prajnaparamita") itself (a transcendent and perfect wisdom that leads to [Buddhahood](/wiki/Buddhahood "Buddhahood")) became personified as a specific *bodhisattva\-devi* (female [bodhisattva](/wiki/Bodhisattva "Bodhisattva")\-goddess) called Prajñāpāramitā Devī (beginning circa 7th to 8th century CE).Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1924\). *The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals,* pp. 197\-199\. Oxford University Press.Kinnard, Jacob (1999\). *Imaging Wisdom: Seeing and Knowing in the Art of Indian Buddhism*, pp. 114\-148\. Routledge.
### In Buddhist texts
According to Miranda Shaw, the *Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā* contains verses which seem to personify the concept of "the perfection of wisdom" (which in Sanskrit is a feminine noun \- *[prajña](/wiki/Praj%C3%B1a "Prajña")*) as a mother and teacher:
> She is the Perfect Wisdom that never comes into being, and therefore never goes out of being.
She is known as the Great Mother....She is the Perfect Wisdom who gives birthless birth to all Buddhas.
And through these sublimely Awakened Ones, it is Mother Prajñāpāramitā alone who turns the wheel of true teaching."As [Lamotte](/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lamotte "Étienne Lamotte") notes, the *Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā* presents Prajñāpāramitā as a mother figure in the following passage:
> O Subhūti, it is like a woman who has many sons; if she falls sick, all her sons expend great effort to remove all danger of death from their mother. Why? Because, they say, we have been brought up by her; she has accomplished difficult tasks for us; for us she is the giver of life and the revealer of the [Loka](/wiki/Loka "Loka") (taken here in the sense of ‘world’). Similarly, O Subhūti, the Tathāgatas have the same regard for this Prajñāpāramitā. Why? Because she is the mother, the parent of the Tathāgatas; for us she is the indicator of Omniscience and the revealer of the Loka (*lokasaṃdarśayitrī*, a designation here of the [five skandhas](/wiki/Skandha "Skandha")).... The five skandhas, as long as they are not broken or disintegrated, are designated here by the Prajñāpāramitā by the name of Loka. What does that say? They are designated as not breaking up and not disintegrating. Indeed, O Subhūti, since the five skandhas do not exist in [inherent nature](/wiki/Svabhava "Svabhava"), they have [emptiness](/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81 "Śūnyatā") as nature, and this very emptiness does not break up, does not disintegrate. Thus the Prajñāpāramitā of the Tathāgatas is the revealer of the Loka \[understood in this way]. And the signlessness, the wishlessness, the inactivity, the [non\-arising](/wiki/Anutpada "Anutpada"), the non\-existing, the fundamental element, they also, do not break up, do not disintegrate. Therefore, O Subhūti, the Prajñāpāramitā of the Tathāgatas is the revealer of the Loka \[understood in this way].
According to Shaw, Prajñāpāramitā was "regarded as the 'mother' of all beings who attain enlightenment, for it is her wisdom that engenders liberation. She is the supreme teacher and eternal font of revelation...Even Buddhas and bodhisattvas pay homage to her, because to her they owe their omniscience." As such, one of her main titles is "Mother of All Buddhas" (sarva\-buddha\-mata) and is said to be "the genetrix, the mother of the victorious ones" (jinas, i.e. all Buddhas) in the *Aṣṭasāhasrikā*.Shaw, Miranda (2006\). *Buddhist Goddesses of India,* pp. 168\-170\. Princeton University Press.
The *Aṣṭasāhasrikā* even states that Buddhas "owe their existence" to her and claims that worshiping her is superior to worshiping [stupas](/wiki/Stupa "Stupa") or [Buddha relics](/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra "Śarīra").
The idea of the perfection of wisdom as a being like a mother is also mentioned in the *[Dà zhìdù lùn](/wiki/Da_zhidu_lun "Da zhidu lun")* (*Great Prajñāpāramitā Commentary*) translated by [Kumarajiva](/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva "Kumārajīva"). The text states:
> Moreover, the *prajñāpāramitā* is the mother of the Buddhas (*buddhamātṛ*). The task (*yatna*, *śrama*) of the mother is greater than that of the father. This is why the Buddha considers *prajñā* as his mother, and the Pratyutpannasamādhi as his father.
### Worship
Worship of the goddess may have been witnessed in India by the Chinese pilgrim [Faxian](/wiki/Faxian "Faxian") (337–422 CE) who mentions that Mahayanists worshiped Prajñāpāramitā, [Manjusri](/wiki/Manjushri "Manjushri") and [Avalokiteshvara](/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara "Avalokiteśvara"). However, it is not clear what Faxian saw in India, and some scholars argue this passage is a reference to the worship of the sutra, not an image of the goddess.Kim, Jinah (2013\). *Receptacle of the Sacred: Illustrated Manuscripts and the Buddhist Book Cult in South Asia*, pp. 30\-31\. University of California Press. The earliest images of the deity are from [Ellora Caves](/wiki/Ellora_Caves "Ellora Caves") and date to the 7th century.Shaw, Miranda (2006\). *Buddhist Goddesses of India,* p. 172\. Princeton University Press.
An early source on Prajñāpāramitā as a [devi](/wiki/Devi "Devi") is Rāhulabhadra's *Prajñāpāramitā stotra* which is quoted by the [*Dà zhìdù lùn*](/wiki/Da_zhidu_lun "Da zhidu lun") (*The Treatise on the Great [Prajñāpāramitā](/wiki/Prajnaparamita "Prajnaparamita")*).Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); [The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna \- *Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra,* chapter XXIX](https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra/d/doc225451.html) This [stotra](/wiki/Stotra "Stotra") ([ode](/wiki/Ode "Ode")) describes the devi as follows:
> Between you who are so rich in holy qualities and the Buddha, the teacher of the world, honest people see no more difference than between the moon and the light of the moon. Of all the heroes who have dedicated themselves to the good of others, you are the nourisher, the generator and the tender mother. Since the Buddhas, the compassionate teachers of the world, are your own sons, you are, thus, O virtuous one, the grandmother of all beings. Singular although multiform, you are invoked everywhere under various names by the [Tathāgatas](/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata "Tathāgata"), in the presence of beings to be converted. Like dew\-drops in contact (with starlight) at the blazing rays, the faults and opinions of the theoreticians dissolve at your touch. In your terrifying aspect, you give rise to fear among fools; in your friendly aspect, you give rise to faith in the wise. If he who is clasped to you is not recognized as your husband, how, O mother, would he experience love or hate for another object? You do not come from anywhere and you do not go anywhere; in whatever place there may be, you are not seen by the wise. The person who sees you is fettered, the person who does not see you is also fettered; the person who sees you is liberated, the person who does not see you is also liberated. Oh! You are astounding, you are profound and glorious; you are very difficult to cognize; like a magic show, you are seen and you are not seen.
As a fully developed goddess, she appears in the *Sādhanamālā* (late eleventh or early twelfth century) which describes various forms of the devi.
### Iconography
Shaw describes the common way that the devi is depicted in Indian art as follows:
> Prajñāpāramitā is envisioned most often as golden in color and alternately as white. She appears with either two arms or four. As is typical of Mahayana goddesses, Prajñāpāramitā is decked in divine raiment, gems, and a jeweled diadem. Her tiara is sometimes described as a five\-Buddha crown, signifying that she encompasses all aspects of enlightened knowledge. She sits in the cross\-legged posture of meditative equipoise. Her hands are typically brought together at her heart in a teaching gesture known as vyākhyāna mudrā. The thumb and forefinger of her left hand form a circle, representing the wheel of Dharma. Some portion of her right hand touches the wheel, signifying its turning and thus symbolizing the revelation of religious truths. Her identifying attribute is the Perfection of Wisdom text that she bears, supported on a lotus or clasped in an upraised hand. A popular manner of envisioning and portraying the goddess, in India and beyond, is the two\-armed form in which she makes a teaching gesture and clasps the stem of a lotus in each hand. The lotuses blossom above her shoulders and support a pair of Perfection of Wisdom scriptures.Shaw, Miranda (2006\). *Buddhist Goddesses of India,* pp. 172\-173\. Princeton University Press.
### In Tantric Buddhism
[thumb\|Tibetan tantric mandala of Prajñaparamita Devi](/wiki/File:Tibetan_Mandala_of_Praj%C3%B1aparamita_Devi.jpg "Tibetan Mandala of Prajñaparamita Devi.jpg")
[thumb\|Tibetan book cover, Prajñāpāramitā and [Mañjuśrī](/wiki/Manjushri "Manjushri"), late 13th century](/wiki/File:Center_detail%2C_from-_Interior_of_a_Book_Cover-_Manjuvajra_Embracing_His_Consort%2C_with_Attendant_Lamas_MET_DP335604_%28cropped%29.jpg "Center detail, from- Interior of a Book Cover- Manjuvajra Embracing His Consort, with Attendant Lamas MET DP335604 (cropped).jpg")
In [Tantric](/wiki/Tantra "Tantra") Buddhism ([Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana "Vajrayana")) the concept of Prajñāpāramitā (and the feminine deity) took on further esoteric associations. According to James B. Apple, in Vajrayana, Prajñāpāramitā Devī "represented the prototype and essence of all the female figures in Tantric interplay". She is represented by the ritual bell ([ghanta](/wiki/Ghanta "Ghanta")), lotus (padma) and by [yoginis](/wiki/Yogini "Yogini") (female yogis). In tantric contemplative rites called [sādhanas](/wiki/S%C4%81dhana "Sādhana") ("means of achievement"), a yogi would visualize the deity and recite mantras.
Tantric Buddhism also saw Prajñāpāramitā as being present in all women and promoted an attitude of respect and veneration for the feminine form. As such, all women were seen as embodiments of Prajñāpāramitā. This attitude is promoted by the [mahasiddha](/wiki/Mahasiddha "Mahasiddha") Laksminkara in her *Adhvayasiddhi* which states:
> One must not denigrate women, in whatever social class they are born, for they are Lady Perfection of Wisdom (Prajñāpāramitā), embodied in the phenomenal realm.
The *Sādhanamālā*, an important compendium of contemplative rites, contains nine Prajñāpāramitādevi sādhanas (meditative rituals with mantras and visualizations of deities). [Asanga](/wiki/Asanga "Asanga") is said to have composed a Sadhana for her.
In the *Sādhanamālā*, Prajñāpāramitādevi appears in three main forms:
* **Sitaprajñāpāramitā** \- A white skinned goddess with [Akṣobhya](/wiki/Akshobhya "Akshobhya") Buddha on her crown. She sits in the Vajraparyankasana pose on a white lotus, and carries a red lotus in one hand and a scripture in the other.
* **Pītaprajñāpāramitā** \- A yellow skinned goddess with [Akṣobhya](/wiki/Akshobhya "Akshobhya") Buddha on her crown. She makes the Vyākhyānamudrā gesture with both hands. A lotus rising up in her left side holds the Prajñāpāramitā scripture.
* **Kanakaprajñāpāramitā** \- Golden in color, she is identical to the above depiciton but her two hands make the Dharmacakra [mudra](/wiki/Mudra "Mudra").
In later sources like the 11th\-century *Niṣpannayogāvalī* of [Abhayākaragupta](/wiki/Abhayakaragupta "Abhayakaragupta"), she retains a golden color but appears with four arms.
Later tantric sadhanas written for the *[Heart Sutra](/wiki/Heart_Sutra "Heart Sutra")* are often focused on Prajñāpāramitādevi.
Depictions of Prajñāpāramitā Devī are most common in the art of the north Indian [Pala Empire (r. 750–1161 CE)](/wiki/Pala_Empire "Pala Empire"). According to Kinnard, when it comes to this era, "images of Prajñāpāramitā have been discovered at virtually all of the monastic sites in northeastern India." Depictions of Prajñāpāramitā Devī are also found in [Tibetan art](/wiki/Tibetan_art "Tibetan art"), East Asian Buddhist art, [Javanese art](/wiki/Japanese_art "Japanese art") and [Cambodian art](/wiki/Cambodian_art "Cambodian art").
### Mantras
[thumb\|Nepalese thangka of the devi holding a sutra and a [mala](/wiki/Japamala "Japamala") (prayer beads) used to recite mantras, c. 17\-18th century](/wiki/File:Nepal_Thangka_with_Prajnaparamita.jpg "Nepal Thangka with Prajnaparamita.jpg")
[thumb\|East Asian style Prajñāpāramitā with six arms](/wiki/File:Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Devi_colorized.jpg "Prajñāpāramitā Devi colorized.jpg")
Various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras contain mantras for the devi, for example, the *Candragarbha prajñāpāramitā* contains the following mantra:{{Cite web \|title\=The Candragarbha Perfection of Wisdom / 84000 Reading Room \|url\=https://read.84000\.co/translation/toh27\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-08 \|website\=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha \|language\=en}}
> oṃ [prajñe](/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_%28Buddhism%29 "Prajñā (Buddhism)") prajñe mahāprajñe [candra](/wiki/Lunar_deity "Lunar deity")\-prajñe sarvaśāsakari svāhā
>
>
> [Oṃ](/wiki/Om "Om") Wisdom Wisdom Great Wisdom Moon Wisdom Ruler of All [Svāhā](/wiki/Svaha "Svaha")
Various sutras like the *Saptaśatikā prajñāpāramitā* begin with the following invocation mantra:{{Cite web \|title\=Prajnaparamita \- mantra and seed syllable \|url\=http://www.visiblemantra.org/prajnaparamita.html \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-09 \|website\=www.visiblemantra.org}}{{Cite web \|title\=Saptaśatikā prajñāpāramitā \- Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon \- Books \|url\=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon\-text/content/73/624 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-09 \|website\=www.dsbcproject.org}}
> oṃ namo bhagavatyai āryaprajñāpāramitāyai
>
>
> oṃ homage to the blessed noble perfection of wisdom
The *Ekaślokikā prajñāpāramitā* contains the following homage and mantra:Bianchini, Francesco (2020\). [*Tradition and Innovation in late South Asian Buddhism: The Impact of Spell Practices on the Recasting of Prajnaparamita Scriptures*](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:477bdfa2-016a-4d0d-a274-39cd35f3c137), p. 400\. St John’s College, The University of Oxford.
> namo bhagavatyai āryaprajñāpāramitāyai (sa)kalamahāyānāgryadharmatāyai \|\| "Homage to the noble Prajñāpāramitā, highest principle of the entire Mahāyāna"
tadyathā \| oṃ [dhīḥ](/wiki/Dhi_%28Hindu_thought%29 "Dhi (Hindu thought)") [hṛīḥ](/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_%28Buddhism%29 "Hrī (Buddhism)") [śrīḥ](/wiki/Shri "Shri") śruti\-smṛti\-vijaye svāhā \|
The mantra here (after tadyathā \- "thus", "namely" which indicates the beginning of the mantra) is made up of seed syllables ([bijas](/wiki/B%C4%ABja "Bīja")), such as the bija of wisdom (*dhīḥ*) and the bija of compassion (*hrīḥ*) along with the words "śruti" (hearing), "smṛti" (mindfulness/remembering), and "vijaye" (victorious).
The *Kauśikaprajñāpāramitā* contains many mantras, such as:{{Cite web \|title\=Kauśikaprajñāpāramitāsūtram \- Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon \|url\=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon\-text/content/69/589 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-08 \|website\=www.dsbcproject.org}}
* [gaṅgā](/wiki/Ganga_%28goddess%29 "Ganga (goddess)") gaṅgā na tīrāvabhāsa gaṅgā svāhā
* [śrīye](/wiki/Shri "Shri") śrīye [muni](/wiki/Muni_%28saint%29 "Muni (saint)") śrīye śrīyase svāhā
* oṃ [vajra](/wiki/Vajra "Vajra")\-[bale](/wiki/Five_Strengths "Five Strengths") svāhā
* oṃ hrī śrī dhī [śruti](/wiki/%C5%9Aruti "Śruti") [smṛti](/wiki/Sati_%28Buddhism%29 "Sati (Buddhism)") mati gati vijaye svāhā
* gate gate pāragate pārasaṃgate bodhi svāhā
The last mantra is also found in the famous *[Heart Sutra](/wiki/Heart_Sutra "Heart Sutra")* and is perhaps the most famous *prajñāpāramitā* mantra.
There are various mantras listed in the *Sādhanamālā* (SM) for Prajñāpāramitādevi. Her bija mantra is most commonly [DHĪḤ](/wiki/Dhi_%28Hindu_thought%29 "Dhi (Hindu thought)"). The most common mantra in the SM for the deity is: oṃ dhīḥ śruti smṛti vijaye svāhā (which is also found in a work by [Amoghavajra](/wiki/Amoghavajra "Amoghavajra"), Taisho no. 1151\).Bianchini, Francesco (2020\). [*Tradition and Innovation in late South Asian Buddhism: The Impact of Spell Practices on the Recasting of Prajnaparamita Scriptures*](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:477bdfa2-016a-4d0d-a274-39cd35f3c137), p. 279\. St John’s College, The University of Oxford. Another common PP devi mantra in these [sadhanas](/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81 "Sādhanā") (SM151 to SM160\) is:Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1928\), *Sādhanamālā* (in two volumes), Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.
> oṁ picu picu prajñāvardhani jvala jvala medhāvardhani dhiri dhiri buddhivardhani svāhā
>
>
> Oṁ, picu, picu! Increaser of wisdom, burn, burn! Increaser of knowledge, dhiri, dhiri! Increaser of intelligence, svāhā!
This mantra is also found in the *[Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa](/wiki/Ca%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Damah%C4%81%C2%ADro%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a "Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa") tantra*.{{Cite web \|last\=Translation Committee \|first\=Dharmachakra \|title\=The Tantra of Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa (Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇatantram) \|url\=https://read.84000\.co/translation/toh431\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-08 \|website\=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha \|language\=en}} This mantra is also given in sadhanas to Vajra [Saraswati](/wiki/Saraswati "Saraswati") in the *Sādhanamālā*.Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1928\), *Sādhanamālā* Volume II, p. viii. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. Saraswati is an Indian goddess associated with speech, eloquence and wisdom which was also venerated by Buddhists. According to Sarah Shaw, she shares an affinity with Prajñāpāramitādevi.Shaw, Miranda (2006\). Buddhist Goddesses of India, p. 236\. Princeton University Press.
The *Sādhanamālā* also contains a sadhana which is said to be by Asanga, it gives the following seed syllable based mantra for Prajñāpāramitādevi:
> OṂ ĀḤ DHĪḤ HUṂ SVĀ HĀ.
The *Vasudhārādhāraṇī* and the *Saṃpuṭatantra* both contain the following Prajñāpāramitā Devi mantra: oṃ prajñe mahāprajñe śrutismṛtivijaye svāhā.
|
[
"In India\n--------",
"[thumb\\|Japanese mandala of Prajñāpāramitā bodhisattva (Jp: Hannya bosatsu), 14th century, [MET](/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art \"Metropolitan Museum of Art\").](/wiki/File:%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%9B%BC%E8%8D%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%9B%B3-Mandala_of_Hannya_Bosatsu_MET_DT209331.jpg \"般若菩薩曼荼羅図-Mandala of Hannya Bosatsu MET DT209331.jpg\")",
"[thumb\\|Prajñāpāramitā, Cambodia, [Bayon](/wiki/Bayon \"Bayon\") style, ca. 1200, Sandstone](/wiki/File:WLA_haa_Prajnaparamita_Cambodia_Bayon_style.jpg \"WLA haa Prajnaparamita Cambodia Bayon style.jpg\")",
"[thumb\\|Prajñāpāramitā, Tibet, 15th century, gilt bronze, [Berkeley Art Museum](/wiki/Berkeley_Art_Museum_and_Pacific_Film_Archive \"Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive\")](/wiki/File:Prajnaparamita%2C_Tibet%2C_15th_century%2C_gilt_bronze_-_Berkeley_Art_Museum_and_Pacific_Film_Archive_-_DSC03998.JPG \"Prajnaparamita, Tibet, 15th century, gilt bronze - Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive - DSC03998.JPG\")",
"[thumb\\|Illustration of Prajñāpāramitā Devi in a 13th century Tibetan manuscript](/wiki/File:Art_of_Tibet_detail%2C_Bodhisattva_as_the_personification_of_the_text_of_Prajnaparamita_%28the_Perfection_of_Wisdom%29_13th_century_manuscript-_Walters_W8561_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Art of Tibet detail, Bodhisattva as the personification of the text of Prajnaparamita (the Perfection of Wisdom) 13th century manuscript- Walters W8561 (2) (cropped).jpg\")",
"In Indian [Mahayana Buddhism](/wiki/Mahayana \"Mahayana\"), [worship of the Prajñāpāramitā sutras](/wiki/Mahayana_sutras%23Sutra_worship \"Mahayana sutras#Sutra worship\") (in the form of books, Sanskrit: pustaka) was already an important element which is found in the [sutras](/wiki/Sutra \"Sutra\") themselves.Apple, James B. \"Prajñaparamita\", in *Encyclopedia of Indian Religions,* ed. by Arvind Sharma (2019\\). Springer. The *[Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra](/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADas%C4%81hasrik%C4%81_Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_S%C5%ABtra \"Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra\")* teaches the worship of the sutra on an altar with flowers, lamps, incense and so forth. The Prajñāpāramitā sutras also reference themselves as the highest object of study and worship, claiming that studying, reciting, and worshiping them is superior to worshiping stupas, Buddha relics, and other objects. This is because Prajñāpāramitā, the transcendent knowledge that sees all phenomena as [illusory](/wiki/Maya_%28religion%29 \"Maya (religion)\") and [unborn](/wiki/Anutpada \"Anutpada\"), is the true source of Buddhahood, the \"mother\" of all Buddhas and bodhisattvas.Kinnard, Jacob (1999\\). *Imaging Wisdom: Seeing and Knowing in the Art of Indian Buddhism*, pp. 79\\-114\\. Routledge.",
"According to Jacob Kinnard, these sutras even present the physical book form of a Prajñāpāramitā sutra as akin to the Buddha's [rūpakāya](/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya \"Nirmāṇakāya\") (physical form to be worshiped, like his relics) as well as his [dharmakāya](/wiki/Dharmak%C4%81ya \"Dharmakāya\") (which contains the [Dharma](/wiki/Dharma \"Dharma\"), the Buddha's teachings).",
"A further development in this form of worship occurred when the Prajñāpāramitā scriptures, along with the concept of [Prajñāpāramitā](/wiki/Prajnaparamita \"Prajnaparamita\") itself (a transcendent and perfect wisdom that leads to [Buddhahood](/wiki/Buddhahood \"Buddhahood\")) became personified as a specific *bodhisattva\\-devi* (female [bodhisattva](/wiki/Bodhisattva \"Bodhisattva\")\\-goddess) called Prajñāpāramitā Devī (beginning circa 7th to 8th century CE).Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1924\\). *The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on the Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals,* pp. 197\\-199\\. Oxford University Press.Kinnard, Jacob (1999\\). *Imaging Wisdom: Seeing and Knowing in the Art of Indian Buddhism*, pp. 114\\-148\\. Routledge.",
"### In Buddhist texts",
"According to Miranda Shaw, the *Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā* contains verses which seem to personify the concept of \"the perfection of wisdom\" (which in Sanskrit is a feminine noun \\- *[prajña](/wiki/Praj%C3%B1a \"Prajña\")*) as a mother and teacher:",
"",
"> She is the Perfect Wisdom that never comes into being, and therefore never goes out of being.",
"She is known as the Great Mother....She is the Perfect Wisdom who gives birthless birth to all Buddhas.\nAnd through these sublimely Awakened Ones, it is Mother Prajñāpāramitā alone who turns the wheel of true teaching.\"As [Lamotte](/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Lamotte \"Étienne Lamotte\") notes, the *Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā* presents Prajñāpāramitā as a mother figure in the following passage:\n> O Subhūti, it is like a woman who has many sons; if she falls sick, all her sons expend great effort to remove all danger of death from their mother. Why? Because, they say, we have been brought up by her; she has accomplished difficult tasks for us; for us she is the giver of life and the revealer of the [Loka](/wiki/Loka \"Loka\") (taken here in the sense of ‘world’). Similarly, O Subhūti, the Tathāgatas have the same regard for this Prajñāpāramitā. Why? Because she is the mother, the parent of the Tathāgatas; for us she is the indicator of Omniscience and the revealer of the Loka (*lokasaṃdarśayitrī*, a designation here of the [five skandhas](/wiki/Skandha \"Skandha\")).... The five skandhas, as long as they are not broken or disintegrated, are designated here by the Prajñāpāramitā by the name of Loka. What does that say? They are designated as not breaking up and not disintegrating. Indeed, O Subhūti, since the five skandhas do not exist in [inherent nature](/wiki/Svabhava \"Svabhava\"), they have [emptiness](/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81 \"Śūnyatā\") as nature, and this very emptiness does not break up, does not disintegrate. Thus the Prajñāpāramitā of the Tathāgatas is the revealer of the Loka \\[understood in this way]. And the signlessness, the wishlessness, the inactivity, the [non\\-arising](/wiki/Anutpada \"Anutpada\"), the non\\-existing, the fundamental element, they also, do not break up, do not disintegrate. Therefore, O Subhūti, the Prajñāpāramitā of the Tathāgatas is the revealer of the Loka \\[understood in this way].",
"According to Shaw, Prajñāpāramitā was \"regarded as the 'mother' of all beings who attain enlightenment, for it is her wisdom that engenders liberation. She is the supreme teacher and eternal font of revelation...Even Buddhas and bodhisattvas pay homage to her, because to her they owe their omniscience.\" As such, one of her main titles is \"Mother of All Buddhas\" (sarva\\-buddha\\-mata) and is said to be \"the genetrix, the mother of the victorious ones\" (jinas, i.e. all Buddhas) in the *Aṣṭasāhasrikā*.Shaw, Miranda (2006\\). *Buddhist Goddesses of India,* pp. 168\\-170\\. Princeton University Press.",
"The *Aṣṭasāhasrikā* even states that Buddhas \"owe their existence\" to her and claims that worshiping her is superior to worshiping [stupas](/wiki/Stupa \"Stupa\") or [Buddha relics](/wiki/%C5%9Aar%C4%ABra \"Śarīra\").",
"The idea of the perfection of wisdom as a being like a mother is also mentioned in the *[Dà zhìdù lùn](/wiki/Da_zhidu_lun \"Da zhidu lun\")* (*Great Prajñāpāramitā Commentary*) translated by [Kumarajiva](/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva \"Kumārajīva\"). The text states:\n> Moreover, the *prajñāpāramitā* is the mother of the Buddhas (*buddhamātṛ*). The task (*yatna*, *śrama*) of the mother is greater than that of the father. This is why the Buddha considers *prajñā* as his mother, and the Pratyutpannasamādhi as his father.",
"",
"### Worship",
"Worship of the goddess may have been witnessed in India by the Chinese pilgrim [Faxian](/wiki/Faxian \"Faxian\") (337–422 CE) who mentions that Mahayanists worshiped Prajñāpāramitā, [Manjusri](/wiki/Manjushri \"Manjushri\") and [Avalokiteshvara](/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara \"Avalokiteśvara\"). However, it is not clear what Faxian saw in India, and some scholars argue this passage is a reference to the worship of the sutra, not an image of the goddess.Kim, Jinah (2013\\). *Receptacle of the Sacred: Illustrated Manuscripts and the Buddhist Book Cult in South Asia*, pp. 30\\-31\\. University of California Press. The earliest images of the deity are from [Ellora Caves](/wiki/Ellora_Caves \"Ellora Caves\") and date to the 7th century.Shaw, Miranda (2006\\). *Buddhist Goddesses of India,* p. 172\\. Princeton University Press.",
"An early source on Prajñāpāramitā as a [devi](/wiki/Devi \"Devi\") is Rāhulabhadra's *Prajñāpāramitā stotra* which is quoted by the [*Dà zhìdù lùn*](/wiki/Da_zhidu_lun \"Da zhidu lun\") (*The Treatise on the Great [Prajñāpāramitā](/wiki/Prajnaparamita \"Prajnaparamita\")*).Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); [The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna \\- *Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra,* chapter XXIX](https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/maha-prajnaparamita-sastra/d/doc225451.html) This [stotra](/wiki/Stotra \"Stotra\") ([ode](/wiki/Ode \"Ode\")) describes the devi as follows:\n> Between you who are so rich in holy qualities and the Buddha, the teacher of the world, honest people see no more difference than between the moon and the light of the moon. Of all the heroes who have dedicated themselves to the good of others, you are the nourisher, the generator and the tender mother. Since the Buddhas, the compassionate teachers of the world, are your own sons, you are, thus, O virtuous one, the grandmother of all beings. Singular although multiform, you are invoked everywhere under various names by the [Tathāgatas](/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata \"Tathāgata\"), in the presence of beings to be converted. Like dew\\-drops in contact (with starlight) at the blazing rays, the faults and opinions of the theoreticians dissolve at your touch. In your terrifying aspect, you give rise to fear among fools; in your friendly aspect, you give rise to faith in the wise. If he who is clasped to you is not recognized as your husband, how, O mother, would he experience love or hate for another object? You do not come from anywhere and you do not go anywhere; in whatever place there may be, you are not seen by the wise. The person who sees you is fettered, the person who does not see you is also fettered; the person who sees you is liberated, the person who does not see you is also liberated. Oh! You are astounding, you are profound and glorious; you are very difficult to cognize; like a magic show, you are seen and you are not seen.",
"As a fully developed goddess, she appears in the *Sādhanamālā* (late eleventh or early twelfth century) which describes various forms of the devi.",
"### Iconography",
"Shaw describes the common way that the devi is depicted in Indian art as follows:\n> Prajñāpāramitā is envisioned most often as golden in color and alternately as white. She appears with either two arms or four. As is typical of Mahayana goddesses, Prajñāpāramitā is decked in divine raiment, gems, and a jeweled diadem. Her tiara is sometimes described as a five\\-Buddha crown, signifying that she encompasses all aspects of enlightened knowledge. She sits in the cross\\-legged posture of meditative equipoise. Her hands are typically brought together at her heart in a teaching gesture known as vyākhyāna mudrā. The thumb and forefinger of her left hand form a circle, representing the wheel of Dharma. Some portion of her right hand touches the wheel, signifying its turning and thus symbolizing the revelation of religious truths. Her identifying attribute is the Perfection of Wisdom text that she bears, supported on a lotus or clasped in an upraised hand. A popular manner of envisioning and portraying the goddess, in India and beyond, is the two\\-armed form in which she makes a teaching gesture and clasps the stem of a lotus in each hand. The lotuses blossom above her shoulders and support a pair of Perfection of Wisdom scriptures.Shaw, Miranda (2006\\). *Buddhist Goddesses of India,* pp. 172\\-173\\. Princeton University Press.",
"",
"### In Tantric Buddhism",
"[thumb\\|Tibetan tantric mandala of Prajñaparamita Devi](/wiki/File:Tibetan_Mandala_of_Praj%C3%B1aparamita_Devi.jpg \"Tibetan Mandala of Prajñaparamita Devi.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Tibetan book cover, Prajñāpāramitā and [Mañjuśrī](/wiki/Manjushri \"Manjushri\"), late 13th century](/wiki/File:Center_detail%2C_from-_Interior_of_a_Book_Cover-_Manjuvajra_Embracing_His_Consort%2C_with_Attendant_Lamas_MET_DP335604_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Center detail, from- Interior of a Book Cover- Manjuvajra Embracing His Consort, with Attendant Lamas MET DP335604 (cropped).jpg\")\nIn [Tantric](/wiki/Tantra \"Tantra\") Buddhism ([Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana \"Vajrayana\")) the concept of Prajñāpāramitā (and the feminine deity) took on further esoteric associations. According to James B. Apple, in Vajrayana, Prajñāpāramitā Devī \"represented the prototype and essence of all the female figures in Tantric interplay\". She is represented by the ritual bell ([ghanta](/wiki/Ghanta \"Ghanta\")), lotus (padma) and by [yoginis](/wiki/Yogini \"Yogini\") (female yogis). In tantric contemplative rites called [sādhanas](/wiki/S%C4%81dhana \"Sādhana\") (\"means of achievement\"), a yogi would visualize the deity and recite mantras.",
"Tantric Buddhism also saw Prajñāpāramitā as being present in all women and promoted an attitude of respect and veneration for the feminine form. As such, all women were seen as embodiments of Prajñāpāramitā. This attitude is promoted by the [mahasiddha](/wiki/Mahasiddha \"Mahasiddha\") Laksminkara in her *Adhvayasiddhi* which states:\n> One must not denigrate women, in whatever social class they are born, for they are Lady Perfection of Wisdom (Prajñāpāramitā), embodied in the phenomenal realm.",
"The *Sādhanamālā*, an important compendium of contemplative rites, contains nine Prajñāpāramitādevi sādhanas (meditative rituals with mantras and visualizations of deities). [Asanga](/wiki/Asanga \"Asanga\") is said to have composed a Sadhana for her.",
"In the *Sādhanamālā*, Prajñāpāramitādevi appears in three main forms:",
"* **Sitaprajñāpāramitā** \\- A white skinned goddess with [Akṣobhya](/wiki/Akshobhya \"Akshobhya\") Buddha on her crown. She sits in the Vajraparyankasana pose on a white lotus, and carries a red lotus in one hand and a scripture in the other.\n* **Pītaprajñāpāramitā** \\- A yellow skinned goddess with [Akṣobhya](/wiki/Akshobhya \"Akshobhya\") Buddha on her crown. She makes the Vyākhyānamudrā gesture with both hands. A lotus rising up in her left side holds the Prajñāpāramitā scripture.\n* **Kanakaprajñāpāramitā** \\- Golden in color, she is identical to the above depiciton but her two hands make the Dharmacakra [mudra](/wiki/Mudra \"Mudra\").",
"In later sources like the 11th\\-century *Niṣpannayogāvalī* of [Abhayākaragupta](/wiki/Abhayakaragupta \"Abhayakaragupta\"), she retains a golden color but appears with four arms.",
"Later tantric sadhanas written for the *[Heart Sutra](/wiki/Heart_Sutra \"Heart Sutra\")* are often focused on Prajñāpāramitādevi.",
"Depictions of Prajñāpāramitā Devī are most common in the art of the north Indian [Pala Empire (r. 750–1161 CE)](/wiki/Pala_Empire \"Pala Empire\"). According to Kinnard, when it comes to this era, \"images of Prajñāpāramitā have been discovered at virtually all of the monastic sites in northeastern India.\" Depictions of Prajñāpāramitā Devī are also found in [Tibetan art](/wiki/Tibetan_art \"Tibetan art\"), East Asian Buddhist art, [Javanese art](/wiki/Japanese_art \"Japanese art\") and [Cambodian art](/wiki/Cambodian_art \"Cambodian art\").",
"### Mantras",
"[thumb\\|Nepalese thangka of the devi holding a sutra and a [mala](/wiki/Japamala \"Japamala\") (prayer beads) used to recite mantras, c. 17\\-18th century](/wiki/File:Nepal_Thangka_with_Prajnaparamita.jpg \"Nepal Thangka with Prajnaparamita.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|East Asian style Prajñāpāramitā with six arms](/wiki/File:Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Devi_colorized.jpg \"Prajñāpāramitā Devi colorized.jpg\")",
"Various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras contain mantras for the devi, for example, the *Candragarbha prajñāpāramitā* contains the following mantra:{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Candragarbha Perfection of Wisdom / 84000 Reading Room \\|url\\=https://read.84000\\.co/translation/toh27\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-08 \\|website\\=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha \\|language\\=en}}",
"",
"> oṃ [prajñe](/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_%28Buddhism%29 \"Prajñā (Buddhism)\") prajñe mahāprajñe [candra](/wiki/Lunar_deity \"Lunar deity\")\\-prajñe sarvaśāsakari svāhā\n> \n> \n> [Oṃ](/wiki/Om \"Om\") Wisdom Wisdom Great Wisdom Moon Wisdom Ruler of All [Svāhā](/wiki/Svaha \"Svaha\")",
"Various sutras like the *Saptaśatikā prajñāpāramitā* begin with the following invocation mantra:{{Cite web \\|title\\=Prajnaparamita \\- mantra and seed syllable \\|url\\=http://www.visiblemantra.org/prajnaparamita.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-09 \\|website\\=www.visiblemantra.org}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Saptaśatikā prajñāpāramitā \\- Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon \\- Books \\|url\\=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon\\-text/content/73/624 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-09 \\|website\\=www.dsbcproject.org}}",
"",
"> oṃ namo bhagavatyai āryaprajñāpāramitāyai\n> \n> \n> oṃ homage to the blessed noble perfection of wisdom",
"The *Ekaślokikā prajñāpāramitā* contains the following homage and mantra:Bianchini, Francesco (2020\\). [*Tradition and Innovation in late South Asian Buddhism: The Impact of Spell Practices on the Recasting of Prajnaparamita Scriptures*](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:477bdfa2-016a-4d0d-a274-39cd35f3c137), p. 400\\. St John’s College, The University of Oxford.",
"",
"> namo bhagavatyai āryaprajñāpāramitāyai (sa)kalamahāyānāgryadharmatāyai \\|\\| \"Homage to the noble Prajñāpāramitā, highest principle of the entire Mahāyāna\"",
"tadyathā \\| oṃ [dhīḥ](/wiki/Dhi_%28Hindu_thought%29 \"Dhi (Hindu thought)\") [hṛīḥ](/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_%28Buddhism%29 \"Hrī (Buddhism)\") [śrīḥ](/wiki/Shri \"Shri\") śruti\\-smṛti\\-vijaye svāhā \\|\nThe mantra here (after tadyathā \\- \"thus\", \"namely\" which indicates the beginning of the mantra) is made up of seed syllables ([bijas](/wiki/B%C4%ABja \"Bīja\")), such as the bija of wisdom (*dhīḥ*) and the bija of compassion (*hrīḥ*) along with the words \"śruti\" (hearing), \"smṛti\" (mindfulness/remembering), and \"vijaye\" (victorious).",
"The *Kauśikaprajñāpāramitā* contains many mantras, such as:{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kauśikaprajñāpāramitāsūtram \\- Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon \\|url\\=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon\\-text/content/69/589 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-08 \\|website\\=www.dsbcproject.org}}",
"* [gaṅgā](/wiki/Ganga_%28goddess%29 \"Ganga (goddess)\") gaṅgā na tīrāvabhāsa gaṅgā svāhā\n* [śrīye](/wiki/Shri \"Shri\") śrīye [muni](/wiki/Muni_%28saint%29 \"Muni (saint)\") śrīye śrīyase svāhā\n* oṃ [vajra](/wiki/Vajra \"Vajra\")\\-[bale](/wiki/Five_Strengths \"Five Strengths\") svāhā\n* oṃ hrī śrī dhī [śruti](/wiki/%C5%9Aruti \"Śruti\") [smṛti](/wiki/Sati_%28Buddhism%29 \"Sati (Buddhism)\") mati gati vijaye svāhā\n* gate gate pāragate pārasaṃgate bodhi svāhā",
"The last mantra is also found in the famous *[Heart Sutra](/wiki/Heart_Sutra \"Heart Sutra\")* and is perhaps the most famous *prajñāpāramitā* mantra.",
"There are various mantras listed in the *Sādhanamālā* (SM) for Prajñāpāramitādevi. Her bija mantra is most commonly [DHĪḤ](/wiki/Dhi_%28Hindu_thought%29 \"Dhi (Hindu thought)\"). The most common mantra in the SM for the deity is: oṃ dhīḥ śruti smṛti vijaye svāhā (which is also found in a work by [Amoghavajra](/wiki/Amoghavajra \"Amoghavajra\"), Taisho no. 1151\\).Bianchini, Francesco (2020\\). [*Tradition and Innovation in late South Asian Buddhism: The Impact of Spell Practices on the Recasting of Prajnaparamita Scriptures*](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:477bdfa2-016a-4d0d-a274-39cd35f3c137), p. 279\\. St John’s College, The University of Oxford. Another common PP devi mantra in these [sadhanas](/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81 \"Sādhanā\") (SM151 to SM160\\) is:Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1928\\), *Sādhanamālā* (in two volumes), Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.",
"",
"> oṁ picu picu prajñāvardhani jvala jvala medhāvardhani dhiri dhiri buddhivardhani svāhā\n> \n> \n> Oṁ, picu, picu! Increaser of wisdom, burn, burn! Increaser of knowledge, dhiri, dhiri! Increaser of intelligence, svāhā!",
"This mantra is also found in the *[Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa](/wiki/Ca%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Damah%C4%81%C2%ADro%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a \"Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa\") tantra*.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Translation Committee \\|first\\=Dharmachakra \\|title\\=The Tantra of Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa (Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇatantram) \\|url\\=https://read.84000\\.co/translation/toh431\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-08 \\|website\\=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha \\|language\\=en}} This mantra is also given in sadhanas to Vajra [Saraswati](/wiki/Saraswati \"Saraswati\") in the *Sādhanamālā*.Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1928\\), *Sādhanamālā* Volume II, p. viii. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. Saraswati is an Indian goddess associated with speech, eloquence and wisdom which was also venerated by Buddhists. According to Sarah Shaw, she shares an affinity with Prajñāpāramitādevi.Shaw, Miranda (2006\\). Buddhist Goddesses of India, p. 236\\. Princeton University Press.",
"The *Sādhanamālā* also contains a sadhana which is said to be by Asanga, it gives the following seed syllable based mantra for Prajñāpāramitādevi: \n> OṂ ĀḤ DHĪḤ HUṂ SVĀ HĀ.",
"The *Vasudhārādhāraṇī* and the *Saṃpuṭatantra* both contain the following Prajñāpāramitā Devi mantra: oṃ prajñe mahāprajñe śrutismṛtivijaye svāhā.",
""
] |
### In Tantric Buddhism
[thumb\|Tibetan tantric mandala of Prajñaparamita Devi](/wiki/File:Tibetan_Mandala_of_Praj%C3%B1aparamita_Devi.jpg "Tibetan Mandala of Prajñaparamita Devi.jpg")
[thumb\|Tibetan book cover, Prajñāpāramitā and [Mañjuśrī](/wiki/Manjushri "Manjushri"), late 13th century](/wiki/File:Center_detail%2C_from-_Interior_of_a_Book_Cover-_Manjuvajra_Embracing_His_Consort%2C_with_Attendant_Lamas_MET_DP335604_%28cropped%29.jpg "Center detail, from- Interior of a Book Cover- Manjuvajra Embracing His Consort, with Attendant Lamas MET DP335604 (cropped).jpg")
In [Tantric](/wiki/Tantra "Tantra") Buddhism ([Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana "Vajrayana")) the concept of Prajñāpāramitā (and the feminine deity) took on further esoteric associations. According to James B. Apple, in Vajrayana, Prajñāpāramitā Devī "represented the prototype and essence of all the female figures in Tantric interplay". She is represented by the ritual bell ([ghanta](/wiki/Ghanta "Ghanta")), lotus (padma) and by [yoginis](/wiki/Yogini "Yogini") (female yogis). In tantric contemplative rites called [sādhanas](/wiki/S%C4%81dhana "Sādhana") ("means of achievement"), a yogi would visualize the deity and recite mantras.
Tantric Buddhism also saw Prajñāpāramitā as being present in all women and promoted an attitude of respect and veneration for the feminine form. As such, all women were seen as embodiments of Prajñāpāramitā. This attitude is promoted by the [mahasiddha](/wiki/Mahasiddha "Mahasiddha") Laksminkara in her *Adhvayasiddhi* which states:
> One must not denigrate women, in whatever social class they are born, for they are Lady Perfection of Wisdom (Prajñāpāramitā), embodied in the phenomenal realm.
The *Sādhanamālā*, an important compendium of contemplative rites, contains nine Prajñāpāramitādevi sādhanas (meditative rituals with mantras and visualizations of deities). [Asanga](/wiki/Asanga "Asanga") is said to have composed a Sadhana for her.
In the *Sādhanamālā*, Prajñāpāramitādevi appears in three main forms:
* **Sitaprajñāpāramitā** \- A white skinned goddess with [Akṣobhya](/wiki/Akshobhya "Akshobhya") Buddha on her crown. She sits in the Vajraparyankasana pose on a white lotus, and carries a red lotus in one hand and a scripture in the other.
* **Pītaprajñāpāramitā** \- A yellow skinned goddess with [Akṣobhya](/wiki/Akshobhya "Akshobhya") Buddha on her crown. She makes the Vyākhyānamudrā gesture with both hands. A lotus rising up in her left side holds the Prajñāpāramitā scripture.
* **Kanakaprajñāpāramitā** \- Golden in color, she is identical to the above depiciton but her two hands make the Dharmacakra [mudra](/wiki/Mudra "Mudra").
In later sources like the 11th\-century *Niṣpannayogāvalī* of [Abhayākaragupta](/wiki/Abhayakaragupta "Abhayakaragupta"), she retains a golden color but appears with four arms.
Later tantric sadhanas written for the *[Heart Sutra](/wiki/Heart_Sutra "Heart Sutra")* are often focused on Prajñāpāramitādevi.
Depictions of Prajñāpāramitā Devī are most common in the art of the north Indian [Pala Empire (r. 750–1161 CE)](/wiki/Pala_Empire "Pala Empire"). According to Kinnard, when it comes to this era, "images of Prajñāpāramitā have been discovered at virtually all of the monastic sites in northeastern India." Depictions of Prajñāpāramitā Devī are also found in [Tibetan art](/wiki/Tibetan_art "Tibetan art"), East Asian Buddhist art, [Javanese art](/wiki/Japanese_art "Japanese art") and [Cambodian art](/wiki/Cambodian_art "Cambodian art").
|
[
"### In Tantric Buddhism",
"[thumb\\|Tibetan tantric mandala of Prajñaparamita Devi](/wiki/File:Tibetan_Mandala_of_Praj%C3%B1aparamita_Devi.jpg \"Tibetan Mandala of Prajñaparamita Devi.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|Tibetan book cover, Prajñāpāramitā and [Mañjuśrī](/wiki/Manjushri \"Manjushri\"), late 13th century](/wiki/File:Center_detail%2C_from-_Interior_of_a_Book_Cover-_Manjuvajra_Embracing_His_Consort%2C_with_Attendant_Lamas_MET_DP335604_%28cropped%29.jpg \"Center detail, from- Interior of a Book Cover- Manjuvajra Embracing His Consort, with Attendant Lamas MET DP335604 (cropped).jpg\")\nIn [Tantric](/wiki/Tantra \"Tantra\") Buddhism ([Vajrayana](/wiki/Vajrayana \"Vajrayana\")) the concept of Prajñāpāramitā (and the feminine deity) took on further esoteric associations. According to James B. Apple, in Vajrayana, Prajñāpāramitā Devī \"represented the prototype and essence of all the female figures in Tantric interplay\". She is represented by the ritual bell ([ghanta](/wiki/Ghanta \"Ghanta\")), lotus (padma) and by [yoginis](/wiki/Yogini \"Yogini\") (female yogis). In tantric contemplative rites called [sādhanas](/wiki/S%C4%81dhana \"Sādhana\") (\"means of achievement\"), a yogi would visualize the deity and recite mantras.",
"Tantric Buddhism also saw Prajñāpāramitā as being present in all women and promoted an attitude of respect and veneration for the feminine form. As such, all women were seen as embodiments of Prajñāpāramitā. This attitude is promoted by the [mahasiddha](/wiki/Mahasiddha \"Mahasiddha\") Laksminkara in her *Adhvayasiddhi* which states:\n> One must not denigrate women, in whatever social class they are born, for they are Lady Perfection of Wisdom (Prajñāpāramitā), embodied in the phenomenal realm.",
"The *Sādhanamālā*, an important compendium of contemplative rites, contains nine Prajñāpāramitādevi sādhanas (meditative rituals with mantras and visualizations of deities). [Asanga](/wiki/Asanga \"Asanga\") is said to have composed a Sadhana for her.",
"In the *Sādhanamālā*, Prajñāpāramitādevi appears in three main forms:",
"* **Sitaprajñāpāramitā** \\- A white skinned goddess with [Akṣobhya](/wiki/Akshobhya \"Akshobhya\") Buddha on her crown. She sits in the Vajraparyankasana pose on a white lotus, and carries a red lotus in one hand and a scripture in the other.\n* **Pītaprajñāpāramitā** \\- A yellow skinned goddess with [Akṣobhya](/wiki/Akshobhya \"Akshobhya\") Buddha on her crown. She makes the Vyākhyānamudrā gesture with both hands. A lotus rising up in her left side holds the Prajñāpāramitā scripture.\n* **Kanakaprajñāpāramitā** \\- Golden in color, she is identical to the above depiciton but her two hands make the Dharmacakra [mudra](/wiki/Mudra \"Mudra\").",
"In later sources like the 11th\\-century *Niṣpannayogāvalī* of [Abhayākaragupta](/wiki/Abhayakaragupta \"Abhayakaragupta\"), she retains a golden color but appears with four arms.",
"Later tantric sadhanas written for the *[Heart Sutra](/wiki/Heart_Sutra \"Heart Sutra\")* are often focused on Prajñāpāramitādevi.",
"Depictions of Prajñāpāramitā Devī are most common in the art of the north Indian [Pala Empire (r. 750–1161 CE)](/wiki/Pala_Empire \"Pala Empire\"). According to Kinnard, when it comes to this era, \"images of Prajñāpāramitā have been discovered at virtually all of the monastic sites in northeastern India.\" Depictions of Prajñāpāramitā Devī are also found in [Tibetan art](/wiki/Tibetan_art \"Tibetan art\"), East Asian Buddhist art, [Javanese art](/wiki/Japanese_art \"Japanese art\") and [Cambodian art](/wiki/Cambodian_art \"Cambodian art\").",
""
] |
### Mantras
[thumb\|Nepalese thangka of the devi holding a sutra and a [mala](/wiki/Japamala "Japamala") (prayer beads) used to recite mantras, c. 17\-18th century](/wiki/File:Nepal_Thangka_with_Prajnaparamita.jpg "Nepal Thangka with Prajnaparamita.jpg")
[thumb\|East Asian style Prajñāpāramitā with six arms](/wiki/File:Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Devi_colorized.jpg "Prajñāpāramitā Devi colorized.jpg")
Various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras contain mantras for the devi, for example, the *Candragarbha prajñāpāramitā* contains the following mantra:{{Cite web \|title\=The Candragarbha Perfection of Wisdom / 84000 Reading Room \|url\=https://read.84000\.co/translation/toh27\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-08 \|website\=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha \|language\=en}}
> oṃ [prajñe](/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_%28Buddhism%29 "Prajñā (Buddhism)") prajñe mahāprajñe [candra](/wiki/Lunar_deity "Lunar deity")\-prajñe sarvaśāsakari svāhā
>
>
> [Oṃ](/wiki/Om "Om") Wisdom Wisdom Great Wisdom Moon Wisdom Ruler of All [Svāhā](/wiki/Svaha "Svaha")
Various sutras like the *Saptaśatikā prajñāpāramitā* begin with the following invocation mantra:{{Cite web \|title\=Prajnaparamita \- mantra and seed syllable \|url\=http://www.visiblemantra.org/prajnaparamita.html \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-09 \|website\=www.visiblemantra.org}}{{Cite web \|title\=Saptaśatikā prajñāpāramitā \- Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon \- Books \|url\=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon\-text/content/73/624 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-09 \|website\=www.dsbcproject.org}}
> oṃ namo bhagavatyai āryaprajñāpāramitāyai
>
>
> oṃ homage to the blessed noble perfection of wisdom
The *Ekaślokikā prajñāpāramitā* contains the following homage and mantra:Bianchini, Francesco (2020\). [*Tradition and Innovation in late South Asian Buddhism: The Impact of Spell Practices on the Recasting of Prajnaparamita Scriptures*](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:477bdfa2-016a-4d0d-a274-39cd35f3c137), p. 400\. St John’s College, The University of Oxford.
> namo bhagavatyai āryaprajñāpāramitāyai (sa)kalamahāyānāgryadharmatāyai \|\| "Homage to the noble Prajñāpāramitā, highest principle of the entire Mahāyāna"
tadyathā \| oṃ [dhīḥ](/wiki/Dhi_%28Hindu_thought%29 "Dhi (Hindu thought)") [hṛīḥ](/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_%28Buddhism%29 "Hrī (Buddhism)") [śrīḥ](/wiki/Shri "Shri") śruti\-smṛti\-vijaye svāhā \|
The mantra here (after tadyathā \- "thus", "namely" which indicates the beginning of the mantra) is made up of seed syllables ([bijas](/wiki/B%C4%ABja "Bīja")), such as the bija of wisdom (*dhīḥ*) and the bija of compassion (*hrīḥ*) along with the words "śruti" (hearing), "smṛti" (mindfulness/remembering), and "vijaye" (victorious).
The *Kauśikaprajñāpāramitā* contains many mantras, such as:{{Cite web \|title\=Kauśikaprajñāpāramitāsūtram \- Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon \|url\=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon\-text/content/69/589 \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-08 \|website\=www.dsbcproject.org}}
* [gaṅgā](/wiki/Ganga_%28goddess%29 "Ganga (goddess)") gaṅgā na tīrāvabhāsa gaṅgā svāhā
* [śrīye](/wiki/Shri "Shri") śrīye [muni](/wiki/Muni_%28saint%29 "Muni (saint)") śrīye śrīyase svāhā
* oṃ [vajra](/wiki/Vajra "Vajra")\-[bale](/wiki/Five_Strengths "Five Strengths") svāhā
* oṃ hrī śrī dhī [śruti](/wiki/%C5%9Aruti "Śruti") [smṛti](/wiki/Sati_%28Buddhism%29 "Sati (Buddhism)") mati gati vijaye svāhā
* gate gate pāragate pārasaṃgate bodhi svāhā
The last mantra is also found in the famous *[Heart Sutra](/wiki/Heart_Sutra "Heart Sutra")* and is perhaps the most famous *prajñāpāramitā* mantra.
There are various mantras listed in the *Sādhanamālā* (SM) for Prajñāpāramitādevi. Her bija mantra is most commonly [DHĪḤ](/wiki/Dhi_%28Hindu_thought%29 "Dhi (Hindu thought)"). The most common mantra in the SM for the deity is: oṃ dhīḥ śruti smṛti vijaye svāhā (which is also found in a work by [Amoghavajra](/wiki/Amoghavajra "Amoghavajra"), Taisho no. 1151\).Bianchini, Francesco (2020\). [*Tradition and Innovation in late South Asian Buddhism: The Impact of Spell Practices on the Recasting of Prajnaparamita Scriptures*](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:477bdfa2-016a-4d0d-a274-39cd35f3c137), p. 279\. St John’s College, The University of Oxford. Another common PP devi mantra in these [sadhanas](/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81 "Sādhanā") (SM151 to SM160\) is:Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1928\), *Sādhanamālā* (in two volumes), Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.
> oṁ picu picu prajñāvardhani jvala jvala medhāvardhani dhiri dhiri buddhivardhani svāhā
>
>
> Oṁ, picu, picu! Increaser of wisdom, burn, burn! Increaser of knowledge, dhiri, dhiri! Increaser of intelligence, svāhā!
This mantra is also found in the *[Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa](/wiki/Ca%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Damah%C4%81%C2%ADro%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a "Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa") tantra*.{{Cite web \|last\=Translation Committee \|first\=Dharmachakra \|title\=The Tantra of Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa (Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇatantram) \|url\=https://read.84000\.co/translation/toh431\.html \|access\-date\=2023\-11\-08 \|website\=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha \|language\=en}} This mantra is also given in sadhanas to Vajra [Saraswati](/wiki/Saraswati "Saraswati") in the *Sādhanamālā*.Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1928\), *Sādhanamālā* Volume II, p. viii. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. Saraswati is an Indian goddess associated with speech, eloquence and wisdom which was also venerated by Buddhists. According to Sarah Shaw, she shares an affinity with Prajñāpāramitādevi.Shaw, Miranda (2006\). Buddhist Goddesses of India, p. 236\. Princeton University Press.
The *Sādhanamālā* also contains a sadhana which is said to be by Asanga, it gives the following seed syllable based mantra for Prajñāpāramitādevi:
> OṂ ĀḤ DHĪḤ HUṂ SVĀ HĀ.
The *Vasudhārādhāraṇī* and the *Saṃpuṭatantra* both contain the following Prajñāpāramitā Devi mantra: oṃ prajñe mahāprajñe śrutismṛtivijaye svāhā.
|
[
"### Mantras",
"[thumb\\|Nepalese thangka of the devi holding a sutra and a [mala](/wiki/Japamala \"Japamala\") (prayer beads) used to recite mantras, c. 17\\-18th century](/wiki/File:Nepal_Thangka_with_Prajnaparamita.jpg \"Nepal Thangka with Prajnaparamita.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|East Asian style Prajñāpāramitā with six arms](/wiki/File:Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81_Devi_colorized.jpg \"Prajñāpāramitā Devi colorized.jpg\")",
"Various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras contain mantras for the devi, for example, the *Candragarbha prajñāpāramitā* contains the following mantra:{{Cite web \\|title\\=The Candragarbha Perfection of Wisdom / 84000 Reading Room \\|url\\=https://read.84000\\.co/translation/toh27\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-08 \\|website\\=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha \\|language\\=en}}",
"",
"> oṃ [prajñe](/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_%28Buddhism%29 \"Prajñā (Buddhism)\") prajñe mahāprajñe [candra](/wiki/Lunar_deity \"Lunar deity\")\\-prajñe sarvaśāsakari svāhā\n> \n> \n> [Oṃ](/wiki/Om \"Om\") Wisdom Wisdom Great Wisdom Moon Wisdom Ruler of All [Svāhā](/wiki/Svaha \"Svaha\")",
"Various sutras like the *Saptaśatikā prajñāpāramitā* begin with the following invocation mantra:{{Cite web \\|title\\=Prajnaparamita \\- mantra and seed syllable \\|url\\=http://www.visiblemantra.org/prajnaparamita.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-09 \\|website\\=www.visiblemantra.org}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Saptaśatikā prajñāpāramitā \\- Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon \\- Books \\|url\\=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon\\-text/content/73/624 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-09 \\|website\\=www.dsbcproject.org}}",
"",
"> oṃ namo bhagavatyai āryaprajñāpāramitāyai\n> \n> \n> oṃ homage to the blessed noble perfection of wisdom",
"The *Ekaślokikā prajñāpāramitā* contains the following homage and mantra:Bianchini, Francesco (2020\\). [*Tradition and Innovation in late South Asian Buddhism: The Impact of Spell Practices on the Recasting of Prajnaparamita Scriptures*](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:477bdfa2-016a-4d0d-a274-39cd35f3c137), p. 400\\. St John’s College, The University of Oxford.",
"",
"> namo bhagavatyai āryaprajñāpāramitāyai (sa)kalamahāyānāgryadharmatāyai \\|\\| \"Homage to the noble Prajñāpāramitā, highest principle of the entire Mahāyāna\"",
"tadyathā \\| oṃ [dhīḥ](/wiki/Dhi_%28Hindu_thought%29 \"Dhi (Hindu thought)\") [hṛīḥ](/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_%28Buddhism%29 \"Hrī (Buddhism)\") [śrīḥ](/wiki/Shri \"Shri\") śruti\\-smṛti\\-vijaye svāhā \\|\nThe mantra here (after tadyathā \\- \"thus\", \"namely\" which indicates the beginning of the mantra) is made up of seed syllables ([bijas](/wiki/B%C4%ABja \"Bīja\")), such as the bija of wisdom (*dhīḥ*) and the bija of compassion (*hrīḥ*) along with the words \"śruti\" (hearing), \"smṛti\" (mindfulness/remembering), and \"vijaye\" (victorious).",
"The *Kauśikaprajñāpāramitā* contains many mantras, such as:{{Cite web \\|title\\=Kauśikaprajñāpāramitāsūtram \\- Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon \\|url\\=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon\\-text/content/69/589 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-08 \\|website\\=www.dsbcproject.org}}",
"* [gaṅgā](/wiki/Ganga_%28goddess%29 \"Ganga (goddess)\") gaṅgā na tīrāvabhāsa gaṅgā svāhā\n* [śrīye](/wiki/Shri \"Shri\") śrīye [muni](/wiki/Muni_%28saint%29 \"Muni (saint)\") śrīye śrīyase svāhā\n* oṃ [vajra](/wiki/Vajra \"Vajra\")\\-[bale](/wiki/Five_Strengths \"Five Strengths\") svāhā\n* oṃ hrī śrī dhī [śruti](/wiki/%C5%9Aruti \"Śruti\") [smṛti](/wiki/Sati_%28Buddhism%29 \"Sati (Buddhism)\") mati gati vijaye svāhā\n* gate gate pāragate pārasaṃgate bodhi svāhā",
"The last mantra is also found in the famous *[Heart Sutra](/wiki/Heart_Sutra \"Heart Sutra\")* and is perhaps the most famous *prajñāpāramitā* mantra.",
"There are various mantras listed in the *Sādhanamālā* (SM) for Prajñāpāramitādevi. Her bija mantra is most commonly [DHĪḤ](/wiki/Dhi_%28Hindu_thought%29 \"Dhi (Hindu thought)\"). The most common mantra in the SM for the deity is: oṃ dhīḥ śruti smṛti vijaye svāhā (which is also found in a work by [Amoghavajra](/wiki/Amoghavajra \"Amoghavajra\"), Taisho no. 1151\\).Bianchini, Francesco (2020\\). [*Tradition and Innovation in late South Asian Buddhism: The Impact of Spell Practices on the Recasting of Prajnaparamita Scriptures*](https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:477bdfa2-016a-4d0d-a274-39cd35f3c137), p. 279\\. St John’s College, The University of Oxford. Another common PP devi mantra in these [sadhanas](/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81 \"Sādhanā\") (SM151 to SM160\\) is:Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1928\\), *Sādhanamālā* (in two volumes), Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta.",
"",
"> oṁ picu picu prajñāvardhani jvala jvala medhāvardhani dhiri dhiri buddhivardhani svāhā\n> \n> \n> Oṁ, picu, picu! Increaser of wisdom, burn, burn! Increaser of knowledge, dhiri, dhiri! Increaser of intelligence, svāhā!",
"This mantra is also found in the *[Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa](/wiki/Ca%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Damah%C4%81%C2%ADro%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a \"Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa\") tantra*.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Translation Committee \\|first\\=Dharmachakra \\|title\\=The Tantra of Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa (Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇatantram) \\|url\\=https://read.84000\\.co/translation/toh431\\.html \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-11\\-08 \\|website\\=84000 Translating The Words of The Buddha \\|language\\=en}} This mantra is also given in sadhanas to Vajra [Saraswati](/wiki/Saraswati \"Saraswati\") in the *Sādhanamālā*.Benoytosh Bhattacharyya (1928\\), *Sādhanamālā* Volume II, p. viii. Baptist Mission Press, Calcutta. Saraswati is an Indian goddess associated with speech, eloquence and wisdom which was also venerated by Buddhists. According to Sarah Shaw, she shares an affinity with Prajñāpāramitādevi.Shaw, Miranda (2006\\). Buddhist Goddesses of India, p. 236\\. Princeton University Press.",
"The *Sādhanamālā* also contains a sadhana which is said to be by Asanga, it gives the following seed syllable based mantra for Prajñāpāramitādevi: \n> OṂ ĀḤ DHĪḤ HUṂ SVĀ HĀ.",
"The *Vasudhārādhāraṇī* and the *Saṃpuṭatantra* both contain the following Prajñāpāramitā Devi mantra: oṃ prajñe mahāprajñe śrutismṛtivijaye svāhā.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
### Early life
Patrick Bernard Daley was born on 6 July 1844 in the Black Range, south of [Marengo](/wiki/Murringo "Murringo"), the son of John Daley and Ellen (*née* Downey).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youngwitness.com.au/story/5189949/history\-of\-young\-with\-brian\-james/ \|title\=History of Young with Brian James – Bushranger to Businessman \|last\=James \|first\=Brian \|date\=31 January 2018 \|website\=Young Witness \|access\-date\=18 October 2021}} He was the second\-born of twelve children.
Patsy Daley grew up in close proximity with his older cousin, [John O'Meally](/wiki/John_O%27Meally "John O'Meally"). Daley and O'Meally's mothers were sisters. Their fathers operated the 'Arramagong' station in an informal partnership; with an estimated area of 26,800 acres and an estimated grazing capability of 800 cattle, the pastoral run was located at the southern foot of the [Weddin Mountains](/wiki/Weddin_Mountains_National_Park "Weddin Mountains National Park") in the Lachlan Squatting District.[Lachlan](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230675985/12498464), *New South Wales Government Gazette* (Sydney), 28 May 1847 (Issue No. 47\), page 580\.[Claims to Leases of Crown Lands Beyond the Settled Districts](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/28648168), No. 92, *Sydney Morning Herald*, 4 October 1848, page 3\. The two households lived separately on the station, about a mile and a half distant from each other.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/gang.html \|title\=The Gang: John O'Meally \|author\=Mark Matthews \|website\=Ben Hall Bushranger \|access\-date\=14 October 2021}} The children of both families probably received at least a rudimentary education; in September 1853 it was recorded that a schoolmaster named John Smith was living on the property.[Bathurst Assize Court](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60149929), *Empire* (Sydney), 7 March 1854, page 3\.
In June 1860 John O'Meally's father, Patrick, was granted a publicans’ license for the Weddin Mount Inn, built beside Emu Creek on the 'Arramagong' run.Certificate by Justices to Authorise the Granting of a License, Patrick O’Maley, Weddin Mount Inn, 18 June 1860, NSW State Archives; Series: 14403; Item: \[7/1512]; Reel: 1241 (per Ancestry.com).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eugowra.aus.net/thestoryintro.htm \|title\= Story of the Gold Escort Robbery\|accessdate\=2008\-12\-22 \|work\= Eugowra}} With the gold\-rush that occurred in the second half of 1860 at [Lambing Flat](/wiki/Young%2C_New_South_Wales "Young, New South Wales") and, nine months later, the opening up of the Lachlan goldfield at [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes%2C_New_South_Wales "Forbes, New South Wales"), the prospects for O’Meally’s inn considerably improved, being situated on a road between the two, 25 miles from Lambing Flat and 45 miles from Forbes.[Lambing Flat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263880138), *Yass Courier*, 1 August 1860, page 2\.[The Lachlan](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263976333), *Yass Courier*, 12 February 1862, page 2\.
By 1861 a disagreement had arisen between Patrick O’Meally and Patsy Daley’s father, John, over the leasehold of ‘Arramagong’ station. In June 1861 O’Meally placed the property, including stock and buildings, up for auction and Daley discovered the lease was held in O'Meally’s name only. In July 1861 the leasehold of the 'Arramagong' run was sold for £1,370 to Patrick Throsby, a landholder near Berrima.[Pastoral Property](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13060656), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 20 July 1861, page 3\. The new owner of the station tried to evict the Daley family, which they resisted, remaining in their house until September 1863\.
In 1862 Daley’s cousin, John O’Meally, came under the influence of the bushranger, [Frank Gardiner](/wiki/Frank_Gardiner "Frank Gardiner"), who had begun armed robberies in the district and using the Weddin Mountains and the nearby Pinnacle Range as refuges. Gardiner was a frequent visitor to O’Meally’s inn in the Weddin district.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/gardiner\-was\-5\-ft\-9\-inches\-tall\-with.html \|title\=Frank Gardiner \|author\=Mark Matthews \|website\=Ben Hall Bushranger \|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} Whether or not Patsy Daley was involved in criminal activities at this stage is not known, but he was certainly associating with his cousin, who had already joined with Gardiner in committing robberies. In March 1862 O’Meally, Daley and another cousin (surname Downey) were apprehended on suspicion of being involved in the highway robbery of the storekeepers, Alfred Horsington and Henry Hewitt, near Wombat on 10 March 1862\.[Lambing Flat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13226129), Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March 1862, page 3\. O’Meally had been part of the gang led by Gardiner who carried out the robbery, but in the end the three young men were released without charge due to insufficient evidence.
John O’Meally was one of Gardiner’s gang of bushrangers (eight in number) who robbed the gold escort near [Eugowra](/wiki/Eugowra%2C_New_South_Wales "Eugowra, New South Wales") in June 1862\. By the end of 1862 O’Meally and several others of the gang remained at large.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/miscell.html \|title\=Eugowra \|author\=Mark Matthews \|website\=Ben Hall Bushranger \|access\-date\=30 October 2021}} From early 1863 Patsy Daley, attracted to the romance and excitement of the bushranging life, began to join O’Meally and his fellow bushrangers in undertaking robberies in the Lambing Flat district.
### Bushranging
Early evening on 28 January 1863 three armed men forcibly entered the house of Henry Colley at 'Demondrille' station near Murrumburrah. They stole a number of firearms and ammunition, jewellery, a watch, clothing and a saddle and bridle.[Robbery Under Arms](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047185), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 4 February 1863 (Issue No. 5\), page 32\. Patsy Daley was later identified as one of the three who robbed Colley.[Miscellaneous Information](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047390), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 8 April 1863 (Issue No. 14\), page 103\.
At eight o'clock in the evening of 2 February 1863 five armed men entered George Dickenson's store at Spring Creek near Young and stuck\-up Dickenson, his storekeeper and a customer. The men were recognised as John Gilbert, Patsy Daley, John O’Meally and Christie Boland (*alias* Purtell).[Robbery Under Arms](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047222), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 11 February 1863 (Issue No. 6\), page 40\.[Albury Police Court: Saturday, April 16](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/264153688), *Albury Banner and Wodonga Express*, 23 April 1864, page 2\. The fifth man was believed to be Ben Hall.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/ben\-hall\_13\.html \|title\=Ben Hall Pt 1 \|author\=Mark Matthews \|website\=Ben Hall Bushranger \|access\-date\=27 October 2021}} The three detainees were taken outside and guarded at gunpoint by Daley while the other bushrangers searched the store. As others passed by they were detained as well. It was reported that Daley was "very nervous and trembled like a leaf"; noticing his unease several of the captives pressed forward at which point Hall intervened and warned them to stay back.[Old Time Bushrangers: Some Local Characters](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/157640313), by 'Old Ned', *Mudgee Guardian and North\-Western Representative*, 11 April 1912, page 28\. After searching the store the bushrangers departed with £5 in silver, an estimated £10 worth of gold\-dust, a revolver, three watches, several pairs of boots and a quantity of clothing.[Goulburn Assizes](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/102851765), *Goulburn Herald*, 26 September 1863, page 2\. As they were leaving an unarmed policeman in plain clothes, Constable David Stewart, came along. The bushrangers ordered him off his horse. The policeman resisted and he was pulled off, and his horse, saddle and bridle were taken.[Committal of Patrick Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263977597), *Yass Courier*, 18 April 1863, page 4; republished from the *Burrangong Star* of 11 April 1863\.
On Saturday morning, 7 February 1863, Ben Hall and Patsy Daley broke into the unattended Pinnacle Police Station and stole a [rifle](/wiki/Rifle "Rifle"), a [carbine](/wiki/Carbine "Carbine"), ammunition, a pair of saddlebags and a bridle, and articles of clothing. The station was usually occupied by three troopers. Two of the policemen, including the officer in charge, had been required to go to Forbes and the third, Constable Knox, was absent from the premises (despite being instructed "not to leave his post").[Breaking Into a Police Station](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/111168416), *Newcastle Chronicle and Hunter River District News*, 21 February 1863, page 3; republished from the *Lachlan Observer*, 11 February 1863\.[Housebreaking, and Stealing from Dwelling\-houses](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047247), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 18 February 1863 (Issue No. 7\), page 48\. When Knox returned later that day, he began following the tracks of the robbers. The following day Trooper William Hollister and two Aboriginal trackers, Billy Dargin and Prince Charlie, arrived from Forbes. They sent Knox back to the station and resumed following the tracks. Hollister and the trackers caught up with Hall and Daley as they were departing from Allport’s inn on the Forbes Road, close to the ‘Pinnacle’ station. They gave chase, but after several miles the pursuit was abandoned when Hollister’s horse ran against a tree and the trooper was thrown to the ground. During the chase Daley had fired three shots at Tracker Charlie.[The Attack on Sub Inspector Norton](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/63129675), *Empire* (Sydney), 28 March 1863, page 5\. After the Pinnacle police station robbery Knox was dismissed from the police force.[Dismissal](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047390), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 8 April 1863 (Issue No. 14\), page 103\.
Mid\-afternoon on Saturday, 21 February 1863, four armed bushrangers dressed "in the style of policemen in private clothes" rode up to Meyer Solomon's store at [Little Wombat](/wiki/Wombat%2C_New_South_Wales "Wombat, New South Wales").[Sticking Up and Robbery of Mr. Myers Solomon’s Store, Near Wombat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/111165324), *Newcastle Chronicle and Hunter River District News*, 7 March 1863, page 3; republished from the *Burrangong Star* of 28 February 1863\. They were Ben Hall, John Gilbert, John O'Meally and Patsy Daley. Solomon’s heavily pregnant wife observed the men approaching and informed her husband, who reached for a musket. Meeting them at the door Solomon fired his musket, the ball grazing the neck of one of the bushrangers "and tearing the collar of his coat". The intruders responded by firing two shots in return. Solomon escaped through the back of the premises; he was pursued by two of the men, captured and brought back to the store and placed under guard with his wife and a young lad, George Johnstone, in Solomon's employment. The bushrangers then proceeded to ransack the store in "cool, deliberate manner", loading three pack\-horses with goods before departing at about seven o’clock in the evening.[Robbery of Mr. Solomon at Big Wombat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/244294330), *The Herald* (Melbourne), 14 March 1863, page 7; republished from the *Burrowa Times*, 26 February 1863 (via the *Goulburn Chronicle*). The following morning the police tracked the bushrangers for about ten miles in the direction of the Weddin Mountains, but gave up the pursuit "from the want of a tracker and exhaustion, as most of the police had just returned from Yass".[Telegraphic Despatches](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13074750), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 24 February 1863, page 4\.
### The detainment of Sub\-Inspector Norton
[thumb\|right\|upright\=0\.8\|John Oxley Norton (1827\-1880\), police sub\-inspector at Forbes in 1863\.](/wiki/File:John_Oxley_Norton_SLNSW_FL1129038.jpg "John Oxley Norton SLNSW FL1129038.jpg")
By late February 1863 Sub\-Inspector John Norton was given charge of the police at Forbes. On 28 February 1863 Norton and Tracker Billy Dargin were on patrol in pursuit of the bushrangers Hall, O'Meally and Daley; they had arranged to meet ten police troopers at the foot of Wheogo Mountain, north\-west of Grenfell, but through a misunderstanding the meeting did not eventuate. Norton and Dargin continued the pursuit and the next morning, March 1, while riding towards 'Pinnacle' station they came upon the camp of the three bushrangers, who immediately mounted their horses and spread out on either side of the road in an effort to encircle Norton and Dargin. O'Meally advanced to within 80 to 100 yards and fired two shots at Norton from a double\-barrelled gun. The bushrangers pushed forward to within fifty yards, exchanging shots with Norton, with none taking effect. When the policeman's ammunition was expended Daley, "armed with three revolvers and a pair of pistols", rode up to him and told him to throw down his arms. During the shooting Dargin had dismounted and escaped on foot into the bush, with several shots fired after him. Norton claimed that after his surrender "Hall rode up and fired point blank at him, but fortunately without effect". While O'Meally guarded the prisoner, Hall and Daley started in pursuit of the tracker, without success.[The Capture of Mr. Inspector Norton, by Bushrangers](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13075366/1480636), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 9 March 1863, page 3; republished from the *Lachlan Observer*, 4 March 1863\.
When Hall and Daley returned to their prisoner, it was found that Norton had been mistaken for Trooper Hollister who, it was claimed, "had threatened to shoot Ben Hall". After being confined for three hours Norton was allowed to depart with the police horses. The writer for the *Lachlan Observer* newspaper (Forbes) considered that the Sub\-Inspector owed his release "to his being a 'new chum' in the district, and the fact of his having a wife and family in Sydney". After his escape the tracker Dargin made his way to the Pinnacle police station where he reported the events. Sub\-Inspector Norton arrived back at Forbes on March 3\.
### Capture
On Wednesday morning, 11 March 1863, a party of four mounted police, accompanied by Aboriginal tracker Billy Dargin and led by Inspector [Pottinger](/wiki/Frederick_Pottinger "Frederick Pottinger"), were in the vicinity of the Weddin Mountains. Dargin noticed the fresh prints of a horse crossing the tracks they were pursuing and Pottinger decided to follow the more recent set of tracks. After a while, nearby to Pinnacle (or Macquire’s) Reef, the rider (Patsy Daley) was seen in the distance. Pottinger ordered two of the troopers to circle the hill in the opposite direction to try to intercept the man and the remainder of the group set off in direct pursuit. Before long they came upon some huts, with a saddled horse tethered to one of the buildings. Pottinger recognised the horse as one he had seen "all in a sweat" in Ben Hall’s paddock the night before and Dargin identified the pair of girth straps on the horse as being stolen from the police barracks on 'Pinnacle' station. The men inside the huts were at first "unwilling to answer" Pottinger’s questions, but after "he threatened them" the Police Inspector was told the rider was down a shaft on the diggings. At the entrance to the shaft Pottinger called on the man to surrender, but received no answer. Eventually, after calling for his surrender several times, Pottinger threatened that he would "burn and smoke him out like an opossum", which prompted Daley to surrender. He climbed the ladder of the sixty\-foot shaft and was taken into custody, identified by Dargin as one of those who had fired at Norton and himself ten days previously. Patsy Daley was described as "a mild, youthful, whiskerless looking person, with light blue eyes and fair complexion", with nothing in his outward "physiognomical expression to denote the degraded villain".[The Capture of Patrick Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13075718), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 17 March 1863, page 3; republished from the *Lachlan Observer*, 14 March 1863\.Selth, P. A., ["Pottinger, Sir Frederick William (1831–1865\)"](http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pottinger-sir-frederick-william-1515/text7195), *[Australian Dictionary of Biography](/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography "Australian Dictionary of Biography")*, National Centre of Biography, [Australian National University](/wiki/Australian_National_University "Australian National University"). Retrieved 15 January 2013\.
The following day Daley was brought before the Police Court at Forbes charged with shooting at Sub\-Inspector Norton with the intent to kill or do grievous bodily harm as well as the robbery of the police barracks on ‘Pinnacle’ station. After evidence from Pottinger regarding his capture, Daley was remanded in custody.
On 2 April 1863 Daley was taken under guard by coach to Young and lodged in the lock\-up there. The next day George Dickenson, the storekeeper of Spring Creek, was asked to identify the man who had stuck up his store several weeks previously. Daley was immediately recognised by Dickenson from amongst eight other prisoners.[Patsy Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59792874), *Bell’s Life in Sydney and Sporting Chronicle*, 11 April 1863, page 3; republished from the *Burrangong Star* of 4 April 1863\. Daley was also identified by Henry Colley of 'Demondrille' station, who was robbed by three men in late January.
### Trial and imprisonment
Patrick Daley was tried in the [Goulburn](/wiki/Goulburn%2C_New_South_Wales "Goulburn, New South Wales") Assizes on 23 September 1863 before Chief Justice [Alfred Stephen](/wiki/Alfred_Stephen "Alfred Stephen"), charged with the armed robbery and assault of George Dickenson on 2 February at Spring Creek in company with "other persons unknown". Daley pleaded not guilty; his defence (undertaken by the barrister [William Windeyer](/wiki/William_Charles_Windeyer "William Charles Windeyer")) relied on a technical point that during the robbery Dickenson was being held at gunpoint outside the premises and so the circumstances "only amounted to stealing from a dwelling". However, Justice Stephens instructed the jury that Dickenson was "constructively present" during the robbery and the jury, without leaving the box, returned a verdict of guilty. Daley received a sentence of ten years hard labour on the roads (or other public works of the colony), the first year to be held in irons. On the following day Daley again faced the court, charged with the robbery of Meyer Solomon at Wombat on 21 February 1863\. This time Daley pleaded guilty and his sentence was deferred.[Criminal Side](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/102851756), *Goulburn Herald*, 26 September 1863, page 2\. The following day, February 25, Daley was brought before the Chief Justice and received a total sentence of fifteen years hard labour on the roads (thereby adding five years to his previous sentence).[Sentences](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/102851758/10385583), *Goulburn Herald*, 26 September 1863, page 3\.
Daley was initially sent to [Darlinghurst Gaol](/wiki/Darlinghurst_Gaol "Darlinghurst Gaol"), but by February 1864 he had been transferred to the [Cockatoo Island](/wiki/Cockatoo_Island%2C_New_South_Wales "Cockatoo Island, New South Wales") Penal Establishment.Refer: letter dated 10 February 1864 regarding recommendation by the Chief Justice that Daley attend school; Cockatoo Island: Copies of Letters, 1862\-1865, Volume 4/6518 (per Ancestry.com). He was finally discharged on 15 October 1873 upon receiving a remittance of his sentence.[Patrick Daley](https://records-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?context=L&vid=61SRA&lang=en_US&docid=INDEX2057409), Gaol Inmates / Prisoners Photos Index 1870\-1930, NSW State Archives \& Records, Item No: \[3/14030], Digital ID: IE150979, Series: NRS2138, Photo No: 310\.
### Later years
Patrick Daley and Mary Kelly were married in on 24 November 1883 at [Hay](/wiki/Hay%2C_New_South_Wales "Hay, New South Wales"), in the western Riverina district.Marriage registration: Patrick B. Daly \& Mary Kelly, 1883, Hay, NSW; reg. no.: 3632\. The couple had two daughters, the first of them born in 1887 at [Mossgiel](/wiki/Mossgiel%2C_New_South_Wales "Mossgiel, New South Wales").Family records (per Ancestry.com). They eventually moved to the [Cobar](/wiki/Cobar "Cobar") district, in the central west of New South Wales, where Daley's wife's family owned the 'Booroomugga' and 'Sussex' pastoral runs.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.aussiegenes.net/bushranging\-3/ \|title\=Bushranging: Patsy Daley \|website\=Aussiegenes \|access\-date\=3 November 2021}} From April 1895 Patrick Daley was the successful tenderer of a five\-year lease of the Booroomugga Tank, a public watering place, east of Cobar on the road to Nyngan.[Lease of Public Watering Places](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/224324545), *New South Wales Government Gazette*, 26 April 1895, page 2711\.
From 1899 the Family Hotel at [Wrightville](/wiki/Wrightville%2C_New_South_Wales "Wrightville, New South Wales"), near Cobar, was being run by the publican, William J. Kelly; Patrick Daley possibly owned the hotel.[Death of P. B. Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116958256), *Cobar Herald*, 5 May 1914, page 3\.[Wrightville](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103833433), *Cobar Herald*, 29 July 1899, page 2\.
In July 1904 Daley was elected as an alderman of the Wrightville Municipal Council.[Wrightville Municipality](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103844369), *Cobar Herald*, 9 July 1904, page 2\.[Wrightville Council](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103834552), *Cobar Herald*, 15 October 1904, page 2\. In 1905 Daley was referred to as the Cobar\-Wrightville mail contractor.[Bee Mountain Mail](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103839741), *Cobar Herald*, 25 February 1905, page 2\.
By about 1906 Daley owned the Royal Hotel at [Illewong](/wiki/Illewong%2C_New_South_Wales "Illewong, New South Wales"), about 11 miles south\-east of Cobar, with his younger brother William (born in 1861\) as the licensee.[Concentrates](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118683016), *Cobar Herald*, 30 June 1906, page 5\.[A Few Illewong Cases](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118684549), *Cobar Herald*, 26 January 1907, page 3\. Daley's hotel at Illewong was destroyed by fire in March 1910\.[Fires in the Country](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15140522), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 1 April 1910, page 9\.
In January 1911 Daley purchased the Terminus Hotel, on the corner of Linsley and Bradley streets in Cobar.[The C.S.A. Hotel Burnt Down](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103483185), *Cobar Herald*, 6 January 1911, page 5\.
Patrick Daley died on 29 April 1914 at his sister's residence in [Glebe](/wiki/Glebe%2C_New_South_Wales "Glebe, New South Wales"). Daley had been in ill\-health "for some months", being treated at the Cobar Hospital and later in Sydney.[Mr. P. B. Daley, Glebe](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/111292012), *Freeman’s Journal*, 21 May 1914, page 24\. He was buried in Rookwood cemetery.Rookwood Cemetery headstone transcriptions, section D, Row 16; Patrick B. Daley, died 29 April 1914; husband of M. Daley (per Ancestry.com). In his will Daley left an estate of over six thousand pounds. He left the Family Hotel at Wrightville and mining shares to his brother William, cottages to his two daughters, and the remainder to his wife.
In 1915 Daley's widow, Mary Daley, married Patrick Daley’s younger brother William at Cobar. William and Mary Daley purchased the Sunbeam Hotel in Surrey Hills. Mary Daley died in August 1922 of cancer and was buried in the Rookwood cemetery with her first husband.[Obituary: Mrs. Mary Josephine Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116747435), *Freeman's Journal* (Sydney), 5 October 1922, page 13\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"### Early life",
"Patrick Bernard Daley was born on 6 July 1844 in the Black Range, south of [Marengo](/wiki/Murringo \"Murringo\"), the son of John Daley and Ellen (*née* Downey).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youngwitness.com.au/story/5189949/history\\-of\\-young\\-with\\-brian\\-james/ \\|title\\=History of Young with Brian James – Bushranger to Businessman \\|last\\=James \\|first\\=Brian \\|date\\=31 January 2018 \\|website\\=Young Witness \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2021}} He was the second\\-born of twelve children.",
"Patsy Daley grew up in close proximity with his older cousin, [John O'Meally](/wiki/John_O%27Meally \"John O'Meally\"). Daley and O'Meally's mothers were sisters. Their fathers operated the 'Arramagong' station in an informal partnership; with an estimated area of 26,800 acres and an estimated grazing capability of 800 cattle, the pastoral run was located at the southern foot of the [Weddin Mountains](/wiki/Weddin_Mountains_National_Park \"Weddin Mountains National Park\") in the Lachlan Squatting District.[Lachlan](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230675985/12498464), *New South Wales Government Gazette* (Sydney), 28 May 1847 (Issue No. 47\\), page 580\\.[Claims to Leases of Crown Lands Beyond the Settled Districts](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/28648168), No. 92, *Sydney Morning Herald*, 4 October 1848, page 3\\. The two households lived separately on the station, about a mile and a half distant from each other.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/gang.html \\|title\\=The Gang: John O'Meally \\|author\\=Mark Matthews \\|website\\=Ben Hall Bushranger \\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2021}} The children of both families probably received at least a rudimentary education; in September 1853 it was recorded that a schoolmaster named John Smith was living on the property.[Bathurst Assize Court](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60149929), *Empire* (Sydney), 7 March 1854, page 3\\.",
"In June 1860 John O'Meally's father, Patrick, was granted a publicans’ license for the Weddin Mount Inn, built beside Emu Creek on the 'Arramagong' run.Certificate by Justices to Authorise the Granting of a License, Patrick O’Maley, Weddin Mount Inn, 18 June 1860, NSW State Archives; Series: 14403; Item: \\[7/1512]; Reel: 1241 (per Ancestry.com).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eugowra.aus.net/thestoryintro.htm \\|title\\= Story of the Gold Escort Robbery\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-12\\-22 \\|work\\= Eugowra}} With the gold\\-rush that occurred in the second half of 1860 at [Lambing Flat](/wiki/Young%2C_New_South_Wales \"Young, New South Wales\") and, nine months later, the opening up of the Lachlan goldfield at [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes%2C_New_South_Wales \"Forbes, New South Wales\"), the prospects for O’Meally’s inn considerably improved, being situated on a road between the two, 25 miles from Lambing Flat and 45 miles from Forbes.[Lambing Flat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263880138), *Yass Courier*, 1 August 1860, page 2\\.[The Lachlan](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263976333), *Yass Courier*, 12 February 1862, page 2\\.",
"By 1861 a disagreement had arisen between Patrick O’Meally and Patsy Daley’s father, John, over the leasehold of ‘Arramagong’ station. In June 1861 O’Meally placed the property, including stock and buildings, up for auction and Daley discovered the lease was held in O'Meally’s name only. In July 1861 the leasehold of the 'Arramagong' run was sold for £1,370 to Patrick Throsby, a landholder near Berrima.[Pastoral Property](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13060656), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 20 July 1861, page 3\\. The new owner of the station tried to evict the Daley family, which they resisted, remaining in their house until September 1863\\.",
"In 1862 Daley’s cousin, John O’Meally, came under the influence of the bushranger, [Frank Gardiner](/wiki/Frank_Gardiner \"Frank Gardiner\"), who had begun armed robberies in the district and using the Weddin Mountains and the nearby Pinnacle Range as refuges. Gardiner was a frequent visitor to O’Meally’s inn in the Weddin district.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/gardiner\\-was\\-5\\-ft\\-9\\-inches\\-tall\\-with.html \\|title\\=Frank Gardiner \\|author\\=Mark Matthews \\|website\\=Ben Hall Bushranger \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}} Whether or not Patsy Daley was involved in criminal activities at this stage is not known, but he was certainly associating with his cousin, who had already joined with Gardiner in committing robberies. In March 1862 O’Meally, Daley and another cousin (surname Downey) were apprehended on suspicion of being involved in the highway robbery of the storekeepers, Alfred Horsington and Henry Hewitt, near Wombat on 10 March 1862\\.[Lambing Flat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13226129), Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March 1862, page 3\\. O’Meally had been part of the gang led by Gardiner who carried out the robbery, but in the end the three young men were released without charge due to insufficient evidence.",
"John O’Meally was one of Gardiner’s gang of bushrangers (eight in number) who robbed the gold escort near [Eugowra](/wiki/Eugowra%2C_New_South_Wales \"Eugowra, New South Wales\") in June 1862\\. By the end of 1862 O’Meally and several others of the gang remained at large.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/miscell.html \\|title\\=Eugowra \\|author\\=Mark Matthews \\|website\\=Ben Hall Bushranger \\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2021}} From early 1863 Patsy Daley, attracted to the romance and excitement of the bushranging life, began to join O’Meally and his fellow bushrangers in undertaking robberies in the Lambing Flat district.",
"### Bushranging",
"Early evening on 28 January 1863 three armed men forcibly entered the house of Henry Colley at 'Demondrille' station near Murrumburrah. They stole a number of firearms and ammunition, jewellery, a watch, clothing and a saddle and bridle.[Robbery Under Arms](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047185), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 4 February 1863 (Issue No. 5\\), page 32\\. Patsy Daley was later identified as one of the three who robbed Colley.[Miscellaneous Information](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047390), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 8 April 1863 (Issue No. 14\\), page 103\\.",
"At eight o'clock in the evening of 2 February 1863 five armed men entered George Dickenson's store at Spring Creek near Young and stuck\\-up Dickenson, his storekeeper and a customer. The men were recognised as John Gilbert, Patsy Daley, John O’Meally and Christie Boland (*alias* Purtell).[Robbery Under Arms](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047222), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 11 February 1863 (Issue No. 6\\), page 40\\.[Albury Police Court: Saturday, April 16](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/264153688), *Albury Banner and Wodonga Express*, 23 April 1864, page 2\\. The fifth man was believed to be Ben Hall.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/ben\\-hall\\_13\\.html \\|title\\=Ben Hall Pt 1 \\|author\\=Mark Matthews \\|website\\=Ben Hall Bushranger \\|access\\-date\\=27 October 2021}} The three detainees were taken outside and guarded at gunpoint by Daley while the other bushrangers searched the store. As others passed by they were detained as well. It was reported that Daley was \"very nervous and trembled like a leaf\"; noticing his unease several of the captives pressed forward at which point Hall intervened and warned them to stay back.[Old Time Bushrangers: Some Local Characters](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/157640313), by 'Old Ned', *Mudgee Guardian and North\\-Western Representative*, 11 April 1912, page 28\\. After searching the store the bushrangers departed with £5 in silver, an estimated £10 worth of gold\\-dust, a revolver, three watches, several pairs of boots and a quantity of clothing.[Goulburn Assizes](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/102851765), *Goulburn Herald*, 26 September 1863, page 2\\. As they were leaving an unarmed policeman in plain clothes, Constable David Stewart, came along. The bushrangers ordered him off his horse. The policeman resisted and he was pulled off, and his horse, saddle and bridle were taken.[Committal of Patrick Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263977597), *Yass Courier*, 18 April 1863, page 4; republished from the *Burrangong Star* of 11 April 1863\\.",
"On Saturday morning, 7 February 1863, Ben Hall and Patsy Daley broke into the unattended Pinnacle Police Station and stole a [rifle](/wiki/Rifle \"Rifle\"), a [carbine](/wiki/Carbine \"Carbine\"), ammunition, a pair of saddlebags and a bridle, and articles of clothing. The station was usually occupied by three troopers. Two of the policemen, including the officer in charge, had been required to go to Forbes and the third, Constable Knox, was absent from the premises (despite being instructed \"not to leave his post\").[Breaking Into a Police Station](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/111168416), *Newcastle Chronicle and Hunter River District News*, 21 February 1863, page 3; republished from the *Lachlan Observer*, 11 February 1863\\.[Housebreaking, and Stealing from Dwelling\\-houses](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047247), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 18 February 1863 (Issue No. 7\\), page 48\\. When Knox returned later that day, he began following the tracks of the robbers. The following day Trooper William Hollister and two Aboriginal trackers, Billy Dargin and Prince Charlie, arrived from Forbes. They sent Knox back to the station and resumed following the tracks. Hollister and the trackers caught up with Hall and Daley as they were departing from Allport’s inn on the Forbes Road, close to the ‘Pinnacle’ station. They gave chase, but after several miles the pursuit was abandoned when Hollister’s horse ran against a tree and the trooper was thrown to the ground. During the chase Daley had fired three shots at Tracker Charlie.[The Attack on Sub Inspector Norton](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/63129675), *Empire* (Sydney), 28 March 1863, page 5\\. After the Pinnacle police station robbery Knox was dismissed from the police force.[Dismissal](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/252047390), *New South Wales Police Gazette and Weekly Record of Crime* (Sydney), 8 April 1863 (Issue No. 14\\), page 103\\.",
"Mid\\-afternoon on Saturday, 21 February 1863, four armed bushrangers dressed \"in the style of policemen in private clothes\" rode up to Meyer Solomon's store at [Little Wombat](/wiki/Wombat%2C_New_South_Wales \"Wombat, New South Wales\").[Sticking Up and Robbery of Mr. Myers Solomon’s Store, Near Wombat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/111165324), *Newcastle Chronicle and Hunter River District News*, 7 March 1863, page 3; republished from the *Burrangong Star* of 28 February 1863\\. They were Ben Hall, John Gilbert, John O'Meally and Patsy Daley. Solomon’s heavily pregnant wife observed the men approaching and informed her husband, who reached for a musket. Meeting them at the door Solomon fired his musket, the ball grazing the neck of one of the bushrangers \"and tearing the collar of his coat\". The intruders responded by firing two shots in return. Solomon escaped through the back of the premises; he was pursued by two of the men, captured and brought back to the store and placed under guard with his wife and a young lad, George Johnstone, in Solomon's employment. The bushrangers then proceeded to ransack the store in \"cool, deliberate manner\", loading three pack\\-horses with goods before departing at about seven o’clock in the evening.[Robbery of Mr. Solomon at Big Wombat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/244294330), *The Herald* (Melbourne), 14 March 1863, page 7; republished from the *Burrowa Times*, 26 February 1863 (via the *Goulburn Chronicle*). The following morning the police tracked the bushrangers for about ten miles in the direction of the Weddin Mountains, but gave up the pursuit \"from the want of a tracker and exhaustion, as most of the police had just returned from Yass\".[Telegraphic Despatches](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13074750), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 24 February 1863, page 4\\.",
"### The detainment of Sub\\-Inspector Norton",
"[thumb\\|right\\|upright\\=0\\.8\\|John Oxley Norton (1827\\-1880\\), police sub\\-inspector at Forbes in 1863\\.](/wiki/File:John_Oxley_Norton_SLNSW_FL1129038.jpg \"John Oxley Norton SLNSW FL1129038.jpg\")",
"By late February 1863 Sub\\-Inspector John Norton was given charge of the police at Forbes. On 28 February 1863 Norton and Tracker Billy Dargin were on patrol in pursuit of the bushrangers Hall, O'Meally and Daley; they had arranged to meet ten police troopers at the foot of Wheogo Mountain, north\\-west of Grenfell, but through a misunderstanding the meeting did not eventuate. Norton and Dargin continued the pursuit and the next morning, March 1, while riding towards 'Pinnacle' station they came upon the camp of the three bushrangers, who immediately mounted their horses and spread out on either side of the road in an effort to encircle Norton and Dargin. O'Meally advanced to within 80 to 100 yards and fired two shots at Norton from a double\\-barrelled gun. The bushrangers pushed forward to within fifty yards, exchanging shots with Norton, with none taking effect. When the policeman's ammunition was expended Daley, \"armed with three revolvers and a pair of pistols\", rode up to him and told him to throw down his arms. During the shooting Dargin had dismounted and escaped on foot into the bush, with several shots fired after him. Norton claimed that after his surrender \"Hall rode up and fired point blank at him, but fortunately without effect\". While O'Meally guarded the prisoner, Hall and Daley started in pursuit of the tracker, without success.[The Capture of Mr. Inspector Norton, by Bushrangers](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13075366/1480636), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 9 March 1863, page 3; republished from the *Lachlan Observer*, 4 March 1863\\.",
"When Hall and Daley returned to their prisoner, it was found that Norton had been mistaken for Trooper Hollister who, it was claimed, \"had threatened to shoot Ben Hall\". After being confined for three hours Norton was allowed to depart with the police horses. The writer for the *Lachlan Observer* newspaper (Forbes) considered that the Sub\\-Inspector owed his release \"to his being a 'new chum' in the district, and the fact of his having a wife and family in Sydney\". After his escape the tracker Dargin made his way to the Pinnacle police station where he reported the events. Sub\\-Inspector Norton arrived back at Forbes on March 3\\.",
"### Capture",
"On Wednesday morning, 11 March 1863, a party of four mounted police, accompanied by Aboriginal tracker Billy Dargin and led by Inspector [Pottinger](/wiki/Frederick_Pottinger \"Frederick Pottinger\"), were in the vicinity of the Weddin Mountains. Dargin noticed the fresh prints of a horse crossing the tracks they were pursuing and Pottinger decided to follow the more recent set of tracks. After a while, nearby to Pinnacle (or Macquire’s) Reef, the rider (Patsy Daley) was seen in the distance. Pottinger ordered two of the troopers to circle the hill in the opposite direction to try to intercept the man and the remainder of the group set off in direct pursuit. Before long they came upon some huts, with a saddled horse tethered to one of the buildings. Pottinger recognised the horse as one he had seen \"all in a sweat\" in Ben Hall’s paddock the night before and Dargin identified the pair of girth straps on the horse as being stolen from the police barracks on 'Pinnacle' station. The men inside the huts were at first \"unwilling to answer\" Pottinger’s questions, but after \"he threatened them\" the Police Inspector was told the rider was down a shaft on the diggings. At the entrance to the shaft Pottinger called on the man to surrender, but received no answer. Eventually, after calling for his surrender several times, Pottinger threatened that he would \"burn and smoke him out like an opossum\", which prompted Daley to surrender. He climbed the ladder of the sixty\\-foot shaft and was taken into custody, identified by Dargin as one of those who had fired at Norton and himself ten days previously. Patsy Daley was described as \"a mild, youthful, whiskerless looking person, with light blue eyes and fair complexion\", with nothing in his outward \"physiognomical expression to denote the degraded villain\".[The Capture of Patrick Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13075718), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 17 March 1863, page 3; republished from the *Lachlan Observer*, 14 March 1863\\.Selth, P. A., [\"Pottinger, Sir Frederick William (1831–1865\\)\"](http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pottinger-sir-frederick-william-1515/text7195), *[Australian Dictionary of Biography](/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography \"Australian Dictionary of Biography\")*, National Centre of Biography, [Australian National University](/wiki/Australian_National_University \"Australian National University\"). Retrieved 15 January 2013\\.",
"The following day Daley was brought before the Police Court at Forbes charged with shooting at Sub\\-Inspector Norton with the intent to kill or do grievous bodily harm as well as the robbery of the police barracks on ‘Pinnacle’ station. After evidence from Pottinger regarding his capture, Daley was remanded in custody.",
"On 2 April 1863 Daley was taken under guard by coach to Young and lodged in the lock\\-up there. The next day George Dickenson, the storekeeper of Spring Creek, was asked to identify the man who had stuck up his store several weeks previously. Daley was immediately recognised by Dickenson from amongst eight other prisoners.[Patsy Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59792874), *Bell’s Life in Sydney and Sporting Chronicle*, 11 April 1863, page 3; republished from the *Burrangong Star* of 4 April 1863\\. Daley was also identified by Henry Colley of 'Demondrille' station, who was robbed by three men in late January.",
"### Trial and imprisonment",
"Patrick Daley was tried in the [Goulburn](/wiki/Goulburn%2C_New_South_Wales \"Goulburn, New South Wales\") Assizes on 23 September 1863 before Chief Justice [Alfred Stephen](/wiki/Alfred_Stephen \"Alfred Stephen\"), charged with the armed robbery and assault of George Dickenson on 2 February at Spring Creek in company with \"other persons unknown\". Daley pleaded not guilty; his defence (undertaken by the barrister [William Windeyer](/wiki/William_Charles_Windeyer \"William Charles Windeyer\")) relied on a technical point that during the robbery Dickenson was being held at gunpoint outside the premises and so the circumstances \"only amounted to stealing from a dwelling\". However, Justice Stephens instructed the jury that Dickenson was \"constructively present\" during the robbery and the jury, without leaving the box, returned a verdict of guilty. Daley received a sentence of ten years hard labour on the roads (or other public works of the colony), the first year to be held in irons. On the following day Daley again faced the court, charged with the robbery of Meyer Solomon at Wombat on 21 February 1863\\. This time Daley pleaded guilty and his sentence was deferred.[Criminal Side](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/102851756), *Goulburn Herald*, 26 September 1863, page 2\\. The following day, February 25, Daley was brought before the Chief Justice and received a total sentence of fifteen years hard labour on the roads (thereby adding five years to his previous sentence).[Sentences](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/102851758/10385583), *Goulburn Herald*, 26 September 1863, page 3\\.",
"Daley was initially sent to [Darlinghurst Gaol](/wiki/Darlinghurst_Gaol \"Darlinghurst Gaol\"), but by February 1864 he had been transferred to the [Cockatoo Island](/wiki/Cockatoo_Island%2C_New_South_Wales \"Cockatoo Island, New South Wales\") Penal Establishment.Refer: letter dated 10 February 1864 regarding recommendation by the Chief Justice that Daley attend school; Cockatoo Island: Copies of Letters, 1862\\-1865, Volume 4/6518 (per Ancestry.com). He was finally discharged on 15 October 1873 upon receiving a remittance of his sentence.[Patrick Daley](https://records-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?context=L&vid=61SRA&lang=en_US&docid=INDEX2057409), Gaol Inmates / Prisoners Photos Index 1870\\-1930, NSW State Archives \\& Records, Item No: \\[3/14030], Digital ID: IE150979, Series: NRS2138, Photo No: 310\\.",
"### Later years",
"Patrick Daley and Mary Kelly were married in on 24 November 1883 at [Hay](/wiki/Hay%2C_New_South_Wales \"Hay, New South Wales\"), in the western Riverina district.Marriage registration: Patrick B. Daly \\& Mary Kelly, 1883, Hay, NSW; reg. no.: 3632\\. The couple had two daughters, the first of them born in 1887 at [Mossgiel](/wiki/Mossgiel%2C_New_South_Wales \"Mossgiel, New South Wales\").Family records (per Ancestry.com). They eventually moved to the [Cobar](/wiki/Cobar \"Cobar\") district, in the central west of New South Wales, where Daley's wife's family owned the 'Booroomugga' and 'Sussex' pastoral runs.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.aussiegenes.net/bushranging\\-3/ \\|title\\=Bushranging: Patsy Daley \\|website\\=Aussiegenes \\|access\\-date\\=3 November 2021}} From April 1895 Patrick Daley was the successful tenderer of a five\\-year lease of the Booroomugga Tank, a public watering place, east of Cobar on the road to Nyngan.[Lease of Public Watering Places](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/224324545), *New South Wales Government Gazette*, 26 April 1895, page 2711\\.",
"From 1899 the Family Hotel at [Wrightville](/wiki/Wrightville%2C_New_South_Wales \"Wrightville, New South Wales\"), near Cobar, was being run by the publican, William J. Kelly; Patrick Daley possibly owned the hotel.[Death of P. B. Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116958256), *Cobar Herald*, 5 May 1914, page 3\\.[Wrightville](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103833433), *Cobar Herald*, 29 July 1899, page 2\\.",
"In July 1904 Daley was elected as an alderman of the Wrightville Municipal Council.[Wrightville Municipality](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103844369), *Cobar Herald*, 9 July 1904, page 2\\.[Wrightville Council](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103834552), *Cobar Herald*, 15 October 1904, page 2\\. In 1905 Daley was referred to as the Cobar\\-Wrightville mail contractor.[Bee Mountain Mail](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103839741), *Cobar Herald*, 25 February 1905, page 2\\.",
"By about 1906 Daley owned the Royal Hotel at [Illewong](/wiki/Illewong%2C_New_South_Wales \"Illewong, New South Wales\"), about 11 miles south\\-east of Cobar, with his younger brother William (born in 1861\\) as the licensee.[Concentrates](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118683016), *Cobar Herald*, 30 June 1906, page 5\\.[A Few Illewong Cases](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118684549), *Cobar Herald*, 26 January 1907, page 3\\. Daley's hotel at Illewong was destroyed by fire in March 1910\\.[Fires in the Country](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15140522), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 1 April 1910, page 9\\.",
"In January 1911 Daley purchased the Terminus Hotel, on the corner of Linsley and Bradley streets in Cobar.[The C.S.A. Hotel Burnt Down](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103483185), *Cobar Herald*, 6 January 1911, page 5\\.",
"Patrick Daley died on 29 April 1914 at his sister's residence in [Glebe](/wiki/Glebe%2C_New_South_Wales \"Glebe, New South Wales\"). Daley had been in ill\\-health \"for some months\", being treated at the Cobar Hospital and later in Sydney.[Mr. P. B. Daley, Glebe](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/111292012), *Freeman’s Journal*, 21 May 1914, page 24\\. He was buried in Rookwood cemetery.Rookwood Cemetery headstone transcriptions, section D, Row 16; Patrick B. Daley, died 29 April 1914; husband of M. Daley (per Ancestry.com). In his will Daley left an estate of over six thousand pounds. He left the Family Hotel at Wrightville and mining shares to his brother William, cottages to his two daughters, and the remainder to his wife.",
"In 1915 Daley's widow, Mary Daley, married Patrick Daley’s younger brother William at Cobar. William and Mary Daley purchased the Sunbeam Hotel in Surrey Hills. Mary Daley died in August 1922 of cancer and was buried in the Rookwood cemetery with her first husband.[Obituary: Mrs. Mary Josephine Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116747435), *Freeman's Journal* (Sydney), 5 October 1922, page 13\\.",
""
] |
### Early life
Patrick Bernard Daley was born on 6 July 1844 in the Black Range, south of [Marengo](/wiki/Murringo "Murringo"), the son of John Daley and Ellen (*née* Downey).{{cite web \|url\=https://www.youngwitness.com.au/story/5189949/history\-of\-young\-with\-brian\-james/ \|title\=History of Young with Brian James – Bushranger to Businessman \|last\=James \|first\=Brian \|date\=31 January 2018 \|website\=Young Witness \|access\-date\=18 October 2021}} He was the second\-born of twelve children.
Patsy Daley grew up in close proximity with his older cousin, [John O'Meally](/wiki/John_O%27Meally "John O'Meally"). Daley and O'Meally's mothers were sisters. Their fathers operated the 'Arramagong' station in an informal partnership; with an estimated area of 26,800 acres and an estimated grazing capability of 800 cattle, the pastoral run was located at the southern foot of the [Weddin Mountains](/wiki/Weddin_Mountains_National_Park "Weddin Mountains National Park") in the Lachlan Squatting District.[Lachlan](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230675985/12498464), *New South Wales Government Gazette* (Sydney), 28 May 1847 (Issue No. 47\), page 580\.[Claims to Leases of Crown Lands Beyond the Settled Districts](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/28648168), No. 92, *Sydney Morning Herald*, 4 October 1848, page 3\. The two households lived separately on the station, about a mile and a half distant from each other.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/gang.html \|title\=The Gang: John O'Meally \|author\=Mark Matthews \|website\=Ben Hall Bushranger \|access\-date\=14 October 2021}} The children of both families probably received at least a rudimentary education; in September 1853 it was recorded that a schoolmaster named John Smith was living on the property.[Bathurst Assize Court](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60149929), *Empire* (Sydney), 7 March 1854, page 3\.
In June 1860 John O'Meally's father, Patrick, was granted a publicans’ license for the Weddin Mount Inn, built beside Emu Creek on the 'Arramagong' run.Certificate by Justices to Authorise the Granting of a License, Patrick O’Maley, Weddin Mount Inn, 18 June 1860, NSW State Archives; Series: 14403; Item: \[7/1512]; Reel: 1241 (per Ancestry.com).{{cite web \|url\=http://www.eugowra.aus.net/thestoryintro.htm \|title\= Story of the Gold Escort Robbery\|accessdate\=2008\-12\-22 \|work\= Eugowra}} With the gold\-rush that occurred in the second half of 1860 at [Lambing Flat](/wiki/Young%2C_New_South_Wales "Young, New South Wales") and, nine months later, the opening up of the Lachlan goldfield at [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes%2C_New_South_Wales "Forbes, New South Wales"), the prospects for O’Meally’s inn considerably improved, being situated on a road between the two, 25 miles from Lambing Flat and 45 miles from Forbes.[Lambing Flat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263880138), *Yass Courier*, 1 August 1860, page 2\.[The Lachlan](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263976333), *Yass Courier*, 12 February 1862, page 2\.
By 1861 a disagreement had arisen between Patrick O’Meally and Patsy Daley’s father, John, over the leasehold of ‘Arramagong’ station. In June 1861 O’Meally placed the property, including stock and buildings, up for auction and Daley discovered the lease was held in O'Meally’s name only. In July 1861 the leasehold of the 'Arramagong' run was sold for £1,370 to Patrick Throsby, a landholder near Berrima.[Pastoral Property](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13060656), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 20 July 1861, page 3\. The new owner of the station tried to evict the Daley family, which they resisted, remaining in their house until September 1863\.
In 1862 Daley’s cousin, John O’Meally, came under the influence of the bushranger, [Frank Gardiner](/wiki/Frank_Gardiner "Frank Gardiner"), who had begun armed robberies in the district and using the Weddin Mountains and the nearby Pinnacle Range as refuges. Gardiner was a frequent visitor to O’Meally’s inn in the Weddin district.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/gardiner\-was\-5\-ft\-9\-inches\-tall\-with.html \|title\=Frank Gardiner \|author\=Mark Matthews \|website\=Ben Hall Bushranger \|access\-date\=22 October 2021}} Whether or not Patsy Daley was involved in criminal activities at this stage is not known, but he was certainly associating with his cousin, who had already joined with Gardiner in committing robberies. In March 1862 O’Meally, Daley and another cousin (surname Downey) were apprehended on suspicion of being involved in the highway robbery of the storekeepers, Alfred Horsington and Henry Hewitt, near Wombat on 10 March 1862\.[Lambing Flat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13226129), Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March 1862, page 3\. O’Meally had been part of the gang led by Gardiner who carried out the robbery, but in the end the three young men were released without charge due to insufficient evidence.
John O’Meally was one of Gardiner’s gang of bushrangers (eight in number) who robbed the gold escort near [Eugowra](/wiki/Eugowra%2C_New_South_Wales "Eugowra, New South Wales") in June 1862\. By the end of 1862 O’Meally and several others of the gang remained at large.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/miscell.html \|title\=Eugowra \|author\=Mark Matthews \|website\=Ben Hall Bushranger \|access\-date\=30 October 2021}} From early 1863 Patsy Daley, attracted to the romance and excitement of the bushranging life, began to join O’Meally and his fellow bushrangers in undertaking robberies in the Lambing Flat district.
|
[
"### Early life",
"Patrick Bernard Daley was born on 6 July 1844 in the Black Range, south of [Marengo](/wiki/Murringo \"Murringo\"), the son of John Daley and Ellen (*née* Downey).{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.youngwitness.com.au/story/5189949/history\\-of\\-young\\-with\\-brian\\-james/ \\|title\\=History of Young with Brian James – Bushranger to Businessman \\|last\\=James \\|first\\=Brian \\|date\\=31 January 2018 \\|website\\=Young Witness \\|access\\-date\\=18 October 2021}} He was the second\\-born of twelve children.",
"Patsy Daley grew up in close proximity with his older cousin, [John O'Meally](/wiki/John_O%27Meally \"John O'Meally\"). Daley and O'Meally's mothers were sisters. Their fathers operated the 'Arramagong' station in an informal partnership; with an estimated area of 26,800 acres and an estimated grazing capability of 800 cattle, the pastoral run was located at the southern foot of the [Weddin Mountains](/wiki/Weddin_Mountains_National_Park \"Weddin Mountains National Park\") in the Lachlan Squatting District.[Lachlan](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230675985/12498464), *New South Wales Government Gazette* (Sydney), 28 May 1847 (Issue No. 47\\), page 580\\.[Claims to Leases of Crown Lands Beyond the Settled Districts](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/28648168), No. 92, *Sydney Morning Herald*, 4 October 1848, page 3\\. The two households lived separately on the station, about a mile and a half distant from each other.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/gang.html \\|title\\=The Gang: John O'Meally \\|author\\=Mark Matthews \\|website\\=Ben Hall Bushranger \\|access\\-date\\=14 October 2021}} The children of both families probably received at least a rudimentary education; in September 1853 it was recorded that a schoolmaster named John Smith was living on the property.[Bathurst Assize Court](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/60149929), *Empire* (Sydney), 7 March 1854, page 3\\.",
"In June 1860 John O'Meally's father, Patrick, was granted a publicans’ license for the Weddin Mount Inn, built beside Emu Creek on the 'Arramagong' run.Certificate by Justices to Authorise the Granting of a License, Patrick O’Maley, Weddin Mount Inn, 18 June 1860, NSW State Archives; Series: 14403; Item: \\[7/1512]; Reel: 1241 (per Ancestry.com).{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.eugowra.aus.net/thestoryintro.htm \\|title\\= Story of the Gold Escort Robbery\\|accessdate\\=2008\\-12\\-22 \\|work\\= Eugowra}} With the gold\\-rush that occurred in the second half of 1860 at [Lambing Flat](/wiki/Young%2C_New_South_Wales \"Young, New South Wales\") and, nine months later, the opening up of the Lachlan goldfield at [Forbes](/wiki/Forbes%2C_New_South_Wales \"Forbes, New South Wales\"), the prospects for O’Meally’s inn considerably improved, being situated on a road between the two, 25 miles from Lambing Flat and 45 miles from Forbes.[Lambing Flat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263880138), *Yass Courier*, 1 August 1860, page 2\\.[The Lachlan](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263976333), *Yass Courier*, 12 February 1862, page 2\\.",
"By 1861 a disagreement had arisen between Patrick O’Meally and Patsy Daley’s father, John, over the leasehold of ‘Arramagong’ station. In June 1861 O’Meally placed the property, including stock and buildings, up for auction and Daley discovered the lease was held in O'Meally’s name only. In July 1861 the leasehold of the 'Arramagong' run was sold for £1,370 to Patrick Throsby, a landholder near Berrima.[Pastoral Property](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13060656), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 20 July 1861, page 3\\. The new owner of the station tried to evict the Daley family, which they resisted, remaining in their house until September 1863\\.",
"In 1862 Daley’s cousin, John O’Meally, came under the influence of the bushranger, [Frank Gardiner](/wiki/Frank_Gardiner \"Frank Gardiner\"), who had begun armed robberies in the district and using the Weddin Mountains and the nearby Pinnacle Range as refuges. Gardiner was a frequent visitor to O’Meally’s inn in the Weddin district.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/gardiner\\-was\\-5\\-ft\\-9\\-inches\\-tall\\-with.html \\|title\\=Frank Gardiner \\|author\\=Mark Matthews \\|website\\=Ben Hall Bushranger \\|access\\-date\\=22 October 2021}} Whether or not Patsy Daley was involved in criminal activities at this stage is not known, but he was certainly associating with his cousin, who had already joined with Gardiner in committing robberies. In March 1862 O’Meally, Daley and another cousin (surname Downey) were apprehended on suspicion of being involved in the highway robbery of the storekeepers, Alfred Horsington and Henry Hewitt, near Wombat on 10 March 1862\\.[Lambing Flat](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/13226129), Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March 1862, page 3\\. O’Meally had been part of the gang led by Gardiner who carried out the robbery, but in the end the three young men were released without charge due to insufficient evidence.",
"John O’Meally was one of Gardiner’s gang of bushrangers (eight in number) who robbed the gold escort near [Eugowra](/wiki/Eugowra%2C_New_South_Wales \"Eugowra, New South Wales\") in June 1862\\. By the end of 1862 O’Meally and several others of the gang remained at large.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.benhallaustralianbushranger.com/p/miscell.html \\|title\\=Eugowra \\|author\\=Mark Matthews \\|website\\=Ben Hall Bushranger \\|access\\-date\\=30 October 2021}} From early 1863 Patsy Daley, attracted to the romance and excitement of the bushranging life, began to join O’Meally and his fellow bushrangers in undertaking robberies in the Lambing Flat district.",
""
] |
### Later years
Patrick Daley and Mary Kelly were married in on 24 November 1883 at [Hay](/wiki/Hay%2C_New_South_Wales "Hay, New South Wales"), in the western Riverina district.Marriage registration: Patrick B. Daly \& Mary Kelly, 1883, Hay, NSW; reg. no.: 3632\. The couple had two daughters, the first of them born in 1887 at [Mossgiel](/wiki/Mossgiel%2C_New_South_Wales "Mossgiel, New South Wales").Family records (per Ancestry.com). They eventually moved to the [Cobar](/wiki/Cobar "Cobar") district, in the central west of New South Wales, where Daley's wife's family owned the 'Booroomugga' and 'Sussex' pastoral runs.{{cite web \|url\= https://www.aussiegenes.net/bushranging\-3/ \|title\=Bushranging: Patsy Daley \|website\=Aussiegenes \|access\-date\=3 November 2021}} From April 1895 Patrick Daley was the successful tenderer of a five\-year lease of the Booroomugga Tank, a public watering place, east of Cobar on the road to Nyngan.[Lease of Public Watering Places](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/224324545), *New South Wales Government Gazette*, 26 April 1895, page 2711\.
From 1899 the Family Hotel at [Wrightville](/wiki/Wrightville%2C_New_South_Wales "Wrightville, New South Wales"), near Cobar, was being run by the publican, William J. Kelly; Patrick Daley possibly owned the hotel.[Death of P. B. Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116958256), *Cobar Herald*, 5 May 1914, page 3\.[Wrightville](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103833433), *Cobar Herald*, 29 July 1899, page 2\.
In July 1904 Daley was elected as an alderman of the Wrightville Municipal Council.[Wrightville Municipality](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103844369), *Cobar Herald*, 9 July 1904, page 2\.[Wrightville Council](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103834552), *Cobar Herald*, 15 October 1904, page 2\. In 1905 Daley was referred to as the Cobar\-Wrightville mail contractor.[Bee Mountain Mail](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103839741), *Cobar Herald*, 25 February 1905, page 2\.
By about 1906 Daley owned the Royal Hotel at [Illewong](/wiki/Illewong%2C_New_South_Wales "Illewong, New South Wales"), about 11 miles south\-east of Cobar, with his younger brother William (born in 1861\) as the licensee.[Concentrates](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118683016), *Cobar Herald*, 30 June 1906, page 5\.[A Few Illewong Cases](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118684549), *Cobar Herald*, 26 January 1907, page 3\. Daley's hotel at Illewong was destroyed by fire in March 1910\.[Fires in the Country](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15140522), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 1 April 1910, page 9\.
In January 1911 Daley purchased the Terminus Hotel, on the corner of Linsley and Bradley streets in Cobar.[The C.S.A. Hotel Burnt Down](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103483185), *Cobar Herald*, 6 January 1911, page 5\.
Patrick Daley died on 29 April 1914 at his sister's residence in [Glebe](/wiki/Glebe%2C_New_South_Wales "Glebe, New South Wales"). Daley had been in ill\-health "for some months", being treated at the Cobar Hospital and later in Sydney.[Mr. P. B. Daley, Glebe](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/111292012), *Freeman’s Journal*, 21 May 1914, page 24\. He was buried in Rookwood cemetery.Rookwood Cemetery headstone transcriptions, section D, Row 16; Patrick B. Daley, died 29 April 1914; husband of M. Daley (per Ancestry.com). In his will Daley left an estate of over six thousand pounds. He left the Family Hotel at Wrightville and mining shares to his brother William, cottages to his two daughters, and the remainder to his wife.
In 1915 Daley's widow, Mary Daley, married Patrick Daley’s younger brother William at Cobar. William and Mary Daley purchased the Sunbeam Hotel in Surrey Hills. Mary Daley died in August 1922 of cancer and was buried in the Rookwood cemetery with her first husband.[Obituary: Mrs. Mary Josephine Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116747435), *Freeman's Journal* (Sydney), 5 October 1922, page 13\.
|
[
"### Later years",
"Patrick Daley and Mary Kelly were married in on 24 November 1883 at [Hay](/wiki/Hay%2C_New_South_Wales \"Hay, New South Wales\"), in the western Riverina district.Marriage registration: Patrick B. Daly \\& Mary Kelly, 1883, Hay, NSW; reg. no.: 3632\\. The couple had two daughters, the first of them born in 1887 at [Mossgiel](/wiki/Mossgiel%2C_New_South_Wales \"Mossgiel, New South Wales\").Family records (per Ancestry.com). They eventually moved to the [Cobar](/wiki/Cobar \"Cobar\") district, in the central west of New South Wales, where Daley's wife's family owned the 'Booroomugga' and 'Sussex' pastoral runs.{{cite web \\|url\\= https://www.aussiegenes.net/bushranging\\-3/ \\|title\\=Bushranging: Patsy Daley \\|website\\=Aussiegenes \\|access\\-date\\=3 November 2021}} From April 1895 Patrick Daley was the successful tenderer of a five\\-year lease of the Booroomugga Tank, a public watering place, east of Cobar on the road to Nyngan.[Lease of Public Watering Places](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/224324545), *New South Wales Government Gazette*, 26 April 1895, page 2711\\.",
"From 1899 the Family Hotel at [Wrightville](/wiki/Wrightville%2C_New_South_Wales \"Wrightville, New South Wales\"), near Cobar, was being run by the publican, William J. Kelly; Patrick Daley possibly owned the hotel.[Death of P. B. Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116958256), *Cobar Herald*, 5 May 1914, page 3\\.[Wrightville](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103833433), *Cobar Herald*, 29 July 1899, page 2\\.",
"In July 1904 Daley was elected as an alderman of the Wrightville Municipal Council.[Wrightville Municipality](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103844369), *Cobar Herald*, 9 July 1904, page 2\\.[Wrightville Council](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103834552), *Cobar Herald*, 15 October 1904, page 2\\. In 1905 Daley was referred to as the Cobar\\-Wrightville mail contractor.[Bee Mountain Mail](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103839741), *Cobar Herald*, 25 February 1905, page 2\\.",
"By about 1906 Daley owned the Royal Hotel at [Illewong](/wiki/Illewong%2C_New_South_Wales \"Illewong, New South Wales\"), about 11 miles south\\-east of Cobar, with his younger brother William (born in 1861\\) as the licensee.[Concentrates](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118683016), *Cobar Herald*, 30 June 1906, page 5\\.[A Few Illewong Cases](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/118684549), *Cobar Herald*, 26 January 1907, page 3\\. Daley's hotel at Illewong was destroyed by fire in March 1910\\.[Fires in the Country](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15140522), *Sydney Morning Herald*, 1 April 1910, page 9\\.",
"In January 1911 Daley purchased the Terminus Hotel, on the corner of Linsley and Bradley streets in Cobar.[The C.S.A. Hotel Burnt Down](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/103483185), *Cobar Herald*, 6 January 1911, page 5\\.",
"Patrick Daley died on 29 April 1914 at his sister's residence in [Glebe](/wiki/Glebe%2C_New_South_Wales \"Glebe, New South Wales\"). Daley had been in ill\\-health \"for some months\", being treated at the Cobar Hospital and later in Sydney.[Mr. P. B. Daley, Glebe](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/111292012), *Freeman’s Journal*, 21 May 1914, page 24\\. He was buried in Rookwood cemetery.Rookwood Cemetery headstone transcriptions, section D, Row 16; Patrick B. Daley, died 29 April 1914; husband of M. Daley (per Ancestry.com). In his will Daley left an estate of over six thousand pounds. He left the Family Hotel at Wrightville and mining shares to his brother William, cottages to his two daughters, and the remainder to his wife.",
"In 1915 Daley's widow, Mary Daley, married Patrick Daley’s younger brother William at Cobar. William and Mary Daley purchased the Sunbeam Hotel in Surrey Hills. Mary Daley died in August 1922 of cancer and was buried in the Rookwood cemetery with her first husband.[Obituary: Mrs. Mary Josephine Daley](https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/116747435), *Freeman's Journal* (Sydney), 5 October 1922, page 13\\.",
""
] |
Events
------
### GEOINT Symposium
Carrying the torch of Geo\-Intel 2003 as an official organization, USGIF rebranded the event as GEOINT Symposium. In November 2004, USGIF held the first GEOINT Symposium in New Orleans and attracted more than 1,500 participants. The annual event is typically held in the spring and has since been hosted in San Antonio, Texas; Orlando, Florida; Nashville, Tennessee; Tampa, Florida; Washington, DC; St. Louis, Missouri; and Denver, Colorado. Typically the event draws more than 3500 attendees, including speakers and exhibitors. The Symposium was not held in 2013 due to a government shutdown and was postponed instead to 2014, and it was cancelled in 2020 due to the global pandemic.
The GEOINT Symposium was described in 2008 by [Tim Shorrock](/wiki/Tim_Shorrock "Tim Shorrock") as "one of the few open windows into the thinking at the highest levels of US intelligence", as it "has become the nation's showcase for intelligence contractors and agencies alike...".Shorrock, 229\. In his book *Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Intelligence Outsourcing*, Shorrock recounts several notable events at GEOINT Symposiums. Among them, in 2004, the Symposium featured the directors of the [CIA](/wiki/CIA "CIA"), the [NSA](/wiki/NSA "NSA"), and the [NGA](/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency "National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency") speaking at a public session at the same time—the only occasion during the presidency of [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush "George W. Bush") when such a public collective gathering would occur.Shorrock, 229\-230\. He also notes that, in 2005, Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Collection [Mary Margaret Graham](/wiki/Mary_Margaret_Graham "Mary Margaret Graham") inadvertently revealed the amount of money spent by the US government on national intelligence, the first time the budget amount had been revealed since 1998\.Shorrock, 230\.
In 2006, the GEOINT Symposium featured then [Director of National Intelligence](/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence "Director of National Intelligence") [John D. Negroponte](/wiki/John_D._Negroponte "John D. Negroponte") as [keynote](/wiki/Keynote "Keynote") speaker.{{cite book \| title \= Geospatial Technologies and Homeland Security: Research Frontiers and Future Challenges \| first \= Daniel Z. \| last \= Sui \| publisher \= Springer \| year \= 2008 \| isbn \= 978\-1402083396 \| page \= 296 \| url \= https://books.google.com/books?id\=9JSCEL01GeEC\&q\=%22US\+Geospatial\+Intelligence\+Foundation%22\&pg\=PA296}}See Negroponte's speech from the event, <http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20061116_speech.pdf> {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109024117/http://dni.gov/speeches/20061116\_speech.pdf\|date\=2009\-01\-09}}. In 2008, the address was delivered by Negroponte's successor, [Mike McConnell](/wiki/John_Michael_McConnell "John Michael McConnell"), whose speech was picked up by multiple media outlets.{{cite web \| first \= JoAnne \| last \= Allen \| title \= Intelligence chief sees growing potential for conflict \| url \= https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE49U0TZ20081031 \| work \= Reuters \| date \= October 31, 2008 \| access\-date \= 22 January 2009}}{{cite web \| first \= Pam \| last \= Benson \| title \= Spy chief says U.S. vulnerable in president's first year \| url\= http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/30/mcconnell.terror/ \| work \= CNN Politics.com \| date \= October 30, 2008 \| access\-date \= 22 January 2009}}{{cite news \|first\=Pamela \|last\=Hess \|title\=Intel chief: President's Year 1 is dangerous time \|url\= http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/10/30/america/Intelligence\-Director.php \|agency\=Associated Press \|work\=International Herald Tribune \|date\=October 30, 2008 \|access\-date\=22 January 2009}} As the then [Director of National Intelligence](/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence "Director of National Intelligence"), [James Clapper](/wiki/James_Clapper "James Clapper") provided keynote remarks at every GEOINT Symposium between 2011 and 2016, and also keynoted in 2010 as the [Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence](/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Intelligence "Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence"). Other Undersecretaries of Defense for Intelligence have spoken at the Symposium, including [Michael G. Vickers](/wiki/Michael_G._Vickers "Michael G. Vickers") in 2011 and 2012, [Marcel Lettre](/wiki/Marcel_Lettre "Marcel Lettre") in 2015 and 2016, [Joseph D. Kernan](/wiki/Joseph_D._Kernan "Joseph D. Kernan") in 2018, and [Ronald Moultrie](/wiki/Ronald_Moultrie "Ronald Moultrie") in 2022\. In 2018 and 2019, former Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence [Susan M. Gordon](/wiki/Susan_M._Gordon "Susan M. Gordon") spoke at the Symposium, in 2021 and 2022 Dr. [Stacey Dixon](/wiki/Stacey_Dixon "Stacey Dixon") keynoted, and in 2023 Director of National Intelligence [Avril Haines](/wiki/Avril_Haines "Avril Haines") keynoted. The GEOINT stage also provides a forum for an annual public address by the Director of the [National Geospatial\-Intelligence Agency](/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency "National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency"), and has often included speeches by directors of other intelligence agencies. The GEOINT stage has drawn additional contributors, among them [Donald Kerr](/wiki/Donald_Kerr "Donald Kerr"), General [James Cartwright](/wiki/James_Cartwright "James Cartwright"), Lt. Gen. [William G. Boykin](/wiki/William_G._Boykin "William G. Boykin"), Lt. Gen. [Russel L. Honoré](/wiki/Russel_L._Honor%C3%A9 "Russel L. Honoré"), Dr. Christopher K. Tucker, retired Gen. [Anthony Zinni](/wiki/Anthony_Zinni "Anthony Zinni"), [Charles E. Allen](/wiki/Charles_E._Allen "Charles E. Allen"), Ambassador [Dennis Richardson](/wiki/Dennis_Richardson_%28diplomat%29 "Dennis Richardson (diplomat)"), [Anthony Tether](/wiki/Anthony_Tether "Anthony Tether"), Al Munson,{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20081030\_2\_speech.pdf \|title\=Munson's speech from the event \|access\-date\=2008\-12\-19 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105192054/http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20081030\_2\_speech.pdf \|archive\-date\=2009\-01\-05 \|url\-status\=dead }} [Bran Ferren](/wiki/Bran_Ferren "Bran Ferren"), Gen. [Michael Hayden](/wiki/Michael_Hayden_%28general%29 "Michael Hayden (general)"), [Suzette Kimball](/wiki/Suzette_Kimball "Suzette Kimball"), Gen. [Stanley A. McChrystal](/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal "Stanley A. McChrystal"), Gen. [Charles Q. Brown Jr.](/wiki/Charles_Q._Brown_Jr. "Charles Q. Brown Jr."), [Robert D. Kaplan](/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan "Robert D. Kaplan"), and Dr. [Lisa Porter](/wiki/Lisa_Porter "Lisa Porter").
### Tech Days
For many years, Tech Days was an event at which USGIF Members showcased their technologies without having to compete against speakers or an agenda. This event was held each spring in the D.C. metro area to allow members of US Congress and other government employees convenient access to the latest developments and solutions in geospatial technology. Tech Days was produced in cooperation with the [National Geospatial\-Intelligence Agency](/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency "National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency") (NGA), which hosted a classified technology component as part of the event. Tech Days culminated with the GEOGala black\-tie dinner.
### Chairman’s Event
In addition to the USGIF Speaker Series, USGIF hosts smaller dinner events where USGIF Strategic Partner Members can listen to and speak with leaders in Government, Defense, Intelligence, Academia, and Industry in a more intimate and casual environment. The event, at times, coincides with a classified briefing or other relevant activities. The Chairman’s Events are open only to Strategic Partner Members, USGIF Board of Directors, and select invited guests.
|
[
"Events\n------",
"### GEOINT Symposium",
"Carrying the torch of Geo\\-Intel 2003 as an official organization, USGIF rebranded the event as GEOINT Symposium. In November 2004, USGIF held the first GEOINT Symposium in New Orleans and attracted more than 1,500 participants. The annual event is typically held in the spring and has since been hosted in San Antonio, Texas; Orlando, Florida; Nashville, Tennessee; Tampa, Florida; Washington, DC; St. Louis, Missouri; and Denver, Colorado. Typically the event draws more than 3500 attendees, including speakers and exhibitors. The Symposium was not held in 2013 due to a government shutdown and was postponed instead to 2014, and it was cancelled in 2020 due to the global pandemic.",
"The GEOINT Symposium was described in 2008 by [Tim Shorrock](/wiki/Tim_Shorrock \"Tim Shorrock\") as \"one of the few open windows into the thinking at the highest levels of US intelligence\", as it \"has become the nation's showcase for intelligence contractors and agencies alike...\".Shorrock, 229\\. In his book *Spies for Hire: The Secret World of Intelligence Outsourcing*, Shorrock recounts several notable events at GEOINT Symposiums. Among them, in 2004, the Symposium featured the directors of the [CIA](/wiki/CIA \"CIA\"), the [NSA](/wiki/NSA \"NSA\"), and the [NGA](/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency \"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\") speaking at a public session at the same time—the only occasion during the presidency of [George W. Bush](/wiki/George_W._Bush \"George W. Bush\") when such a public collective gathering would occur.Shorrock, 229\\-230\\. He also notes that, in 2005, Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Collection [Mary Margaret Graham](/wiki/Mary_Margaret_Graham \"Mary Margaret Graham\") inadvertently revealed the amount of money spent by the US government on national intelligence, the first time the budget amount had been revealed since 1998\\.Shorrock, 230\\.",
"In 2006, the GEOINT Symposium featured then [Director of National Intelligence](/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence \"Director of National Intelligence\") [John D. Negroponte](/wiki/John_D._Negroponte \"John D. Negroponte\") as [keynote](/wiki/Keynote \"Keynote\") speaker.{{cite book \\| title \\= Geospatial Technologies and Homeland Security: Research Frontiers and Future Challenges \\| first \\= Daniel Z. \\| last \\= Sui \\| publisher \\= Springer \\| year \\= 2008 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-1402083396 \\| page \\= 296 \\| url \\= https://books.google.com/books?id\\=9JSCEL01GeEC\\&q\\=%22US\\+Geospatial\\+Intelligence\\+Foundation%22\\&pg\\=PA296}}See Negroponte's speech from the event, <http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20061116_speech.pdf> {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109024117/http://dni.gov/speeches/20061116\\_speech.pdf\\|date\\=2009\\-01\\-09}}. In 2008, the address was delivered by Negroponte's successor, [Mike McConnell](/wiki/John_Michael_McConnell \"John Michael McConnell\"), whose speech was picked up by multiple media outlets.{{cite web \\| first \\= JoAnne \\| last \\= Allen \\| title \\= Intelligence chief sees growing potential for conflict \\| url \\= https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE49U0TZ20081031 \\| work \\= Reuters \\| date \\= October 31, 2008 \\| access\\-date \\= 22 January 2009}}{{cite web \\| first \\= Pam \\| last \\= Benson \\| title \\= Spy chief says U.S. vulnerable in president's first year \\| url\\= http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/30/mcconnell.terror/ \\| work \\= CNN Politics.com \\| date \\= October 30, 2008 \\| access\\-date \\= 22 January 2009}}{{cite news \\|first\\=Pamela \\|last\\=Hess \\|title\\=Intel chief: President's Year 1 is dangerous time \\|url\\= http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/10/30/america/Intelligence\\-Director.php \\|agency\\=Associated Press \\|work\\=International Herald Tribune \\|date\\=October 30, 2008 \\|access\\-date\\=22 January 2009}} As the then [Director of National Intelligence](/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence \"Director of National Intelligence\"), [James Clapper](/wiki/James_Clapper \"James Clapper\") provided keynote remarks at every GEOINT Symposium between 2011 and 2016, and also keynoted in 2010 as the [Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence](/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Intelligence \"Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence\"). Other Undersecretaries of Defense for Intelligence have spoken at the Symposium, including [Michael G. Vickers](/wiki/Michael_G._Vickers \"Michael G. Vickers\") in 2011 and 2012, [Marcel Lettre](/wiki/Marcel_Lettre \"Marcel Lettre\") in 2015 and 2016, [Joseph D. Kernan](/wiki/Joseph_D._Kernan \"Joseph D. Kernan\") in 2018, and [Ronald Moultrie](/wiki/Ronald_Moultrie \"Ronald Moultrie\") in 2022\\. In 2018 and 2019, former Principal Deputy Director of National Intelligence [Susan M. Gordon](/wiki/Susan_M._Gordon \"Susan M. Gordon\") spoke at the Symposium, in 2021 and 2022 Dr. [Stacey Dixon](/wiki/Stacey_Dixon \"Stacey Dixon\") keynoted, and in 2023 Director of National Intelligence [Avril Haines](/wiki/Avril_Haines \"Avril Haines\") keynoted. The GEOINT stage also provides a forum for an annual public address by the Director of the [National Geospatial\\-Intelligence Agency](/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency \"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\"), and has often included speeches by directors of other intelligence agencies. The GEOINT stage has drawn additional contributors, among them [Donald Kerr](/wiki/Donald_Kerr \"Donald Kerr\"), General [James Cartwright](/wiki/James_Cartwright \"James Cartwright\"), Lt. Gen. [William G. Boykin](/wiki/William_G._Boykin \"William G. Boykin\"), Lt. Gen. [Russel L. Honoré](/wiki/Russel_L._Honor%C3%A9 \"Russel L. Honoré\"), Dr. Christopher K. Tucker, retired Gen. [Anthony Zinni](/wiki/Anthony_Zinni \"Anthony Zinni\"), [Charles E. Allen](/wiki/Charles_E._Allen \"Charles E. Allen\"), Ambassador [Dennis Richardson](/wiki/Dennis_Richardson_%28diplomat%29 \"Dennis Richardson (diplomat)\"), [Anthony Tether](/wiki/Anthony_Tether \"Anthony Tether\"), Al Munson,{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20081030\\_2\\_speech.pdf \\|title\\=Munson's speech from the event \\|access\\-date\\=2008\\-12\\-19 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105192054/http://www.dni.gov/speeches/20081030\\_2\\_speech.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2009\\-01\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} [Bran Ferren](/wiki/Bran_Ferren \"Bran Ferren\"), Gen. [Michael Hayden](/wiki/Michael_Hayden_%28general%29 \"Michael Hayden (general)\"), [Suzette Kimball](/wiki/Suzette_Kimball \"Suzette Kimball\"), Gen. [Stanley A. McChrystal](/wiki/Stanley_A._McChrystal \"Stanley A. McChrystal\"), Gen. [Charles Q. Brown Jr.](/wiki/Charles_Q._Brown_Jr. \"Charles Q. Brown Jr.\"), [Robert D. Kaplan](/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan \"Robert D. Kaplan\"), and Dr. [Lisa Porter](/wiki/Lisa_Porter \"Lisa Porter\").",
"### Tech Days",
"For many years, Tech Days was an event at which USGIF Members showcased their technologies without having to compete against speakers or an agenda. This event was held each spring in the D.C. metro area to allow members of US Congress and other government employees convenient access to the latest developments and solutions in geospatial technology. Tech Days was produced in cooperation with the [National Geospatial\\-Intelligence Agency](/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency \"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency\") (NGA), which hosted a classified technology component as part of the event. Tech Days culminated with the GEOGala black\\-tie dinner.",
"### Chairman’s Event",
"In addition to the USGIF Speaker Series, USGIF hosts smaller dinner events where USGIF Strategic Partner Members can listen to and speak with leaders in Government, Defense, Intelligence, Academia, and Industry in a more intimate and casual environment. The event, at times, coincides with a classified briefing or other relevant activities. The Chairman’s Events are open only to Strategic Partner Members, USGIF Board of Directors, and select invited guests.",
""
] |
Design and development
----------------------
The poor results obtained with the [Blackburn T.B.](/wiki/Blackburn_T.B. "Blackburn T.B.") prompted Blackburn to develop an [anti\-submarine](/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare "Anti-submarine warfare") [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane "Floatplane") designated the **Blackburn G.P.** (Blackburn General Purpose).
The large seaplane that emerged had a crew of three, accommodated in a long slim fuselage. The first aircraft (s/n 1415\) was powered by two handed {{convert\|155\|hp\|kW\|abbr\=on\|2}} [Sunbeam Nubian](/wiki/Sunbeam_Nubian "Sunbeam Nubian") engines driving four\-bladed propellers, in nacelles sitting on the upper surface of the lower mainplanes. Cooling for the engines was achieved through vertical radiator blocks attached to the rear [interplane struts](/wiki/Interplane_strut "Interplane strut") on either side of the engine nacelles, which also supported the oil tanks for each engine.
Construction of the aircraft was largely of wire\-braced wood with [fabric covering](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering "Aircraft fabric covering"). The wings, of [RAF](/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory "Royal Aircraft Factory")34 section, were built in four sections, all with dihedral but the outer sections markedly so. The outer section upper mainplane extended past the lower mainplane and was supported by cables via kingposts, above the upper surface, over the outermost interplane struts. To facilitate storage the outer wing sections folded to the rear for a folded span of {{convert\|27\|ft\|10\|in\|m\|abbr\=on\|2}}. At the rear of the fuselage a biplane tail\-unit with twin fins and rudders provided control and stability in pitch and yaw.
Two [bungee](/wiki/Bungee_cord "Bungee cord")\-sprung [plywood](/wiki/Plywood "Plywood")\-covered main floats with twelve watertight compartments supported the aircraft through a divided strut structure which left clearance for dropping torpedoes from under the fuselage. A single tail float was also strut\-supported from the rear fuselage. For ground handling ashore the aircraft sat on beaching dollies under the main and tail floats.
The crew sat in open cockpits, the gunner/navigator at the nose, the pilot forward of the wing leading edges and a second gunner aft of the wings. The gunners could operate [.303 (7\.7 mm)](/wiki/0.303_British "0.303 British") [Lewis machine guns](/wiki/Lewis_machine_gun "Lewis machine gun") mounted on [Scarff rings](/wiki/Scarff_ring "Scarff ring"). Other armament could include four 230 lb bombs on racks under the wing and/or a torpedo under the fuselage. The crew also had access to [Wireless Telegraphy](/wiki/Wireless_Telegraphy "Wireless Telegraphy") equipment for communications with other stations.
A second G.P. was built, which was structurally stronger through the use of heavier gauge metal fittings and a revised structure, with power supplied by two [Rolls\-Royce 190hp](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Falcon "Rolls-Royce Falcon") engines (later to be renamed Falcon) driving handed four\-bladed propellers in similar fashion to the first aircraft. Other changes included four ailerons, one on each wing, instead of just the upper mainplanes, engine nacelles raised clear of the lower mainplanes and scalloped trailing edges through the use of steel wire trailing edge members, (a retrograde step as the wire corroded quickly causing damage to the fabric covering).
|
[
"Design and development\n----------------------",
"The poor results obtained with the [Blackburn T.B.](/wiki/Blackburn_T.B. \"Blackburn T.B.\") prompted Blackburn to develop an [anti\\-submarine](/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare \"Anti-submarine warfare\") [floatplane](/wiki/Floatplane \"Floatplane\") designated the **Blackburn G.P.** (Blackburn General Purpose).",
"The large seaplane that emerged had a crew of three, accommodated in a long slim fuselage. The first aircraft (s/n 1415\\) was powered by two handed {{convert\\|155\\|hp\\|kW\\|abbr\\=on\\|2}} [Sunbeam Nubian](/wiki/Sunbeam_Nubian \"Sunbeam Nubian\") engines driving four\\-bladed propellers, in nacelles sitting on the upper surface of the lower mainplanes. Cooling for the engines was achieved through vertical radiator blocks attached to the rear [interplane struts](/wiki/Interplane_strut \"Interplane strut\") on either side of the engine nacelles, which also supported the oil tanks for each engine.",
"Construction of the aircraft was largely of wire\\-braced wood with [fabric covering](/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering \"Aircraft fabric covering\"). The wings, of [RAF](/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Factory \"Royal Aircraft Factory\")34 section, were built in four sections, all with dihedral but the outer sections markedly so. The outer section upper mainplane extended past the lower mainplane and was supported by cables via kingposts, above the upper surface, over the outermost interplane struts. To facilitate storage the outer wing sections folded to the rear for a folded span of {{convert\\|27\\|ft\\|10\\|in\\|m\\|abbr\\=on\\|2}}. At the rear of the fuselage a biplane tail\\-unit with twin fins and rudders provided control and stability in pitch and yaw.",
"Two [bungee](/wiki/Bungee_cord \"Bungee cord\")\\-sprung [plywood](/wiki/Plywood \"Plywood\")\\-covered main floats with twelve watertight compartments supported the aircraft through a divided strut structure which left clearance for dropping torpedoes from under the fuselage. A single tail float was also strut\\-supported from the rear fuselage. For ground handling ashore the aircraft sat on beaching dollies under the main and tail floats.",
"The crew sat in open cockpits, the gunner/navigator at the nose, the pilot forward of the wing leading edges and a second gunner aft of the wings. The gunners could operate [.303 (7\\.7 mm)](/wiki/0.303_British \"0.303 British\") [Lewis machine guns](/wiki/Lewis_machine_gun \"Lewis machine gun\") mounted on [Scarff rings](/wiki/Scarff_ring \"Scarff ring\"). Other armament could include four 230 lb bombs on racks under the wing and/or a torpedo under the fuselage. The crew also had access to [Wireless Telegraphy](/wiki/Wireless_Telegraphy \"Wireless Telegraphy\") equipment for communications with other stations.",
"A second G.P. was built, which was structurally stronger through the use of heavier gauge metal fittings and a revised structure, with power supplied by two [Rolls\\-Royce 190hp](/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Falcon \"Rolls-Royce Falcon\") engines (later to be renamed Falcon) driving handed four\\-bladed propellers in similar fashion to the first aircraft. Other changes included four ailerons, one on each wing, instead of just the upper mainplanes, engine nacelles raised clear of the lower mainplanes and scalloped trailing edges through the use of steel wire trailing edge members, (a retrograde step as the wire corroded quickly causing damage to the fabric covering).",
""
] |
House of Assembly
-----------------
Sitting members are shown in bold text. Tickets that elected at least one MHA are highlighted in the relevant colour. Successful candidates are indicated by an asterisk (\*).
### [Bass](/wiki/Division_of_Bass_%28state%29 "Division of Bass (state)")
Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") was defending four seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") was defending two seats.
| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") candidates |
| --- | --- |
| |
|
**[Thomas Davies](/wiki/Thomas_Davies_%28Australian_politician%29 "Thomas Davies (Australian politician)")**\*
**[Eric Howroyd](/wiki/Eric_Howroyd "Eric Howroyd")**\*
**[John McDonald](/wiki/John_Joseph_McDonald "John Joseph McDonald")**\*
**[John Madden](/wiki/John_Madden_%28Tasmanian_politician%29 "John Madden (Tasmanian politician)")**\*
[John Quintal](/wiki/John_Quintal "John Quintal")
[Alan Welsh](/wiki/Alan_Welsh_%28politician%29 "Alan Welsh (politician)")
**[Allen Hollingsworth](/wiki/Allen_Hollingsworth "Allen Hollingsworth")**
**[Frank Marriott](/wiki/Frank_Marriott "Frank Marriott")**\*
**[John Ockerby](/wiki/John_Ockerby "John Ockerby")**\*
Desmond Oldham
Ernest Pitchford
### [Darwin](/wiki/Division_of_Braddon_%28state%29 "Division of Braddon (state)")
Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") was defending three seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") was defending three seats.
| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") candidates |
| --- | --- |
| |
|
[James Bugg](/wiki/James_Bugg "James Bugg")\*
**[Thomas d'Alton](/wiki/Thomas_d%27Alton "Thomas d'Alton")**\*
**[Philip Kelly](/wiki/Philip_Kelly_%28Australian_politician%29 "Philip Kelly (Australian politician)")**\*
**[Henry Lane](/wiki/Henry_Lane_%28politician%29 "Henry Lane (politician)")**\*
[Michael Smith](/wiki/Michael_Adye_Smith "Michael Adye Smith")
Gerald Acheson
Norman Booth
Stephen Broad
**[Jack Chamberlain](/wiki/Jack_Chamberlain_%28politician%29 "Jack Chamberlain (politician)")**\*
Russell Green
[Henry McFie](/wiki/Henry_McFie "Henry McFie")\*
**[John Wright](/wiki/John_Forsyth_Wright "John Forsyth Wright")**
### [Denison](/wiki/Division_of_Denison_%28state%29 "Division of Denison (state)")
Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") was defending four seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") was defending two seats.
| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") candidates | Ungrouped candidates |
| --- | --- | --- |
| |
|
**[Robert Cosgrove](/wiki/Robert_Cosgrove "Robert Cosgrove")**\*
**[Charles Culley](/wiki/Charles_Culley "Charles Culley")**\*
**[Edmund Dwyer\-Gray](/wiki/Edmund_Dwyer-Gray "Edmund Dwyer-Gray")**\*
**[Francis Heerey](/wiki/Francis_Heerey "Francis Heerey")**
Sarah Kelly
[Alfred White](/wiki/Alfred_White_%28politician%29 "Alfred White (politician)")\*
[Charles Atkins](/wiki/Charles_Atkins_%28Australian_politician%29 "Charles Atkins (Australian politician)")\*
[Robert Harvey](/wiki/Robert_Harvey_%28Australian_politician%29 "Robert Harvey (Australian politician)")
Albert Kalbfell
Dugald McDougall
Raymond Smith
**[John Soundy](/wiki/John_Soundy "John Soundy")**\*
**[Ernest Turner](/wiki/Ernest_Turner_%28politician%29 "Ernest Turner (politician)")**
Michael O'Reilly
### [Franklin](/wiki/Division_of_Franklin_%28state%29 "Division of Franklin (state)")
Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") was defending four seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") was defending two seats.
| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") candidates | Ungrouped candidates |
| --- | --- | --- |
| |
|
**[Edward Brooker](/wiki/Edward_Brooker "Edward Brooker")**\*
**[John Dwyer](/wiki/John_Dwyer_%28politician%29 "John Dwyer (politician)")**\*
[Henry Hope](/wiki/Henry_Hope_%28politician%29 "Henry Hope (politician)")\*
**[Francis McDermott](/wiki/Francis_McDermott "Francis McDermott")**
[Thomas McKinley](/wiki/Thomas_McKinley "Thomas McKinley")\*
**[Basil Plummer](/wiki/Basil_Plummer "Basil Plummer")**
**[Henry Baker](/wiki/Henry_Baker_%28Australian_politician%29 "Henry Baker (Australian politician)")**\*
Albert Beard
Arthur Crisp
[Leo McPartlan](/wiki/Leo_McPartlan "Leo McPartlan")
[Sir John McPhee](/wiki/John_McPhee_%28Australian_politician%29 "John McPhee (Australian politician)")\*
[Benjamin Pearsall](/wiki/Benjamin_Pearsall "Benjamin Pearsall")
John Piggott
**[Vincent Shoobridge](/wiki/Vincent_Shoobridge "Vincent Shoobridge")**
Thomas Kimber
### [Wilmot](/wiki/Division_of_Lyons_%28state%29 "Division of Lyons (state)")
Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") was defending three seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") was defending three seats.
| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 "Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia "Nationalist Party of Australia") candidates |
| --- | --- |
| |
|
**[David O'Keefe](/wiki/David_O%27Keefe_%28Australian_politician%29 "David O'Keefe (Australian politician)")**\*
[Peter Pike](/wiki/Peter_Pike_%28Australian_politician%29 "Peter Pike (Australian politician)")
**[Lancelot Spurr](/wiki/Lancelot_Spurr "Lancelot Spurr")**\*
**[William Taylor](/wiki/William_Taylor_%28Tasmanian_politician%29 "William Taylor (Tasmanian politician)")**\*
[Ernest West](/wiki/Ernest_West_%28politician%29 "Ernest West (politician)")\*
**[Neil Campbell](/wiki/Neil_Campbell_%28politician%29 "Neil Campbell (politician)")**\*
**[Francis Foster](/wiki/Francis_Foster_%28Tasmanian_politician%29 "Francis Foster (Tasmanian politician)")**
Thomas Johnston
**[Sir Walter Lee](/wiki/Walter_Lee_%28Australian_politician%29 "Walter Lee (Australian politician)")**\*
Raymond Madden
Milton Taylor
|
[
"House of Assembly\n-----------------",
"Sitting members are shown in bold text. Tickets that elected at least one MHA are highlighted in the relevant colour. Successful candidates are indicated by an asterisk (\\*).",
"### [Bass](/wiki/Division_of_Bass_%28state%29 \"Division of Bass (state)\")",
"Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") was defending four seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") was defending two seats.",
"| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") candidates |\n| --- | --- |\n| |",
"|\n**[Thomas Davies](/wiki/Thomas_Davies_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Thomas Davies (Australian politician)\")**\\*",
"**[Eric Howroyd](/wiki/Eric_Howroyd \"Eric Howroyd\")**\\*",
"**[John McDonald](/wiki/John_Joseph_McDonald \"John Joseph McDonald\")**\\*",
"**[John Madden](/wiki/John_Madden_%28Tasmanian_politician%29 \"John Madden (Tasmanian politician)\")**\\*",
"[John Quintal](/wiki/John_Quintal \"John Quintal\")",
"[Alan Welsh](/wiki/Alan_Welsh_%28politician%29 \"Alan Welsh (politician)\")",
"**[Allen Hollingsworth](/wiki/Allen_Hollingsworth \"Allen Hollingsworth\")**",
"**[Frank Marriott](/wiki/Frank_Marriott \"Frank Marriott\")**\\*",
"**[John Ockerby](/wiki/John_Ockerby \"John Ockerby\")**\\*",
"Desmond Oldham",
"Ernest Pitchford",
"",
"",
"### [Darwin](/wiki/Division_of_Braddon_%28state%29 \"Division of Braddon (state)\")",
"Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") was defending three seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") was defending three seats.",
"| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") candidates |\n| --- | --- |\n| |",
"|\n[James Bugg](/wiki/James_Bugg \"James Bugg\")\\*",
"**[Thomas d'Alton](/wiki/Thomas_d%27Alton \"Thomas d'Alton\")**\\*",
"**[Philip Kelly](/wiki/Philip_Kelly_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Philip Kelly (Australian politician)\")**\\*",
"**[Henry Lane](/wiki/Henry_Lane_%28politician%29 \"Henry Lane (politician)\")**\\*",
"[Michael Smith](/wiki/Michael_Adye_Smith \"Michael Adye Smith\")",
"Gerald Acheson",
"Norman Booth",
"Stephen Broad",
"**[Jack Chamberlain](/wiki/Jack_Chamberlain_%28politician%29 \"Jack Chamberlain (politician)\")**\\*",
"Russell Green",
"[Henry McFie](/wiki/Henry_McFie \"Henry McFie\")\\*",
"**[John Wright](/wiki/John_Forsyth_Wright \"John Forsyth Wright\")**",
"",
"",
"### [Denison](/wiki/Division_of_Denison_%28state%29 \"Division of Denison (state)\")",
"Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") was defending four seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") was defending two seats.",
"| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") candidates | Ungrouped candidates |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| |",
"|\n**[Robert Cosgrove](/wiki/Robert_Cosgrove \"Robert Cosgrove\")**\\*",
"**[Charles Culley](/wiki/Charles_Culley \"Charles Culley\")**\\*",
"**[Edmund Dwyer\\-Gray](/wiki/Edmund_Dwyer-Gray \"Edmund Dwyer-Gray\")**\\*",
"**[Francis Heerey](/wiki/Francis_Heerey \"Francis Heerey\")**",
"Sarah Kelly",
"[Alfred White](/wiki/Alfred_White_%28politician%29 \"Alfred White (politician)\")\\*",
"[Charles Atkins](/wiki/Charles_Atkins_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Charles Atkins (Australian politician)\")\\*",
"[Robert Harvey](/wiki/Robert_Harvey_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Robert Harvey (Australian politician)\")",
"Albert Kalbfell",
"Dugald McDougall",
"Raymond Smith",
"**[John Soundy](/wiki/John_Soundy \"John Soundy\")**\\*",
"**[Ernest Turner](/wiki/Ernest_Turner_%28politician%29 \"Ernest Turner (politician)\")**",
"Michael O'Reilly",
"",
"",
"### [Franklin](/wiki/Division_of_Franklin_%28state%29 \"Division of Franklin (state)\")",
"Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") was defending four seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") was defending two seats.",
"| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") candidates | Ungrouped candidates |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| |",
"|\n**[Edward Brooker](/wiki/Edward_Brooker \"Edward Brooker\")**\\*",
"**[John Dwyer](/wiki/John_Dwyer_%28politician%29 \"John Dwyer (politician)\")**\\*",
"[Henry Hope](/wiki/Henry_Hope_%28politician%29 \"Henry Hope (politician)\")\\*",
"**[Francis McDermott](/wiki/Francis_McDermott \"Francis McDermott\")**",
"[Thomas McKinley](/wiki/Thomas_McKinley \"Thomas McKinley\")\\*",
"**[Basil Plummer](/wiki/Basil_Plummer \"Basil Plummer\")**",
"**[Henry Baker](/wiki/Henry_Baker_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Henry Baker (Australian politician)\")**\\*",
"Albert Beard",
"Arthur Crisp",
"[Leo McPartlan](/wiki/Leo_McPartlan \"Leo McPartlan\")",
"[Sir John McPhee](/wiki/John_McPhee_%28Australian_politician%29 \"John McPhee (Australian politician)\")\\*",
"[Benjamin Pearsall](/wiki/Benjamin_Pearsall \"Benjamin Pearsall\")",
"John Piggott",
"**[Vincent Shoobridge](/wiki/Vincent_Shoobridge \"Vincent Shoobridge\")**",
"Thomas Kimber",
"",
"",
"### [Wilmot](/wiki/Division_of_Lyons_%28state%29 \"Division of Lyons (state)\")",
"Six seats were up for election. The [Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") was defending three seats. The [Nationalist Party](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") was defending three seats.",
"| [Labor](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_%28Tasmanian_Branch%29 \"Australian Labor Party (Tasmanian Branch)\") candidates | [Nationalist](/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia \"Nationalist Party of Australia\") candidates |\n| --- | --- |\n| |",
"|\n**[David O'Keefe](/wiki/David_O%27Keefe_%28Australian_politician%29 \"David O'Keefe (Australian politician)\")**\\*",
"[Peter Pike](/wiki/Peter_Pike_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Peter Pike (Australian politician)\")",
"**[Lancelot Spurr](/wiki/Lancelot_Spurr \"Lancelot Spurr\")**\\*",
"**[William Taylor](/wiki/William_Taylor_%28Tasmanian_politician%29 \"William Taylor (Tasmanian politician)\")**\\*",
"[Ernest West](/wiki/Ernest_West_%28politician%29 \"Ernest West (politician)\")\\*",
"**[Neil Campbell](/wiki/Neil_Campbell_%28politician%29 \"Neil Campbell (politician)\")**\\*",
"**[Francis Foster](/wiki/Francis_Foster_%28Tasmanian_politician%29 \"Francis Foster (Tasmanian politician)\")**",
"Thomas Johnston",
"**[Sir Walter Lee](/wiki/Walter_Lee_%28Australian_politician%29 \"Walter Lee (Australian politician)\")**\\*",
"Raymond Madden",
"Milton Taylor",
"",
"",
""
] |
Plot
----
On 17 April 1928, seven inmates from the National Penitentiary in Buenos Aires manage to escape by tunneling their way out of prison: Laureano Irala, an ex\-[con](/wiki/Confidence_trick "Confidence trick"), Domingo 'El Pibe' Santalón, an expert [poker](/wiki/Poker "Poker") player and [forger](/wiki/Counterfeit_money "Counterfeit money"), Julio 'El Profesor' Bordiola, a [bookmaker](/wiki/Bookmaker "Bookmaker"), Tomás Opitti, an [airplane pilot](/wiki/Airplane_pilot "Airplane pilot"), Belisário 'El Pampa' Zacarías and Omar 'El Turco' Zajur, both [kidnappers](/wiki/Kidnapping "Kidnapping") and [murderers](/wiki/Murder "Murder"), and Camillo Vallejo, an [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchist "Anarchist"). They accidentally reach a coal store run by an old couple and succeed in leaving the place: however, El Pampa dies after being crushed by the falling tunnel and the old lady dies of a heart attack soon after the inmates flee.
Soon after the event, [Police commissioner](/wiki/Police_commissioner "Police commissioner") Duval begins investigating the case as the men part ways: Vallejo attempts to bomb a government [coach](/wiki/Coach_%28carriage%29 "Coach (carriage)"), but is killed when the explosive fails to detonate at the right time; Zajur reunites with El Pampa's widow, La Varela, and it is revealed [they were on a relationship](/wiki/Homosexuality "Homosexuality"); Santaló seeks his former boss, gambler Pedro Escofet, in order to resume his gambling ways and to reunite with Escofet's wife Tabita, with whom he has an affair; Irala returns to the coal store out of guilt for the old lady's death, but the old man mistakes him for his nephew who lives in Mendoza and asks him to move in; and Tomás escapes in a biplane to an [aero club](/wiki/Aero_club "Aero club") in [Entre Rios](/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province "Entre Ríos Province").
In a series of flashbacks, it is revealed that Tomás flew a terrorist and was mistaken as his accomplice, which prompted Duval and his men to shoot and kill his wife and son and arrest him, even though acknowledging his innocence. Bordiola shot a debtor in front of his 10\-year\-old daughter when he wrongfully assumed the man was about to kill him and later married piano student Rita Baldini, an underage girl who eventually cheated on him with a horse [dealer](/wiki/wikt:Dealer "Dealer") named Ricardo Cedeyra; enraged by her confession, he shot Cedeyra dead and was sent to prison. While devising the escape plan, El Pampa tells Zajur he wishes to build a monument to honour them in case they succeed.
In the present time, upon landing in Entre Ríos, Tomás witness his fellow co\-pilot being gunned down by Duval and his men in an ambush set to kill him. Meanwhile, Santaló gambles against Víctor Ganz, a ruthless card player, in a no\-limit game; the match goes into the night and after dawn, but Ganz does not seem to get tired at all. Santaló eventually collapses of exhaustion and Ganz is declared the winner; believing they have made an agreement to rip him off, Escofet shoots Santaló in the stomach only to be subsequently shot dead by Tabita: it is revealed she is the one who made an arrangement with Ganz, who are actually identical [twin](/wiki/Twin "Twin") brothers who switched places with each other between breaks. She flees with the brothers and the money, leaving Santaló to die.
Meanwhile, Bordiola goes to see Rita \- who has been visiting him for two years in prison despite his coldness towards her \- but learns she has committed suicide: in a letter, she reveals to be the 10\-year\-old girl whose father Bordiola shot and how she planned to avenge her father's death by marrying his killer but could not carry on as she fell in love with him. Tomás ambushes Duval in a [brothel](/wiki/Brothel "Brothel"), kidnaps and drags him to an abandoned airfield and ties him to the plane's engine, whereupon he starts it and stands aside as Duval is spun to death, finally avenging his family's murder. Soon after the old man's death, Irala inherits and sells the coal store, walking away with the money.
Eight years later, during the inauguration of the [Obelisco](/wiki/Obelisco_de_Buenos_Aires "Obelisco de Buenos Aires"), the monument is vandalized with the [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti "Graffiti") "*Monument dedicated to the inmates who escaped the prison, April 17th, 1928*". In the crowd, a laughing Zajur pictures his fellow inmates singing together in their [prison uniforms](/wiki/Prison_uniform "Prison uniform"); he and Irala, who is also among the crowd, share a quick glance and a smile before Irala walks away.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"On 17 April 1928, seven inmates from the National Penitentiary in Buenos Aires manage to escape by tunneling their way out of prison: Laureano Irala, an ex\\-[con](/wiki/Confidence_trick \"Confidence trick\"), Domingo 'El Pibe' Santalón, an expert [poker](/wiki/Poker \"Poker\") player and [forger](/wiki/Counterfeit_money \"Counterfeit money\"), Julio 'El Profesor' Bordiola, a [bookmaker](/wiki/Bookmaker \"Bookmaker\"), Tomás Opitti, an [airplane pilot](/wiki/Airplane_pilot \"Airplane pilot\"), Belisário 'El Pampa' Zacarías and Omar 'El Turco' Zajur, both [kidnappers](/wiki/Kidnapping \"Kidnapping\") and [murderers](/wiki/Murder \"Murder\"), and Camillo Vallejo, an [anarchist](/wiki/Anarchist \"Anarchist\"). They accidentally reach a coal store run by an old couple and succeed in leaving the place: however, El Pampa dies after being crushed by the falling tunnel and the old lady dies of a heart attack soon after the inmates flee.",
"Soon after the event, [Police commissioner](/wiki/Police_commissioner \"Police commissioner\") Duval begins investigating the case as the men part ways: Vallejo attempts to bomb a government [coach](/wiki/Coach_%28carriage%29 \"Coach (carriage)\"), but is killed when the explosive fails to detonate at the right time; Zajur reunites with El Pampa's widow, La Varela, and it is revealed [they were on a relationship](/wiki/Homosexuality \"Homosexuality\"); Santaló seeks his former boss, gambler Pedro Escofet, in order to resume his gambling ways and to reunite with Escofet's wife Tabita, with whom he has an affair; Irala returns to the coal store out of guilt for the old lady's death, but the old man mistakes him for his nephew who lives in Mendoza and asks him to move in; and Tomás escapes in a biplane to an [aero club](/wiki/Aero_club \"Aero club\") in [Entre Rios](/wiki/Entre_R%C3%ADos_Province \"Entre Ríos Province\").",
"In a series of flashbacks, it is revealed that Tomás flew a terrorist and was mistaken as his accomplice, which prompted Duval and his men to shoot and kill his wife and son and arrest him, even though acknowledging his innocence. Bordiola shot a debtor in front of his 10\\-year\\-old daughter when he wrongfully assumed the man was about to kill him and later married piano student Rita Baldini, an underage girl who eventually cheated on him with a horse [dealer](/wiki/wikt:Dealer \"Dealer\") named Ricardo Cedeyra; enraged by her confession, he shot Cedeyra dead and was sent to prison. While devising the escape plan, El Pampa tells Zajur he wishes to build a monument to honour them in case they succeed.",
"In the present time, upon landing in Entre Ríos, Tomás witness his fellow co\\-pilot being gunned down by Duval and his men in an ambush set to kill him. Meanwhile, Santaló gambles against Víctor Ganz, a ruthless card player, in a no\\-limit game; the match goes into the night and after dawn, but Ganz does not seem to get tired at all. Santaló eventually collapses of exhaustion and Ganz is declared the winner; believing they have made an agreement to rip him off, Escofet shoots Santaló in the stomach only to be subsequently shot dead by Tabita: it is revealed she is the one who made an arrangement with Ganz, who are actually identical [twin](/wiki/Twin \"Twin\") brothers who switched places with each other between breaks. She flees with the brothers and the money, leaving Santaló to die.",
"Meanwhile, Bordiola goes to see Rita \\- who has been visiting him for two years in prison despite his coldness towards her \\- but learns she has committed suicide: in a letter, she reveals to be the 10\\-year\\-old girl whose father Bordiola shot and how she planned to avenge her father's death by marrying his killer but could not carry on as she fell in love with him. Tomás ambushes Duval in a [brothel](/wiki/Brothel \"Brothel\"), kidnaps and drags him to an abandoned airfield and ties him to the plane's engine, whereupon he starts it and stands aside as Duval is spun to death, finally avenging his family's murder. Soon after the old man's death, Irala inherits and sells the coal store, walking away with the money.",
"Eight years later, during the inauguration of the [Obelisco](/wiki/Obelisco_de_Buenos_Aires \"Obelisco de Buenos Aires\"), the monument is vandalized with the [graffiti](/wiki/Graffiti \"Graffiti\") \"*Monument dedicated to the inmates who escaped the prison, April 17th, 1928*\". In the crowd, a laughing Zajur pictures his fellow inmates singing together in their [prison uniforms](/wiki/Prison_uniform \"Prison uniform\"); he and Irala, who is also among the crowd, share a quick glance and a smile before Irala walks away.",
""
] |
Varieties
---------
### {{lang\|it\|Pizza alla napoletana}}
{{lang\|it\|Pizza alla napoletana}} is topped with tomato, mozzarella, [anchovies](/wiki/Anchovies_as_food "Anchovies as food"), and olive oil (thus, what in Naples is called {{lang\|it\|pizza romana}}, in Rome is called {{lang\|it\|pizza napoletana}}).
### {{lang\|it\|Pizza ai frutti di mare}}
{{lang\|it\|Pizza ai frutti di mare}} is an [Italian](/wiki/Italian_cuisine "Italian cuisine") type of pizza that may be served with [scampi](/wiki/Scampi "Scampi"), mussels or squid. It typically lacks cheese, with the seafood being served atop a tomato sauce.
### Tuna and onions pizza
A popular italian variety is the tuna and onions pizza ({{lang\|it\|pizza con tonno e cipolle}}), topped with tomato, mozzarella, [canned](/wiki/Canned_fish%23Tuna "Canned fish#Tuna") [tuna](/wiki/Tuna%23Canned "Tuna#Canned"), red onions slices, and olive oil. This is also one of the most popular varieties of pizza in Brazil.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.mashed.com/1358206/tuna\-fans\-flip\-brazils\-pizza\-de\-atum \|last\=Huddleston \|first\=Justina \|title\=Tuna Fans Will Flip For Brazil's Pizza De Atum \|work\=Mashed \|date\=2023\-08\-07 \|accessdate\=2024\-04\-01}}
### {{lang\|it\|Pizza pescatore}}
A variety of seafood pizza is {{lang\|it\|pizza pescatore}} ('fisherman's pizza'), which is prepared with mussels and squid.{{cite book \| url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=UTKasP9pTo4C\&pg\=PA65 \| title\=Mystical Places and Marvelous Meals \| publisher\=iUniverse \| author\=Getz. Al \| year\=2005 \| pages\=65 \| isbn\=0595345913}}
### Commercial varieties
#### Chain restaurants
[Domino's Pizza](/wiki/Domino%27s "Domino's") offers a seafood pizza in Vietnam, which (as of December 2012\) was the company's "best\-selling product in Vietnam".{{cite web \|url\=http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/26936/Domino%E2%80%99s\-Pizza\-tailoring\-to\-local\-tastes.html \|title\=Domino's Pizza tailoring to local tastes \|work\=The Saigon Times \|date\=December 7, 2012 \|accessdate\=2 September 2014 \|last\=Phi \|first\=Hoang }}
[Pizza Hut](/wiki/Pizza_Hut "Pizza Hut") has offered a seafood pizza in Malaysia and India called "Seafood symphony". The Indian Pizza Hut version was prepared with fresh seafood from the waters of Kochi, India.
#### Smaller companies
Barleycorn Pizza in Owego, New York, developed a specialty seafood pizza prepared with garlic, crab legs, shrimp, and scallops.
Benedetti's Pizza in Manzanillo, Mexico, specializes in seafood pizza, including those prepared with anchovy and smoked oysters.
Ciro's Restaurant \& Lounge in Mahopac, New York, developed a seafood pizza prepared with clams, shrimp, mussels, and scungilli.
[Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana](/wiki/Frank_Pepe_Pizzeria_Napoletana "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana") in New Haven, Connecticut, is well known for its white clam pizza, featuring fresh littleneck clams.{{cite web \|title\=50 States, 50 Pizzas \|url\=http://www.zagat.com/b/50\-state\-50\-pizzas\#7 \|work\=Zagat \|accessdate\=22 October 2013 \|date\=September 24, 2013 }}{{cite web \|title\=101 Best Pizzas in America \|url\=http://www.thedailymeal.com/101\-best\-pizzas\-america/10222013?page\=0,1 \|website\=\[\[The Daily Meal]] \|accessdate\=4 September 2014 }}
Ko Olina's Pizza Corner restaurant in Kapolei, Hawaii, developed a pizza called "Original Hawaiian Poke Pizza", which uses [poke](/wiki/Poke_%28dish%29 "Poke (dish)"), a raw seafood salad, on pizza. The poke is placed atop the pizza after the pizza has been cooked. Another dish the restaurant serves is a seafood pizza that includes lobster cream sauce in its preparation.
#### World's most expensive pizza
The world's most expensive pizza listed by *[Guinness World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records "Guinness World Records")* is a {{convert\|12\|in\|cm\|adj\=on}} seafood pizza called the "C6" that is prepared at Steveston Pizza Co. restaurant in Steveston, British Columbia (in the Metro Vancouver area) which costs [C$](/wiki/Canadian_dollar "Canadian dollar")450\. The pizza includes lobster, caviar, tiger prawns, and smoked salmon. Each slice is worth C$45, because it is divided into 10 slices. It has to be pre\-ordered one day in advance. The title for world's most expensive pizza was previously held by a C$178 pizza prepared with white truffle by [Gordon Ramsay](/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay "Gordon Ramsay"). {{As of\|2014\|9\|post\=,}} *Guinness World Records* still lists the Gordon Ramsay pizza on their website.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world\-records/extraordinary/most\-expensive\-pizza \|title\=Most Expensive pizza \|publisher\=\[\[Guinness World Records]] \|accessdate\=4 September 2014 }}
There are several instances of more expensive pizzas, such as the [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")4,200 "Pizza Royale 007" at Haggis restaurant in Glasgow, Scotland, which has [caviar](/wiki/Caviar "Caviar"), [lobster](/wiki/Lobster%23As_food "Lobster#As food") and is topped with 24\-carat [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf%23Cuisine "Gold leaf#Cuisine"), and the US$1,000 caviar pizza made by Nino's Bellissima pizzeria in New York City, New York.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://hauteliving.com/2010/03/top\-five\-most\-expensive\-pizzas\-in\-the\-world/29487/ \|title\=Top Five Most Expensive Pizzas in The World \|magazine\=\[\[Haute Living]] \|date\=March 11, 2010 \|accessdate\=9 September 2014 \|last\=Shaw, Bryan}} However, these are not officially recognized by *Guinness World Records*.
|
[
"Varieties\n---------",
"### {{lang\\|it\\|Pizza alla napoletana}}",
"{{lang\\|it\\|Pizza alla napoletana}} is topped with tomato, mozzarella, [anchovies](/wiki/Anchovies_as_food \"Anchovies as food\"), and olive oil (thus, what in Naples is called {{lang\\|it\\|pizza romana}}, in Rome is called {{lang\\|it\\|pizza napoletana}}).",
"### {{lang\\|it\\|Pizza ai frutti di mare}}",
"{{lang\\|it\\|Pizza ai frutti di mare}} is an [Italian](/wiki/Italian_cuisine \"Italian cuisine\") type of pizza that may be served with [scampi](/wiki/Scampi \"Scampi\"), mussels or squid. It typically lacks cheese, with the seafood being served atop a tomato sauce.",
"### Tuna and onions pizza",
"A popular italian variety is the tuna and onions pizza ({{lang\\|it\\|pizza con tonno e cipolle}}), topped with tomato, mozzarella, [canned](/wiki/Canned_fish%23Tuna \"Canned fish#Tuna\") [tuna](/wiki/Tuna%23Canned \"Tuna#Canned\"), red onions slices, and olive oil. This is also one of the most popular varieties of pizza in Brazil.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.mashed.com/1358206/tuna\\-fans\\-flip\\-brazils\\-pizza\\-de\\-atum \\|last\\=Huddleston \\|first\\=Justina \\|title\\=Tuna Fans Will Flip For Brazil's Pizza De Atum \\|work\\=Mashed \\|date\\=2023\\-08\\-07 \\|accessdate\\=2024\\-04\\-01}}",
"### {{lang\\|it\\|Pizza pescatore}}",
"A variety of seafood pizza is {{lang\\|it\\|pizza pescatore}} ('fisherman's pizza'), which is prepared with mussels and squid.{{cite book \\| url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=UTKasP9pTo4C\\&pg\\=PA65 \\| title\\=Mystical Places and Marvelous Meals \\| publisher\\=iUniverse \\| author\\=Getz. Al \\| year\\=2005 \\| pages\\=65 \\| isbn\\=0595345913}}",
"### Commercial varieties",
"#### Chain restaurants",
"[Domino's Pizza](/wiki/Domino%27s \"Domino's\") offers a seafood pizza in Vietnam, which (as of December 2012\\) was the company's \"best\\-selling product in Vietnam\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/26936/Domino%E2%80%99s\\-Pizza\\-tailoring\\-to\\-local\\-tastes.html \\|title\\=Domino's Pizza tailoring to local tastes \\|work\\=The Saigon Times \\|date\\=December 7, 2012 \\|accessdate\\=2 September 2014 \\|last\\=Phi \\|first\\=Hoang }}",
"[Pizza Hut](/wiki/Pizza_Hut \"Pizza Hut\") has offered a seafood pizza in Malaysia and India called \"Seafood symphony\". The Indian Pizza Hut version was prepared with fresh seafood from the waters of Kochi, India.",
"#### Smaller companies",
"Barleycorn Pizza in Owego, New York, developed a specialty seafood pizza prepared with garlic, crab legs, shrimp, and scallops.",
"Benedetti's Pizza in Manzanillo, Mexico, specializes in seafood pizza, including those prepared with anchovy and smoked oysters.",
"Ciro's Restaurant \\& Lounge in Mahopac, New York, developed a seafood pizza prepared with clams, shrimp, mussels, and scungilli.",
"[Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana](/wiki/Frank_Pepe_Pizzeria_Napoletana \"Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana\") in New Haven, Connecticut, is well known for its white clam pizza, featuring fresh littleneck clams.{{cite web \\|title\\=50 States, 50 Pizzas \\|url\\=http://www.zagat.com/b/50\\-state\\-50\\-pizzas\\#7 \\|work\\=Zagat \\|accessdate\\=22 October 2013 \\|date\\=September 24, 2013 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=101 Best Pizzas in America \\|url\\=http://www.thedailymeal.com/101\\-best\\-pizzas\\-america/10222013?page\\=0,1 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Daily Meal]] \\|accessdate\\=4 September 2014 }}",
"Ko Olina's Pizza Corner restaurant in Kapolei, Hawaii, developed a pizza called \"Original Hawaiian Poke Pizza\", which uses [poke](/wiki/Poke_%28dish%29 \"Poke (dish)\"), a raw seafood salad, on pizza. The poke is placed atop the pizza after the pizza has been cooked. Another dish the restaurant serves is a seafood pizza that includes lobster cream sauce in its preparation.",
"#### World's most expensive pizza",
"The world's most expensive pizza listed by *[Guinness World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records \"Guinness World Records\")* is a {{convert\\|12\\|in\\|cm\\|adj\\=on}} seafood pizza called the \"C6\" that is prepared at Steveston Pizza Co. restaurant in Steveston, British Columbia (in the Metro Vancouver area) which costs [C$](/wiki/Canadian_dollar \"Canadian dollar\")450\\. The pizza includes lobster, caviar, tiger prawns, and smoked salmon. Each slice is worth C$45, because it is divided into 10 slices. It has to be pre\\-ordered one day in advance. The title for world's most expensive pizza was previously held by a C$178 pizza prepared with white truffle by [Gordon Ramsay](/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay \"Gordon Ramsay\"). {{As of\\|2014\\|9\\|post\\=,}} *Guinness World Records* still lists the Gordon Ramsay pizza on their website.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world\\-records/extraordinary/most\\-expensive\\-pizza \\|title\\=Most Expensive pizza \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guinness World Records]] \\|accessdate\\=4 September 2014 }}",
"There are several instances of more expensive pizzas, such as the [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")4,200 \"Pizza Royale 007\" at Haggis restaurant in Glasgow, Scotland, which has [caviar](/wiki/Caviar \"Caviar\"), [lobster](/wiki/Lobster%23As_food \"Lobster#As food\") and is topped with 24\\-carat [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf%23Cuisine \"Gold leaf#Cuisine\"), and the US$1,000 caviar pizza made by Nino's Bellissima pizzeria in New York City, New York.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://hauteliving.com/2010/03/top\\-five\\-most\\-expensive\\-pizzas\\-in\\-the\\-world/29487/ \\|title\\=Top Five Most Expensive Pizzas in The World \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Haute Living]] \\|date\\=March 11, 2010 \\|accessdate\\=9 September 2014 \\|last\\=Shaw, Bryan}} However, these are not officially recognized by *Guinness World Records*.",
""
] |
### Commercial varieties
#### Chain restaurants
[Domino's Pizza](/wiki/Domino%27s "Domino's") offers a seafood pizza in Vietnam, which (as of December 2012\) was the company's "best\-selling product in Vietnam".{{cite web \|url\=http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/26936/Domino%E2%80%99s\-Pizza\-tailoring\-to\-local\-tastes.html \|title\=Domino's Pizza tailoring to local tastes \|work\=The Saigon Times \|date\=December 7, 2012 \|accessdate\=2 September 2014 \|last\=Phi \|first\=Hoang }}
[Pizza Hut](/wiki/Pizza_Hut "Pizza Hut") has offered a seafood pizza in Malaysia and India called "Seafood symphony". The Indian Pizza Hut version was prepared with fresh seafood from the waters of Kochi, India.
#### Smaller companies
Barleycorn Pizza in Owego, New York, developed a specialty seafood pizza prepared with garlic, crab legs, shrimp, and scallops.
Benedetti's Pizza in Manzanillo, Mexico, specializes in seafood pizza, including those prepared with anchovy and smoked oysters.
Ciro's Restaurant \& Lounge in Mahopac, New York, developed a seafood pizza prepared with clams, shrimp, mussels, and scungilli.
[Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana](/wiki/Frank_Pepe_Pizzeria_Napoletana "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana") in New Haven, Connecticut, is well known for its white clam pizza, featuring fresh littleneck clams.{{cite web \|title\=50 States, 50 Pizzas \|url\=http://www.zagat.com/b/50\-state\-50\-pizzas\#7 \|work\=Zagat \|accessdate\=22 October 2013 \|date\=September 24, 2013 }}{{cite web \|title\=101 Best Pizzas in America \|url\=http://www.thedailymeal.com/101\-best\-pizzas\-america/10222013?page\=0,1 \|website\=\[\[The Daily Meal]] \|accessdate\=4 September 2014 }}
Ko Olina's Pizza Corner restaurant in Kapolei, Hawaii, developed a pizza called "Original Hawaiian Poke Pizza", which uses [poke](/wiki/Poke_%28dish%29 "Poke (dish)"), a raw seafood salad, on pizza. The poke is placed atop the pizza after the pizza has been cooked. Another dish the restaurant serves is a seafood pizza that includes lobster cream sauce in its preparation.
#### World's most expensive pizza
The world's most expensive pizza listed by *[Guinness World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records "Guinness World Records")* is a {{convert\|12\|in\|cm\|adj\=on}} seafood pizza called the "C6" that is prepared at Steveston Pizza Co. restaurant in Steveston, British Columbia (in the Metro Vancouver area) which costs [C$](/wiki/Canadian_dollar "Canadian dollar")450\. The pizza includes lobster, caviar, tiger prawns, and smoked salmon. Each slice is worth C$45, because it is divided into 10 slices. It has to be pre\-ordered one day in advance. The title for world's most expensive pizza was previously held by a C$178 pizza prepared with white truffle by [Gordon Ramsay](/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay "Gordon Ramsay"). {{As of\|2014\|9\|post\=,}} *Guinness World Records* still lists the Gordon Ramsay pizza on their website.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world\-records/extraordinary/most\-expensive\-pizza \|title\=Most Expensive pizza \|publisher\=\[\[Guinness World Records]] \|accessdate\=4 September 2014 }}
There are several instances of more expensive pizzas, such as the [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")4,200 "Pizza Royale 007" at Haggis restaurant in Glasgow, Scotland, which has [caviar](/wiki/Caviar "Caviar"), [lobster](/wiki/Lobster%23As_food "Lobster#As food") and is topped with 24\-carat [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf%23Cuisine "Gold leaf#Cuisine"), and the US$1,000 caviar pizza made by Nino's Bellissima pizzeria in New York City, New York.{{cite magazine \|url\=http://hauteliving.com/2010/03/top\-five\-most\-expensive\-pizzas\-in\-the\-world/29487/ \|title\=Top Five Most Expensive Pizzas in The World \|magazine\=\[\[Haute Living]] \|date\=March 11, 2010 \|accessdate\=9 September 2014 \|last\=Shaw, Bryan}} However, these are not officially recognized by *Guinness World Records*.
|
[
"### Commercial varieties",
"#### Chain restaurants",
"[Domino's Pizza](/wiki/Domino%27s \"Domino's\") offers a seafood pizza in Vietnam, which (as of December 2012\\) was the company's \"best\\-selling product in Vietnam\".{{cite web \\|url\\=http://english.thesaigontimes.vn/26936/Domino%E2%80%99s\\-Pizza\\-tailoring\\-to\\-local\\-tastes.html \\|title\\=Domino's Pizza tailoring to local tastes \\|work\\=The Saigon Times \\|date\\=December 7, 2012 \\|accessdate\\=2 September 2014 \\|last\\=Phi \\|first\\=Hoang }}",
"[Pizza Hut](/wiki/Pizza_Hut \"Pizza Hut\") has offered a seafood pizza in Malaysia and India called \"Seafood symphony\". The Indian Pizza Hut version was prepared with fresh seafood from the waters of Kochi, India.",
"#### Smaller companies",
"Barleycorn Pizza in Owego, New York, developed a specialty seafood pizza prepared with garlic, crab legs, shrimp, and scallops.",
"Benedetti's Pizza in Manzanillo, Mexico, specializes in seafood pizza, including those prepared with anchovy and smoked oysters.",
"Ciro's Restaurant \\& Lounge in Mahopac, New York, developed a seafood pizza prepared with clams, shrimp, mussels, and scungilli.",
"[Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana](/wiki/Frank_Pepe_Pizzeria_Napoletana \"Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana\") in New Haven, Connecticut, is well known for its white clam pizza, featuring fresh littleneck clams.{{cite web \\|title\\=50 States, 50 Pizzas \\|url\\=http://www.zagat.com/b/50\\-state\\-50\\-pizzas\\#7 \\|work\\=Zagat \\|accessdate\\=22 October 2013 \\|date\\=September 24, 2013 }}{{cite web \\|title\\=101 Best Pizzas in America \\|url\\=http://www.thedailymeal.com/101\\-best\\-pizzas\\-america/10222013?page\\=0,1 \\|website\\=\\[\\[The Daily Meal]] \\|accessdate\\=4 September 2014 }}",
"Ko Olina's Pizza Corner restaurant in Kapolei, Hawaii, developed a pizza called \"Original Hawaiian Poke Pizza\", which uses [poke](/wiki/Poke_%28dish%29 \"Poke (dish)\"), a raw seafood salad, on pizza. The poke is placed atop the pizza after the pizza has been cooked. Another dish the restaurant serves is a seafood pizza that includes lobster cream sauce in its preparation.",
"#### World's most expensive pizza",
"The world's most expensive pizza listed by *[Guinness World Records](/wiki/Guinness_World_Records \"Guinness World Records\")* is a {{convert\\|12\\|in\\|cm\\|adj\\=on}} seafood pizza called the \"C6\" that is prepared at Steveston Pizza Co. restaurant in Steveston, British Columbia (in the Metro Vancouver area) which costs [C$](/wiki/Canadian_dollar \"Canadian dollar\")450\\. The pizza includes lobster, caviar, tiger prawns, and smoked salmon. Each slice is worth C$45, because it is divided into 10 slices. It has to be pre\\-ordered one day in advance. The title for world's most expensive pizza was previously held by a C$178 pizza prepared with white truffle by [Gordon Ramsay](/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay \"Gordon Ramsay\"). {{As of\\|2014\\|9\\|post\\=,}} *Guinness World Records* still lists the Gordon Ramsay pizza on their website.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world\\-records/extraordinary/most\\-expensive\\-pizza \\|title\\=Most Expensive pizza \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guinness World Records]] \\|accessdate\\=4 September 2014 }}",
"There are several instances of more expensive pizzas, such as the [US$](/wiki/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")4,200 \"Pizza Royale 007\" at Haggis restaurant in Glasgow, Scotland, which has [caviar](/wiki/Caviar \"Caviar\"), [lobster](/wiki/Lobster%23As_food \"Lobster#As food\") and is topped with 24\\-carat [gold leaf](/wiki/Gold_leaf%23Cuisine \"Gold leaf#Cuisine\"), and the US$1,000 caviar pizza made by Nino's Bellissima pizzeria in New York City, New York.{{cite magazine \\|url\\=http://hauteliving.com/2010/03/top\\-five\\-most\\-expensive\\-pizzas\\-in\\-the\\-world/29487/ \\|title\\=Top Five Most Expensive Pizzas in The World \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[Haute Living]] \\|date\\=March 11, 2010 \\|accessdate\\=9 September 2014 \\|last\\=Shaw, Bryan}} However, these are not officially recognized by *Guinness World Records*.",
""
] |
Political career
----------------
In 2010, Hicks filed to run for Oregon House District 3 shortly after incumbent Rep. Ron Maurer announced that he would not seek reelection. Hicks, a Republican, received the nomination of his party in the primary election, as well as the nomination of the Independent Party of Oregon and the Democratic Party after winning as the write\-in candidate. In the general election, Hicks received 77\.89% of the vote over Barbara Gonzalez of the Constitution Party. On January 10, 2011, he was sworn in as a member of Oregon's 76th legislative assembly.
Hicks serves as the Co\-Vice chair of the House Judiciary Committee, as Co\-Vice Chair of the Joint Ways and Means Subcommittee on Public Safety, and on the Advisory Committee on State Court Facilities.
Hicks was the originator and chief sponsor of HJR 44, which corrects and updates certain non\-substantive language in the Oregon Constitution. Oregon's Chief Justice, Paul De Muniz, and Co\-Speaker of the House Rep. Bruce Hanna, testified in favor of the bill. The measure was passed by voters in the November 2012 general election.
At the end of the 2011 long session, the Oregonian calculated that Hicks voted with the majority of his party 83\.33% of the time, which was less than any other member of the House of Representatives. His support and advocacy in animal\-related measures saw him labeled as a 2011 "Top Dog" by the [Oregon Humane Society](/wiki/Oregon_Humane_Society "Oregon Humane Society").[2011 Oregon Humane Society Legislative Scorecard](http://www.oregonhumane.org/advocacy/documents/2011_ohs_legislative_web_000.pdf) at the [Oregon Humane Society](/wiki/Oregon_Humane_Society "Oregon Humane Society")
In 2011, the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University awarded Hicks a certificate of completion for the Senior Executives in State and Local Government program.
Rep. Hicks was unanimously elected whip of the Oregon House Republican caucus in November 2013\.
In May 2014 Hicks was elected as the Josephine County Legal Counsel by defeating the twenty\-year incumbent with 61% of the vote.
|
[
"Political career\n----------------",
"In 2010, Hicks filed to run for Oregon House District 3 shortly after incumbent Rep. Ron Maurer announced that he would not seek reelection. Hicks, a Republican, received the nomination of his party in the primary election, as well as the nomination of the Independent Party of Oregon and the Democratic Party after winning as the write\\-in candidate. In the general election, Hicks received 77\\.89% of the vote over Barbara Gonzalez of the Constitution Party. On January 10, 2011, he was sworn in as a member of Oregon's 76th legislative assembly.",
"Hicks serves as the Co\\-Vice chair of the House Judiciary Committee, as Co\\-Vice Chair of the Joint Ways and Means Subcommittee on Public Safety, and on the Advisory Committee on State Court Facilities.",
"Hicks was the originator and chief sponsor of HJR 44, which corrects and updates certain non\\-substantive language in the Oregon Constitution. Oregon's Chief Justice, Paul De Muniz, and Co\\-Speaker of the House Rep. Bruce Hanna, testified in favor of the bill. The measure was passed by voters in the November 2012 general election.",
"At the end of the 2011 long session, the Oregonian calculated that Hicks voted with the majority of his party 83\\.33% of the time, which was less than any other member of the House of Representatives. His support and advocacy in animal\\-related measures saw him labeled as a 2011 \"Top Dog\" by the [Oregon Humane Society](/wiki/Oregon_Humane_Society \"Oregon Humane Society\").[2011 Oregon Humane Society Legislative Scorecard](http://www.oregonhumane.org/advocacy/documents/2011_ohs_legislative_web_000.pdf) at the [Oregon Humane Society](/wiki/Oregon_Humane_Society \"Oregon Humane Society\")\nIn 2011, the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University awarded Hicks a certificate of completion for the Senior Executives in State and Local Government program.\nRep. Hicks was unanimously elected whip of the Oregon House Republican caucus in November 2013\\.",
"In May 2014 Hicks was elected as the Josephine County Legal Counsel by defeating the twenty\\-year incumbent with 61% of the vote.",
""
] |
Movements
---------
### I\- Expansion of the Universe
The theory of the expansion of the universe is a mark in the 21st Century's science of [astrophysics](/wiki/Astrophysics "Astrophysics"). The vastness (13\.4 Billion Light Years) of space is getting bigger; starting with [The Big Bang](/wiki/The_Big_Bang "The Big Bang") through to today. Fazıl Say's music also seeks an enlargement of space, reflecting the mathematics of rhythm and harmony as an expansion. The increase in scale appears as 3/8\+4/8\+5/8\+6/8\+7/8\. There is symbolism in the major tonality (nature), minor tonality (humans), and atonality (chaos) that is covered intensely throughout the first part of [Universe](/wiki/Universe "Universe").
### II – Venus
Venus is a planet that represents femininity and beauty throughout astrology and the history of humankind. According to astronomers, however, Venus is a much different place. It has a volcanic structure, is earth\-like in size, and its temperature is almost 800 degrees even though it is very close to the [Earth](/wiki/Earth "Earth"). There is also speculation in the world of science that billions of years ago Venus and Earth crashed, and it is out of this idea that Fazıl Say created a fantasy with his work.
According to Say's fantasy, there was life on Venus that ended with a meteor shower, and the composition tells a story about those last minutes of life. The Bass flute, [Theremin](/wiki/Theremin "Theremin"), and [English horn](/wiki/English_horn "English horn") symbolize the people of Venus while the Waterphone is the voice of their fear. Venus is represented by tritone intervals and strong hits of trumpets to represent a meteor shower.
### III \- Storm in Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest planet in the [Solar System](/wiki/Solar_System "Solar System") and it symbolizes The War in astrology. There is an extraordinary storm on Jupiter which started between 300 and 400 years ago which creates huge volcanic explosions with its power, and winds that reach up to 8,000 kilometers per hour. In this part of the composition, the notes E and C\# form the tonality of the piece; they are also the sounds of NASA's frequencies. Storm in Jupiter has components like a wind machine to symbolize the storm, tremolo effects of percussive instruments, and the themes of the brass and wind instruments.
### IV – Earth\-like Planet [Gliese 581g](/wiki/Gliese_581g "Gliese 581g")
For science and humankind alike, one of the most important questions is: “Are there any life forms in space?” Therefore, great attention is paid to physical, chemical, and atmospheric similarities between the Earth and other planets. Scientists recently discovered the “Gliese 581” extra solar planet; the star of the “Gliese planetary system.” To date, seven planets have been discovered by the [Hubble Space Telescope](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope "Hubble Space Telescope") and are named respectively as Gliese 581 a, b, c, etc. These planets have structural similarities to Earth and the composer uses uncommon instruments like the Theremin, Waterphone, Daxaphone, Log drum, Hapi drum, Ufo drum, Vibratones and Sansula for this part of the composition to convey music as an extraterrestrial civilization.
### V \- Supernova
Supernovas occur when stars explode and contain an extraordinary amount of energy. In the fifth part of Universe Symphony, the composer expresses this energy just as it is about to explode. This movement is represented by rhythmic motifs.
### VI – Dark Matter
In the final part of Universe, the composer creates a contrast by using major tones for nature, minor tones for humankind, and atonality for chaos. “Dark Matter” is the evidence of the creation of the Universe, and scientists today have come up with the idea of matter called the “God Particle.” In Say's Universe this is depicted by a numbers\-connected\-melody related to the expansion of the universe and creating itself out of nothing. The melody progresses with 1note, 2 notes, 3 notes, 4 notes, 5 notes, 6 notes, 7 notes and is represented with a symbol. The piece ends on the note of D; considered the frequency sound of the Universe.
### Meanings of the harmonic construction
* 1\- Nature: [Major Tonality](/wiki/Major_scale "Major scale")
* 2\- Human: [Minor Tonality](/wiki/Minor_scale "Minor scale")
* 3\- Chaos: [Atonality](/wiki/Atonality "Atonality")
* 4\- D Note: Frequency sound of the [Universe Void](/wiki/Universe_Void "Universe Void")
|
[
"Movements\n---------",
"### I\\- Expansion of the Universe",
"The theory of the expansion of the universe is a mark in the 21st Century's science of [astrophysics](/wiki/Astrophysics \"Astrophysics\"). The vastness (13\\.4 Billion Light Years) of space is getting bigger; starting with [The Big Bang](/wiki/The_Big_Bang \"The Big Bang\") through to today. Fazıl Say's music also seeks an enlargement of space, reflecting the mathematics of rhythm and harmony as an expansion. The increase in scale appears as 3/8\\+4/8\\+5/8\\+6/8\\+7/8\\. There is symbolism in the major tonality (nature), minor tonality (humans), and atonality (chaos) that is covered intensely throughout the first part of [Universe](/wiki/Universe \"Universe\").",
"### II – Venus",
"Venus is a planet that represents femininity and beauty throughout astrology and the history of humankind. According to astronomers, however, Venus is a much different place. It has a volcanic structure, is earth\\-like in size, and its temperature is almost 800 degrees even though it is very close to the [Earth](/wiki/Earth \"Earth\"). There is also speculation in the world of science that billions of years ago Venus and Earth crashed, and it is out of this idea that Fazıl Say created a fantasy with his work.",
"According to Say's fantasy, there was life on Venus that ended with a meteor shower, and the composition tells a story about those last minutes of life. The Bass flute, [Theremin](/wiki/Theremin \"Theremin\"), and [English horn](/wiki/English_horn \"English horn\") symbolize the people of Venus while the Waterphone is the voice of their fear. Venus is represented by tritone intervals and strong hits of trumpets to represent a meteor shower.",
"### III \\- Storm in Jupiter",
"Jupiter is the biggest planet in the [Solar System](/wiki/Solar_System \"Solar System\") and it symbolizes The War in astrology. There is an extraordinary storm on Jupiter which started between 300 and 400 years ago which creates huge volcanic explosions with its power, and winds that reach up to 8,000 kilometers per hour. In this part of the composition, the notes E and C\\# form the tonality of the piece; they are also the sounds of NASA's frequencies. Storm in Jupiter has components like a wind machine to symbolize the storm, tremolo effects of percussive instruments, and the themes of the brass and wind instruments.",
"### IV – Earth\\-like Planet [Gliese 581g](/wiki/Gliese_581g \"Gliese 581g\")",
"For science and humankind alike, one of the most important questions is: “Are there any life forms in space?” Therefore, great attention is paid to physical, chemical, and atmospheric similarities between the Earth and other planets. Scientists recently discovered the “Gliese 581” extra solar planet; the star of the “Gliese planetary system.” To date, seven planets have been discovered by the [Hubble Space Telescope](/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope \"Hubble Space Telescope\") and are named respectively as Gliese 581 a, b, c, etc. These planets have structural similarities to Earth and the composer uses uncommon instruments like the Theremin, Waterphone, Daxaphone, Log drum, Hapi drum, Ufo drum, Vibratones and Sansula for this part of the composition to convey music as an extraterrestrial civilization.",
"### V \\- Supernova",
"Supernovas occur when stars explode and contain an extraordinary amount of energy. In the fifth part of Universe Symphony, the composer expresses this energy just as it is about to explode. This movement is represented by rhythmic motifs.",
"### VI – Dark Matter",
"In the final part of Universe, the composer creates a contrast by using major tones for nature, minor tones for humankind, and atonality for chaos. “Dark Matter” is the evidence of the creation of the Universe, and scientists today have come up with the idea of matter called the “God Particle.” In Say's Universe this is depicted by a numbers\\-connected\\-melody related to the expansion of the universe and creating itself out of nothing. The melody progresses with 1note, 2 notes, 3 notes, 4 notes, 5 notes, 6 notes, 7 notes and is represented with a symbol. The piece ends on the note of D; considered the frequency sound of the Universe.",
"### Meanings of the harmonic construction",
"* 1\\- Nature: [Major Tonality](/wiki/Major_scale \"Major scale\")\n* 2\\- Human: [Minor Tonality](/wiki/Minor_scale \"Minor scale\")\n* 3\\- Chaos: [Atonality](/wiki/Atonality \"Atonality\")\n* 4\\- D Note: Frequency sound of the [Universe Void](/wiki/Universe_Void \"Universe Void\")"
] |
Career
------
Allen taught at [Washington State University](/wiki/Washington_State_University "Washington State University") from 1974 to 1979 and was a Brookings Economic Policy Fellow in the Office of Transportation Regulatory Policy at the [U.S. Department of Transportation](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation "U.S. Department of Transportation") from 1976 to 1977\. Allen joined the faculty of [Iowa State University](/wiki/Iowa_State_University "Iowa State University") in 1979\. In the 1986–87 academic year, Allen was the Visiting McKinley Professor of Economics and Public Utilities at the University of Illinois. Allen then held the Oren Harris Chair in Transportation at the [University of Arkansas](/wiki/University_of_Arkansas "University of Arkansas") during the 1990\-91 academic year. From 1984 to 1988 then 1991 to 2002, Allen was a professor at Iowa State in the departments of economics and transportation.{{cite web\|title\=Curriculum vita: Benjamin J. Allen\|url\=http://www.provost.iastate.edu/bio/allen\-cv.pdf\|publisher\=Iowa State University\|accessdate\=February 10, 2015\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027034225/http://www.provost.iastate.edu/bio/allen\-cv.pdf\|archivedate\=October 27, 2005}} Allen chaired the Iowa State University Department of Transportation and Logistics from 1984 to 1988 and was dean of the [Iowa State University College of Business](/wiki/Iowa_State_University_College_of_Business "Iowa State University College of Business") from 1994 to 2000\.{{cite web\|title\=Benjamin J. Allen\|url\=http://www.provost.iastate.edu/bio/allen.html\|publisher\=Iowa State University Office of the Provost\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213082209/http://www.provost.iastate.edu/bio/allen.html\|archivedate\=February 13, 2005}}
Allen was vice president for academic affairs and provost at [Iowa State University](/wiki/Iowa_State_University "Iowa State University") from 2002 to 2006, succeeding [Rollin C. Richmond](/wiki/Rollin_C._Richmond "Rollin C. Richmond"), who went on to be president of [Humboldt State University](/wiki/Humboldt_State_University "Humboldt State University").[Iowa Board of Regents Minutes](http://www.regents.iowa.gov/Meetings/Minutes/02minutes/jun02.pdf) {{webarchive \|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507150156/http://www.regents.iowa.gov/Meetings/Minutes/02minutes/jun02\.pdf \|date\=May 7, 2013 }}, June 19–20, 2002, pp. 503\-504\.{{cite web\|last1\=Pounds\|first1\=Diana\|title\=Nominees sought for executive vice president and provost\|url\=http://archive.inside.iastate.edu/2006/0608/provost.shtml\|website\=Inside Iowa State\|publisher\=Iowa State University\|accessdate\=February 10, 2015\|date\=May 31, 2006}} At Iowa State, he was named the first University Distinguished Professor in Business.{{cite web\|title\=Office of the President: Biography\|url\=http://www.uni.edu/president/biography\|publisher\=University of Northern Iowa\|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103050942/http://www.uni.edu/president/biography\|archivedate\=January 3, 2013}}
### University of Northern Iowa
He was named the ninth president of the University of Northern Iowa on April 28, 2006, and assumed his duties on June 5, 2006\.
In 2007, President Allen was appointed by two state college associations (the American Association of State Colleges and Universities and the National Association of State Universities and Land\-Grant Colleges) to the Presidential Advisory Committee for the National Commission of University Accountability.
Under his leadership, the University of Northern Iowa established its priorities of increasing student achievement in undergraduate programs and providing statewide leadership in Pre\-K through 12 education, including UNI's lead role in the Iowa Mathematics and Science Education Partnership with [Iowa State University](/wiki/Iowa_State_University "Iowa State University") and the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa "University of Iowa"). During his time as president, the ninth [United States Secretary of Education](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education "United States Secretary of Education"), [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan "Arne Duncan"), the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama "14th Dalai Lama"), and [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama "Michelle Obama") visited and gave speeches at the campus.
President Allen is co\-chair of the Institute for Tomorrow's Workforce, a non\-profit educational foundation created to help prepare all Iowa learners for the 21st century global marketplace. He is an ex\-officio board member of the Iowa Department of Economic Development, and he co\-chairs the education subcommittee of the Iowa Business Council, composed of education and business executives committed to enhancing Iowa's economic vitality. A staunch supporter of the local community, President Allen is a member of the executive committee of the Greater Cedar Valley Alliance.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.uni.edu/president/biography \|title\=Biography \| Office of the President \|accessdate\=2016\-05\-04 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103050942/http://www.uni.edu/president/biography \|archivedate\=2013\-01\-03 }} He is a director for [Heartland Express Company](/wiki/Heartland_Express_Company "Heartland Express Company").[Forbes.com](https://people.forbes.com/profile/benjamin-j-allen/40107){{dead link\|date\=January 2022\|bot\=medic}}{{cbignore\|bot\=medic}}
President Allen was diagnosed with prostate cancer on November 15, 2010 and took a leave of absence starting on February 7, 2011\.{{cite web \|url\=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article\_89908842\-f413\-11df\-acb2\-001cc4c03286\.html \|title\=UPDATE: UNI President Ben Allen diagnosed with cancer \|date\=19 November 2010 \|accessdate\=2011\-02\-07 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122150533/http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article\_89908842\-f413\-11df\-acb2\-001cc4c03286\.html \|archivedate\=2010\-11\-22 }} Provost [Gloria Gibson](/wiki/Gloria_Gibson "Gloria Gibson") served in the role of Interim President during the absence. President Allen underwent a routine procedure and made a full recovery.
On February 29, 2012, the Teacher Education Faculty at the University of Northern Iowa voted 15\-1 (with one abstention) to support a motion of no confidence in President Allen, Provost Gloria Gibson, and the [Iowa Board of Regents](/wiki/Board_of_Regents%2C_State_of_Iowa "Board of Regents, State of Iowa"). Their vote was a protest of the decision\-making process in President Allen's recommendation to the Board of Regents to close the Malcolm Price Laboratory School{{cite web\|url\=http://www.uni.edu/iowa\-rds/ \|title\=Malcolm Price Laboratory School \|accessdate\=2012\-03\-19 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521085632/http://www.uni.edu/iowa\-rds/ \|archivedate\=2012\-05\-21 }}/[Northern University High School](/wiki/Northern_University_High_School "Northern University High School"), effective June 30, 2012\.{{cite web \|url\=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/uni\-teacher\-ed\-faculty\-votes\-no\-confidence\-on\-ben\-allen/article\_8f03d926\-627d\-11e1\-b666\-001871e3ce6c.html \|title\=UNI teacher ed faculty votes no\-confidence on Ben Allen, Regents \|date\=29 February 2012 \|accessdate\=2012\-03\-19 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505011135/http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/uni\-teacher\-ed\-faculty\-votes\-no\-confidence\-on\-ben\-allen/article\_8f03d926\-627d\-11e1\-b666\-001871e3ce6c.html \|archivedate\=2012\-05\-05 }} On March 2, 2012, the university faculty voted 197\-53 in support of a motion of no confidence in President Allen. Speakers cited the lack of faculty consultation in the decision making process to close the Price Lab School, and several academic programs on campus.{{cite web \|url\=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/update\-uni\-faculty\-denounce\-president/article\_62c90e42\-64be\-11e1\-98ea\-0019bb2963f4\.html \|title\=UPDATE: UNI faculty denounce president \|date\=3 March 2012 \|accessdate\=2012\-03\-19 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405141356/http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/update\-uni\-faculty\-denounce\-president/article\_62c90e42\-64be\-11e1\-98ea\-0019bb2963f4\.html \|archivedate\=2012\-04\-05 }}[http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20120303/NEWS/303030024/University\-Northern\-Iowa\-s\-Allen\-gets\-no\-confidence\-vote{{dead link\|date\=October 2016 \|bot\=InternetArchiveBot \|fix\-attempted\=yes }}](http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20120303/NEWS/303030024/University-Northern-Iowa-s-Allen-gets-no-confidence-vote{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) On March 15, 2012, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) said they would investigate reports that the UNI administration had violated rules of academic governance in making budget cuts and firing faculty, and that their probe could lead to a formal censure of the university by the AAUP.{{cite web \|url\=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/probe\-could\-lead\-to\-uni\-censure/article\_4f205d3f\-1b7e\-5e13\-8010\-d97faef09246\.html \|title\=Probe could lead to UNI censure \|date\=16 March 2012 \|accessdate\=2012\-03\-19 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321134048/http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/probe\-could\-lead\-to\-uni\-censure/article\_4f205d3f\-1b7e\-5e13\-8010\-d97faef09246\.html \|archivedate\=2012\-03\-21 }}
### Criticism
On October 24, 2012, Allen released an online statement{{cite web \|url\=http://www.uni.edu/president/statement\-veteran \|title\=Statement from UNI President Benjamin Allen regarding the decision of a UNI faculty member not to allow a student to take an exam missed because of National Guard duty \| Office of the President \|accessdate\=2012\-11\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109194902/http://www.uni.edu/president/statement\-veteran \|archivedate\=2012\-11\-09 }} regarding a student in a psychology course at UNI. The student, a member of the Iowa National Guard, would not be able to be in class on the day of an exam due to the requirements of the Guard, and spoke briefly with professor Cathy DeSoto, who said she would look into the university policy for military service which caused missed classes, but that the standard missed\-class policy would apply. The student later filed a standard grievance, as DeSoto had recommended.
In his statement, Allen went on to write: "As university president and a veteran, I strongly disagree with the decision made by the professor in this case. We have been working with the student involved from the beginning, and continue to work with him to help ensure he won't be penalized for serving his country."{{cite web\|url\=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/11/05/faculty\-groups\-say\-president\-endangered\-safety\-professor \|title\=Faculty groups say president endangered safety of professor \|accessdate\=2012\-11\-05 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914080303/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/11/05/faculty\-groups\-say\-president\-endangered\-safety\-professor \|archivedate\=2016\-09\-14 }} Allen released this statement before speaking with DeSoto, and no penalty was or has been placed on the student in the case. Yet Allen's statement led to angry calls and emails to DeSoto and her family, as well as vandalism of her car, such that DeSoto needed a police escort.{{cite web\|url\=http://chronicle.com/article/Grading\-Furor\-Over\-National/135546/ \|title\=Grading Furor over National Guardsmen Left Northern Iowa Professor Fearing Attack \- the Chronicle of Higher Education \|accessdate\=2012\-11\-06 \|url\-status\=live \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530224358/http://chronicle.com/article/Grading\-Furor\-Over\-National/135546/ \|archivedate\=2016\-05\-30 }}
A letter from American Association of University Professors (AAUP) President [Rudy Fichtenbaum](/wiki/Rudy_Fichtenbaum "Rudy Fichtenbaum") questioned Allen's handling of the case: "The media response, which unfairly and falsely characterized Professor DeSoto's actions, was a direct result of your premature and provocative press release. As a consequence of your actions, Professor DeSoto and members of her family received numerous threatening e\-mails and phone calls."{{cite web \|url\=http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/11A52CCC\-707A\-4CA1\-8EC0\-0D885B13D87E/0/Allen2012112\.pdf \|title\=Archived copy \|accessdate\=2012\-11\-05 \|url\-status\=dead \|archiveurl\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114131330/http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/11A52CCC\-707A\-4CA1\-8EC0\-0D885B13D87E/0/Allen2012112\.pdf \|archivedate\=2012\-11\-14 }}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Allen taught at [Washington State University](/wiki/Washington_State_University \"Washington State University\") from 1974 to 1979 and was a Brookings Economic Policy Fellow in the Office of Transportation Regulatory Policy at the [U.S. Department of Transportation](/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation \"U.S. Department of Transportation\") from 1976 to 1977\\. Allen joined the faculty of [Iowa State University](/wiki/Iowa_State_University \"Iowa State University\") in 1979\\. In the 1986–87 academic year, Allen was the Visiting McKinley Professor of Economics and Public Utilities at the University of Illinois. Allen then held the Oren Harris Chair in Transportation at the [University of Arkansas](/wiki/University_of_Arkansas \"University of Arkansas\") during the 1990\\-91 academic year. From 1984 to 1988 then 1991 to 2002, Allen was a professor at Iowa State in the departments of economics and transportation.{{cite web\\|title\\=Curriculum vita: Benjamin J. Allen\\|url\\=http://www.provost.iastate.edu/bio/allen\\-cv.pdf\\|publisher\\=Iowa State University\\|accessdate\\=February 10, 2015\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20051027034225/http://www.provost.iastate.edu/bio/allen\\-cv.pdf\\|archivedate\\=October 27, 2005}} Allen chaired the Iowa State University Department of Transportation and Logistics from 1984 to 1988 and was dean of the [Iowa State University College of Business](/wiki/Iowa_State_University_College_of_Business \"Iowa State University College of Business\") from 1994 to 2000\\.{{cite web\\|title\\=Benjamin J. Allen\\|url\\=http://www.provost.iastate.edu/bio/allen.html\\|publisher\\=Iowa State University Office of the Provost\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20050213082209/http://www.provost.iastate.edu/bio/allen.html\\|archivedate\\=February 13, 2005}}",
"Allen was vice president for academic affairs and provost at [Iowa State University](/wiki/Iowa_State_University \"Iowa State University\") from 2002 to 2006, succeeding [Rollin C. Richmond](/wiki/Rollin_C._Richmond \"Rollin C. Richmond\"), who went on to be president of [Humboldt State University](/wiki/Humboldt_State_University \"Humboldt State University\").[Iowa Board of Regents Minutes](http://www.regents.iowa.gov/Meetings/Minutes/02minutes/jun02.pdf) {{webarchive \\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507150156/http://www.regents.iowa.gov/Meetings/Minutes/02minutes/jun02\\.pdf \\|date\\=May 7, 2013 }}, June 19–20, 2002, pp. 503\\-504\\.{{cite web\\|last1\\=Pounds\\|first1\\=Diana\\|title\\=Nominees sought for executive vice president and provost\\|url\\=http://archive.inside.iastate.edu/2006/0608/provost.shtml\\|website\\=Inside Iowa State\\|publisher\\=Iowa State University\\|accessdate\\=February 10, 2015\\|date\\=May 31, 2006}} At Iowa State, he was named the first University Distinguished Professor in Business.{{cite web\\|title\\=Office of the President: Biography\\|url\\=http://www.uni.edu/president/biography\\|publisher\\=University of Northern Iowa\\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103050942/http://www.uni.edu/president/biography\\|archivedate\\=January 3, 2013}}",
"### University of Northern Iowa",
"He was named the ninth president of the University of Northern Iowa on April 28, 2006, and assumed his duties on June 5, 2006\\.",
"In 2007, President Allen was appointed by two state college associations (the American Association of State Colleges and Universities and the National Association of State Universities and Land\\-Grant Colleges) to the Presidential Advisory Committee for the National Commission of University Accountability.",
"Under his leadership, the University of Northern Iowa established its priorities of increasing student achievement in undergraduate programs and providing statewide leadership in Pre\\-K through 12 education, including UNI's lead role in the Iowa Mathematics and Science Education Partnership with [Iowa State University](/wiki/Iowa_State_University \"Iowa State University\") and the [University of Iowa](/wiki/University_of_Iowa \"University of Iowa\"). During his time as president, the ninth [United States Secretary of Education](/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education \"United States Secretary of Education\"), [Arne Duncan](/wiki/Arne_Duncan \"Arne Duncan\"), the [14th Dalai Lama](/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama \"14th Dalai Lama\"), and [Michelle Obama](/wiki/Michelle_Obama \"Michelle Obama\") visited and gave speeches at the campus.",
"President Allen is co\\-chair of the Institute for Tomorrow's Workforce, a non\\-profit educational foundation created to help prepare all Iowa learners for the 21st century global marketplace. He is an ex\\-officio board member of the Iowa Department of Economic Development, and he co\\-chairs the education subcommittee of the Iowa Business Council, composed of education and business executives committed to enhancing Iowa's economic vitality. A staunch supporter of the local community, President Allen is a member of the executive committee of the Greater Cedar Valley Alliance.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.uni.edu/president/biography \\|title\\=Biography \\| Office of the President \\|accessdate\\=2016\\-05\\-04 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103050942/http://www.uni.edu/president/biography \\|archivedate\\=2013\\-01\\-03 }} He is a director for [Heartland Express Company](/wiki/Heartland_Express_Company \"Heartland Express Company\").[Forbes.com](https://people.forbes.com/profile/benjamin-j-allen/40107){{dead link\\|date\\=January 2022\\|bot\\=medic}}{{cbignore\\|bot\\=medic}}",
"President Allen was diagnosed with prostate cancer on November 15, 2010 and took a leave of absence starting on February 7, 2011\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article\\_89908842\\-f413\\-11df\\-acb2\\-001cc4c03286\\.html \\|title\\=UPDATE: UNI President Ben Allen diagnosed with cancer \\|date\\=19 November 2010 \\|accessdate\\=2011\\-02\\-07 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122150533/http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article\\_89908842\\-f413\\-11df\\-acb2\\-001cc4c03286\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2010\\-11\\-22 }} Provost [Gloria Gibson](/wiki/Gloria_Gibson \"Gloria Gibson\") served in the role of Interim President during the absence. President Allen underwent a routine procedure and made a full recovery.",
"On February 29, 2012, the Teacher Education Faculty at the University of Northern Iowa voted 15\\-1 (with one abstention) to support a motion of no confidence in President Allen, Provost Gloria Gibson, and the [Iowa Board of Regents](/wiki/Board_of_Regents%2C_State_of_Iowa \"Board of Regents, State of Iowa\"). Their vote was a protest of the decision\\-making process in President Allen's recommendation to the Board of Regents to close the Malcolm Price Laboratory School{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.uni.edu/iowa\\-rds/ \\|title\\=Malcolm Price Laboratory School \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-03\\-19 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521085632/http://www.uni.edu/iowa\\-rds/ \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-05\\-21 }}/[Northern University High School](/wiki/Northern_University_High_School \"Northern University High School\"), effective June 30, 2012\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/uni\\-teacher\\-ed\\-faculty\\-votes\\-no\\-confidence\\-on\\-ben\\-allen/article\\_8f03d926\\-627d\\-11e1\\-b666\\-001871e3ce6c.html \\|title\\=UNI teacher ed faculty votes no\\-confidence on Ben Allen, Regents \\|date\\=29 February 2012 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-03\\-19 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505011135/http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/uni\\-teacher\\-ed\\-faculty\\-votes\\-no\\-confidence\\-on\\-ben\\-allen/article\\_8f03d926\\-627d\\-11e1\\-b666\\-001871e3ce6c.html \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-05\\-05 }} On March 2, 2012, the university faculty voted 197\\-53 in support of a motion of no confidence in President Allen. Speakers cited the lack of faculty consultation in the decision making process to close the Price Lab School, and several academic programs on campus.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/update\\-uni\\-faculty\\-denounce\\-president/article\\_62c90e42\\-64be\\-11e1\\-98ea\\-0019bb2963f4\\.html \\|title\\=UPDATE: UNI faculty denounce president \\|date\\=3 March 2012 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-03\\-19 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405141356/http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/update\\-uni\\-faculty\\-denounce\\-president/article\\_62c90e42\\-64be\\-11e1\\-98ea\\-0019bb2963f4\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-04\\-05 }}[http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20120303/NEWS/303030024/University\\-Northern\\-Iowa\\-s\\-Allen\\-gets\\-no\\-confidence\\-vote{{dead link\\|date\\=October 2016 \\|bot\\=InternetArchiveBot \\|fix\\-attempted\\=yes }}](http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20120303/NEWS/303030024/University-Northern-Iowa-s-Allen-gets-no-confidence-vote{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) On March 15, 2012, the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) said they would investigate reports that the UNI administration had violated rules of academic governance in making budget cuts and firing faculty, and that their probe could lead to a formal censure of the university by the AAUP.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/probe\\-could\\-lead\\-to\\-uni\\-censure/article\\_4f205d3f\\-1b7e\\-5e13\\-8010\\-d97faef09246\\.html \\|title\\=Probe could lead to UNI censure \\|date\\=16 March 2012 \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-03\\-19 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321134048/http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/probe\\-could\\-lead\\-to\\-uni\\-censure/article\\_4f205d3f\\-1b7e\\-5e13\\-8010\\-d97faef09246\\.html \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-03\\-21 }}",
"### Criticism",
"On October 24, 2012, Allen released an online statement{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.uni.edu/president/statement\\-veteran \\|title\\=Statement from UNI President Benjamin Allen regarding the decision of a UNI faculty member not to allow a student to take an exam missed because of National Guard duty \\| Office of the President \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109194902/http://www.uni.edu/president/statement\\-veteran \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-11\\-09 }} regarding a student in a psychology course at UNI. The student, a member of the Iowa National Guard, would not be able to be in class on the day of an exam due to the requirements of the Guard, and spoke briefly with professor Cathy DeSoto, who said she would look into the university policy for military service which caused missed classes, but that the standard missed\\-class policy would apply. The student later filed a standard grievance, as DeSoto had recommended.",
"In his statement, Allen went on to write: \"As university president and a veteran, I strongly disagree with the decision made by the professor in this case. We have been working with the student involved from the beginning, and continue to work with him to help ensure he won't be penalized for serving his country.\"{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/11/05/faculty\\-groups\\-say\\-president\\-endangered\\-safety\\-professor \\|title\\=Faculty groups say president endangered safety of professor \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914080303/https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/11/05/faculty\\-groups\\-say\\-president\\-endangered\\-safety\\-professor \\|archivedate\\=2016\\-09\\-14 }} Allen released this statement before speaking with DeSoto, and no penalty was or has been placed on the student in the case. Yet Allen's statement led to angry calls and emails to DeSoto and her family, as well as vandalism of her car, such that DeSoto needed a police escort.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://chronicle.com/article/Grading\\-Furor\\-Over\\-National/135546/ \\|title\\=Grading Furor over National Guardsmen Left Northern Iowa Professor Fearing Attack \\- the Chronicle of Higher Education \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-06 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530224358/http://chronicle.com/article/Grading\\-Furor\\-Over\\-National/135546/ \\|archivedate\\=2016\\-05\\-30 }}",
"A letter from American Association of University Professors (AAUP) President [Rudy Fichtenbaum](/wiki/Rudy_Fichtenbaum \"Rudy Fichtenbaum\") questioned Allen's handling of the case: \"The media response, which unfairly and falsely characterized Professor DeSoto's actions, was a direct result of your premature and provocative press release. As a consequence of your actions, Professor DeSoto and members of her family received numerous threatening e\\-mails and phone calls.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/11A52CCC\\-707A\\-4CA1\\-8EC0\\-0D885B13D87E/0/Allen2012112\\.pdf \\|title\\=Archived copy \\|accessdate\\=2012\\-11\\-05 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archiveurl\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114131330/http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/11A52CCC\\-707A\\-4CA1\\-8EC0\\-0D885B13D87E/0/Allen2012112\\.pdf \\|archivedate\\=2012\\-11\\-14 }}",
""
] |
History
-------
The [Generalitat de Catalunya](/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya "Generalitat de Catalunya") (Catalan Government) and the [Autonomous Community of the Balearic](/wiki/Balearic_Islands "Balearic Islands") created the Institut Ramon Llull (IRL) via an agreement signed on 5 April 2002, which was published in Resolution PRE/1128/2002, of 30 April. The objective was to create a mechanism for promoting the Catalan language, the culture that it expresses and all other cultural production (not only linguistic) from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. It is also a mechanism for consolidating and strengthening relations among the various territories that share the language. The IRL has the legal status of a [consortium](/wiki/Consortium "Consortium") comprising the two aforementioned public administrations. The State government announced that it would provide support through the [Instituto Cervantes](/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes "Instituto Cervantes"). The board of the IRL was created on 3 June 2002{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/521467/20020603/constitueix\-oficialment\-patronat\-linstitut\-ramon\-llull.html\|title\=Es constitueix oficialment el patronat de l'Institut Ramon Llull\|website\=\[\[Vilaweb]]\|access\-date\=29 December 2015}} and consisted of the following 21 intellectuals representing the Catalan language, arts and culture: [Antoni Badia i Margarit](/wiki/Antoni_Maria_Badia_i_Margarit "Antoni Maria Badia i Margarit"), Joaquim Molas, Miquel Batllori, [Baltasar Porcel](/wiki/Baltasar_Porcel "Baltasar Porcel"), [Sergi Belbel](/wiki/Sergi_Belbel "Sergi Belbel"), [Carme Riera](/wiki/Carme_Riera "Carme Riera"), [Josep Joan Bigas i Luna](/wiki/Bigas_Luna "Bigas Luna"), [Martí de Riquer](/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_de_Riquer_i_Morera "Martí de Riquer i Morera"), [Maria del Mar Bonet](/wiki/Maria_del_Mar_Bonet "Maria del Mar Bonet"), Xavier Rubert de Ventós, Anthony Bonner, Sebastià Serrano, [Josep Carreras i Coll](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras "José Carreras"), [Antoni Tàpies](/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies "Antoni Tàpies"), [Pere Gimferrer](/wiki/Pere_Gimferrer "Pere Gimferrer"), Josep Termes, Isidor Marí i Mayans, [Joan Triadú](/wiki/Joan_Triad%C3%BA "Joan Triadú"), Josep Massot i Muntaner, Marie Claire Zimmermann and [Joan Francesc Mira](/wiki/Joan_Francesc_Mira_i_Caster%C3%A0 "Joan Francesc Mira i Casterà"). In addition, Joan Maria Pujals was appointed as the institute's first director.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/511299/20040216/joan\-maria\-pujals\-nomenat\-director\-linstitut\-ramon\-llull.html\|title\=Joan Maria Pujals, nomenat director de l'Institut Ramon Llull\|website\=Vilaweb\|access\-date\=9 November 2015}}
### Early years
Between 23 June and 4 July 2003, [Maria del Mar Bonet](/wiki/Maria_del_Mar_Bonet "Maria del Mar Bonet"), the Nats Nus dance company, the artist Eulàlia Valldosera, the pianist Albert Atenelle, and the exhibition *Gaudí, un univers* acted as ambassadors of Catalan culture in Russia. where Gaudí was the focus of a seminar. A year later, in 2004, the IRL played a key role in the most important book fair in Latin America. Between 27 November and 5 December 2004, the IRL was guest of honor at the Feria del Libro de Guadalajara, which featured more than 100 events, including, notably, a retrospective of the work of [Antoni Tàpies](/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies "Antoni Tàpies") in the Museo de Arte de Zapopán.
In 2005, the IRL organized *Veles e vents. Cultura Catalana a Nàpols*, an exhibition on [The Divine Comedy](/wiki/Divine_Comedy "Divine Comedy") as interpreted by [Miquel Barceló](/wiki/Miquel_Barcel%C3%B3 "Miquel Barceló") and held in the Castel Nuovo, during October. It was also the setting for concerts by [Carles Santos](/wiki/Carles_Santos "Carles Santos") and [Raimon](/wiki/Raimon "Raimon"), as well as performances by'Àngels Margarit, Roger Bernat and Pep Tosar.
In 2006, in New York the IRL organised a series of cultural events, including an exhibition by the photographer [Joan Fontcuberta](/wiki/Joan_Fontcuberta "Joan Fontcuberta"), a season of films by [Isabel Coixet](/wiki/Isabel_Coixet "Isabel Coixet") and [Marc Recha](/wiki/Marc_Recha "Marc Recha"), with the critic Romà Gubern, and a poetry symposium involving various poets and the critic [Harold Bloom](/wiki/Harold_Bloom "Harold Bloom").
### Frankfurt Book Fair
[thumb\|Stand at the Frankfurt fair in 2012](/wiki/File:Frankfurta_librofoiro_2012_Institut_Ramon_Llull_c.JPG "Frankfurta librofoiro 2012 Institut Ramon Llull c.JPG")
A milestone in the Institute's history was getting Catalan culture to be the guest of honour at the 2007 [Frankfurt Book Fair](/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair "Frankfurt Book Fair"). It was attended by 118 writers, 237 organisations and 5,719 people linked to the Catalan cultural scene; 95 events were held and 53 literary works were translated from Catalan into German. Highlights among the events included the adaptation of [Tirant lo Blanc](/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch "Tirant lo Blanch") directed by [Calixto Bieito](/wiki/Calixto_Bieito "Calixto Bieito"), the *Dance: meeting Catalan Culture* cycle, the exhibitions *Cultura Catalana, Singular i Universal* and VisualKultur.cat, the Dies de l'Òpera Catalana (Catalan Opera Days) and Sónar Nits. All this was run in collaboration with the government of Andorra and the Spanish [Cervantes Institute](/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes "Instituto Cervantes").
A year later, in 2008, the Institute was present at the [Festival Internacional Cervantino](/wiki/Festival_Internacional_Cervantino "Festival Internacional Cervantino"), in [Guanajuato](/wiki/Guanajuato_City "Guanajuato City"), Mexico. The Catalan and Balearic presence featured [Joan Manuel Serrat](/wiki/Joan_Manuel_Serrat "Joan Manuel Serrat"), [Jordi Savall](/wiki/Jordi_Savall "Jordi Savall"), [Hespèrion XXI](/wiki/Hesp%C3%A8rion_XXI "Hespèrion XXI") and the Capella Reial de Catalunya (performing together with Tembembé Ensemble Continuo), an exhibition of the work of [Agustí Centelles](/wiki/Agust%C3%AD_Centelles "Agustí Centelles") and the "[Dansa de la Mort](/wiki/Danse_Macabre "Danse Macabre")" of [Verges](/wiki/Verges%2C_Catalonia "Verges, Catalonia"). *Catalan Days* was also repeated in New York, with jazz, theatre and dance performance, a cinema cycle entitled *Clandestí, forbidden Catalan Cinema under Franco* and, as part of the [PEN World Voices Festival](/wiki/PEN_International "PEN International"), a homage to [Blai Bonet](/wiki/Blai_Bonet "Blai Bonet").
[thumb\|Catalonia Pavilion at the 2014 Venice Biennale](/wiki/File:Le_pavillon_de_la_Catalogne_%28Biennale_d%27architecture_2014%2C_Venise%29_%2815643743159%29.jpg "Le pavillon de la Catalogne (Biennale d'architecture 2014, Venise) (15643743159).jpg")
In 2009 it took part in the [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale "Venice Biennale") for the first time. As part of the *Eventi Collateralli*, the 53rd Biennale included a Catalan pavilion, with the exhibition *La comunitat inconfessable* curate by Valentín Roma, which was visited by 45,633 people. Several events were held alongside this, including the academic symposium *Les ciutats inconfessables*.
### 2010–2015
Between 3 and 6 February 2010, under the slogan, *Le Catalan, la langue de 10 millions d'Européens*, the Institut Ramon Llull took Catalan culture to the heart of the French capital in an exhibition dedicated to languages and teaching that received 22,7863 visitors and had 200 exhibitors from 30 countries. The IRL's participation was the result of the combined efforts of Catalan, Balearic and Valencian institutions and organisations. A year later, Catalan culture arrived in London with the exhibition [Joan Miró: The Ladder of Escape](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3:The_Ladder_of_Escape "The Ladder of Escape") at the [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern "Tate Modern") as the highlight. It was accompanied by performance from Tap Olé, Nats Nus Dansa, [Sol Picó](/wiki/Sol_Pic%C3%B3 "Sol Picó"), concerts by the Carles Benavent Quintet, the Miguel Gómez Quartet, Colia Miralta Sambeat, the Biel Ballester Trio, [Mishima](/wiki/Mishima_%28band%29 "Mishima (band)"), and Les Aus i Aias, among other events. The IRL also managed to have a presence at the World Puppet Theatre Festival in Charleville.
[thumb\|Fira de Frankfurt 2015](/wiki/File:Fira_de_Frankfurt_2015.JPG "Fira de Frankfurt 2015.JPG")
In 2012 a tour was organised, named *Catalan Sounds on Tour*, which visited Canada, Texas, Mexico and the United Kingdom – an initiative hosted at the Canadian Music Week (Toronto), at South by South West (Austin), at The Great Escape (Brighton) and at Vive Latino (Mexico City), joined by groups such as Manel, Seward, Mujeres, Ninette \& The Goldfish, Els Amics del Bosc, Ferguson or Petit, among others. That same year, *Avignon à la Catalane* was celebrated, with eight theatre companies from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands in attendance at Avignon's OFF Theatre Festival, one of the most important in the world. The companies Pelmànec, EIA, Pere Faura, Alba Sarraute, Los Excéntricos, Cor de théatre, Katraska i Mariantònia Oliver performed in various spaces throughout the city. Furthermore, there began to be a Catalan presence at the Venice Biennale of Architecture. For the first time, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands enjoyed their own pavilion in this event which was connected with the Art Biennale. Between 29 August and 25 November, within the scope of *Eventi Collateralli* (peripheral events), it was also possible to visit the project *Vogadors* (Rowers), commissioned by Jordi Badia and Félix Arranz.
Among the projects initiated by the IRL in 2013, one which stood out the most was the participation of [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") as a city invited to the Paris Book Fair, with the participation of more than twenty authors who presented recent translations into French; in the field of visual arts, of particular note was the participation of the IRL, with their own pavilion, at the Venice Biennale of Art with a projected named *25%* by Francesc Torres and Mercedes Alvarez and commissioned by Jordi Balló. Others were the focus on Catalan at the Festival of Contemporary Music in Huddersfield, one of Europe's most prestigious, complete with the figure of Hèctor Parra as resident composer, and also the fact that the Catalan culture was the guest of honour at Salisbury International Arts Festival, with the attendance of fifteen theatre companies and music groups.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.llull.cat/catala/quisom/10anys.cfm\|title\=10 anys de Llull\|website\=Institut Ramon Llull\|access\-date\=8 November 2015}}
The main projects in 2014 were the *Arquitectures empeltades / Grafting Architecture*. C*atalonia at Venice* exhibition in the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture "Venice Biennale of Architecture"); the participation of Barcelona in the [Beijing Design Week](/wiki/Beijing_Design_Week "Beijing Design Week") (BJDW); the multidisciplinary programme of Barcelona as a guest in the Stockholm Kulturfestival (the two last projects, in collaboration with the Barcelona city council); *Voices from Catalonia*, the focus of Catalan literature in the [Gothenburg Book Fair](/wiki/Gothenburg_Book_Fair "Gothenburg Book Fair") (Sweden); and the remarkable collection of translations of works originally written in Catalan to other languages.
In 2015, because of the regional elections in May, the new Balearic government requested its reincorporation into the governing bodies of the IRL. Regarding the internationalisation of the Catalan literature, a good level of translations was maintained with 134 publications and a focus on Catalan was celebrated in the [International Festival of Authors](/wiki/International_Festival_of_Authors "International Festival of Authors") in Toronto. As far as creation is concerned, Catalonia's fourth consecutive participation in the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture "Venice Biennale of Architecture") with the project *La singularitat*, by [Albert Serra](/wiki/Albert_Serra "Albert Serra") and commissioned by [Chus Martínez](/wiki/Chus_Mart%C3%ADnez "Chus Martínez"), was remarkable. The participations of Catalan groups and companies have also had a special relevance in the New York City Summerstage Festival or at the Avignon le Off Festival with the project *Avignon à la catalane*, as well as the presence of our design in the Business of Design Week in Hong Kong with the Barcelona city council. Catalan teaching also started in the [University of São Paulo](/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "University of São Paulo") (Brazil) and in the [Beijing Foreign Studies University](/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University "Beijing Foreign Studies University"). This rounded the number of universities in the University Network of Catalan Studies Abroad to 150\.
In 2017 it took part of the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture "Venice Biennale of Architecture") with *Aftermath\_Catalonia in Venice. Architecture beyond architects*, commissioned by Jaume Prat, Jelena Proklopevic with a project by the director [Isaki Lacuesta](/wiki/Isaki_Lacuesta "Isaki Lacuesta"), the participation of the Catalan literature as a special guest in the Warsaw Book Fair, the organisation of the international activities for the 700th anniversary of [Llull](/wiki/Ramon_Llull "Ramon Llull")'s death and the celebration of the 30th International Symposium for Catalan teachers abroad in the [Rovira i Virgili University](/wiki/Rovira_i_Virgili_University "Rovira i Virgili University").
The Catalan\-Balearic presence was a highlight in 2017 as a guest of honour in the [Bologna Children Book Fair](/wiki/Bologna_Children%27s_Book_Fair "Bologna Children's Book Fair"), the participation of the Momix Festival for children drama ([Kingersheim](/wiki/Kingersheim "Kingersheim")\-[Alsace](/wiki/Alsace "Alsace")), with a programme including Catalan and Balearic companies. Another great Project for 2017 was the participation of Barcelona as a guest in the Buenos Aires Biennale of Architecture, in collaboration with the [Barcelona City Council](/wiki/Barcelona_City_Council "Barcelona City Council") once again, and a plan for artistic residencies.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The [Generalitat de Catalunya](/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya \"Generalitat de Catalunya\") (Catalan Government) and the [Autonomous Community of the Balearic](/wiki/Balearic_Islands \"Balearic Islands\") created the Institut Ramon Llull (IRL) via an agreement signed on 5 April 2002, which was published in Resolution PRE/1128/2002, of 30 April. The objective was to create a mechanism for promoting the Catalan language, the culture that it expresses and all other cultural production (not only linguistic) from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. It is also a mechanism for consolidating and strengthening relations among the various territories that share the language. The IRL has the legal status of a [consortium](/wiki/Consortium \"Consortium\") comprising the two aforementioned public administrations. The State government announced that it would provide support through the [Instituto Cervantes](/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes \"Instituto Cervantes\"). The board of the IRL was created on 3 June 2002{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/521467/20020603/constitueix\\-oficialment\\-patronat\\-linstitut\\-ramon\\-llull.html\\|title\\=Es constitueix oficialment el patronat de l'Institut Ramon Llull\\|website\\=\\[\\[Vilaweb]]\\|access\\-date\\=29 December 2015}} and consisted of the following 21 intellectuals representing the Catalan language, arts and culture: [Antoni Badia i Margarit](/wiki/Antoni_Maria_Badia_i_Margarit \"Antoni Maria Badia i Margarit\"), Joaquim Molas, Miquel Batllori, [Baltasar Porcel](/wiki/Baltasar_Porcel \"Baltasar Porcel\"), [Sergi Belbel](/wiki/Sergi_Belbel \"Sergi Belbel\"), [Carme Riera](/wiki/Carme_Riera \"Carme Riera\"), [Josep Joan Bigas i Luna](/wiki/Bigas_Luna \"Bigas Luna\"), [Martí de Riquer](/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_de_Riquer_i_Morera \"Martí de Riquer i Morera\"), [Maria del Mar Bonet](/wiki/Maria_del_Mar_Bonet \"Maria del Mar Bonet\"), Xavier Rubert de Ventós, Anthony Bonner, Sebastià Serrano, [Josep Carreras i Coll](/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras \"José Carreras\"), [Antoni Tàpies](/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies \"Antoni Tàpies\"), [Pere Gimferrer](/wiki/Pere_Gimferrer \"Pere Gimferrer\"), Josep Termes, Isidor Marí i Mayans, [Joan Triadú](/wiki/Joan_Triad%C3%BA \"Joan Triadú\"), Josep Massot i Muntaner, Marie Claire Zimmermann and [Joan Francesc Mira](/wiki/Joan_Francesc_Mira_i_Caster%C3%A0 \"Joan Francesc Mira i Casterà\"). In addition, Joan Maria Pujals was appointed as the institute's first director.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/511299/20040216/joan\\-maria\\-pujals\\-nomenat\\-director\\-linstitut\\-ramon\\-llull.html\\|title\\=Joan Maria Pujals, nomenat director de l'Institut Ramon Llull\\|website\\=Vilaweb\\|access\\-date\\=9 November 2015}}",
"### Early years",
"Between 23 June and 4 July 2003, [Maria del Mar Bonet](/wiki/Maria_del_Mar_Bonet \"Maria del Mar Bonet\"), the Nats Nus dance company, the artist Eulàlia Valldosera, the pianist Albert Atenelle, and the exhibition *Gaudí, un univers* acted as ambassadors of Catalan culture in Russia. where Gaudí was the focus of a seminar. A year later, in 2004, the IRL played a key role in the most important book fair in Latin America. Between 27 November and 5 December 2004, the IRL was guest of honor at the Feria del Libro de Guadalajara, which featured more than 100 events, including, notably, a retrospective of the work of [Antoni Tàpies](/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies \"Antoni Tàpies\") in the Museo de Arte de Zapopán.",
"In 2005, the IRL organized *Veles e vents. Cultura Catalana a Nàpols*, an exhibition on [The Divine Comedy](/wiki/Divine_Comedy \"Divine Comedy\") as interpreted by [Miquel Barceló](/wiki/Miquel_Barcel%C3%B3 \"Miquel Barceló\") and held in the Castel Nuovo, during October. It was also the setting for concerts by [Carles Santos](/wiki/Carles_Santos \"Carles Santos\") and [Raimon](/wiki/Raimon \"Raimon\"), as well as performances by'Àngels Margarit, Roger Bernat and Pep Tosar.",
"In 2006, in New York the IRL organised a series of cultural events, including an exhibition by the photographer [Joan Fontcuberta](/wiki/Joan_Fontcuberta \"Joan Fontcuberta\"), a season of films by [Isabel Coixet](/wiki/Isabel_Coixet \"Isabel Coixet\") and [Marc Recha](/wiki/Marc_Recha \"Marc Recha\"), with the critic Romà Gubern, and a poetry symposium involving various poets and the critic [Harold Bloom](/wiki/Harold_Bloom \"Harold Bloom\").",
"### Frankfurt Book Fair",
"[thumb\\|Stand at the Frankfurt fair in 2012](/wiki/File:Frankfurta_librofoiro_2012_Institut_Ramon_Llull_c.JPG \"Frankfurta librofoiro 2012 Institut Ramon Llull c.JPG\")\nA milestone in the Institute's history was getting Catalan culture to be the guest of honour at the 2007 [Frankfurt Book Fair](/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair \"Frankfurt Book Fair\"). It was attended by 118 writers, 237 organisations and 5,719 people linked to the Catalan cultural scene; 95 events were held and 53 literary works were translated from Catalan into German. Highlights among the events included the adaptation of [Tirant lo Blanc](/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch \"Tirant lo Blanch\") directed by [Calixto Bieito](/wiki/Calixto_Bieito \"Calixto Bieito\"), the *Dance: meeting Catalan Culture* cycle, the exhibitions *Cultura Catalana, Singular i Universal* and VisualKultur.cat, the Dies de l'Òpera Catalana (Catalan Opera Days) and Sónar Nits. All this was run in collaboration with the government of Andorra and the Spanish [Cervantes Institute](/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes \"Instituto Cervantes\").",
"A year later, in 2008, the Institute was present at the [Festival Internacional Cervantino](/wiki/Festival_Internacional_Cervantino \"Festival Internacional Cervantino\"), in [Guanajuato](/wiki/Guanajuato_City \"Guanajuato City\"), Mexico. The Catalan and Balearic presence featured [Joan Manuel Serrat](/wiki/Joan_Manuel_Serrat \"Joan Manuel Serrat\"), [Jordi Savall](/wiki/Jordi_Savall \"Jordi Savall\"), [Hespèrion XXI](/wiki/Hesp%C3%A8rion_XXI \"Hespèrion XXI\") and the Capella Reial de Catalunya (performing together with Tembembé Ensemble Continuo), an exhibition of the work of [Agustí Centelles](/wiki/Agust%C3%AD_Centelles \"Agustí Centelles\") and the \"[Dansa de la Mort](/wiki/Danse_Macabre \"Danse Macabre\")\" of [Verges](/wiki/Verges%2C_Catalonia \"Verges, Catalonia\"). *Catalan Days* was also repeated in New York, with jazz, theatre and dance performance, a cinema cycle entitled *Clandestí, forbidden Catalan Cinema under Franco* and, as part of the [PEN World Voices Festival](/wiki/PEN_International \"PEN International\"), a homage to [Blai Bonet](/wiki/Blai_Bonet \"Blai Bonet\").\n[thumb\\|Catalonia Pavilion at the 2014 Venice Biennale](/wiki/File:Le_pavillon_de_la_Catalogne_%28Biennale_d%27architecture_2014%2C_Venise%29_%2815643743159%29.jpg \"Le pavillon de la Catalogne (Biennale d'architecture 2014, Venise) (15643743159).jpg\")\nIn 2009 it took part in the [Venice Biennale](/wiki/Venice_Biennale \"Venice Biennale\") for the first time. As part of the *Eventi Collateralli*, the 53rd Biennale included a Catalan pavilion, with the exhibition *La comunitat inconfessable* curate by Valentín Roma, which was visited by 45,633 people. Several events were held alongside this, including the academic symposium *Les ciutats inconfessables*.",
"### 2010–2015",
"Between 3 and 6 February 2010, under the slogan, *Le Catalan, la langue de 10 millions d'Européens*, the Institut Ramon Llull took Catalan culture to the heart of the French capital in an exhibition dedicated to languages and teaching that received 22,7863 visitors and had 200 exhibitors from 30 countries. The IRL's participation was the result of the combined efforts of Catalan, Balearic and Valencian institutions and organisations. A year later, Catalan culture arrived in London with the exhibition [Joan Miró: The Ladder of Escape](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3:The_Ladder_of_Escape \"The Ladder of Escape\") at the [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern \"Tate Modern\") as the highlight. It was accompanied by performance from Tap Olé, Nats Nus Dansa, [Sol Picó](/wiki/Sol_Pic%C3%B3 \"Sol Picó\"), concerts by the Carles Benavent Quintet, the Miguel Gómez Quartet, Colia Miralta Sambeat, the Biel Ballester Trio, [Mishima](/wiki/Mishima_%28band%29 \"Mishima (band)\"), and Les Aus i Aias, among other events. The IRL also managed to have a presence at the World Puppet Theatre Festival in Charleville.\n[thumb\\|Fira de Frankfurt 2015](/wiki/File:Fira_de_Frankfurt_2015.JPG \"Fira de Frankfurt 2015.JPG\")\nIn 2012 a tour was organised, named *Catalan Sounds on Tour*, which visited Canada, Texas, Mexico and the United Kingdom – an initiative hosted at the Canadian Music Week (Toronto), at South by South West (Austin), at The Great Escape (Brighton) and at Vive Latino (Mexico City), joined by groups such as Manel, Seward, Mujeres, Ninette \\& The Goldfish, Els Amics del Bosc, Ferguson or Petit, among others. That same year, *Avignon à la Catalane* was celebrated, with eight theatre companies from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands in attendance at Avignon's OFF Theatre Festival, one of the most important in the world. The companies Pelmànec, EIA, Pere Faura, Alba Sarraute, Los Excéntricos, Cor de théatre, Katraska i Mariantònia Oliver performed in various spaces throughout the city. Furthermore, there began to be a Catalan presence at the Venice Biennale of Architecture. For the first time, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands enjoyed their own pavilion in this event which was connected with the Art Biennale. Between 29 August and 25 November, within the scope of *Eventi Collateralli* (peripheral events), it was also possible to visit the project *Vogadors* (Rowers), commissioned by Jordi Badia and Félix Arranz.",
"Among the projects initiated by the IRL in 2013, one which stood out the most was the participation of [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") as a city invited to the Paris Book Fair, with the participation of more than twenty authors who presented recent translations into French; in the field of visual arts, of particular note was the participation of the IRL, with their own pavilion, at the Venice Biennale of Art with a projected named *25%* by Francesc Torres and Mercedes Alvarez and commissioned by Jordi Balló. Others were the focus on Catalan at the Festival of Contemporary Music in Huddersfield, one of Europe's most prestigious, complete with the figure of Hèctor Parra as resident composer, and also the fact that the Catalan culture was the guest of honour at Salisbury International Arts Festival, with the attendance of fifteen theatre companies and music groups.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.llull.cat/catala/quisom/10anys.cfm\\|title\\=10 anys de Llull\\|website\\=Institut Ramon Llull\\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2015}}",
"The main projects in 2014 were the *Arquitectures empeltades / Grafting Architecture*. C*atalonia at Venice* exhibition in the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture \"Venice Biennale of Architecture\"); the participation of Barcelona in the [Beijing Design Week](/wiki/Beijing_Design_Week \"Beijing Design Week\") (BJDW); the multidisciplinary programme of Barcelona as a guest in the Stockholm Kulturfestival (the two last projects, in collaboration with the Barcelona city council); *Voices from Catalonia*, the focus of Catalan literature in the [Gothenburg Book Fair](/wiki/Gothenburg_Book_Fair \"Gothenburg Book Fair\") (Sweden); and the remarkable collection of translations of works originally written in Catalan to other languages.",
"In 2015, because of the regional elections in May, the new Balearic government requested its reincorporation into the governing bodies of the IRL. Regarding the internationalisation of the Catalan literature, a good level of translations was maintained with 134 publications and a focus on Catalan was celebrated in the [International Festival of Authors](/wiki/International_Festival_of_Authors \"International Festival of Authors\") in Toronto. As far as creation is concerned, Catalonia's fourth consecutive participation in the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture \"Venice Biennale of Architecture\") with the project *La singularitat*, by [Albert Serra](/wiki/Albert_Serra \"Albert Serra\") and commissioned by [Chus Martínez](/wiki/Chus_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Chus Martínez\"), was remarkable. The participations of Catalan groups and companies have also had a special relevance in the New York City Summerstage Festival or at the Avignon le Off Festival with the project *Avignon à la catalane*, as well as the presence of our design in the Business of Design Week in Hong Kong with the Barcelona city council. Catalan teaching also started in the [University of São Paulo](/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"University of São Paulo\") (Brazil) and in the [Beijing Foreign Studies University](/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University \"Beijing Foreign Studies University\"). This rounded the number of universities in the University Network of Catalan Studies Abroad to 150\\.",
"In 2017 it took part of the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture \"Venice Biennale of Architecture\") with *Aftermath\\_Catalonia in Venice. Architecture beyond architects*, commissioned by Jaume Prat, Jelena Proklopevic with a project by the director [Isaki Lacuesta](/wiki/Isaki_Lacuesta \"Isaki Lacuesta\"), the participation of the Catalan literature as a special guest in the Warsaw Book Fair, the organisation of the international activities for the 700th anniversary of [Llull](/wiki/Ramon_Llull \"Ramon Llull\")'s death and the celebration of the 30th International Symposium for Catalan teachers abroad in the [Rovira i Virgili University](/wiki/Rovira_i_Virgili_University \"Rovira i Virgili University\").",
"The Catalan\\-Balearic presence was a highlight in 2017 as a guest of honour in the [Bologna Children Book Fair](/wiki/Bologna_Children%27s_Book_Fair \"Bologna Children's Book Fair\"), the participation of the Momix Festival for children drama ([Kingersheim](/wiki/Kingersheim \"Kingersheim\")\\-[Alsace](/wiki/Alsace \"Alsace\")), with a programme including Catalan and Balearic companies. Another great Project for 2017 was the participation of Barcelona as a guest in the Buenos Aires Biennale of Architecture, in collaboration with the [Barcelona City Council](/wiki/Barcelona_City_Council \"Barcelona City Council\") once again, and a plan for artistic residencies.",
""
] |
### 2010–2015
Between 3 and 6 February 2010, under the slogan, *Le Catalan, la langue de 10 millions d'Européens*, the Institut Ramon Llull took Catalan culture to the heart of the French capital in an exhibition dedicated to languages and teaching that received 22,7863 visitors and had 200 exhibitors from 30 countries. The IRL's participation was the result of the combined efforts of Catalan, Balearic and Valencian institutions and organisations. A year later, Catalan culture arrived in London with the exhibition [Joan Miró: The Ladder of Escape](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3:The_Ladder_of_Escape "The Ladder of Escape") at the [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern "Tate Modern") as the highlight. It was accompanied by performance from Tap Olé, Nats Nus Dansa, [Sol Picó](/wiki/Sol_Pic%C3%B3 "Sol Picó"), concerts by the Carles Benavent Quintet, the Miguel Gómez Quartet, Colia Miralta Sambeat, the Biel Ballester Trio, [Mishima](/wiki/Mishima_%28band%29 "Mishima (band)"), and Les Aus i Aias, among other events. The IRL also managed to have a presence at the World Puppet Theatre Festival in Charleville.
[thumb\|Fira de Frankfurt 2015](/wiki/File:Fira_de_Frankfurt_2015.JPG "Fira de Frankfurt 2015.JPG")
In 2012 a tour was organised, named *Catalan Sounds on Tour*, which visited Canada, Texas, Mexico and the United Kingdom – an initiative hosted at the Canadian Music Week (Toronto), at South by South West (Austin), at The Great Escape (Brighton) and at Vive Latino (Mexico City), joined by groups such as Manel, Seward, Mujeres, Ninette \& The Goldfish, Els Amics del Bosc, Ferguson or Petit, among others. That same year, *Avignon à la Catalane* was celebrated, with eight theatre companies from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands in attendance at Avignon's OFF Theatre Festival, one of the most important in the world. The companies Pelmànec, EIA, Pere Faura, Alba Sarraute, Los Excéntricos, Cor de théatre, Katraska i Mariantònia Oliver performed in various spaces throughout the city. Furthermore, there began to be a Catalan presence at the Venice Biennale of Architecture. For the first time, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands enjoyed their own pavilion in this event which was connected with the Art Biennale. Between 29 August and 25 November, within the scope of *Eventi Collateralli* (peripheral events), it was also possible to visit the project *Vogadors* (Rowers), commissioned by Jordi Badia and Félix Arranz.
Among the projects initiated by the IRL in 2013, one which stood out the most was the participation of [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona") as a city invited to the Paris Book Fair, with the participation of more than twenty authors who presented recent translations into French; in the field of visual arts, of particular note was the participation of the IRL, with their own pavilion, at the Venice Biennale of Art with a projected named *25%* by Francesc Torres and Mercedes Alvarez and commissioned by Jordi Balló. Others were the focus on Catalan at the Festival of Contemporary Music in Huddersfield, one of Europe's most prestigious, complete with the figure of Hèctor Parra as resident composer, and also the fact that the Catalan culture was the guest of honour at Salisbury International Arts Festival, with the attendance of fifteen theatre companies and music groups.{{Cite web\|url\=http://www.llull.cat/catala/quisom/10anys.cfm\|title\=10 anys de Llull\|website\=Institut Ramon Llull\|access\-date\=8 November 2015}}
The main projects in 2014 were the *Arquitectures empeltades / Grafting Architecture*. C*atalonia at Venice* exhibition in the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture "Venice Biennale of Architecture"); the participation of Barcelona in the [Beijing Design Week](/wiki/Beijing_Design_Week "Beijing Design Week") (BJDW); the multidisciplinary programme of Barcelona as a guest in the Stockholm Kulturfestival (the two last projects, in collaboration with the Barcelona city council); *Voices from Catalonia*, the focus of Catalan literature in the [Gothenburg Book Fair](/wiki/Gothenburg_Book_Fair "Gothenburg Book Fair") (Sweden); and the remarkable collection of translations of works originally written in Catalan to other languages.
In 2015, because of the regional elections in May, the new Balearic government requested its reincorporation into the governing bodies of the IRL. Regarding the internationalisation of the Catalan literature, a good level of translations was maintained with 134 publications and a focus on Catalan was celebrated in the [International Festival of Authors](/wiki/International_Festival_of_Authors "International Festival of Authors") in Toronto. As far as creation is concerned, Catalonia's fourth consecutive participation in the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture "Venice Biennale of Architecture") with the project *La singularitat*, by [Albert Serra](/wiki/Albert_Serra "Albert Serra") and commissioned by [Chus Martínez](/wiki/Chus_Mart%C3%ADnez "Chus Martínez"), was remarkable. The participations of Catalan groups and companies have also had a special relevance in the New York City Summerstage Festival or at the Avignon le Off Festival with the project *Avignon à la catalane*, as well as the presence of our design in the Business of Design Week in Hong Kong with the Barcelona city council. Catalan teaching also started in the [University of São Paulo](/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "University of São Paulo") (Brazil) and in the [Beijing Foreign Studies University](/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University "Beijing Foreign Studies University"). This rounded the number of universities in the University Network of Catalan Studies Abroad to 150\.
In 2017 it took part of the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture "Venice Biennale of Architecture") with *Aftermath\_Catalonia in Venice. Architecture beyond architects*, commissioned by Jaume Prat, Jelena Proklopevic with a project by the director [Isaki Lacuesta](/wiki/Isaki_Lacuesta "Isaki Lacuesta"), the participation of the Catalan literature as a special guest in the Warsaw Book Fair, the organisation of the international activities for the 700th anniversary of [Llull](/wiki/Ramon_Llull "Ramon Llull")'s death and the celebration of the 30th International Symposium for Catalan teachers abroad in the [Rovira i Virgili University](/wiki/Rovira_i_Virgili_University "Rovira i Virgili University").
The Catalan\-Balearic presence was a highlight in 2017 as a guest of honour in the [Bologna Children Book Fair](/wiki/Bologna_Children%27s_Book_Fair "Bologna Children's Book Fair"), the participation of the Momix Festival for children drama ([Kingersheim](/wiki/Kingersheim "Kingersheim")\-[Alsace](/wiki/Alsace "Alsace")), with a programme including Catalan and Balearic companies. Another great Project for 2017 was the participation of Barcelona as a guest in the Buenos Aires Biennale of Architecture, in collaboration with the [Barcelona City Council](/wiki/Barcelona_City_Council "Barcelona City Council") once again, and a plan for artistic residencies.
|
[
"### 2010–2015",
"Between 3 and 6 February 2010, under the slogan, *Le Catalan, la langue de 10 millions d'Européens*, the Institut Ramon Llull took Catalan culture to the heart of the French capital in an exhibition dedicated to languages and teaching that received 22,7863 visitors and had 200 exhibitors from 30 countries. The IRL's participation was the result of the combined efforts of Catalan, Balearic and Valencian institutions and organisations. A year later, Catalan culture arrived in London with the exhibition [Joan Miró: The Ladder of Escape](/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3:The_Ladder_of_Escape \"The Ladder of Escape\") at the [Tate Modern](/wiki/Tate_Modern \"Tate Modern\") as the highlight. It was accompanied by performance from Tap Olé, Nats Nus Dansa, [Sol Picó](/wiki/Sol_Pic%C3%B3 \"Sol Picó\"), concerts by the Carles Benavent Quintet, the Miguel Gómez Quartet, Colia Miralta Sambeat, the Biel Ballester Trio, [Mishima](/wiki/Mishima_%28band%29 \"Mishima (band)\"), and Les Aus i Aias, among other events. The IRL also managed to have a presence at the World Puppet Theatre Festival in Charleville.\n[thumb\\|Fira de Frankfurt 2015](/wiki/File:Fira_de_Frankfurt_2015.JPG \"Fira de Frankfurt 2015.JPG\")\nIn 2012 a tour was organised, named *Catalan Sounds on Tour*, which visited Canada, Texas, Mexico and the United Kingdom – an initiative hosted at the Canadian Music Week (Toronto), at South by South West (Austin), at The Great Escape (Brighton) and at Vive Latino (Mexico City), joined by groups such as Manel, Seward, Mujeres, Ninette \\& The Goldfish, Els Amics del Bosc, Ferguson or Petit, among others. That same year, *Avignon à la Catalane* was celebrated, with eight theatre companies from Catalonia and the Balearic Islands in attendance at Avignon's OFF Theatre Festival, one of the most important in the world. The companies Pelmànec, EIA, Pere Faura, Alba Sarraute, Los Excéntricos, Cor de théatre, Katraska i Mariantònia Oliver performed in various spaces throughout the city. Furthermore, there began to be a Catalan presence at the Venice Biennale of Architecture. For the first time, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands enjoyed their own pavilion in this event which was connected with the Art Biennale. Between 29 August and 25 November, within the scope of *Eventi Collateralli* (peripheral events), it was also possible to visit the project *Vogadors* (Rowers), commissioned by Jordi Badia and Félix Arranz.",
"Among the projects initiated by the IRL in 2013, one which stood out the most was the participation of [Barcelona](/wiki/Barcelona \"Barcelona\") as a city invited to the Paris Book Fair, with the participation of more than twenty authors who presented recent translations into French; in the field of visual arts, of particular note was the participation of the IRL, with their own pavilion, at the Venice Biennale of Art with a projected named *25%* by Francesc Torres and Mercedes Alvarez and commissioned by Jordi Balló. Others were the focus on Catalan at the Festival of Contemporary Music in Huddersfield, one of Europe's most prestigious, complete with the figure of Hèctor Parra as resident composer, and also the fact that the Catalan culture was the guest of honour at Salisbury International Arts Festival, with the attendance of fifteen theatre companies and music groups.{{Cite web\\|url\\=http://www.llull.cat/catala/quisom/10anys.cfm\\|title\\=10 anys de Llull\\|website\\=Institut Ramon Llull\\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2015}}",
"The main projects in 2014 were the *Arquitectures empeltades / Grafting Architecture*. C*atalonia at Venice* exhibition in the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture \"Venice Biennale of Architecture\"); the participation of Barcelona in the [Beijing Design Week](/wiki/Beijing_Design_Week \"Beijing Design Week\") (BJDW); the multidisciplinary programme of Barcelona as a guest in the Stockholm Kulturfestival (the two last projects, in collaboration with the Barcelona city council); *Voices from Catalonia*, the focus of Catalan literature in the [Gothenburg Book Fair](/wiki/Gothenburg_Book_Fair \"Gothenburg Book Fair\") (Sweden); and the remarkable collection of translations of works originally written in Catalan to other languages.",
"In 2015, because of the regional elections in May, the new Balearic government requested its reincorporation into the governing bodies of the IRL. Regarding the internationalisation of the Catalan literature, a good level of translations was maintained with 134 publications and a focus on Catalan was celebrated in the [International Festival of Authors](/wiki/International_Festival_of_Authors \"International Festival of Authors\") in Toronto. As far as creation is concerned, Catalonia's fourth consecutive participation in the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture \"Venice Biennale of Architecture\") with the project *La singularitat*, by [Albert Serra](/wiki/Albert_Serra \"Albert Serra\") and commissioned by [Chus Martínez](/wiki/Chus_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Chus Martínez\"), was remarkable. The participations of Catalan groups and companies have also had a special relevance in the New York City Summerstage Festival or at the Avignon le Off Festival with the project *Avignon à la catalane*, as well as the presence of our design in the Business of Design Week in Hong Kong with the Barcelona city council. Catalan teaching also started in the [University of São Paulo](/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo \"University of São Paulo\") (Brazil) and in the [Beijing Foreign Studies University](/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University \"Beijing Foreign Studies University\"). This rounded the number of universities in the University Network of Catalan Studies Abroad to 150\\.",
"In 2017 it took part of the [Venice Biennale of Architecture](/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture \"Venice Biennale of Architecture\") with *Aftermath\\_Catalonia in Venice. Architecture beyond architects*, commissioned by Jaume Prat, Jelena Proklopevic with a project by the director [Isaki Lacuesta](/wiki/Isaki_Lacuesta \"Isaki Lacuesta\"), the participation of the Catalan literature as a special guest in the Warsaw Book Fair, the organisation of the international activities for the 700th anniversary of [Llull](/wiki/Ramon_Llull \"Ramon Llull\")'s death and the celebration of the 30th International Symposium for Catalan teachers abroad in the [Rovira i Virgili University](/wiki/Rovira_i_Virgili_University \"Rovira i Virgili University\").",
"The Catalan\\-Balearic presence was a highlight in 2017 as a guest of honour in the [Bologna Children Book Fair](/wiki/Bologna_Children%27s_Book_Fair \"Bologna Children's Book Fair\"), the participation of the Momix Festival for children drama ([Kingersheim](/wiki/Kingersheim \"Kingersheim\")\\-[Alsace](/wiki/Alsace \"Alsace\")), with a programme including Catalan and Balearic companies. Another great Project for 2017 was the participation of Barcelona as a guest in the Buenos Aires Biennale of Architecture, in collaboration with the [Barcelona City Council](/wiki/Barcelona_City_Council \"Barcelona City Council\") once again, and a plan for artistic residencies.",
""
] |
Development of the concept
--------------------------
An early concept for the Anthropocene was the [Noosphere](/wiki/Noosphere "Noosphere") by [Vladimir Vernadsky](/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky "Vladimir Vernadsky"), who in 1938 wrote of "scientific thought as a geological force".{{cite news \|url\=http://action.larouchepac.com/\_the\_anthropocene\|title\='The Anthropocene' viewed from Vernadsky's Noosphere \|last\=Ogden \|first\=M. \|newspaper\=Promethean Pac \|date\=29 February 2016 \|publisher\=\[\[LaRouche PAC]]}} Scientists in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") appear to have used the term *Anthropocene* as early as the 1960s to refer to the [Quaternary](/wiki/Quaternary "Quaternary"), the most recent [geological period](/wiki/Period_%28geology%29 "Period (geology)").{{citation \| mode\=cs1 \| publisher\=Akademii͡a nauk SSSR \|title\=Doklady: Biological sciences sections, Volumes 132–135}}{{full citation needed\|date\=June 2018}}
Ecologist [Eugene F. Stoermer](/wiki/Eugene_F._Stoermer "Eugene F. Stoermer") subsequently used *Anthropocene* with a different sense in the 1980s{{cite news \|last\=Revkin \|first\=Andrew C. \|title\=Confronting the 'Anthropocene' \|url\=http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/confronting\-the\-anthropocene/ \|newspaper\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|access\-date\=25 March 2014 \|date\=11 May 2011}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Badri \|first\=Adarsh \|date\=2024\-02\-05 \|title\=Feeling for the Anthropocene: affective relations and ecological activism in the global South \|journal\=International Affairs \|volume\=100 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=731–749 \|doi\=10\.1093/ia/iiae010 \|issn\=0020\-5850\|doi\-access\=free }} and the term was widely popularised in 2000 by [atmospheric chemist](/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry "Atmospheric chemistry") [Paul J. Crutzen](/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen "Paul J. Crutzen"),{{cite book \|last\=Dawson \|first\=Ashley \|author\-link\=Ashley Dawson \|title\=Extinction: A radical history \|date\=2016 \|publisher\=\[\[OR Books]] \|url\=http://www.orbooks.com/catalog/extinction\-by\-ashley\-dawson/ \|page\=19 \|isbn\=978\-1944869014}}{{Cite news \|last1\=Crutzen \|first1\=Paul J. \|last2\=Stoermer \|first2\=Eugene F. \|date\= \|title\=The "Anthropocene" \|pages\=17–18 \|work\=IGBP Newsletter}} who regards the influence of human behavior on Earth's atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a new geological epoch.{{cite book \|last\=Pearce \|first\=Fred \|url\=https://archive.org/details/withspeedviolenc00pear \|title\=With Speed and Violence: Why Scientists fear tipping points in Climate Change \|date\=2007 \|publisher\=Beacon Press \|isbn\=978\-0\-8070\-8576\-9 \|location\=Boston, Massachusetts \|author\-link\=Fred Pearce \|access\-date\=5 September 2016}}{{rp\|21}}{{Cite news \|date\=13 February 2021 \|title\=Paul Crutzen died on January 28th \|newspaper\=The Economist \|url\=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2021/02/13/paul\-crutzen\-died\-on\-january\-28th \|access\-date\=2021\-02\-21 \|issn\=0013\-0613}}{{quote box
\| align \= right
\| width \= 25em
\| quote \= The pressures we exert on the planet have become so great that scientists are considering whether the Earth has entered an entirely new geological epoch: the Anthropocene, or the age of humans. It means that we are the first people to live in an age defined by human choice, in which the dominant risk to our survival is ourselves.
\| source \= —\[\[Achim Steiner]], \[\[UNDP]] Administrator{{cite web \|url\=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr\_2020\_overview\_english.pdf \|title\=The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (Foreword)\|last\= Steiner \|first\=Achim \|date\=15 December 2020 \|website\= \|publisher\=UNDP \|access\-date\= 16 December 2020\|quote\=}}
}}
The term *Anthropocene* is informally used in scientific contexts.{{cite book \|title\=Earth System Science in the Anthropocene: Emerging issues and problems \|date\=2006 \|first1\=Eckart \|last1\=Ehlers \|first2\=C. \|last2\=Moss \|first3\=Thomas \|last3\=Krafft \|publisher\=Springer Science\+Business Media \|isbn\=9783540265900 \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=Id3Z5XTcOWgC\&q\=Earth\+System\+Science\+in\+the\+Anthropocene:\+Emerging\+Issues\+and\+Problems}} The [Geological Society of America](/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America "Geological Society of America") entitled its 2011 annual meeting: *[Archean](/wiki/Archean "Archean") to Anthropocene: The past is the key to the future*.{{cite web \|url\=https://www.geosociety.org/meetings/2011/ \|title\=2011 GSA Annual Meeting \|publisher\=\[\[Geological Society of America]] \|access\-date\=28 November 2015 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929144800/http://www.geosociety.org/meetings/2011/ \|archive\-date\=29 September 2019 \|url\-status\=dead }} The new epoch has no agreed start\-date, but one proposal, based on atmospheric evidence, is to fix the start with the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution") {{circa}}1780, with the invention of the [steam engine](/wiki/Steam_engine "Steam engine").{{cite journal \|last1\=Zalasiewicz \|first1\=Jan \|display\-authors\=etal \|year\=2008 \|title\=Are we now living in the Anthropocene? \|journal\=\[\[GSA Today]] \|volume\=18 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=4–8 \|bibcode\=2008GSAT...18b...4Z \|doi\=10\.1130/GSAT01802A.1 \|doi\-access\=free}}{{cite journal \|author1\=Crutzen, P.J. \|author2\=Stoermer, E.F. \|name\-list\-style\=amp\|title\=The 'Anthropocene' \|journal\=Global Change Newsletter \|volume\=41 \|pages\=17–18 \|year\=2000}} Other scientists link the new term to earlier events, such as the rise of agriculture and the [Neolithic Revolution](/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution "Neolithic Revolution") (around 12,000 years [BP](/wiki/Before_Present "Before Present")).
Evidence of relative human impact – such as the [growing human influence](/wiki/Human_overpopulation%23Dangers_and_effects "Human overpopulation#Dangers and effects") on land use, ecosystems, [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity"), and [species extinction](/wiki/Holocene_extinction "Holocene extinction") – is substantial; scientists think that human impact has significantly changed (or halted) the growth of biodiversity.{{cite journal \|author1\=Sahney, S. \|author2\=Benton, M. J. \|author3\=Ferry, P. A. \|name\-list\-style\=amp\|year\=2010 \|title\=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land \|journal\=Biology Letters \|doi\=10\.1098/rsbl.2009\.1024 \|volume\=6 \|pages\=544–547 \|issue\=4 \|pmid\=20106856 \|pmc\=2936204 \|quote\=... it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase in an exponential fashion until most or all of the available ecospace is filled. }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Pimm \|first1\=S.L. \|last2\=Jenkins \|first2\=C.N. \|last3\=Abell \|first3\=R. \|last4\=Brooks \|first4\=T.M. \|last5\=Gittleman \|first5\=J.L. \|last6\=Joppa \|first6\=L.N. \|last7\=Raven \|first7\=P. H. \|last8\=Roberts \|first8\=C.M. \|last9\=Sexton \|first9\=J.O. \|year\=2014 \|title\=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection \|url\=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm\+et\+al.\+2014\.pdf \|pmid\=24876501 \|journal\=\[\[Science (journal)\|Science]] \|volume\=344 \|issue\=6187 \|page\=1246752 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.1246752 \|s2cid\=206552746 \|access\-date\=15 December 2016 \|quote\=The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.}}{{cite journal \|last\=Vignieri \|first\=Sacha \|year\=2014 \|title\=Vanishing fauna \|journal\=\[\[Science (journal)\|Science]] \|volume\=345 \|issue\=6195 \|pages\=392–395 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.345\.6195\.392 \|pmid\=25061199\|bibcode\=2014Sci...345\..392V \|doi\-access\=free }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Ceballos \|first1\=Gerardo \|last2\=Ehrlich \|first2\=Paul R. \| author2\-link \= Paul R. Ehrlich \|last3\=Barnosky \|first3\=Anthony D. \|author\-link3\=Anthony David Barnosky \|last4\=García \|first4\=Andrés \|last5\=Pringle \|first5\=Robert M. \|last6\=Palmer \|first6\=Todd M. \|year\=2015 \|title\=Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction \|journal\=\[\[Science Advances]] \|volume\=1 \|issue\=5 \|page\=e1400253 \|doi\=10\.1126/sciadv.1400253 \|pmid\=26601195 \|pmc\=4640606 \|bibcode\=2015SciA....1E0253C}} Those arguing for earlier dates posit that the proposed Anthropocene may have begun as early as 14,000–15,000 years [BP](/wiki/Before_present "Before present"), based on geologic evidence; this has led other scientists to suggest that "the onset of the Anthropocene should be extended back many thousand years";{{Cite journal \|last1\=Doughty \|first1\=C.E. \|last2\=Wolf \|first2\=A. \|last3\=Field \|first3\=C.B. \|title\=Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: The first human\-induced global warming? \|journal\=Geophysical Research Letters \|volume\=37 \|issue\=L15703 \|pages\=L15703 \|year\=2010 \|url\=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2010/2010GL043985\.shtml \|doi\=10\.1029/2010GL043985 \|bibcode\=2010GeoRL..3715703D\|doi\-access\=free }}{{rp\|1}} this would make the Anthropocene essentially synonymous with the current term, *[Holocene](/wiki/Holocene "Holocene")*.
### Anthropocene Working Group
In 2008, the Stratigraphy Commission of the [Geological Society of London](/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London "Geological Society of London") considered a proposal to make the Anthropocene a formal unit of geological epoch divisions. A majority of the commission decided the proposal had merit and should be examined further. Independent working groups of scientists from various geological societies began to determine whether the Anthropocene will be formally accepted into the [Geological Time Scale](/wiki/Geologic_time_scale "Geologic time scale").{{cite journal \|author1\=Zalasiewicz, J. \|display\-authors\=etal \|year\=2010 \|title\=The new world of the Anthropocene \|journal\=Environmental Science \& Technology \|volume\=44 \|issue\=7 \|pages\=2228–2231 \|bibcode\=2010EnST...44\.2228Z \|doi\=10\.1021/es903118j \|pmid\=20184359 \|hdl\-access\=free \|hdl\=1885/36498}}
[thumb\|The [Trinity test](/wiki/Trinity_%28nuclear_test%29 "Trinity (nuclear test)") in July 1945 has been proposed as the start of the Anthropocene.](/wiki/File:Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg "Trinity Test Fireball 16ms.jpg")
In January 2015, 26 of the 38 members of the International Anthropocene Working Group published a paper suggesting the [Trinity test](/wiki/Trinity_%28nuclear_test%29 "Trinity (nuclear test)") on 16 July 1945 as the starting point of the proposed new epoch.{{cite news \|title\=Was first nuclear test the start of new human\-dominated epoch, the Anthropocene? \|publisher\=\[\[University of California, Berkeley]] \|department\=News Center \|date\=16 January 2015 \|url\=http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2015/01/16/was\-first\-nuclear\-test\-dawn\-of\-new\-human\-dominated\-epoch\-the\-anthropocene/}} However, a significant minority supported one of several alternative dates. A March 2015 report suggested either 1610 or 1964 as the beginning of the Anthropocene.{{cite journal \|last1\=Lewis \|first1\=Simon L. \|last2\=Maslin \|first2\=Mark A. \|title\=Defining the Anthropocene \|journal\=Nature \|volume\=519 \|issue\=7542 \|date\=March 2015 \|pages\=171–180 \|doi\=10\.1038/nature14258 \|pmid\=25762280 \|bibcode\=2015Natur.519\..171L \|s2cid\=205242896 \|url\=http://www.realtechsupport.org/UB/MCC/Lewis\_DefiningAnthropocene\_2015\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052554/http://www.realtechsupport.org/UB/MCC/Lewis\_DefiningAnthropocene\_2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=24 December 2015 }} Other scholars pointed to the [diachronous](/wiki/Diachronous "Diachronous") character of the physical strata of the Anthropocene, arguing that onset and impact are spread out over time, not reducible to a single instant or date of start.{{cite journal \|title\=Diachronous beginnings of the Anthropocene: The lower bounding surface of anthropogenic deposits \|journal\=The Anthropocene Review \|date\=1 April 2015 \|issn\=2053\-0196 \|pages\=33–58 \|volume\=2 \|issue\=1 \|doi\=10\.1177/2053019614565394 \|first1\=Matt \|last1\=Edgeworth \|first2\=Dan de B. \|last2\=Richter \|first3\=Colin \|last3\=Waters \|first4\=Peter \|last4\=Haff \|first5\=Cath \|last5\=Neal \|first6\=Simon James \|last6\=Price\|bibcode\=2015AntRv...2\...33E \|s2cid\=131236197 \|url\=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509573/1/Diachronous%20beginnings%20\_for%20NORA.pdf }}
A January 2016 report on the climatic, biological, and geochemical signatures of human activity in sediments and ice cores suggested the era since the mid\-20th century should be recognised as a [geological epoch](/wiki/Geological_epoch "Geological epoch") distinct from the Holocene.{{Cite journal \|title\=The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene \|journal\=Science \|date\=8 January 2016 \|issn\=0036\-8075 \|pmid\=26744408 \|pages\=aad2622 \|volume\=351 \|issue\=6269 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.aad2622 \|first1\=Colin N. \|last1\=Waters \|first2\=Jan \|last2\=Zalasiewicz \|first3\=Colin \|last3\=Summerhayes \|first4\=Anthony D. \|last4\=Barnosky \|first5 \= Clément \|last5\=Poirier \|first6\=Agnieszka \|last6\=Gałuszka \|first7\=Alejandro \|last7\=Cearreta \|first8\=Matt \|last8\=Edgeworth \|first9\=Erle C. \|last9\=Ellis\|s2cid\=206642594 }}
The Anthropocene Working Group met in Oslo in April 2016 to consolidate evidence supporting the argument for the *Anthropocene* as a true geologic epoch.{{cite web \|title\=Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy – Working Group on the 'Anthropocene' \|publisher\=\[\[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] \|access\-date\=28 November 2015 \|url\=http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/workinggroups/anthropocene/}} Evidence was evaluated and the group voted to recommend *Anthropocene* as the new geological epoch in August 2016\.
In April 2019, the [Anthropocene Working Group](/wiki/Anthropocene_Working_Group "Anthropocene Working Group") (AWG) announced that they would vote on a formal proposal to the [International Commission on Stratigraphy](/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy "International Commission on Stratigraphy"), to continue the process started at the 2016 meeting. In May 2019, 29 members of the 34 person AWG panel voted in favour of an official proposal to be made by 2021\. The AWG also voted with 29 votes in favour of a starting date in the mid 20th century. Ten candidate sites for a [Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point](/wiki/Global_boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point "Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point") have been identified, one of which will be chosen to be included in the final proposal.{{cite web \|title\=Results of binding vote by AWG \|publisher\=\[\[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] \|department\=Anthropocene Working Group \|url\=http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/working\-groups/anthropocene/ \|date\=21 May 2019 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605091924/http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/working\-groups/anthropocene/ \|archive\-date\=5 June 2019}} Possible markers include [microplastics](/wiki/Microplastics "Microplastics"), [heavy metals](/wiki/Heavy_metals "Heavy metals"), or radioactive nuclei left by tests from [thermonuclear weapons](/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb "Hydrogen bomb").{{cite news \|title\=The Anthropocene epoch: Have we entered a new phase of planetary history? \|date\=30 May 2019 \|first\=Nicola \|last\=Davison \|access\-date\=5 June 2019 \|newspaper\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/30/anthropocene\-epoch\-have\-we\-entered\-a\-new\-phase\-of\-planetary\-history}}
In November 2021, an alternative proposal that the Anthropocene is a [geological event](/wiki/Geological_event "Geological event"), not an epoch, was published{{Cite journal\|last1\=Gibbard\|first1\=by Philip L.\|last2\=Bauer\|first2\=Andrew M.\|last3\=Edgeworth\|first3\=Matthew\|last4\=Ruddiman\|first4\=William F.\|last5\=Gill\|first5\=Jacquelyn L.\|last6\=Merritts\|first6\=Dorothy J.\|last7\=Finney\|first7\=Stanley C.\|last8\=Edwards\|first8\=Lucy E.\|last9\=Walker\|first9\=Michael J. C.\|last10\=Maslin\|first10\=Mark\|last11\=Ellis\|first11\=and Erle C.\|date\=2021\|title\=A practical solution: the Anthropocene is a geological event, not a formal epoch\|journal\=Episodes Journal of International Geoscience\|volume\=45 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=349–357 \|language\=en\|doi\=10\.18814/epiiugs/2021/021029\|s2cid\=244165877\|doi\-access\=free}}{{Cite journal\|last1\=Bauer\|first1\=Andrew M.\|last2\=Edgeworth\|first2\=Matthew\|last3\=Edwards\|first3\=Lucy E.\|last4\=Ellis\|first4\=Erle C.\|last5\=Gibbard\|first5\=Philip\|last6\=Merritts\|first6\=Dorothy J.\|date\=16 September 2021\|title\=Anthropocene: event or epoch?\|url\=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586\-021\-02448\-z\|journal\=Nature\|language\=en\|volume\=597\|issue\=7876\|pages\=332\|doi\=10\.1038/d41586\-021\-02448\-z\|pmid\=34522014\|bibcode\=2021Natur.597\..332B\|s2cid\=237515330\|issn\=0028\-0836}} and later expanded in 2022\.{{Cite journal \|last1\=Gibbard \|first1\=Philip \|last2\=Walker \|first2\=Michael \|last3\=Bauer \|first3\=Andrew \|last4\=Edgeworth \|first4\=Matthew \|last5\=Edwards \|first5\=Lucy \|last6\=Ellis \|first6\=Erle \|last7\=Finney \|first7\=Stanley \|last8\=Gill \|first8\=Jacquelyn L. \|last9\=Maslin \|first9\=Mark \|last10\=Merritts \|first10\=Dorothy \|last11\=Ruddiman \|first11\=William \|date\=2022 \|title\=The Anthropocene as an Event, not an Epoch \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\.1002/jqs.3416 \|journal\=Journal of Quaternary Science \|language\=en \|volume\=37 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=395–399 \|doi\=10\.1002/jqs.3416 \|bibcode\=2022JQS....37\..395G \|s2cid\=247378724 \|issn\=0267\-8179}} This challenged the assumption underlying the case for the Anthropocene epoch \- the idea that it is possible to accurately assign a precise date of start to highly [diachronous](/wiki/Diachronous "Diachronous") processes of human\-influenced Earth system change. The argument indicated that finding a single [GSSP](/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point") would be impractical, given human\-induced changes in the Earth system occurred at different periods, in different places, and spread under different rates. Under this model, the Anthropocene would have many events marking human\-induced impacts on the planet, including the [mass extinction of large vertebrates](/wiki/Holocene_extinction "Holocene extinction"), the [development of early farming](/wiki/History_of_agriculture "History of agriculture"), land clearance in the Americas, global\-scale industrial transformation during the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution"), and the start of the [Atomic Age](/wiki/Atomic_Age "Atomic Age"). The authors are members of the AWG who had voted against the official proposal of a starting date in the mid\-20th century, and sought to reconcile some of the previous models (including [Ruddiman](/wiki/William_Ruddiman "William Ruddiman") and [Maslin](/wiki/Mark_Maslin "Mark Maslin") proposals). They cited [Crutzen](/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen "Paul J. Crutzen")'s original concept,{{Cite journal \|last\=Crutzen \|first\=Paul J. \|date\=2002 \|title\=Geology of mankind \|journal\=Nature \|language\=en \|volume\=415 \|issue\=6867 \|pages\=23 \|doi\=10\.1038/415023a \|pmid\=11780095 \|bibcode\=2002Natur.415\...23C \|s2cid\=9743349 \|issn\=1476\-4687\|doi\-access\=free }} arguing that the Anthropocene is much better and more usefully conceived of as an unfolding geological event, like other major transformations in Earth's history such as the [Great Oxidation Event](/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event "Great Oxidation Event").
In July 2023, the AWG chose [Crawford Lake](/wiki/Crawford_Lake_%28Halton_Region%29 "Crawford Lake (Halton Region)") in [Ontario, Canada](/wiki/Ontario%2C_Canada "Ontario, Canada") as a site representing the beginning of the proposed new epoch. The sediment in that lake shows a spike in levels of plutonium from hydrogen bomb tests, a key marker the group chose to place the start of the Anthropocene in the 1950s, along with other elevated markers including carbon particles and nitrates from the burning of [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuels "Fossil fuels") and widespread application of chemical fertilizers respectively. Had it been approved, the official declaration of the new Anthropocene epoch would have taken place in August 2024,{{cite news \|last1\=Carrington \|first1\=Damian \|title\=Canadian lake chosen to represent start of Anthropocene\|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/11/nuclear\-bomb\-fallout\-site\-chosen\-to\-define\-start\-of\-anthropocene \|access\-date\=July 11, 2023 \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|date\=July 11, 2023}} and its first [age](/wiki/Age_%28geology%29 "Age (geology)") may have been named Crawfordian after the lake.{{Cite news \|date\=2023\-07\-11 \|title\=The Anthropocene: Canadian lake mud 'symbolic of human changes to Earth' \|language\=en\-GB \|work\=BBC News \|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/science\-environment\-66132769 \|access\-date\=2023\-07\-16}}
### Rejection in 2024 vote by IUGS
In March 2024, the *[New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reported on the results of an internal vote held by the [IUGS](/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences "International Union of Geological Sciences"): After nearly 15 years of debate, the proposal to ratify the Anthropocene had been defeated by a 12\-to\-4 margin, with 2 abstentions. These results were not out of a dismissal of human impact on the planet, but rather an inability to constrain the Anthropocene in a geological context. This is because the widely\-adopted 1950 start date was found to be prone to recency bias. It also overshadowed earlier examples of human impacts, many of which happened in different parts of the world at different times. Although the proposal could be raised again, this would require the entire process of debate to start from the beginning. The results of the vote were officially confirmed by the IUGS and upheld as definitive later that month.
|
[
"Development of the concept\n--------------------------",
"An early concept for the Anthropocene was the [Noosphere](/wiki/Noosphere \"Noosphere\") by [Vladimir Vernadsky](/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky \"Vladimir Vernadsky\"), who in 1938 wrote of \"scientific thought as a geological force\".{{cite news \\|url\\=http://action.larouchepac.com/\\_the\\_anthropocene\\|title\\='The Anthropocene' viewed from Vernadsky's Noosphere \\|last\\=Ogden \\|first\\=M. \\|newspaper\\=Promethean Pac \\|date\\=29 February 2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[LaRouche PAC]]}} Scientists in the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") appear to have used the term *Anthropocene* as early as the 1960s to refer to the [Quaternary](/wiki/Quaternary \"Quaternary\"), the most recent [geological period](/wiki/Period_%28geology%29 \"Period (geology)\").{{citation \\| mode\\=cs1 \\| publisher\\=Akademii͡a nauk SSSR \\|title\\=Doklady: Biological sciences sections, Volumes 132–135}}{{full citation needed\\|date\\=June 2018}}",
"Ecologist [Eugene F. Stoermer](/wiki/Eugene_F._Stoermer \"Eugene F. Stoermer\") subsequently used *Anthropocene* with a different sense in the 1980s{{cite news \\|last\\=Revkin \\|first\\=Andrew C. \\|title\\=Confronting the 'Anthropocene' \\|url\\=http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/confronting\\-the\\-anthropocene/ \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|access\\-date\\=25 March 2014 \\|date\\=11 May 2011}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Badri \\|first\\=Adarsh \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-05 \\|title\\=Feeling for the Anthropocene: affective relations and ecological activism in the global South \\|journal\\=International Affairs \\|volume\\=100 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=731–749 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/ia/iiae010 \\|issn\\=0020\\-5850\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} and the term was widely popularised in 2000 by [atmospheric chemist](/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry \"Atmospheric chemistry\") [Paul J. Crutzen](/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen \"Paul J. Crutzen\"),{{cite book \\|last\\=Dawson \\|first\\=Ashley \\|author\\-link\\=Ashley Dawson \\|title\\=Extinction: A radical history \\|date\\=2016 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[OR Books]] \\|url\\=http://www.orbooks.com/catalog/extinction\\-by\\-ashley\\-dawson/ \\|page\\=19 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1944869014}}{{Cite news \\|last1\\=Crutzen \\|first1\\=Paul J. \\|last2\\=Stoermer \\|first2\\=Eugene F. \\|date\\= \\|title\\=The \"Anthropocene\" \\|pages\\=17–18 \\|work\\=IGBP Newsletter}} who regards the influence of human behavior on Earth's atmosphere in recent centuries as so significant as to constitute a new geological epoch.{{cite book \\|last\\=Pearce \\|first\\=Fred \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/withspeedviolenc00pear \\|title\\=With Speed and Violence: Why Scientists fear tipping points in Climate Change \\|date\\=2007 \\|publisher\\=Beacon Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-8070\\-8576\\-9 \\|location\\=Boston, Massachusetts \\|author\\-link\\=Fred Pearce \\|access\\-date\\=5 September 2016}}{{rp\\|21}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=13 February 2021 \\|title\\=Paul Crutzen died on January 28th \\|newspaper\\=The Economist \\|url\\=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2021/02/13/paul\\-crutzen\\-died\\-on\\-january\\-28th \\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-02\\-21 \\|issn\\=0013\\-0613}}{{quote box\n\\| align \\= right\n\\| width \\= 25em\n\\| quote \\= The pressures we exert on the planet have become so great that scientists are considering whether the Earth has entered an entirely new geological epoch: the Anthropocene, or the age of humans. It means that we are the first people to live in an age defined by human choice, in which the dominant risk to our survival is ourselves.\n\\| source \\= —\\[\\[Achim Steiner]], \\[\\[UNDP]] Administrator{{cite web \\|url\\=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr\\_2020\\_overview\\_english.pdf \\|title\\=The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (Foreword)\\|last\\= Steiner \\|first\\=Achim \\|date\\=15 December 2020 \\|website\\= \\|publisher\\=UNDP \\|access\\-date\\= 16 December 2020\\|quote\\=}}\n}}",
"The term *Anthropocene* is informally used in scientific contexts.{{cite book \\|title\\=Earth System Science in the Anthropocene: Emerging issues and problems \\|date\\=2006 \\|first1\\=Eckart \\|last1\\=Ehlers \\|first2\\=C. \\|last2\\=Moss \\|first3\\=Thomas \\|last3\\=Krafft \\|publisher\\=Springer Science\\+Business Media \\|isbn\\=9783540265900 \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=Id3Z5XTcOWgC\\&q\\=Earth\\+System\\+Science\\+in\\+the\\+Anthropocene:\\+Emerging\\+Issues\\+and\\+Problems}} The [Geological Society of America](/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America \"Geological Society of America\") entitled its 2011 annual meeting: *[Archean](/wiki/Archean \"Archean\") to Anthropocene: The past is the key to the future*.{{cite web \\|url\\=https://www.geosociety.org/meetings/2011/ \\|title\\=2011 GSA Annual Meeting \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Geological Society of America]] \\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2015 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929144800/http://www.geosociety.org/meetings/2011/ \\|archive\\-date\\=29 September 2019 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} The new epoch has no agreed start\\-date, but one proposal, based on atmospheric evidence, is to fix the start with the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\") {{circa}}1780, with the invention of the [steam engine](/wiki/Steam_engine \"Steam engine\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Zalasiewicz \\|first1\\=Jan \\|display\\-authors\\=etal \\|year\\=2008 \\|title\\=Are we now living in the Anthropocene? \\|journal\\=\\[\\[GSA Today]] \\|volume\\=18 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=4–8 \\|bibcode\\=2008GSAT...18b...4Z \\|doi\\=10\\.1130/GSAT01802A.1 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{cite journal \\|author1\\=Crutzen, P.J. \\|author2\\=Stoermer, E.F. \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp\\|title\\=The 'Anthropocene' \\|journal\\=Global Change Newsletter \\|volume\\=41 \\|pages\\=17–18 \\|year\\=2000}} Other scientists link the new term to earlier events, such as the rise of agriculture and the [Neolithic Revolution](/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution \"Neolithic Revolution\") (around 12,000 years [BP](/wiki/Before_Present \"Before Present\")).",
"Evidence of relative human impact – such as the [growing human influence](/wiki/Human_overpopulation%23Dangers_and_effects \"Human overpopulation#Dangers and effects\") on land use, ecosystems, [biodiversity](/wiki/Biodiversity \"Biodiversity\"), and [species extinction](/wiki/Holocene_extinction \"Holocene extinction\") – is substantial; scientists think that human impact has significantly changed (or halted) the growth of biodiversity.{{cite journal \\|author1\\=Sahney, S. \\|author2\\=Benton, M. J. \\|author3\\=Ferry, P. A. \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp\\|year\\=2010 \\|title\\=Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land \\|journal\\=Biology Letters \\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rsbl.2009\\.1024 \\|volume\\=6 \\|pages\\=544–547 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pmid\\=20106856 \\|pmc\\=2936204 \\|quote\\=... it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase in an exponential fashion until most or all of the available ecospace is filled. }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Pimm \\|first1\\=S.L. \\|last2\\=Jenkins \\|first2\\=C.N. \\|last3\\=Abell \\|first3\\=R. \\|last4\\=Brooks \\|first4\\=T.M. \\|last5\\=Gittleman \\|first5\\=J.L. \\|last6\\=Joppa \\|first6\\=L.N. \\|last7\\=Raven \\|first7\\=P. H. \\|last8\\=Roberts \\|first8\\=C.M. \\|last9\\=Sexton \\|first9\\=J.O. \\|year\\=2014 \\|title\\=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection \\|url\\=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm\\+et\\+al.\\+2014\\.pdf \\|pmid\\=24876501 \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Science (journal)\\|Science]] \\|volume\\=344 \\|issue\\=6187 \\|page\\=1246752 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.1246752 \\|s2cid\\=206552746 \\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2016 \\|quote\\=The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Vignieri \\|first\\=Sacha \\|year\\=2014 \\|title\\=Vanishing fauna \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Science (journal)\\|Science]] \\|volume\\=345 \\|issue\\=6195 \\|pages\\=392–395 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.345\\.6195\\.392 \\|pmid\\=25061199\\|bibcode\\=2014Sci...345\\..392V \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Ceballos \\|first1\\=Gerardo \\|last2\\=Ehrlich \\|first2\\=Paul R. \\| author2\\-link \\= Paul R. Ehrlich \\|last3\\=Barnosky \\|first3\\=Anthony D. \\|author\\-link3\\=Anthony David Barnosky \\|last4\\=García \\|first4\\=Andrés \\|last5\\=Pringle \\|first5\\=Robert M. \\|last6\\=Palmer \\|first6\\=Todd M. \\|year\\=2015 \\|title\\=Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Science Advances]] \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=5 \\|page\\=e1400253 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/sciadv.1400253 \\|pmid\\=26601195 \\|pmc\\=4640606 \\|bibcode\\=2015SciA....1E0253C}} Those arguing for earlier dates posit that the proposed Anthropocene may have begun as early as 14,000–15,000 years [BP](/wiki/Before_present \"Before present\"), based on geologic evidence; this has led other scientists to suggest that \"the onset of the Anthropocene should be extended back many thousand years\";{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Doughty \\|first1\\=C.E. \\|last2\\=Wolf \\|first2\\=A. \\|last3\\=Field \\|first3\\=C.B. \\|title\\=Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: The first human\\-induced global warming? \\|journal\\=Geophysical Research Letters \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=L15703 \\|pages\\=L15703 \\|year\\=2010 \\|url\\=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2010/2010GL043985\\.shtml \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2010GL043985 \\|bibcode\\=2010GeoRL..3715703D\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{rp\\|1}} this would make the Anthropocene essentially synonymous with the current term, *[Holocene](/wiki/Holocene \"Holocene\")*.",
"### Anthropocene Working Group",
"In 2008, the Stratigraphy Commission of the [Geological Society of London](/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London \"Geological Society of London\") considered a proposal to make the Anthropocene a formal unit of geological epoch divisions. A majority of the commission decided the proposal had merit and should be examined further. Independent working groups of scientists from various geological societies began to determine whether the Anthropocene will be formally accepted into the [Geological Time Scale](/wiki/Geologic_time_scale \"Geologic time scale\").{{cite journal \\|author1\\=Zalasiewicz, J. \\|display\\-authors\\=etal \\|year\\=2010 \\|title\\=The new world of the Anthropocene \\|journal\\=Environmental Science \\& Technology \\|volume\\=44 \\|issue\\=7 \\|pages\\=2228–2231 \\|bibcode\\=2010EnST...44\\.2228Z \\|doi\\=10\\.1021/es903118j \\|pmid\\=20184359 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free \\|hdl\\=1885/36498}}",
"[thumb\\|The [Trinity test](/wiki/Trinity_%28nuclear_test%29 \"Trinity (nuclear test)\") in July 1945 has been proposed as the start of the Anthropocene.](/wiki/File:Trinity_Test_Fireball_16ms.jpg \"Trinity Test Fireball 16ms.jpg\")\nIn January 2015, 26 of the 38 members of the International Anthropocene Working Group published a paper suggesting the [Trinity test](/wiki/Trinity_%28nuclear_test%29 \"Trinity (nuclear test)\") on 16 July 1945 as the starting point of the proposed new epoch.{{cite news \\|title\\=Was first nuclear test the start of new human\\-dominated epoch, the Anthropocene? \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[University of California, Berkeley]] \\|department\\=News Center \\|date\\=16 January 2015 \\|url\\=http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2015/01/16/was\\-first\\-nuclear\\-test\\-dawn\\-of\\-new\\-human\\-dominated\\-epoch\\-the\\-anthropocene/}} However, a significant minority supported one of several alternative dates. A March 2015 report suggested either 1610 or 1964 as the beginning of the Anthropocene.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Lewis \\|first1\\=Simon L. \\|last2\\=Maslin \\|first2\\=Mark A. \\|title\\=Defining the Anthropocene \\|journal\\=Nature \\|volume\\=519 \\|issue\\=7542 \\|date\\=March 2015 \\|pages\\=171–180 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/nature14258 \\|pmid\\=25762280 \\|bibcode\\=2015Natur.519\\..171L \\|s2cid\\=205242896 \\|url\\=http://www.realtechsupport.org/UB/MCC/Lewis\\_DefiningAnthropocene\\_2015\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052554/http://www.realtechsupport.org/UB/MCC/Lewis\\_DefiningAnthropocene\\_2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=24 December 2015 }} Other scholars pointed to the [diachronous](/wiki/Diachronous \"Diachronous\") character of the physical strata of the Anthropocene, arguing that onset and impact are spread out over time, not reducible to a single instant or date of start.{{cite journal \\|title\\=Diachronous beginnings of the Anthropocene: The lower bounding surface of anthropogenic deposits \\|journal\\=The Anthropocene Review \\|date\\=1 April 2015 \\|issn\\=2053\\-0196 \\|pages\\=33–58 \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=1 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/2053019614565394 \\|first1\\=Matt \\|last1\\=Edgeworth \\|first2\\=Dan de B. \\|last2\\=Richter \\|first3\\=Colin \\|last3\\=Waters \\|first4\\=Peter \\|last4\\=Haff \\|first5\\=Cath \\|last5\\=Neal \\|first6\\=Simon James \\|last6\\=Price\\|bibcode\\=2015AntRv...2\\...33E \\|s2cid\\=131236197 \\|url\\=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509573/1/Diachronous%20beginnings%20\\_for%20NORA.pdf }}",
"A January 2016 report on the climatic, biological, and geochemical signatures of human activity in sediments and ice cores suggested the era since the mid\\-20th century should be recognised as a [geological epoch](/wiki/Geological_epoch \"Geological epoch\") distinct from the Holocene.{{Cite journal \\|title\\=The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene \\|journal\\=Science \\|date\\=8 January 2016 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8075 \\|pmid\\=26744408 \\|pages\\=aad2622 \\|volume\\=351 \\|issue\\=6269 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.aad2622 \\|first1\\=Colin N. \\|last1\\=Waters \\|first2\\=Jan \\|last2\\=Zalasiewicz \\|first3\\=Colin \\|last3\\=Summerhayes \\|first4\\=Anthony D. \\|last4\\=Barnosky \\|first5 \\= Clément \\|last5\\=Poirier \\|first6\\=Agnieszka \\|last6\\=Gałuszka \\|first7\\=Alejandro \\|last7\\=Cearreta \\|first8\\=Matt \\|last8\\=Edgeworth \\|first9\\=Erle C. \\|last9\\=Ellis\\|s2cid\\=206642594 }}",
"The Anthropocene Working Group met in Oslo in April 2016 to consolidate evidence supporting the argument for the *Anthropocene* as a true geologic epoch.{{cite web \\|title\\=Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy – Working Group on the 'Anthropocene' \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] \\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2015 \\|url\\=http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/workinggroups/anthropocene/}} Evidence was evaluated and the group voted to recommend *Anthropocene* as the new geological epoch in August 2016\\.",
"In April 2019, the [Anthropocene Working Group](/wiki/Anthropocene_Working_Group \"Anthropocene Working Group\") (AWG) announced that they would vote on a formal proposal to the [International Commission on Stratigraphy](/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy \"International Commission on Stratigraphy\"), to continue the process started at the 2016 meeting. In May 2019, 29 members of the 34 person AWG panel voted in favour of an official proposal to be made by 2021\\. The AWG also voted with 29 votes in favour of a starting date in the mid 20th century. Ten candidate sites for a [Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point](/wiki/Global_boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point \"Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point\") have been identified, one of which will be chosen to be included in the final proposal.{{cite web \\|title\\=Results of binding vote by AWG \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[International Commission on Stratigraphy]] \\|department\\=Anthropocene Working Group \\|url\\=http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/working\\-groups/anthropocene/ \\|date\\=21 May 2019 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605091924/http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/working\\-groups/anthropocene/ \\|archive\\-date\\=5 June 2019}} Possible markers include [microplastics](/wiki/Microplastics \"Microplastics\"), [heavy metals](/wiki/Heavy_metals \"Heavy metals\"), or radioactive nuclei left by tests from [thermonuclear weapons](/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb \"Hydrogen bomb\").{{cite news \\|title\\=The Anthropocene epoch: Have we entered a new phase of planetary history? \\|date\\=30 May 2019 \\|first\\=Nicola \\|last\\=Davison \\|access\\-date\\=5 June 2019 \\|newspaper\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/30/anthropocene\\-epoch\\-have\\-we\\-entered\\-a\\-new\\-phase\\-of\\-planetary\\-history}}",
"In November 2021, an alternative proposal that the Anthropocene is a [geological event](/wiki/Geological_event \"Geological event\"), not an epoch, was published{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Gibbard\\|first1\\=by Philip L.\\|last2\\=Bauer\\|first2\\=Andrew M.\\|last3\\=Edgeworth\\|first3\\=Matthew\\|last4\\=Ruddiman\\|first4\\=William F.\\|last5\\=Gill\\|first5\\=Jacquelyn L.\\|last6\\=Merritts\\|first6\\=Dorothy J.\\|last7\\=Finney\\|first7\\=Stanley C.\\|last8\\=Edwards\\|first8\\=Lucy E.\\|last9\\=Walker\\|first9\\=Michael J. C.\\|last10\\=Maslin\\|first10\\=Mark\\|last11\\=Ellis\\|first11\\=and Erle C.\\|date\\=2021\\|title\\=A practical solution: the Anthropocene is a geological event, not a formal epoch\\|journal\\=Episodes Journal of International Geoscience\\|volume\\=45 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=349–357 \\|language\\=en\\|doi\\=10\\.18814/epiiugs/2021/021029\\|s2cid\\=244165877\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}{{Cite journal\\|last1\\=Bauer\\|first1\\=Andrew M.\\|last2\\=Edgeworth\\|first2\\=Matthew\\|last3\\=Edwards\\|first3\\=Lucy E.\\|last4\\=Ellis\\|first4\\=Erle C.\\|last5\\=Gibbard\\|first5\\=Philip\\|last6\\=Merritts\\|first6\\=Dorothy J.\\|date\\=16 September 2021\\|title\\=Anthropocene: event or epoch?\\|url\\=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586\\-021\\-02448\\-z\\|journal\\=Nature\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=597\\|issue\\=7876\\|pages\\=332\\|doi\\=10\\.1038/d41586\\-021\\-02448\\-z\\|pmid\\=34522014\\|bibcode\\=2021Natur.597\\..332B\\|s2cid\\=237515330\\|issn\\=0028\\-0836}} and later expanded in 2022\\.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Gibbard \\|first1\\=Philip \\|last2\\=Walker \\|first2\\=Michael \\|last3\\=Bauer \\|first3\\=Andrew \\|last4\\=Edgeworth \\|first4\\=Matthew \\|last5\\=Edwards \\|first5\\=Lucy \\|last6\\=Ellis \\|first6\\=Erle \\|last7\\=Finney \\|first7\\=Stanley \\|last8\\=Gill \\|first8\\=Jacquelyn L. \\|last9\\=Maslin \\|first9\\=Mark \\|last10\\=Merritts \\|first10\\=Dorothy \\|last11\\=Ruddiman \\|first11\\=William \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=The Anthropocene as an Event, not an Epoch \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10\\.1002/jqs.3416 \\|journal\\=Journal of Quaternary Science \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=37 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=395–399 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/jqs.3416 \\|bibcode\\=2022JQS....37\\..395G \\|s2cid\\=247378724 \\|issn\\=0267\\-8179}} This challenged the assumption underlying the case for the Anthropocene epoch \\- the idea that it is possible to accurately assign a precise date of start to highly [diachronous](/wiki/Diachronous \"Diachronous\") processes of human\\-influenced Earth system change. The argument indicated that finding a single [GSSP](/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point \"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point\") would be impractical, given human\\-induced changes in the Earth system occurred at different periods, in different places, and spread under different rates. Under this model, the Anthropocene would have many events marking human\\-induced impacts on the planet, including the [mass extinction of large vertebrates](/wiki/Holocene_extinction \"Holocene extinction\"), the [development of early farming](/wiki/History_of_agriculture \"History of agriculture\"), land clearance in the Americas, global\\-scale industrial transformation during the [Industrial Revolution](/wiki/Industrial_Revolution \"Industrial Revolution\"), and the start of the [Atomic Age](/wiki/Atomic_Age \"Atomic Age\"). The authors are members of the AWG who had voted against the official proposal of a starting date in the mid\\-20th century, and sought to reconcile some of the previous models (including [Ruddiman](/wiki/William_Ruddiman \"William Ruddiman\") and [Maslin](/wiki/Mark_Maslin \"Mark Maslin\") proposals). They cited [Crutzen](/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen \"Paul J. Crutzen\")'s original concept,{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Crutzen \\|first\\=Paul J. \\|date\\=2002 \\|title\\=Geology of mankind \\|journal\\=Nature \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=415 \\|issue\\=6867 \\|pages\\=23 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/415023a \\|pmid\\=11780095 \\|bibcode\\=2002Natur.415\\...23C \\|s2cid\\=9743349 \\|issn\\=1476\\-4687\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} arguing that the Anthropocene is much better and more usefully conceived of as an unfolding geological event, like other major transformations in Earth's history such as the [Great Oxidation Event](/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event \"Great Oxidation Event\").",
"In July 2023, the AWG chose [Crawford Lake](/wiki/Crawford_Lake_%28Halton_Region%29 \"Crawford Lake (Halton Region)\") in [Ontario, Canada](/wiki/Ontario%2C_Canada \"Ontario, Canada\") as a site representing the beginning of the proposed new epoch. The sediment in that lake shows a spike in levels of plutonium from hydrogen bomb tests, a key marker the group chose to place the start of the Anthropocene in the 1950s, along with other elevated markers including carbon particles and nitrates from the burning of [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuels \"Fossil fuels\") and widespread application of chemical fertilizers respectively. Had it been approved, the official declaration of the new Anthropocene epoch would have taken place in August 2024,{{cite news \\|last1\\=Carrington \\|first1\\=Damian \\|title\\=Canadian lake chosen to represent start of Anthropocene\\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jul/11/nuclear\\-bomb\\-fallout\\-site\\-chosen\\-to\\-define\\-start\\-of\\-anthropocene \\|access\\-date\\=July 11, 2023 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|date\\=July 11, 2023}} and its first [age](/wiki/Age_%28geology%29 \"Age (geology)\") may have been named Crawfordian after the lake.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2023\\-07\\-11 \\|title\\=The Anthropocene: Canadian lake mud 'symbolic of human changes to Earth' \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|work\\=BBC News \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/science\\-environment\\-66132769 \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-07\\-16}}",
"### Rejection in 2024 vote by IUGS",
"In March 2024, the *[New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* reported on the results of an internal vote held by the [IUGS](/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences \"International Union of Geological Sciences\"): After nearly 15 years of debate, the proposal to ratify the Anthropocene had been defeated by a 12\\-to\\-4 margin, with 2 abstentions. These results were not out of a dismissal of human impact on the planet, but rather an inability to constrain the Anthropocene in a geological context. This is because the widely\\-adopted 1950 start date was found to be prone to recency bias. It also overshadowed earlier examples of human impacts, many of which happened in different parts of the world at different times. Although the proposal could be raised again, this would require the entire process of debate to start from the beginning. The results of the vote were officially confirmed by the IUGS and upheld as definitive later that month.",
""
] |
Nature of human effects
-----------------------
{{Main\|Human impact on the environment}}
### Biodiversity loss
{{main\|Holocene extinction\|Biodiversity loss}}
The human impact on biodiversity forms one of the primary attributes of the Anthropocene.{{Cite book \|last\=McNeill \|first\=J.R. \|chapter\=Global Environmental History: The first 150,000 years \|editor1\=McNeill, J. R. \|editor2\=Mauldin, E.S. \|title\=A Companion to Global Environmental History \|pages\=3–17 \|publisher\=Wiley\-Blackwell \|year\=2012 \|isbn\=978\-1\-444\-33534\-7 \|chapter\-url\=https://www.wiley.com/en\-gb/A\+Companion\+to\+Global\+Environmental\+History\-p\-9781444335347}} Humankind has entered what is sometimes called the Earth's sixth major extinction.{{cite book \|last1\=Leakey \|first1\=Richard \|first2\=Roger \|last2\=Lewin \|title\=The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of life and the future of humankind \|url\=https://archive.org/details/sixthextinctionb00leak \|url\-access\=registration \|publisher\=Doubleday \|location\=London \|year\=1995\|isbn\=9780385424974 }}{{cite journal\|last\= Dirzo\|first\= Rodolfo\|author2\= Hillary S. Young\|author3\= Mauro Galetti\|author4\= Gerardo Ceballos\|author5\= Nick J. B. Isaac\|author6\= Ben Collen\|title\= Defaunation in the Anthropocene \|journal\= \[\[Science (journal)\|Science]]\|year\= 2014\|doi\= 10\.1126/science.1251817\|pmid\= 25061202\|volume\= 345\| issue\=6195\|pages\= 401–406\|url\=http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science\-2014\-Dirzo\-401\-6\-2\.pdf\|bibcode\= 2014Sci...345\..401D\|s2cid\= 206555761}}{{Cite book \|last\=Kolbert \|first\=Elizabeth \|author\-link\=Elizabeth Kolbert \|title\=The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History \|title\-link\=The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History \|year\=2014 \|publisher\=\[\[Henry Holt and Company]] \|location\=New York City \|isbn\=978\-0805092998}}{{cite journal\|vauthors\=Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF\|title\=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice\|journal\=\[\[BioScience]]\|volume\=67\|issue\=12\|pages\=1026–1028\|date\=13 November 2017\|doi\=10\.1093/biosci/bix125\|author\-link1\=William J. Ripple\|quote\=Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.\|title\-link\=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity\|doi\-access\=free\|hdl\=1808/25687\|hdl\-access\=free}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Ceballos\|first1\=Gerardo\|last2\=Ehrlich \|first2\=Paul R.\|last3\= Raven\|first3\=Peter H.\|date\=1 June 2020 \|title\=Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction \|journal\=\[\[PNAS]] \|volume\=117 \|issue\=24 \|pages\=13596–13602 \|doi\=10\.1073/pnas.1922686117\|doi\-access\=free\|pmid\=32482862\|pmc\=7306750\|bibcode\=2020PNAS..11713596C}} Most experts agree that human activities have accelerated the rate of species extinction.{{cite journal \|last1\=Andermann \|first1\=Tobias \|last2\=Faurby \|first2\=Søren \|last3\=Turvey \|first3\=Samuel T. \|last4\=Antonelli \|first4\=Alexandre \|last5\=Silvestro \|first5\=Daniele \|title\=The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity \|journal\=Science Advances \|date\=1 September 2020 \|volume\=6 \|issue\=36 \|pages\=eabb2313 \|doi\=10\.1126/sciadv.abb2313 \|pmid\=32917612 \|pmc\=7473673 \|bibcode\=2020SciA....6\.2313A \|s2cid\=221498762 \|language\=en \|issn\=2375\-2548\|doi\-access\=free }} [50px](/wiki/File:CC-BY_icon.svg "CC-BY icon.svg") Text and images are available under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4\.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The exact rate remains controversial – perhaps 100 to 1000 times the normal background rate of extinction.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\-environment\-13335683 \|work\=BBC News\|title\=Anthropocene: Have humans created a new geological age? \|date\=10 May 2011}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Pimm \|first1\=S. L. \|last2\=Jenkins \|first2\=C. N. \|last3\=Abell \|first3\=R. \|last4\=Brooks \|first4\=T. M. \|last5\= Gittleman \|first5\=J. L. \|last6\=Joppa \|first6\=L. N. \|last7\=Raven\|first7\=P. H. \|last8\=Roberts \|first8\=C. M.\|last9\= Sexton \|first9\=J. O.\|date\=30 May 2014 \|title\=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection \|url\=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm\+et\+al.\+2014\.pdf \|journal\=Science \|volume\= 344 \|issue\=6187 \|pages\= 1246752 \|doi\=10\.1126/science.1246752\|pmid\=24876501\|s2cid\=206552746}}
Anthropogenic extinctions started as humans migrated out of Africa over 60,000 years ago.{{cite journal \|editor1\-last\=Johns\|editor1\-first\=David \|editor2\-last\=Crist\|editor2\-first\=Eileen\|editor3\-last\= Sahgal\|editor3\-first\=Bittu\|date\=2022 \|title\=Ending the Colonization of the Non\-Human World\|url\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/biological\-conservation/special\-issue/10574WDL8SQ\|journal\=\[\[Biological Conservation (journal)\|Biological Conservation]]\|volume\= \|issue\= \|pages\= \|doi\= \|access\-date\=}} Increases in global rates of extinction have been elevated above background rates since at least 1500, and appear to have accelerated in the 19th century and further since. Rapid [economic growth](/wiki/Economic_growth "Economic growth") is considered a primary driver of the contemporary displacement and eradication of other species.{{cite journal \|last1\= Cafaro\|first1\=Philip\|date\=2022 \|title\=Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species\|url\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359182950\|journal\=Philosophia\|volume\=50 \|issue\= 5\|pages\=2263–2282 \|doi\=10\.1007/s11406\-022\-00497\-w\|s2cid\=247433264 \|access\-date\=}}
According to the 2021 *Economics of Biodiversity* review, written by [Partha Dasgupta](/wiki/Partha_Dasgupta "Partha Dasgupta") and published by the UK government, "biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history."{{cite web \|url\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\_data/file/957629/Dasgupta\_Review\_\-\_Headline\_Messages.pdf \|title\=The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages \|last\=Dasgupta \|first\=Partha \|author\-link\= Partha Dasgupta \|date\=2021 \|website\= \|publisher\=UK government\| page\=1\|access\-date\=15 December 2021 \|quote\=Biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history. Current extinction rates, for example, are around 100 to 1,000 times higher than the baseline rate, and they are increasing. }}{{cite news \|last\=Carrington \|first\=Damian \|date\=2 February 2021 \|title\=Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations? \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics\-of\-biodiversity\-review\-what\-are\-the\-recommendations \|work\= \[\[The Guardian]]\|location\= \|access\-date\=16 December 2021}} A 2022 scientific review published in *Biological Reviews* confirms that an anthropogenic [sixth mass extinction](/wiki/Sixth_mass_extinction "Sixth mass extinction") event is currently underway.{{cite journal \|last1\= Cowie \|first1\=Robert H. \|last2\=Bouchet \|first2\=Philippe \|last3\=Fontaine \|first3\=Benoît \|date\=2022\|title\=The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation? \|journal\=Biological Reviews \|volume\= 97\|issue\= 2\|pages\= 640–663\|doi\=10\.1111/brv.12816\|pmid\=35014169 \|pmc\=9786292 \|s2cid\=245889833 \|doi\-access\=free }}{{cite news \|last\=Sankaran \|first\=Vishwam \|date\=17 January 2022 \|title\=Study confirms sixth mass extinction is currently underway, caused by humans \|url\=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate\-change/news/sixth\-mass\-extinction\-global\-biodiversity\-b1994346\.html \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate\-change/news/sixth\-mass\-extinction\-global\-biodiversity\-b1994346\.html \|archive\-date\=7 May 2022 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|work\=\[\[The Independent]] \|location\= \|access\-date\=18 January 2022}}{{cbignore}} A 2022 study published in *[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment](/wiki/Frontiers_in_Ecology_and_the_Environment "Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment")*, which surveyed more than 3,000 experts, states that the extinction crisis could be worse than previously thought, and estimates that roughly 30% of species "have been globally threatened or driven extinct since the year 1500\."{{cite news \|last\=Melillo\|first\=Gianna \|date\=19 July 2022 \|title\=Threat of global extinction may be greater than previously thought, study finds\|url\=https://thehill.com/changing\-america/sustainability/environment/3565945\-threat\-of\-global\-extinction\-may\-be\-greater\-than\-previously\-thought\-study\-finds/\|work\=The Hill \|location\= \|access\-date\=20 July 2022}}{{cite journal\|last1\=Isbell\|first1\=Forest\|last2\=Balvanera\|first2\=Patricia\|display\-authors\=etal.\|date\=2022\|title\=Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people\|journal\=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\|volume\=21\|issue\=2\|pages\=94–103\|doi\=10\.1002/fee.2536\|s2cid\=250659953\|doi\-access\=free\|hdl\=10852/101242\|hdl\-access\=free}} According to a 2023 study published in *Biological Reviews* some 48% of 70,000 monitored species are experiencing population declines from human activity, whereas only 3% have increasing populations.{{cite news\|author\= \|date\=May 23, 2023 \|title\=Biodiversity: Almost half of animals in decline, research shows\|url\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\-northern\-ireland\-65681648\|work\=BBC \|location\= \|access\-date\=May 23, 2023}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Finn\|first1\=Catherine\|last2\=Grattarola\|first2\=Florencia \|last3\=Pincheira\-Donoso\|first3\=Daniel \|date\=2023 \|title\=More losers than winners: investigating Anthropocene defaunation through the diversity of population trends\|url\= \|journal\=Biological Reviews\|volume\= 98\|issue\= 5\|pages\= 1732–1748\|doi\=10\.1111/brv.12974\|pmid\=37189305 \|s2cid\=258717720 \|access\-date\=}}{{cite news \|last\=Paddison\|first\= Laura \|date\=May 22, 2023\|title\=Global loss of wildlife is 'significantly more alarming' than previously thought, according to a new study\|url\=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/world/wildlife\-crisis\-biodiversity\-scn\-climate\-intl/index.html\|work\=CNN \|location\= \|access\-date\=May 23, 2023}}
{{excerpt\|biodiversity loss\|paragraphs\=1\-3}}
### Biogeography and nocturnality
{{main\|Biogeography}}
Studies of [urban evolution](/wiki/Urban_evolution "Urban evolution") give an indication of how species may respond to stressors such as temperature change and toxicity. Species display varying abilities to respond to altered environments through both [phenotypic plasticity](/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity "Phenotypic plasticity") and genetic [evolution](/wiki/Evolution "Evolution").{{cite journal \|last1\=Bender \|first1\=Eric \|title\=Urban evolution: How species adapt to survive in cities \|journal\=Knowable Magazine \|publisher\= Annual Reviews \|date\=21 March 2022 \|doi\=10\.1146/knowable\-031822\-1 \|doi\-access\=free \|url\=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living\-world/2022/urban\-evolution\-species\-adapt\-survive\-cities \|access\-date\=31 March 2022}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Diamond \|first1\=Sarah E. \|last2\=Martin \|first2\=Ryan A. \|title\=Evolution in Cities \|journal\=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics \|date\=2 November 2021 \|volume\=52 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=519–540 \|doi\=10\.1146/annurev\-ecolsys\-012021\-021402 \|s2cid\=239646134 \|url\=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10\.1146/annurev\-ecolsys\-012021\-021402 \|access\-date\=1 April 2022 \|language\=en \|issn\=1543\-592X \|archive\-date\=31 March 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331205605/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10\.1146/annurev\-ecolsys\-012021\-021402 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite journal \|last1\=Diamond \|first1\=Sarah E \|last2\=Chick \|first2\=Lacy D \|last3\=Perez \|first3\=Abe \|last4\=Strickler \|first4\=Stephanie A \|last5\=Zhao \|first5\=Crystal \|title\=Evolution of plasticity in the city: urban acorn ants can better tolerate more rapid increases in environmental temperature \|journal\=Conservation Physiology \|date\=14 June 2018 \|volume\=6 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=coy030 \|doi\=10\.1093/conphys/coy030 \|pmid\=29977563 \|pmc\=6007456 \|issn\=2051\-1434}} Researchers have documented the movement of many species into regions formerly too cold for them, often at rates faster than initially expected.{{cite web \|last1\=Harvey \|first1\=Fiona \|author\-link\=Fiona Harvey \|date\=18 August 2011 \|title\=Climate change driving species out of habitats much faster than expected \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/18/climate\-change\-species\-habitats \|access\-date\=8 November 2015 \|website\=The Guardian}}
Permanent changes in the distribution of organisms from human influence will become identifiable in the [geologic record](/wiki/Geologic_record "Geologic record"). This has occurred in part as a result of changing climate, but also in response to farming and fishing, and to the accidental introduction of non\-native species to new areas through global travel. The ecosystem of the entire [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea "Black Sea") may have changed during the last 2000 years as a result of nutrient and silica input from eroding deforested lands along the [Danube River](/wiki/Danube_River "Danube River").{{cite web\|url\=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/from\-ancient\-deforestation\-a\-delta\-is\-born/\|last\=Nuwer\|first\=Rachel\|author\-link\=Rachel Nuwer \|website\=The New York Times\|title\=From Ancient Deforestation, a Delta Is Born\|date\=14 September 2012\|access\-date\=14 June 2018}}
{{cite journal \|last1\= Gaynor\|first1\=Kaitlyn M.\|display\-authors\=etal. \|year\=2018 \|title\=The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality\|journal\=Science \|volume\=360 \|issue\= 6394\|pages\=1232–1235\|doi\=10\.1126/science.aar7121\|pmid\=29903973\|bibcode\=2018Sci...360\.1232G\|doi\-access\=free}}
Researchers have found that the growth of the human population and expansion of human activity has resulted in many species of animals that are normally active during the day, such as elephants, tigers and boars, becoming nocturnal to avoid contact with humans, who are largely diurnal.{{cite news \|last\= Brennan\|first\=William\|date\=1 October 2018 \|title\=When Animals Take the Night Shift\|url\=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/up\-all\-night/568291/\|work\=\[\[The Atlantic]] \|access\-date\=16 February 2019}}
### Climate change
{{main\|Climate change\|Effects of climate change\|Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere}}
One geological symptom resulting from human activity is increasing [atmospheric carbon dioxide](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere") ({{CO2}}) content. This signal in the Earth's climate system is especially significant because it is occurring much faster,{{cite news \|url\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592\.stm \|date\=4 September 2006 \|title\=Deep ice tells long climate story \|work\=BBC News\|access\-date\=28 November 2015 \|quote\=The 'scary thing', \[Dr. Wolff] added, was the rate of change now occurring in {{CO2}} concentrations. In the core, the fastest increase seen was of the order of 30 parts per million (ppm) by volume over a period of roughly 1,000 years. The last 30 ppm of increase has occurred in just 17 years. We really are in the situation where we don't have an analogue in our records.}} and to a greater extent, than previously. Most of this increase is due to the [combustion](/wiki/Combustion "Combustion") of [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel") such as coal, [oil](/wiki/Petroleum "Petroleum"), and [gas](/wiki/Natural_gas "Natural gas").
{{excerpt\|Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere\|paragraphs\=1}}
{{excerpt\|Effects of climate change\|paragraphs\=1\-2}}
{{multiple image
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\| image1 \= 062821Yreka Fire CalFire \-2wiki.jpg
\| alt1 \= Thick orange\-brown smoke blocks half a blue sky, with conifers in the foreground
\| image2 \= Bleachedcoral.jpg
\| alt2 \= A few grey fish swim over grey coral with white spikes
\| image3 \= Village Telly in Mali.jpg
\| alt3 \= Desert sand half covers a village of small flat\-roofed houses with scattered green trees
\| image4 \= US Navy 071120\-M\-8966H\-005 An aerial view over southern Bangladesh reveals extensive flooding as a result of Cyclone Sidr.jpg
\| alt4 \= large areas of still water behind riverside buildings
\| footer \= Some climate change effects: \[\[wildfire]] caused by heat and dryness, \[\[Coral bleaching\|bleached coral]] caused by ocean acidification and heating, \[\[environmental migration]] caused by \[\[desertification]], and \[\[coastal flooding]] caused by \[\[storm]]s and sea level rise.
}}
### Geomorphology
Changes in drainage patterns traceable to human activity will persist over geologic time in large parts of the continents where the geologic regime is erosional. This involves, for example, the paths of roads and highways defined by their grading and drainage control. Direct changes to the form of the Earth's surface by human activities ([quarrying](/wiki/Quarry "Quarry") and [landscaping](/wiki/Landscaping "Landscaping"), for example) also record human impacts.
It has been suggested{{by whom\|date\=January 2021}} that the deposition of [calthemite](/wiki/Calthemite "Calthemite") formations exemplify a natural process which has not previously occurred prior to the human modification of the Earth's surface, and which therefore represents a unique process of the Anthropocene.{{Cite journal \|last1\= Dixon \|first1\= Simon J. \|last2\= Viles \|first2\= Heather A. \|last3\= Garrett \|first3\= Bradley L. \|title\= Ozymandias in the Anthropocene: The city as an emerging landform \|journal\= Area \|volume\= 50 \|pages\= 117–125 \|doi\= 10\.1111/area.12358 \|issn\= 1475\-4762\|year\= 2018 \|issue\= 1 \|doi\-access\= free \|bibcode\= 2018Area...50\..117D }} Calthemite is a secondary deposit, derived from concrete, [lime](/wiki/Lime_%28material%29 "Lime (material)"), [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29 "Mortar (masonry)") or other calcareous material *outside the cave environment*.
{{cite journal
\|last\= Smith \|first\= G.K. \|date\= April 2016 \|title\= Calcite straw stalactites growing from concrete structures\|journal\= Cave and Karst Science \|volume\= 43 \|issue\= 1 \|pages\= 4–10 \|url\= http://bcra.org.uk/pub/candks/index.html \|access\-date\= 14 June 2018}}
[Calthemites](/wiki/Calthemite "Calthemite") grow on or under man\-made structures (including mines and tunnels) and mimic the shapes and forms of cave [speleothems](/wiki/Speleothem "Speleothem"), such as [stalactites](/wiki/Stalactite "Stalactite"), [stalagmites](/wiki/Stalagmite "Stalagmite"), flowstone *etc*.
### Stratigraphy
#### Sedimentological record
Human activities like deforestation and road construction are believed to have elevated average total sediment fluxes across the Earth's surface. However, construction of dams on many rivers around the world means the rates of sediment deposition in any given place do not always appear to increase in the Anthropocene. For instance, many [river deltas](/wiki/River_delta "River delta") around the world are actually currently starved of sediment by such dams, and are subsiding and failing to keep up with sea level rise, rather than growing.{{cite journal \|last1\=Giosan \|first1\=L. \|last2\=Syvitski \|first2\=J.P.M. \|last3\=Constantinescu \|first3\=S. \|last4\=Day \|first4\=J. \|date\=3 December 2014 \|title\=Climate change: Protect the world's deltas \|journal\=Nature \|volume\=516 \|issue\=7529 \|pages\=31–33 \|doi\=10\.1038/516031a \|pmid\=25471866 \|bibcode\=2014Natur.516\...31G\|s2cid\=1970583 \|doi\-access\=free }}
#### Fossil record
Increases in erosion due to farming and other operations will be reflected by changes in sediment composition and increases in deposition rates elsewhere. In land areas with a depositional regime, engineered structures will tend to be buried and preserved, along with litter and debris. Litter and debris thrown from boats or carried by rivers and creeks will accumulate in the marine environment, particularly in coastal areas, but also in mid\-ocean [garbage patches](/wiki/Garbage_patch "Garbage patch"). Such human\-created artifacts preserved in stratigraphy are known as "technofossils".{{Cite journal \|first1\=H.V. \|last1\=Cabadas\-Báez \|first2\=S. \|last2\=Sedov \|first3\=S \|last3\=Jiménez\-Álvarez \|first4\=D. \|last4\=Leonard \|first5\=B. \|last5\=Lailson\-Tinoco \|first6\=R. \|last6\=García\-Moll \|first7\=I. \|last7\=Ancona\-Aragón \|first8\=L. \|last8\=Hernández \|year\=2017 \|title\=Soils as a source of raw materials for ancient ceramic production in the Maya region of Mexico: Micromorphological insight \|journal\=Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana \|volume\=70 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=21–48 \|doi\=10\.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a2\|doi\-access\=free }}
[thumb\|Twentieth\-century technofossils in inundated landfill deposits at East Tilbury on the [River Thames](/wiki/River_Thames "River Thames") estuary.](/wiki/File:Technofossils.jpg "Technofossils.jpg")
Changes in biodiversity will also be reflected in the fossil record, as will species introductions. An example cited is the domestic chicken, originally the [red junglefowl](/wiki/Red_junglefowl "Red junglefowl") *Gallus gallus*, native to south\-east Asia but has since become the world's most common bird through human breeding and consumption, with over 60 billion consumed annually and whose bones would become fossilised in landfill sites.{{cite news \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/31/domestic\-chicken\-anthropocene\-humanity\-influenced\-epoch \|title\=How the domestic chicken rose to define the Anthropocene \|first\=Damian \|last\=Carrington \|date\= 31 August 2016 \|newspaper\=\[\[The Guardian]]}} Hence, landfills are important resources to find "technofossils".{{Cite journal \|last1\=Achmon \|first1\=Yigal \|last2\=Achmon \|first2\=Moshe \|last3\=Dowdy \|first3\=F. Ryan \|last4\=Spiegel \|first4\=Orr \|last5\=Claypool \|first5\=Joshua T. \|last6\=Toniato \|first6\=Juliano \|last7\=Simmons \|first7\=Christopher W. \|s2cid\=89937817 \|year\=2018 \|title\=Understanding the Anthropocene through the lens of landfill microbiomes \|journal\=\[\[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment]] \|volume\=16 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=354–360 \|doi\=10\.1002/fee.1819 \|bibcode\=2018FrEE...16\..354A \|issn\=1540\-9309}}
#### Trace elements
In terms of trace elements, there are distinct signatures left by modern societies. For example, in the [Upper Fremont Glacier](/wiki/Upper_Fremont_Glacier "Upper Fremont Glacier") in Wyoming, there is a layer of [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine "Chlorine") present in ice cores from 1960's atomic weapon testing programs, as well as a layer of [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 "Mercury (element)") associated with coal plants in the 1980s.{{cite journal \|last1\=Sousa \|first1\=Matthew \|last2\=Benson \|first2\=Bryce \|last3\=Welty \|first3\=Connor \|last4\=Price \|first4\=Dylan \|last5\=Thirkill \|first5\=Ruth \|last6\=Erickson \|first6\=William \|last7\=Cummings \|first7\=Mackenzie \|last8\=Dunnivant \|first8\=Frank M. \|display\-authors\=6 \|date\=February 2020 \|title\=Atmospheric Deposition of Coal\-Related Pollutants in the Pacific Northwest of the United States from 1950 to 2016 \|journal\=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry \|volume\=39 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=335–342 \|doi\=10\.1002/etc.4635 \|pmid\=31743941 \|s2cid\=208186469 }}{{cite report \|author1\=Cecil, L. DeWayne \|author2\=David L. Naftz \|author3\=Paul F. Schuster \|author4\=David D. Susong \|author5\=Jaromy R. Green \|year\=2010 \|title\=The Paleoenvironmental Record Preserved in Middle Latitude, High\-Mountain Glaciers – An Overview of U.S. Geological Survey Experience in Central Asia and the United States \|url\=http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386f/pdf/F8\_PaleoRecord.pdf \|publisher\=United States Geological Survey \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-14}}{{cite report \|author1\=Krabbenhoft, David \|author2\=Paul Schuster \|title\=Glacial Ice Cores Reveal a Record of Natural and Anthropogenic Atmospheric Mercury Deposition for the Last 270 Years \|series\=USGS Fact Sheet \|volume\=FS\-051\-02 \|publisher\=\[\[U.S. Geological Survey]] \|url\=http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS\-051\-02/pdf/fs\-051\-02\.pdf \|access\-date\=2022\-05\-14 \|archive\-date\=8 March 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308171512/https://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS\-051\-02/pdf/fs\-051\-02\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead }}
From the late 1940s, nuclear tests have led to local [nuclear fallout](/wiki/Nuclear_fallout "Nuclear fallout") and severe contamination of test sites both on land and in the surrounding marine environment. Some of the [radionuclides](/wiki/Radionuclide "Radionuclide") that were released during the tests are [{{sup\|137}}Cs](/wiki/Caesium-137 "Caesium-137"), [{{sup\|90}}Sr](/wiki/Strontium-90 "Strontium-90"), [{{sup\|239}}Pu](/wiki/Plutonium-239 "Plutonium-239"), [{{sup\|240}}Pu](/wiki/Plutonium-240 "Plutonium-240"), [{{sup\|241}}Am](/wiki/Americium-241 "Americium-241"), and [{{sup\|131}}I](/wiki/Iodine-131 "Iodine-131"). These have been found to have had significant impact on the environment and on human beings. In particular, [{{sup\|137}}Cs](/wiki/Caesium-137 "Caesium-137") and [{{sup\|90}}Sr](/wiki/Strontium-90 "Strontium-90") have been found to have been released into the marine environment and led to [bioaccumulation](/wiki/Bioaccumulation "Bioaccumulation") over a period through [food chain](/wiki/Food_chain "Food chain") cycles. The carbon isotope [{{sup\|14}}C](/wiki/Carbon-14 "Carbon-14"), commonly released during nuclear tests, has also been found to be integrated into the atmospheric [CO{{sub\|2}}](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide"), and infiltrating the [biosphere](/wiki/Biosphere "Biosphere"), through [ocean\-atmosphere gas exchange](/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle "Oceanic carbon cycle"). Increase in [thyroid cancer](/wiki/Thyroid_cancer "Thyroid cancer") rates around the world is also surmised to be correlated with increasing proportions of the [{{sup\|131}}I](/wiki/Iodine-131 "Iodine-131") radionuclide.{{cite journal \|last\=Prăvălie \|first\=Remus \|date\=October 2014 \|title\=Nuclear weapons tests and environmental consequences: A global perspective \|journal\=Ambio \|volume\=43 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=729–744 \|doi\=10\.1007/s13280\-014\-0491\-1 \|pmid\=24563393 \|pmc\=4165831 \|bibcode\=2014Ambio..43\..729P }}
The highest global concentration of radionuclides was estimated to have been in 1965, one of the dates which has been proposed as a possible benchmark for the start of the formally defined Anthropocene.{{cite journal \|last1\=Turney \|first1\=Chris S.M. \|last2\=Palmer \|first2\=Jonathan \|last3\=Maslin \|first3\=Mark A. \|last4\=Hogg \|first4\=Alan \|last5\=Fogwill \|first5\=Christopher J. \|last6\=Southon \|first6\=John \|last7\=Fenwick \|first7\=Pavla \|last8\=Helle \|first8\=Gerhard \|last9\=Wilmshurst \|first9\=Janet M. \|last10\=McGlone \|first10\=Matt \|last11\=Bronk Ramsey \|first11\=Christopher \|last12\=Thomas \|first12\=Zoë \|last13\=Lipson \|first13\=Mathew \|last14\=Beaven \|first14\=Brent \|last15\=Jones \|first15\=Richard T. \|last16\=Andrews \|first16\=Oliver \|last17\=Hua \|first17\=Quan \|display\-authors\=6 \|year\=2018 \|title\=Global peak in atmospheric radiocarbon provides a potential definition for the onset of the Anthropocene Epoch in 1965 \|journal\=\[\[Scientific Reports]] \|volume\=8 \|issue\=1 \|page\=3293 \|doi\=10\.1038/s41598\-018\-20970\-5 \|pmid\=29459648 \|pmc\=5818508 \|bibcode\=2018NatSR...8\.3293T}}
Human burning of [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuel "Fossil fuel") has also left distinctly elevated concentrations of black carbon, inorganic ash, and spherical carbonaceous particles in recent sediments across the world. Concentrations of these components increases markedly and almost simultaneously around the world beginning around 1950\.
### Anthropocene markers
A marker that accounts for a substantial global impact of humans on the total environment, comparable in scale to those associated with significant perturbations of the geological past, is needed in place of minor changes in atmosphere composition.{{cite journal \|author1\=Zalasiewicz, J. \|author2\=Williams, M. \|author3\=Steffen, W. \|author4\=Crutzen, P.J. \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|year\=2010 \|title\=Response to 'The Anthropocene forces us to reconsider adaptationist models of human\-environment interactions' \|journal\=Environmental Science \& Technology \|volume\=44 \|issue\=16 \|page\=6008 \|bibcode\=2010EnST...44\.6008Z \|doi\=10\.1021/es102062w}}{{cite journal \|author1\=Zalasiewicz, J. \|display\-authors\=etal \|year\=2011 \|title\=Stratigraphy of the Anthropocene \|journal\=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A \|volume\=369 \|issue\=1938 \|pages\=1036–1055 \|bibcode\=2011RSPTA.369\.1036Z \|doi\=10\.1098/rsta.2010\.0315 \|pmid\=21282159 \|doi\-access\=free}}
A useful candidate for holding markers in the geologic time record is the [pedosphere](/wiki/Pedosphere "Pedosphere"). Soils retain information about their climatic and geochemical history with features lasting for centuries or millennia.{{cite journal \|author\=Richter, D. deB. \|year\=2007 \|title\=Humanity's transformation of Earth's soil: Pedology's new frontier \|journal\=Soil Science \|volume\=172 \|issue\=12 \|pages\=957–967 \|bibcode\=2007SoilS.172\..957R \|doi\=10\.1097/ss.0b013e3181586bb7 \|s2cid\=15921701}} Human activity is now firmly established as the sixth factor of soil formation.{{cite journal \|author1\=Amundson, R. \|author2\=Jenny, H. \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|year\=1991 \|title\=The place of humans in the state factor theory of ecosystems and their soils \|journal\=Soil Science \|volume\=151 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=99–109 \|bibcode\=1991SoilS.151\...99A \|doi\=10\.1097/00010694\-199101000\-00012 \|s2cid\=95061311}} Humanity affects pedogenesis directly by, for example, land levelling, trenching and embankment building, landscape\-scale [control of fire by early humans](/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans "Control of fire by early humans"), organic matter enrichment from additions of manure or other waste, organic matter impoverishment due to continued cultivation and compaction from [overgrazing](/wiki/Overgrazing "Overgrazing"). Human activity also affects pedogenesis indirectly by drift of eroded materials or pollutants. Anthropogenic soils are those markedly affected by human activities, such as repeated ploughing, the addition of fertilisers, contamination, sealing, or enrichment with artefacts (in the [World Reference Base for Soil Resources](/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources "World Reference Base for Soil Resources") they are classified as [Anthrosols](/wiki/Anthrosols "Anthrosols") and [Technosols](/wiki/Technosols "Technosols")). An example from archaeology would be [dark earth](/wiki/Dark_earth "Dark earth") phenomena when long\-term human habitation enriches the soil with [black carbon](/wiki/Black_carbon "Black carbon").
Anthropogenic soils are recalcitrant repositories of artefacts and properties that testify to the dominance of the human impact, and hence appear to be reliable markers for the Anthropocene. Some anthropogenic soils may be viewed as the 'golden spikes' of geologists ([Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point](/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point")), which are locations where there are strata successions with clear evidences of a worldwide event, including the appearance of distinctive fossils.{{cite journal \|author1\=Certini, G. \|author2\=Scalenghe, R. \|name\-list\-style\=amp \|year\=2011 \|title\=Anthropogenic soils are the golden spikes for the Anthropocene \|journal\=The Holocene \|volume\=21 \|issue\=8 \|pages\=1269–1274 \|bibcode\=2011Holoc..21\.1269C \|doi\=10\.1177/0959683611408454 \|s2cid\=128818837}} Drilling for fossil fuels has also created holes and tubes which are expected to be detectable for millions of years.{{cite web \|title\=The Advent of the Anthropocene: Was that the big story of the 20th century? \|url\=http://worldofideas.wbur.org/2015/03/29/mcneill \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072916/http://worldofideas.wbur.org/2015/03/29/mcneill \|archive\-date\=4 March 2016 \|access\-date\=28 November 2015 \|website\=World of Ideas, Boston U. Radio}} The astrobiologist [David Grinspoon](/wiki/David_Grinspoon "David Grinspoon") has proposed that the site of the Apollo 11 Lunar landing, with the disturbances and artifacts that are so uniquely characteristic of our species' technological activity and which will survive over geological time spans could be considered as the 'golden spike' of the Anthropocene.{{cite magazine \|author\=Grinspoon, D. \|date\=28 June 2016 \|title\=The golden spike of Tranquility Base \|url\=https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy\-blogs/the\-golden\-spike\-of\-tranquility\-base/ \|magazine\=Sky \& Telescope}}
An October 2020 study coordinated by [University of Colorado at Boulder](/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder "University of Colorado Boulder") found that distinct physical, chemical and biological changes to Earth's rock layers began around the year 1950\. The research revealed that since about 1950, humans have doubled the amount of [fixed nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation "Nitrogen fixation") on the planet through industrial production for agriculture, created a [hole in the ozone layer](/wiki/Ozone_depletion "Ozone depletion") through the industrial scale release of [chlorofluorocarbons](/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon "Chlorofluorocarbon") (CFCs), released enough [greenhouse gasses](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas "Greenhouse gas") from fossil fuels to cause planetary level [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change"), created tens of thousands of [synthetic mineral\-like compounds](/wiki/Synthetic_minerals "Synthetic minerals") that do not naturally occur on Earth, and caused almost one\-fifth of [river sediment](/wiki/Sediment_transport "Sediment transport") worldwide to no longer reach the ocean due to dams, reservoirs and diversions. Humans have produced so many millions of tons of plastic each year since the early 1950s that [microplastics](/wiki/Microplastics "Microplastics") are "forming a near\-ubiquitous and unambiguous marker of Anthropocene".{{Cite web \|last\=Simpkins \|first\=Kelsey \|date\=16 October 2020 \|title\=Unprecedented energy use since 1950 has transformed humanity's geologic footprint \|url\=https://phys.org/news/2020\-10\-unprecedented\-energy\-humanity\-geologic\-footprint.html \|access\-date\=2020\-10\-17 \|website\=phys.org \|publisher\=University of Colorado at Boulder \|language\=en}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Syvitski \|first1\=Jaia \|last2\=Waters \|first2\=Colin N. \|last3\=Day \|first3\=John \|display\-authors\=etal. \|date\=2020 \|title\=Extraordinary human energy consumption and resultant geological impacts beginning around 1950 CE initiated the proposed Anthropocene Epoch \|journal\=Communications Earth \& Environment \|volume\=1 \|issue\=32 \|page\=32 \|bibcode\=2020ComEE...1\...32S \|doi\=10\.1038/s43247\-020\-00029\-y \|s2cid\=222415797 \|doi\-access\=free\|hdl\=10810/51932 \|hdl\-access\=free }} The study highlights a strong correlation between global human population size and growth, global productivity and global energy use and that the "extraordinary outburst of consumption and productivity demonstrates how the Earth System has departed from its Holocene state since c. 1950 CE, forcing abrupt physical, chemical and biological changes to the Earth's stratigraphic record that can be used to justify the proposal for naming a new epoch—the Anthropocene."
A December 2020 study published in *[Nature](/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29 "Nature (journal)")* found that the total anthropogenic mass, or human\-made materials, outweighs all the [biomass](/wiki/Biomass_%28ecology%29 "Biomass (ecology)") on earth, and highlighted that "this quantification of the human enterprise gives a mass\-based quantitative and symbolic characterization of the human\-induced epoch of the Anthropocene."{{cite news \|last\=Laville \|first\=Sandra \|date\=9 December 2020 \|title\=Human\-made materials now outweigh Earth's entire biomass – study \|work\=The Guardian \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/09/human\-made\-materials\-now\-outweigh\-earths\-entire\-biomass\-study \|access\-date\=10 December 2020}}{{cite journal \|last1\=Elhacham \|first1\=Emily \|last2\=Ben\-Uri \|first2\=Liad \|display\-authors\=etal. \|date\=2020 \|title\=Global human\-made mass exceeds all living biomass \|journal\=Nature \|volume\=588 \|issue\=7838 \|pages\=442–444 \|bibcode\=2020Natur.588\..442E \|doi\=10\.1038/s41586\-020\-3010\-5 \|pmid\=33299177 \|s2cid\=228077506}}
|
[
"Nature of human effects\n-----------------------",
"{{Main\\|Human impact on the environment}}",
"### Biodiversity loss",
"{{main\\|Holocene extinction\\|Biodiversity loss}}",
"The human impact on biodiversity forms one of the primary attributes of the Anthropocene.{{Cite book \\|last\\=McNeill \\|first\\=J.R. \\|chapter\\=Global Environmental History: The first 150,000 years \\|editor1\\=McNeill, J. R. \\|editor2\\=Mauldin, E.S. \\|title\\=A Companion to Global Environmental History \\|pages\\=3–17 \\|publisher\\=Wiley\\-Blackwell \\|year\\=2012 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-444\\-33534\\-7 \\|chapter\\-url\\=https://www.wiley.com/en\\-gb/A\\+Companion\\+to\\+Global\\+Environmental\\+History\\-p\\-9781444335347}} Humankind has entered what is sometimes called the Earth's sixth major extinction.{{cite book \\|last1\\=Leakey \\|first1\\=Richard \\|first2\\=Roger \\|last2\\=Lewin \\|title\\=The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of life and the future of humankind \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/sixthextinctionb00leak \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|publisher\\=Doubleday \\|location\\=London \\|year\\=1995\\|isbn\\=9780385424974 }}{{cite journal\\|last\\= Dirzo\\|first\\= Rodolfo\\|author2\\= Hillary S. Young\\|author3\\= Mauro Galetti\\|author4\\= Gerardo Ceballos\\|author5\\= Nick J. B. Isaac\\|author6\\= Ben Collen\\|title\\= Defaunation in the Anthropocene \\|journal\\= \\[\\[Science (journal)\\|Science]]\\|year\\= 2014\\|doi\\= 10\\.1126/science.1251817\\|pmid\\= 25061202\\|volume\\= 345\\| issue\\=6195\\|pages\\= 401–406\\|url\\=http://www.uv.mx/personal/tcarmona/files/2010/08/Science\\-2014\\-Dirzo\\-401\\-6\\-2\\.pdf\\|bibcode\\= 2014Sci...345\\..401D\\|s2cid\\= 206555761}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Kolbert \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|author\\-link\\=Elizabeth Kolbert \\|title\\=The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History \\|title\\-link\\=The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History \\|year\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Henry Holt and Company]] \\|location\\=New York City \\|isbn\\=978\\-0805092998}}{{cite journal\\|vauthors\\=Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF\\|title\\=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice\\|journal\\=\\[\\[BioScience]]\\|volume\\=67\\|issue\\=12\\|pages\\=1026–1028\\|date\\=13 November 2017\\|doi\\=10\\.1093/biosci/bix125\\|author\\-link1\\=William J. Ripple\\|quote\\=Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.\\|title\\-link\\=World Scientists' Warning to Humanity\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|hdl\\=1808/25687\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Ceballos\\|first1\\=Gerardo\\|last2\\=Ehrlich \\|first2\\=Paul R.\\|last3\\= Raven\\|first3\\=Peter H.\\|date\\=1 June 2020 \\|title\\=Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction \\|journal\\=\\[\\[PNAS]] \\|volume\\=117 \\|issue\\=24 \\|pages\\=13596–13602 \\|doi\\=10\\.1073/pnas.1922686117\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|pmid\\=32482862\\|pmc\\=7306750\\|bibcode\\=2020PNAS..11713596C}} Most experts agree that human activities have accelerated the rate of species extinction.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Andermann \\|first1\\=Tobias \\|last2\\=Faurby \\|first2\\=Søren \\|last3\\=Turvey \\|first3\\=Samuel T. \\|last4\\=Antonelli \\|first4\\=Alexandre \\|last5\\=Silvestro \\|first5\\=Daniele \\|title\\=The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity \\|journal\\=Science Advances \\|date\\=1 September 2020 \\|volume\\=6 \\|issue\\=36 \\|pages\\=eabb2313 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/sciadv.abb2313 \\|pmid\\=32917612 \\|pmc\\=7473673 \\|bibcode\\=2020SciA....6\\.2313A \\|s2cid\\=221498762 \\|language\\=en \\|issn\\=2375\\-2548\\|doi\\-access\\=free }} [50px](/wiki/File:CC-BY_icon.svg \"CC-BY icon.svg\") Text and images are available under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4\\.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The exact rate remains controversial – perhaps 100 to 1000 times the normal background rate of extinction.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science\\-environment\\-13335683 \\|work\\=BBC News\\|title\\=Anthropocene: Have humans created a new geological age? \\|date\\=10 May 2011}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Pimm \\|first1\\=S. L. \\|last2\\=Jenkins \\|first2\\=C. N. \\|last3\\=Abell \\|first3\\=R. \\|last4\\=Brooks \\|first4\\=T. M. \\|last5\\= Gittleman \\|first5\\=J. L. \\|last6\\=Joppa \\|first6\\=L. N. \\|last7\\=Raven\\|first7\\=P. H. \\|last8\\=Roberts \\|first8\\=C. M.\\|last9\\= Sexton \\|first9\\=J. O.\\|date\\=30 May 2014 \\|title\\=The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection \\|url\\=http://static.squarespace.com/static/51b078a6e4b0e8d244dd9620/t/538797c3e4b07a163543ea0f/1401395139381/Pimm\\+et\\+al.\\+2014\\.pdf \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\= 344 \\|issue\\=6187 \\|pages\\= 1246752 \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.1246752\\|pmid\\=24876501\\|s2cid\\=206552746}}",
"Anthropogenic extinctions started as humans migrated out of Africa over 60,000 years ago.{{cite journal \\|editor1\\-last\\=Johns\\|editor1\\-first\\=David \\|editor2\\-last\\=Crist\\|editor2\\-first\\=Eileen\\|editor3\\-last\\= Sahgal\\|editor3\\-first\\=Bittu\\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=Ending the Colonization of the Non\\-Human World\\|url\\=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/biological\\-conservation/special\\-issue/10574WDL8SQ\\|journal\\=\\[\\[Biological Conservation (journal)\\|Biological Conservation]]\\|volume\\= \\|issue\\= \\|pages\\= \\|doi\\= \\|access\\-date\\=}} Increases in global rates of extinction have been elevated above background rates since at least 1500, and appear to have accelerated in the 19th century and further since. Rapid [economic growth](/wiki/Economic_growth \"Economic growth\") is considered a primary driver of the contemporary displacement and eradication of other species.{{cite journal \\|last1\\= Cafaro\\|first1\\=Philip\\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=Reducing Human Numbers and the Size of our Economies is Necessary to Avoid a Mass Extinction and Share Earth Justly with Other Species\\|url\\=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359182950\\|journal\\=Philosophia\\|volume\\=50 \\|issue\\= 5\\|pages\\=2263–2282 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s11406\\-022\\-00497\\-w\\|s2cid\\=247433264 \\|access\\-date\\=}}",
"According to the 2021 *Economics of Biodiversity* review, written by [Partha Dasgupta](/wiki/Partha_Dasgupta \"Partha Dasgupta\") and published by the UK government, \"biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history.\"{{cite web \\|url\\=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment\\_data/file/957629/Dasgupta\\_Review\\_\\-\\_Headline\\_Messages.pdf \\|title\\=The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages \\|last\\=Dasgupta \\|first\\=Partha \\|author\\-link\\= Partha Dasgupta \\|date\\=2021 \\|website\\= \\|publisher\\=UK government\\| page\\=1\\|access\\-date\\=15 December 2021 \\|quote\\=Biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history. Current extinction rates, for example, are around 100 to 1,000 times higher than the baseline rate, and they are increasing. }}{{cite news \\|last\\=Carrington \\|first\\=Damian \\|date\\=2 February 2021 \\|title\\=Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations? \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/02/economics\\-of\\-biodiversity\\-review\\-what\\-are\\-the\\-recommendations \\|work\\= \\[\\[The Guardian]]\\|location\\= \\|access\\-date\\=16 December 2021}} A 2022 scientific review published in *Biological Reviews* confirms that an anthropogenic [sixth mass extinction](/wiki/Sixth_mass_extinction \"Sixth mass extinction\") event is currently underway.{{cite journal \\|last1\\= Cowie \\|first1\\=Robert H. \\|last2\\=Bouchet \\|first2\\=Philippe \\|last3\\=Fontaine \\|first3\\=Benoît \\|date\\=2022\\|title\\=The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation? \\|journal\\=Biological Reviews \\|volume\\= 97\\|issue\\= 2\\|pages\\= 640–663\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/brv.12816\\|pmid\\=35014169 \\|pmc\\=9786292 \\|s2cid\\=245889833 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}{{cite news \\|last\\=Sankaran \\|first\\=Vishwam \\|date\\=17 January 2022 \\|title\\=Study confirms sixth mass extinction is currently underway, caused by humans \\|url\\=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate\\-change/news/sixth\\-mass\\-extinction\\-global\\-biodiversity\\-b1994346\\.html \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate\\-change/news/sixth\\-mass\\-extinction\\-global\\-biodiversity\\-b1994346\\.html \\|archive\\-date\\=7 May 2022 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Independent]] \\|location\\= \\|access\\-date\\=18 January 2022}}{{cbignore}} A 2022 study published in *[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment](/wiki/Frontiers_in_Ecology_and_the_Environment \"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\")*, which surveyed more than 3,000 experts, states that the extinction crisis could be worse than previously thought, and estimates that roughly 30% of species \"have been globally threatened or driven extinct since the year 1500\\.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Melillo\\|first\\=Gianna \\|date\\=19 July 2022 \\|title\\=Threat of global extinction may be greater than previously thought, study finds\\|url\\=https://thehill.com/changing\\-america/sustainability/environment/3565945\\-threat\\-of\\-global\\-extinction\\-may\\-be\\-greater\\-than\\-previously\\-thought\\-study\\-finds/\\|work\\=The Hill \\|location\\= \\|access\\-date\\=20 July 2022}}{{cite journal\\|last1\\=Isbell\\|first1\\=Forest\\|last2\\=Balvanera\\|first2\\=Patricia\\|display\\-authors\\=etal.\\|date\\=2022\\|title\\=Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people\\|journal\\=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\\|volume\\=21\\|issue\\=2\\|pages\\=94–103\\|doi\\=10\\.1002/fee.2536\\|s2cid\\=250659953\\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|hdl\\=10852/101242\\|hdl\\-access\\=free}} According to a 2023 study published in *Biological Reviews* some 48% of 70,000 monitored species are experiencing population declines from human activity, whereas only 3% have increasing populations.{{cite news\\|author\\= \\|date\\=May 23, 2023 \\|title\\=Biodiversity: Almost half of animals in decline, research shows\\|url\\=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk\\-northern\\-ireland\\-65681648\\|work\\=BBC \\|location\\= \\|access\\-date\\=May 23, 2023}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Finn\\|first1\\=Catherine\\|last2\\=Grattarola\\|first2\\=Florencia \\|last3\\=Pincheira\\-Donoso\\|first3\\=Daniel \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=More losers than winners: investigating Anthropocene defaunation through the diversity of population trends\\|url\\= \\|journal\\=Biological Reviews\\|volume\\= 98\\|issue\\= 5\\|pages\\= 1732–1748\\|doi\\=10\\.1111/brv.12974\\|pmid\\=37189305 \\|s2cid\\=258717720 \\|access\\-date\\=}}{{cite news \\|last\\=Paddison\\|first\\= Laura \\|date\\=May 22, 2023\\|title\\=Global loss of wildlife is 'significantly more alarming' than previously thought, according to a new study\\|url\\=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/22/world/wildlife\\-crisis\\-biodiversity\\-scn\\-climate\\-intl/index.html\\|work\\=CNN \\|location\\= \\|access\\-date\\=May 23, 2023}}",
"{{excerpt\\|biodiversity loss\\|paragraphs\\=1\\-3}}",
"### Biogeography and nocturnality",
"{{main\\|Biogeography}}",
"Studies of [urban evolution](/wiki/Urban_evolution \"Urban evolution\") give an indication of how species may respond to stressors such as temperature change and toxicity. Species display varying abilities to respond to altered environments through both [phenotypic plasticity](/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity \"Phenotypic plasticity\") and genetic [evolution](/wiki/Evolution \"Evolution\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Bender \\|first1\\=Eric \\|title\\=Urban evolution: How species adapt to survive in cities \\|journal\\=Knowable Magazine \\|publisher\\= Annual Reviews \\|date\\=21 March 2022 \\|doi\\=10\\.1146/knowable\\-031822\\-1 \\|doi\\-access\\=free \\|url\\=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living\\-world/2022/urban\\-evolution\\-species\\-adapt\\-survive\\-cities \\|access\\-date\\=31 March 2022}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Diamond \\|first1\\=Sarah E. \\|last2\\=Martin \\|first2\\=Ryan A. \\|title\\=Evolution in Cities \\|journal\\=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics \\|date\\=2 November 2021 \\|volume\\=52 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=519–540 \\|doi\\=10\\.1146/annurev\\-ecolsys\\-012021\\-021402 \\|s2cid\\=239646134 \\|url\\=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10\\.1146/annurev\\-ecolsys\\-012021\\-021402 \\|access\\-date\\=1 April 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|issn\\=1543\\-592X \\|archive\\-date\\=31 March 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331205605/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10\\.1146/annurev\\-ecolsys\\-012021\\-021402 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Diamond \\|first1\\=Sarah E \\|last2\\=Chick \\|first2\\=Lacy D \\|last3\\=Perez \\|first3\\=Abe \\|last4\\=Strickler \\|first4\\=Stephanie A \\|last5\\=Zhao \\|first5\\=Crystal \\|title\\=Evolution of plasticity in the city: urban acorn ants can better tolerate more rapid increases in environmental temperature \\|journal\\=Conservation Physiology \\|date\\=14 June 2018 \\|volume\\=6 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=coy030 \\|doi\\=10\\.1093/conphys/coy030 \\|pmid\\=29977563 \\|pmc\\=6007456 \\|issn\\=2051\\-1434}} Researchers have documented the movement of many species into regions formerly too cold for them, often at rates faster than initially expected.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Harvey \\|first1\\=Fiona \\|author\\-link\\=Fiona Harvey \\|date\\=18 August 2011 \\|title\\=Climate change driving species out of habitats much faster than expected \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/aug/18/climate\\-change\\-species\\-habitats \\|access\\-date\\=8 November 2015 \\|website\\=The Guardian}}",
"Permanent changes in the distribution of organisms from human influence will become identifiable in the [geologic record](/wiki/Geologic_record \"Geologic record\"). This has occurred in part as a result of changing climate, but also in response to farming and fishing, and to the accidental introduction of non\\-native species to new areas through global travel. The ecosystem of the entire [Black Sea](/wiki/Black_Sea \"Black Sea\") may have changed during the last 2000 years as a result of nutrient and silica input from eroding deforested lands along the [Danube River](/wiki/Danube_River \"Danube River\").{{cite web\\|url\\=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/from\\-ancient\\-deforestation\\-a\\-delta\\-is\\-born/\\|last\\=Nuwer\\|first\\=Rachel\\|author\\-link\\=Rachel Nuwer \\|website\\=The New York Times\\|title\\=From Ancient Deforestation, a Delta Is Born\\|date\\=14 September 2012\\|access\\-date\\=14 June 2018}}\n{{cite journal \\|last1\\= Gaynor\\|first1\\=Kaitlyn M.\\|display\\-authors\\=etal. \\|year\\=2018 \\|title\\=The influence of human disturbance on wildlife nocturnality\\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=360 \\|issue\\= 6394\\|pages\\=1232–1235\\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.aar7121\\|pmid\\=29903973\\|bibcode\\=2018Sci...360\\.1232G\\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"Researchers have found that the growth of the human population and expansion of human activity has resulted in many species of animals that are normally active during the day, such as elephants, tigers and boars, becoming nocturnal to avoid contact with humans, who are largely diurnal.{{cite news \\|last\\= Brennan\\|first\\=William\\|date\\=1 October 2018 \\|title\\=When Animals Take the Night Shift\\|url\\=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/up\\-all\\-night/568291/\\|work\\=\\[\\[The Atlantic]] \\|access\\-date\\=16 February 2019}}",
"### Climate change",
"{{main\\|Climate change\\|Effects of climate change\\|Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere}}",
"One geological symptom resulting from human activity is increasing [atmospheric carbon dioxide](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere \"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere\") ({{CO2}}) content. This signal in the Earth's climate system is especially significant because it is occurring much faster,{{cite news \\|url\\=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592\\.stm \\|date\\=4 September 2006 \\|title\\=Deep ice tells long climate story \\|work\\=BBC News\\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2015 \\|quote\\=The 'scary thing', \\[Dr. Wolff] added, was the rate of change now occurring in {{CO2}} concentrations. In the core, the fastest increase seen was of the order of 30 parts per million (ppm) by volume over a period of roughly 1,000 years. The last 30 ppm of increase has occurred in just 17 years. We really are in the situation where we don't have an analogue in our records.}} and to a greater extent, than previously. Most of this increase is due to the [combustion](/wiki/Combustion \"Combustion\") of [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuel \"Fossil fuel\") such as coal, [oil](/wiki/Petroleum \"Petroleum\"), and [gas](/wiki/Natural_gas \"Natural gas\").",
"{{excerpt\\|Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere\\|paragraphs\\=1}}",
"{{excerpt\\|Effects of climate change\\|paragraphs\\=1\\-2}}\n{{multiple image\n\\| perrow \\= 2\n\\| total\\_width \\= 350\n\\| image1 \\= 062821Yreka Fire CalFire \\-2wiki.jpg\n\\| alt1 \\= Thick orange\\-brown smoke blocks half a blue sky, with conifers in the foreground\n\\| image2 \\= Bleachedcoral.jpg\n\\| alt2 \\= A few grey fish swim over grey coral with white spikes\n\\| image3 \\= Village Telly in Mali.jpg\n\\| alt3 \\= Desert sand half covers a village of small flat\\-roofed houses with scattered green trees\n\\| image4 \\= US Navy 071120\\-M\\-8966H\\-005 An aerial view over southern Bangladesh reveals extensive flooding as a result of Cyclone Sidr.jpg\n\\| alt4 \\= large areas of still water behind riverside buildings\n\\| footer \\= Some climate change effects: \\[\\[wildfire]] caused by heat and dryness, \\[\\[Coral bleaching\\|bleached coral]] caused by ocean acidification and heating, \\[\\[environmental migration]] caused by \\[\\[desertification]], and \\[\\[coastal flooding]] caused by \\[\\[storm]]s and sea level rise.\n}}",
"### Geomorphology",
"Changes in drainage patterns traceable to human activity will persist over geologic time in large parts of the continents where the geologic regime is erosional. This involves, for example, the paths of roads and highways defined by their grading and drainage control. Direct changes to the form of the Earth's surface by human activities ([quarrying](/wiki/Quarry \"Quarry\") and [landscaping](/wiki/Landscaping \"Landscaping\"), for example) also record human impacts.",
"It has been suggested{{by whom\\|date\\=January 2021}} that the deposition of [calthemite](/wiki/Calthemite \"Calthemite\") formations exemplify a natural process which has not previously occurred prior to the human modification of the Earth's surface, and which therefore represents a unique process of the Anthropocene.{{Cite journal \\|last1\\= Dixon \\|first1\\= Simon J. \\|last2\\= Viles \\|first2\\= Heather A. \\|last3\\= Garrett \\|first3\\= Bradley L. \\|title\\= Ozymandias in the Anthropocene: The city as an emerging landform \\|journal\\= Area \\|volume\\= 50 \\|pages\\= 117–125 \\|doi\\= 10\\.1111/area.12358 \\|issn\\= 1475\\-4762\\|year\\= 2018 \\|issue\\= 1 \\|doi\\-access\\= free \\|bibcode\\= 2018Area...50\\..117D }} Calthemite is a secondary deposit, derived from concrete, [lime](/wiki/Lime_%28material%29 \"Lime (material)\"), [mortar](/wiki/Mortar_%28masonry%29 \"Mortar (masonry)\") or other calcareous material *outside the cave environment*.\n{{cite journal\n \\|last\\= Smith \\|first\\= G.K. \\|date\\= April 2016 \\|title\\= Calcite straw stalactites growing from concrete structures\\|journal\\= Cave and Karst Science \\|volume\\= 43 \\|issue\\= 1 \\|pages\\= 4–10 \\|url\\= http://bcra.org.uk/pub/candks/index.html \\|access\\-date\\= 14 June 2018}}\n [Calthemites](/wiki/Calthemite \"Calthemite\") grow on or under man\\-made structures (including mines and tunnels) and mimic the shapes and forms of cave [speleothems](/wiki/Speleothem \"Speleothem\"), such as [stalactites](/wiki/Stalactite \"Stalactite\"), [stalagmites](/wiki/Stalagmite \"Stalagmite\"), flowstone *etc*.",
"### Stratigraphy",
"#### Sedimentological record",
"Human activities like deforestation and road construction are believed to have elevated average total sediment fluxes across the Earth's surface. However, construction of dams on many rivers around the world means the rates of sediment deposition in any given place do not always appear to increase in the Anthropocene. For instance, many [river deltas](/wiki/River_delta \"River delta\") around the world are actually currently starved of sediment by such dams, and are subsiding and failing to keep up with sea level rise, rather than growing.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Giosan \\|first1\\=L. \\|last2\\=Syvitski \\|first2\\=J.P.M. \\|last3\\=Constantinescu \\|first3\\=S. \\|last4\\=Day \\|first4\\=J. \\|date\\=3 December 2014 \\|title\\=Climate change: Protect the world's deltas \\|journal\\=Nature \\|volume\\=516 \\|issue\\=7529 \\|pages\\=31–33 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/516031a \\|pmid\\=25471866 \\|bibcode\\=2014Natur.516\\...31G\\|s2cid\\=1970583 \\|doi\\-access\\=free }}",
"#### Fossil record",
"Increases in erosion due to farming and other operations will be reflected by changes in sediment composition and increases in deposition rates elsewhere. In land areas with a depositional regime, engineered structures will tend to be buried and preserved, along with litter and debris. Litter and debris thrown from boats or carried by rivers and creeks will accumulate in the marine environment, particularly in coastal areas, but also in mid\\-ocean [garbage patches](/wiki/Garbage_patch \"Garbage patch\"). Such human\\-created artifacts preserved in stratigraphy are known as \"technofossils\".{{Cite journal \\|first1\\=H.V. \\|last1\\=Cabadas\\-Báez \\|first2\\=S. \\|last2\\=Sedov \\|first3\\=S \\|last3\\=Jiménez\\-Álvarez \\|first4\\=D. \\|last4\\=Leonard \\|first5\\=B. \\|last5\\=Lailson\\-Tinoco \\|first6\\=R. \\|last6\\=García\\-Moll \\|first7\\=I. \\|last7\\=Ancona\\-Aragón \\|first8\\=L. \\|last8\\=Hernández \\|year\\=2017 \\|title\\=Soils as a source of raw materials for ancient ceramic production in the Maya region of Mexico: Micromorphological insight \\|journal\\=Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana \\|volume\\=70 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=21–48 \\|doi\\=10\\.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a2\\|doi\\-access\\=free }}\n[thumb\\|Twentieth\\-century technofossils in inundated landfill deposits at East Tilbury on the [River Thames](/wiki/River_Thames \"River Thames\") estuary.](/wiki/File:Technofossils.jpg \"Technofossils.jpg\")\nChanges in biodiversity will also be reflected in the fossil record, as will species introductions. An example cited is the domestic chicken, originally the [red junglefowl](/wiki/Red_junglefowl \"Red junglefowl\") *Gallus gallus*, native to south\\-east Asia but has since become the world's most common bird through human breeding and consumption, with over 60 billion consumed annually and whose bones would become fossilised in landfill sites.{{cite news \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/31/domestic\\-chicken\\-anthropocene\\-humanity\\-influenced\\-epoch \\|title\\=How the domestic chicken rose to define the Anthropocene \\|first\\=Damian \\|last\\=Carrington \\|date\\= 31 August 2016 \\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]]}} Hence, landfills are important resources to find \"technofossils\".{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Achmon \\|first1\\=Yigal \\|last2\\=Achmon \\|first2\\=Moshe \\|last3\\=Dowdy \\|first3\\=F. Ryan \\|last4\\=Spiegel \\|first4\\=Orr \\|last5\\=Claypool \\|first5\\=Joshua T. \\|last6\\=Toniato \\|first6\\=Juliano \\|last7\\=Simmons \\|first7\\=Christopher W. \\|s2cid\\=89937817 \\|year\\=2018 \\|title\\=Understanding the Anthropocene through the lens of landfill microbiomes \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment]] \\|volume\\=16 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=354–360 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/fee.1819 \\|bibcode\\=2018FrEE...16\\..354A \\|issn\\=1540\\-9309}}",
"#### Trace elements",
"In terms of trace elements, there are distinct signatures left by modern societies. For example, in the [Upper Fremont Glacier](/wiki/Upper_Fremont_Glacier \"Upper Fremont Glacier\") in Wyoming, there is a layer of [chlorine](/wiki/Chlorine \"Chlorine\") present in ice cores from 1960's atomic weapon testing programs, as well as a layer of [mercury](/wiki/Mercury_%28element%29 \"Mercury (element)\") associated with coal plants in the 1980s.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Sousa \\|first1\\=Matthew \\|last2\\=Benson \\|first2\\=Bryce \\|last3\\=Welty \\|first3\\=Connor \\|last4\\=Price \\|first4\\=Dylan \\|last5\\=Thirkill \\|first5\\=Ruth \\|last6\\=Erickson \\|first6\\=William \\|last7\\=Cummings \\|first7\\=Mackenzie \\|last8\\=Dunnivant \\|first8\\=Frank M. \\|display\\-authors\\=6 \\|date\\=February 2020 \\|title\\=Atmospheric Deposition of Coal\\-Related Pollutants in the Pacific Northwest of the United States from 1950 to 2016 \\|journal\\=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry \\|volume\\=39 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=335–342 \\|doi\\=10\\.1002/etc.4635 \\|pmid\\=31743941 \\|s2cid\\=208186469 }}{{cite report \\|author1\\=Cecil, L. DeWayne \\|author2\\=David L. Naftz \\|author3\\=Paul F. Schuster \\|author4\\=David D. Susong \\|author5\\=Jaromy R. Green \\|year\\=2010 \\|title\\=The Paleoenvironmental Record Preserved in Middle Latitude, High\\-Mountain Glaciers – An Overview of U.S. Geological Survey Experience in Central Asia and the United States \\|url\\=http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/p1386f/pdf/F8\\_PaleoRecord.pdf \\|publisher\\=United States Geological Survey \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-14}}{{cite report \\|author1\\=Krabbenhoft, David \\|author2\\=Paul Schuster \\|title\\=Glacial Ice Cores Reveal a Record of Natural and Anthropogenic Atmospheric Mercury Deposition for the Last 270 Years \\|series\\=USGS Fact Sheet \\|volume\\=FS\\-051\\-02 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[U.S. Geological Survey]] \\|url\\=http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS\\-051\\-02/pdf/fs\\-051\\-02\\.pdf \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-05\\-14 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308171512/https://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS\\-051\\-02/pdf/fs\\-051\\-02\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}",
"From the late 1940s, nuclear tests have led to local [nuclear fallout](/wiki/Nuclear_fallout \"Nuclear fallout\") and severe contamination of test sites both on land and in the surrounding marine environment. Some of the [radionuclides](/wiki/Radionuclide \"Radionuclide\") that were released during the tests are [{{sup\\|137}}Cs](/wiki/Caesium-137 \"Caesium-137\"), [{{sup\\|90}}Sr](/wiki/Strontium-90 \"Strontium-90\"), [{{sup\\|239}}Pu](/wiki/Plutonium-239 \"Plutonium-239\"), [{{sup\\|240}}Pu](/wiki/Plutonium-240 \"Plutonium-240\"), [{{sup\\|241}}Am](/wiki/Americium-241 \"Americium-241\"), and [{{sup\\|131}}I](/wiki/Iodine-131 \"Iodine-131\"). These have been found to have had significant impact on the environment and on human beings. In particular, [{{sup\\|137}}Cs](/wiki/Caesium-137 \"Caesium-137\") and [{{sup\\|90}}Sr](/wiki/Strontium-90 \"Strontium-90\") have been found to have been released into the marine environment and led to [bioaccumulation](/wiki/Bioaccumulation \"Bioaccumulation\") over a period through [food chain](/wiki/Food_chain \"Food chain\") cycles. The carbon isotope [{{sup\\|14}}C](/wiki/Carbon-14 \"Carbon-14\"), commonly released during nuclear tests, has also been found to be integrated into the atmospheric [CO{{sub\\|2}}](/wiki/Carbon_dioxide \"Carbon dioxide\"), and infiltrating the [biosphere](/wiki/Biosphere \"Biosphere\"), through [ocean\\-atmosphere gas exchange](/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle \"Oceanic carbon cycle\"). Increase in [thyroid cancer](/wiki/Thyroid_cancer \"Thyroid cancer\") rates around the world is also surmised to be correlated with increasing proportions of the [{{sup\\|131}}I](/wiki/Iodine-131 \"Iodine-131\") radionuclide.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Prăvălie \\|first\\=Remus \\|date\\=October 2014 \\|title\\=Nuclear weapons tests and environmental consequences: A global perspective \\|journal\\=Ambio \\|volume\\=43 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=729–744 \\|doi\\=10\\.1007/s13280\\-014\\-0491\\-1 \\|pmid\\=24563393 \\|pmc\\=4165831 \\|bibcode\\=2014Ambio..43\\..729P }}",
"The highest global concentration of radionuclides was estimated to have been in 1965, one of the dates which has been proposed as a possible benchmark for the start of the formally defined Anthropocene.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Turney \\|first1\\=Chris S.M. \\|last2\\=Palmer \\|first2\\=Jonathan \\|last3\\=Maslin \\|first3\\=Mark A. \\|last4\\=Hogg \\|first4\\=Alan \\|last5\\=Fogwill \\|first5\\=Christopher J. \\|last6\\=Southon \\|first6\\=John \\|last7\\=Fenwick \\|first7\\=Pavla \\|last8\\=Helle \\|first8\\=Gerhard \\|last9\\=Wilmshurst \\|first9\\=Janet M. \\|last10\\=McGlone \\|first10\\=Matt \\|last11\\=Bronk Ramsey \\|first11\\=Christopher \\|last12\\=Thomas \\|first12\\=Zoë \\|last13\\=Lipson \\|first13\\=Mathew \\|last14\\=Beaven \\|first14\\=Brent \\|last15\\=Jones \\|first15\\=Richard T. \\|last16\\=Andrews \\|first16\\=Oliver \\|last17\\=Hua \\|first17\\=Quan \\|display\\-authors\\=6 \\|year\\=2018 \\|title\\=Global peak in atmospheric radiocarbon provides a potential definition for the onset of the Anthropocene Epoch in 1965 \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Scientific Reports]] \\|volume\\=8 \\|issue\\=1 \\|page\\=3293 \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41598\\-018\\-20970\\-5 \\|pmid\\=29459648 \\|pmc\\=5818508 \\|bibcode\\=2018NatSR...8\\.3293T}}",
"Human burning of [fossil fuels](/wiki/Fossil_fuel \"Fossil fuel\") has also left distinctly elevated concentrations of black carbon, inorganic ash, and spherical carbonaceous particles in recent sediments across the world. Concentrations of these components increases markedly and almost simultaneously around the world beginning around 1950\\.",
"### Anthropocene markers",
"A marker that accounts for a substantial global impact of humans on the total environment, comparable in scale to those associated with significant perturbations of the geological past, is needed in place of minor changes in atmosphere composition.{{cite journal \\|author1\\=Zalasiewicz, J. \\|author2\\=Williams, M. \\|author3\\=Steffen, W. \\|author4\\=Crutzen, P.J. \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|year\\=2010 \\|title\\=Response to 'The Anthropocene forces us to reconsider adaptationist models of human\\-environment interactions' \\|journal\\=Environmental Science \\& Technology \\|volume\\=44 \\|issue\\=16 \\|page\\=6008 \\|bibcode\\=2010EnST...44\\.6008Z \\|doi\\=10\\.1021/es102062w}}{{cite journal \\|author1\\=Zalasiewicz, J. \\|display\\-authors\\=etal \\|year\\=2011 \\|title\\=Stratigraphy of the Anthropocene \\|journal\\=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A \\|volume\\=369 \\|issue\\=1938 \\|pages\\=1036–1055 \\|bibcode\\=2011RSPTA.369\\.1036Z \\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rsta.2010\\.0315 \\|pmid\\=21282159 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}}",
"A useful candidate for holding markers in the geologic time record is the [pedosphere](/wiki/Pedosphere \"Pedosphere\"). Soils retain information about their climatic and geochemical history with features lasting for centuries or millennia.{{cite journal \\|author\\=Richter, D. deB. \\|year\\=2007 \\|title\\=Humanity's transformation of Earth's soil: Pedology's new frontier \\|journal\\=Soil Science \\|volume\\=172 \\|issue\\=12 \\|pages\\=957–967 \\|bibcode\\=2007SoilS.172\\..957R \\|doi\\=10\\.1097/ss.0b013e3181586bb7 \\|s2cid\\=15921701}} Human activity is now firmly established as the sixth factor of soil formation.{{cite journal \\|author1\\=Amundson, R. \\|author2\\=Jenny, H. \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|year\\=1991 \\|title\\=The place of humans in the state factor theory of ecosystems and their soils \\|journal\\=Soil Science \\|volume\\=151 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=99–109 \\|bibcode\\=1991SoilS.151\\...99A \\|doi\\=10\\.1097/00010694\\-199101000\\-00012 \\|s2cid\\=95061311}} Humanity affects pedogenesis directly by, for example, land levelling, trenching and embankment building, landscape\\-scale [control of fire by early humans](/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans \"Control of fire by early humans\"), organic matter enrichment from additions of manure or other waste, organic matter impoverishment due to continued cultivation and compaction from [overgrazing](/wiki/Overgrazing \"Overgrazing\"). Human activity also affects pedogenesis indirectly by drift of eroded materials or pollutants. Anthropogenic soils are those markedly affected by human activities, such as repeated ploughing, the addition of fertilisers, contamination, sealing, or enrichment with artefacts (in the [World Reference Base for Soil Resources](/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources \"World Reference Base for Soil Resources\") they are classified as [Anthrosols](/wiki/Anthrosols \"Anthrosols\") and [Technosols](/wiki/Technosols \"Technosols\")). An example from archaeology would be [dark earth](/wiki/Dark_earth \"Dark earth\") phenomena when long\\-term human habitation enriches the soil with [black carbon](/wiki/Black_carbon \"Black carbon\").",
"Anthropogenic soils are recalcitrant repositories of artefacts and properties that testify to the dominance of the human impact, and hence appear to be reliable markers for the Anthropocene. Some anthropogenic soils may be viewed as the 'golden spikes' of geologists ([Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point](/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point \"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point\")), which are locations where there are strata successions with clear evidences of a worldwide event, including the appearance of distinctive fossils.{{cite journal \\|author1\\=Certini, G. \\|author2\\=Scalenghe, R. \\|name\\-list\\-style\\=amp \\|year\\=2011 \\|title\\=Anthropogenic soils are the golden spikes for the Anthropocene \\|journal\\=The Holocene \\|volume\\=21 \\|issue\\=8 \\|pages\\=1269–1274 \\|bibcode\\=2011Holoc..21\\.1269C \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0959683611408454 \\|s2cid\\=128818837}} Drilling for fossil fuels has also created holes and tubes which are expected to be detectable for millions of years.{{cite web \\|title\\=The Advent of the Anthropocene: Was that the big story of the 20th century? \\|url\\=http://worldofideas.wbur.org/2015/03/29/mcneill \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072916/http://worldofideas.wbur.org/2015/03/29/mcneill \\|archive\\-date\\=4 March 2016 \\|access\\-date\\=28 November 2015 \\|website\\=World of Ideas, Boston U. Radio}} The astrobiologist [David Grinspoon](/wiki/David_Grinspoon \"David Grinspoon\") has proposed that the site of the Apollo 11 Lunar landing, with the disturbances and artifacts that are so uniquely characteristic of our species' technological activity and which will survive over geological time spans could be considered as the 'golden spike' of the Anthropocene.{{cite magazine \\|author\\=Grinspoon, D. \\|date\\=28 June 2016 \\|title\\=The golden spike of Tranquility Base \\|url\\=https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy\\-blogs/the\\-golden\\-spike\\-of\\-tranquility\\-base/ \\|magazine\\=Sky \\& Telescope}}",
"An October 2020 study coordinated by [University of Colorado at Boulder](/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder \"University of Colorado Boulder\") found that distinct physical, chemical and biological changes to Earth's rock layers began around the year 1950\\. The research revealed that since about 1950, humans have doubled the amount of [fixed nitrogen](/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation \"Nitrogen fixation\") on the planet through industrial production for agriculture, created a [hole in the ozone layer](/wiki/Ozone_depletion \"Ozone depletion\") through the industrial scale release of [chlorofluorocarbons](/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon \"Chlorofluorocarbon\") (CFCs), released enough [greenhouse gasses](/wiki/Greenhouse_gas \"Greenhouse gas\") from fossil fuels to cause planetary level [climate change](/wiki/Climate_change \"Climate change\"), created tens of thousands of [synthetic mineral\\-like compounds](/wiki/Synthetic_minerals \"Synthetic minerals\") that do not naturally occur on Earth, and caused almost one\\-fifth of [river sediment](/wiki/Sediment_transport \"Sediment transport\") worldwide to no longer reach the ocean due to dams, reservoirs and diversions. Humans have produced so many millions of tons of plastic each year since the early 1950s that [microplastics](/wiki/Microplastics \"Microplastics\") are \"forming a near\\-ubiquitous and unambiguous marker of Anthropocene\".{{Cite web \\|last\\=Simpkins \\|first\\=Kelsey \\|date\\=16 October 2020 \\|title\\=Unprecedented energy use since 1950 has transformed humanity's geologic footprint \\|url\\=https://phys.org/news/2020\\-10\\-unprecedented\\-energy\\-humanity\\-geologic\\-footprint.html \\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-17 \\|website\\=phys.org \\|publisher\\=University of Colorado at Boulder \\|language\\=en}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Syvitski \\|first1\\=Jaia \\|last2\\=Waters \\|first2\\=Colin N. \\|last3\\=Day \\|first3\\=John \\|display\\-authors\\=etal. \\|date\\=2020 \\|title\\=Extraordinary human energy consumption and resultant geological impacts beginning around 1950 CE initiated the proposed Anthropocene Epoch \\|journal\\=Communications Earth \\& Environment \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=32 \\|page\\=32 \\|bibcode\\=2020ComEE...1\\...32S \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s43247\\-020\\-00029\\-y \\|s2cid\\=222415797 \\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|hdl\\=10810/51932 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }} The study highlights a strong correlation between global human population size and growth, global productivity and global energy use and that the \"extraordinary outburst of consumption and productivity demonstrates how the Earth System has departed from its Holocene state since c. 1950 CE, forcing abrupt physical, chemical and biological changes to the Earth's stratigraphic record that can be used to justify the proposal for naming a new epoch—the Anthropocene.\"",
"A December 2020 study published in *[Nature](/wiki/Nature_%28journal%29 \"Nature (journal)\")* found that the total anthropogenic mass, or human\\-made materials, outweighs all the [biomass](/wiki/Biomass_%28ecology%29 \"Biomass (ecology)\") on earth, and highlighted that \"this quantification of the human enterprise gives a mass\\-based quantitative and symbolic characterization of the human\\-induced epoch of the Anthropocene.\"{{cite news \\|last\\=Laville \\|first\\=Sandra \\|date\\=9 December 2020 \\|title\\=Human\\-made materials now outweigh Earth's entire biomass – study \\|work\\=The Guardian \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/09/human\\-made\\-materials\\-now\\-outweigh\\-earths\\-entire\\-biomass\\-study \\|access\\-date\\=10 December 2020}}{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Elhacham \\|first1\\=Emily \\|last2\\=Ben\\-Uri \\|first2\\=Liad \\|display\\-authors\\=etal. \\|date\\=2020 \\|title\\=Global human\\-made mass exceeds all living biomass \\|journal\\=Nature \\|volume\\=588 \\|issue\\=7838 \\|pages\\=442–444 \\|bibcode\\=2020Natur.588\\..442E \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/s41586\\-020\\-3010\\-5 \\|pmid\\=33299177 \\|s2cid\\=228077506}}",
""
] |
Debates
-------
[thumb\|upright\=1\.5\|"While we often think of ecological damage as a modern problem our impacts date back millennia to the times in which humans lived as hunter\-gatherers. Our history with wild animals has been a zero\-sum game: either we hunted them to extinction, or we destroyed their habitats with agricultural land." \- [Hannah Ritchie](/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie "Hannah Ritchie") for *[Our World in Data](/wiki/Our_World_in_Data "Our World in Data")*.{{cite web \|last\=Ritchie \|first\=Hannah \|date\=April 20, 2021 \|title\=Wild mammals have declined by 85% since the rise of humans, but there is a possible future where they flourish \|url\=https://ourworldindata.org/wild\-mammal\-decline \|access\-date\=April 18, 2023 \|website\=\[\[Our World in Data]] \|publisher\= \|quote\=}}](/wiki/File:Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png "Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png")
Although the validity of *Anthropocene* as a scientific term remains disputed, its underlying premise, i.e., that humans have become a geological force, or rather, the dominant force shaping the Earth's climate, has found traction among academics and the public. In an opinion piece for *[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B](/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_B "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B")*, [Rodolfo Dirzo](/wiki/Rodolfo_Dirzo "Rodolfo Dirzo"), Gerardo Ceballos, and [Paul R. Ehrlich](/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich "Paul R. Ehrlich") write that the term is "increasingly penetrating the lexicon of not only the academic socio\-sphere, but also society more generally", and is now included as an entry in the [Oxford English Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary "Oxford English Dictionary").{{cite journal \|last1\=Dirzo \|first1\=Rodolfo \|last2\=Ceballos \|first2\=Gerardo \|last3\=Ehrlich \|first3\=Paul R. \|date\=2022 \|title\=Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity \|url\= \|journal\=\[\[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] \|volume\=377 \|issue\=1857 \|pages\= \|doi\=10\.1098/rstb.2021\.0378 \|pmc\=9237743 \|pmid\=35757873}} The University of Cambridge, as another example, offers a degree in Anthropocene Studies.{{cite web \|last\= \|first\= \|date\= \|title\=MPhil in Anthropocene Studies \|url\=https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/graduate/mphil/anthropocene/ \|access\-date\= \|website\= \|publisher\= \|quote\=}} In the public sphere, the term *Anthropocene* has become increasingly ubiquitous in activist, pundit, and political discourses. Some who are critical of the term *Anthropocene* nevertheless concede that "For all its problems, \[it] carries power."{{Cite web \|last\=Sutoris \|first\=Peter \|date\=20 October 2021 \|title\=The term 'Anthropocene' isn't perfect – but it shows us the scale of the environmental crisis we've caused \|url\=http://theconversation.com/the\-term\-anthropocene\-isnt\-perfect\-but\-it\-shows\-us\-the\-scale\-of\-the\-environmental\-crisis\-weve\-caused\-169301 \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020162931/https://theconversation.com/the\-term\-anthropocene\-isnt\-perfect\-but\-it\-shows\-us\-the\-scale\-of\-the\-environmental\-crisis\-weve\-caused\-169301 \|archive\-date\=20 October 2021 \|access\-date\= \|website\=The Conversation \|language\=en}} The popularity and currency of the word has led scholars to label the term a "charismatic meta\-category"{{Cite web \|last\=Reddy \|first\=Elizabeth \|date\=8 April 2014 \|title\=What Does it Mean to do Anthropology in the Anthropocene? \|url\=https://blog.castac.org/2014/04/what\-does\-it\-mean\-to\-do\-anthropology\-in\-the\-anthropocene/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531064303/http://blog.castac.org:80/2014/04/what\-does\-it\-mean\-to\-do\-anthropology\-in\-the\-anthropocene/ \|archive\-date\=31 May 2014 \|website\=Platypus \|language\=en\-US}} or "charismatic mega\-concept."{{Cite book \|last1\=Davis \|first1\=Heather \|url\=http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/books/titles/art\-in\-the\-anthropocene/ \|title\=Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments and Epistemologies \|last2\=Turpin \|first2\=Etienne \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Open Humanities Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-78542\-008\-5 \|pages\=3–30 \|language\=EN}} The term, regardless, has been subject to a variety of criticisms from social scientists, philosophers, Indigenous scholars, and others.
The anthropologist John Hartigan has argued that due to its status as a charismatic meta\-category, the term *Anthropocene* marginalizes competing, but less visible, concepts such as that of "multispecies."{{Cite web \|last\=Hartigan \|first\=John \|date\=12 December 2014 \|title\=Multispecies vs Anthropocene \|url\=http://somatosphere.net/2014/multispecies\-vs\-anthropocene.html/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921163424/http://somatosphere.net/2014/multispecies\-vs\-anthropocene.html/ \|archive\-date\=21 September 2020 \|website\=Somatosphere \|language\=en\-US}} The more salient charge is that the ready acceptance of *Anthropocene* is due to its conceptual proximity to the status quo – that is, to notions of human individuality and centrality.
Other scholars appreciate the way in which the term *Anthropocene* recognizes humanity as a geological force, but take issue with the indiscriminate way in which it does. Not all humans are equally responsible for the climate crisis. To that end, scholars such as the feminist theorist [Donna Haraway](/wiki/Donna_Haraway "Donna Haraway") and sociologist [Jason Moore](/wiki/Jason_Moore_%28sociologist%29 "Jason Moore (sociologist)"), have suggested naming the Epoch instead as the *[Capitalocene](/wiki/Capitalocene "Capitalocene")*.{{Cite book \|last\=Haraway \|first\=Donna \|url\=http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/books/titles/art\-in\-the\-anthropocene/ \|title\=Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments and Epistemologies \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Open Humanities Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-78542\-008\-5 \|editor\-last\=Davis \|editor\-first\=Heather \|pages\=255–270 \|language\=EN \|editor2\-last\=Turpin \|editor2\-first\=Etienne}}{{cite book \|title\=Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, history, and the crisis of capitalism \|publisher\=PM Press \|year\=2016 \|isbn\=978\-1629631486 \|editor\-last\=Moore \|editor\-first\=Jason W. \|place\=Oakland, CA}}{{Cite Q\|Q114630752\|mode\=cs1 \|author\-last\=Davies\|author\-first\=Jeremy\|edition\=1st, hardcover\|pp\=94–95\|url\={{GBurl\|\-VklDQAAQBAJ\|p\=94}}}} Such implies [capitalism](/wiki/Capitalism "Capitalism") as the fundamental reason for the ecological crisis, rather than just humans in general.{{cite book \|last\=Hickel \|first\=Jason \|title\=Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World \|publisher\=Windmill Books \|year\=2021 \|isbn\=978\-1786091215 \|pages\=39–40 \|quote\=It was only with the rise of capitalism over the past few hundred years, and the breathtaking acceleration of industrialization from the 1950s, that on a planetary scale things began to tip out of balance. \|author\-link\=Jason Hickel}}{{cite book \|last\=Foster \|first\=John Bellamy \|url\=https://books.google.com/books?id\=wY5IEAAAQBAJ\&pg\=PT7location\= \|title\=Capitalism in the Anthropocene: Ecological Ruin or Ecological Revolution \|date\=2022 \|publisher\=\[\[Monthly Review Press]] \|isbn\=978\-1583679746 \|page\=1 \|quote\=The advent of the Anthropocene coincided with a planetary rift, as the human economy under capitalism heedlessly crossed, or began to cross, Earth System boundaries, fouling its own nest and threatening the destruction of the planet as a safe home for humanity. \|author\-link\=John Bellamy Foster}}{{cite book \|last1\=Derber\|first1\=Charles \|author\-link1\=Charles Derber\|last2\=Moodliar \|first2\=Suren \|date\=2023 \|title\=Dying for Capitalism: How Big Money Fuels Extinction and What We Can Do About It\|url\= \|location\= \|publisher\=\[\[Routledge]] \|page\= \|isbn\=978\-1032512587}} However, according to philosopher [Steven Best](/wiki/Steven_Best "Steven Best"), humans have created "hierarchical and growth\-addicted societies" and have demonstrated "ecocidal proclivities" long before the emergence of capitalism.{{cite journal \|last\=Best \|first\=Steven \|date\=2021 \|title\=Failed Species: The Rise and Fall of the Human Empire \|url\=https://addletonacademicpublishers.com/contents\-rjac/2241\-volume\-9\-2\-2021/4078\-failed\-species\-the\-rise\-and\-fall\-of\-the\-human\-empire \|journal\=Romanian Journal of Artistic Creativity \|volume\=9 \|issue\=2 \|pages\= \|doi\= \|quote\=Today we call this planetary monolith "global capitalism," but humans became global animals tens of thousands of years before the onset of capitalism. Humans created hierarchical and growth\-addicted societies some ten thousand years ago and their ecocidal proclivities stretch back millennia more into prehistory. And just like every political empire of the past, the human empire has possibly reached its zenith and begun its downward spiral toward collapse. This empire's peak and slide into catastrophe marks a new epoch not only in human history, but also the history of the earth. Debates over whether advanced societies have entered into a new "postmodernity" pale in significance to the scientifically\-based proposition that human activity has created a new epoch in geological history—the age of the Anthropocene. This epoch characterized by the dominance of human influence over earth's systems and has led to, among other colossal events, a sixth mass extinction crisis and runaway climate change.}} Hartigan, Bould, and Haraway all critique what *Anthropocene* does as a term; however, Hartigan and Bould differ from Haraway in that they criticize the utility or validity of a geological framing of the climate crisis, whereas Haraway embraces it.
In addition to "Capitalocene," other terms have also been proposed by scholars to trace the roots of the Epoch to causes other than the human species broadly. Janae Davis, for example, has suggested the "Plantationocene" as a more appropriate term to call attention to the role that [plantation](/wiki/Plantation "Plantation") agriculture has played in the formation of the Epoch, alongside Kathryn Yusoff's argument that racism as a whole is foundational to the Epoch. The Plantationocene concept traces "the ways that plantation logics organize modern economies, environments, bodies, and social relations."{{cite magazine \|date\=c. 2020 \|title\=What is the Plantationocene? \|url\=https://edgeeffects.net/plantationocene\-series\-plantation\-worlds/ \|magazine\=Edge Effects Magazine}}{{cite journal \|last\=Haraway \|first\=Donna \|year\=2015 \|title\=Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making kin \|url\=https://environmentalhumanities.org/arch/vol6/6\.7\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|journal\=Environmental Humanities \|volume\=6 \|pages\=159–165 \|doi\=10\.1215/22011919\-3615934 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714061851/http://environmentalhumanities.org/arch/vol6/6\.7\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2015\-07\-14}}{{cite book \|last1\=Yusoff \|first1\=Kathryn \|title\=A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None \|publisher\=University of Minnesota Press}}{{Cite journal \|last1\=Davis \|first1\=Janae \|last2\=Moulton \|first2\=Alex A. \|last3\=Sant \|first3\=Levi Van \|last4\=Williams \|first4\=Brian \|date\=2019 \|title\=Anthropocene, Capitalocene, ... Plantationocene?: A Manifesto for Ecological Justice in an Age of Global Crises \|url\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\.1111/gec3\.12438 \|journal\=Geography Compass \|language\=en \|volume\=13 \|issue\=5 \|pages\=e12438 \|doi\=10\.1111/gec3\.12438 \|bibcode\=2019GComp..13E2438D \|issn\=1749\-8198 \|s2cid\=155374232}} In a similar vein, Indigenous studies scholars such as Métis geographer [Zoe Todd](/wiki/Zoe_Todd "Zoe Todd") have argued that the Epoch must be dated back to the colonization of the Americas, as this "names the problem of colonialism as responsible for contemporary environmental crisis."{{Cite journal \|last1\=Davis \|first1\=Heather \|last2\=Todd \|first2\=Zoe \|date\=20 December 2017 \|title\=On the Importance of a Date, or, Decolonizing the Anthropocene \|url\=https://acme\-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1539 \|journal\=ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies \|language\=en \|volume\=16 \|issue\=4 \|pages\=761–780 \|issn\=1492\-9732}} Potawatomi philosopher Kyle Powys Whyte has further argued that the Anthropocene has been apparent to Indigenous peoples in the Americas since the inception of colonialism because of "colonialism's role in environmental change."{{Cite journal \|last\=Whyte \|first\=Kyle \|date\=2017 \|title\=Indigenous Climate Change Studies : Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene \|url\=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/711473 \|journal\=English Language Notes \|volume\=55 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=153–162 \|doi\=10\.1215/00138282\-55\.1\-2\.153 \|issn\=2573\-3575 \|s2cid\=132153346}}{{Cite book \|last\=Whyte \|first\=Kyle \|title\=Humanities for the Environment: Integrating Knowledges, Forging New Constellations of Practice \|publisher\=Routledge \|year\=2016 \|editor\-last\=Adamson \|editor\-first\=Joni \|pages\=88–104 \|chapter\=Is it Colonial DéJà Vu? Indigenous Peoples and Climate Injustice \|doi\=10\.2139/ssrn.2925277 \|ssrn\=2925277}}{{Cite journal \|last\=Whyte \|first\=Kyle P. \|date\=1 March 2018 \|title\=Indigenous science (fiction) for the Anthropocene: Ancestral dystopias and fantasies of climate change crises \|url\=https://doi.org/10\.1177/2514848618777621 \|journal\=Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space \|language\=en \|volume\=1 \|issue\=1–2 \|pages\=224–242 \|doi\=10\.1177/2514848618777621 \|bibcode\=2018EnPlE...1\..224W \|issn\=2514\-8486 \|s2cid\=158298529}}
Other critiques of *Anthropocene* have focused on the genealogy of the concept. Todd also provides a [phenomenological](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29 "Phenomenology (philosophy)") account, which draws on the work of the philosopher [Sara Ahmed](/wiki/Sara_Ahmed "Sara Ahmed"), writing: "When discourses and responses to the Anthropocene are being generated within institutions and disciplines which are embedded in broader systems that act as de facto 'white public space,' the academy and its power dynamics must be challenged."{{Cite book \|last\=Todd \|first\=Zoe \|url\=http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/books/titles/art\-in\-the\-anthropocene/ \|title\=Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments and Epistemologies \|date\=2014 \|publisher\=Open Humanities Press \|isbn\=978\-1\-78542\-008\-5 \|editor\-last\=Davis \|editor\-first\=Heather \|pages\=241–254 \|language\=EN \|editor2\-last\=Turpin \|editor2\-first\=Etienne}} Other aspects which constitute current understandings of the concept of the *Anthropocene* such as the ontological split between nature and society, the assumption of the centrality and individuality of the human, and the framing of environmental discourse in largely scientific terms have been criticized by scholars as concepts rooted in colonialism and which reinforce systems of postcolonial domination.{{cite journal \|last1\=Hacıgüzeller \|first1\=Piraye \|date\=December 2021 \|title\=On critical hope and the anthropos of non\-anthropocentric discourses. Some thoughts on archaeology in the Anthropocene \|journal\=Archaeological Dialogues \|volume\=28 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=163–170 \|doi\=10\.1017/S1380203821000192 \|s2cid\=244775395 \|doi\-access\=free\|hdl\=10067/1836770151162165141 \|hdl\-access\=free }} To that end, Todd makes the case that the concept of *Anthropocene* must be indigenized and [decolonized](/wiki/Decolonization "Decolonization") if it is to become a vehicle of justice as opposed to white thought and domination.
The scholar Daniel Wildcat, a [Yuchi](/wiki/Yuchi "Yuchi") member of the [Muscogee Nation](/wiki/Muscogee_Nation "Muscogee Nation") of Oklahoma, for example, has emphasized spiritual connection to the land as a crucial tenet for any ecological movement.{{Cite web \|last\=Wildcat \|first\=Daniel \|date\=2009 \|title\=Red Alert! \|url\=https://fulcrum.bookstore.ipgbook.com/red\-alert\-\-products\-9781555916374\.php \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121070753/https://fulcrum.bookstore.ipgbook.com/red\-alert\-\-products\-9781555916374\.php \|archive\-date\=21 January 2020 \|access\-date\= \|website\=fulcrum.bookstore.ipgbook.com \|publisher\=Fulcrum Publishing}} Similarly, in her study of the [Ladakhi](/wiki/Ladakh "Ladakh") people in northern India, the anthropologist Karine Gagné, detailed their understanding of the relation between nonhuman and human agency as one that is deeply intimate and mutual. For the Ladakhi, the nonhuman alters the epistemic, ethical, and affective development of humans – it provides a way of "being *in* the world."{{Cite web \|last\=Gagné \|first\=Karine \|date\=2019 \|title\=Caring for Glaciers \|url\=https://uwapress.uw.edu/book/9780295744001/caring\-for\-glaciers \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813165721/https://uwapress.uw.edu/book/9780295744001/caring\-for\-glaciers/ \|archive\-date\=13 August 2020 \|access\-date\= \|website\=University of Washington Press \|page\=162 \|language\=en\-US}} The Ladakhi, who live in the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas "Himalayas"), for example, have seen the retreat of the glaciers not just as a physical loss, but also as the loss of entities which generate knowledge, compel ethical reflections, and foster intimacy. Other scholars have similarly emphasized the need to return to notions of relatedness and interdependence with nature. The writer [Jenny Odell](/wiki/Jenny_Odell "Jenny Odell") has written about what Robin Wall Kimmerer calls "species loneliness,"{{Cite web \|last\=Odell \|first\=Jenny \|date\=2019 \|title\=How to Do Nothing \|url\=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/600671/how\-to\-do\-nothing\-by\-jenny\-odell/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411121100/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/600671/how\-to\-do\-nothing\-by\-jenny\-odell/ \|archive\-date\=11 April 2019 \|access\-date\= \|website\= \|publisher\=Melville House \|language\=en\-US}} the loneliness which occurs from the separation of the human and the nonhuman, and the anthropologist [Radhika Govindrajan](/wiki/Radhika_Govindrajan "Radhika Govindrajan") has theorized on the ethics of care, or relatedness, which govern relations between humans and animals.{{Cite book \|last\=Govindrajan \|first\=Radhika \|url\=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo28301734\.html \|title\=Animal Intimacies \|publisher\=University of Chicago Press \|year\=2018 \|series\=Animal Lives \|language\=en}} Scholars are divided on whether to do away with the term *Anthropocene* or co\-opt it.
More recently, eco\-philosopher David Abram, in a book chapter titled 'Interbreathing in the Humilocene', has proposed adoption of the term ‘Humilocene’ (the Epoch of Humility), which emphasizes an ethical imperative and ecocultural direction that human societies should take. The term plays with the etymological roots of the term ‘human’, thus connecting it back with terms such as humility, humus (the soil), and even a corrective sense of humiliation that some human societies should feel given their collective destructive impact on the earth.{{Cite book \|url\=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351068833 \|title\=Routledge Handbook of Ecocultural Identity \|date\=2020\-05\-01 \|publisher\=Routledge \|isbn\=978\-1\-351\-06884\-0 \|editor\-last\=Milstein \|editor\-first\=Tema \|edition\=1 \|location\=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020\. {{!}} \|language\=en \|doi\=10\.4324/9781351068840 \|editor\-last2\=Castro\-Sotomayor \|editor\-first2\=José}}
### "Early anthropocene" model
{{Main\|Early anthropocene}}
[William Ruddiman](/wiki/William_Ruddiman "William Ruddiman") has argued that the Anthropocene began approximately 8,000 years ago with the [development of farming](/wiki/Development_of_farming "Development of farming") and sedentary cultures.{{cite journal \|last1\=Certini \|first1\=Giacomo \|last2\=Scalenghe \|first2\=Riccardo \|date\=April 2015 \|title\=Is the Anthropocene really worthy of a formal geologic definition? \|journal\=The Anthropocene Review \|volume\=2 \|issue\=1 \|pages\=77–80 \|doi\=10\.1177/2053019614563840 \|bibcode\=2015AntRv...2\...77C \|issn\=2053\-0196 \|s2cid\=130059700}} At that point, humans were dispersed across all continents except [Antarctica](/wiki/Antarctica "Antarctica"), and the [Neolithic Revolution](/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution "Neolithic Revolution") was ongoing. During this period, humans developed agriculture and [animal husbandry](/wiki/Animal_husbandry "Animal husbandry") to supplement or replace [hunter\-gatherer](/wiki/Hunter-gatherer "Hunter-gatherer") subsistence.{{cite journal \|last1\=Ellis \|first1\=Erle \|last2\=Goldewijk \|first2\=Kees Klein \|last3\=Gaillard \|first3\=Marie\-José \|last4\=Kaplan \|first4\=Jed O. \|last5\=Thornton \|first5\=Alexa \|last6\=Powell \|first6\=Jeremy \|last7\=Garcia \|first7\=Santiago Munevar \|last8\=Beaudoin \|first8\=Ella \|last9\=Zerboni \|first9\=Andrea \|display\-authors\=6 \|date\=30 August 2019 \|title\=Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use \|journal\=Science \|volume\=365 \|issue\=6456 \|pages\=897–902 \|bibcode\=2019Sci...365\..897S \|doi\=10\.1126/science.aax1192 \|issn\=0036\-8075 \|pmid\=31467217 \|s2cid\=201674203 \|hdl\-access\=free \|hdl\=10150/634688}} Such innovations were followed by a wave of [extinctions](/wiki/Extinction "Extinction"), beginning with large [mammals](/wiki/Mammal "Mammal") and terrestrial birds. This wave was driven by both the direct activity of humans (e.g. hunting) and the indirect consequences of [land\-use change](/wiki/Land-use_change "Land-use change") for agriculture. Landscape\-scale [burning](/wiki/Controlled_burn "Controlled burn") by prehistoric hunter\-gathers may have been an additional early source of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon.{{cite journal \|last1\=Lightfoot \|first1\=Kent G. \|last2\=Cuthrell \|first2\=Rob Q. \|date\=29 May 2015 \|title\=Anthropogenic burning and the Anthropocene in late\-Holocene California \|journal\=The Holocene \|volume\=25 \|issue\=10 \|pages\=1581–1587 \|bibcode\=2015Holoc..25\.1581L \|doi\=10\.1177/0959683615588376 \|issn\=0959\-6836 \|s2cid\=130614921}} Ruddiman also claims that the greenhouse gas emissions in\-part responsible for the Anthropocene began 8,000 years ago when ancient farmers cleared forests to grow crops.{{cite news \|last\=Mason \|first\=Betsy \|year\=2003 \|title\=Man has been changing climate for 8,000 years \|journal\=\[\[Nature (journal)\|Nature]] \|doi\=10\.1038/news031208\-7}}{{cite magazine \|last\=Robert \|first\=Adler \|date\=11 December 2003 \|title\=Early farmers warmed Earth's climate \|url\=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4464\-early\-farmers\-warmed\-earths\-climate/ \|magazine\=\[\[New Scientist]] \|access\-date\=4 February 2008}}{{cite journal \|last\=Ruddiman \|first\=William F. \|year\=2003 \|title\=The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago \|url\=http://earth.geology.yale.edu/\~avf5/teaching/Files\_pdf/Ruddiman2003\.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|journal\=\[\[Climatic Change]] \|volume\=61 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=261–293 \|citeseerx\=10\.1\.1\.651\.2119 \|doi\=10\.1023/B:CLIM.0000004577\.17928\.fa \|s2cid\=2501894 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416132256/http://earth.geology.yale.edu/\~avf5/teaching/Files\_pdf/Ruddiman2003\.pdf \|archive\-date\=16 April 2014}}
Ruddiman's work has been challenged with data from an earlier interglaciation ("Stage 11", approximately 400,000 years ago) which suggests that 16,000 more years must elapse before the current Holocene interglaciation comes to an end, and thus the early anthropogenic hypothesis is invalid.{{cite journal \|last1\=Broecker \|first1\=Wallace S. \|last2\=Stocker \|first2\=Thomas F. \|year\=2006 \|title\=The Holocene CO2 rise: Anthropogenic or natural? \|journal\=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union \|volume\=87 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=27 \|bibcode\=2006EOSTr..87\...27B \|doi\=10\.1029/2006EO030002 \|issn\=2324\-9250 \|doi\-access\=free}} Also, the argument that "something" is needed to explain the differences in the Holocene is challenged by more recent research showing that all interglacials are different.{{cite journal \|last1\=Tzedakis \|first1\=P.C. \|last2\=Raynaud \|first2\=D. \|last3\=McManus \|first3\=J.F. \|last4\=Berger \|first4\=A. \|last5\=Brovkin \|first5\=V. \|last6\=Kiefer \|first6\=T. \|year\=2009 \|title\=Interglacial diversity \|journal\=Nature Geoscience \|volume\=2 \|issue\=11 \|pages\=751–755 \|bibcode\=2009NatGe...2\..751T \|doi\=10\.1038/ngeo660}}
### Homogenocene
Homogenocene (from old Greek: [homo\-](/wiki/wikt:Homo-%23English "Homo-#English"), *same*; [geno\-](/wiki/wikt:Geno-%23English "Geno-#English"), *kind*; kainos\-, *new*;) is a more specific term used to define our current epoch, in which [biodiversity](/wiki/%23Biodiversity "#Biodiversity") is diminishing and [biogeography](/wiki/%23Biogeography "#Biogeography") and [ecosystems](/wiki/Ecosystems "Ecosystems") around the globe seem more and more similar to one another mainly due to [invasive species](/wiki/Invasive_species "Invasive species") that have been introduced around the globe either on purpose (crops, livestock) or inadvertently. This is due to the newfound globalism that humans participate in, as species traveling across the world to another region was not as easily possible in any point of time in history as it is today.Crawley MJ. 1989\. Chance and timing in biological invasions. In: Drake JA, Mooney HJ, DiCastri F, et al. (Eds). Biological invasions: a global perspective. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
The term Homogenocene was first used by Michael Samways in his editorial article in the *Journal of Insect Conservation* from 1999 titled "Translocating fauna to foreign lands: Here comes the Homogenocene."{{cite journal \|last\=Michael \|first\=Samways \|year\=1999 \|title\=Translocating fauna to foreign lands: Here comes the Homogenocene \|journal\=Journal of Insect Conservation \|volume\=3 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=65–66 \|doi\=10\.1023/A:1017267807870\|s2cid\=263987331 }}
The term was used again by John L. Curnutt in the year 2000 in *Ecology*, in a short list titled "A Guide to the Homogenocene",{{cite journal \|last\=Curnutt \|first\=John L. \|year\=2000 \|title\=AA Guide to the Homogenocene \|journal\=Ecology \|volume\=81 \|issue\=6 \|pages\=1756–1757 \|doi\=10\.1890/0012\-9658(2000\)081\[1756:AGTTH]2\.0\.CO;2}} which reviewed *Alien species in North America and Hawaii: impacts on natural ecosystems* by George Cox. [Charles C. Mann](/wiki/Charles_C._Mann "Charles C. Mann"), in his acclaimed book *[1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created](/wiki/1493:Uncovering_the_New_World_Columbus_Created "Uncovering the New World Columbus Created")*, gives a bird's\-eye view of the mechanisms and ongoing implications of the homogenocene.{{cite book \|last\=Mann \|first\=Charles C. \|url\=https://archive.org/details/1493uncoveringne00mann \|title\=1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created \|publisher\=Knopf \|year\=2011 \|isbn\=978\-0\-307\-26572\-2 \|location\=New York}}
|
[
"Debates\n-------",
"[thumb\\|upright\\=1\\.5\\|\"While we often think of ecological damage as a modern problem our impacts date back millennia to the times in which humans lived as hunter\\-gatherers. Our history with wild animals has been a zero\\-sum game: either we hunted them to extinction, or we destroyed their habitats with agricultural land.\" \\- [Hannah Ritchie](/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie \"Hannah Ritchie\") for *[Our World in Data](/wiki/Our_World_in_Data \"Our World in Data\")*.{{cite web \\|last\\=Ritchie \\|first\\=Hannah \\|date\\=April 20, 2021 \\|title\\=Wild mammals have declined by 85% since the rise of humans, but there is a possible future where they flourish \\|url\\=https://ourworldindata.org/wild\\-mammal\\-decline \\|access\\-date\\=April 18, 2023 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Our World in Data]] \\|publisher\\= \\|quote\\=}}](/wiki/File:Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png \"Decline-of-the-worlds-wild-mammals.png\")",
"Although the validity of *Anthropocene* as a scientific term remains disputed, its underlying premise, i.e., that humans have become a geological force, or rather, the dominant force shaping the Earth's climate, has found traction among academics and the public. In an opinion piece for *[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B](/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_B \"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B\")*, [Rodolfo Dirzo](/wiki/Rodolfo_Dirzo \"Rodolfo Dirzo\"), Gerardo Ceballos, and [Paul R. Ehrlich](/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich \"Paul R. Ehrlich\") write that the term is \"increasingly penetrating the lexicon of not only the academic socio\\-sphere, but also society more generally\", and is now included as an entry in the [Oxford English Dictionary](/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary \"Oxford English Dictionary\").{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Dirzo \\|first1\\=Rodolfo \\|last2\\=Ceballos \\|first2\\=Gerardo \\|last3\\=Ehrlich \\|first3\\=Paul R. \\|date\\=2022 \\|title\\=Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity \\|url\\= \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B]] \\|volume\\=377 \\|issue\\=1857 \\|pages\\= \\|doi\\=10\\.1098/rstb.2021\\.0378 \\|pmc\\=9237743 \\|pmid\\=35757873}} The University of Cambridge, as another example, offers a degree in Anthropocene Studies.{{cite web \\|last\\= \\|first\\= \\|date\\= \\|title\\=MPhil in Anthropocene Studies \\|url\\=https://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/graduate/mphil/anthropocene/ \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\= \\|publisher\\= \\|quote\\=}} In the public sphere, the term *Anthropocene* has become increasingly ubiquitous in activist, pundit, and political discourses. Some who are critical of the term *Anthropocene* nevertheless concede that \"For all its problems, \\[it] carries power.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Sutoris \\|first\\=Peter \\|date\\=20 October 2021 \\|title\\=The term 'Anthropocene' isn't perfect – but it shows us the scale of the environmental crisis we've caused \\|url\\=http://theconversation.com/the\\-term\\-anthropocene\\-isnt\\-perfect\\-but\\-it\\-shows\\-us\\-the\\-scale\\-of\\-the\\-environmental\\-crisis\\-weve\\-caused\\-169301 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020162931/https://theconversation.com/the\\-term\\-anthropocene\\-isnt\\-perfect\\-but\\-it\\-shows\\-us\\-the\\-scale\\-of\\-the\\-environmental\\-crisis\\-weve\\-caused\\-169301 \\|archive\\-date\\=20 October 2021 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=The Conversation \\|language\\=en}} The popularity and currency of the word has led scholars to label the term a \"charismatic meta\\-category\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Reddy \\|first\\=Elizabeth \\|date\\=8 April 2014 \\|title\\=What Does it Mean to do Anthropology in the Anthropocene? \\|url\\=https://blog.castac.org/2014/04/what\\-does\\-it\\-mean\\-to\\-do\\-anthropology\\-in\\-the\\-anthropocene/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531064303/http://blog.castac.org:80/2014/04/what\\-does\\-it\\-mean\\-to\\-do\\-anthropology\\-in\\-the\\-anthropocene/ \\|archive\\-date\\=31 May 2014 \\|website\\=Platypus \\|language\\=en\\-US}} or \"charismatic mega\\-concept.\"{{Cite book \\|last1\\=Davis \\|first1\\=Heather \\|url\\=http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/books/titles/art\\-in\\-the\\-anthropocene/ \\|title\\=Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments and Epistemologies \\|last2\\=Turpin \\|first2\\=Etienne \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Open Humanities Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78542\\-008\\-5 \\|pages\\=3–30 \\|language\\=EN}} The term, regardless, has been subject to a variety of criticisms from social scientists, philosophers, Indigenous scholars, and others.",
"The anthropologist John Hartigan has argued that due to its status as a charismatic meta\\-category, the term *Anthropocene* marginalizes competing, but less visible, concepts such as that of \"multispecies.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hartigan \\|first\\=John \\|date\\=12 December 2014 \\|title\\=Multispecies vs Anthropocene \\|url\\=http://somatosphere.net/2014/multispecies\\-vs\\-anthropocene.html/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921163424/http://somatosphere.net/2014/multispecies\\-vs\\-anthropocene.html/ \\|archive\\-date\\=21 September 2020 \\|website\\=Somatosphere \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The more salient charge is that the ready acceptance of *Anthropocene* is due to its conceptual proximity to the status quo – that is, to notions of human individuality and centrality.",
"Other scholars appreciate the way in which the term *Anthropocene* recognizes humanity as a geological force, but take issue with the indiscriminate way in which it does. Not all humans are equally responsible for the climate crisis. To that end, scholars such as the feminist theorist [Donna Haraway](/wiki/Donna_Haraway \"Donna Haraway\") and sociologist [Jason Moore](/wiki/Jason_Moore_%28sociologist%29 \"Jason Moore (sociologist)\"), have suggested naming the Epoch instead as the *[Capitalocene](/wiki/Capitalocene \"Capitalocene\")*.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Haraway \\|first\\=Donna \\|url\\=http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/books/titles/art\\-in\\-the\\-anthropocene/ \\|title\\=Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments and Epistemologies \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Open Humanities Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78542\\-008\\-5 \\|editor\\-last\\=Davis \\|editor\\-first\\=Heather \\|pages\\=255–270 \\|language\\=EN \\|editor2\\-last\\=Turpin \\|editor2\\-first\\=Etienne}}{{cite book \\|title\\=Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, history, and the crisis of capitalism \\|publisher\\=PM Press \\|year\\=2016 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1629631486 \\|editor\\-last\\=Moore \\|editor\\-first\\=Jason W. \\|place\\=Oakland, CA}}{{Cite Q\\|Q114630752\\|mode\\=cs1 \\|author\\-last\\=Davies\\|author\\-first\\=Jeremy\\|edition\\=1st, hardcover\\|pp\\=94–95\\|url\\={{GBurl\\|\\-VklDQAAQBAJ\\|p\\=94}}}} Such implies [capitalism](/wiki/Capitalism \"Capitalism\") as the fundamental reason for the ecological crisis, rather than just humans in general.{{cite book \\|last\\=Hickel \\|first\\=Jason \\|title\\=Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World \\|publisher\\=Windmill Books \\|year\\=2021 \\|isbn\\=978\\-1786091215 \\|pages\\=39–40 \\|quote\\=It was only with the rise of capitalism over the past few hundred years, and the breathtaking acceleration of industrialization from the 1950s, that on a planetary scale things began to tip out of balance. \\|author\\-link\\=Jason Hickel}}{{cite book \\|last\\=Foster \\|first\\=John Bellamy \\|url\\=https://books.google.com/books?id\\=wY5IEAAAQBAJ\\&pg\\=PT7location\\= \\|title\\=Capitalism in the Anthropocene: Ecological Ruin or Ecological Revolution \\|date\\=2022 \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Monthly Review Press]] \\|isbn\\=978\\-1583679746 \\|page\\=1 \\|quote\\=The advent of the Anthropocene coincided with a planetary rift, as the human economy under capitalism heedlessly crossed, or began to cross, Earth System boundaries, fouling its own nest and threatening the destruction of the planet as a safe home for humanity. \\|author\\-link\\=John Bellamy Foster}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Derber\\|first1\\=Charles \\|author\\-link1\\=Charles Derber\\|last2\\=Moodliar \\|first2\\=Suren \\|date\\=2023 \\|title\\=Dying for Capitalism: How Big Money Fuels Extinction and What We Can Do About It\\|url\\= \\|location\\= \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Routledge]] \\|page\\= \\|isbn\\=978\\-1032512587}} However, according to philosopher [Steven Best](/wiki/Steven_Best \"Steven Best\"), humans have created \"hierarchical and growth\\-addicted societies\" and have demonstrated \"ecocidal proclivities\" long before the emergence of capitalism.{{cite journal \\|last\\=Best \\|first\\=Steven \\|date\\=2021 \\|title\\=Failed Species: The Rise and Fall of the Human Empire \\|url\\=https://addletonacademicpublishers.com/contents\\-rjac/2241\\-volume\\-9\\-2\\-2021/4078\\-failed\\-species\\-the\\-rise\\-and\\-fall\\-of\\-the\\-human\\-empire \\|journal\\=Romanian Journal of Artistic Creativity \\|volume\\=9 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\= \\|doi\\= \\|quote\\=Today we call this planetary monolith \"global capitalism,\" but humans became global animals tens of thousands of years before the onset of capitalism. Humans created hierarchical and growth\\-addicted societies some ten thousand years ago and their ecocidal proclivities stretch back millennia more into prehistory. And just like every political empire of the past, the human empire has possibly reached its zenith and begun its downward spiral toward collapse. This empire's peak and slide into catastrophe marks a new epoch not only in human history, but also the history of the earth. Debates over whether advanced societies have entered into a new \"postmodernity\" pale in significance to the scientifically\\-based proposition that human activity has created a new epoch in geological history—the age of the Anthropocene. This epoch characterized by the dominance of human influence over earth's systems and has led to, among other colossal events, a sixth mass extinction crisis and runaway climate change.}} Hartigan, Bould, and Haraway all critique what *Anthropocene* does as a term; however, Hartigan and Bould differ from Haraway in that they criticize the utility or validity of a geological framing of the climate crisis, whereas Haraway embraces it.",
"In addition to \"Capitalocene,\" other terms have also been proposed by scholars to trace the roots of the Epoch to causes other than the human species broadly. Janae Davis, for example, has suggested the \"Plantationocene\" as a more appropriate term to call attention to the role that [plantation](/wiki/Plantation \"Plantation\") agriculture has played in the formation of the Epoch, alongside Kathryn Yusoff's argument that racism as a whole is foundational to the Epoch. The Plantationocene concept traces \"the ways that plantation logics organize modern economies, environments, bodies, and social relations.\"{{cite magazine \\|date\\=c. 2020 \\|title\\=What is the Plantationocene? \\|url\\=https://edgeeffects.net/plantationocene\\-series\\-plantation\\-worlds/ \\|magazine\\=Edge Effects Magazine}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Haraway \\|first\\=Donna \\|year\\=2015 \\|title\\=Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Plantationocene, Chthulucene: Making kin \\|url\\=https://environmentalhumanities.org/arch/vol6/6\\.7\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|journal\\=Environmental Humanities \\|volume\\=6 \\|pages\\=159–165 \\|doi\\=10\\.1215/22011919\\-3615934 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714061851/http://environmentalhumanities.org/arch/vol6/6\\.7\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2015\\-07\\-14}}{{cite book \\|last1\\=Yusoff \\|first1\\=Kathryn \\|title\\=A Billion Black Anthropocenes or None \\|publisher\\=University of Minnesota Press}}{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Davis \\|first1\\=Janae \\|last2\\=Moulton \\|first2\\=Alex A. \\|last3\\=Sant \\|first3\\=Levi Van \\|last4\\=Williams \\|first4\\=Brian \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=Anthropocene, Capitalocene, ... Plantationocene?: A Manifesto for Ecological Justice in an Age of Global Crises \\|url\\=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10\\.1111/gec3\\.12438 \\|journal\\=Geography Compass \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=13 \\|issue\\=5 \\|pages\\=e12438 \\|doi\\=10\\.1111/gec3\\.12438 \\|bibcode\\=2019GComp..13E2438D \\|issn\\=1749\\-8198 \\|s2cid\\=155374232}} In a similar vein, Indigenous studies scholars such as Métis geographer [Zoe Todd](/wiki/Zoe_Todd \"Zoe Todd\") have argued that the Epoch must be dated back to the colonization of the Americas, as this \"names the problem of colonialism as responsible for contemporary environmental crisis.\"{{Cite journal \\|last1\\=Davis \\|first1\\=Heather \\|last2\\=Todd \\|first2\\=Zoe \\|date\\=20 December 2017 \\|title\\=On the Importance of a Date, or, Decolonizing the Anthropocene \\|url\\=https://acme\\-journal.org/index.php/acme/article/view/1539 \\|journal\\=ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=16 \\|issue\\=4 \\|pages\\=761–780 \\|issn\\=1492\\-9732}} Potawatomi philosopher Kyle Powys Whyte has further argued that the Anthropocene has been apparent to Indigenous peoples in the Americas since the inception of colonialism because of \"colonialism's role in environmental change.\"{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Whyte \\|first\\=Kyle \\|date\\=2017 \\|title\\=Indigenous Climate Change Studies : Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene \\|url\\=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/711473 \\|journal\\=English Language Notes \\|volume\\=55 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=153–162 \\|doi\\=10\\.1215/00138282\\-55\\.1\\-2\\.153 \\|issn\\=2573\\-3575 \\|s2cid\\=132153346}}{{Cite book \\|last\\=Whyte \\|first\\=Kyle \\|title\\=Humanities for the Environment: Integrating Knowledges, Forging New Constellations of Practice \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|year\\=2016 \\|editor\\-last\\=Adamson \\|editor\\-first\\=Joni \\|pages\\=88–104 \\|chapter\\=Is it Colonial DéJà Vu? Indigenous Peoples and Climate Injustice \\|doi\\=10\\.2139/ssrn.2925277 \\|ssrn\\=2925277}}{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Whyte \\|first\\=Kyle P. \\|date\\=1 March 2018 \\|title\\=Indigenous science (fiction) for the Anthropocene: Ancestral dystopias and fantasies of climate change crises \\|url\\=https://doi.org/10\\.1177/2514848618777621 \\|journal\\=Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space \\|language\\=en \\|volume\\=1 \\|issue\\=1–2 \\|pages\\=224–242 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/2514848618777621 \\|bibcode\\=2018EnPlE...1\\..224W \\|issn\\=2514\\-8486 \\|s2cid\\=158298529}}",
"Other critiques of *Anthropocene* have focused on the genealogy of the concept. Todd also provides a [phenomenological](/wiki/Phenomenology_%28philosophy%29 \"Phenomenology (philosophy)\") account, which draws on the work of the philosopher [Sara Ahmed](/wiki/Sara_Ahmed \"Sara Ahmed\"), writing: \"When discourses and responses to the Anthropocene are being generated within institutions and disciplines which are embedded in broader systems that act as de facto 'white public space,' the academy and its power dynamics must be challenged.\"{{Cite book \\|last\\=Todd \\|first\\=Zoe \\|url\\=http://www.openhumanitiespress.org/books/titles/art\\-in\\-the\\-anthropocene/ \\|title\\=Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments and Epistemologies \\|date\\=2014 \\|publisher\\=Open Humanities Press \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-78542\\-008\\-5 \\|editor\\-last\\=Davis \\|editor\\-first\\=Heather \\|pages\\=241–254 \\|language\\=EN \\|editor2\\-last\\=Turpin \\|editor2\\-first\\=Etienne}} Other aspects which constitute current understandings of the concept of the *Anthropocene* such as the ontological split between nature and society, the assumption of the centrality and individuality of the human, and the framing of environmental discourse in largely scientific terms have been criticized by scholars as concepts rooted in colonialism and which reinforce systems of postcolonial domination.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Hacıgüzeller \\|first1\\=Piraye \\|date\\=December 2021 \\|title\\=On critical hope and the anthropos of non\\-anthropocentric discourses. Some thoughts on archaeology in the Anthropocene \\|journal\\=Archaeological Dialogues \\|volume\\=28 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=163–170 \\|doi\\=10\\.1017/S1380203821000192 \\|s2cid\\=244775395 \\|doi\\-access\\=free\\|hdl\\=10067/1836770151162165141 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free }} To that end, Todd makes the case that the concept of *Anthropocene* must be indigenized and [decolonized](/wiki/Decolonization \"Decolonization\") if it is to become a vehicle of justice as opposed to white thought and domination.",
"The scholar Daniel Wildcat, a [Yuchi](/wiki/Yuchi \"Yuchi\") member of the [Muscogee Nation](/wiki/Muscogee_Nation \"Muscogee Nation\") of Oklahoma, for example, has emphasized spiritual connection to the land as a crucial tenet for any ecological movement.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Wildcat \\|first\\=Daniel \\|date\\=2009 \\|title\\=Red Alert! \\|url\\=https://fulcrum.bookstore.ipgbook.com/red\\-alert\\-\\-products\\-9781555916374\\.php \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121070753/https://fulcrum.bookstore.ipgbook.com/red\\-alert\\-\\-products\\-9781555916374\\.php \\|archive\\-date\\=21 January 2020 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=fulcrum.bookstore.ipgbook.com \\|publisher\\=Fulcrum Publishing}} Similarly, in her study of the [Ladakhi](/wiki/Ladakh \"Ladakh\") people in northern India, the anthropologist Karine Gagné, detailed their understanding of the relation between nonhuman and human agency as one that is deeply intimate and mutual. For the Ladakhi, the nonhuman alters the epistemic, ethical, and affective development of humans – it provides a way of \"being *in* the world.\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Gagné \\|first\\=Karine \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=Caring for Glaciers \\|url\\=https://uwapress.uw.edu/book/9780295744001/caring\\-for\\-glaciers \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813165721/https://uwapress.uw.edu/book/9780295744001/caring\\-for\\-glaciers/ \\|archive\\-date\\=13 August 2020 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\=University of Washington Press \\|page\\=162 \\|language\\=en\\-US}} The Ladakhi, who live in the [Himalayas](/wiki/Himalayas \"Himalayas\"), for example, have seen the retreat of the glaciers not just as a physical loss, but also as the loss of entities which generate knowledge, compel ethical reflections, and foster intimacy. Other scholars have similarly emphasized the need to return to notions of relatedness and interdependence with nature. The writer [Jenny Odell](/wiki/Jenny_Odell \"Jenny Odell\") has written about what Robin Wall Kimmerer calls \"species loneliness,\"{{Cite web \\|last\\=Odell \\|first\\=Jenny \\|date\\=2019 \\|title\\=How to Do Nothing \\|url\\=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/600671/how\\-to\\-do\\-nothing\\-by\\-jenny\\-odell/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411121100/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/600671/how\\-to\\-do\\-nothing\\-by\\-jenny\\-odell/ \\|archive\\-date\\=11 April 2019 \\|access\\-date\\= \\|website\\= \\|publisher\\=Melville House \\|language\\=en\\-US}} the loneliness which occurs from the separation of the human and the nonhuman, and the anthropologist [Radhika Govindrajan](/wiki/Radhika_Govindrajan \"Radhika Govindrajan\") has theorized on the ethics of care, or relatedness, which govern relations between humans and animals.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Govindrajan \\|first\\=Radhika \\|url\\=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo28301734\\.html \\|title\\=Animal Intimacies \\|publisher\\=University of Chicago Press \\|year\\=2018 \\|series\\=Animal Lives \\|language\\=en}} Scholars are divided on whether to do away with the term *Anthropocene* or co\\-opt it.",
"More recently, eco\\-philosopher David Abram, in a book chapter titled 'Interbreathing in the Humilocene', has proposed adoption of the term ‘Humilocene’ (the Epoch of Humility), which emphasizes an ethical imperative and ecocultural direction that human societies should take. The term plays with the etymological roots of the term ‘human’, thus connecting it back with terms such as humility, humus (the soil), and even a corrective sense of humiliation that some human societies should feel given their collective destructive impact on the earth.{{Cite book \\|url\\=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351068833 \\|title\\=Routledge Handbook of Ecocultural Identity \\|date\\=2020\\-05\\-01 \\|publisher\\=Routledge \\|isbn\\=978\\-1\\-351\\-06884\\-0 \\|editor\\-last\\=Milstein \\|editor\\-first\\=Tema \\|edition\\=1 \\|location\\=Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020\\. {{!}} \\|language\\=en \\|doi\\=10\\.4324/9781351068840 \\|editor\\-last2\\=Castro\\-Sotomayor \\|editor\\-first2\\=José}}",
"### \"Early anthropocene\" model",
"{{Main\\|Early anthropocene}}",
"[William Ruddiman](/wiki/William_Ruddiman \"William Ruddiman\") has argued that the Anthropocene began approximately 8,000 years ago with the [development of farming](/wiki/Development_of_farming \"Development of farming\") and sedentary cultures.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Certini \\|first1\\=Giacomo \\|last2\\=Scalenghe \\|first2\\=Riccardo \\|date\\=April 2015 \\|title\\=Is the Anthropocene really worthy of a formal geologic definition? \\|journal\\=The Anthropocene Review \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=1 \\|pages\\=77–80 \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/2053019614563840 \\|bibcode\\=2015AntRv...2\\...77C \\|issn\\=2053\\-0196 \\|s2cid\\=130059700}} At that point, humans were dispersed across all continents except [Antarctica](/wiki/Antarctica \"Antarctica\"), and the [Neolithic Revolution](/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution \"Neolithic Revolution\") was ongoing. During this period, humans developed agriculture and [animal husbandry](/wiki/Animal_husbandry \"Animal husbandry\") to supplement or replace [hunter\\-gatherer](/wiki/Hunter-gatherer \"Hunter-gatherer\") subsistence.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Ellis \\|first1\\=Erle \\|last2\\=Goldewijk \\|first2\\=Kees Klein \\|last3\\=Gaillard \\|first3\\=Marie\\-José \\|last4\\=Kaplan \\|first4\\=Jed O. \\|last5\\=Thornton \\|first5\\=Alexa \\|last6\\=Powell \\|first6\\=Jeremy \\|last7\\=Garcia \\|first7\\=Santiago Munevar \\|last8\\=Beaudoin \\|first8\\=Ella \\|last9\\=Zerboni \\|first9\\=Andrea \\|display\\-authors\\=6 \\|date\\=30 August 2019 \\|title\\=Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use \\|journal\\=Science \\|volume\\=365 \\|issue\\=6456 \\|pages\\=897–902 \\|bibcode\\=2019Sci...365\\..897S \\|doi\\=10\\.1126/science.aax1192 \\|issn\\=0036\\-8075 \\|pmid\\=31467217 \\|s2cid\\=201674203 \\|hdl\\-access\\=free \\|hdl\\=10150/634688}} Such innovations were followed by a wave of [extinctions](/wiki/Extinction \"Extinction\"), beginning with large [mammals](/wiki/Mammal \"Mammal\") and terrestrial birds. This wave was driven by both the direct activity of humans (e.g. hunting) and the indirect consequences of [land\\-use change](/wiki/Land-use_change \"Land-use change\") for agriculture. Landscape\\-scale [burning](/wiki/Controlled_burn \"Controlled burn\") by prehistoric hunter\\-gathers may have been an additional early source of anthropogenic atmospheric carbon.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Lightfoot \\|first1\\=Kent G. \\|last2\\=Cuthrell \\|first2\\=Rob Q. \\|date\\=29 May 2015 \\|title\\=Anthropogenic burning and the Anthropocene in late\\-Holocene California \\|journal\\=The Holocene \\|volume\\=25 \\|issue\\=10 \\|pages\\=1581–1587 \\|bibcode\\=2015Holoc..25\\.1581L \\|doi\\=10\\.1177/0959683615588376 \\|issn\\=0959\\-6836 \\|s2cid\\=130614921}} Ruddiman also claims that the greenhouse gas emissions in\\-part responsible for the Anthropocene began 8,000 years ago when ancient farmers cleared forests to grow crops.{{cite news \\|last\\=Mason \\|first\\=Betsy \\|year\\=2003 \\|title\\=Man has been changing climate for 8,000 years \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Nature (journal)\\|Nature]] \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/news031208\\-7}}{{cite magazine \\|last\\=Robert \\|first\\=Adler \\|date\\=11 December 2003 \\|title\\=Early farmers warmed Earth's climate \\|url\\=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4464\\-early\\-farmers\\-warmed\\-earths\\-climate/ \\|magazine\\=\\[\\[New Scientist]] \\|access\\-date\\=4 February 2008}}{{cite journal \\|last\\=Ruddiman \\|first\\=William F. \\|year\\=2003 \\|title\\=The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago \\|url\\=http://earth.geology.yale.edu/\\~avf5/teaching/Files\\_pdf/Ruddiman2003\\.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|journal\\=\\[\\[Climatic Change]] \\|volume\\=61 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=261–293 \\|citeseerx\\=10\\.1\\.1\\.651\\.2119 \\|doi\\=10\\.1023/B:CLIM.0000004577\\.17928\\.fa \\|s2cid\\=2501894 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416132256/http://earth.geology.yale.edu/\\~avf5/teaching/Files\\_pdf/Ruddiman2003\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=16 April 2014}}",
"Ruddiman's work has been challenged with data from an earlier interglaciation (\"Stage 11\", approximately 400,000 years ago) which suggests that 16,000 more years must elapse before the current Holocene interglaciation comes to an end, and thus the early anthropogenic hypothesis is invalid.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Broecker \\|first1\\=Wallace S. \\|last2\\=Stocker \\|first2\\=Thomas F. \\|year\\=2006 \\|title\\=The Holocene CO2 rise: Anthropogenic or natural? \\|journal\\=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union \\|volume\\=87 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=27 \\|bibcode\\=2006EOSTr..87\\...27B \\|doi\\=10\\.1029/2006EO030002 \\|issn\\=2324\\-9250 \\|doi\\-access\\=free}} Also, the argument that \"something\" is needed to explain the differences in the Holocene is challenged by more recent research showing that all interglacials are different.{{cite journal \\|last1\\=Tzedakis \\|first1\\=P.C. \\|last2\\=Raynaud \\|first2\\=D. \\|last3\\=McManus \\|first3\\=J.F. \\|last4\\=Berger \\|first4\\=A. \\|last5\\=Brovkin \\|first5\\=V. \\|last6\\=Kiefer \\|first6\\=T. \\|year\\=2009 \\|title\\=Interglacial diversity \\|journal\\=Nature Geoscience \\|volume\\=2 \\|issue\\=11 \\|pages\\=751–755 \\|bibcode\\=2009NatGe...2\\..751T \\|doi\\=10\\.1038/ngeo660}}",
"### Homogenocene",
"Homogenocene (from old Greek: [homo\\-](/wiki/wikt:Homo-%23English \"Homo-#English\"), *same*; [geno\\-](/wiki/wikt:Geno-%23English \"Geno-#English\"), *kind*; kainos\\-, *new*;) is a more specific term used to define our current epoch, in which [biodiversity](/wiki/%23Biodiversity \"#Biodiversity\") is diminishing and [biogeography](/wiki/%23Biogeography \"#Biogeography\") and [ecosystems](/wiki/Ecosystems \"Ecosystems\") around the globe seem more and more similar to one another mainly due to [invasive species](/wiki/Invasive_species \"Invasive species\") that have been introduced around the globe either on purpose (crops, livestock) or inadvertently. This is due to the newfound globalism that humans participate in, as species traveling across the world to another region was not as easily possible in any point of time in history as it is today.Crawley MJ. 1989\\. Chance and timing in biological invasions. In: Drake JA, Mooney HJ, DiCastri F, et al. (Eds). Biological invasions: a global perspective. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.",
"The term Homogenocene was first used by Michael Samways in his editorial article in the *Journal of Insect Conservation* from 1999 titled \"Translocating fauna to foreign lands: Here comes the Homogenocene.\"{{cite journal \\|last\\=Michael \\|first\\=Samways \\|year\\=1999 \\|title\\=Translocating fauna to foreign lands: Here comes the Homogenocene \\|journal\\=Journal of Insect Conservation \\|volume\\=3 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=65–66 \\|doi\\=10\\.1023/A:1017267807870\\|s2cid\\=263987331 }}",
"The term was used again by John L. Curnutt in the year 2000 in *Ecology*, in a short list titled \"A Guide to the Homogenocene\",{{cite journal \\|last\\=Curnutt \\|first\\=John L. \\|year\\=2000 \\|title\\=AA Guide to the Homogenocene \\|journal\\=Ecology \\|volume\\=81 \\|issue\\=6 \\|pages\\=1756–1757 \\|doi\\=10\\.1890/0012\\-9658(2000\\)081\\[1756:AGTTH]2\\.0\\.CO;2}} which reviewed *Alien species in North America and Hawaii: impacts on natural ecosystems* by George Cox. [Charles C. Mann](/wiki/Charles_C._Mann \"Charles C. Mann\"), in his acclaimed book *[1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created](/wiki/1493:Uncovering_the_New_World_Columbus_Created \"Uncovering the New World Columbus Created\")*, gives a bird's\\-eye view of the mechanisms and ongoing implications of the homogenocene.{{cite book \\|last\\=Mann \\|first\\=Charles C. \\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/1493uncoveringne00mann \\|title\\=1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created \\|publisher\\=Knopf \\|year\\=2011 \\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-307\\-26572\\-2 \\|location\\=New York}}",
""
] |
Career
------
Rani started to paint at the age of thirteen. She had a wonderful memories of that period making pencil drawings on the margins of school books. Rani received encouragement in the [Simla](/wiki/Shimla "Shimla") Fine Art Exhibition held in 1948, her water color painting " The Dancer", done in wash style, took the first prize. Again in 1953, in the Silver Jubilee Fine Arts Exhibition of the Indian Academy of Fine Arts, [Amritsar](/wiki/Amritsar "Amritsar"), presided over by [Dr. Rajendra Prasad](/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad "Rajendra Prasad"), her well known work, "Twin Sisters Day and Night", received a gold medal and her two other exhibits " Memory and Moonlight" and " Wayside Rest" were widely acclaimed and celebrated.
Her activities associated with her position as the head of High School and as member of numerous social and literary organizations. She is a painter of varied rich spiritual experiences and even in her maturity she has retained the freshness of vision which is the special property of children and poets.
In 1955 she visited [Kangra](/wiki/Kangra_Valley "Kangra Valley") Valley and met [Sobha Singh](/wiki/Sobha_Singh_%28painter%29 "Sobha Singh (painter)") there. She brought her into close contact with the beauty of nature in its lush green terraced rice fields, its turbulent mountain streams, its dashing waterfalls and the endless ranges of the distant hills fading into the blue mist had a great impact on her mind of riotous carnival of beauty turned her overnight into a landscape painter and she started painting the eternally varying moods of this wonderful valley and its subtly evasive colors. In later years Phulan Rani in Amritsar and Sanat Kumar Chatterjee in Simla continued to paint in wash technique. Phulan Rani used the "wash" technique for melting colors to provide a romantic, poetic and emotional content to her works.{{Cite book\|title\=History of development of contemporary indian art 1880\-1947\|last\=Ratan Parimoo\|first\=Sandip Sarkar\|publisher\=dr. sudhakar sharma\|year\=2009\|isbn\=978\-81\-87507\-35\-2\|location\=new delhi\|pages\=284}} Within the course of next five years she painted hundreds of landscapes depicting the charm of the valley and an exhibition of these works were organized at Amritsar in 1962 and it was inaugurated by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Her paintings "Waterfall at Bhavarna", "Macchial Kund in the Evening," "Nohra Richard's Cottage" and " The sunset at Tatehal" are outstanding for their lyrical appeal and mastery over medium of water color. Her love for nature is her love of flowers and her flower studies are among the finest.
During her cultural trip to Europe in 1970 in connection with concerts entitled "Indian Ragas through Music and Painting" at the universities and cultural organizations, she organized exhibitions of her flower paintings; and to the British, a nation of flower lovers, her exhibits made a direct appeal and many of her flower studies were acquired by private collectors and art connoisseurs. Her flower studies " A wild Rose Bush" and "Flowers in conch shell", which, though as subject seem very modest reveal her attitude to the world of nature.
Rani also held solo exhibitions in different cities if India like [Poona](/wiki/Pune "Pune"), [Bombay](/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), [Kanpur](/wiki/Kanpur "Kanpur"), [Ranchi](/wiki/Ranchi "Ranchi"), [Calcutta](/wiki/Kolkata "Kolkata") and [Chandigarh](/wiki/Chandigarh "Chandigarh") and won acclaim on account of artistic excellence of her works, their graceful and tender purity of color of which "Strength and Grace" and "Wayside Rest" are admirable examples.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Rani started to paint at the age of thirteen. She had a wonderful memories of that period making pencil drawings on the margins of school books. Rani received encouragement in the [Simla](/wiki/Shimla \"Shimla\") Fine Art Exhibition held in 1948, her water color painting \" The Dancer\", done in wash style, took the first prize. Again in 1953, in the Silver Jubilee Fine Arts Exhibition of the Indian Academy of Fine Arts, [Amritsar](/wiki/Amritsar \"Amritsar\"), presided over by [Dr. Rajendra Prasad](/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad \"Rajendra Prasad\"), her well known work, \"Twin Sisters Day and Night\", received a gold medal and her two other exhibits \" Memory and Moonlight\" and \" Wayside Rest\" were widely acclaimed and celebrated.",
"Her activities associated with her position as the head of High School and as member of numerous social and literary organizations. She is a painter of varied rich spiritual experiences and even in her maturity she has retained the freshness of vision which is the special property of children and poets.",
"In 1955 she visited [Kangra](/wiki/Kangra_Valley \"Kangra Valley\") Valley and met [Sobha Singh](/wiki/Sobha_Singh_%28painter%29 \"Sobha Singh (painter)\") there. She brought her into close contact with the beauty of nature in its lush green terraced rice fields, its turbulent mountain streams, its dashing waterfalls and the endless ranges of the distant hills fading into the blue mist had a great impact on her mind of riotous carnival of beauty turned her overnight into a landscape painter and she started painting the eternally varying moods of this wonderful valley and its subtly evasive colors. In later years Phulan Rani in Amritsar and Sanat Kumar Chatterjee in Simla continued to paint in wash technique. Phulan Rani used the \"wash\" technique for melting colors to provide a romantic, poetic and emotional content to her works.{{Cite book\\|title\\=History of development of contemporary indian art 1880\\-1947\\|last\\=Ratan Parimoo\\|first\\=Sandip Sarkar\\|publisher\\=dr. sudhakar sharma\\|year\\=2009\\|isbn\\=978\\-81\\-87507\\-35\\-2\\|location\\=new delhi\\|pages\\=284}} Within the course of next five years she painted hundreds of landscapes depicting the charm of the valley and an exhibition of these works were organized at Amritsar in 1962 and it was inaugurated by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Her paintings \"Waterfall at Bhavarna\", \"Macchial Kund in the Evening,\" \"Nohra Richard's Cottage\" and \" The sunset at Tatehal\" are outstanding for their lyrical appeal and mastery over medium of water color. Her love for nature is her love of flowers and her flower studies are among the finest.",
"During her cultural trip to Europe in 1970 in connection with concerts entitled \"Indian Ragas through Music and Painting\" at the universities and cultural organizations, she organized exhibitions of her flower paintings; and to the British, a nation of flower lovers, her exhibits made a direct appeal and many of her flower studies were acquired by private collectors and art connoisseurs. Her flower studies \" A wild Rose Bush\" and \"Flowers in conch shell\", which, though as subject seem very modest reveal her attitude to the world of nature.",
"Rani also held solo exhibitions in different cities if India like [Poona](/wiki/Pune \"Pune\"), [Bombay](/wiki/Mumbai \"Mumbai\"), [Kanpur](/wiki/Kanpur \"Kanpur\"), [Ranchi](/wiki/Ranchi \"Ranchi\"), [Calcutta](/wiki/Kolkata \"Kolkata\") and [Chandigarh](/wiki/Chandigarh \"Chandigarh\") and won acclaim on account of artistic excellence of her works, their graceful and tender purity of color of which \"Strength and Grace\" and \"Wayside Rest\" are admirable examples.",
""
] |
Subject matter
--------------
Rani did a series of flower studies, landscape scenes and life drawings. She also did works on domestic genre, she devoted herself entirely to such lyrically themes as "The Bride", "The Heart Broken" and "The Afflicted." The Afflicted being one of her greatest paintings and on which she worked for four years.
During the birthday celebrations of Guru Gobind Singh she was commissioned by [Guru Gobind SIngh](/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh "Guru Gobind Singh") Foundation, [Patiala](/wiki/Patiala "Patiala"), to paint the whole life of Master in thirty paintings which she did in record time. Again during the Birth\-day celebrations of [Guru Nanak](/wiki/Guru_Nanak "Guru Nanak"),{{Cite journal\|date\=2017\-03\-02\|title\="Art \& Life of Phulan Rani"\|url\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060831/aplus.htm\#2\|journal\=The Tribune\|language\=en\|volume\=August 2006\. Retrieved 7 October 2012\.}} in 1969, her pictorial biography of the great Guru won her an award of Rs. 1000/ from president [Shri V.V.Giri](/wiki/V._V._Giri "V. V. Giri"). This book has been translated into English Braille for the benefit of the visually handicapped and has since been distributed among such centers all over the world. Her pictorial biography of [Guru Tegh Bahadur](/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur "Guru Tegh Bahadur"), painted in the same strain, was selected for award by Punjab Govt. for being the best book of the year 1976\-77\. major episodes of Sikh Guru's life have been rendered with stately tenderness and compositional skill.
She also painted a series of love legends like " The desert of Manju", Sassi of the Sorrows", "Mirza Sahiban", "The Lure of His Flute". Her nobly conceived and admirably rendered paintings like " The Poet", "Time and Beauty", "The Poet and the Muses", "Megh doot" and "The Great Singers" are filled with the spirit of high romance and together with her Raga paintings.
Portraiture also received a considerable share of her attention and in the extensive gallery of portraits. She go into the inner world of her subject and brings out all that is best and beautiful in it. Portraits of " [Saint Ravidas](/wiki/Ravidas "Ravidas")", "Rishi Valmik" located at the Municipal Corporation Hall, Amritsar, "Guru Nanak" in Air India Office, [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"); "Guru Gobind Singh" in Sikh Temple, [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") and "Galib" in the collection of N.S. Virdi. Her technical skills in modifying tone in subtlest gradations from light to dark distinguishes her portraits from work of other artists.
Besides her contribution to the art of painting, her work in juvenile literature is no less substantial, having authored about a score books on a wide variety of themes, ranging from art, science, classics, morals and biographies. Two of her books, namely " Paudayan\-da\-jiwan(Life of Plants)", " Germ\-ate\-Asin ( Germs and We)" have received state awards.
|
[
"Subject matter\n--------------",
"Rani did a series of flower studies, landscape scenes and life drawings. She also did works on domestic genre, she devoted herself entirely to such lyrically themes as \"The Bride\", \"The Heart Broken\" and \"The Afflicted.\" The Afflicted being one of her greatest paintings and on which she worked for four years.",
"During the birthday celebrations of Guru Gobind Singh she was commissioned by [Guru Gobind SIngh](/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh \"Guru Gobind Singh\") Foundation, [Patiala](/wiki/Patiala \"Patiala\"), to paint the whole life of Master in thirty paintings which she did in record time. Again during the Birth\\-day celebrations of [Guru Nanak](/wiki/Guru_Nanak \"Guru Nanak\"),{{Cite journal\\|date\\=2017\\-03\\-02\\|title\\=\"Art \\& Life of Phulan Rani\"\\|url\\=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060831/aplus.htm\\#2\\|journal\\=The Tribune\\|language\\=en\\|volume\\=August 2006\\. Retrieved 7 October 2012\\.}} in 1969, her pictorial biography of the great Guru won her an award of Rs. 1000/ from president [Shri V.V.Giri](/wiki/V._V._Giri \"V. V. Giri\"). This book has been translated into English Braille for the benefit of the visually handicapped and has since been distributed among such centers all over the world. Her pictorial biography of [Guru Tegh Bahadur](/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur \"Guru Tegh Bahadur\"), painted in the same strain, was selected for award by Punjab Govt. for being the best book of the year 1976\\-77\\. major episodes of Sikh Guru's life have been rendered with stately tenderness and compositional skill.",
"She also painted a series of love legends like \" The desert of Manju\", Sassi of the Sorrows\", \"Mirza Sahiban\", \"The Lure of His Flute\". Her nobly conceived and admirably rendered paintings like \" The Poet\", \"Time and Beauty\", \"The Poet and the Muses\", \"Megh doot\" and \"The Great Singers\" are filled with the spirit of high romance and together with her Raga paintings.",
"Portraiture also received a considerable share of her attention and in the extensive gallery of portraits. She go into the inner world of her subject and brings out all that is best and beautiful in it. Portraits of \" [Saint Ravidas](/wiki/Ravidas \"Ravidas\")\", \"Rishi Valmik\" located at the Municipal Corporation Hall, Amritsar, \"Guru Nanak\" in Air India Office, [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"); \"Guru Gobind Singh\" in Sikh Temple, [Manchester](/wiki/Manchester \"Manchester\") and \"Galib\" in the collection of N.S. Virdi. Her technical skills in modifying tone in subtlest gradations from light to dark distinguishes her portraits from work of other artists.",
"Besides her contribution to the art of painting, her work in juvenile literature is no less substantial, having authored about a score books on a wide variety of themes, ranging from art, science, classics, morals and biographies. Two of her books, namely \" Paudayan\\-da\\-jiwan(Life of Plants)\", \" Germ\\-ate\\-Asin ( Germs and We)\" have received state awards.",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Shigeharu was born in 1544 as the son of Takenaka Shigemoto, the lord of [Ōmidō Castle](/wiki/%C5%8Cmid%C5%8D_Castle "Ōmidō Castle") in the [Ōno District](/wiki/%C5%8Cno_District "Ōno District") of [Mino Province](/wiki/Mino_Province "Mino Province") and a retainer of the Mino\-Saitō clan.
In 1556, Shigeharu had his first battle at the [Battle of Nagaragawa](/wiki/Battle_of_Nagaragawa "Battle of Nagaragawa"). He allied with Saitō Dōsan, and replaced his father as the "commander in chief" against [Saitō Yoshitatsu](/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Yoshitatsu "Saitō Yoshitatsu").
In 1560, after the death or retirement of Shigemoto, Shigeharu succeeded him as head of the family and became the lord of [Bodaisan Castle](/wiki/Bodaisan_Castle "Bodaisan Castle").
In 1561, after the death of Yoshitatsu, Shigeharu served Yoshitatsu's son and heir, [Saitō Tatsuoki](/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Tatsuoki "Saitō Tatsuoki"), who took over at the age of thirteen. Tatsuoki, however, indulged in a decadent lifestyle and did not pay attention to affairs of governance. As a result, in 1564, Shigeharu joint [Mino Triumvirate](/wiki/Mino_Triumvirate "Mino Triumvirate") to attack Tatsuoki at [Inabayama Castle](/wiki/Inabayama_Castle "Inabayama Castle"), killing Saitō Hida\-no\-kami, causing Tatsuoki to flee. But later, Tatsuoki appeared to have taken back the castle and Shigeharu abandoning the castle.
In 1567, during the [Siege of Inabayama Castle](/wiki/Siege_of_Inabayama_Castle "Siege of Inabayama Castle"), Shigeharu then directed the defense against the forces of [Oda Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga "Oda Nobunaga"). But in the end, Tatsuoki was driven out of Inabayama Castle. After the castle fell, he left the Saitō family, and served as a guest commander under [Azai Nagamasa](/wiki/Azai_Nagamasa "Azai Nagamasa").
In 1570, Shigeharu joint [Oda clan](/wiki/Oda_clan "Oda clan"), participating at the [Battle of Anegawa](/wiki/Battle_of_Anegawa "Battle of Anegawa") in forces led by [Andō Morinari](/wiki/And%C5%8D_Morinari "Andō Morinari"), his father in law. After battle, Nobunaga ordered Shigeharu to stay in [Yokoyama Castle](/wiki/Yokoyama_Castle "Yokoyama Castle") along with Hideyoshi. [Hideyoshi](/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi "Toyotomi Hideyoshi") was so impressed by him that he invited Shigeharu to join his forces as a strategist.
Later in 1576, he joined Hideyoshi and followed Hideyoshi in the *[Chūgoku](/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku "Chūgoku") Campaign*. Shigeharu made many contributions to Hideyoshi with his exceptional talent in that fields.
In 1579, he died of illness during Hideyoshi's attack against the Mōri in the Chūgoku region of Japan, while [Miki Castle](/wiki/Miki_Castle "Miki Castle") was being besieged. Later, he was succeeded by [Kuroda Yoshitaka](/wiki/Kuroda_Yoshitaka "Kuroda Yoshitaka") as strategist.
[thumb\|Grave of Takenaka Shigeharu](/wiki/File:Grave_of_Takenaka_Hanbei_%E7%AB%B9%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8D%E6%B2%BB-%E7%AB%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%B5%E8%A1%9B_DSCF7898.jpg "Grave of Takenaka Hanbei 竹中重治-竹中半兵衛 DSCF7898.jpg")
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Shigeharu was born in 1544 as the son of Takenaka Shigemoto, the lord of [Ōmidō Castle](/wiki/%C5%8Cmid%C5%8D_Castle \"Ōmidō Castle\") in the [Ōno District](/wiki/%C5%8Cno_District \"Ōno District\") of [Mino Province](/wiki/Mino_Province \"Mino Province\") and a retainer of the Mino\\-Saitō clan.",
"In 1556, Shigeharu had his first battle at the [Battle of Nagaragawa](/wiki/Battle_of_Nagaragawa \"Battle of Nagaragawa\"). He allied with Saitō Dōsan, and replaced his father as the \"commander in chief\" against [Saitō Yoshitatsu](/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Yoshitatsu \"Saitō Yoshitatsu\").",
"In 1560, after the death or retirement of Shigemoto, Shigeharu succeeded him as head of the family and became the lord of [Bodaisan Castle](/wiki/Bodaisan_Castle \"Bodaisan Castle\").",
"In 1561, after the death of Yoshitatsu, Shigeharu served Yoshitatsu's son and heir, [Saitō Tatsuoki](/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Tatsuoki \"Saitō Tatsuoki\"), who took over at the age of thirteen. Tatsuoki, however, indulged in a decadent lifestyle and did not pay attention to affairs of governance. As a result, in 1564, Shigeharu joint [Mino Triumvirate](/wiki/Mino_Triumvirate \"Mino Triumvirate\") to attack Tatsuoki at [Inabayama Castle](/wiki/Inabayama_Castle \"Inabayama Castle\"), killing Saitō Hida\\-no\\-kami, causing Tatsuoki to flee. But later, Tatsuoki appeared to have taken back the castle and Shigeharu abandoning the castle.",
"In 1567, during the [Siege of Inabayama Castle](/wiki/Siege_of_Inabayama_Castle \"Siege of Inabayama Castle\"), Shigeharu then directed the defense against the forces of [Oda Nobunaga](/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga \"Oda Nobunaga\"). But in the end, Tatsuoki was driven out of Inabayama Castle. After the castle fell, he left the Saitō family, and served as a guest commander under [Azai Nagamasa](/wiki/Azai_Nagamasa \"Azai Nagamasa\").",
"In 1570, Shigeharu joint [Oda clan](/wiki/Oda_clan \"Oda clan\"), participating at the [Battle of Anegawa](/wiki/Battle_of_Anegawa \"Battle of Anegawa\") in forces led by [Andō Morinari](/wiki/And%C5%8D_Morinari \"Andō Morinari\"), his father in law. After battle, Nobunaga ordered Shigeharu to stay in [Yokoyama Castle](/wiki/Yokoyama_Castle \"Yokoyama Castle\") along with Hideyoshi. [Hideyoshi](/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi \"Toyotomi Hideyoshi\") was so impressed by him that he invited Shigeharu to join his forces as a strategist.",
"Later in 1576, he joined Hideyoshi and followed Hideyoshi in the *[Chūgoku](/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku \"Chūgoku\") Campaign*. Shigeharu made many contributions to Hideyoshi with his exceptional talent in that fields.",
"In 1579, he died of illness during Hideyoshi's attack against the Mōri in the Chūgoku region of Japan, while [Miki Castle](/wiki/Miki_Castle \"Miki Castle\") was being besieged. Later, he was succeeded by [Kuroda Yoshitaka](/wiki/Kuroda_Yoshitaka \"Kuroda Yoshitaka\") as strategist.",
"[thumb\\|Grave of Takenaka Shigeharu](/wiki/File:Grave_of_Takenaka_Hanbei_%E7%AB%B9%E4%B8%AD%E9%87%8D%E6%B2%BB-%E7%AB%B9%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8A%E5%85%B5%E8%A1%9B_DSCF7898.jpg \"Grave of Takenaka Hanbei 竹中重治-竹中半兵衛 DSCF7898.jpg\")",
""
] |
History
-------
Copper was discovered at Kuridala in 1884 and the Hampden mine commenced during the 1890s. A [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") syndicate took over operations in 1897 and with increasing development of the mine in 1905\-06 the Hampden Cloncurry Limited company was formed. The township was surveyed as Hampden in 1910 (later called Friezland, and finally Kuridala in 1916\). The Hampden Smelter operated from 1911 to 1920 with [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") being a particularly prosperous time for the company. After the war the operations and the township declined and the Hampden Cloncurry company ceased to exist in 1928\. [Tribute mining](/wiki/Tribute_mining "Tribute mining") and further exploration and testing of the ore body has continued from 1932 through to the present day.
The Kuridala Township and Hampden Smelter are located approximately {{convert\|65\|km}} south of Cloncurry and {{convert\|345\|m}} above sea level, on an open plain against a background of rugged but picturesque hills.
The Cloncurry copper fields were discovered by [Ernest Henry](/wiki/Ernest_Henry_%28explorer%29 "Ernest Henry (explorer)") in 1867 but lack of capital and transport combined with low base metal prices precluded any major development. However, rising prices, new discoveries in the region and the promise of a railway combined with an inflow of British capital stimulated development. Additionally, Melbourne based promoters eager to develop another base metal bonanza like [Broken Hill](/wiki/Broken_Hill%2C_New_South_Wales "Broken Hill, New South Wales") led to a resurgence of interest, especially in the Hampden mines.{{cite journal\|author\=Kennedy, K.H.\|date\=1980\|title\=The Cloncurry Copper Companies\|journal\=Readings in North Queensland Mining History\|volume\=1\|pages\=221–250\|publisher\=James Cook University\|location\=Townsville}}{{rp\|221–223}}
The copper deposits at Kuridala (initially named Hampden) were discovered by William McPhail and Robert Johnson on their pastoral lease, Eureka, in January 1884\. The Hampden mine was held by Fred Gibson in the 1890s and acquired in 1897 by a Melbourne syndicate comprising the "Broken Hillionaires" \- William Orr, William Knox and Herman Schlapp. They floated the Hampden Copper Mines N. L. with a capital of {{A£\|100,000}} in {{A£\|100}} shares of which 200 were fully paid up.{{rp\|223}} With this capital they commenced a prospecting and stockpiling program sending specimens to [Dapto](/wiki/Dapto%2C_New_South_Wales "Dapto, New South Wales") and [Wallaroo](/wiki/Wallaroo%2C_South_Australia "Wallaroo, South Australia") for testing. Government Geologist, W.E. Cameron's report on the district in 1900 discouraged investors as he reported that few of the lodes, other than the Hampden Company's main lode at Kuridala, were worth working.{{cite book\|author\=Kerr, R.\|date\=1993 \|title\=Queensland Historical Mining Sites Study\|volume\=4\|publisher\=Unpublished report to the Department of Environment and Heritage\|location\=Brisbane}}
A world price rise in copper in 1905 combined with a government decision in 1906 to extend the [Great Northern railway](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28Mt_Isa_line%29 "Great Northern Railway (Mt Isa line)") (then connecting [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville "Townsville") to [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Queensland "Richmond, Queensland")) to Cloncurry, stimulated further development. The Hampden Cloncurry Copper Mines Limited was registered in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 "Victoria (Australia)") in March 1906 to acquire the old company's mines. However, the company only had a working capital of {{A£\|35,000}} after distributing vendor's shares and buying the Duchess mines. During this period there were over 20 companies investing similarly on the Cloncurry field.
The township was surveyed by the Queensland Mines Department around 1910 and was first known as Hampden after the mines discovered in the 1880s. By 1912 it was called Friezland, however was officially renamed Kuridala in October 1916 to minimise confusion with another settlement in Queensland. The reason for this change was considered to be linked to [German names being unpopular](/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment "Anti-German sentiment") at the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I").{{Citation\|title\=Angor to Zillmanton : stories of North Queensland's deserted towns\|url\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/44805306\|publication\-date\=1993\|author1\=Hooper, Colin\|date\=26 August 1993\|edition\=3rd\|publisher\=Colin Hooper\|isbn\=978\-0\-646\-00629\-1\|page\=251\|access\-date\=6 July 2016\|archive\-date\=12 May 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512081023/https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/44805306\|url\-status\=live}}
Hampden Cloncurry Copper Mines Limited and its competitor, [Mount Elliott](/wiki/Mount_Elliott_Mining_Complex "Mount Elliott Mining Complex"), formed a special company in 1908 to finance and construct the [railway extension](/wiki/Dajarra_and_Selwyn_railway_lines "Dajarra and Selwyn railway lines") from Cloncurry through [Malbon](/wiki/Malbon%2C_Queensland "Malbon, Queensland"), to Kuridala and [Mount Elliott](/wiki/Mount_Elliott_Company_Metallurgical_Plant_and_Mill "Mount Elliott Company Metallurgical Plant and Mill"). The company reconstructed in July 1909 by increasing its capitalisation, and concluding arrangements for a debenture issue to be secured against its proposed smelters.{{rp\|229}} Its smelters were not fired until March 1911 and over the next three years {{convert\|85,266\|LT}} of ore were treated with an initial dividend of {{A£\|140,000}} being declared in 1913\.{{rp\|230}} In one month in 1915 the Hampden Smelter produced {{convert\|813\|LT}} of copper, an Australian record at that time.
Concern over the dwindling reserves of high grade ore led to [William Henry Corbould](/wiki/William_Henry_Corbould "William Henry Corbould"), the general manager of [Mount Elliott mines](/wiki/Mount_Elliott_mine "Mount Elliott mine"), negotiating an amalgamation with Hampden Cloncurry to halt the fierce rivalry. But the latter was uninterested having consolidated its prospects in 1911 by acquiring many promising mines in the region, and enlarging its smelters and erecting new converters.{{rp\|230}} In 1913, following a fire in the Hampden Consol's mine, Corbould convinced his London directors to reopen negotiations for a joint venture in the northern section of the field which still awaited a railway. Although Corbould and Huntley, the Hampden Cloncurry general manager, inspected many properties, the proposal lapsed.{{rp\|233}}
The railway reached the township by 1910\. A sanitary system was installed in 1911, after a four\-month typhoid epidemic, and a hospital erected by 1913, run by Dr. Old. It was described as the best and most modern hospital in the northwest. At its height the town supported six hotels, five stores, four billiard saloons, three dance halls and a cinema, two ice works and one aerated waters factory, and Chinese gardens along the creek.{{Citation\|title\=Mines in the spinifex : the story of Mount Isa Mines\|url\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45159047\|publication\-date\=1970\|author1\=Blainey, Geoffrey\|date\=26 August 1978\|edition\=Rev.\|publisher\=Angus and Robertson\|isbn\=978\-0\-207\-13629\-0\|access\-date\=6 July 2016\|archive\-date\=12 May 2024\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512081023/https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45159047\|url\-status\=live}}{{Rp\|50}}There were also drapers, fruiterer, butcher, baker, timber merchant, garage, four churches, police station, court house, post office, banks and a school with up to 280 pupils. A cyclone in December 1918 damaged the town and wrecked part of the powerhouse and smelter.
A comprehensive description of the plant and operations of the Kuridala Hampden mines and smelters was given by the Cloncurry mining warden in the [Queensland Government Mining Journal](/wiki/Queensland_Government_Mining_Journal "Queensland Government Mining Journal") of 14 September 1912\.{{cite journal\|journal\=Queensland Government Mining Journal\|date\=1912\|pages\=470–471\|title\=Unknown title}} Ore from other company\-owned mines (Duchess, Happy Salmon, MacGregor and Trekelano) was railed in via a {{convert\|1\.2\|km\|adj\=on}} branch line to the reduction plant bins, while the heavy pyrites ore from the Hampden mines was separated at the main shaft into coarse and fine products and conveyed to separate {{convert\|1,500\|LT\|adj\=on}} capacity bins over a standard gauge railway to the plant.
A central power plant was installed with three separate Dowson pressure gas plants powered by three tandem type Kynoch gas engines of {{convert\|320\|hp}} and two duplex type Hornsby gas engines of {{convert\|200\|hp}}. Two Swedish General Electric Company generators of {{convert\|1,250\|kW}} and {{convert\|56\|kW}} running at 460 volts, supplied electricity to the machines in the works, fitting shops and mine pumps. Electric light for the mine and works was supplied by a British [Thompson\-Houston](/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company "Thomson-Houston Electric Company") generator of {{convert\|42\|kW}}, running at 420 volts. The fuel used in the gas producers was bituminous coal, coke or charcoal, made locally in the retorts.
The reduction plant consisted of two water\-jacket furnaces, {{convert\|2\.1\|by\|1\|m}} and {{convert\|4\.2\|by\|1\|m}}, with dust chambers and a {{convert\|52\|m\|adj\=on}} high steel stack. There were two electrically driven converter vessels, each {{convert\|3\.2\|by\|2\.3\|m}}. The molten product ran into a {{convert\|3\.7\|m\|adj\=on}} diameter forehearth, while the slag was drawn off into double ton slag pots, run to the dump over {{convert\|3\|ft\|adj\=on}} gauge, {{convert\|42\|lb\|adj\=on}} steel rail tracks. The copper was delivered from the forehearth to the converters. A {{convert\|1\.06\|m\|adj\=on}} gauge track ran under the converters and carried the copper mould cars to the cleaning and shipping shed, at the end of which was the siding for railing out the cakes of [blister copper](/wiki/Blister_copper "Blister copper").
The war conferred four years of prosperity on the Cloncurry district despite marketing, transport and labour difficulties. The Hampden Cloncurry Company declared liberal dividends during 1915\-18: {{A£\|40,000}}, {{A£\|140,000}}, {{A£\|52,500}} and {{A£\|35,000}} making a total disbursement since commencing operations of {{A£\|437,500}}. Its smelters treated over a quarter of a million tons of ore in this period, averaging over {{convert\|70,000\|LT}} annually. The company built light railways to its mines (e.g. [Wee MacGregor railway](/wiki/Wee_MacGregor_railway "Wee MacGregor railway") and Trekelano) to ensure regular ore supplies and to reduce transport costs.{{rp\|239–241}} In order to improve its ore treatment, Hampden Cloncurry installed a concentration plant in 1917\.{{rp\|249}} In 1918 an Edwards furnace was erected to pre\-roast fine sulphide concentrates from the mill before smelting.{{cite journal\|journal\=Queensland Government Mining Journal\|date\=1918\|pages\=106\|title\=Unknown title}}
The dropping of the copper price control by the British government in 1918 forced the company into difficulties. Smelting was postponed until September 1919 and the company lost heavily during the next season and had to rely on ores from the Trekelano mine. Its smelter treated {{convert\|69,598\|LT}} of ore in 1920, but the company was forced to halt all operations after the [Commonwealth Bank](/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank "Commonwealth Bank") withdrew funds on copper awaiting export.{{rp\|239–241}}
Companies and mines turned to the [Theodore Labor Government](/wiki/Theodore_Ministry "Theodore Ministry") for assistance but they were unsympathetic to the companies, even though they alone had the capacity to revive the Cloncurry field.{{rp\|242}} More negotiations for amalgamation occurred in 1925 but failed, and in 1926 Hampden Cloncurry offered its assets for sale by tender and Mount Elliott acquired them all except for the Trekelano mine. The company was de\-listed in 1928\.{{rp\|243–244}}
The rise and decline of the township reflected the company's fortunes. In 1913 there were 1,500 people increasing to 2,000 by 1920, but by 1924 this had declined to 800\. With the rise of [Mount Isa](/wiki/Mount_Isa "Mount Isa"), Kaiser's bakehouse, the hospital, courthouse, one ice works and picture theatre, moved there in 1923 followed by Boyds' Hampden Hotel (renamed the Argent) in 1924\.{{Rp\|150–151}} Other buildings including the police residence and Clerk of Petty Sessions house were moved to Cloncurry.
In its nine years of smelting Hampden Cloncurry had been one of Australia's largest mining companies producing {{convert\|50,800\|LT}} of copper (compared with Mount Elliott's 27,000\), {{convert\|21,000\|oz}} of gold and {{convert\|381,000\|oz}} of silver. A more permanent achievement was its part in creating the metal fabricating company, Metal Manufacturers Limited, of which it was one of the four founders in 1916\. Much of the money which built their Port Kembla works into one of the country's largest manufacturers came from the now derelict smelters in north\-west Queensland.{{Rp\|54}}
In 1942 [Mount Isa Mines](/wiki/Mount_Isa_Mines "Mount Isa Mines") bought the Kuridala Smelters for {{A£\|800}} and used parts to construct a copper furnace which commenced operating in April 1943 in response to wartime demands.{{Rp\|187–188}} The Tunny family continued to live at Kuridala as tributers on the Hampden and Consol mines from 1932 until 1969 and worked the mines down to {{convert\|15\.25\|m}}.{{cite book\|author\=Fitton, A. \|date\=1989 \|title\=Chronology of Events in the Kuridala Area, 1867\-1988, Appendix 3\|editor\= Resource Consulting Services Pty Ltd\|work\=Environmental Impact Study, Archaeology, MLA9357 Cloncurry\|publisher\=Unpublished report to Metana Minerals N.L., Cloncurry\|page\=9}} A post office operated until 1975 and the last inhabitant, Lizzy Belch, moved into Cloncurry about 1982\.
Further exploration and testing of the Kuridala ore body has occurred from 1948 up until the present with activities being undertaking by Mount Isa Mines, Broken Hill South, Enterprise Exploration, Marshall and James Boyd, Australian Selection, Kennecott Exploration, Carpentaria Exploration, Metana Minerals, A.M. Metcalfe, Dampier Mining Co Ltd, Newmont Pty Ltd, Australian Anglo American, Era South Pacific Pty Ltd, CRA Exploration Pty Ltd, BHP Minerals Ltd, Metana Minerals and Matrix Metals Ltd.{{cite book\|author\=Resource Consulting Services Pty Ltd\|date\=1989\| title\= Environmental Impact Study, Archaeology, MLA9357 Cloncurry\| publisher\=Unpublished report to Metana Minerals N.L., Cloncurry}}{{rp\|App 3}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Copper was discovered at Kuridala in 1884 and the Hampden mine commenced during the 1890s. A [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") syndicate took over operations in 1897 and with increasing development of the mine in 1905\\-06 the Hampden Cloncurry Limited company was formed. The township was surveyed as Hampden in 1910 (later called Friezland, and finally Kuridala in 1916\\). The Hampden Smelter operated from 1911 to 1920 with [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") being a particularly prosperous time for the company. After the war the operations and the township declined and the Hampden Cloncurry company ceased to exist in 1928\\. [Tribute mining](/wiki/Tribute_mining \"Tribute mining\") and further exploration and testing of the ore body has continued from 1932 through to the present day.",
"The Kuridala Township and Hampden Smelter are located approximately {{convert\\|65\\|km}} south of Cloncurry and {{convert\\|345\\|m}} above sea level, on an open plain against a background of rugged but picturesque hills.",
"The Cloncurry copper fields were discovered by [Ernest Henry](/wiki/Ernest_Henry_%28explorer%29 \"Ernest Henry (explorer)\") in 1867 but lack of capital and transport combined with low base metal prices precluded any major development. However, rising prices, new discoveries in the region and the promise of a railway combined with an inflow of British capital stimulated development. Additionally, Melbourne based promoters eager to develop another base metal bonanza like [Broken Hill](/wiki/Broken_Hill%2C_New_South_Wales \"Broken Hill, New South Wales\") led to a resurgence of interest, especially in the Hampden mines.{{cite journal\\|author\\=Kennedy, K.H.\\|date\\=1980\\|title\\=The Cloncurry Copper Companies\\|journal\\=Readings in North Queensland Mining History\\|volume\\=1\\|pages\\=221–250\\|publisher\\=James Cook University\\|location\\=Townsville}}{{rp\\|221–223}}",
"The copper deposits at Kuridala (initially named Hampden) were discovered by William McPhail and Robert Johnson on their pastoral lease, Eureka, in January 1884\\. The Hampden mine was held by Fred Gibson in the 1890s and acquired in 1897 by a Melbourne syndicate comprising the \"Broken Hillionaires\" \\- William Orr, William Knox and Herman Schlapp. They floated the Hampden Copper Mines N. L. with a capital of {{A£\\|100,000}} in {{A£\\|100}} shares of which 200 were fully paid up.{{rp\\|223}} With this capital they commenced a prospecting and stockpiling program sending specimens to [Dapto](/wiki/Dapto%2C_New_South_Wales \"Dapto, New South Wales\") and [Wallaroo](/wiki/Wallaroo%2C_South_Australia \"Wallaroo, South Australia\") for testing. Government Geologist, W.E. Cameron's report on the district in 1900 discouraged investors as he reported that few of the lodes, other than the Hampden Company's main lode at Kuridala, were worth working.{{cite book\\|author\\=Kerr, R.\\|date\\=1993 \\|title\\=Queensland Historical Mining Sites Study\\|volume\\=4\\|publisher\\=Unpublished report to the Department of Environment and Heritage\\|location\\=Brisbane}}",
"A world price rise in copper in 1905 combined with a government decision in 1906 to extend the [Great Northern railway](/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28Mt_Isa_line%29 \"Great Northern Railway (Mt Isa line)\") (then connecting [Townsville](/wiki/Townsville \"Townsville\") to [Richmond](/wiki/Richmond%2C_Queensland \"Richmond, Queensland\")) to Cloncurry, stimulated further development. The Hampden Cloncurry Copper Mines Limited was registered in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28Australia%29 \"Victoria (Australia)\") in March 1906 to acquire the old company's mines. However, the company only had a working capital of {{A£\\|35,000}} after distributing vendor's shares and buying the Duchess mines. During this period there were over 20 companies investing similarly on the Cloncurry field.",
"The township was surveyed by the Queensland Mines Department around 1910 and was first known as Hampden after the mines discovered in the 1880s. By 1912 it was called Friezland, however was officially renamed Kuridala in October 1916 to minimise confusion with another settlement in Queensland. The reason for this change was considered to be linked to [German names being unpopular](/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment \"Anti-German sentiment\") at the outbreak of [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\").{{Citation\\|title\\=Angor to Zillmanton : stories of North Queensland's deserted towns\\|url\\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/44805306\\|publication\\-date\\=1993\\|author1\\=Hooper, Colin\\|date\\=26 August 1993\\|edition\\=3rd\\|publisher\\=Colin Hooper\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-646\\-00629\\-1\\|page\\=251\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512081023/https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/44805306\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"Hampden Cloncurry Copper Mines Limited and its competitor, [Mount Elliott](/wiki/Mount_Elliott_Mining_Complex \"Mount Elliott Mining Complex\"), formed a special company in 1908 to finance and construct the [railway extension](/wiki/Dajarra_and_Selwyn_railway_lines \"Dajarra and Selwyn railway lines\") from Cloncurry through [Malbon](/wiki/Malbon%2C_Queensland \"Malbon, Queensland\"), to Kuridala and [Mount Elliott](/wiki/Mount_Elliott_Company_Metallurgical_Plant_and_Mill \"Mount Elliott Company Metallurgical Plant and Mill\"). The company reconstructed in July 1909 by increasing its capitalisation, and concluding arrangements for a debenture issue to be secured against its proposed smelters.{{rp\\|229}} Its smelters were not fired until March 1911 and over the next three years {{convert\\|85,266\\|LT}} of ore were treated with an initial dividend of {{A£\\|140,000}} being declared in 1913\\.{{rp\\|230}} In one month in 1915 the Hampden Smelter produced {{convert\\|813\\|LT}} of copper, an Australian record at that time.",
"Concern over the dwindling reserves of high grade ore led to [William Henry Corbould](/wiki/William_Henry_Corbould \"William Henry Corbould\"), the general manager of [Mount Elliott mines](/wiki/Mount_Elliott_mine \"Mount Elliott mine\"), negotiating an amalgamation with Hampden Cloncurry to halt the fierce rivalry. But the latter was uninterested having consolidated its prospects in 1911 by acquiring many promising mines in the region, and enlarging its smelters and erecting new converters.{{rp\\|230}} In 1913, following a fire in the Hampden Consol's mine, Corbould convinced his London directors to reopen negotiations for a joint venture in the northern section of the field which still awaited a railway. Although Corbould and Huntley, the Hampden Cloncurry general manager, inspected many properties, the proposal lapsed.{{rp\\|233}}",
"The railway reached the township by 1910\\. A sanitary system was installed in 1911, after a four\\-month typhoid epidemic, and a hospital erected by 1913, run by Dr. Old. It was described as the best and most modern hospital in the northwest. At its height the town supported six hotels, five stores, four billiard saloons, three dance halls and a cinema, two ice works and one aerated waters factory, and Chinese gardens along the creek.{{Citation\\|title\\=Mines in the spinifex : the story of Mount Isa Mines\\|url\\=http://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45159047\\|publication\\-date\\=1970\\|author1\\=Blainey, Geoffrey\\|date\\=26 August 1978\\|edition\\=Rev.\\|publisher\\=Angus and Robertson\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-207\\-13629\\-0\\|access\\-date\\=6 July 2016\\|archive\\-date\\=12 May 2024\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240512081023/https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/45159047\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Rp\\|50}}There were also drapers, fruiterer, butcher, baker, timber merchant, garage, four churches, police station, court house, post office, banks and a school with up to 280 pupils. A cyclone in December 1918 damaged the town and wrecked part of the powerhouse and smelter.",
"A comprehensive description of the plant and operations of the Kuridala Hampden mines and smelters was given by the Cloncurry mining warden in the [Queensland Government Mining Journal](/wiki/Queensland_Government_Mining_Journal \"Queensland Government Mining Journal\") of 14 September 1912\\.{{cite journal\\|journal\\=Queensland Government Mining Journal\\|date\\=1912\\|pages\\=470–471\\|title\\=Unknown title}} Ore from other company\\-owned mines (Duchess, Happy Salmon, MacGregor and Trekelano) was railed in via a {{convert\\|1\\.2\\|km\\|adj\\=on}} branch line to the reduction plant bins, while the heavy pyrites ore from the Hampden mines was separated at the main shaft into coarse and fine products and conveyed to separate {{convert\\|1,500\\|LT\\|adj\\=on}} capacity bins over a standard gauge railway to the plant.",
"A central power plant was installed with three separate Dowson pressure gas plants powered by three tandem type Kynoch gas engines of {{convert\\|320\\|hp}} and two duplex type Hornsby gas engines of {{convert\\|200\\|hp}}. Two Swedish General Electric Company generators of {{convert\\|1,250\\|kW}} and {{convert\\|56\\|kW}} running at 460 volts, supplied electricity to the machines in the works, fitting shops and mine pumps. Electric light for the mine and works was supplied by a British [Thompson\\-Houston](/wiki/Thomson-Houston_Electric_Company \"Thomson-Houston Electric Company\") generator of {{convert\\|42\\|kW}}, running at 420 volts. The fuel used in the gas producers was bituminous coal, coke or charcoal, made locally in the retorts.\nThe reduction plant consisted of two water\\-jacket furnaces, {{convert\\|2\\.1\\|by\\|1\\|m}} and {{convert\\|4\\.2\\|by\\|1\\|m}}, with dust chambers and a {{convert\\|52\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} high steel stack. There were two electrically driven converter vessels, each {{convert\\|3\\.2\\|by\\|2\\.3\\|m}}. The molten product ran into a {{convert\\|3\\.7\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} diameter forehearth, while the slag was drawn off into double ton slag pots, run to the dump over {{convert\\|3\\|ft\\|adj\\=on}} gauge, {{convert\\|42\\|lb\\|adj\\=on}} steel rail tracks. The copper was delivered from the forehearth to the converters. A {{convert\\|1\\.06\\|m\\|adj\\=on}} gauge track ran under the converters and carried the copper mould cars to the cleaning and shipping shed, at the end of which was the siding for railing out the cakes of [blister copper](/wiki/Blister_copper \"Blister copper\").",
"The war conferred four years of prosperity on the Cloncurry district despite marketing, transport and labour difficulties. The Hampden Cloncurry Company declared liberal dividends during 1915\\-18: {{A£\\|40,000}}, {{A£\\|140,000}}, {{A£\\|52,500}} and {{A£\\|35,000}} making a total disbursement since commencing operations of {{A£\\|437,500}}. Its smelters treated over a quarter of a million tons of ore in this period, averaging over {{convert\\|70,000\\|LT}} annually. The company built light railways to its mines (e.g. [Wee MacGregor railway](/wiki/Wee_MacGregor_railway \"Wee MacGregor railway\") and Trekelano) to ensure regular ore supplies and to reduce transport costs.{{rp\\|239–241}} In order to improve its ore treatment, Hampden Cloncurry installed a concentration plant in 1917\\.{{rp\\|249}} In 1918 an Edwards furnace was erected to pre\\-roast fine sulphide concentrates from the mill before smelting.{{cite journal\\|journal\\=Queensland Government Mining Journal\\|date\\=1918\\|pages\\=106\\|title\\=Unknown title}}",
"The dropping of the copper price control by the British government in 1918 forced the company into difficulties. Smelting was postponed until September 1919 and the company lost heavily during the next season and had to rely on ores from the Trekelano mine. Its smelter treated {{convert\\|69,598\\|LT}} of ore in 1920, but the company was forced to halt all operations after the [Commonwealth Bank](/wiki/Commonwealth_Bank \"Commonwealth Bank\") withdrew funds on copper awaiting export.{{rp\\|239–241}}",
"Companies and mines turned to the [Theodore Labor Government](/wiki/Theodore_Ministry \"Theodore Ministry\") for assistance but they were unsympathetic to the companies, even though they alone had the capacity to revive the Cloncurry field.{{rp\\|242}} More negotiations for amalgamation occurred in 1925 but failed, and in 1926 Hampden Cloncurry offered its assets for sale by tender and Mount Elliott acquired them all except for the Trekelano mine. The company was de\\-listed in 1928\\.{{rp\\|243–244}}",
"The rise and decline of the township reflected the company's fortunes. In 1913 there were 1,500 people increasing to 2,000 by 1920, but by 1924 this had declined to 800\\. With the rise of [Mount Isa](/wiki/Mount_Isa \"Mount Isa\"), Kaiser's bakehouse, the hospital, courthouse, one ice works and picture theatre, moved there in 1923 followed by Boyds' Hampden Hotel (renamed the Argent) in 1924\\.{{Rp\\|150–151}} Other buildings including the police residence and Clerk of Petty Sessions house were moved to Cloncurry.",
"In its nine years of smelting Hampden Cloncurry had been one of Australia's largest mining companies producing {{convert\\|50,800\\|LT}} of copper (compared with Mount Elliott's 27,000\\), {{convert\\|21,000\\|oz}} of gold and {{convert\\|381,000\\|oz}} of silver. A more permanent achievement was its part in creating the metal fabricating company, Metal Manufacturers Limited, of which it was one of the four founders in 1916\\. Much of the money which built their Port Kembla works into one of the country's largest manufacturers came from the now derelict smelters in north\\-west Queensland.{{Rp\\|54}}",
"In 1942 [Mount Isa Mines](/wiki/Mount_Isa_Mines \"Mount Isa Mines\") bought the Kuridala Smelters for {{A£\\|800}} and used parts to construct a copper furnace which commenced operating in April 1943 in response to wartime demands.{{Rp\\|187–188}} The Tunny family continued to live at Kuridala as tributers on the Hampden and Consol mines from 1932 until 1969 and worked the mines down to {{convert\\|15\\.25\\|m}}.{{cite book\\|author\\=Fitton, A. \\|date\\=1989 \\|title\\=Chronology of Events in the Kuridala Area, 1867\\-1988, Appendix 3\\|editor\\= Resource Consulting Services Pty Ltd\\|work\\=Environmental Impact Study, Archaeology, MLA9357 Cloncurry\\|publisher\\=Unpublished report to Metana Minerals N.L., Cloncurry\\|page\\=9}} A post office operated until 1975 and the last inhabitant, Lizzy Belch, moved into Cloncurry about 1982\\.",
"Further exploration and testing of the Kuridala ore body has occurred from 1948 up until the present with activities being undertaking by Mount Isa Mines, Broken Hill South, Enterprise Exploration, Marshall and James Boyd, Australian Selection, Kennecott Exploration, Carpentaria Exploration, Metana Minerals, A.M. Metcalfe, Dampier Mining Co Ltd, Newmont Pty Ltd, Australian Anglo American, Era South Pacific Pty Ltd, CRA Exploration Pty Ltd, BHP Minerals Ltd, Metana Minerals and Matrix Metals Ltd.{{cite book\\|author\\=Resource Consulting Services Pty Ltd\\|date\\=1989\\| title\\= Environmental Impact Study, Archaeology, MLA9357 Cloncurry\\| publisher\\=Unpublished report to Metana Minerals N.L., Cloncurry}}{{rp\\|App 3}}",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register "Queensland Heritage Register") on 12 June 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.
The Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex has the potential to reveal important information about Queensland's history including a better understanding of copper mining practices and the pattern of settlement in North Queensland. The Kuridala complex was one of the first of a cluster of significant copper mining interests in the rich mineral field near Cloncurry.
Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex features extensive archaeological evidence relating to a wide range of mining activities. The early smelter works are the most complete works of this type in North Queensland. The Hampden Smelter is equipped with a rare, early water\-jacket blast furnace, which is now unique as the only surviving example of its type in Queensland. A large, intact and well\-formed slag dump at the site is second only in size to the dump at [Chillagoe smelters](/wiki/Chillagoe_smelters "Chillagoe smelters"). Archaeological examination of the smelter works will provide an understanding of the technology and practices in early copper processing in Queensland.
Archaeological investigations of the township area of Kuridala will provide answers to a range of questions relating to the social dynamics of the community and its establishment, development, interaction, and decline. Analysis of the archaeological artefacts particularly in domestic contexts will provide information on issues such as ethnicity, gender and the daily lives of the residents of Kuridala. The remains of the township will provide information on the pattern and spatial organisation of the settlement, and have the potential to answer questions about the isolation and integration of communities and of community identity. An understanding of the collective experiences of isolated mining communities may also be gained through further research into the site, particularly given the level of intra\-site complexity.
The cemetery, one of the largest with mining associations in North Queensland, has the potential to provide further information about the community. Analysis of the types and styles of burials and grave markers, the layout and organisation of the cemetery, and the information from the grave markers about those individuals buried, has the potential to reveal information on such research questions as ethnicity, religion and social division within the community. Archaeological analysis of the remains of those buried in the cemetery also has the potential to reveal details of the health and living conditions of the residents of the township.
Given the isolated nature of the community and its distance from established centres of regulation, examination of the archaeological evidence may shed light on disparities between what was regulated or documented and what actually occurred at the site. For example, as identified during previous archaeological surveys of the site in 1989 and 1995, the town plan shows neat streets to the east of the mines and smelter and southwest of the Hampden consol, but the archaeological evidence shows domestic settlement extending to the south, in isolated pockets to the north of the smelter and west of the mines.
The association of the township and industrial areas at the Kuridala complex also provides for comparative and complementary research into other copper mining operations with associated township remains in North Queensland, including [Mount Cuthbert Township and Kalkadoon Mine](/wiki/Mount_Cuthbert_Township_and_Smelter "Mount Cuthbert Township and Smelter") and [Mount Elliott Smelter and Selwyn Township](/wiki/Mount_Elliott_Mining_Complex "Mount Elliott Mining Complex").
Archaeological investigations at the former Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex also have potential to answer important research questions including but not limited to labour relations, class, and capitalism.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex was listed on the [Queensland Heritage Register](/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register \"Queensland Heritage Register\") on 12 June 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"The Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex has the potential to reveal important information about Queensland's history including a better understanding of copper mining practices and the pattern of settlement in North Queensland. The Kuridala complex was one of the first of a cluster of significant copper mining interests in the rich mineral field near Cloncurry.",
"Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex features extensive archaeological evidence relating to a wide range of mining activities. The early smelter works are the most complete works of this type in North Queensland. The Hampden Smelter is equipped with a rare, early water\\-jacket blast furnace, which is now unique as the only surviving example of its type in Queensland. A large, intact and well\\-formed slag dump at the site is second only in size to the dump at [Chillagoe smelters](/wiki/Chillagoe_smelters \"Chillagoe smelters\"). Archaeological examination of the smelter works will provide an understanding of the technology and practices in early copper processing in Queensland.",
"Archaeological investigations of the township area of Kuridala will provide answers to a range of questions relating to the social dynamics of the community and its establishment, development, interaction, and decline. Analysis of the archaeological artefacts particularly in domestic contexts will provide information on issues such as ethnicity, gender and the daily lives of the residents of Kuridala. The remains of the township will provide information on the pattern and spatial organisation of the settlement, and have the potential to answer questions about the isolation and integration of communities and of community identity. An understanding of the collective experiences of isolated mining communities may also be gained through further research into the site, particularly given the level of intra\\-site complexity.",
"The cemetery, one of the largest with mining associations in North Queensland, has the potential to provide further information about the community. Analysis of the types and styles of burials and grave markers, the layout and organisation of the cemetery, and the information from the grave markers about those individuals buried, has the potential to reveal information on such research questions as ethnicity, religion and social division within the community. Archaeological analysis of the remains of those buried in the cemetery also has the potential to reveal details of the health and living conditions of the residents of the township.",
"Given the isolated nature of the community and its distance from established centres of regulation, examination of the archaeological evidence may shed light on disparities between what was regulated or documented and what actually occurred at the site. For example, as identified during previous archaeological surveys of the site in 1989 and 1995, the town plan shows neat streets to the east of the mines and smelter and southwest of the Hampden consol, but the archaeological evidence shows domestic settlement extending to the south, in isolated pockets to the north of the smelter and west of the mines.",
"The association of the township and industrial areas at the Kuridala complex also provides for comparative and complementary research into other copper mining operations with associated township remains in North Queensland, including [Mount Cuthbert Township and Kalkadoon Mine](/wiki/Mount_Cuthbert_Township_and_Smelter \"Mount Cuthbert Township and Smelter\") and [Mount Elliott Smelter and Selwyn Township](/wiki/Mount_Elliott_Mining_Complex \"Mount Elliott Mining Complex\").",
"Archaeological investigations at the former Kuridala Township, Hampden Smelter and Mining Complex also have potential to answer important research questions including but not limited to labour relations, class, and capitalism.",
""
] |
Series one
----------
Broadcast 31 January 1966 to 25 April 1966, on Mondays on Rediffusion, London between 8 pm and 9 pm.
Other ITV regions showed it on the following Wednesday.
**1\. Ticket to Madrid**
Written by Raymond Bowers
Ex\-policeman Richard Hurst arrives and is sent on a mission. In Madrid, he and the beautiful Miss Larks ([Jan Waters](/wiki/Jan_Waters "Jan Waters")) come up against the cold horror of the world of espionage and deception. Also stars [Norman Scace](/wiki/Norman_Scace "Norman Scace") and [Jeffrey Gardiner](/wiki/Jeffrey_Gardiner "Jeffrey Gardiner"). This is one of only two surviving complete episodes.
**2\. The Captain Morales Story**
Written by Raymond Bowers
In Madrid, Hurst comes face to face with the violence of his new job. Also stars [Edward de Souza](/wiki/Edward_de_Souza "Edward de Souza"), [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry "James Kerry") and [Peter Dennis](/wiki/Peter_Dennis "Peter Dennis").
**3\. The Unwitting Courier**
Written by Raymond Bowers
A beautiful FBI agent causes the Brigadier trouble sending a secret document to his Madrid contact. She is after *the Alpha Crowd* who the Brigadier sees as neither friend nor foe. He sets Hurst to following an American couple played by: [Jeanne Moody](/wiki/Jeanne_Moody "Jeanne Moody") and [David Bauer](/wiki/David_Bauer_%28actor%29 "David Bauer (actor)"). Also stars [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry "James Kerry") as Alpha, [Victor Platt](/wiki/Victor_Platt "Victor Platt") and [Tsai Chin](/wiki/Tsai_Chin_%28actress%29 "Tsai Chin (actress)"). This is one of only two surviving complete episodes.
**4\. Madrid Delivery**
Written by Raymond Bowers
With the vital information passed on, Hurst is ready to go home but finds himself in trouble and needing the Brigadier's help. Also stars: [Tom Gill](/wiki/Tom_Gill_%28actor%29 "Tom Gill (actor)"), [Patricia English](/wiki/Patricia_English "Patricia English"), [Alex Scott](/wiki/Alex_Scott_%28actor%29 "Alex Scott (actor)") and [Victor Pemberton](/wiki/Victor_Pemberton "Victor Pemberton").
**5\. The Missing Agent**
Written by Paul Lee
Hurst and Smith search for missing agent Dorothy Hansen ([Pamela Sholto](/wiki/Pamela_Sholto "Pamela Sholto")) in Stockholm but others don't want her found. Also stars [Anne Dyson](/wiki/Anne_Dyson "Anne Dyson"), [Wanda Ventham](/wiki/Wanda_Ventham "Wanda Ventham") and [John Doye](/wiki/John_Doye "John Doye").
**6\. The Baited Hook**
Written by Paul Lee
With danger closing in on them, Hurst and Smith search for Hansen and meet a student with a gun, ready to use it. Also stars [Sandor Elès](/wiki/Sandor_El%C3%A8s "Sandor Elès"), [Stella Courtnay](/wiki/Stella_Courtnay "Stella Courtnay"), [Wanda Ventham](/wiki/Wanda_Ventham "Wanda Ventham") and [Jayne Sofiano](/wiki/Jayne_Sofiano "Jayne Sofiano").
**7\. The Umbrella**
Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 "Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)")
The Umbrella Project when in operation will safeguard Britain from aerial attack but Hurst and Smith have to find a hidden saboteur who threatens to breach security. Also stars [Robert Raglan](/wiki/Robert_Raglan "Robert Raglan"), [Ronald Howard](/wiki/Ronald_Howard_%28British_actor%29 "Ronald Howard (British actor)"), [Tenniel Evans](/wiki/Tenniel_Evans "Tenniel Evans") and [Clifford Earl](/wiki/Clifford_Earl "Clifford Earl").
**8\. Thieves' Market**
Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 "Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)")
Hurst travels to Lisbon to uncover a traitor while Smith tries to find a connection between a Nazi General's memoirs and a golf bag flown to Lisbon. Also stars [Wendy Gifford](/wiki/Wendy_Gifford "Wendy Gifford"), [Edward Underdown](/wiki/Edward_Underdown "Edward Underdown"), [James Bree](/wiki/James_Bree_%28actor%29 "James Bree (actor)"), [Gertan Klauber](/wiki/Gertan_Klauber "Gertan Klauber"), [Max Kirby](/wiki/Max_Kirby "Max Kirby") and [Patrick Godfrey](/wiki/Patrick_Godfrey "Patrick Godfrey").
**9\. Return of Evil**
Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 "Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)")
Still searching for the traitor, the trail leads to the threat of the return of a man from the past who still looms large and could destroy Europe. Also stars [Monica Grey](/wiki/Monica_Grey "Monica Grey"), [Carmilla Brockman](/wiki/Carmilla_Brockman "Carmilla Brockman"), [John Abineri](/wiki/John_Abineri "John Abineri"), [Frederick Schrecker](/wiki/Frederick_Schrecker "Frederick Schrecker"), [Martin Friend](/wiki/Martin_Friend "Martin Friend"), [Madeleine Mills](/wiki/Madeleine_Mills "Madeleine Mills") and [Geoffrey Palmer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_%28actor%29 "Geoffrey Palmer (actor)").
**10\. The Edge of Disaster**
Written by Paul Lee
It hangs in the air around us. It is invisible and yet pointed with deadly accuracy. Can Hurst and Smith save the nation? Also stars [Reginald Marsh](/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_%28actor%29 "Reginald Marsh (actor)"), [Sylvia Kay](/wiki/Sylvia_Kay "Sylvia Kay"), [Morris Perry](/wiki/Morris_Perry "Morris Perry") and [Basil Moss](/wiki/Basil_Moss "Basil Moss").
**11\. Operation Lost Souls**
Written by Victor Canning
Following a trail of traitors to Geneva, Hurst and Smith find the HQ of the people behind the brain drain is in Ireland. Also stars [Patricia Haines](/wiki/Patricia_Haines "Patricia Haines"), [Bernard Kay](/wiki/Bernard_Kay "Bernard Kay"), [Edward Burnham](/wiki/Edward_Burnham "Edward Burnham") and [Tom Watson](/wiki/Tom_Watson_%28actor%29 "Tom Watson (actor)").
**12\. Operation Irish Triangle**
Written by Victor Canning
The operation in Ireland looks to be nothing but trouble and they get more than they bargained for when Arlette Maylam ([Patricia Haines](/wiki/Patricia_Haines "Patricia Haines")) shows her true colours. Also stars [John Macklin](/wiki/John_Macklin_%28actor%29 "John Macklin (actor)"), [Alan Gifford](/wiki/Alan_Gifford "Alan Gifford"), [Bernard Kay](/wiki/Bernard_Kay "Bernard Kay") and [Eugene Deckers](/wiki/Eugene_Deckers "Eugene Deckers").
**13\. Operation Big Fish**
Written by Victor Canning
Everything is set for the big kill but Hurst and Smith are still in the dark over it. Can they stop one of history's most spectacular crimes? Also stars [Rachel Gurney](/wiki/Rachel_Gurney "Rachel Gurney"), [Edward Palmer](/wiki/Edward_Palmer_%28actor%29 "Edward Palmer (actor)"), [Bernard Kay](/wiki/Bernard_Kay "Bernard Kay"), [Alan Gifford](/wiki/Alan_Gifford "Alan Gifford"), [P.G. Stephens](/wiki/P.G._Stephens "P.G. Stephens"), [Lorne Cossette](/wiki/Lorne_Cossette "Lorne Cossette"), [Brian Badcoe](/wiki/Brian_Badcoe "Brian Badcoe") and [Robert MacLeod](/wiki/Robert_MacLeod_%28actor%29 "Robert MacLeod (actor)").
|
[
"Series one\n----------",
"Broadcast 31 January 1966 to 25 April 1966, on Mondays on Rediffusion, London between 8 pm and 9 pm. \n Other ITV regions showed it on the following Wednesday.",
"**1\\. Ticket to Madrid**",
"Written by Raymond Bowers",
"Ex\\-policeman Richard Hurst arrives and is sent on a mission. In Madrid, he and the beautiful Miss Larks ([Jan Waters](/wiki/Jan_Waters \"Jan Waters\")) come up against the cold horror of the world of espionage and deception. Also stars [Norman Scace](/wiki/Norman_Scace \"Norman Scace\") and [Jeffrey Gardiner](/wiki/Jeffrey_Gardiner \"Jeffrey Gardiner\"). This is one of only two surviving complete episodes.",
"**2\\. The Captain Morales Story**",
"Written by Raymond Bowers",
"In Madrid, Hurst comes face to face with the violence of his new job. Also stars [Edward de Souza](/wiki/Edward_de_Souza \"Edward de Souza\"), [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry \"James Kerry\") and [Peter Dennis](/wiki/Peter_Dennis \"Peter Dennis\").",
"**3\\. The Unwitting Courier**",
"Written by Raymond Bowers",
"A beautiful FBI agent causes the Brigadier trouble sending a secret document to his Madrid contact. She is after *the Alpha Crowd* who the Brigadier sees as neither friend nor foe. He sets Hurst to following an American couple played by: [Jeanne Moody](/wiki/Jeanne_Moody \"Jeanne Moody\") and [David Bauer](/wiki/David_Bauer_%28actor%29 \"David Bauer (actor)\"). Also stars [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry \"James Kerry\") as Alpha, [Victor Platt](/wiki/Victor_Platt \"Victor Platt\") and [Tsai Chin](/wiki/Tsai_Chin_%28actress%29 \"Tsai Chin (actress)\"). This is one of only two surviving complete episodes.",
"**4\\. Madrid Delivery**",
"Written by Raymond Bowers",
"With the vital information passed on, Hurst is ready to go home but finds himself in trouble and needing the Brigadier's help. Also stars: [Tom Gill](/wiki/Tom_Gill_%28actor%29 \"Tom Gill (actor)\"), [Patricia English](/wiki/Patricia_English \"Patricia English\"), [Alex Scott](/wiki/Alex_Scott_%28actor%29 \"Alex Scott (actor)\") and [Victor Pemberton](/wiki/Victor_Pemberton \"Victor Pemberton\").",
"**5\\. The Missing Agent**",
"Written by Paul Lee",
"Hurst and Smith search for missing agent Dorothy Hansen ([Pamela Sholto](/wiki/Pamela_Sholto \"Pamela Sholto\")) in Stockholm but others don't want her found. Also stars [Anne Dyson](/wiki/Anne_Dyson \"Anne Dyson\"), [Wanda Ventham](/wiki/Wanda_Ventham \"Wanda Ventham\") and [John Doye](/wiki/John_Doye \"John Doye\").",
"**6\\. The Baited Hook**",
"Written by Paul Lee",
"With danger closing in on them, Hurst and Smith search for Hansen and meet a student with a gun, ready to use it. Also stars [Sandor Elès](/wiki/Sandor_El%C3%A8s \"Sandor Elès\"), [Stella Courtnay](/wiki/Stella_Courtnay \"Stella Courtnay\"), [Wanda Ventham](/wiki/Wanda_Ventham \"Wanda Ventham\") and [Jayne Sofiano](/wiki/Jayne_Sofiano \"Jayne Sofiano\").",
"**7\\. The Umbrella**",
"Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 \"Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)\")",
"The Umbrella Project when in operation will safeguard Britain from aerial attack but Hurst and Smith have to find a hidden saboteur who threatens to breach security. Also stars [Robert Raglan](/wiki/Robert_Raglan \"Robert Raglan\"), [Ronald Howard](/wiki/Ronald_Howard_%28British_actor%29 \"Ronald Howard (British actor)\"), [Tenniel Evans](/wiki/Tenniel_Evans \"Tenniel Evans\") and [Clifford Earl](/wiki/Clifford_Earl \"Clifford Earl\").",
"**8\\. Thieves' Market**",
"Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 \"Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)\")",
"Hurst travels to Lisbon to uncover a traitor while Smith tries to find a connection between a Nazi General's memoirs and a golf bag flown to Lisbon. Also stars [Wendy Gifford](/wiki/Wendy_Gifford \"Wendy Gifford\"), [Edward Underdown](/wiki/Edward_Underdown \"Edward Underdown\"), [James Bree](/wiki/James_Bree_%28actor%29 \"James Bree (actor)\"), [Gertan Klauber](/wiki/Gertan_Klauber \"Gertan Klauber\"), [Max Kirby](/wiki/Max_Kirby \"Max Kirby\") and [Patrick Godfrey](/wiki/Patrick_Godfrey \"Patrick Godfrey\").",
"**9\\. Return of Evil**",
"Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 \"Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)\")",
"Still searching for the traitor, the trail leads to the threat of the return of a man from the past who still looms large and could destroy Europe. Also stars [Monica Grey](/wiki/Monica_Grey \"Monica Grey\"), [Carmilla Brockman](/wiki/Carmilla_Brockman \"Carmilla Brockman\"), [John Abineri](/wiki/John_Abineri \"John Abineri\"), [Frederick Schrecker](/wiki/Frederick_Schrecker \"Frederick Schrecker\"), [Martin Friend](/wiki/Martin_Friend \"Martin Friend\"), [Madeleine Mills](/wiki/Madeleine_Mills \"Madeleine Mills\") and [Geoffrey Palmer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_%28actor%29 \"Geoffrey Palmer (actor)\").",
"**10\\. The Edge of Disaster**",
"Written by Paul Lee",
"It hangs in the air around us. It is invisible and yet pointed with deadly accuracy. Can Hurst and Smith save the nation? Also stars [Reginald Marsh](/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_%28actor%29 \"Reginald Marsh (actor)\"), [Sylvia Kay](/wiki/Sylvia_Kay \"Sylvia Kay\"), [Morris Perry](/wiki/Morris_Perry \"Morris Perry\") and [Basil Moss](/wiki/Basil_Moss \"Basil Moss\").",
"**11\\. Operation Lost Souls**",
"Written by Victor Canning",
"Following a trail of traitors to Geneva, Hurst and Smith find the HQ of the people behind the brain drain is in Ireland. Also stars [Patricia Haines](/wiki/Patricia_Haines \"Patricia Haines\"), [Bernard Kay](/wiki/Bernard_Kay \"Bernard Kay\"), [Edward Burnham](/wiki/Edward_Burnham \"Edward Burnham\") and [Tom Watson](/wiki/Tom_Watson_%28actor%29 \"Tom Watson (actor)\").",
"**12\\. Operation Irish Triangle**",
"Written by Victor Canning",
"The operation in Ireland looks to be nothing but trouble and they get more than they bargained for when Arlette Maylam ([Patricia Haines](/wiki/Patricia_Haines \"Patricia Haines\")) shows her true colours. Also stars [John Macklin](/wiki/John_Macklin_%28actor%29 \"John Macklin (actor)\"), [Alan Gifford](/wiki/Alan_Gifford \"Alan Gifford\"), [Bernard Kay](/wiki/Bernard_Kay \"Bernard Kay\") and [Eugene Deckers](/wiki/Eugene_Deckers \"Eugene Deckers\").",
"**13\\. Operation Big Fish**",
"Written by Victor Canning",
"Everything is set for the big kill but Hurst and Smith are still in the dark over it. Can they stop one of history's most spectacular crimes? Also stars [Rachel Gurney](/wiki/Rachel_Gurney \"Rachel Gurney\"), [Edward Palmer](/wiki/Edward_Palmer_%28actor%29 \"Edward Palmer (actor)\"), [Bernard Kay](/wiki/Bernard_Kay \"Bernard Kay\"), [Alan Gifford](/wiki/Alan_Gifford \"Alan Gifford\"), [P.G. Stephens](/wiki/P.G._Stephens \"P.G. Stephens\"), [Lorne Cossette](/wiki/Lorne_Cossette \"Lorne Cossette\"), [Brian Badcoe](/wiki/Brian_Badcoe \"Brian Badcoe\") and [Robert MacLeod](/wiki/Robert_MacLeod_%28actor%29 \"Robert MacLeod (actor)\").",
""
] |
Series two
----------
Broadcast 8 December 1966 to 9 March 1967, on Thursdays between 9\.40 pm and 10\.40 pm
in some ITV regions, Rediffusion, London showed it on the next day, Fridays, at 8pm
**14\. Rendezvous Vienna**
Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 "Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)")
Also stars [Geoffrey Palmer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_%28actor%29 "Geoffrey Palmer (actor)"), [Keith Ashley](/wiki/Keith_Ashley "Keith Ashley"), [Maurice Brownin](/wiki/Maurice_Brownin "Maurice Brownin"), [Carl Rigg](/wiki/Carl_Rigg "Carl Rigg") and [Peter Thomas](/wiki/Peter_Thomas_%28actor%29 "Peter Thomas (actor)")
**15\. Showdown Vienna**
Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 "Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)")
Hurst and Smith are on a find and destroy mission but run up against the dangerous Leopold Donner ([Frank Gatliff](/wiki/Frank_Gatliff "Frank Gatliff")). Also stars [Lucy Fleming](/wiki/Lucy_Fleming "Lucy Fleming") and [Vernon Dobtcheff](/wiki/Vernon_Dobtcheff "Vernon Dobtcheff").
**16\. Mission to Madeira**
Written by Victor Canning
Working undercover, Hurst infiltrates the dangerous Midas Consortium but can he trust the lovely Lea ([Hannah Gordon](/wiki/Hannah_Gordon "Hannah Gordon"))? Also stars [Richard Warner](/wiki/Richard_Warner_%28actor%29 "Richard Warner (actor)"), [John Abineri](/wiki/John_Abineri "John Abineri"), [John Brandon](/wiki/John_Brandon_%28actor%29 "John Brandon (actor)") and [John Slavid](/wiki/John_Slavid "John Slavid").
**17\. Death in Madeira**
Written by Victor Canning
Hurst seems to have fallen for Lea and wants to resign but the Brigadier has other plans with unpleasant results. Also stars [Frederick Treves](/wiki/Frederick_Treves_%28actor%29 "Frederick Treves (actor)"), [John Abineri](/wiki/John_Abineri "John Abineri"), [Susan Engel](/wiki/Susan_Engel "Susan Engel") and [Conrad Monk](/wiki/Conrad_Monk "Conrad Monk").
**18\. Midnight Over Madeira**
Written by Victor Canning
Hurst and the Brigadier clash as The Midas Consortium plan the death of a man, which will send the world's stock markets crashing and make them a huge fortune. Also stars [Kevin Stoney](/wiki/Kevin_Stoney "Kevin Stoney"), [Jerry Stovin](/wiki/Jerry_Stovin "Jerry Stovin"), [Susan Engel](/wiki/Susan_Engel "Susan Engel") and [John Abineri](/wiki/John_Abineri "John Abineri").
**19\. Wednesday in Dubrovnik**
Written by Raymond Bowers
Faces from the past threaten Britain's Secret Service including the Brigadier's group. Also stars [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry "James Kerry"), [Jeffrey Gardiner](/wiki/Jeffrey_Gardiner "Jeffrey Gardiner") and [Jacqueline Ellis](/wiki/Jacqueline_Ellis "Jacqueline Ellis").
**20\. Murder in Mostar**
Written by Raymond Bowers
A very unpleasant murder and Hurst and Smith are in revolt as the Brigadier orders them to eliminate a public figure. Also stars [Reginald Marsh](/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_%28actor%29 "Reginald Marsh (actor)"), [Derren Nesbitt](/wiki/Derren_Nesbitt "Derren Nesbitt") and [Michael Peake](/wiki/Michael_Peake "Michael Peake").
**21\. Dead\-End – Dubrovnik**
Written by Raymond Bowers
The Brigadier forms a strange alliance to get rid of a common enemy but the outcome is violence of the worst kind as death stalks the streets. Also stars [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry "James Kerry"), [Reginald Marsh](/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_%28actor%29 "Reginald Marsh (actor)") and [Derren Nesbitt](/wiki/Derren_Nesbitt "Derren Nesbitt").
**22\. Big Grab – Amsterdam**
Written by Raymond Bowers
An American secret agent carrying vital information in his head vanishes. America presses for action but the Brigadier seems unconcerned. Who is the mysterious Vol ([Cyril Shaps](/wiki/Cyril_Shaps "Cyril Shaps"))? Also stars [Raymond Huntley](/wiki/Raymond_Huntley "Raymond Huntley"), [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry "James Kerry"), [Bill Hutchinson](/wiki/Bill_Hutchinson_%28actor%29 "Bill Hutchinson (actor)"), [Alan Gerrard](/wiki/Alan_Gerrard "Alan Gerrard") and [Simon Cain](/wiki/Simon_Cain "Simon Cain").
**23\. Retribution Amsterdam**
Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 "Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)")
An American spy as a hostage held by an enemy agent as brilliant as the Brigadier. Hurst and Smith must follow strict orders to prevent the worst happening. Also stars [Cyril Shaps](/wiki/Cyril_Shaps "Cyril Shaps"), [Hugh McDermott](/wiki/Hugh_McDermott_%28actor%29 "Hugh McDermott (actor)"), [Toke Townley](/wiki/Toke_Townley "Toke Townley") and [Bill Hutchinson](/wiki/Bill_Hutchinson_%28actor%29 "Bill Hutchinson (actor)").
**24\. The Heel of Achilles**
Written by Stanley Miller
Hurst and Smith find violence in Athens as helped by a turncoat spy ([Dora Reisser](/wiki/Dora_Reisser "Dora Reisser")), they seek the man behind an international espionage ring to stop the beaches of Corfu running red with blood. Also stars [Wolfe Morris](/wiki/Wolfe_Morris "Wolfe Morris"), [Ralph Michael](/wiki/Ralph_Michael "Ralph Michael"), [Anthony Marlowe](/wiki/Anthony_Marlowe_%28actor%29 "Anthony Marlowe (actor)") and [Hilary Tindall](/wiki/Hilary_Tindall "Hilary Tindall"). Just poor copies of the action sequences survive of this episode.
**25\. The Seven Pillars of Hercules**
Written by Stanley Miller
Hurst and Smith are after a man hiding in the mountains of Greece but so is Madame Achmet ([Catherine Lacey](/wiki/Catherine_Lacey "Catherine Lacey")) who is a very dangerous woman. Also stars: [Wolfe Morris](/wiki/Wolfe_Morris "Wolfe Morris"), [Ralph Michael](/wiki/Ralph_Michael "Ralph Michael"), [Esmond Knight](/wiki/Esmond_Knight "Esmond Knight"), [Patrick Godfrey](/wiki/Patrick_Godfrey "Patrick Godfrey") and [Paul Tann](/wiki/Paul_Tann "Paul Tann").
**26\. The Mask of Agamemnon**
Written by Stanley Miller
Hurst and Smith must decide whether to try and rescue the man held on Madame Achmet's yacht, knowing the Brigadier wants him dead. Death and destruction follow. Also stars [Wolfe Morris](/wiki/Wolfe_Morris "Wolfe Morris").
|
[
"Series two\n----------",
"Broadcast 8 December 1966 to 9 March 1967, on Thursdays between 9\\.40 pm and 10\\.40 pm \n in some ITV regions, Rediffusion, London showed it on the next day, Fridays, at 8pm",
"**14\\. Rendezvous Vienna**",
"Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 \"Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)\")",
"Also stars [Geoffrey Palmer](/wiki/Geoffrey_Palmer_%28actor%29 \"Geoffrey Palmer (actor)\"), [Keith Ashley](/wiki/Keith_Ashley \"Keith Ashley\"), [Maurice Brownin](/wiki/Maurice_Brownin \"Maurice Brownin\"), [Carl Rigg](/wiki/Carl_Rigg \"Carl Rigg\") and [Peter Thomas](/wiki/Peter_Thomas_%28actor%29 \"Peter Thomas (actor)\")",
"**15\\. Showdown Vienna**",
"Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 \"Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)\")",
"Hurst and Smith are on a find and destroy mission but run up against the dangerous Leopold Donner ([Frank Gatliff](/wiki/Frank_Gatliff \"Frank Gatliff\")). Also stars [Lucy Fleming](/wiki/Lucy_Fleming \"Lucy Fleming\") and [Vernon Dobtcheff](/wiki/Vernon_Dobtcheff \"Vernon Dobtcheff\").",
"**16\\. Mission to Madeira**",
"Written by Victor Canning",
"Working undercover, Hurst infiltrates the dangerous Midas Consortium but can he trust the lovely Lea ([Hannah Gordon](/wiki/Hannah_Gordon \"Hannah Gordon\"))? Also stars [Richard Warner](/wiki/Richard_Warner_%28actor%29 \"Richard Warner (actor)\"), [John Abineri](/wiki/John_Abineri \"John Abineri\"), [John Brandon](/wiki/John_Brandon_%28actor%29 \"John Brandon (actor)\") and [John Slavid](/wiki/John_Slavid \"John Slavid\").",
"**17\\. Death in Madeira**",
"Written by Victor Canning",
"Hurst seems to have fallen for Lea and wants to resign but the Brigadier has other plans with unpleasant results. Also stars [Frederick Treves](/wiki/Frederick_Treves_%28actor%29 \"Frederick Treves (actor)\"), [John Abineri](/wiki/John_Abineri \"John Abineri\"), [Susan Engel](/wiki/Susan_Engel \"Susan Engel\") and [Conrad Monk](/wiki/Conrad_Monk \"Conrad Monk\").",
"**18\\. Midnight Over Madeira**",
"Written by Victor Canning",
"Hurst and the Brigadier clash as The Midas Consortium plan the death of a man, which will send the world's stock markets crashing and make them a huge fortune. Also stars [Kevin Stoney](/wiki/Kevin_Stoney \"Kevin Stoney\"), [Jerry Stovin](/wiki/Jerry_Stovin \"Jerry Stovin\"), [Susan Engel](/wiki/Susan_Engel \"Susan Engel\") and [John Abineri](/wiki/John_Abineri \"John Abineri\").",
"**19\\. Wednesday in Dubrovnik**",
"Written by Raymond Bowers",
"Faces from the past threaten Britain's Secret Service including the Brigadier's group. Also stars [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry \"James Kerry\"), [Jeffrey Gardiner](/wiki/Jeffrey_Gardiner \"Jeffrey Gardiner\") and [Jacqueline Ellis](/wiki/Jacqueline_Ellis \"Jacqueline Ellis\").",
"**20\\. Murder in Mostar**",
"Written by Raymond Bowers",
"A very unpleasant murder and Hurst and Smith are in revolt as the Brigadier orders them to eliminate a public figure. Also stars [Reginald Marsh](/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_%28actor%29 \"Reginald Marsh (actor)\"), [Derren Nesbitt](/wiki/Derren_Nesbitt \"Derren Nesbitt\") and [Michael Peake](/wiki/Michael_Peake \"Michael Peake\").",
"**21\\. Dead\\-End – Dubrovnik**",
"Written by Raymond Bowers",
"The Brigadier forms a strange alliance to get rid of a common enemy but the outcome is violence of the worst kind as death stalks the streets. Also stars [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry \"James Kerry\"), [Reginald Marsh](/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_%28actor%29 \"Reginald Marsh (actor)\") and [Derren Nesbitt](/wiki/Derren_Nesbitt \"Derren Nesbitt\").",
"**22\\. Big Grab – Amsterdam**",
"Written by Raymond Bowers",
"An American secret agent carrying vital information in his head vanishes. America presses for action but the Brigadier seems unconcerned. Who is the mysterious Vol ([Cyril Shaps](/wiki/Cyril_Shaps \"Cyril Shaps\"))? Also stars [Raymond Huntley](/wiki/Raymond_Huntley \"Raymond Huntley\"), [James Kerry](/wiki/James_Kerry \"James Kerry\"), [Bill Hutchinson](/wiki/Bill_Hutchinson_%28actor%29 \"Bill Hutchinson (actor)\"), [Alan Gerrard](/wiki/Alan_Gerrard \"Alan Gerrard\") and [Simon Cain](/wiki/Simon_Cain \"Simon Cain\").",
"**23\\. Retribution Amsterdam**",
"Written by [Jeremy Paul](/wiki/Jeremy_Paul_%28screenwriter%29 \"Jeremy Paul (screenwriter)\")",
"An American spy as a hostage held by an enemy agent as brilliant as the Brigadier. Hurst and Smith must follow strict orders to prevent the worst happening. Also stars [Cyril Shaps](/wiki/Cyril_Shaps \"Cyril Shaps\"), [Hugh McDermott](/wiki/Hugh_McDermott_%28actor%29 \"Hugh McDermott (actor)\"), [Toke Townley](/wiki/Toke_Townley \"Toke Townley\") and [Bill Hutchinson](/wiki/Bill_Hutchinson_%28actor%29 \"Bill Hutchinson (actor)\").",
"**24\\. The Heel of Achilles**",
"Written by Stanley Miller",
"Hurst and Smith find violence in Athens as helped by a turncoat spy ([Dora Reisser](/wiki/Dora_Reisser \"Dora Reisser\")), they seek the man behind an international espionage ring to stop the beaches of Corfu running red with blood. Also stars [Wolfe Morris](/wiki/Wolfe_Morris \"Wolfe Morris\"), [Ralph Michael](/wiki/Ralph_Michael \"Ralph Michael\"), [Anthony Marlowe](/wiki/Anthony_Marlowe_%28actor%29 \"Anthony Marlowe (actor)\") and [Hilary Tindall](/wiki/Hilary_Tindall \"Hilary Tindall\"). Just poor copies of the action sequences survive of this episode.",
"**25\\. The Seven Pillars of Hercules**",
"Written by Stanley Miller",
"Hurst and Smith are after a man hiding in the mountains of Greece but so is Madame Achmet ([Catherine Lacey](/wiki/Catherine_Lacey \"Catherine Lacey\")) who is a very dangerous woman. Also stars: [Wolfe Morris](/wiki/Wolfe_Morris \"Wolfe Morris\"), [Ralph Michael](/wiki/Ralph_Michael \"Ralph Michael\"), [Esmond Knight](/wiki/Esmond_Knight \"Esmond Knight\"), [Patrick Godfrey](/wiki/Patrick_Godfrey \"Patrick Godfrey\") and [Paul Tann](/wiki/Paul_Tann \"Paul Tann\").",
"**26\\. The Mask of Agamemnon**",
"Written by Stanley Miller",
"Hurst and Smith must decide whether to try and rescue the man held on Madame Achmet's yacht, knowing the Brigadier wants him dead. Death and destruction follow. Also stars [Wolfe Morris](/wiki/Wolfe_Morris \"Wolfe Morris\").",
""
] |
Music
-----
Storm's first name for a group was "Dracula \& the Werewolves", but he then settled on "Al Caldwell's Texans".{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=126}} Still known as Alan Caldwell, Storm opened the Morgue Skiffle Club in the cellar of a large [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_architecture "Victorian architecture") house, "Balgownie", at 25 Oakhill Park, Broadgreen, on 13 March 1958\.{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=126}} The cellar consisted of two rooms, painted black and connected by a long corridor, with skeletons painted on the walls and one blue light.{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=126}} Groups played on Tuesdays and Thursdays for up to 100 people (above the age of 15\) starting at 7:30 pm, including Storm's group (later called "The Raving Texans") and [the Quarrymen](/wiki/The_Quarrymen "The Quarrymen") (who later became "[the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles "The Beatles")"). After complaints about the noise, the police closed down the club on 1 April 1958, but Storm reopened it on 22 April 1958\.{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=152}} It was in the Morgue Skiffle Club that [George Harrison](/wiki/George_Harrison "George Harrison") auditioned for the Quarrymen, playing "Guitar Boogie Shuffle" by [Bert Weedon](/wiki/Bert_Weedon "Bert Weedon") before being admitted as a member of the band.{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=126}} Paul McCartney has stated that George Harrison auditioned for John Lennon on the top of a bus by playing "[Raunchy](/wiki/Raunchy_%28instrumental%29 "Raunchy (instrumental)")". Harrison later asked Storm if he could join his group, but Storm's mother refused to allow it, as she thought Harrison was too young.{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=152}}
Storm went to [London](/wiki/London "London") on 11 April 1958 to participate in a [cross\-country running](/wiki/Cross-country_running "Cross-country running") competition. During his stay, he took part in a [jam session](/wiki/Jam_session "Jam session") at [Chas McDevitt](/wiki/Chas_McDevitt "Chas McDevitt")'s Skiffle Cellar, which resulted in an appearance on 30 April 1958 on [Radio Luxembourg](/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_%28English%29 "Radio Luxembourg (English)")'s Skiffle club programme, playing "[Midnight Special](/wiki/Midnight_Special_%28song%29 "Midnight Special (song)")". In 1959, Storm's group consisted of himself, Paul Murphy, and Johnny Byrne (stage name "Johnny Guitar"){{Citation \|title\=Rory Storm and The Hurricanes' Infamous Show at The Cavern, 1960 \| date\=29 October 2021 \|url\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\=UL10QcQKaPM \|language\=en \|access\-date\=2023\-01\-10}} all performing on guitar and vocals, Reg Hale ([washboard](/wiki/Washboard_%28musical_instrument%29 "Washboard (musical instrument)")) and Jeff Truman ([tea\-chest bass](/wiki/Tea-chest_bass "Tea-chest bass")). "Spud" Ward, a former member of [the Swinging Blue Jeans](/wiki/The_Swinging_Blue_Jeans "The Swinging Blue Jeans"), later played bass guitar. Storm met [Ringo Starr](/wiki/Ringo_Starr "Ringo Starr") at a talent contest called "6\.5 Special". Starr had previously played with the Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group and was then drumming with a group called "Darktown Skiffle". Starr's first concert with Storm was on 25 March 1959, at the [Mardi Gras](/wiki/Mardi_Gras "Mardi Gras") in Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.
### Rory Storm and the Hurricanes
Storm changed the name of his group to "Al Storm and the Hurricanes", then "Jett Storm and the Hurricanes", and finally to "Rory Storm and the Hurricanes". Storm and the Hurricanes entered "Search for Stars", a competition managed by Carrol Levis, at the [Liverpool Empire Theatre](/wiki/Liverpool_Empire_Theatre "Liverpool Empire Theatre") on 11 October 1959, reaching second place ahead of 150 acts. The line\-up of the Hurricanes finally solidified with Storm (vocals), Guitar (guitar), and Starr (drums). They were joined by Walter "Wally" Eymond (bass guitar), who went by "Lu Walters" on\-stage, and Charles "Chaz" O'Brien (guitar), who went by "Ty O'Brien" on\-stage{{cite web\|first\=Bill\|last\=Harry\|url\=http://triumphpc.com/mersey\-beat/a\-z/rorystorm\-hurricanes3\.shtml \|title\=While My Guitar Gently Weeps – The Tragic Story of Rory Storm \& The Hurricanes (page 3\)\|publisher\=\[\[Bill Harry]]\|access\-date\=4 June 2011}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.merseybeat.co.uk/articles\-details.php?cat\=Bill\+Harry's\+Mersey\+Beat\&id\=311\|title\=Issue No.7\|publisher\=\[\[Bill Harry]]\|date\=20 August 1999\|access\-date\=4 June 2011\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306105834/http://merseybeat.co.uk/articles\-details.php?cat\=bill\+harry%27s\+mersey\+beat\&id\=311\|archive\-date\=6 March 2016\|url\-status\=dead}} The group played at [the Cavern Club](/wiki/The_Cavern_Club "The Cavern Club") with the [Cy Laurie Jazz Band](/wiki/Cy_Laurie "Cy Laurie") on Sunday 3 January 1960, and a week later supported the Saints Jazz Band and [Terry Lightfoot's New Orleans Jazz Band](/wiki/Terry_Lightfoot "Terry Lightfoot"). Playing rock 'n' roll music was a problem at [the Cavern Club](/wiki/The_Cavern_Club "The Cavern Club"), as it was not accepted by the customers or management. When Storm and the Hurricanes performed there on 17 January 1960, with Micky Ashman's Jazz Band and the [Swinging Blue Jeans](/wiki/Swinging_Blue_Jeans "Swinging Blue Jeans"), their first song was "Cumberland Gap" (a skiffle song) by [Lonnie Donegan](/wiki/Lonnie_Donegan "Lonnie Donegan"). Then they played "[Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On](/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Shakin%27_Goin_On "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On")" by [Jerry Lee Lewis](/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis "Jerry Lee Lewis"). The [jazz](/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") and skiffle audience were outraged, booed and threw copper coins at the group. The Cavern's manager Ray McFall, fined them six [shillings](/wiki/Shillings "Shillings"), but the coins collected from the stage floor were worth more than the fine.
Storm and the Hurricanes performed at the [Liverpool Stadium](/wiki/Liverpool_Stadium "Liverpool Stadium") on 3 May 1960, on the same bill as [Gene Vincent](/wiki/Gene_Vincent "Gene Vincent"). [Larry Parnes](/wiki/Larry_Parnes "Larry Parnes") became interested in the Hurricanes, and invited them to audition at the Wyvern Club as a backing group for [Billy Fury](/wiki/Billy_Fury "Billy Fury"). Storm turned up at the audition, but only so he could have his picture taken with Fury. In July 1960, the group secured a residency at [Butlins](/wiki/Butlins "Butlins") holiday camp in [Pwllheli](/wiki/Pwllheli "Pwllheli") (playing in the Rock 'n' Calypso Ballroom) for £25 each per week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|25\|1960\|r\=\-2}}\|0}} in 2024\).{{Inflation\-fn\|UK\|df\=y}} Starr was not sure about giving up his job as an apprentice at Henry Hunt's, where he made climbing frames for schools, until Storm put forward the idea of "Starr\-time" (a solo spot) with Starr singing songs like "[Boys](/wiki/Boys_%28Dixon/Farrell_song%29 "Boys (Dixon/Farrell song)")" by [the Shirelles](/wiki/The_Shirelles "The Shirelles").”The Beatles Anthology" DVD 1\&2 2003 (Episode 1 – 0:31:06\) [Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon "John Lennon") talking about Starr's 'Starr\-Time' and being a professional drummer. Starr finally agreed when Storm told him about how many women would be "available". It was during this season that Starr (who had been known as "Ritchie" until then) changed his name to "Ringo".{{cite web\|first\=Bill\|last\=Harry\|url\=http://triumphpc.com/mersey\-beat/a\-z/rorystorm\-hurricanes5\.shtml\|title\=While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Tragic Story of Rory Storm \& the Hurricanes (page 5\)\|publisher\=\[\[Bill Harry]]\|access\-date\=4 June 2011}}
### Hamburg
After playing for more than 16 hours per week, the group were contacted by [Allan Williams](/wiki/Allan_Williams "Allan Williams"), who wanted them to go to [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg "Hamburg"). [Derry and the Seniors](/wiki/Derry_and_the_Seniors "Derry and the Seniors") were successful there, and Williams wanted an additional group.{{sfn\|Lennon\|2005\|p\=76}} As Storm and the group were committed to Butlins, they turned Williams' offer down (as did [Gerry and the Pacemakers](/wiki/Gerry_and_the_Pacemakers "Gerry and the Pacemakers")), so Williams sent the Beatles to Hamburg instead. {{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=202}}{{cite web\|first\=Bill\|last\=Harry\|url\=http://triumphpc.com/mersey\-beat/a\-z/rorystorm\-hurricanes4\.shtml\|title\=While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Tragic Story of Rory Storm \& The Hurricanes (page 4\)\|publisher\=\[\[Bill Harry]]\|access\-date\=4 June 2011}} After the summer season ended in early October 1960, Storm and the Hurricanes were free to travel to Hamburg, replacing Derry and the Seniors at the [Kaiserkeller](/wiki/Kaiserkeller "Kaiserkeller"). They arrived in Hamburg on 1 October 1960, having negotiated to be paid more than the Seniors or the Beatles.{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=201}} They played five or six 90\-minute sets every day, alternating with the Beatles.{{sfn\|Lennon\|2005\|p\=76}}{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=216}} Storm and the Hurricanes were later presented with a special certificate by [Bruno Koschmider](/wiki/Bruno_Koschmider "Bruno Koschmider") (the owner of the Kaiserkeller) for their performances.
The stage of the Kaiserkeller was made of planks of wood balanced on the top of beer crates, so the two groups made a bet to see to who would be the first to break it.{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=219}} After punishing the stage for days, a slight crack appeared, and when Storm jumped off the top of the upright piano, during a performance of "[Blue Suede Shoes](/wiki/Blue_Suede_Shoes "Blue Suede Shoes")", it finally broke.{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=219}} Guitar remembered that as Storm hit the stage, it cracked loudly and formed a V\-shape around Storm. He disappeared into it, and all the amplifiers and Starr's cymbals slid into the hole. Koschmider was furious and had to replace the live music with a jukebox. Both groups went across the road to Harold's Cafe for breakfast but were followed by Koschmider's doormen with [coshes](/wiki/Blackjack_%28weapon%29 "Blackjack (weapon)"), who beat the musicians as punishment.{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|pp\=220–221}}
During their eight\-week residency, Williams arranged a recording session at the Akoustik Studio, which was a small booth on the fifth floor of 57 Kirchenallee (the Klockmann\-House) on Saturday, 18 October 1960\. Williams asked [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon "John Lennon"), [Paul McCartney](/wiki/Paul_McCartney "Paul McCartney") and Harrison from the Beatles to play and sing harmonies for Walters (of the Hurricanes) on the recording. [Pete Best](/wiki/Pete_Best "Pete Best") (the Beatles' regular drummer at the time) was in town buying drumsticks, so Starr played drums, which was the first time that the classic Beatles line\-up of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr recorded together.[Lou Walters' recording session](http://www.beatlesource.com/bs/ao-smrtime.html) Retrieved: 29 January 2007 They recorded three songs: "[Fever](/wiki/Fever_%281956_song%29 "Fever (1956 song)")", "[September Song](/wiki/September_Song "September Song")", and "[Summertime](/wiki/Summertime_%28George_Gershwin_song%29 "Summertime (George Gershwin song)")". However, the fate of the recordings is uncertain and they have not been discovered to this day.
### Liverpool
Storm and the Hurricanes were the headlining group at the first "Beat Night" in the Orrell Park Ballroom in March 1961\. They were also invited for a season at the Butlins camp in Pwllheli North Wales. Sam Leach (a Liverpool promoter) arranged a series of dance nights at the Palais Ballroom in [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot "Aldershot"), starting on 9 December 1961\. The first Saturday featured the Beatles, but as the local newspaper forgot to run the advertisement, only 18 people turned up. The second Saturday was arranged for Rory Storm and the Hurricanes to perform, and as it was advertised this time, 210 people paid to get in. Leach's idea was to attract London agents to watch the series of concerts, but when he realised they would never travel out of London, he abandoned the idea.
Starr considered leaving Storm at that time to join Derry and the Seniors but accepted a job with Tony Sheridan at the Top Ten Club on 30 December 1961, as Sheridan's offer of more money, a flat, and a car was too good to refuse. Starr's stay with Sheridan was short\-lived, as he found Sheridan's habit of changing the set list without telling his backing group beforehand frustrating, so he rejoined the Hurricanes. On 5 February 1962, Best fell ill and the Beatles had to play a lunchtime concert at the Cavern and an evening concert at the Kingsway club in [Southport](/wiki/Southport "Southport"). As the Hurricanes had no concert that day, Starr played with them live on stage for the first time (although he had recorded with them in Hamburg).{{sfn\|Spitz\|2005\|p\=300}}
During a Hurricanes' residency at Butlins, Lennon and McCartney drove from Liverpool to Pwllheli North Wales on 15 August 1962 to ask Starr to join the Beatles.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.beatlesagain.com/breflib/pete.html\|title\=Reference Library: Pete Forever, Ringo Never!\|publisher\=\[\[Bill Harry]]\|date\=23 August 1962\|access\-date\=4 June 2011}} Shortly before, Starr had agreed to join Kingsize Taylor in Hamburg, as Taylor was offering [£](/wiki/%C2%A3 "£")20 a week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|20\|1962\|r\=\-2}}\|0}} in 2024\),{{Inflation\-fn\|UK\|df\=y}} but Lennon and McCartney offered £25 a week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\|UK\|25\|1962\|r\=\-2}}\|0}} in 2024\),{{Inflation\-fn\|UK\|df\=y}} which Starr accepted. Lennon and McCartney offered Storm to swap drummers (with Best replacing Starr) but Best rejected the idea. According to Epstein in his autobiography, Storm was "One of the liveliest and most likeable young men on the scene ... was very annoyed when Ringo left, and he complained to me. I apologised, and Rory, with immense good humour, said, 'Okay. Forget it. The best of luck to the lot of you.'" {{sfn\|Epstein\|1964\|p\=65}} The Hurricanes then became known for having a succession of drummers, including [Gibson Kemp](/wiki/Paddy_Chambers "Paddy Chambers"), Brian Johnson, [Keef Hartley](/wiki/Keef_Hartley "Keef Hartley") (August 1963\), Ian Broad and [Trevor Morais](/wiki/Trevor_Morais "Trevor Morais"), who all stayed with the group for a short period before leaving.
Despite Starr joining the Beatles, both groups would perform on the same bill during 1962 and at many concerts thereafter.{{cite web\|first\=Peter R.\|last\=McCormack\|url\=http://www.rickresource.com/irondoorclub/irondoorclubstorm.html\|title\=Liverpool Idol Sweeps Local Warehouse\|publisher\=rickresource\|date\=29 September 2004\|access\-date\=4 June 2011}} In 1962, both groups performed together at [St Patrick](/wiki/St_Patrick "St Patrick")'s Night Rock Gala ([Knotty Ash](/wiki/Knotty_Ash "Knotty Ash") Village Hall), Queen's Hall ([Widnes](/wiki/Widnes "Widnes")), and with [Little Richard](/wiki/Little_Richard "Little Richard") at the Tower Ballroom. In 1963, Storm and the Hurricanes were filmed as part of the "Beat City" documentary, which was broadcast by [Associated\-Rediffusion](/wiki/Associated-Rediffusion "Associated-Rediffusion") Television.
|
[
"Music\n-----",
"Storm's first name for a group was \"Dracula \\& the Werewolves\", but he then settled on \"Al Caldwell's Texans\".{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=126}} Still known as Alan Caldwell, Storm opened the Morgue Skiffle Club in the cellar of a large [Victorian](/wiki/Victorian_architecture \"Victorian architecture\") house, \"Balgownie\", at 25 Oakhill Park, Broadgreen, on 13 March 1958\\.{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=126}} The cellar consisted of two rooms, painted black and connected by a long corridor, with skeletons painted on the walls and one blue light.{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=126}} Groups played on Tuesdays and Thursdays for up to 100 people (above the age of 15\\) starting at 7:30 pm, including Storm's group (later called \"The Raving Texans\") and [the Quarrymen](/wiki/The_Quarrymen \"The Quarrymen\") (who later became \"[the Beatles](/wiki/The_Beatles \"The Beatles\")\"). After complaints about the noise, the police closed down the club on 1 April 1958, but Storm reopened it on 22 April 1958\\.{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=152}} It was in the Morgue Skiffle Club that [George Harrison](/wiki/George_Harrison \"George Harrison\") auditioned for the Quarrymen, playing \"Guitar Boogie Shuffle\" by [Bert Weedon](/wiki/Bert_Weedon \"Bert Weedon\") before being admitted as a member of the band.{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=126}} Paul McCartney has stated that George Harrison auditioned for John Lennon on the top of a bus by playing \"[Raunchy](/wiki/Raunchy_%28instrumental%29 \"Raunchy (instrumental)\")\". Harrison later asked Storm if he could join his group, but Storm's mother refused to allow it, as she thought Harrison was too young.{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=152}}",
"Storm went to [London](/wiki/London \"London\") on 11 April 1958 to participate in a [cross\\-country running](/wiki/Cross-country_running \"Cross-country running\") competition. During his stay, he took part in a [jam session](/wiki/Jam_session \"Jam session\") at [Chas McDevitt](/wiki/Chas_McDevitt \"Chas McDevitt\")'s Skiffle Cellar, which resulted in an appearance on 30 April 1958 on [Radio Luxembourg](/wiki/Radio_Luxembourg_%28English%29 \"Radio Luxembourg (English)\")'s Skiffle club programme, playing \"[Midnight Special](/wiki/Midnight_Special_%28song%29 \"Midnight Special (song)\")\". In 1959, Storm's group consisted of himself, Paul Murphy, and Johnny Byrne (stage name \"Johnny Guitar\"){{Citation \\|title\\=Rory Storm and The Hurricanes' Infamous Show at The Cavern, 1960 \\| date\\=29 October 2021 \\|url\\=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v\\=UL10QcQKaPM \\|language\\=en \\|access\\-date\\=2023\\-01\\-10}} all performing on guitar and vocals, Reg Hale ([washboard](/wiki/Washboard_%28musical_instrument%29 \"Washboard (musical instrument)\")) and Jeff Truman ([tea\\-chest bass](/wiki/Tea-chest_bass \"Tea-chest bass\")). \"Spud\" Ward, a former member of [the Swinging Blue Jeans](/wiki/The_Swinging_Blue_Jeans \"The Swinging Blue Jeans\"), later played bass guitar. Storm met [Ringo Starr](/wiki/Ringo_Starr \"Ringo Starr\") at a talent contest called \"6\\.5 Special\". Starr had previously played with the Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group and was then drumming with a group called \"Darktown Skiffle\". Starr's first concert with Storm was on 25 March 1959, at the [Mardi Gras](/wiki/Mardi_Gras \"Mardi Gras\") in Mount Pleasant, Liverpool.",
"### Rory Storm and the Hurricanes",
"Storm changed the name of his group to \"Al Storm and the Hurricanes\", then \"Jett Storm and the Hurricanes\", and finally to \"Rory Storm and the Hurricanes\". Storm and the Hurricanes entered \"Search for Stars\", a competition managed by Carrol Levis, at the [Liverpool Empire Theatre](/wiki/Liverpool_Empire_Theatre \"Liverpool Empire Theatre\") on 11 October 1959, reaching second place ahead of 150 acts. The line\\-up of the Hurricanes finally solidified with Storm (vocals), Guitar (guitar), and Starr (drums). They were joined by Walter \"Wally\" Eymond (bass guitar), who went by \"Lu Walters\" on\\-stage, and Charles \"Chaz\" O'Brien (guitar), who went by \"Ty O'Brien\" on\\-stage{{cite web\\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Harry\\|url\\=http://triumphpc.com/mersey\\-beat/a\\-z/rorystorm\\-hurricanes3\\.shtml \\|title\\=While My Guitar Gently Weeps – The Tragic Story of Rory Storm \\& The Hurricanes (page 3\\)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bill Harry]]\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2011}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.merseybeat.co.uk/articles\\-details.php?cat\\=Bill\\+Harry's\\+Mersey\\+Beat\\&id\\=311\\|title\\=Issue No.7\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bill Harry]]\\|date\\=20 August 1999\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2011\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306105834/http://merseybeat.co.uk/articles\\-details.php?cat\\=bill\\+harry%27s\\+mersey\\+beat\\&id\\=311\\|archive\\-date\\=6 March 2016\\|url\\-status\\=dead}} The group played at [the Cavern Club](/wiki/The_Cavern_Club \"The Cavern Club\") with the [Cy Laurie Jazz Band](/wiki/Cy_Laurie \"Cy Laurie\") on Sunday 3 January 1960, and a week later supported the Saints Jazz Band and [Terry Lightfoot's New Orleans Jazz Band](/wiki/Terry_Lightfoot \"Terry Lightfoot\"). Playing rock 'n' roll music was a problem at [the Cavern Club](/wiki/The_Cavern_Club \"The Cavern Club\"), as it was not accepted by the customers or management. When Storm and the Hurricanes performed there on 17 January 1960, with Micky Ashman's Jazz Band and the [Swinging Blue Jeans](/wiki/Swinging_Blue_Jeans \"Swinging Blue Jeans\"), their first song was \"Cumberland Gap\" (a skiffle song) by [Lonnie Donegan](/wiki/Lonnie_Donegan \"Lonnie Donegan\"). Then they played \"[Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On](/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Shakin%27_Goin_On \"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On\")\" by [Jerry Lee Lewis](/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis \"Jerry Lee Lewis\"). The [jazz](/wiki/Jazz \"Jazz\") and skiffle audience were outraged, booed and threw copper coins at the group. The Cavern's manager Ray McFall, fined them six [shillings](/wiki/Shillings \"Shillings\"), but the coins collected from the stage floor were worth more than the fine.",
"Storm and the Hurricanes performed at the [Liverpool Stadium](/wiki/Liverpool_Stadium \"Liverpool Stadium\") on 3 May 1960, on the same bill as [Gene Vincent](/wiki/Gene_Vincent \"Gene Vincent\"). [Larry Parnes](/wiki/Larry_Parnes \"Larry Parnes\") became interested in the Hurricanes, and invited them to audition at the Wyvern Club as a backing group for [Billy Fury](/wiki/Billy_Fury \"Billy Fury\"). Storm turned up at the audition, but only so he could have his picture taken with Fury. In July 1960, the group secured a residency at [Butlins](/wiki/Butlins \"Butlins\") holiday camp in [Pwllheli](/wiki/Pwllheli \"Pwllheli\") (playing in the Rock 'n' Calypso Ballroom) for £25 each per week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|25\\|1960\\|r\\=\\-2}}\\|0}} in 2024\\).{{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK\\|df\\=y}} Starr was not sure about giving up his job as an apprentice at Henry Hunt's, where he made climbing frames for schools, until Storm put forward the idea of \"Starr\\-time\" (a solo spot) with Starr singing songs like \"[Boys](/wiki/Boys_%28Dixon/Farrell_song%29 \"Boys (Dixon/Farrell song)\")\" by [the Shirelles](/wiki/The_Shirelles \"The Shirelles\").”The Beatles Anthology\" DVD 1\\&2 2003 (Episode 1 – 0:31:06\\) [Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon \"John Lennon\") talking about Starr's 'Starr\\-Time' and being a professional drummer. Starr finally agreed when Storm told him about how many women would be \"available\". It was during this season that Starr (who had been known as \"Ritchie\" until then) changed his name to \"Ringo\".{{cite web\\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Harry\\|url\\=http://triumphpc.com/mersey\\-beat/a\\-z/rorystorm\\-hurricanes5\\.shtml\\|title\\=While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Tragic Story of Rory Storm \\& the Hurricanes (page 5\\)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bill Harry]]\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2011}}",
"### Hamburg",
"After playing for more than 16 hours per week, the group were contacted by [Allan Williams](/wiki/Allan_Williams \"Allan Williams\"), who wanted them to go to [Hamburg](/wiki/Hamburg \"Hamburg\"). [Derry and the Seniors](/wiki/Derry_and_the_Seniors \"Derry and the Seniors\") were successful there, and Williams wanted an additional group.{{sfn\\|Lennon\\|2005\\|p\\=76}} As Storm and the group were committed to Butlins, they turned Williams' offer down (as did [Gerry and the Pacemakers](/wiki/Gerry_and_the_Pacemakers \"Gerry and the Pacemakers\")), so Williams sent the Beatles to Hamburg instead. {{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=202}}{{cite web\\|first\\=Bill\\|last\\=Harry\\|url\\=http://triumphpc.com/mersey\\-beat/a\\-z/rorystorm\\-hurricanes4\\.shtml\\|title\\=While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Tragic Story of Rory Storm \\& The Hurricanes (page 4\\)\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bill Harry]]\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2011}} After the summer season ended in early October 1960, Storm and the Hurricanes were free to travel to Hamburg, replacing Derry and the Seniors at the [Kaiserkeller](/wiki/Kaiserkeller \"Kaiserkeller\"). They arrived in Hamburg on 1 October 1960, having negotiated to be paid more than the Seniors or the Beatles.{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=201}} They played five or six 90\\-minute sets every day, alternating with the Beatles.{{sfn\\|Lennon\\|2005\\|p\\=76}}{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=216}} Storm and the Hurricanes were later presented with a special certificate by [Bruno Koschmider](/wiki/Bruno_Koschmider \"Bruno Koschmider\") (the owner of the Kaiserkeller) for their performances.",
"The stage of the Kaiserkeller was made of planks of wood balanced on the top of beer crates, so the two groups made a bet to see to who would be the first to break it.{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=219}} After punishing the stage for days, a slight crack appeared, and when Storm jumped off the top of the upright piano, during a performance of \"[Blue Suede Shoes](/wiki/Blue_Suede_Shoes \"Blue Suede Shoes\")\", it finally broke.{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=219}} Guitar remembered that as Storm hit the stage, it cracked loudly and formed a V\\-shape around Storm. He disappeared into it, and all the amplifiers and Starr's cymbals slid into the hole. Koschmider was furious and had to replace the live music with a jukebox. Both groups went across the road to Harold's Cafe for breakfast but were followed by Koschmider's doormen with [coshes](/wiki/Blackjack_%28weapon%29 \"Blackjack (weapon)\"), who beat the musicians as punishment.{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|pp\\=220–221}}",
"During their eight\\-week residency, Williams arranged a recording session at the Akoustik Studio, which was a small booth on the fifth floor of 57 Kirchenallee (the Klockmann\\-House) on Saturday, 18 October 1960\\. Williams asked [John Lennon](/wiki/John_Lennon \"John Lennon\"), [Paul McCartney](/wiki/Paul_McCartney \"Paul McCartney\") and Harrison from the Beatles to play and sing harmonies for Walters (of the Hurricanes) on the recording. [Pete Best](/wiki/Pete_Best \"Pete Best\") (the Beatles' regular drummer at the time) was in town buying drumsticks, so Starr played drums, which was the first time that the classic Beatles line\\-up of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr recorded together.[Lou Walters' recording session](http://www.beatlesource.com/bs/ao-smrtime.html) Retrieved: 29 January 2007 They recorded three songs: \"[Fever](/wiki/Fever_%281956_song%29 \"Fever (1956 song)\")\", \"[September Song](/wiki/September_Song \"September Song\")\", and \"[Summertime](/wiki/Summertime_%28George_Gershwin_song%29 \"Summertime (George Gershwin song)\")\". However, the fate of the recordings is uncertain and they have not been discovered to this day.",
"### Liverpool",
"Storm and the Hurricanes were the headlining group at the first \"Beat Night\" in the Orrell Park Ballroom in March 1961\\. They were also invited for a season at the Butlins camp in Pwllheli North Wales. Sam Leach (a Liverpool promoter) arranged a series of dance nights at the Palais Ballroom in [Aldershot](/wiki/Aldershot \"Aldershot\"), starting on 9 December 1961\\. The first Saturday featured the Beatles, but as the local newspaper forgot to run the advertisement, only 18 people turned up. The second Saturday was arranged for Rory Storm and the Hurricanes to perform, and as it was advertised this time, 210 people paid to get in. Leach's idea was to attract London agents to watch the series of concerts, but when he realised they would never travel out of London, he abandoned the idea.",
"Starr considered leaving Storm at that time to join Derry and the Seniors but accepted a job with Tony Sheridan at the Top Ten Club on 30 December 1961, as Sheridan's offer of more money, a flat, and a car was too good to refuse. Starr's stay with Sheridan was short\\-lived, as he found Sheridan's habit of changing the set list without telling his backing group beforehand frustrating, so he rejoined the Hurricanes. On 5 February 1962, Best fell ill and the Beatles had to play a lunchtime concert at the Cavern and an evening concert at the Kingsway club in [Southport](/wiki/Southport \"Southport\"). As the Hurricanes had no concert that day, Starr played with them live on stage for the first time (although he had recorded with them in Hamburg).{{sfn\\|Spitz\\|2005\\|p\\=300}}",
"During a Hurricanes' residency at Butlins, Lennon and McCartney drove from Liverpool to Pwllheli North Wales on 15 August 1962 to ask Starr to join the Beatles.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.beatlesagain.com/breflib/pete.html\\|title\\=Reference Library: Pete Forever, Ringo Never!\\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Bill Harry]]\\|date\\=23 August 1962\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2011}} Shortly before, Starr had agreed to join Kingsize Taylor in Hamburg, as Taylor was offering [£](/wiki/%C2%A3 \"£\")20 a week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|20\\|1962\\|r\\=\\-2}}\\|0}} in 2024\\),{{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK\\|df\\=y}} but Lennon and McCartney offered £25 a week (equivalent to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation\\|UK\\|25\\|1962\\|r\\=\\-2}}\\|0}} in 2024\\),{{Inflation\\-fn\\|UK\\|df\\=y}} which Starr accepted. Lennon and McCartney offered Storm to swap drummers (with Best replacing Starr) but Best rejected the idea. According to Epstein in his autobiography, Storm was \"One of the liveliest and most likeable young men on the scene ... was very annoyed when Ringo left, and he complained to me. I apologised, and Rory, with immense good humour, said, 'Okay. Forget it. The best of luck to the lot of you.'\" {{sfn\\|Epstein\\|1964\\|p\\=65}} The Hurricanes then became known for having a succession of drummers, including [Gibson Kemp](/wiki/Paddy_Chambers \"Paddy Chambers\"), Brian Johnson, [Keef Hartley](/wiki/Keef_Hartley \"Keef Hartley\") (August 1963\\), Ian Broad and [Trevor Morais](/wiki/Trevor_Morais \"Trevor Morais\"), who all stayed with the group for a short period before leaving.",
"Despite Starr joining the Beatles, both groups would perform on the same bill during 1962 and at many concerts thereafter.{{cite web\\|first\\=Peter R.\\|last\\=McCormack\\|url\\=http://www.rickresource.com/irondoorclub/irondoorclubstorm.html\\|title\\=Liverpool Idol Sweeps Local Warehouse\\|publisher\\=rickresource\\|date\\=29 September 2004\\|access\\-date\\=4 June 2011}} In 1962, both groups performed together at [St Patrick](/wiki/St_Patrick \"St Patrick\")'s Night Rock Gala ([Knotty Ash](/wiki/Knotty_Ash \"Knotty Ash\") Village Hall), Queen's Hall ([Widnes](/wiki/Widnes \"Widnes\")), and with [Little Richard](/wiki/Little_Richard \"Little Richard\") at the Tower Ballroom. In 1963, Storm and the Hurricanes were filmed as part of the \"Beat City\" documentary, which was broadcast by [Associated\\-Rediffusion](/wiki/Associated-Rediffusion \"Associated-Rediffusion\") Television.",
""
] |
Career
------
**Amerigon (1994–1999\):**
Chetan worked as a program manager at Amerigon, created several new EV technologies for US and global markets, and initiated the Reva project \- an affordable electric car for developing countries. He also led the team to conceptualize, design and build the prototype.{{citation needed\|date\=January 2023}}
**Maini Group (1999–present):**
Currently, Chetan is the Director at Maini Group. It is involved in engineering components, materials handling, warehousing and logistics, aerospace and electric vehicles. This led to it becoming the first in India to design and manufacture electric vehicles. Maini Group, while having its manufacturing base in India, has warehousing and marketing networks extending across more than 25 countries with well over 75% of turnover exported to over 200 international customers (http://www.mainigroup.com/beginning.html).
**Reva Electric Car Company (1994–2010\):**
Chetan built and led a team in Bengaluru, India to create the country's first electric car. Reva launched the vehicle in a record time of 2 years, with a significant thrust on frugal engineering. The Reva, when launched, was the world's most affordable city electric car.{{cite web \|last1\=Pulakkat \|first1\=Hari \|title\=How Reva founder Chetan Maini is trying to redefine the future of urban transport \|url\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/how\-reva\-founder\-chetan\-maini\-is\-trying\-to\-redefine\-the\-future\-of\-urban\-transport/articleshow/66395420\.cms \|website\=The Economic Times}} He expanded the business to London in 2004, where it was sold under the aegis of G\-Wiz. With an aim to expand and grow in 24 countries, Chetan brought in global investors.
**Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt Ltd (2010–2015\):**
**As Founder and Chief of Technology and Strategy (2010\- Jun 2013\):**
After Reva joined hands with the Mahindra Group, Mahindra Reva was formed, where Chetan worked as Chief of Technology \& Strategy. For 3 years, he focused on building new IP, technologies, and filed over 30 patents in key areas such as advanced energy management systems, telematics, remote diagnostics, fast charging, sun2 car etc. He led the development of the next generation e2o vehicle that was launched in 2013, and created a world\-\>class platinum rated green facility with a capacity to manufacture 30,000 units per year.
**As Founder and CEO (July 2013\- April 2015\):**
In July 2013, Chetan became CEO at Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt Ltd. During his tenure as CEO, he launched the upgraded e2o electric car which had increased range and performance. Chetan introduced several new initiatives to enhance sales including the ‘energy model’ where you pay as you go \-a new way to experience electric cars and an enhanced charging network. With a strong focus on building the brand and technology, he showcased the next\-generation Halo electric car at the Delhi auto show 2014 and supported the entry of Mahindra to Formula Electric Racing Series. Chetan continued developing products for European and Indian markets and developed next\-generation electric conversion platforms for Mahindra, including the e\-Verito (passenger sedan), and launched a pilot of the e\-Maximmo electric 8\-seater vehicles in Agra.
**Lithium Urban Technologies (2016–present):**
Chetan Maini is the director and co\-promoter of Lithium Urban Technologies, an initiative to establish the infrastructure and service environment for shared electric\-powered mobility in India .{{citation needed\|date\=January 2023}} It is India's first zero emission transport service, with a fleet of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and associated charging infrastructure.{{citation needed\|date\=August 2019}}
**Virya Mobility 5\.0 (February 2017 – present)**
Chetan is a partner at Virya Mobility 5\.0 (Virya), owned by the Maini brothers. It focuses on investing and developing electric vehicle technologies, charging infrastructure and services ecosystem. Virya explores numerous possibilities in alternative energy, powertrain, energy storage technologies and business models around them.
**SUN Mobility Pvt Ltd: (April 2017 – present)**
Chetan is currently co\-founder, Vice Chairman of SUN Mobility, a 50:50 joint venture between Virya Mobility 5\.0 and SUN New Energy Systems. The joint venture aims to be the leading provider of universal energy infrastructure and services to accelerate mass electric vehicle usage. The organization plans to deploy a unique{{citation needed\|date\=August 2019}} open\-architecture ecosystem built around a smart network of quick interchange battery stations. These stations, predominantly powered by renewable energy, would refuel electric vehicles at a lower cost and faster speed than conventional fuel pumps. In July 2017, the organization announced a strategic alliance with Ashok Leyland to build electric buses. In September 2021 [Bosch](/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH "Robert Bosch GmbH"), a technology provider and services in the mobility ecosystem, has acquired a 26 per cent stake in the SUN Mobility.{{cite web \|title\=Bosch picks 26% stake in SUN Mobility \|url\=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bosch\-picks\-26\-stake\-in\-sun\-mobility/article32524090\.ece \|website\=@businessline \|language\=en}}
|
[
"Career\n------",
"**Amerigon (1994–1999\\):**",
"Chetan worked as a program manager at Amerigon, created several new EV technologies for US and global markets, and initiated the Reva project \\- an affordable electric car for developing countries. He also led the team to conceptualize, design and build the prototype.{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2023}}",
"**Maini Group (1999–present):**",
"Currently, Chetan is the Director at Maini Group. It is involved in engineering components, materials handling, warehousing and logistics, aerospace and electric vehicles. This led to it becoming the first in India to design and manufacture electric vehicles. Maini Group, while having its manufacturing base in India, has warehousing and marketing networks extending across more than 25 countries with well over 75% of turnover exported to over 200 international customers (http://www.mainigroup.com/beginning.html).",
"**Reva Electric Car Company (1994–2010\\):**",
"Chetan built and led a team in Bengaluru, India to create the country's first electric car. Reva launched the vehicle in a record time of 2 years, with a significant thrust on frugal engineering. The Reva, when launched, was the world's most affordable city electric car.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Pulakkat \\|first1\\=Hari \\|title\\=How Reva founder Chetan Maini is trying to redefine the future of urban transport \\|url\\=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/how\\-reva\\-founder\\-chetan\\-maini\\-is\\-trying\\-to\\-redefine\\-the\\-future\\-of\\-urban\\-transport/articleshow/66395420\\.cms \\|website\\=The Economic Times}} He expanded the business to London in 2004, where it was sold under the aegis of G\\-Wiz. With an aim to expand and grow in 24 countries, Chetan brought in global investors.",
"**Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt Ltd (2010–2015\\):**",
"**As Founder and Chief of Technology and Strategy (2010\\- Jun 2013\\):**",
"After Reva joined hands with the Mahindra Group, Mahindra Reva was formed, where Chetan worked as Chief of Technology \\& Strategy. For 3 years, he focused on building new IP, technologies, and filed over 30 patents in key areas such as advanced energy management systems, telematics, remote diagnostics, fast charging, sun2 car etc. He led the development of the next generation e2o vehicle that was launched in 2013, and created a world\\-\\>class platinum rated green facility with a capacity to manufacture 30,000 units per year.",
"**As Founder and CEO (July 2013\\- April 2015\\):**",
"In July 2013, Chetan became CEO at Mahindra Reva Electric Vehicles Pvt Ltd. During his tenure as CEO, he launched the upgraded e2o electric car which had increased range and performance. Chetan introduced several new initiatives to enhance sales including the ‘energy model’ where you pay as you go \\-a new way to experience electric cars and an enhanced charging network. With a strong focus on building the brand and technology, he showcased the next\\-generation Halo electric car at the Delhi auto show 2014 and supported the entry of Mahindra to Formula Electric Racing Series. Chetan continued developing products for European and Indian markets and developed next\\-generation electric conversion platforms for Mahindra, including the e\\-Verito (passenger sedan), and launched a pilot of the e\\-Maximmo electric 8\\-seater vehicles in Agra.",
"**Lithium Urban Technologies (2016–present):**",
"Chetan Maini is the director and co\\-promoter of Lithium Urban Technologies, an initiative to establish the infrastructure and service environment for shared electric\\-powered mobility in India .{{citation needed\\|date\\=January 2023}} It is India's first zero emission transport service, with a fleet of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and associated charging infrastructure.{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2019}}",
"**Virya Mobility 5\\.0 (February 2017 – present)**",
"Chetan is a partner at Virya Mobility 5\\.0 (Virya), owned by the Maini brothers. It focuses on investing and developing electric vehicle technologies, charging infrastructure and services ecosystem. Virya explores numerous possibilities in alternative energy, powertrain, energy storage technologies and business models around them.",
"**SUN Mobility Pvt Ltd: (April 2017 – present)**",
"Chetan is currently co\\-founder, Vice Chairman of SUN Mobility, a 50:50 joint venture between Virya Mobility 5\\.0 and SUN New Energy Systems. The joint venture aims to be the leading provider of universal energy infrastructure and services to accelerate mass electric vehicle usage. The organization plans to deploy a unique{{citation needed\\|date\\=August 2019}} open\\-architecture ecosystem built around a smart network of quick interchange battery stations. These stations, predominantly powered by renewable energy, would refuel electric vehicles at a lower cost and faster speed than conventional fuel pumps. In July 2017, the organization announced a strategic alliance with Ashok Leyland to build electric buses. In September 2021 [Bosch](/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH \"Robert Bosch GmbH\"), a technology provider and services in the mobility ecosystem, has acquired a 26 per cent stake in the SUN Mobility.{{cite web \\|title\\=Bosch picks 26% stake in SUN Mobility \\|url\\=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/bosch\\-picks\\-26\\-stake\\-in\\-sun\\-mobility/article32524090\\.ece \\|website\\=@businessline \\|language\\=en}}",
""
] |
Powers
------
The president is currently elected for a term of four years by a [plurality voting](/wiki/Plurality_voting "Plurality voting") [direct election](/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Taiwan "Presidential elections in Taiwan") of areas administered by the Republic of China. Before 1991, the president was selected by the [National Assembly of the Republic of China](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China "National Assembly of the Republic of China") for a term of six years.
The [Constitution of the Republic of China](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China "Constitution of the Republic of China") names the president as head of state and [commander\-in\-chief](/wiki/Commander-in-chief "Commander-in-chief") of the [Republic of China Armed Forces](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces "Republic of China Armed Forces") (formerly the [National Revolutionary Army](/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army "National Revolutionary Army")). The president is responsible for conducting foreign relations, such as concluding treaties, declaring war, and making peace. The president must promulgate all laws and has no right to veto, but can approve or decline a veto proposed by the [Executive Yuan](/wiki/Executive_Yuan "Executive Yuan") (Cabinet). Other powers of the president include granting [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty "Amnesty"), [pardon](/wiki/Pardon "Pardon") or [clemency](/wiki/Clemency "Clemency"), declaring [martial law](/wiki/Martial_law "Martial law"), and conferring honors and decorations.
The president may, by resolution of the Executive Yuan Council, issue emergency decrees and take all necessary measures to avert imminent danger affecting the security of the state or of the people or to cope with any serious financial or economic crisis. However, such decrees shall, within ten days of issuance, be presented to the [Legislative Yuan](/wiki/Legislative_Yuan "Legislative Yuan") for ratification. Should the Legislative Yuan withhold ratification, said emergency decrees are rendered invalid.
The president may, within ten days following passage by the Legislative Yuan of a [no\-confidence vote](/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence "Motion of no confidence") against the [premier](/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China "Premier of the Republic of China"), [dissolve](/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament "Dissolution of parliament") the Legislative Yuan after consulting with its president. However, the president may not dissolve the Legislative Yuan while martial law or an emergency decree is in effect. Following a dissolution of the Legislative Yuan, an election for legislators must be held within 60 days.
The president can also appoint [senior advisors](/wiki/Senior_advisor "Senior advisor") ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|\[\[:zh:中華民國總統府資政\|資政]]}}), national policy advisors ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|\[\[:zh:中華民國總統府國策顧問\|國策顧問]]}}) and strategy advisors ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|\[\[:zh:中華民國總統府戰略顧問\|戰略顧問]]}}), but they do not form a [council](/wiki/Council_of_State "Council of State").{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.president.gov.tw/en/prog/news\_release/document\_content.php?id\=1105495950⪯\_id\=1105498161\&site\=\&menu\_id\=\&file\_name\=\&group\=\&g\_category\_number\=264\&category\_number\_2\=149 \|title\=Office of the President, Republic of China(Taiwan) \|access\-date\=20 April 2007 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223160812/http://www.president.gov.tw/en/prog/news\_release/document\_content.php?id\=1105495950⪯\_id\=1105498161\&site\=\&menu\_id\=\&file\_name\=\&group\=\&g\_category\_number\=264\&category\_number\_2\=149 \|archive\-date\=23 February 2007 \|url\-status\=dead }}{{cite web \|url \= http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?PCode\=A0010012\&FLNO\=15 \|script\-title\=zh:中華民國總統府組織法§15\-全國法規資料庫入口網站}}
The Constitution does not clearly define whether the president is more powerful than the premier, as it names the Executive Yuan (headed by the premier) as the "highest administrative authority" with oversight over domestic matters, while giving the president powers as commander\-in\-chief of the military and authority over foreign affairs. Prior to his election as president in 1948, Chiang Kai\-shek had insisted that he be premier under the new Constitution, while allowing the presidency (to which he nominated [Hu Shih](/wiki/Hu_Shih "Hu Shih")) be reduced to a [figurehead](/wiki/Figurehead "Figurehead") role.U.S. Department of State, *The China White Paper* (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967\), 273\. However, the National Assembly overwhelmingly supported Chiang as president and once in this position, Chiang continued to exercise vast prerogatives as leader, and the premiership served to execute policy, not make it. Thus, until the 1980s, power in the Republic of China was personalized rather than institutionalized, which meant presidential power depended largely on who occupied the office. For example, [Yen Chia\-kan](/wiki/Yen_Chia-kan "Yen Chia-kan") was a mostly ceremonial president, with real power in the hands of Premier [Chiang Ching\-Kuo](/wiki/Chiang_Ching-Kuo "Chiang Ching-Kuo"), who carried said power with him to the office of president. After President [Lee Teng\-hui](/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui "Lee Teng-hui") succeeded Chiang as president in 1988, the power struggle within the KMT extended to constitutional debate over the relationship between the president and the premier. The first three premiers under Lee ([Yu Kuo\-hwa](/wiki/Yu_Kuo-hwa "Yu Kuo-hwa"), [Lee Huan](/wiki/Lee_Huan "Lee Huan"), and [Hau Pei\-tsun](/wiki/Hau_Pei-tsun "Hau Pei-tsun")) were [mainlanders](/wiki/Waishengren "Waishengren") who had initially opposed Lee's ascent to power. The appointments of Lee Huan and Hau were compromises by President Lee to placate KMT conservatives. The subsequent appointment of the first native Taiwanese premier, [Lien Chan](/wiki/Lien_Chan "Lien Chan"), was seen as Lee consolidating power. Moreover, during this time the power of the premier to approve the presidential appointments, and the power of the Legislative Yuan to confirm the president's choice of premier, were removed. This established the president as the more powerful official.
After the 2000 election of [Chen Shui\-bian](/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian "Chen Shui-bian") as president, the presidency and Legislative Yuan were controlled by different parties, which brought forth a number of latent constitutional issues, such as the role of the Legislative Yuan in appointing and dismissing a premier, the right of the president to call a special session of the Legislative Yuan, and exactly who has the power to call a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum "Referendum"). Most of these issues have been resolved through inter\-party negotiations.
|
[
"Powers\n------",
"The president is currently elected for a term of four years by a [plurality voting](/wiki/Plurality_voting \"Plurality voting\") [direct election](/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Taiwan \"Presidential elections in Taiwan\") of areas administered by the Republic of China. Before 1991, the president was selected by the [National Assembly of the Republic of China](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China \"National Assembly of the Republic of China\") for a term of six years.",
"The [Constitution of the Republic of China](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China \"Constitution of the Republic of China\") names the president as head of state and [commander\\-in\\-chief](/wiki/Commander-in-chief \"Commander-in-chief\") of the [Republic of China Armed Forces](/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces \"Republic of China Armed Forces\") (formerly the [National Revolutionary Army](/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army \"National Revolutionary Army\")). The president is responsible for conducting foreign relations, such as concluding treaties, declaring war, and making peace. The president must promulgate all laws and has no right to veto, but can approve or decline a veto proposed by the [Executive Yuan](/wiki/Executive_Yuan \"Executive Yuan\") (Cabinet). Other powers of the president include granting [amnesty](/wiki/Amnesty \"Amnesty\"), [pardon](/wiki/Pardon \"Pardon\") or [clemency](/wiki/Clemency \"Clemency\"), declaring [martial law](/wiki/Martial_law \"Martial law\"), and conferring honors and decorations.",
"The president may, by resolution of the Executive Yuan Council, issue emergency decrees and take all necessary measures to avert imminent danger affecting the security of the state or of the people or to cope with any serious financial or economic crisis. However, such decrees shall, within ten days of issuance, be presented to the [Legislative Yuan](/wiki/Legislative_Yuan \"Legislative Yuan\") for ratification. Should the Legislative Yuan withhold ratification, said emergency decrees are rendered invalid.",
"The president may, within ten days following passage by the Legislative Yuan of a [no\\-confidence vote](/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence \"Motion of no confidence\") against the [premier](/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China \"Premier of the Republic of China\"), [dissolve](/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament \"Dissolution of parliament\") the Legislative Yuan after consulting with its president. However, the president may not dissolve the Legislative Yuan while martial law or an emergency decree is in effect. Following a dissolution of the Legislative Yuan, an election for legislators must be held within 60 days.",
"The president can also appoint [senior advisors](/wiki/Senior_advisor \"Senior advisor\") ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|\\[\\[:zh:中華民國總統府資政\\|資政]]}}), national policy advisors ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|\\[\\[:zh:中華民國總統府國策顧問\\|國策顧問]]}}) and strategy advisors ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|\\[\\[:zh:中華民國總統府戰略顧問\\|戰略顧問]]}}), but they do not form a [council](/wiki/Council_of_State \"Council of State\").{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.president.gov.tw/en/prog/news\\_release/document\\_content.php?id\\=1105495950⪯\\_id\\=1105498161\\&site\\=\\&menu\\_id\\=\\&file\\_name\\=\\&group\\=\\&g\\_category\\_number\\=264\\&category\\_number\\_2\\=149 \\|title\\=Office of the President, Republic of China(Taiwan) \\|access\\-date\\=20 April 2007 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223160812/http://www.president.gov.tw/en/prog/news\\_release/document\\_content.php?id\\=1105495950⪯\\_id\\=1105498161\\&site\\=\\&menu\\_id\\=\\&file\\_name\\=\\&group\\=\\&g\\_category\\_number\\=264\\&category\\_number\\_2\\=149 \\|archive\\-date\\=23 February 2007 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }}{{cite web \\|url \\= http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?PCode\\=A0010012\\&FLNO\\=15 \\|script\\-title\\=zh:中華民國總統府組織法§15\\-全國法規資料庫入口網站}}",
"The Constitution does not clearly define whether the president is more powerful than the premier, as it names the Executive Yuan (headed by the premier) as the \"highest administrative authority\" with oversight over domestic matters, while giving the president powers as commander\\-in\\-chief of the military and authority over foreign affairs. Prior to his election as president in 1948, Chiang Kai\\-shek had insisted that he be premier under the new Constitution, while allowing the presidency (to which he nominated [Hu Shih](/wiki/Hu_Shih \"Hu Shih\")) be reduced to a [figurehead](/wiki/Figurehead \"Figurehead\") role.U.S. Department of State, *The China White Paper* (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967\\), 273\\. However, the National Assembly overwhelmingly supported Chiang as president and once in this position, Chiang continued to exercise vast prerogatives as leader, and the premiership served to execute policy, not make it. Thus, until the 1980s, power in the Republic of China was personalized rather than institutionalized, which meant presidential power depended largely on who occupied the office. For example, [Yen Chia\\-kan](/wiki/Yen_Chia-kan \"Yen Chia-kan\") was a mostly ceremonial president, with real power in the hands of Premier [Chiang Ching\\-Kuo](/wiki/Chiang_Ching-Kuo \"Chiang Ching-Kuo\"), who carried said power with him to the office of president. After President [Lee Teng\\-hui](/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui \"Lee Teng-hui\") succeeded Chiang as president in 1988, the power struggle within the KMT extended to constitutional debate over the relationship between the president and the premier. The first three premiers under Lee ([Yu Kuo\\-hwa](/wiki/Yu_Kuo-hwa \"Yu Kuo-hwa\"), [Lee Huan](/wiki/Lee_Huan \"Lee Huan\"), and [Hau Pei\\-tsun](/wiki/Hau_Pei-tsun \"Hau Pei-tsun\")) were [mainlanders](/wiki/Waishengren \"Waishengren\") who had initially opposed Lee's ascent to power. The appointments of Lee Huan and Hau were compromises by President Lee to placate KMT conservatives. The subsequent appointment of the first native Taiwanese premier, [Lien Chan](/wiki/Lien_Chan \"Lien Chan\"), was seen as Lee consolidating power. Moreover, during this time the power of the premier to approve the presidential appointments, and the power of the Legislative Yuan to confirm the president's choice of premier, were removed. This established the president as the more powerful official.",
"After the 2000 election of [Chen Shui\\-bian](/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian \"Chen Shui-bian\") as president, the presidency and Legislative Yuan were controlled by different parties, which brought forth a number of latent constitutional issues, such as the role of the Legislative Yuan in appointing and dismissing a premier, the right of the president to call a special session of the Legislative Yuan, and exactly who has the power to call a [referendum](/wiki/Referendum \"Referendum\"). Most of these issues have been resolved through inter\\-party negotiations.",
""
] |
Diplomatic protocol
-------------------
[thumb\|At the [funeral of Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II "Funeral of Pope John Paul II"), President Chen Shui\-bian (*far left*), whom the Holy See recognized as the head of state of China, was seated in the front row ([in French alphabetical order](/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II "List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II")) beside the first lady and president of Brazil.](/wiki/File:Pope_johnpaul_funeral_politics.jpeg "Pope johnpaul funeral politics.jpeg")
[thumb\|[Air Force 3701](/wiki/Air_Force_3701 "Air Force 3701"), the [presidential aircraft](/wiki/Air_transports_of_heads_of_state_and_government "Air transports of heads of state and government") of Taiwan.](/wiki/File:ROCAF_Boeing_737-800_3701_on_Final_Approaching_at_Songshan_Air_Force_Base_20151222a.jpg "ROCAF Boeing 737-800 3701 on Final Approaching at Songshan Air Force Base 20151222a.jpg")
The diplomatic [protocol](/wiki/Protocol_%28diplomacy%29 "Protocol (diplomacy)") regarding the President of the ROC is rather complex because of the [political status of Taiwan](/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan "Political status of Taiwan"). In the [nations that have diplomatic relations with the ROC](/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan "Foreign relations of Taiwan"), the president is accorded the standard treatment that is given to a [head of state](/wiki/Head_of_state "Head of state"). In other nations, the president is formally a private citizen, although even in these cases, travel usually meets with strong objections from the People's Republic of China.
The president of ROC has traveled several times to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States"), formally in transit to and from Central America, where a number of countries do recognize the ROC. This system allows the president to visit the United States without the [US State Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State "United States Department of State") having to issue a visa. During these trips, the president is not formally treated as a head of state, does not meet US government officials in their official capacities, and does not visit [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") However, in these visits, the ROC president invariably meets with staff members from the US government, although these visits are with lower\-ranking officials in non\-governmental surroundings.
In the area of [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"), the ROC president was able to arrange visits in the early 1990s which were formally private tourist visits. However, these have become increasingly infrequent as a result of PRC pressure.
At the annual [Asia\-Pacific Economic Cooperation](/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation") leaders' summit, the ROC president is forbidden from attending personally, and must send a [special envoy](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Taipei_Representatives_to_APEC "List of Chinese Taipei Representatives to APEC") to represent them at the event.
However, on 2 December 2016, US President\-elect [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") accepted [a congratulatory telephone call](/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Tsai_call "Trump–Tsai call") from the ROC president, a clear break from prior protocol.
{{anchor\|Leader of the Taiwan Area}}
The [Government of the People's Republic of China](/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Government of the People's Republic of China") and its media uses the terms **Leader of the Taiwan Area**, **Leader of the Taiwan Region** ({{zh\|t\=台灣地區領導人\|s\=台湾地区领导人\|p\=Táiwān dìqū lǐngdǎorén\|first\=t}}) and **Leader of the Taiwanese Authorities** ({{zh\|labels\=no \|first\=t \|t\=台灣當局領導人\|s\=台湾当局领导人\|p\=Táiwān dāngjú lǐngdǎo rén}}) to describe Taiwan's head of state. These terms are used by the media in the People's Republic of China (PRC) to reflect the PRC's [official stance](/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan "Political status of Taiwan") of not recognizing the legitimacy of Taiwan as a country, or of [Two Chinas](/wiki/Two_Chinas "Two Chinas"). If the official title cannot be avoided in a news article, quotation marks would be used around terms for all official ROC positions and organizations.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.fjsen.com/taiwan/2009\-06/03/content\_716258\.htm\|title\=Claimed he was the "President of Taiwan" – Ma Ying\-jeou: Did not mean Taiwan as a country\|publisher\=Southeast News\|date\=2009\-06\-03\|access\-date\=2009\-07\-26\|archive\-date\=3 December 2013\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022109/http://www.fjsen.com/taiwan/2009\-06/03/content\_716258\.htm\|url\-status\=dead}}{{cite web\|url\=http://tw.people.com.cn/GB/14812/14875/7032360\.html\|script\-title\=zh:台湾地区领导人选举结束 马英九、萧万长获胜\|access\-date\=22 March 2008\|archive\-date\=3 March 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170925/http://tw.people.com.cn/GB/14812/14875/7032360\.html\|url\-status\=dead}}
|
[
"Diplomatic protocol\n-------------------",
"[thumb\\|At the [funeral of Pope John Paul II](/wiki/Funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II \"Funeral of Pope John Paul II\"), President Chen Shui\\-bian (*far left*), whom the Holy See recognized as the head of state of China, was seated in the front row ([in French alphabetical order](/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_funeral_of_Pope_John_Paul_II \"List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II\")) beside the first lady and president of Brazil.](/wiki/File:Pope_johnpaul_funeral_politics.jpeg \"Pope johnpaul funeral politics.jpeg\")\n[thumb\\|[Air Force 3701](/wiki/Air_Force_3701 \"Air Force 3701\"), the [presidential aircraft](/wiki/Air_transports_of_heads_of_state_and_government \"Air transports of heads of state and government\") of Taiwan.](/wiki/File:ROCAF_Boeing_737-800_3701_on_Final_Approaching_at_Songshan_Air_Force_Base_20151222a.jpg \"ROCAF Boeing 737-800 3701 on Final Approaching at Songshan Air Force Base 20151222a.jpg\")",
"The diplomatic [protocol](/wiki/Protocol_%28diplomacy%29 \"Protocol (diplomacy)\") regarding the President of the ROC is rather complex because of the [political status of Taiwan](/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan \"Political status of Taiwan\"). In the [nations that have diplomatic relations with the ROC](/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan \"Foreign relations of Taiwan\"), the president is accorded the standard treatment that is given to a [head of state](/wiki/Head_of_state \"Head of state\"). In other nations, the president is formally a private citizen, although even in these cases, travel usually meets with strong objections from the People's Republic of China.",
"The president of ROC has traveled several times to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\"), formally in transit to and from Central America, where a number of countries do recognize the ROC. This system allows the president to visit the United States without the [US State Department](/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State \"United States Department of State\") having to issue a visa. During these trips, the president is not formally treated as a head of state, does not meet US government officials in their official capacities, and does not visit [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") However, in these visits, the ROC president invariably meets with staff members from the US government, although these visits are with lower\\-ranking officials in non\\-governmental surroundings.",
"In the area of [Southeast Asia](/wiki/Southeast_Asia \"Southeast Asia\"), the ROC president was able to arrange visits in the early 1990s which were formally private tourist visits. However, these have become increasingly infrequent as a result of PRC pressure.",
"At the annual [Asia\\-Pacific Economic Cooperation](/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation \"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation\") leaders' summit, the ROC president is forbidden from attending personally, and must send a [special envoy](/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Taipei_Representatives_to_APEC \"List of Chinese Taipei Representatives to APEC\") to represent them at the event.",
"However, on 2 December 2016, US President\\-elect [Donald Trump](/wiki/Donald_Trump \"Donald Trump\") accepted [a congratulatory telephone call](/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Tsai_call \"Trump–Tsai call\") from the ROC president, a clear break from prior protocol.",
"{{anchor\\|Leader of the Taiwan Area}}\nThe [Government of the People's Republic of China](/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Government of the People's Republic of China\") and its media uses the terms **Leader of the Taiwan Area**, **Leader of the Taiwan Region** ({{zh\\|t\\=台灣地區領導人\\|s\\=台湾地区领导人\\|p\\=Táiwān dìqū lǐngdǎorén\\|first\\=t}}) and **Leader of the Taiwanese Authorities** ({{zh\\|labels\\=no \\|first\\=t \\|t\\=台灣當局領導人\\|s\\=台湾当局领导人\\|p\\=Táiwān dāngjú lǐngdǎo rén}}) to describe Taiwan's head of state. These terms are used by the media in the People's Republic of China (PRC) to reflect the PRC's [official stance](/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan \"Political status of Taiwan\") of not recognizing the legitimacy of Taiwan as a country, or of [Two Chinas](/wiki/Two_Chinas \"Two Chinas\"). If the official title cannot be avoided in a news article, quotation marks would be used around terms for all official ROC positions and organizations.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.fjsen.com/taiwan/2009\\-06/03/content\\_716258\\.htm\\|title\\=Claimed he was the \"President of Taiwan\" – Ma Ying\\-jeou: Did not mean Taiwan as a country\\|publisher\\=Southeast News\\|date\\=2009\\-06\\-03\\|access\\-date\\=2009\\-07\\-26\\|archive\\-date\\=3 December 2013\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022109/http://www.fjsen.com/taiwan/2009\\-06/03/content\\_716258\\.htm\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://tw.people.com.cn/GB/14812/14875/7032360\\.html\\|script\\-title\\=zh:台湾地区领导人选举结束 马英九、萧万长获胜\\|access\\-date\\=22 March 2008\\|archive\\-date\\=3 March 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170925/http://tw.people.com.cn/GB/14812/14875/7032360\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
""
] |
History
-------
Taiwan was previously led by the [emperor of Japan](/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan "Emperor of Japan") during [colonial rule by Japan](/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule "Taiwan under Japanese rule") from 1895 to 1945, represented by the [governor\-general of Taiwan](/wiki/Governor-general_of_Taiwan "Governor-general of Taiwan").
After the outbreak of the [Wuchang Uprising](/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising "Wuchang Uprising") against [Qing rule](/wiki/Qing_dynasty "Qing dynasty") in 1911, [the revolutionaries elected](/wiki/1911_Republic_of_China_provisional_presidential_elections "1911 Republic of China provisional presidential elections") [Sun Yat\-sen](/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen "Sun Yat-sen") as the "[provisional president](/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281912%29 "Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)")" ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|臨時大總統}}) of the transitional government, with the Republic of China officially established on 1 January 1912\. But Sun soon resigned from the provisional presidency in favor of [Yuan Shikai](/wiki/Yuan_Shikai "Yuan Shikai"), who assumed the title "Great President" ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|大總統}}) in March 1912\. Yuan induced the [Last Emperor](/wiki/Puyi "Puyi") to abdicate, ending thousands of years of imperial rule in China. The 1913 Constitution called for a strong [presidential system](/wiki/Presidential_system "Presidential system") with notable [checks](/wiki/Separation_of_powers "Separation of powers") on the president by the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China "National Assembly of the Republic of China"). However, Yuan soon began to assert dictatorial power, ignoring the National Assembly and later abolishing it altogether. In 1915, Yuan proclaimed himself [Emperor of China](/wiki/Empire_of_China_%281915%E2%80%931916%29 "Empire of China (1915–1916)") in a largely unpopular move and was forced to retract his declaration shortly before his death in 1916\.
With Yuan Shikai's death the [Warlord Era](/wiki/Warlord_Era "Warlord Era") began. Vice President [Li Yuanhong](/wiki/Li_Yuanhong "Li Yuanhong") succeeded Yuan as president and attempted to reassert the constitutional government, but was soon forced to resign by military strongmen. The presidency, though leading an internationally recognized government, was thereafter to be headed by a series of prominent warlords. This presidency ended in 1928 when the [Northern Expedition](/wiki/Northern_Expedition_%281926%E2%80%931927%29 "Northern Expedition (1926–1927)"), led by the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang") (KMT), succeeded in [conquering North China](/wiki/Chinese_reunification_%281928%29 "Chinese reunification (1928)").
Sun Yat\-sen established a rival (military, not constitutional) government in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") in 1917 and took the title of "Generalissimo of the Military Government" ({{zh \|labels \= no \|t \= 海陸軍大元帥 \|l \= Grand Marshal of the Navy and Army }}). He was ousted in 1918 but returned again to Guangzhou in 1921\. Claiming to restore the [Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China](/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China "Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China"), he summoned the members of the original parliament to elect him as president, but since there lacked a quorum, he took the title of "Extraordinary President" ({{lang\|zh\-Hant\|非常大總統}}). Sun, again expelled from Guangzhou in 1922, returned in 1923 to take the title of "Generalissimo of the Military Government." Sun died in 1925 with no clear successor and leadership of the government, now named the [National Government](/wiki/National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China "National Government of the Republic of China"), rested in a series of [Leninist](/wiki/Leninist "Leninist")\-style dual party and state committees, the most powerful of which was the policy\-making Central Executive Committee of the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang "Kuomintang"). The government was organized into five branches, with the [Executive Yuan](/wiki/Executive_Yuan "Executive Yuan"), headed by the premier, holding primary administrative authority. The "Chairman of the National Government", though not given specific presidential powers, took on the functions of a *de facto* head of state and its official English translation was "President of the National Government of the Republic of China". This form of government under the KMT lasted through the Northern Expedition, which moved the capital to Nanjing and gave the National Government domestic control and foreign recognition, and the [Second Sino\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War "Second Sino-Japanese War"), during which the Japanese established a puppet ["Reorganized" National Government](/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China "Reorganized National Government of China") with almost the identical organizational structure, until the promulgation of a new Constitution in 1947\.
Following the Chinese victory in the Second Sino\-Japanese War, the National Government under [Chiang Kai\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek "Chiang Kai-shek") was restored in Nanjing and the KMT set out to enact a [liberal democratic](/wiki/Liberal_democracy "Liberal democracy") constitution in line with the last stage of Sun Yat\-sen's three stages of national development. The new [Constitution of the Republic of China](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China "Constitution of the Republic of China"), promulgated on 25 December 1947, established a five\-branch government with the office of president ({{lang\|zh\-hant\|總統}}) as head of state. On 20 May 1948, Chiang Kai\-shek was formally elected by the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China "National Assembly of the Republic of China") to be the first term president.
After the KMT lost mainland China in the Chinese Civil War, the government was evacuated to Taiwan, where the term limits for the president specified in the 1947 constitution were suspended after 1960\.{{NoteTag\|According to the Constitution, the president can be reelected once. The term length is six years. Since the constitution was suspended, president Chiang Kai\-shek continued to be elected until his death.}} In 1954, as the term of the first National Assembly were about to expire, the Judicial Yuan ruled that the expired seats of the National Assembly would continue in power until the respective delegate region elections could be held. This largely froze the membership of the National Assembly mainland delegates and prevented local Taiwanese from widespread legislative and assembly participation in the expired mainland seats until the early 1970s. The members of the National Assembly continued in their office until 1991, and continued to elect Chiang Kai\-shek as president until his death in 1975\.
Presidents were elected by the National Assembly until the first [direct presidential election](/wiki/1996_Taiwan_presidential_election "1996 Taiwan presidential election") in 1996, while the term length was shortened from six to four years.
File:1911年中华民国临时大总统选举1\.jpg\|Official results of the election announcing Sun's election on November 10, 1911\.
File:West\_Garden\_Hall,\_Nanjing,\_Aug\_2016\.jpg\|The West Garden Hall in \[\[Presidential Palace, Nanjing]], was the office of the provisional president in 1912\.
File:原段祺瑞执政府.jpg\|After \[\[Yuan Shikai]]'s \[\[Beiyang government\|Peiyang Government]] took control of the ROC, the house in Peking was the office of the president.
File:National Government of the R.O.C.jpg\|The \[\[Presidential Palace (Nanjing)\|Presidential Palace]] in \[\[Xuanwu District, Nanjing\|Xuanwu District]], \[\[Nanjing]], housed the office of the chairman of the National Government of the ROC in 1927–1937\.
File:Tzu\-chao Building.jpg\|The Presidential Building in \[\[Presidential Palace, Nanjing]], was the office of the president of the ROC after the \[\[Constitution of the Republic of China\|1947 Chinese Constitution]], until the Government of the ROC fled to Taiwan in 1949\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"Taiwan was previously led by the [emperor of Japan](/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan \"Emperor of Japan\") during [colonial rule by Japan](/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule \"Taiwan under Japanese rule\") from 1895 to 1945, represented by the [governor\\-general of Taiwan](/wiki/Governor-general_of_Taiwan \"Governor-general of Taiwan\").",
"After the outbreak of the [Wuchang Uprising](/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising \"Wuchang Uprising\") against [Qing rule](/wiki/Qing_dynasty \"Qing dynasty\") in 1911, [the revolutionaries elected](/wiki/1911_Republic_of_China_provisional_presidential_elections \"1911 Republic of China provisional presidential elections\") [Sun Yat\\-sen](/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen \"Sun Yat-sen\") as the \"[provisional president](/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281912%29 \"Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)\")\" ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|臨時大總統}}) of the transitional government, with the Republic of China officially established on 1 January 1912\\. But Sun soon resigned from the provisional presidency in favor of [Yuan Shikai](/wiki/Yuan_Shikai \"Yuan Shikai\"), who assumed the title \"Great President\" ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|大總統}}) in March 1912\\. Yuan induced the [Last Emperor](/wiki/Puyi \"Puyi\") to abdicate, ending thousands of years of imperial rule in China. The 1913 Constitution called for a strong [presidential system](/wiki/Presidential_system \"Presidential system\") with notable [checks](/wiki/Separation_of_powers \"Separation of powers\") on the president by the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China \"National Assembly of the Republic of China\"). However, Yuan soon began to assert dictatorial power, ignoring the National Assembly and later abolishing it altogether. In 1915, Yuan proclaimed himself [Emperor of China](/wiki/Empire_of_China_%281915%E2%80%931916%29 \"Empire of China (1915–1916)\") in a largely unpopular move and was forced to retract his declaration shortly before his death in 1916\\.",
"With Yuan Shikai's death the [Warlord Era](/wiki/Warlord_Era \"Warlord Era\") began. Vice President [Li Yuanhong](/wiki/Li_Yuanhong \"Li Yuanhong\") succeeded Yuan as president and attempted to reassert the constitutional government, but was soon forced to resign by military strongmen. The presidency, though leading an internationally recognized government, was thereafter to be headed by a series of prominent warlords. This presidency ended in 1928 when the [Northern Expedition](/wiki/Northern_Expedition_%281926%E2%80%931927%29 \"Northern Expedition (1926–1927)\"), led by the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\") (KMT), succeeded in [conquering North China](/wiki/Chinese_reunification_%281928%29 \"Chinese reunification (1928)\").",
"Sun Yat\\-sen established a rival (military, not constitutional) government in [Guangzhou](/wiki/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") in 1917 and took the title of \"Generalissimo of the Military Government\" ({{zh \\|labels \\= no \\|t \\= 海陸軍大元帥 \\|l \\= Grand Marshal of the Navy and Army }}). He was ousted in 1918 but returned again to Guangzhou in 1921\\. Claiming to restore the [Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China](/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China \"Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China\"), he summoned the members of the original parliament to elect him as president, but since there lacked a quorum, he took the title of \"Extraordinary President\" ({{lang\\|zh\\-Hant\\|非常大總統}}). Sun, again expelled from Guangzhou in 1922, returned in 1923 to take the title of \"Generalissimo of the Military Government.\" Sun died in 1925 with no clear successor and leadership of the government, now named the [National Government](/wiki/National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China \"National Government of the Republic of China\"), rested in a series of [Leninist](/wiki/Leninist \"Leninist\")\\-style dual party and state committees, the most powerful of which was the policy\\-making Central Executive Committee of the [Kuomintang](/wiki/Kuomintang \"Kuomintang\"). The government was organized into five branches, with the [Executive Yuan](/wiki/Executive_Yuan \"Executive Yuan\"), headed by the premier, holding primary administrative authority. The \"Chairman of the National Government\", though not given specific presidential powers, took on the functions of a *de facto* head of state and its official English translation was \"President of the National Government of the Republic of China\". This form of government under the KMT lasted through the Northern Expedition, which moved the capital to Nanjing and gave the National Government domestic control and foreign recognition, and the [Second Sino\\-Japanese War](/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War \"Second Sino-Japanese War\"), during which the Japanese established a puppet [\"Reorganized\" National Government](/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China \"Reorganized National Government of China\") with almost the identical organizational structure, until the promulgation of a new Constitution in 1947\\.",
"Following the Chinese victory in the Second Sino\\-Japanese War, the National Government under [Chiang Kai\\-shek](/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek \"Chiang Kai-shek\") was restored in Nanjing and the KMT set out to enact a [liberal democratic](/wiki/Liberal_democracy \"Liberal democracy\") constitution in line with the last stage of Sun Yat\\-sen's three stages of national development. The new [Constitution of the Republic of China](/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China \"Constitution of the Republic of China\"), promulgated on 25 December 1947, established a five\\-branch government with the office of president ({{lang\\|zh\\-hant\\|總統}}) as head of state. On 20 May 1948, Chiang Kai\\-shek was formally elected by the [National Assembly](/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China \"National Assembly of the Republic of China\") to be the first term president.",
"After the KMT lost mainland China in the Chinese Civil War, the government was evacuated to Taiwan, where the term limits for the president specified in the 1947 constitution were suspended after 1960\\.{{NoteTag\\|According to the Constitution, the president can be reelected once. The term length is six years. Since the constitution was suspended, president Chiang Kai\\-shek continued to be elected until his death.}} In 1954, as the term of the first National Assembly were about to expire, the Judicial Yuan ruled that the expired seats of the National Assembly would continue in power until the respective delegate region elections could be held. This largely froze the membership of the National Assembly mainland delegates and prevented local Taiwanese from widespread legislative and assembly participation in the expired mainland seats until the early 1970s. The members of the National Assembly continued in their office until 1991, and continued to elect Chiang Kai\\-shek as president until his death in 1975\\.",
"Presidents were elected by the National Assembly until the first [direct presidential election](/wiki/1996_Taiwan_presidential_election \"1996 Taiwan presidential election\") in 1996, while the term length was shortened from six to four years.",
"",
"File:1911年中华民国临时大总统选举1\\.jpg\\|Official results of the election announcing Sun's election on November 10, 1911\\.\nFile:West\\_Garden\\_Hall,\\_Nanjing,\\_Aug\\_2016\\.jpg\\|The West Garden Hall in \\[\\[Presidential Palace, Nanjing]], was the office of the provisional president in 1912\\.\nFile:原段祺瑞执政府.jpg\\|After \\[\\[Yuan Shikai]]'s \\[\\[Beiyang government\\|Peiyang Government]] took control of the ROC, the house in Peking was the office of the president.\nFile:National Government of the R.O.C.jpg\\|The \\[\\[Presidential Palace (Nanjing)\\|Presidential Palace]] in \\[\\[Xuanwu District, Nanjing\\|Xuanwu District]], \\[\\[Nanjing]], housed the office of the chairman of the National Government of the ROC in 1927–1937\\.\nFile:Tzu\\-chao Building.jpg\\|The Presidential Building in \\[\\[Presidential Palace, Nanjing]], was the office of the president of the ROC after the \\[\\[Constitution of the Republic of China\\|1947 Chinese Constitution]], until the Government of the ROC fled to Taiwan in 1949\\.",
"",
""
] |
Yale University, swimming powerhouse
------------------------------------
In his first year at the New Haven, Connecticut school, he was part of a team of 18 Yale swimmers who created a new American record of 16 minutes 31 seconds in the one mile relay, established in a special attempt in the school's (then) 3\-year\-old, 6\-lane 25\-yard pool, during Yale's annual *Water Carnival* on March 5, 1935\."18\-man Yale swimming team sets record in one\-mile relay at New Haven carnival". *The New York Times*. March 6, 1935\. p. 26\.Yale Swimming and Diving Alumni Association, [of Yale Swimming and Diving](http://www.yaleswimming.com/Default.aspx?p=DynamicModule&pageid=296131&ssid=178077&vnf=1|History). Retrieved February 19, 2012\. Comparing times from the 1930s with swimmer's times in the late 20th/early 21st century are virtually meaningless, because of the changes in stroke mechanics and rules. Swimmers in the 1930s could not use the flip turn, and were required to touch the wall with their hand first, then initiate a so\-called "open turn". The advantage gained by the flip turn can be glimpsed in comparing the Yale swim team's one mile relay record, compared to the 2001 Men's world record time of 14 minutes 10 seconds for the 1,500\-meter swim in a Short Course (25\-meter pool), which in turn – because of its many flip turns – is faster than the same distance in a Long Course (50\-meter) pool (14:34\). The 1935 relay race with 18 swimmers, likely consisted of 70 laps, which suggests the first 17 men swam 100 yards (4 laps each), and the final swimmer just 2 laps.
During Macionis' freshman and second years at Yale, the swim team was undefeated (12–0 in 1934–35, and 14–0 in 1935–36\). He soon held all of Yale's freestyle records, as well as the school records for the individual medley and the 220\-yard breaststroke. He was named [captain](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_swimming_and_diving "Yale Bulldogs swimming and diving") of the swim team his senior year 1937–38, when the Bulldogs went 10–3\.
A Harvard University newspaper provides some results from a Yale\-Harvard dual meet held in the Yale pool in March 1936\. Yale continued its 12\-year undefeated streak, beating Harvard 45–26 for their one hundred fifty\-first straight victory. Macionis placed second in the 440\-yard freestyle, losing to (Yale captain) Norris Hoyt, whose winning time was 4 minutes 59\.8 seconds. Macionis also swam the anchor leg on Yale's winning 400\-yard Freestyle relay, with a time of 3 minutes 36 seconds.*Harvard Crimson* student newspaper, ["Impressive Eli Team Downs Mermen 45–26 for Their 151st Win"](http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1936/3/20/impressive-eli-team-downs-mermen-45-26/), March 20, 1936\. Retrieved February 21, 2012\.
A Yale University "*Banner Yearbook and Pot Pourri* entry for the Class of 1937 (page 224\), records the 1936 indoor season for the Bulldog swim team: "On the 13th of February (1936\) the Naval Academy was host to the team at Annapolis, and the next day Yale broke pool records and an Intercollegiate mark in the 50\-yard pool, (including) Macionis swimming the 440 in 5 minutes 8 and nine\-tenths seconds." Yale then hosted the 1936 A.A.U indoor swimming championships, with Macionis scoring 5 points.Yale University Banner Yearbook, Class of 1937; [Yale Swim Team 1936 Season](http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/Yale_University_Banner_Pot_Pourri_Yearbook/1937/Page_224.html). Retrieved February 21, 2012\.
### National Champion in 1935, NCAA Champion in 1937 and 1938
At the 1935 AAU outdoor national championships, held in New York City's 50\-meter Manhattan Beach pool in July of that year, he won the 440\-yard Freestyle, beating competitors including [Jack Medica](/wiki/Jack_Medica "Jack Medica"), Ralph Flanagan, and James Gilhula, all of whom were world record holders at varying freestyle distances.John Macionis Biography, [SR/Olympic Sports](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/john-macionis-1.html) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111003517/http://www.sports\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/john\-macionis\-1\.html \|date\=November 11, 2012 }}. Retrieved February 19, 2012\.
According to the NCAA's "Swimming and Diving" media guide for 2000, John Macionis won the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA "NCAA") title in 1937 in the 1,500 Meter (*sic*) Freestyle, with a time of 19:58\.5 at the University of Minnesota pool: Macionis then successfully defended his collegiate title in 1938, at [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University"), with a time of 20:15\.2\. At the 1937 NCAA championships, Yale finished a distant third to the University of Michigan in the team competition, and was fifth in 1938\.Official NCAA Swimming Records, 1500\-meter Freestyle winners; \[fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs\_records\_book/.../m\_swimming.pdf\| "Swimming and Diving: Division I; 2000 Championships, page 240 "]. Retrieved February 21, 2012 At the March 1938 NCAA championships, Macionis was also described as "fast closing" when he took third place in the 220\-yard Freestyle.The Larry DuPraz Daily Princetonian Digital Archives, March 26, 1938; [*Daily Princetonian*, Volume 63, Number 39, 26 March 1938 — Page 3](http://theprince.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/princeton?a=d&d=Princetonian19380326-01.1.3&cl=&srpos=0&dliv=none&st=1&e=-------en-logical-20--1-----all---). Retrieved February 21, 2012\.
|
[
"Yale University, swimming powerhouse\n------------------------------------",
"In his first year at the New Haven, Connecticut school, he was part of a team of 18 Yale swimmers who created a new American record of 16 minutes 31 seconds in the one mile relay, established in a special attempt in the school's (then) 3\\-year\\-old, 6\\-lane 25\\-yard pool, during Yale's annual *Water Carnival* on March 5, 1935\\.\"18\\-man Yale swimming team sets record in one\\-mile relay at New Haven carnival\". *The New York Times*. March 6, 1935\\. p. 26\\.Yale Swimming and Diving Alumni Association, [of Yale Swimming and Diving](http://www.yaleswimming.com/Default.aspx?p=DynamicModule&pageid=296131&ssid=178077&vnf=1|History). Retrieved February 19, 2012\\. Comparing times from the 1930s with swimmer's times in the late 20th/early 21st century are virtually meaningless, because of the changes in stroke mechanics and rules. Swimmers in the 1930s could not use the flip turn, and were required to touch the wall with their hand first, then initiate a so\\-called \"open turn\". The advantage gained by the flip turn can be glimpsed in comparing the Yale swim team's one mile relay record, compared to the 2001 Men's world record time of 14 minutes 10 seconds for the 1,500\\-meter swim in a Short Course (25\\-meter pool), which in turn – because of its many flip turns – is faster than the same distance in a Long Course (50\\-meter) pool (14:34\\). The 1935 relay race with 18 swimmers, likely consisted of 70 laps, which suggests the first 17 men swam 100 yards (4 laps each), and the final swimmer just 2 laps.",
"During Macionis' freshman and second years at Yale, the swim team was undefeated (12–0 in 1934–35, and 14–0 in 1935–36\\). He soon held all of Yale's freestyle records, as well as the school records for the individual medley and the 220\\-yard breaststroke. He was named [captain](/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_swimming_and_diving \"Yale Bulldogs swimming and diving\") of the swim team his senior year 1937–38, when the Bulldogs went 10–3\\.",
"A Harvard University newspaper provides some results from a Yale\\-Harvard dual meet held in the Yale pool in March 1936\\. Yale continued its 12\\-year undefeated streak, beating Harvard 45–26 for their one hundred fifty\\-first straight victory. Macionis placed second in the 440\\-yard freestyle, losing to (Yale captain) Norris Hoyt, whose winning time was 4 minutes 59\\.8 seconds. Macionis also swam the anchor leg on Yale's winning 400\\-yard Freestyle relay, with a time of 3 minutes 36 seconds.*Harvard Crimson* student newspaper, [\"Impressive Eli Team Downs Mermen 45–26 for Their 151st Win\"](http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1936/3/20/impressive-eli-team-downs-mermen-45-26/), March 20, 1936\\. Retrieved February 21, 2012\\.",
"A Yale University \"*Banner Yearbook and Pot Pourri* entry for the Class of 1937 (page 224\\), records the 1936 indoor season for the Bulldog swim team: \"On the 13th of February (1936\\) the Naval Academy was host to the team at Annapolis, and the next day Yale broke pool records and an Intercollegiate mark in the 50\\-yard pool, (including) Macionis swimming the 440 in 5 minutes 8 and nine\\-tenths seconds.\" Yale then hosted the 1936 A.A.U indoor swimming championships, with Macionis scoring 5 points.Yale University Banner Yearbook, Class of 1937; [Yale Swim Team 1936 Season](http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/Yale_University_Banner_Pot_Pourri_Yearbook/1937/Page_224.html). Retrieved February 21, 2012\\.",
"### National Champion in 1935, NCAA Champion in 1937 and 1938",
"At the 1935 AAU outdoor national championships, held in New York City's 50\\-meter Manhattan Beach pool in July of that year, he won the 440\\-yard Freestyle, beating competitors including [Jack Medica](/wiki/Jack_Medica \"Jack Medica\"), Ralph Flanagan, and James Gilhula, all of whom were world record holders at varying freestyle distances.John Macionis Biography, [SR/Olympic Sports](https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/john-macionis-1.html) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111003517/http://www.sports\\-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ma/john\\-macionis\\-1\\.html \\|date\\=November 11, 2012 }}. Retrieved February 19, 2012\\.",
"According to the NCAA's \"Swimming and Diving\" media guide for 2000, John Macionis won the [NCAA](/wiki/NCAA \"NCAA\") title in 1937 in the 1,500 Meter (*sic*) Freestyle, with a time of 19:58\\.5 at the University of Minnesota pool: Macionis then successfully defended his collegiate title in 1938, at [Rutgers University](/wiki/Rutgers_University \"Rutgers University\"), with a time of 20:15\\.2\\. At the 1937 NCAA championships, Yale finished a distant third to the University of Michigan in the team competition, and was fifth in 1938\\.Official NCAA Swimming Records, 1500\\-meter Freestyle winners; \\[fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/champs\\_records\\_book/.../m\\_swimming.pdf\\| \"Swimming and Diving: Division I; 2000 Championships, page 240 \"]. Retrieved February 21, 2012 At the March 1938 NCAA championships, Macionis was also described as \"fast closing\" when he took third place in the 220\\-yard Freestyle.The Larry DuPraz Daily Princetonian Digital Archives, March 26, 1938; [*Daily Princetonian*, Volume 63, Number 39, 26 March 1938 — Page 3](http://theprince.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/princeton?a=d&d=Princetonian19380326-01.1.3&cl=&srpos=0&dliv=none&st=1&e=-------en-logical-20--1-----all---). Retrieved February 21, 2012\\.",
""
] |
Vietnam operations
------------------
From October 1964 to January 1965, *Vega* participated in Fleet operations off the coast of [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam") before she returned to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") in February 1965\. Returning to Vietnamese waters in the late spring, she once more supported [U.S. 7th Fleet](/wiki/U.S._7th_Fleet "U.S. 7th Fleet") units.
### Change of command at sea
While underway in the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea "South China Sea") on 8 September 1965, *Vega* was the scene of an unusual change of command, when Capt. T. A. Melusky relieved Capt. R. E. Hill as [commanding officer](/wiki/Commanding_officer "Commanding officer"). The ceremony took place at 0128, on the port wing of the bridge, by the light of red\-filtered flashlights, with the ship darkened during an underway replenishment of [*Constellation*](/wiki/USS_Constellation_%28CV-64%29 "USS Constellation (CV-64)") (CVA\-64\). The storeship returned to the United States in October 1965\.
*Vega* was again deployed to the 7th Fleet from February to May 1966\. During this time, the ship replenished her first two nuclear\-powered ships, [*Bainbridge*](/wiki/USS_Bainbridge_%28DLGN-25%29 "USS Bainbridge (DLGN-25)") (DLGN\-25\) and [*Enterprise*](/wiki/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29 "USS Enterprise (CVN-65)") (CVAN\-65\).
### Visiting Vietnamese ports
Later, during her next [WestPac](/wiki/WestPac "WestPac") tour, *Vega* conducted 125 underway and 26 in\-port replenishments—more than during any other deployment. Besides her normal Japanese ports of call, she also visited [Danang](/wiki/Danang "Danang") and [An Thoi](/wiki/An_Thoi_Naval_Base "An Thoi Naval Base"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), while calling for the first time at [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore "Singapore").
### Supporting Operation Market Time
As American involvement in Vietnam deepened, *Vega's* deployment schedule reflected this increase in operations. While deployed in the summer of 1966, *Vega* steamed in company with [*Hector*](/wiki/USS_Hector_%28AR-7%29 "USS Hector (AR-7)") (AR\-7\), [*Ashtabula*](/wiki/USS_Ashtabula_%28AO-51%29 "USS Ashtabula (AO-51)") (AO\-51\), [*Paricutin*](/wiki/USS_Paricutin_%28AE-18%29 "USS Paricutin (AE-18)") (AE\-18\), and [*Currituck*](/wiki/USS_Currituck_%28AV-7%29 "USS Currituck (AV-7)") (AV\-7\). From 22 August to 21 November, she supported ships operating on [Yankee Station](/wiki/Yankee_Station "Yankee Station") and [Operation Market Time](/wiki/Operation_Market_Time "Operation Market Time").
### Based out of San Francisco
She remained thus employed, with regular deployments to [WestPac](/wiki/WestPac "WestPac") through 1969\. In between her deployments to the "Yankee\-Station" or to "Market\-Time" zones, *Vega* maintained a regular schedule of local operations, overhauls, and refresher training upon return to the west coast. Homeported at [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California "San Francisco, California"), *Vega* continued her unglamorous but vital duty of providing the necessary supplies to keep the Fleet and its men in top operating condition.
After loading at [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California"), from 24 March to 4 April 1969, *Vega* sailed on 5 April for [Yokosuka, Japan](/wiki/Yokosuka%2C_Japan "Yokosuka, Japan").
### American EC\-121 plane shot down
Her normal routine of operations was interrupted later that month, when [North Korean](/wiki/North_Korea "North Korea") [MiG fighters](/wiki/MiG_fighter "MiG fighter") [shot down an American EC\-121 surveillance aircraft](/wiki/1969_EC-121_shootdown_incident "1969 EC-121 shootdown incident") over the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan "Sea of Japan"). As tensions rose between [Pyongyang](/wiki/Pyongyang "Pyongyang") and [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), the 7th Fleet responded to the crisis by dispatching a task force which included the nuclear attack carrier *Enterprise* to the vicinity. *Vega* joined [Task Group](/wiki/Task_force "Task force") (TG) 73\.7 on 24 April in support of [Task Force](/wiki/Task_Force "Task Force") (TF) 71 in the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan "Sea of Japan") and performed 17 underway replenishments between the 24th and the 29th.
With the relaxation of tensions, *Vega* was detached on the latter date and resumed her regular [WestPac](/wiki/WestPac "WestPac") replenishment operations to the 7th Fleet. *Vega* began her first line period for 1969 on 9 May and replenished 22 ships before returning to [Subic Bay](/wiki/Subic_Bay "Subic Bay") on the 16th. On 31 May, the [refrigerator ship](/wiki/Refrigerator_ship "Refrigerator ship") commenced a 37\-hour replenishment operation with [*Niagara Falls*](/wiki/USS_Niagara_Falls_%28AFS-3%29 "USS Niagara Falls (AFS-3)") (AFS\-3\) in Subic Bay, delivering some 1,057\.5 tons of provisions.
### Continued support of Market Time
On 9 June, *Vega* got underway to support "Market Time" operations. She replenished in port at [An Thoi](/wiki/An_Thoi_Naval_Base "An Thoi Naval Base") on 13 June, at [Vung Tau](/wiki/Vung_Tau "Vung Tau") on the 15th, [Camranh Bay](/wiki/Camranh_Bay "Camranh Bay") on the 16th, and at [Danang](/wiki/Danang "Danang") on the 17th, before carrying out nine underway replenishments on "Yankee Station," over the next six days.
Returning to Subic Bay on 27 June, the ship remained there until 6 July, when she sailed for Yankee Station—as bad weather had grounded all COD (carrier onboard delivery) aircraft, and supplies needed to be delivered to the Fleet. She arrived on station on 8 July and, alongside [*Oriskany*](/wiki/USS_Oriskany_%28CV-34%29 "USS Oriskany (CV-34)") (CVA\-34\) four days later, conducted her longest underway replenishment, from 1737 on 12 July to 0105 on the 13th—a period of seven hours and 28 minutes.
### Assigned SOPA duties in Hong Kong
Soon thereafter, *Vega* shifted to Hong Kong, where her commanding officer became the administrative [Senior Officer Present Afloat](/wiki/Senior_Officer_Present_Afloat "Senior Officer Present Afloat") (SOPA) on 23 July. She and [*Rowan*](/wiki/USS_Rowan_%28DD-782%29 "USS Rowan (DD-782)") (DD\-782\) got underway on the 27th to avoid [Typhoon Viola](/wiki/Typhoon_Viola_%281969%29 "Typhoon Viola (1969)") which was then swirling its way up the [China](/wiki/China "China") coast. Returning two days later, *Vega* resumed her SOPA duties and continued to carry them out until she departed that port on 8 August, bound for [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo%2C_Nagasaki "Sasebo, Nagasaki"). There, the supply ship loaded Fleet freight and soon sailed for the west coast of the United States, arriving at [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California "San Francisco, California"), on 5 September, where she remained for the rest of 1969\.
### 1970 Stateside overhaul
After entering the [Hunters Point Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Hunters_Point_Naval_Shipyard "Hunters Point Naval Shipyard") on 2 January 1970 for her regular overhaul, *Vega* spent three months in dockyard hands before she emerged on 2 April to commence refresher training out of [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California "San Diego, California"). She trained in the southern [California](/wiki/California "California") operating area into the summer, before shifting on 21 August to the Army Refrigerator (Reefer) Piers at [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California "Oakland, California"). There, she conducted a pre\-deployment loadout of goods for shipment to the western Pacific.
### Return to WestPac
[thumb\|*Vega* replenishing {{USS\|America\|CVA\-66\|2}} and {{USS\|Epperson\|DD\-719\|2}} off Vietnam.](/wiki/File:USS_Vega_%28AF-59%29_replenishing_USS_America_%28CVA-66%29_and_USS_Epperson_%28DD-719%29.jpg "USS Vega (AF-59) replenishing USS America (CVA-66) and USS Epperson (DD-719).jpg")
*Vega* again got underway on 11 September, bound for Subic Bay, and crossed the [160th meridian east](/wiki/160th_meridian_east "160th meridian east") on 26 September to commence officially her [WestPac](/wiki/WestPac "WestPac") tour. After evading typhoon "Hope" en route, *Vega* stopped briefly at Subic Bay before she pressed on, on 8 October for her first line tour of the deployment on Yankee Station off the coast of [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"). She returned to Subic on 22 October. During this tour, she transferred over 226 tons of foodstuffs during underway replenishments.
Her second line period saw the ship transfer 290 tons of provisions to ships with task force TF 77 on Yankee Station. [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"), provided welcome relief for liberty parties before the ship returned to the line a third time on 29 November. Operating in support of "Market Time," *Vega* transferred some 392 tons of food \-\- [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") supplies—to ships engaged in the daily interdiction patrols of the sea lanes. Further, the ship delivered some 67 tons of supplies to [Danang](/wiki/Danang "Danang"), [Camranh Bay](/wiki/Camranh_Bay "Camranh Bay"), [Con Son](/wiki/Con_Son "Con Son"), [An Thoi](/wiki/An_Thoi_Naval_Base "An Thoi Naval Base"), and [Hon Choi](/wiki/Hon_Choi "Hon Choi")—all in [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam "South Vietnam").
After visiting [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong "Hong Kong") from 13 to 21 December, *Vega* spent Christmas at [Kaohsiung](/wiki/Kaohsiung "Kaohsiung"), [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan"), and then returned to Subic Bay to load supplies. Before the year was out, the supply ship was underway again—for her fourth line period off Vietnam. During this swing, the ship transferred 300 tons of food to ships on "Yankee Station" and "Market Time" patrols. Many sailors on the ships she supplied probably enjoyed the fresh fruit acquired on [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan "Taiwan") during the ship's visit there prior to deploying off the Vietnam coastline.
### Serving the troops through difficult weather
The supply vessel conducted two more swings on the patrol line in the sea lanes off Vietnam into early 1971\. Extremely difficult weather conditions hampered such operations on 29 and 30 January 1971, but the men on the ships involved rose to the occasion and accomplished the successful transfer of 100 tons of food without incident. Offloading 342 tons of supplies at the Naval Supply Depot, Subic Bay, from 8 to 10 March, the ship departed the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") to visit [Japan](/wiki/Japan "Japan"). While en route, however, *Vega* was dispatched to search for a Japanese fishing vessel in distress off [Yonakuni Jima](/wiki/Yonakuni_Jima "Yonakuni Jima"). Conducting the search in heavy seas and beneath leaden grey overcast skies, *Vega's* efforts were uncrowned with success, as she found no trace of the distressed ship.
*Vega* eventually visited Sasebo, from 17 to 20 March, before she got underway for [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor"), en route to her ultimate destination of [Alameda, California](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California "Alameda, California").
### Serving as host ship and attending the Sea Fair
Making port at the Naval Air Station, Alameda, on 6 April, *Vega* later served from 13 to 17 May as host ship at San Francisco for [HMCS *Terra Nova*](/wiki/HMCS_Terra_Nova "HMCS Terra Nova"). *Vega* then entered Triple "A" Shipyard, San Francisco, on 27 May for a restricted availability which increased the ship's transfer capabilities. Completing these modifications on 23 July, the ship conducted a program of type training off the [California](/wiki/California "California") coast from the 26th through the 30th, before she sailed north to call at the annual Sea Fair at [Seattle, Washington](/wiki/Seattle%2C_Washington "Seattle, Washington").
During a subsequent refit, again carried out at San Francisco's Triple "A" Shipyard in the summer and again in the fall of 1971, *Vega* received modifications that further improved her cargo\-handling capacities. Specifically, number 3 hold was modified to handle pre\-palletized cargo; and existing [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter "Helicopter") facilities were upgraded. In addition, a 4,000\-pound pallet [conveyor belt](/wiki/Conveyor_belt "Conveyor belt") was added, as well as battery\-charging facilities and a new [forklift](/wiki/Forklift "Forklift") garage. In between yard periods, the cargo vessel participated in local operations and type training exercises.
### Vietnam operations coming to a close
From 1972 through 1974, *Vega* continued fulfilling her primary mission of supplying units afloat and ashore with necessary food and cargo. She regularly deployed to the far reaches of the western Pacific operating area and conducted replenishments to ships at sea on "Yankee Station" and "Market Time" patrols and carried out support operations with the Mobile Logistics Support Force. The tempo of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), however, began to change. By the spring of 1973, American involvement on the southeast [Asian](/wiki/Asia "Asia") mainland was drawing to a close.
### Evacuation of Cambodian refugees
After deploying to the line three times in early 1975, *Vega* sailed from [Subic Bay](/wiki/Subic_Bay "Subic Bay") early in March 1975, to provide logistics services for task group TG 76\.4, standing by in the [Gulf of Thailand](/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand "Gulf of Thailand") to execute [Operation Eagle Pull](/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Pull "Operation Eagle Pull"), the evacuation of [Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodia "Cambodia") refugees fleeing the [communist](/wiki/Communist "Communist") takeover of that country. She conducted replenishment operations with a wide variety of ships. Returning to Subic Bay to reload on 31 March, she set sail for the second increment of "Eagle Pull," rejoining the forces in the Gulf of Thailand on 5 April. After conducting replenishments with [*Frederick*](/wiki/USS_Frederick_%28LST-1184%29 "USS Frederick (LST-1184)") (LST\-1184\), [*Durham*](/wiki/USS_Durham_%28LKA-114%29 "USS Durham (LKA-114)") (LKA\-114\), [*Long Beach*](/wiki/USS_Long_Beach_%28CLGN-9%29 "USS Long Beach (CLGN-9)") (CLGN\-9\), [*Reasoner*](/wiki/USS_Reasoner_%28DE-1063%29 "USS Reasoner (DE-1063)") (DE1063\), [*Blue Ridge*](/wiki/USS_Blue_Ridge_%28LCC-19%29 "USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)") (LLC\-19\), [*Okinawa*](/wiki/USS_Okinawa_%28LPH-3%29 "USS Okinawa (LPH-3)") (LPH\-3\), and [*Thomaston*](/wiki/USS_Thomaston_%28LSD-28%29 "USS Thomaston (LSD-28)") (LSD\-28\), she arrived at [Phu Quoc](/wiki/Phu_Quoc "Phu Quoc") Island to provide supply support for Cambodian refugees, and transferred some 12\.4 tons of refugee subsistence items to [*Dubuque*](/wiki/USS_Dubuque_%28LPD-8%29 "USS Dubuque (LPD-8)") (LPD\-8\) and [*Peoria*](/wiki/USS_Peoria_%28LST-1183%29 "USS Peoria (LST-1183)") (LST\-1183\). Rendezvousing with TG 76\.4 on the 9th, the busy supply vessel again returned to Phu Quoc on the 10th and to Subic Bay on the 13th.
### Operation Frequent Wind activity
Underway from Subic Bay on 23 April, *Vega* sailed for the coast of [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam "South Vietnam"). By this juncture, the government of South Vietnam was collapsing, leaving tons of American\-supplied equipment intact for the communist forces. [Operation Frequent Wind](/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind "Operation Frequent Wind") was launched to evacuate Americans, at\-risk Vietnamese and third country nationals, lest they be left behind and fall into communist hands. For the next few days, *Vega* replenished United States and [South Vietnamese Navy](/wiki/South_Vietnamese_Navy "South Vietnamese Navy") ships, delivered passengers and mail, and transferred refugee supplies to vessels loaded with fleeing South Vietnamese. Underway at sea from 25 to 30 April, the supply ship arrived off [Vung Tau](/wiki/Vung_Tau "Vung Tau") on 1 May and replenished South Vietnamese naval units *YFU\-69*, *HQ\-3*, *HQ\-800*, and *HQ\-801* as well as conducted a vertical fleet supply replenishment with [*Mars*](/wiki/USS_Mars_%28AFS-1%29 "USS Mars (AFS-1)") (AFS\-1\) and fleet supplies and mail for five other Navy ships.
Heading for Subic Bay, *Vega* served as escort for the "New Life" flotilla, heavily laden with Vietnamese refugees and their belongings. Arriving at Subic Bay on the 6th, she stood in with the first contingent of refugee vessels—some 70 craft in all, of all shapes and sizes. Underway for a resumption of escort duties later that day, *Vega* stood out to sea; she subsequently refueled from [*Taluga*](/wiki/USNS_Taluga_%28T-AO-62%29 "USNS Taluga (T-AO-62)") (T\-AO\-62\) on the 7th before conducting underway replenishments over the next two days with [*Midway*](/wiki/USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29 "USS Midway (CV-41)") (CVA\-41\), [*Badger*](/wiki/USS_Badger_%28DE-1071%29 "USS Badger (DE-1071)") (DE\-1071\), and [*Ashtabula*](/wiki/USS_Ashtabula_%28AO-51%29 "USS Ashtabula (AO-51)") (AO\-51\). Arriving at Subic Bay on 10 May to load supplies, she got underway soon thereafter, in company with [*Harold E. Holt*](/wiki/USS_Harold_E._Holt_%28DE-1074%29 "USS Harold E. Holt (DE-1074)") (DE\-1074\), for refugee vessel escort duties.
### Recapture of the SS Mayaguez
On 13 May, [Khmer Rouge](/wiki/Khmer_Rouge "Khmer Rouge") forces [seized the American\-owned container ship, SS *Mayaguez*](/wiki/Mayaguez_incident "Mayaguez incident"), off [Koh Tang](/wiki/Koh_Tang "Koh Tang") Island, Cambodia. Both *Vega* and *Harold E. Holt* made full speed ahead for the area, while American forces soon mobilized to gain the release of the ship and its crew from the hands of the Cambodians. Arriving on the 15th, *Vega* stood by to provide services while *Harold E. Holt* moved in and delivered a detachment of the 1st Battalion 4th Marines]], who boarded the container ship. While the incident was brought to a conclusion by the swift recapture of the ship and her crew, the routine task of conducting underway replenishments to ships of the 7th Fleet in southeast Asian waters continued unabated in the wake of the fall of Vietnam and Cambodia.
|
[
"Vietnam operations\n------------------",
"From October 1964 to January 1965, *Vega* participated in Fleet operations off the coast of [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\") before she returned to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") in February 1965\\. Returning to Vietnamese waters in the late spring, she once more supported [U.S. 7th Fleet](/wiki/U.S._7th_Fleet \"U.S. 7th Fleet\") units.",
"### Change of command at sea",
"While underway in the [South China Sea](/wiki/South_China_Sea \"South China Sea\") on 8 September 1965, *Vega* was the scene of an unusual change of command, when Capt. T. A. Melusky relieved Capt. R. E. Hill as [commanding officer](/wiki/Commanding_officer \"Commanding officer\"). The ceremony took place at 0128, on the port wing of the bridge, by the light of red\\-filtered flashlights, with the ship darkened during an underway replenishment of [*Constellation*](/wiki/USS_Constellation_%28CV-64%29 \"USS Constellation (CV-64)\") (CVA\\-64\\). The storeship returned to the United States in October 1965\\.",
"*Vega* was again deployed to the 7th Fleet from February to May 1966\\. During this time, the ship replenished her first two nuclear\\-powered ships, [*Bainbridge*](/wiki/USS_Bainbridge_%28DLGN-25%29 \"USS Bainbridge (DLGN-25)\") (DLGN\\-25\\) and [*Enterprise*](/wiki/USS_Enterprise_%28CVN-65%29 \"USS Enterprise (CVN-65)\") (CVAN\\-65\\).",
"### Visiting Vietnamese ports",
"Later, during her next [WestPac](/wiki/WestPac \"WestPac\") tour, *Vega* conducted 125 underway and 26 in\\-port replenishments—more than during any other deployment. Besides her normal Japanese ports of call, she also visited [Danang](/wiki/Danang \"Danang\") and [An Thoi](/wiki/An_Thoi_Naval_Base \"An Thoi Naval Base\"), [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\"), while calling for the first time at [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\").",
"### Supporting Operation Market Time",
"As American involvement in Vietnam deepened, *Vega's* deployment schedule reflected this increase in operations. While deployed in the summer of 1966, *Vega* steamed in company with [*Hector*](/wiki/USS_Hector_%28AR-7%29 \"USS Hector (AR-7)\") (AR\\-7\\), [*Ashtabula*](/wiki/USS_Ashtabula_%28AO-51%29 \"USS Ashtabula (AO-51)\") (AO\\-51\\), [*Paricutin*](/wiki/USS_Paricutin_%28AE-18%29 \"USS Paricutin (AE-18)\") (AE\\-18\\), and [*Currituck*](/wiki/USS_Currituck_%28AV-7%29 \"USS Currituck (AV-7)\") (AV\\-7\\). From 22 August to 21 November, she supported ships operating on [Yankee Station](/wiki/Yankee_Station \"Yankee Station\") and [Operation Market Time](/wiki/Operation_Market_Time \"Operation Market Time\").",
"### Based out of San Francisco",
"She remained thus employed, with regular deployments to [WestPac](/wiki/WestPac \"WestPac\") through 1969\\. In between her deployments to the \"Yankee\\-Station\" or to \"Market\\-Time\" zones, *Vega* maintained a regular schedule of local operations, overhauls, and refresher training upon return to the west coast. Homeported at [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\"), *Vega* continued her unglamorous but vital duty of providing the necessary supplies to keep the Fleet and its men in top operating condition.",
"After loading at [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\"), from 24 March to 4 April 1969, *Vega* sailed on 5 April for [Yokosuka, Japan](/wiki/Yokosuka%2C_Japan \"Yokosuka, Japan\").",
"### American EC\\-121 plane shot down",
"Her normal routine of operations was interrupted later that month, when [North Korean](/wiki/North_Korea \"North Korea\") [MiG fighters](/wiki/MiG_fighter \"MiG fighter\") [shot down an American EC\\-121 surveillance aircraft](/wiki/1969_EC-121_shootdown_incident \"1969 EC-121 shootdown incident\") over the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan \"Sea of Japan\"). As tensions rose between [Pyongyang](/wiki/Pyongyang \"Pyongyang\") and [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\"), the 7th Fleet responded to the crisis by dispatching a task force which included the nuclear attack carrier *Enterprise* to the vicinity. *Vega* joined [Task Group](/wiki/Task_force \"Task force\") (TG) 73\\.7 on 24 April in support of [Task Force](/wiki/Task_Force \"Task Force\") (TF) 71 in the [Sea of Japan](/wiki/Sea_of_Japan \"Sea of Japan\") and performed 17 underway replenishments between the 24th and the 29th.",
"With the relaxation of tensions, *Vega* was detached on the latter date and resumed her regular [WestPac](/wiki/WestPac \"WestPac\") replenishment operations to the 7th Fleet. *Vega* began her first line period for 1969 on 9 May and replenished 22 ships before returning to [Subic Bay](/wiki/Subic_Bay \"Subic Bay\") on the 16th. On 31 May, the [refrigerator ship](/wiki/Refrigerator_ship \"Refrigerator ship\") commenced a 37\\-hour replenishment operation with [*Niagara Falls*](/wiki/USS_Niagara_Falls_%28AFS-3%29 \"USS Niagara Falls (AFS-3)\") (AFS\\-3\\) in Subic Bay, delivering some 1,057\\.5 tons of provisions.",
"### Continued support of Market Time",
"On 9 June, *Vega* got underway to support \"Market Time\" operations. She replenished in port at [An Thoi](/wiki/An_Thoi_Naval_Base \"An Thoi Naval Base\") on 13 June, at [Vung Tau](/wiki/Vung_Tau \"Vung Tau\") on the 15th, [Camranh Bay](/wiki/Camranh_Bay \"Camranh Bay\") on the 16th, and at [Danang](/wiki/Danang \"Danang\") on the 17th, before carrying out nine underway replenishments on \"Yankee Station,\" over the next six days.",
"Returning to Subic Bay on 27 June, the ship remained there until 6 July, when she sailed for Yankee Station—as bad weather had grounded all COD (carrier onboard delivery) aircraft, and supplies needed to be delivered to the Fleet. She arrived on station on 8 July and, alongside [*Oriskany*](/wiki/USS_Oriskany_%28CV-34%29 \"USS Oriskany (CV-34)\") (CVA\\-34\\) four days later, conducted her longest underway replenishment, from 1737 on 12 July to 0105 on the 13th—a period of seven hours and 28 minutes.",
"### Assigned SOPA duties in Hong Kong",
"Soon thereafter, *Vega* shifted to Hong Kong, where her commanding officer became the administrative [Senior Officer Present Afloat](/wiki/Senior_Officer_Present_Afloat \"Senior Officer Present Afloat\") (SOPA) on 23 July. She and [*Rowan*](/wiki/USS_Rowan_%28DD-782%29 \"USS Rowan (DD-782)\") (DD\\-782\\) got underway on the 27th to avoid [Typhoon Viola](/wiki/Typhoon_Viola_%281969%29 \"Typhoon Viola (1969)\") which was then swirling its way up the [China](/wiki/China \"China\") coast. Returning two days later, *Vega* resumed her SOPA duties and continued to carry them out until she departed that port on 8 August, bound for [Sasebo](/wiki/Sasebo%2C_Nagasaki \"Sasebo, Nagasaki\"). There, the supply ship loaded Fleet freight and soon sailed for the west coast of the United States, arriving at [San Francisco, California](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\"), on 5 September, where she remained for the rest of 1969\\.",
"### 1970 Stateside overhaul",
"After entering the [Hunters Point Naval Shipyard](/wiki/Hunters_Point_Naval_Shipyard \"Hunters Point Naval Shipyard\") on 2 January 1970 for her regular overhaul, *Vega* spent three months in dockyard hands before she emerged on 2 April to commence refresher training out of [San Diego, California](/wiki/San_Diego%2C_California \"San Diego, California\"). She trained in the southern [California](/wiki/California \"California\") operating area into the summer, before shifting on 21 August to the Army Refrigerator (Reefer) Piers at [Oakland, California](/wiki/Oakland%2C_California \"Oakland, California\"). There, she conducted a pre\\-deployment loadout of goods for shipment to the western Pacific.",
"### Return to WestPac",
"[thumb\\|*Vega* replenishing {{USS\\|America\\|CVA\\-66\\|2}} and {{USS\\|Epperson\\|DD\\-719\\|2}} off Vietnam.](/wiki/File:USS_Vega_%28AF-59%29_replenishing_USS_America_%28CVA-66%29_and_USS_Epperson_%28DD-719%29.jpg \"USS Vega (AF-59) replenishing USS America (CVA-66) and USS Epperson (DD-719).jpg\")\n*Vega* again got underway on 11 September, bound for Subic Bay, and crossed the [160th meridian east](/wiki/160th_meridian_east \"160th meridian east\") on 26 September to commence officially her [WestPac](/wiki/WestPac \"WestPac\") tour. After evading typhoon \"Hope\" en route, *Vega* stopped briefly at Subic Bay before she pressed on, on 8 October for her first line tour of the deployment on Yankee Station off the coast of [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam \"Vietnam\"). She returned to Subic on 22 October. During this tour, she transferred over 226 tons of foodstuffs during underway replenishments.",
"Her second line period saw the ship transfer 290 tons of provisions to ships with task force TF 77 on Yankee Station. [Bangkok](/wiki/Bangkok \"Bangkok\"), [Thailand](/wiki/Thailand \"Thailand\"), provided welcome relief for liberty parties before the ship returned to the line a third time on 29 November. Operating in support of \"Market Time,\" *Vega* transferred some 392 tons of food \\-\\- [Christmas](/wiki/Christmas \"Christmas\") supplies—to ships engaged in the daily interdiction patrols of the sea lanes. Further, the ship delivered some 67 tons of supplies to [Danang](/wiki/Danang \"Danang\"), [Camranh Bay](/wiki/Camranh_Bay \"Camranh Bay\"), [Con Son](/wiki/Con_Son \"Con Son\"), [An Thoi](/wiki/An_Thoi_Naval_Base \"An Thoi Naval Base\"), and [Hon Choi](/wiki/Hon_Choi \"Hon Choi\")—all in [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam \"South Vietnam\").",
"After visiting [Hong Kong](/wiki/Hong_Kong \"Hong Kong\") from 13 to 21 December, *Vega* spent Christmas at [Kaohsiung](/wiki/Kaohsiung \"Kaohsiung\"), [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\"), and then returned to Subic Bay to load supplies. Before the year was out, the supply ship was underway again—for her fourth line period off Vietnam. During this swing, the ship transferred 300 tons of food to ships on \"Yankee Station\" and \"Market Time\" patrols. Many sailors on the ships she supplied probably enjoyed the fresh fruit acquired on [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan \"Taiwan\") during the ship's visit there prior to deploying off the Vietnam coastline.",
"### Serving the troops through difficult weather",
"The supply vessel conducted two more swings on the patrol line in the sea lanes off Vietnam into early 1971\\. Extremely difficult weather conditions hampered such operations on 29 and 30 January 1971, but the men on the ships involved rose to the occasion and accomplished the successful transfer of 100 tons of food without incident. Offloading 342 tons of supplies at the Naval Supply Depot, Subic Bay, from 8 to 10 March, the ship departed the [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\") to visit [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). While en route, however, *Vega* was dispatched to search for a Japanese fishing vessel in distress off [Yonakuni Jima](/wiki/Yonakuni_Jima \"Yonakuni Jima\"). Conducting the search in heavy seas and beneath leaden grey overcast skies, *Vega's* efforts were uncrowned with success, as she found no trace of the distressed ship.",
"*Vega* eventually visited Sasebo, from 17 to 20 March, before she got underway for [Pearl Harbor](/wiki/Pearl_Harbor \"Pearl Harbor\"), en route to her ultimate destination of [Alameda, California](/wiki/Alameda%2C_California \"Alameda, California\").",
"### Serving as host ship and attending the Sea Fair",
"Making port at the Naval Air Station, Alameda, on 6 April, *Vega* later served from 13 to 17 May as host ship at San Francisco for [HMCS *Terra Nova*](/wiki/HMCS_Terra_Nova \"HMCS Terra Nova\"). *Vega* then entered Triple \"A\" Shipyard, San Francisco, on 27 May for a restricted availability which increased the ship's transfer capabilities. Completing these modifications on 23 July, the ship conducted a program of type training off the [California](/wiki/California \"California\") coast from the 26th through the 30th, before she sailed north to call at the annual Sea Fair at [Seattle, Washington](/wiki/Seattle%2C_Washington \"Seattle, Washington\").",
"During a subsequent refit, again carried out at San Francisco's Triple \"A\" Shipyard in the summer and again in the fall of 1971, *Vega* received modifications that further improved her cargo\\-handling capacities. Specifically, number 3 hold was modified to handle pre\\-palletized cargo; and existing [helicopter](/wiki/Helicopter \"Helicopter\") facilities were upgraded. In addition, a 4,000\\-pound pallet [conveyor belt](/wiki/Conveyor_belt \"Conveyor belt\") was added, as well as battery\\-charging facilities and a new [forklift](/wiki/Forklift \"Forklift\") garage. In between yard periods, the cargo vessel participated in local operations and type training exercises.",
"### Vietnam operations coming to a close",
"From 1972 through 1974, *Vega* continued fulfilling her primary mission of supplying units afloat and ashore with necessary food and cargo. She regularly deployed to the far reaches of the western Pacific operating area and conducted replenishments to ships at sea on \"Yankee Station\" and \"Market Time\" patrols and carried out support operations with the Mobile Logistics Support Force. The tempo of the [Vietnam War](/wiki/Vietnam_War \"Vietnam War\"), however, began to change. By the spring of 1973, American involvement on the southeast [Asian](/wiki/Asia \"Asia\") mainland was drawing to a close.",
"### Evacuation of Cambodian refugees",
"After deploying to the line three times in early 1975, *Vega* sailed from [Subic Bay](/wiki/Subic_Bay \"Subic Bay\") early in March 1975, to provide logistics services for task group TG 76\\.4, standing by in the [Gulf of Thailand](/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand \"Gulf of Thailand\") to execute [Operation Eagle Pull](/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Pull \"Operation Eagle Pull\"), the evacuation of [Cambodian](/wiki/Cambodia \"Cambodia\") refugees fleeing the [communist](/wiki/Communist \"Communist\") takeover of that country. She conducted replenishment operations with a wide variety of ships. Returning to Subic Bay to reload on 31 March, she set sail for the second increment of \"Eagle Pull,\" rejoining the forces in the Gulf of Thailand on 5 April. After conducting replenishments with [*Frederick*](/wiki/USS_Frederick_%28LST-1184%29 \"USS Frederick (LST-1184)\") (LST\\-1184\\), [*Durham*](/wiki/USS_Durham_%28LKA-114%29 \"USS Durham (LKA-114)\") (LKA\\-114\\), [*Long Beach*](/wiki/USS_Long_Beach_%28CLGN-9%29 \"USS Long Beach (CLGN-9)\") (CLGN\\-9\\), [*Reasoner*](/wiki/USS_Reasoner_%28DE-1063%29 \"USS Reasoner (DE-1063)\") (DE1063\\), [*Blue Ridge*](/wiki/USS_Blue_Ridge_%28LCC-19%29 \"USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)\") (LLC\\-19\\), [*Okinawa*](/wiki/USS_Okinawa_%28LPH-3%29 \"USS Okinawa (LPH-3)\") (LPH\\-3\\), and [*Thomaston*](/wiki/USS_Thomaston_%28LSD-28%29 \"USS Thomaston (LSD-28)\") (LSD\\-28\\), she arrived at [Phu Quoc](/wiki/Phu_Quoc \"Phu Quoc\") Island to provide supply support for Cambodian refugees, and transferred some 12\\.4 tons of refugee subsistence items to [*Dubuque*](/wiki/USS_Dubuque_%28LPD-8%29 \"USS Dubuque (LPD-8)\") (LPD\\-8\\) and [*Peoria*](/wiki/USS_Peoria_%28LST-1183%29 \"USS Peoria (LST-1183)\") (LST\\-1183\\). Rendezvousing with TG 76\\.4 on the 9th, the busy supply vessel again returned to Phu Quoc on the 10th and to Subic Bay on the 13th.",
"### Operation Frequent Wind activity",
"Underway from Subic Bay on 23 April, *Vega* sailed for the coast of [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam \"South Vietnam\"). By this juncture, the government of South Vietnam was collapsing, leaving tons of American\\-supplied equipment intact for the communist forces. [Operation Frequent Wind](/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind \"Operation Frequent Wind\") was launched to evacuate Americans, at\\-risk Vietnamese and third country nationals, lest they be left behind and fall into communist hands. For the next few days, *Vega* replenished United States and [South Vietnamese Navy](/wiki/South_Vietnamese_Navy \"South Vietnamese Navy\") ships, delivered passengers and mail, and transferred refugee supplies to vessels loaded with fleeing South Vietnamese. Underway at sea from 25 to 30 April, the supply ship arrived off [Vung Tau](/wiki/Vung_Tau \"Vung Tau\") on 1 May and replenished South Vietnamese naval units *YFU\\-69*, *HQ\\-3*, *HQ\\-800*, and *HQ\\-801* as well as conducted a vertical fleet supply replenishment with [*Mars*](/wiki/USS_Mars_%28AFS-1%29 \"USS Mars (AFS-1)\") (AFS\\-1\\) and fleet supplies and mail for five other Navy ships.",
"Heading for Subic Bay, *Vega* served as escort for the \"New Life\" flotilla, heavily laden with Vietnamese refugees and their belongings. Arriving at Subic Bay on the 6th, she stood in with the first contingent of refugee vessels—some 70 craft in all, of all shapes and sizes. Underway for a resumption of escort duties later that day, *Vega* stood out to sea; she subsequently refueled from [*Taluga*](/wiki/USNS_Taluga_%28T-AO-62%29 \"USNS Taluga (T-AO-62)\") (T\\-AO\\-62\\) on the 7th before conducting underway replenishments over the next two days with [*Midway*](/wiki/USS_Midway_%28CV-41%29 \"USS Midway (CV-41)\") (CVA\\-41\\), [*Badger*](/wiki/USS_Badger_%28DE-1071%29 \"USS Badger (DE-1071)\") (DE\\-1071\\), and [*Ashtabula*](/wiki/USS_Ashtabula_%28AO-51%29 \"USS Ashtabula (AO-51)\") (AO\\-51\\). Arriving at Subic Bay on 10 May to load supplies, she got underway soon thereafter, in company with [*Harold E. Holt*](/wiki/USS_Harold_E._Holt_%28DE-1074%29 \"USS Harold E. Holt (DE-1074)\") (DE\\-1074\\), for refugee vessel escort duties.",
"### Recapture of the SS Mayaguez",
"On 13 May, [Khmer Rouge](/wiki/Khmer_Rouge \"Khmer Rouge\") forces [seized the American\\-owned container ship, SS *Mayaguez*](/wiki/Mayaguez_incident \"Mayaguez incident\"), off [Koh Tang](/wiki/Koh_Tang \"Koh Tang\") Island, Cambodia. Both *Vega* and *Harold E. Holt* made full speed ahead for the area, while American forces soon mobilized to gain the release of the ship and its crew from the hands of the Cambodians. Arriving on the 15th, *Vega* stood by to provide services while *Harold E. Holt* moved in and delivered a detachment of the 1st Battalion 4th Marines]], who boarded the container ship. While the incident was brought to a conclusion by the swift recapture of the ship and her crew, the routine task of conducting underway replenishments to ships of the 7th Fleet in southeast Asian waters continued unabated in the wake of the fall of Vietnam and Cambodia.",
""
] |
Academic career
---------------
Riker took on a professorship at [Lawrence University](/wiki/Lawrence_University "Lawrence University") in [Appleton, Wisconsin](/wiki/Appleton%2C_Wisconsin "Appleton, Wisconsin") (then Lawrence College), where he published *[The Theory of Political Coalitions](/wiki/The_Theory_of_Political_Coalitions "The Theory of Political Coalitions")* (1962\). In 1962, he became the chair of the Political Science Department at the [University of Rochester](/wiki/University_of_Rochester "University of Rochester"), where he remained chair until 1977, and remained active until his death.
Riker was elected to the [National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences "National Academy of Sciences") in 1974\.
Riker founded the now\-mainstream field of [positive political theory](/wiki/Positive_political_theory "Positive political theory"), which introduced [game theory](/wiki/Game_theory "Game theory") and the axiomatic method of [social choice theory](/wiki/Social_choice_theory "Social choice theory") to [political science](/wiki/Political_science "Political science").{{Cite book \|author\=Eamonn Butler \|author\-link\=Eamonn Butler \|title\=Public Choice—A Primer \|location\=London \|publisher\=\[\[Institute of Economic Affairs]] \|year\=2012 \|page\=36 \|url\=http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/IEA%20Public%20Choice%20web%20complete%2029\.1\.12\.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/IEA%20Public%20Choice%20web%20complete%2029\.1\.12\.pdf \|archive\-date\=2022\-10\-09 \|url\-status\=live \|type\=PDF}} [Bruce Bueno de Mesquita](/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita "Bruce Bueno de Mesquita") and [Kenneth Shepsle](/wiki/Kenneth_Shepsle "Kenneth Shepsle") in their memoir write that "These have proved crucial to predictive tests for political theory."{{Cite web \|title\=William Harrison Riker \|last1\=Bueno de Mesquita \|first1\=Bruce \|author\-link1\=Bruce Bueno de Mesquita \|last2\=Shepsle \|first2\=Kenneth \|series\=Biographical Memoirs \|publisher\=National Academy of Sciences \|url\=http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/wriker.html \|access\-date\=2013\-09\-18}}
Riker is also often credited with being the founder of [rational choice theory](/wiki/Rational_choice_theory "Rational choice theory"){{cite web \|last1\=Roskin \|first1\=Michael G. \|title\=Political science \|url\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/political\-science/Theory\-of\-rational\-choice \|access\-date\=25 January 2021}} with his work on applying economic theory to mathematical models of politics.
Among other contributions, Riker is known for work on the theory and history of [federalism](/wiki/Federalism "Federalism") and on what he called "[heresthetic](/wiki/Heresthetic "Heresthetic")"—the art of changing political outcomes without changing peoples' underlying preferences by manipulating the decision\-making process, for example by changing the order in which decisions are made. In his book *Liberalism Against Populism*, he argued that the instability of majority rule, demonstrated in [Arrow's impossibility theorem](/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem "Arrow's impossibility theorem") and the [McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem](/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem "McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem"), meant that "populist" interpretations of democracy as implementing a collective will of the people were untenable. Instead, democratic leaders aimed to build disparate coalitions; a piece of successful coalition\-building could cause realigning elections, in which blocs of voters swiftly changed their allegiance.
Concerning political coalition for the benefit of minorities, Riker argued that the larger the coalition, the shorter\-lived it is.[Eamonn Butler](/wiki/Eamonn_Butler "Eamonn Butler"), *Public Choice: A Primer*, London: [Institute of Economic Affairs](/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs "Institute of Economic Affairs"), 2012, p. 63 In his book The Theory of Political Coalitions (1962\), Riker argued that in situations where there is conflict over finite resources, actors will seek to create coalitions that are large enough to ensure that they get access to the resources, but that the coalitions will not be larger than that (because the actors will not want to dilute the resources more than they have to).
The William H. Riker Prize for excellence in undergraduate teaching is awarded by the University of Rochester bi\-annually in his honor. The Political Economy section of the American Political Science Association awards an annual book prize in his name as well.
|
[
"Academic career\n---------------",
"Riker took on a professorship at [Lawrence University](/wiki/Lawrence_University \"Lawrence University\") in [Appleton, Wisconsin](/wiki/Appleton%2C_Wisconsin \"Appleton, Wisconsin\") (then Lawrence College), where he published *[The Theory of Political Coalitions](/wiki/The_Theory_of_Political_Coalitions \"The Theory of Political Coalitions\")* (1962\\). In 1962, he became the chair of the Political Science Department at the [University of Rochester](/wiki/University_of_Rochester \"University of Rochester\"), where he remained chair until 1977, and remained active until his death.",
"Riker was elected to the [National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences \"National Academy of Sciences\") in 1974\\.",
"Riker founded the now\\-mainstream field of [positive political theory](/wiki/Positive_political_theory \"Positive political theory\"), which introduced [game theory](/wiki/Game_theory \"Game theory\") and the axiomatic method of [social choice theory](/wiki/Social_choice_theory \"Social choice theory\") to [political science](/wiki/Political_science \"Political science\").{{Cite book \\|author\\=Eamonn Butler \\|author\\-link\\=Eamonn Butler \\|title\\=Public Choice—A Primer \\|location\\=London \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Institute of Economic Affairs]] \\|year\\=2012 \\|page\\=36 \\|url\\=http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/IEA%20Public%20Choice%20web%20complete%2029\\.1\\.12\\.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/IEA%20Public%20Choice%20web%20complete%2029\\.1\\.12\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-09 \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|type\\=PDF}} [Bruce Bueno de Mesquita](/wiki/Bruce_Bueno_de_Mesquita \"Bruce Bueno de Mesquita\") and [Kenneth Shepsle](/wiki/Kenneth_Shepsle \"Kenneth Shepsle\") in their memoir write that \"These have proved crucial to predictive tests for political theory.\"{{Cite web \\|title\\=William Harrison Riker \\|last1\\=Bueno de Mesquita \\|first1\\=Bruce \\|author\\-link1\\=Bruce Bueno de Mesquita \\|last2\\=Shepsle \\|first2\\=Kenneth \\|series\\=Biographical Memoirs \\|publisher\\=National Academy of Sciences \\|url\\=http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/wriker.html \\|access\\-date\\=2013\\-09\\-18}}\nRiker is also often credited with being the founder of [rational choice theory](/wiki/Rational_choice_theory \"Rational choice theory\"){{cite web \\|last1\\=Roskin \\|first1\\=Michael G. \\|title\\=Political science \\|url\\=https://www.britannica.com/topic/political\\-science/Theory\\-of\\-rational\\-choice \\|access\\-date\\=25 January 2021}} with his work on applying economic theory to mathematical models of politics.",
"Among other contributions, Riker is known for work on the theory and history of [federalism](/wiki/Federalism \"Federalism\") and on what he called \"[heresthetic](/wiki/Heresthetic \"Heresthetic\")\"—the art of changing political outcomes without changing peoples' underlying preferences by manipulating the decision\\-making process, for example by changing the order in which decisions are made. In his book *Liberalism Against Populism*, he argued that the instability of majority rule, demonstrated in [Arrow's impossibility theorem](/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem \"Arrow's impossibility theorem\") and the [McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem](/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem \"McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem\"), meant that \"populist\" interpretations of democracy as implementing a collective will of the people were untenable. Instead, democratic leaders aimed to build disparate coalitions; a piece of successful coalition\\-building could cause realigning elections, in which blocs of voters swiftly changed their allegiance.",
"Concerning political coalition for the benefit of minorities, Riker argued that the larger the coalition, the shorter\\-lived it is.[Eamonn Butler](/wiki/Eamonn_Butler \"Eamonn Butler\"), *Public Choice: A Primer*, London: [Institute of Economic Affairs](/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs \"Institute of Economic Affairs\"), 2012, p. 63 In his book The Theory of Political Coalitions (1962\\), Riker argued that in situations where there is conflict over finite resources, actors will seek to create coalitions that are large enough to ensure that they get access to the resources, but that the coalitions will not be larger than that (because the actors will not want to dilute the resources more than they have to).",
"The William H. Riker Prize for excellence in undergraduate teaching is awarded by the University of Rochester bi\\-annually in his honor. The Political Economy section of the American Political Science Association awards an annual book prize in his name as well.",
""
] |
Other localities
----------------
### Austria
At [Huttenberg](/wiki/Huttenberg%2C_Austria "Huttenberg, Austria"), [Carinthia](/wiki/Carinthia_%28state%29 "Carinthia (state)"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria "Austria"), todorokite occurs as nodular masses about 5 cm in diameter, with a fibrous structure and coarse concentric layering. It is fragile, soft and porous, and so light that it can float on water. It is brown, but lighter in color than samples from Charco Redondo in Cuba. The luster of fracture surfaces is dull, but the smooth outer surface of the nodules has a faintly bronze\-like appearance. It has a relatively high barium content, and also {{chem2\|Mn(4\+)}}, perhaps due to a small admixture of [pyrolusite](/wiki/Pyrolusite "Pyrolusite") ({{chem2\|Mn(4\+)O2}}).
### Brazil
Todorokite is a rare constituent of the [manganese oxide](/wiki/Manganese_oxide "Manganese oxide") deposits at Saude and [Urandi](/wiki/Urandi "Urandi"), in [Bahia](/wiki/Bahia "Bahia"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), as a result of supergene enrichment of the [metamorphic](/wiki/Metamorphism_%28geology%29 "Metamorphism (geology)") [country rock](/wiki/Country_rock "Country rock") that contains [spessartine](/wiki/Spessartine "Spessartine") ({{chem2\|Mn(2\+)3Al2(SiO4\)3}}) and other manganese minerals.
### Cuba
At [Charco Redondo](/wiki/Charco_Redondo "Charco Redondo") in [Oriente Province](/wiki/Oriente_Province "Oriente Province"), [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba "Cuba"), fibrous todorokite has been found with fibers to 10 cm in length. It is dark brownish black with a weak silky sheen on fracture surfaces, otherwise the luster is dull. It is difficult to measure the specific gravity because of the fibrous structure; measured values between 3\.1 and 3\.4 are probably too low. Hardness is low but cannot be measured accurately. Commonly associated minerals are pyrolusite, cryptomelane, [manganite](/wiki/Manganite "Manganite"), [psilomelane](/wiki/Psilomelane "Psilomelane"), quartz, [feldspar](/wiki/Feldspar "Feldspar") and [calcite](/wiki/Calcite "Calcite"). The manganese ores are interbedded with volcanic [tuff](/wiki/Tuff "Tuff"), [jasper](/wiki/Jasper "Jasper") and [limestone](/wiki/Limestone "Limestone"). The todorokite has been altered near the surface and along [faults](/wiki/Fault_%28geology%29 "Fault (geology)") or [fissures](/wiki/Fissure "Fissure") to pyrolusite, and perhaps to manganite. The source of the manganese was probably [hot springs](/wiki/Hot_springs "Hot springs").
### Portugal
At Farragudo in the [Algarve](/wiki/Algarve "Algarve"), [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal "Portugal"), a [stalactitic](/wiki/Stalactite "Stalactite") mass of todorokite was found in a small collection of secondary manganese minerals, chiefly cryptomelane {{chem2\|(K(Mn(4\+),Mn(2\+))8O16}}). It is soft and porous, with a fibrous mode of aggregation and dark brown to brownish black color.
### South Africa
Large crystals have been found in the Smartt Mine, [Hotazel](/wiki/Hotazel "Hotazel"), and elsewhere in the [Kuruman](/wiki/Kuruman "Kuruman") district, [Cape Province](/wiki/Cape_Province "Cape Province"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa "South Africa").
### United States
At [Sterling Hill](/wiki/Sterling_Hill_Mining_Museum "Sterling Hill Mining Museum"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey "New Jersey"), todorokite has been identified in a small collection of secondary manganese oxides from the old surface workings. It forms soft, dark brownish\-black masses with a confused fibrous structure. Associated with [chalcophanite](/wiki/Chalcophanite "Chalcophanite") {{chem2\|(ZnMn(4\+)3O7\*3H2O}}) and secondary calcite ({{chem2\|CaCO3}}) crystals in [franklinite](/wiki/Franklinite "Franklinite") ({{chem2\|ZnFe(3\+)2O4}}) – [willemite](/wiki/Willemite "Willemite") ({{chem2\|Zn2SiO4}}) ore.
At [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan "Saipan") in the [Mariana Islands](/wiki/Mariana_Islands "Mariana Islands"), in the Pacific Ocean, todorokite has been found with the same mode of aggregation and color as that from Charco Redondo in Cuba. It is relatively brittle and hard because it is intimately admixed with finely divided silica, amounting in some cases to as much as 50% of the sample. The content of magnesium is greater than that of barium or calcium.
|
[
"Other localities\n----------------",
"### Austria",
"At [Huttenberg](/wiki/Huttenberg%2C_Austria \"Huttenberg, Austria\"), [Carinthia](/wiki/Carinthia_%28state%29 \"Carinthia (state)\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), todorokite occurs as nodular masses about 5 cm in diameter, with a fibrous structure and coarse concentric layering. It is fragile, soft and porous, and so light that it can float on water. It is brown, but lighter in color than samples from Charco Redondo in Cuba. The luster of fracture surfaces is dull, but the smooth outer surface of the nodules has a faintly bronze\\-like appearance. It has a relatively high barium content, and also {{chem2\\|Mn(4\\+)}}, perhaps due to a small admixture of [pyrolusite](/wiki/Pyrolusite \"Pyrolusite\") ({{chem2\\|Mn(4\\+)O2}}).",
"### Brazil",
"Todorokite is a rare constituent of the [manganese oxide](/wiki/Manganese_oxide \"Manganese oxide\") deposits at Saude and [Urandi](/wiki/Urandi \"Urandi\"), in [Bahia](/wiki/Bahia \"Bahia\"), [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\"), as a result of supergene enrichment of the [metamorphic](/wiki/Metamorphism_%28geology%29 \"Metamorphism (geology)\") [country rock](/wiki/Country_rock \"Country rock\") that contains [spessartine](/wiki/Spessartine \"Spessartine\") ({{chem2\\|Mn(2\\+)3Al2(SiO4\\)3}}) and other manganese minerals.",
"### Cuba",
"At [Charco Redondo](/wiki/Charco_Redondo \"Charco Redondo\") in [Oriente Province](/wiki/Oriente_Province \"Oriente Province\"), [Cuba](/wiki/Cuba \"Cuba\"), fibrous todorokite has been found with fibers to 10 cm in length. It is dark brownish black with a weak silky sheen on fracture surfaces, otherwise the luster is dull. It is difficult to measure the specific gravity because of the fibrous structure; measured values between 3\\.1 and 3\\.4 are probably too low. Hardness is low but cannot be measured accurately. Commonly associated minerals are pyrolusite, cryptomelane, [manganite](/wiki/Manganite \"Manganite\"), [psilomelane](/wiki/Psilomelane \"Psilomelane\"), quartz, [feldspar](/wiki/Feldspar \"Feldspar\") and [calcite](/wiki/Calcite \"Calcite\"). The manganese ores are interbedded with volcanic [tuff](/wiki/Tuff \"Tuff\"), [jasper](/wiki/Jasper \"Jasper\") and [limestone](/wiki/Limestone \"Limestone\"). The todorokite has been altered near the surface and along [faults](/wiki/Fault_%28geology%29 \"Fault (geology)\") or [fissures](/wiki/Fissure \"Fissure\") to pyrolusite, and perhaps to manganite. The source of the manganese was probably [hot springs](/wiki/Hot_springs \"Hot springs\").",
"### Portugal",
"At Farragudo in the [Algarve](/wiki/Algarve \"Algarve\"), [Portugal](/wiki/Portugal \"Portugal\"), a [stalactitic](/wiki/Stalactite \"Stalactite\") mass of todorokite was found in a small collection of secondary manganese minerals, chiefly cryptomelane {{chem2\\|(K(Mn(4\\+),Mn(2\\+))8O16}}). It is soft and porous, with a fibrous mode of aggregation and dark brown to brownish black color.",
"### South Africa",
"Large crystals have been found in the Smartt Mine, [Hotazel](/wiki/Hotazel \"Hotazel\"), and elsewhere in the [Kuruman](/wiki/Kuruman \"Kuruman\") district, [Cape Province](/wiki/Cape_Province \"Cape Province\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\").",
"### United States",
"At [Sterling Hill](/wiki/Sterling_Hill_Mining_Museum \"Sterling Hill Mining Museum\"), [New Jersey](/wiki/New_Jersey \"New Jersey\"), todorokite has been identified in a small collection of secondary manganese oxides from the old surface workings. It forms soft, dark brownish\\-black masses with a confused fibrous structure. Associated with [chalcophanite](/wiki/Chalcophanite \"Chalcophanite\") {{chem2\\|(ZnMn(4\\+)3O7\\*3H2O}}) and secondary calcite ({{chem2\\|CaCO3}}) crystals in [franklinite](/wiki/Franklinite \"Franklinite\") ({{chem2\\|ZnFe(3\\+)2O4}}) – [willemite](/wiki/Willemite \"Willemite\") ({{chem2\\|Zn2SiO4}}) ore.",
"At [Saipan](/wiki/Saipan \"Saipan\") in the [Mariana Islands](/wiki/Mariana_Islands \"Mariana Islands\"), in the Pacific Ocean, todorokite has been found with the same mode of aggregation and color as that from Charco Redondo in Cuba. It is relatively brittle and hard because it is intimately admixed with finely divided silica, amounting in some cases to as much as 50% of the sample. The content of magnesium is greater than that of barium or calcium.",
""
] |
Life
----
Grove was born in 1909 in [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Victoria "Hamilton, Victoria"), [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28state%29 "Victoria (state)") to [Methodist](/wiki/Methodism "Methodism") minister John William Grove, and Daisy Blanche (nee Galloway). The fourth of six children and the only girl, the family lived in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania "Tasmania") and [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia "Western Australia") before settling in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28state%29 "Victoria (state)"). Grove attended the [Methodist Ladies' College](/wiki/Methodist_Ladies%27_College%2C_Melbourne "Methodist Ladies' College, Melbourne") (MLC) in [Kew](/wiki/Kew%2C_Victoria "Kew, Victoria"), where her father served as its second Principal.
She first met [Catherine Hardress](/wiki/Catherine_Hardess "Catherine Hardess") while studying an Applied Art course at [Swinburne Technical College](/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology "Swinburne University of Technology") where Hardress was Head of the Fine Art Department.{{Cite book \|last\=Williamson \|first\=Liz \|title\=Studio\-weaving Australia : Robert Maltus \& eclarte \|date\=2000 \|publisher\=Frances Burke Textile Resource Centre \|isbn\=0864590539 \|location\=Melbourne}} Grove was first studying to become a [concert pianist](/wiki/Pianist "Pianist") before taking up art, teaching art and crafts at the [Elsternwick](/wiki/Elsternwick%2C_Victoria "Elsternwick, Victoria") campus of MLC. She travelled overseas at the behest of MLC to gather ideas to start up an art department at the school. Arriving in [England](/wiki/England "England") in 1935, she enrolled at the London School of Arts and Crafts.{{Cite journal \|last\=Grove \|first\=Mollie \|date\=Spring 1985 \|title\=Hand\-woven fabrics from eclarté \|journal\=Craft Australia \|volume\=15 \|issue\=3 \|pages\=57–61}}
It was in [England](/wiki/England "England") that she was reunited with Hardress who had arrived a few years earlier and was doing [costume design](/wiki/Costume_design "Costume design") for the Tunbridge Repertory Theatre in [Kent](/wiki/Kent "Kent"). They ended up sharing a studio, and it was here after being snowed in for three weeks that they planned a trip to the countryside.{{Cite journal \|last\=Leyser \|first\=Joan \|date\=February 1995 \|title\=eclarté – an Australian vision \|journal\=Australian Home Beautiful \|volume\=34 \|issue\=2 \|pages\=37–39}} It was at this [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton "Northampton") cottage where Grove was first persuaded to try the [loom](/wiki/Loom "Loom") and fell in love with [weaving](/wiki/Weaving "Weaving").{{Cite journal \|last\=Arndt \|first\=Jessie Ash \|date\=23 September 1959 \|title\=Australian artists run weaving firm \|journal\=Christian Science Monitor \|publication\-place\=Boston}} Upon returning to [London](/wiki/London "London") she left the School of Arts and Crafts and enrolled instead with the Kensington Weavers.
The three\-month course allowed Grove to develop her skills by undertaking projects in [carding](/wiki/Carding "Carding"), [spinning](/wiki/Spinning_wheel "Spinning wheel"), [weaving](/wiki/Weaving "Weaving"), [inlaying](/wiki/Inlay "Inlay"), and [rug\-making](/wiki/Rug_making "Rug making"). The craft of [weaving](/wiki/Weaving "Weaving") was for her the perfect blend of artistic creativity, and the technical precision and skill that made her such a good [pianist](/wiki/Pianist "Pianist").{{Cite thesis \|last\=Hunt \|first\=Jo\-Ann \|title\=Eclarté \|date\=1973 \|degree\=Thesis \|publisher\=Melbourne Teacher's College}} Under the tutelage of Frau Jorgens, a talented German weaver, Grove did an apprenticeship learning advanced [weaving](/wiki/Weaving "Weaving") techniques. She furthered her research by working with a chemist to study how [yarn](/wiki/Yarn "Yarn") was affected by various [dyes](/wiki/Dye "Dye").
Before returning to Australia in 1939, Hardress and Grove spent six months travelling [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia "Scandinavia") and [Russia](/wiki/Russia "Russia") gathering inspiration for their craft.{{Cite news \|date\=1939\-08\-15 \|title\=NEW EDUCATION IN SOVIET RUSSIA \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article278159044 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-04 \|work\=Sun News\-Pictorial}} Grove was particularly interested in the industrial development of weaving in [Finland](/wiki/Finland "Finland") and [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden "Sweden").{{Cite web \|title\=ARTISTS ON WAY HOME – The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 – 1954\) – 12 Aug 1939 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article204921857 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-04 \|website\=Trove \|language\=en}} They arrived in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") on 14 August 1939 on board the Dutch ship *Arendskerk,*{{Cite web \|title\=Tapestries Weave Their Spell – The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957\) – 15 Aug 1939 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article11238689 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-04 \|website\=Trove \|language\=en}} which less than a year later was sunk by a German submarine.{{Cite news \|date\=1940\-01\-17 \|title\=DUTCH LINER SUNK. \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article17646384 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-04 \|work\=Sydney Morning Herald}} The women quickly found an ideal location for a new studio in the basement of the Royal Exchange Assurance Building on Queen Street, with a loom for Mollie and a theatre replica for Catherine.{{Cite news \|date\=1939\-09\-05 \|title\=FURNISHING ARTISTIC STUDIO IN BASEMENT \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article11251307 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-04 \|work\=Argus}}
### eclarté
Their first shop was at the start of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") displaying [fabrics](/wiki/Textile "Textile") on urns in the store window of Batavia House. The [Australian government](/wiki/Australian_Government "Australian Government") sent their tweeds to the [United States](/wiki/United_States "United States") in 1940 as part of a display for the [New York World's Fair](/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair "1939 New York World's Fair").{{Cite news \|date\=1940\-09\-17 \|title\=Fabrics Sent To New York Fair \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article204388126 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-04 \|work\=Age}} In March of 1940 an exhibition of their hand\-woven fabrics at [Hotel Australia](/wiki/Hotel_Australia "Hotel Australia") was opened by then\-Prime Minister [Robert Menzies](/wiki/Robert_Menzies "Robert Menzies").{{Cite web \|title\=Three Exhibitions Mark Opening Of Art Season – The Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 – 1954\) – 4 Mar 1940 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article243236560 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-04 \|website\=Trove \|language\=en}} Their displays appeared the [Royal Show](/wiki/Melbourne_Royal_Show "Melbourne Royal Show") in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne") as part of the [Australian Wool Board](/wiki/Australian_Wool_Board "Australian Wool Board")'s Wool Court, with their creation being chosen by [Governor Sir Winston Dugan](/wiki/Winston_Dugan%2C_1st_Baron_Dugan_of_Victoria "Winston Dugan, 1st Baron Dugan of Victoria") to present as a gift to the Premier.{{Cite web \|title\=Interesting New Fabrics on Display at R.A.S. – The Sun News\-Pictorial (Melbourne, Vic. : 1922 – 1954; 1956\) – 28 Sep 1940 \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article278185953 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-05 \|website\=Trove \|language\=en}} Grove and Hardress are not only credited with the creation of beautiful fabrics but the advancement of the wool manufacturing industry in Australia.
{{Quote box
\| quote \= "This exhibition will, I am sure, open up a new vision of beauty to the people who see it. We are the greatest wool\-producing country, and we boast that we produce the finest wool in the world. Here we will see things entirely made and designed by two women."
\| author \= Robert Menzies
\| source \= The Argus, 4 March 1940
}}
With that, the weaving business *eclarté* was born, and Grove began by teaching the technical side of producing handwoven [woollens](/wiki/Woolen "Woolen").{{Cite news \|date\=1940\-11\-12 \|title\=Two Australian Women Design HIGH GRADE WOOLLENS for the FASHION WORLD \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article17716993 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-05 \|work\=Sydney Morning Herald}} The influence of the war made imported [fashion](/wiki/Fashion "Fashion") hard to come by and the growth in practice of the tradition of [weaving](/wiki/Weaving "Weaving") gave rise to their early business success. For the 21st birthday of [Princess Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_II "Elizabeth II") she handpicked one of their [tweed](/wiki/Tweed "Tweed") [blankets](/wiki/Blanket "Blanket") made from royal violet [wool](/wiki/Wool "Wool").{{Cite news \|date\=1947\-06\-17 \|title\=LENGTH OF TWEED FOR PRINCESS \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article18030658 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-05 \|work\=Sydney Morning Herald}} Offering tailored [suits](/wiki/Suit "Suit") at half the price of comparable imported products and achieving an exclusivity deal with [David Jones](/wiki/David_Jones_%28retailer%29 "David Jones (retailer)"), eclarté became known as one of the best [cloths](/wiki/Textile "Textile") in Australia.{{Cite news \|date\=1948\-02\-18 \|title\=Advertising \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article18061473 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-05 \|work\=Sydney Morning Herald}}
File:Eclarte bluewhite.jpg
File:Eclarte green.jpg
File:Eclarte pinkbrown.jpg
File:Eclarte yellowwhite.jpg
File:Eclarte creambeige.jpg
After working out of their Melbourne studio throughout the war years, the eclarté mills in Dandenong were opened by Robert Menzies on 18 December 1951\.{{Cite news \|date\=1951\-12\-19 \|title\=PRIME MINISTER OPENS NEW ECLARTE FACTORY \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article222356388 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|work\=Dandenong Journal}} While many considered weaving a traditionally feminine practice, two\-thirds of their factory staff were men.{{Cite news \|date\=1951\-12\-11 \|title\=Weaving mill fulfills dream \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article247841111 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|work\=Herald}} Grove and Hardress worked hard to make their company a joyful and nice place to work. Rather than just employing workers, the eclarte philosophy was "A man who works with his hands is a labourer, a man who works with his hands and his brain is a craftsman, but a man who works with his hands and his brain and his heart is an artist."{{Cite news \|date\=1951\-12\-19 \|title\=Women's art has outlet in textile industry \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article224480752 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-07 \|work\=Weekly Times}} They trained their community of artisans in all aspects of the work so they could perform a variety of tasks and not be bored.
With the war period behind them, eclarté took on commissions developing furnishing fabrics for building projects, putting them in contact with such notable architects of the time as [Robin Boyd](/wiki/Robin_Boyd_%28architect%29 "Robin Boyd (architect)"), [Roy Grounds](/wiki/Roy_Grounds "Roy Grounds"), and [Stephenson and Turner](/wiki/Stephenson_and_Turner "Stephenson and Turner"). Among their significant commissions were upholstery for the [Australian Academy of Science](/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science "Australian Academy of Science") building in [Canberra](/wiki/Canberra "Canberra"), curtains for the Prime Minister's Suite at [Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Canberra "Parliament House, Canberra"), and curtains and divan covers for the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne "University of Melbourne"). Despite their glowing reputation and quality product, competition from big industry led to them downgrading their factory and moving to convert an old flour mill in [Heathcote](/wiki/Heathcote%2C_Victoria "Heathcote, Victoria").{{Cite news \|last\=White \|first\=Osmar \|date\=1960\-10\-08 \|title\=The art of happiness! \|work\=The Herald}}
|
[
"Life\n----",
"Grove was born in 1909 in [Hamilton](/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Victoria \"Hamilton, Victoria\"), [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28state%29 \"Victoria (state)\") to [Methodist](/wiki/Methodism \"Methodism\") minister John William Grove, and Daisy Blanche (nee Galloway). The fourth of six children and the only girl, the family lived in [Tasmania](/wiki/Tasmania \"Tasmania\") and [Western Australia](/wiki/Western_Australia \"Western Australia\") before settling in [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria_%28state%29 \"Victoria (state)\"). Grove attended the [Methodist Ladies' College](/wiki/Methodist_Ladies%27_College%2C_Melbourne \"Methodist Ladies' College, Melbourne\") (MLC) in [Kew](/wiki/Kew%2C_Victoria \"Kew, Victoria\"), where her father served as its second Principal.",
"She first met [Catherine Hardress](/wiki/Catherine_Hardess \"Catherine Hardess\") while studying an Applied Art course at [Swinburne Technical College](/wiki/Swinburne_University_of_Technology \"Swinburne University of Technology\") where Hardress was Head of the Fine Art Department.{{Cite book \\|last\\=Williamson \\|first\\=Liz \\|title\\=Studio\\-weaving Australia : Robert Maltus \\& eclarte \\|date\\=2000 \\|publisher\\=Frances Burke Textile Resource Centre \\|isbn\\=0864590539 \\|location\\=Melbourne}} Grove was first studying to become a [concert pianist](/wiki/Pianist \"Pianist\") before taking up art, teaching art and crafts at the [Elsternwick](/wiki/Elsternwick%2C_Victoria \"Elsternwick, Victoria\") campus of MLC. She travelled overseas at the behest of MLC to gather ideas to start up an art department at the school. Arriving in [England](/wiki/England \"England\") in 1935, she enrolled at the London School of Arts and Crafts.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Grove \\|first\\=Mollie \\|date\\=Spring 1985 \\|title\\=Hand\\-woven fabrics from eclarté \\|journal\\=Craft Australia \\|volume\\=15 \\|issue\\=3 \\|pages\\=57–61}}",
"It was in [England](/wiki/England \"England\") that she was reunited with Hardress who had arrived a few years earlier and was doing [costume design](/wiki/Costume_design \"Costume design\") for the Tunbridge Repertory Theatre in [Kent](/wiki/Kent \"Kent\"). They ended up sharing a studio, and it was here after being snowed in for three weeks that they planned a trip to the countryside.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Leyser \\|first\\=Joan \\|date\\=February 1995 \\|title\\=eclarté – an Australian vision \\|journal\\=Australian Home Beautiful \\|volume\\=34 \\|issue\\=2 \\|pages\\=37–39}} It was at this [Northampton](/wiki/Northampton \"Northampton\") cottage where Grove was first persuaded to try the [loom](/wiki/Loom \"Loom\") and fell in love with [weaving](/wiki/Weaving \"Weaving\").{{Cite journal \\|last\\=Arndt \\|first\\=Jessie Ash \\|date\\=23 September 1959 \\|title\\=Australian artists run weaving firm \\|journal\\=Christian Science Monitor \\|publication\\-place\\=Boston}} Upon returning to [London](/wiki/London \"London\") she left the School of Arts and Crafts and enrolled instead with the Kensington Weavers.",
"The three\\-month course allowed Grove to develop her skills by undertaking projects in [carding](/wiki/Carding \"Carding\"), [spinning](/wiki/Spinning_wheel \"Spinning wheel\"), [weaving](/wiki/Weaving \"Weaving\"), [inlaying](/wiki/Inlay \"Inlay\"), and [rug\\-making](/wiki/Rug_making \"Rug making\"). The craft of [weaving](/wiki/Weaving \"Weaving\") was for her the perfect blend of artistic creativity, and the technical precision and skill that made her such a good [pianist](/wiki/Pianist \"Pianist\").{{Cite thesis \\|last\\=Hunt \\|first\\=Jo\\-Ann \\|title\\=Eclarté \\|date\\=1973 \\|degree\\=Thesis \\|publisher\\=Melbourne Teacher's College}} Under the tutelage of Frau Jorgens, a talented German weaver, Grove did an apprenticeship learning advanced [weaving](/wiki/Weaving \"Weaving\") techniques. She furthered her research by working with a chemist to study how [yarn](/wiki/Yarn \"Yarn\") was affected by various [dyes](/wiki/Dye \"Dye\").",
"Before returning to Australia in 1939, Hardress and Grove spent six months travelling [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia \"Scandinavia\") and [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\") gathering inspiration for their craft.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1939\\-08\\-15 \\|title\\=NEW EDUCATION IN SOVIET RUSSIA \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article278159044 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-04 \\|work\\=Sun News\\-Pictorial}} Grove was particularly interested in the industrial development of weaving in [Finland](/wiki/Finland \"Finland\") and [Sweden](/wiki/Sweden \"Sweden\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=ARTISTS ON WAY HOME – The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 – 1954\\) – 12 Aug 1939 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article204921857 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-04 \\|website\\=Trove \\|language\\=en}} They arrived in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") on 14 August 1939 on board the Dutch ship *Arendskerk,*{{Cite web \\|title\\=Tapestries Weave Their Spell – The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 – 1957\\) – 15 Aug 1939 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article11238689 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-04 \\|website\\=Trove \\|language\\=en}} which less than a year later was sunk by a German submarine.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1940\\-01\\-17 \\|title\\=DUTCH LINER SUNK. \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article17646384 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-04 \\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald}} The women quickly found an ideal location for a new studio in the basement of the Royal Exchange Assurance Building on Queen Street, with a loom for Mollie and a theatre replica for Catherine.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1939\\-09\\-05 \\|title\\=FURNISHING ARTISTIC STUDIO IN BASEMENT \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article11251307 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-04 \\|work\\=Argus}}",
"### eclarté",
"Their first shop was at the start of [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\") displaying [fabrics](/wiki/Textile \"Textile\") on urns in the store window of Batavia House. The [Australian government](/wiki/Australian_Government \"Australian Government\") sent their tweeds to the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") in 1940 as part of a display for the [New York World's Fair](/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair \"1939 New York World's Fair\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=1940\\-09\\-17 \\|title\\=Fabrics Sent To New York Fair \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article204388126 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-04 \\|work\\=Age}} In March of 1940 an exhibition of their hand\\-woven fabrics at [Hotel Australia](/wiki/Hotel_Australia \"Hotel Australia\") was opened by then\\-Prime Minister [Robert Menzies](/wiki/Robert_Menzies \"Robert Menzies\").{{Cite web \\|title\\=Three Exhibitions Mark Opening Of Art Season – The Herald (Melbourne, Vic. : 1861 – 1954\\) – 4 Mar 1940 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article243236560 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-04 \\|website\\=Trove \\|language\\=en}} Their displays appeared the [Royal Show](/wiki/Melbourne_Royal_Show \"Melbourne Royal Show\") in [Melbourne](/wiki/Melbourne \"Melbourne\") as part of the [Australian Wool Board](/wiki/Australian_Wool_Board \"Australian Wool Board\")'s Wool Court, with their creation being chosen by [Governor Sir Winston Dugan](/wiki/Winston_Dugan%2C_1st_Baron_Dugan_of_Victoria \"Winston Dugan, 1st Baron Dugan of Victoria\") to present as a gift to the Premier.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Interesting New Fabrics on Display at R.A.S. – The Sun News\\-Pictorial (Melbourne, Vic. : 1922 – 1954; 1956\\) – 28 Sep 1940 \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article278185953 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-05 \\|website\\=Trove \\|language\\=en}} Grove and Hardress are not only credited with the creation of beautiful fabrics but the advancement of the wool manufacturing industry in Australia.",
"{{Quote box\n\\| quote \\= \"This exhibition will, I am sure, open up a new vision of beauty to the people who see it. We are the greatest wool\\-producing country, and we boast that we produce the finest wool in the world. Here we will see things entirely made and designed by two women.\"\n\\| author \\= Robert Menzies\n\\| source \\= The Argus, 4 March 1940\n}}",
"With that, the weaving business *eclarté* was born, and Grove began by teaching the technical side of producing handwoven [woollens](/wiki/Woolen \"Woolen\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=1940\\-11\\-12 \\|title\\=Two Australian Women Design HIGH GRADE WOOLLENS for the FASHION WORLD \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article17716993 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-05 \\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald}} The influence of the war made imported [fashion](/wiki/Fashion \"Fashion\") hard to come by and the growth in practice of the tradition of [weaving](/wiki/Weaving \"Weaving\") gave rise to their early business success. For the 21st birthday of [Princess Elizabeth](/wiki/Elizabeth_II \"Elizabeth II\") she handpicked one of their [tweed](/wiki/Tweed \"Tweed\") [blankets](/wiki/Blanket \"Blanket\") made from royal violet [wool](/wiki/Wool \"Wool\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=1947\\-06\\-17 \\|title\\=LENGTH OF TWEED FOR PRINCESS \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article18030658 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-05 \\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald}} Offering tailored [suits](/wiki/Suit \"Suit\") at half the price of comparable imported products and achieving an exclusivity deal with [David Jones](/wiki/David_Jones_%28retailer%29 \"David Jones (retailer)\"), eclarté became known as one of the best [cloths](/wiki/Textile \"Textile\") in Australia.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1948\\-02\\-18 \\|title\\=Advertising \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article18061473 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-05 \\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald}}",
"",
"File:Eclarte bluewhite.jpg\nFile:Eclarte green.jpg\nFile:Eclarte pinkbrown.jpg\nFile:Eclarte yellowwhite.jpg\nFile:Eclarte creambeige.jpg",
"",
"After working out of their Melbourne studio throughout the war years, the eclarté mills in Dandenong were opened by Robert Menzies on 18 December 1951\\.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1951\\-12\\-19 \\|title\\=PRIME MINISTER OPENS NEW ECLARTE FACTORY \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article222356388 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|work\\=Dandenong Journal}} While many considered weaving a traditionally feminine practice, two\\-thirds of their factory staff were men.{{Cite news \\|date\\=1951\\-12\\-11 \\|title\\=Weaving mill fulfills dream \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article247841111 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|work\\=Herald}} Grove and Hardress worked hard to make their company a joyful and nice place to work. Rather than just employing workers, the eclarte philosophy was \"A man who works with his hands is a labourer, a man who works with his hands and his brain is a craftsman, but a man who works with his hands and his brain and his heart is an artist.\"{{Cite news \\|date\\=1951\\-12\\-19 \\|title\\=Women's art has outlet in textile industry \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article224480752 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-07 \\|work\\=Weekly Times}} They trained their community of artisans in all aspects of the work so they could perform a variety of tasks and not be bored.",
"With the war period behind them, eclarté took on commissions developing furnishing fabrics for building projects, putting them in contact with such notable architects of the time as [Robin Boyd](/wiki/Robin_Boyd_%28architect%29 \"Robin Boyd (architect)\"), [Roy Grounds](/wiki/Roy_Grounds \"Roy Grounds\"), and [Stephenson and Turner](/wiki/Stephenson_and_Turner \"Stephenson and Turner\"). Among their significant commissions were upholstery for the [Australian Academy of Science](/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science \"Australian Academy of Science\") building in [Canberra](/wiki/Canberra \"Canberra\"), curtains for the Prime Minister's Suite at [Parliament House](/wiki/Parliament_House%2C_Canberra \"Parliament House, Canberra\"), and curtains and divan covers for the [University of Melbourne](/wiki/University_of_Melbourne \"University of Melbourne\"). Despite their glowing reputation and quality product, competition from big industry led to them downgrading their factory and moving to convert an old flour mill in [Heathcote](/wiki/Heathcote%2C_Victoria \"Heathcote, Victoria\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=White \\|first\\=Osmar \\|date\\=1960\\-10\\-08 \\|title\\=The art of happiness! \\|work\\=The Herald}}",
""
] |
Biography
---------
Hernandez was born in [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona"), Arizona in 1982 and raised in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas "Dallas"), Texas. He worked at the Lewisville YMCA in [Flower Mound, Texas](/wiki/Flower_Mound%2C_Texas "Flower Mound, Texas") as a lifeguard. Hernandez was discovered by [Vanilla Ice](/wiki/Vanilla_Ice "Vanilla Ice") manager Tommy Quon. He is [Mexican\-American](/wiki/Mexican_Americans "Mexican Americans").
His debut single, "[If You Were Mine](/wiki/If_You_Were_Mine_%28Marcos_Hernandez_song%29 "If You Were Mine (Marcos Hernandez song)")", was released in August 2005\. The single got airplay on Pop and Rhythmic stations and reached the Top 25 on Top 40 radio. The single also went to No. 1 in South Africa and France.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.mediacastermagazine.com/issues/story.aspx?aid\=1000058717\&issue\=11232006\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20130128161345/http://www.mediacastermagazine.com/issues/story.aspx?aid\=1000058717\&issue\=11232006\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-date\=January 28, 2013\|title\=New PD at CHUM FM\|date\=November 23, 2006\|publisher\=Mediacaster\|accessdate\=August 11, 2010}} The video for the single was shot in [Echo Park, California](/wiki/Echo_Park%2C_California "Echo Park, California"). He joined the U.S. Marines in 2009\.
His album *C About Me* was originally independently released on Ultrax Records, yet once "If You Were Mine" began taking off at radio, he signed a new deal with TVT Records with plans to retool the album. The album was eventually re\-released on October 25, 2005, with a different album cover, along with a couple of newly recorded tracks ("Get Personal", "Lovely Girl", "[Bitter Sweet](/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_%28Marcos_Hernandez_song%29 "Bitter Sweet (Marcos Hernandez song)")", "The Way I Do" and "Call Me"). Since new tracks were added, a couple of songs on the original version of his debut album were omitted: ("Breaking All The Rules", "That Thing You Do", "So Sexy", "Come On Over Baby", "Summertime 4Play", "Matta No Mo" and "Mission For A Dream").
Following the success of "[If You Were Mine](/wiki/If_You_Were_Mine_%28Marcos_Hernandez_song%29 "If You Were Mine (Marcos Hernandez song)")", TVT had planned to release "If I'd Known" (featuring [MC Magic](/wiki/MC_Magic "MC Magic") of [NB Ridaz](/wiki/NB_Ridaz "NB Ridaz")), which was sent to radio. However, the track failed to take off and "The Way I Do" became Marcos' official second single. Promotional CDs were sent out, and the song went for adds to radio. Once again, no success at radio (and no video was shot) but the album's promotion did not stop there. However, the single was another No. 1 hit in South Africa.
In June 2006 he traveled to South Africa and was interviewed on East Coast Radio and a third single, "Call Me" was released to radio in July 2006\. Meanwhile, a video for "Bitter Sweet" was allegedly shot during his stay in South Africa.
Hernandez released his new international album entitled *Endless Nights* on July 24, 2007\.
In December 2010, Marcos announced on his official Facebook music page that he was returning to the world of music and that he was working on a new album.[Marcos Hernandez Music page – Facebook](http://www.facebook.com/pages/Marcos-Hernandez-Music-page/114075825322609){{Primary source inline\|date\=January 2020}} To that end, he signed on as an artist with The Entertainment District label.[The Entertainment District – Who is Marcos Hernandez?](http://entdistrict.com/Marcos/) {{webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815180046/http://entdistrict.com/Marcos/ \|date\=August 15, 2011 }} Marcos released the single "Medicine" on iTunes[iTunes – "Medicine" by Marcos Hernandez](https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/medicine/id431968443?i=431968550) on April 19, 2011\.
In June 2024, Marcos Hernandez announced he would be singing at the Hotel Texan Event Center in Seagraves, Texas, on July 19th, 2024\.
|
[
"Biography\n---------",
"Hernandez was born in [Phoenix](/wiki/Phoenix%2C_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\"), Arizona in 1982 and raised in [Dallas](/wiki/Dallas \"Dallas\"), Texas. He worked at the Lewisville YMCA in [Flower Mound, Texas](/wiki/Flower_Mound%2C_Texas \"Flower Mound, Texas\") as a lifeguard. Hernandez was discovered by [Vanilla Ice](/wiki/Vanilla_Ice \"Vanilla Ice\") manager Tommy Quon. He is [Mexican\\-American](/wiki/Mexican_Americans \"Mexican Americans\").",
"His debut single, \"[If You Were Mine](/wiki/If_You_Were_Mine_%28Marcos_Hernandez_song%29 \"If You Were Mine (Marcos Hernandez song)\")\", was released in August 2005\\. The single got airplay on Pop and Rhythmic stations and reached the Top 25 on Top 40 radio. The single also went to No. 1 in South Africa and France.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.mediacastermagazine.com/issues/story.aspx?aid\\=1000058717\\&issue\\=11232006\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20130128161345/http://www.mediacastermagazine.com/issues/story.aspx?aid\\=1000058717\\&issue\\=11232006\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-date\\=January 28, 2013\\|title\\=New PD at CHUM FM\\|date\\=November 23, 2006\\|publisher\\=Mediacaster\\|accessdate\\=August 11, 2010}} The video for the single was shot in [Echo Park, California](/wiki/Echo_Park%2C_California \"Echo Park, California\"). He joined the U.S. Marines in 2009\\.",
"His album *C About Me* was originally independently released on Ultrax Records, yet once \"If You Were Mine\" began taking off at radio, he signed a new deal with TVT Records with plans to retool the album. The album was eventually re\\-released on October 25, 2005, with a different album cover, along with a couple of newly recorded tracks (\"Get Personal\", \"Lovely Girl\", \"[Bitter Sweet](/wiki/Bitter_Sweet_%28Marcos_Hernandez_song%29 \"Bitter Sweet (Marcos Hernandez song)\")\", \"The Way I Do\" and \"Call Me\"). Since new tracks were added, a couple of songs on the original version of his debut album were omitted: (\"Breaking All The Rules\", \"That Thing You Do\", \"So Sexy\", \"Come On Over Baby\", \"Summertime 4Play\", \"Matta No Mo\" and \"Mission For A Dream\").",
"Following the success of \"[If You Were Mine](/wiki/If_You_Were_Mine_%28Marcos_Hernandez_song%29 \"If You Were Mine (Marcos Hernandez song)\")\", TVT had planned to release \"If I'd Known\" (featuring [MC Magic](/wiki/MC_Magic \"MC Magic\") of [NB Ridaz](/wiki/NB_Ridaz \"NB Ridaz\")), which was sent to radio. However, the track failed to take off and \"The Way I Do\" became Marcos' official second single. Promotional CDs were sent out, and the song went for adds to radio. Once again, no success at radio (and no video was shot) but the album's promotion did not stop there. However, the single was another No. 1 hit in South Africa.",
"In June 2006 he traveled to South Africa and was interviewed on East Coast Radio and a third single, \"Call Me\" was released to radio in July 2006\\. Meanwhile, a video for \"Bitter Sweet\" was allegedly shot during his stay in South Africa.",
"Hernandez released his new international album entitled *Endless Nights* on July 24, 2007\\.",
"In December 2010, Marcos announced on his official Facebook music page that he was returning to the world of music and that he was working on a new album.[Marcos Hernandez Music page – Facebook](http://www.facebook.com/pages/Marcos-Hernandez-Music-page/114075825322609){{Primary source inline\\|date\\=January 2020}} To that end, he signed on as an artist with The Entertainment District label.[The Entertainment District – Who is Marcos Hernandez?](http://entdistrict.com/Marcos/) {{webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815180046/http://entdistrict.com/Marcos/ \\|date\\=August 15, 2011 }} Marcos released the single \"Medicine\" on iTunes[iTunes – \"Medicine\" by Marcos Hernandez](https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/medicine/id431968443?i=431968550) on April 19, 2011\\.",
"In June 2024, Marcos Hernandez announced he would be singing at the Hotel Texan Event Center in Seagraves, Texas, on July 19th, 2024\\.",
""
] |
History
-------
The Cup is presented by the Aviemore branch of [An Comunn Gaidhealach](/wiki/An_Comunn_Gaidhealach "An Comunn Gaidhealach") as part of the week\-long Mod as a celebration of shinty's links with [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic "Scottish Gaelic"). The trophy originally had a lid which has been lost. The first running of the cup was in 1969 as the Mod was held in [Aviemore](/wiki/Aviemore "Aviemore") and the two closest sides were the sport's historic giants, Kingussie and Newtonmore. Newtonmore won the first running of the cup 5\-2{{Cite web\|url\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\=2507\&dat\=19691020\&id\=EZJAAAAAIBAJ\&sjid\=A6UMAAAAIBAJ\&pg\=2136,3581804\|title\=The Glasgow Herald \- Google News Archive Search\|website\=news.google.com\|accessdate\=26 April 2023}} and to this day the Mod Cup is perhaps the one trophy that the club is eligible to compete for that Kingussie has never won.
Over the years, the Mod has been held in towns without shinty teams which has resulted in teams being imported (Stornoway Mods in the 1980s, when [Beauly Shinty Club](/wiki/Beauly_Shinty_Club "Beauly Shinty Club") and [Skye Camanachd](/wiki/Skye_Camanachd "Skye Camanachd") or in areas with a plethora of shinty teams, such as the [Lochaber](/wiki/Lochaber "Lochaber") Mod 2007 when a select Lochaber East Side played Lochaber West in [Ardnamurchan](/wiki/Ardnamurchan "Ardnamurchan"). The expansion of shinty into areas where it had previously not been played for a long time means that there should be teams from that locale competing for the trophy in the future. This was the case with the Caithness Mod in 2010{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/Article.aspx/1938764?UserKey\= \|title\=Press and Journal \- Article \- Mod's shinty match will be historic clash \|access\-date\=30 September 2010 \|archive\-date\=3 April 2012 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403034158/http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/Article.aspx/1938764?UserKey\= \|url\-status\=dead }} and the Western Isles Mod in 2011\.
The 2004 fixture was played between Tayforth and Edinburgh East Lothian, at South Inch, Perth. The 2008 fixture was to be competed for between [Aberdour Shinty Club](/wiki/Aberdour_Shinty_Club "Aberdour Shinty Club") and [Glasgow Mid\-Argyll](/wiki/Glasgow_Mid-Argyll "Glasgow Mid-Argyll") at Little Kerse, [Grangemouth](/wiki/Grangemouth "Grangemouth") as part of the Mod in [Falkirk](/wiki/Falkirk "Falkirk"). However, the fixture was rained off.
The 2009 fixture was played between Lochside Rovers and Oban Celtic at Mossfield Park, Oban on 10 October 2009 as part of a normal league fixture which Lochside won. The Cup provides many smaller teams with an opportunity to win national silverware.
The 2010 fixture between [Caithness](/wiki/Caithness_Shinty_Club "Caithness Shinty Club") and Sutherland was a historic game as it was the most northerly official shinty game ever played. Caithness won 3–1\.
The 2011 final was played in Uist, and was contested between Uist and Lewis, with Lewis gaining revenge over their 2005 conquerors, winning 2–0\.
In 2016 on the west side of Lewis, Skye recorded a 3–0 victory over their island rivals in wet and windy conditions. Goals from Peter Gordon, Iain MacLellan, and Kenny MacLeod took the Mod Cup over the sea to Skye.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Cup is presented by the Aviemore branch of [An Comunn Gaidhealach](/wiki/An_Comunn_Gaidhealach \"An Comunn Gaidhealach\") as part of the week\\-long Mod as a celebration of shinty's links with [Scottish Gaelic](/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic \"Scottish Gaelic\"). The trophy originally had a lid which has been lost. The first running of the cup was in 1969 as the Mod was held in [Aviemore](/wiki/Aviemore \"Aviemore\") and the two closest sides were the sport's historic giants, Kingussie and Newtonmore. Newtonmore won the first running of the cup 5\\-2{{Cite web\\|url\\=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid\\=2507\\&dat\\=19691020\\&id\\=EZJAAAAAIBAJ\\&sjid\\=A6UMAAAAIBAJ\\&pg\\=2136,3581804\\|title\\=The Glasgow Herald \\- Google News Archive Search\\|website\\=news.google.com\\|accessdate\\=26 April 2023}} and to this day the Mod Cup is perhaps the one trophy that the club is eligible to compete for that Kingussie has never won.",
"Over the years, the Mod has been held in towns without shinty teams which has resulted in teams being imported (Stornoway Mods in the 1980s, when [Beauly Shinty Club](/wiki/Beauly_Shinty_Club \"Beauly Shinty Club\") and [Skye Camanachd](/wiki/Skye_Camanachd \"Skye Camanachd\") or in areas with a plethora of shinty teams, such as the [Lochaber](/wiki/Lochaber \"Lochaber\") Mod 2007 when a select Lochaber East Side played Lochaber West in [Ardnamurchan](/wiki/Ardnamurchan \"Ardnamurchan\"). The expansion of shinty into areas where it had previously not been played for a long time means that there should be teams from that locale competing for the trophy in the future. This was the case with the Caithness Mod in 2010{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/Article.aspx/1938764?UserKey\\= \\|title\\=Press and Journal \\- Article \\- Mod's shinty match will be historic clash \\|access\\-date\\=30 September 2010 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 April 2012 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403034158/http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/Article.aspx/1938764?UserKey\\= \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} and the Western Isles Mod in 2011\\.",
"The 2004 fixture was played between Tayforth and Edinburgh East Lothian, at South Inch, Perth. The 2008 fixture was to be competed for between [Aberdour Shinty Club](/wiki/Aberdour_Shinty_Club \"Aberdour Shinty Club\") and [Glasgow Mid\\-Argyll](/wiki/Glasgow_Mid-Argyll \"Glasgow Mid-Argyll\") at Little Kerse, [Grangemouth](/wiki/Grangemouth \"Grangemouth\") as part of the Mod in [Falkirk](/wiki/Falkirk \"Falkirk\"). However, the fixture was rained off.",
"The 2009 fixture was played between Lochside Rovers and Oban Celtic at Mossfield Park, Oban on 10 October 2009 as part of a normal league fixture which Lochside won. The Cup provides many smaller teams with an opportunity to win national silverware.",
"The 2010 fixture between [Caithness](/wiki/Caithness_Shinty_Club \"Caithness Shinty Club\") and Sutherland was a historic game as it was the most northerly official shinty game ever played. Caithness won 3–1\\.",
"The 2011 final was played in Uist, and was contested between Uist and Lewis, with Lewis gaining revenge over their 2005 conquerors, winning 2–0\\.",
"In 2016 on the west side of Lewis, Skye recorded a 3–0 victory over their island rivals in wet and windy conditions. Goals from Peter Gordon, Iain MacLellan, and Kenny MacLeod took the Mod Cup over the sea to Skye.",
""
] |
Sources
-------
### Mus. ms. autogr. P 200
[thumb\|The title page of Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, which bears the title *Die / Kunst der Fuga / di Sig.o Joh. Seb. Bach. / (in eigenhändiger Partitur)*](/wiki/File:Die_Kunst_der_Fuga_-_autograph_title_page.png "Die Kunst der Fuga - autograph title page.png")
The earliest extant source of the work is an autograph manuscript possibly written from [1740](/wiki/1740 "1740") to [1746](/wiki/1746 "1746"), usually referred to by its call number as Mus. ms. autogr. P 200 in the [Berlin State Library](/wiki/Berlin_State_Library "Berlin State Library"). Bearing the title *Die / Kunst der Fuga* {{sic}} */ di Sig*\[*nore*] *Joh. Seb. Bach*, which was written by Bach's son\-in\-law [Johann Christoph Altnickol](/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Altnickol "Johann Christoph Altnickol"), followed by *(in eigenhändiger Partitur)* written by {{ill\|Georg Poelchau\|de}}, the autograph contains twelve untitled fugues and two canons arranged in a different order than in the first printed edition, with the absence of *Contrapunctus 4*, *Fuga a 2 clav* (two\-keyboard version of *Contrapunctus 13*), *Canon alla decima*, and *Canon alla duodecima*.
The autograph manuscript presents the then\-untitled *Contrapuncti* and canons in the following order: \[*Contrapunctus 1*], \[*Contrapunctus 3*], \[*Contrapunctus 2*], \[*Contrapunctus 5*], \[*Contrapunctus 9*], an early version of \[*Contrapunctus 10*], \[*Contrapunctus 6*], \[*Contrapunctus 7*], *Canon in Hypodiapason* with its two\-stave solution *Resolutio Canonis* (entitled *Canon alla Ottava* in the first printed edition), \[*Contrapunctus 8*], \[*Contrapunctus 11*], *Canon in Hypodiatesseron, al roversio* {{sic}} *e per augmentationem, perpetuus* presented in two staves and then on one, \[*Contrapunctus 12*] with the *inversus* form of the fugue written directly below the *rectus* form, \[*Contrapunctus 13*] with the same *rectus*–*inversus* format, and a two\-stave *Canon al roverscio et per augmentationem*—a second version of *Canon in Hypodiatesseron*.
### Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, Beilage
Bundled with the primary autograph are three supplementary manuscripts, each affixed to a composition that would appear in the first printed edition. Referred to as Mus. ms. autogr. P 200/Beilage 1, Mus. ms. autogr. P 200/Beilage 2, and Mus. ms. autogr. P 200/Beilage 3, they are written under the title *~~Die~~ Kunst / der Fuga / von J.S.B.*
Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, Beilage 1 contains a final preparatory revision of the *Canon in Hypodiatesseron*, under the title *Canon p*\[*er*] *Augmentationem contrario Motu* crossed out. The manuscript contains line break and page break information for the engraving process, most of which was transcribed in the first printed edition. Written on the top region of the manuscript is a note written by [Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach](/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_Bach "Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach"):
{{blockquote\|N.B. Der seel. Papa hat auf die Platte diesen Titul stechen lassen, Canon per Augment: in Contrapuncto all octava, er hat es aber wieder ausgestrichen auf der Probe Platte und gesetzet wie forn stehet
N.B. The late father had written on the copper plate the following title, ''Canon per Augment: in Contrapuncto all octava'', but had struck it out again on the proof sheet and restored the title as it was formerly}}
Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, Beilage 2 contains two\-keyboard arrangements of *Contrapunctus 13 inversus* and *rectus*, entitled *Fuga a 2\. Clav:* and *Alio modo Fuga a 2 Clav.* in the first printed edition respectively. Like Beilage 1, the manuscript served as a preparatory edition for the first printed edition.
Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, Beilage 3 contains a fragment of a three\-subject fugue, which would be later called *Fuga a 3 Soggetti* in the first printed edition. Unlike the fugues written in the primary autograph, the *Fuga* is presented in a two\-stave keyboard system, instead of with individual staves for each voice. The fugue abruptly breaks off on the fifth page, specifically on the 239th measure and ends with the note written by [Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach](/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach"): "{{Lang\|de\|Ueber dieser Fuge, wo der Nahme BACH im Contrasubject angebracht worden, ist der Verfasser gestorben}}." ("At the point where the composer introduces the name BACH \[for which the English notation would be B{{music\|flat}}–A–C–B{{music\|natural}}] in the countersubject to this fugue, the composer died.") The following page contains a list of errata by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach for the first printed edition (pages 21–35\).
### First and second printed editions
The first printed version was published under the title *Die / Kunst der Fuge / durch / Herrn Johann Sebastian Bach / ehemahligen Capellmeister und Musikdirector zu Leipzig* in May 1751, slightly less than a year after Bach's death. In addition to changes in the order, notation, and material of pieces which appeared in the autograph, it contained two new fugues, two new canons, and three pieces of ostensibly spurious inclusion. A second edition was published in 1752, but differed only in its addition of a preface by [Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg](/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Marpurg "Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg").
In spite of its revisions, the printed edition of 1751 contained a number of glaring editorial errors. The majority of these may be attributed to Bach's relatively sudden death in the midst of publication. Three pieces were included that do not appear to have been part of Bach's intended order: an unrevised (and thus redundant) version of the second double fugue, Contrapunctus X; a two\-keyboard arrangementThe printed indication of "a 2 Clav." and the [counterpoint](/wiki/Counterpoint "Counterpoint") of the added voices do not appear to follow Bach's practice, evidencing that the parts were likely included by the editors of the printed edition to bolster the work. of the first [mirror fugue](/wiki/Mirror_fugue "Mirror fugue"), Contrapunctus XIII; and an organ [chorale prelude](/wiki/Chorale_prelude "Chorale prelude") on "{{Lang\|de\|Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit\|italic\=no}}" ("Herewith I come before Thy Throne"), derived from [BWV 668a](/wiki/Great_Eighteen_Chorale_Preludes "Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes"), and noted in the introduction to the edition as a recompense for the work's incompleteness, having purportedly been dictated by Bach on his deathbed.
The anomalous character of the published order and the Unfinished Fugue, have engendered a wide variety of theories which attempt to restore the work to the state originally intended by Bach.
|
[
"Sources\n-------",
"### Mus. ms. autogr. P 200",
"[thumb\\|The title page of Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, which bears the title *Die / Kunst der Fuga / di Sig.o Joh. Seb. Bach. / (in eigenhändiger Partitur)*](/wiki/File:Die_Kunst_der_Fuga_-_autograph_title_page.png \"Die Kunst der Fuga - autograph title page.png\")",
"The earliest extant source of the work is an autograph manuscript possibly written from [1740](/wiki/1740 \"1740\") to [1746](/wiki/1746 \"1746\"), usually referred to by its call number as Mus. ms. autogr. P 200 in the [Berlin State Library](/wiki/Berlin_State_Library \"Berlin State Library\"). Bearing the title *Die / Kunst der Fuga* {{sic}} */ di Sig*\\[*nore*] *Joh. Seb. Bach*, which was written by Bach's son\\-in\\-law [Johann Christoph Altnickol](/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Altnickol \"Johann Christoph Altnickol\"), followed by *(in eigenhändiger Partitur)* written by {{ill\\|Georg Poelchau\\|de}}, the autograph contains twelve untitled fugues and two canons arranged in a different order than in the first printed edition, with the absence of *Contrapunctus 4*, *Fuga a 2 clav* (two\\-keyboard version of *Contrapunctus 13*), *Canon alla decima*, and *Canon alla duodecima*.",
"The autograph manuscript presents the then\\-untitled *Contrapuncti* and canons in the following order: \\[*Contrapunctus 1*], \\[*Contrapunctus 3*], \\[*Contrapunctus 2*], \\[*Contrapunctus 5*], \\[*Contrapunctus 9*], an early version of \\[*Contrapunctus 10*], \\[*Contrapunctus 6*], \\[*Contrapunctus 7*], *Canon in Hypodiapason* with its two\\-stave solution *Resolutio Canonis* (entitled *Canon alla Ottava* in the first printed edition), \\[*Contrapunctus 8*], \\[*Contrapunctus 11*], *Canon in Hypodiatesseron, al roversio* {{sic}} *e per augmentationem, perpetuus* presented in two staves and then on one, \\[*Contrapunctus 12*] with the *inversus* form of the fugue written directly below the *rectus* form, \\[*Contrapunctus 13*] with the same *rectus*–*inversus* format, and a two\\-stave *Canon al roverscio et per augmentationem*—a second version of *Canon in Hypodiatesseron*.",
"### Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, Beilage",
"Bundled with the primary autograph are three supplementary manuscripts, each affixed to a composition that would appear in the first printed edition. Referred to as Mus. ms. autogr. P 200/Beilage 1, Mus. ms. autogr. P 200/Beilage 2, and Mus. ms. autogr. P 200/Beilage 3, they are written under the title *~~Die~~ Kunst / der Fuga / von J.S.B.*",
"Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, Beilage 1 contains a final preparatory revision of the *Canon in Hypodiatesseron*, under the title *Canon p*\\[*er*] *Augmentationem contrario Motu* crossed out. The manuscript contains line break and page break information for the engraving process, most of which was transcribed in the first printed edition. Written on the top region of the manuscript is a note written by [Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach](/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_Bach \"Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach\"):",
"{{blockquote\\|N.B. Der seel. Papa hat auf die Platte diesen Titul stechen lassen, Canon per Augment: in Contrapuncto all octava, er hat es aber wieder ausgestrichen auf der Probe Platte und gesetzet wie forn stehet",
"N.B. The late father had written on the copper plate the following title, ''Canon per Augment: in Contrapuncto all octava'', but had struck it out again on the proof sheet and restored the title as it was formerly}}",
"Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, Beilage 2 contains two\\-keyboard arrangements of *Contrapunctus 13 inversus* and *rectus*, entitled *Fuga a 2\\. Clav:* and *Alio modo Fuga a 2 Clav.* in the first printed edition respectively. Like Beilage 1, the manuscript served as a preparatory edition for the first printed edition.",
"Mus. ms. autogr. P 200, Beilage 3 contains a fragment of a three\\-subject fugue, which would be later called *Fuga a 3 Soggetti* in the first printed edition. Unlike the fugues written in the primary autograph, the *Fuga* is presented in a two\\-stave keyboard system, instead of with individual staves for each voice. The fugue abruptly breaks off on the fifth page, specifically on the 239th measure and ends with the note written by [Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach](/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach \"Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach\"): \"{{Lang\\|de\\|Ueber dieser Fuge, wo der Nahme BACH im Contrasubject angebracht worden, ist der Verfasser gestorben}}.\" (\"At the point where the composer introduces the name BACH \\[for which the English notation would be B{{music\\|flat}}–A–C–B{{music\\|natural}}] in the countersubject to this fugue, the composer died.\") The following page contains a list of errata by Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach for the first printed edition (pages 21–35\\).",
"### First and second printed editions",
"The first printed version was published under the title *Die / Kunst der Fuge / durch / Herrn Johann Sebastian Bach / ehemahligen Capellmeister und Musikdirector zu Leipzig* in May 1751, slightly less than a year after Bach's death. In addition to changes in the order, notation, and material of pieces which appeared in the autograph, it contained two new fugues, two new canons, and three pieces of ostensibly spurious inclusion. A second edition was published in 1752, but differed only in its addition of a preface by [Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg](/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Marpurg \"Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg\").",
"In spite of its revisions, the printed edition of 1751 contained a number of glaring editorial errors. The majority of these may be attributed to Bach's relatively sudden death in the midst of publication. Three pieces were included that do not appear to have been part of Bach's intended order: an unrevised (and thus redundant) version of the second double fugue, Contrapunctus X; a two\\-keyboard arrangementThe printed indication of \"a 2 Clav.\" and the [counterpoint](/wiki/Counterpoint \"Counterpoint\") of the added voices do not appear to follow Bach's practice, evidencing that the parts were likely included by the editors of the printed edition to bolster the work. of the first [mirror fugue](/wiki/Mirror_fugue \"Mirror fugue\"), Contrapunctus XIII; and an organ [chorale prelude](/wiki/Chorale_prelude \"Chorale prelude\") on \"{{Lang\\|de\\|Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit\\|italic\\=no}}\" (\"Herewith I come before Thy Throne\"), derived from [BWV 668a](/wiki/Great_Eighteen_Chorale_Preludes \"Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes\"), and noted in the introduction to the edition as a recompense for the work's incompleteness, having purportedly been dictated by Bach on his deathbed.",
"The anomalous character of the published order and the Unfinished Fugue, have engendered a wide variety of theories which attempt to restore the work to the state originally intended by Bach.",
""
] |
Regional transport strategy
---------------------------
Nestrans produced a Regional Transport Strategy which was approved by Scottish Ministers in 2008\. A Refresh was approved by the Minister for Transport \& Veterans in January 2014, providing strategic policies and proposals covering the period to 2035\. Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire Councils’ Local Transport Strategies are written by the respective authorities to complement the Regional Transport Strategy. The strategic work carried out by Nestrans includes planning and delivery in partnership, enhancements to the following.
### Strategic road network
This includes the [Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route](/wiki/Aberdeen_Western_Peripheral_Route "Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route") (AWPR) dualling the [A90 road](/wiki/A90_road "A90 road") between [Balmedie](/wiki/Balmedie "Balmedie") and Tipperty, plans to improve the Haudagain roundabout, [Bridge of Dee](/wiki/Bridge_of_Dee "Bridge of Dee") and Inveramsay Bridge. The organisation also commissioned a "Locking in the benefits" plan for the City and Shire to ensure that the advantages of the AWPR are maintained in the longer term.
### Bus infrastructure
Improvements including new [park and ride](/wiki/Park_and_ride "Park and ride") sites and [bus priority](/wiki/Bus_priority "Bus priority") measures. Nestrans supported a shuttle bus between [Dyce railway station](/wiki/Dyce_railway_station "Dyce railway station") and [Aberdeen Airport](/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport "Aberdeen Airport"), which is now operated commercially by Stagecoach Bluebird. Nestrans is a member of the Local Authority Bus Operators Forum which is a key organisation delivering agreed quality standards for [bus](/wiki/Bus "Bus") services in the region
### Rail improvements
These include the re\-opening of [Laurencekirk railway station](/wiki/Laurencekirk_railway_station "Laurencekirk railway station") in May 2009, development of a new station at [Kintore](/wiki/Kintore%2C_Aberdeenshire "Kintore, Aberdeenshire") that opened in 2020, increasing the number of local [trains](/wiki/Train "Train") and working with [Transport Scotland](/wiki/Transport_Scotland "Transport Scotland") to improve and increase rail speeds and the number of trains serving the North East from [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh "Edinburgh"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow "Glasgow") and [Inverness](/wiki/Inverness "Inverness"). Nestrans is also involved with the national [High Speed Rail](/wiki/High_Speed_Rail "High Speed Rail") proposals, seeking to ensure that the benefits of any such major national investment are also experienced in the north east of Scotland.
### Aviation
Nestrans works with operators to encourage the development of Aberdeen Airport and routes from the area to key destinations in the [UK](/wiki/UK "UK") and [Europe](/wiki/Europe "Europe"). Nestrans has sought assurances that additional slots released at [London Heathrow Airport](/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport "London Heathrow Airport") are retained for domestic flights from peripheral airports such as Aberdeen.
### Ports and ferries
Nestrans co\-operates with [Aberdeen Harbour Board](/wiki/Aberdeen_Harbour_Board "Aberdeen Harbour Board"), Peterhead Harbour Board and other port authorities in the region, to encourage haulage of freight by sea where appropriate. The [Northern Isles ferry services](/wiki/Northern_Isles_ferry_services "Northern Isles ferry services") to [Orkney](/wiki/Orkney "Orkney") and [Shetland](/wiki/Shetland "Shetland") operate from Aberdeen and Nestrans liaises with the operator and neighbouring partnerships on matters of mutual interest.
### Active travel
Nestrans delivers improvements to the strategic cycle network including supporting cycle networks in [Peterhead](/wiki/Peterhead "Peterhead") and [Fraserburgh](/wiki/Fraserburgh "Fraserburgh") and implementing a new bridge at West Cults on the high quality Deeside Line, and off\-road paths from the North and South of the region. Nestrans is a partner in the Health and Transport Action Plan with [NHS Grampian](/wiki/NHS_Grampian "NHS Grampian") and other public bodies. Nestrans supports the walkit.com website {{cite web \|url\=http://walkit.com/ \|title\=Home \|website\=walkit.com}} for planning walking trips in and around Aberdeen City.
### Travel plans
Nestrans assists companies to develop travel plans either as part of the planning process or voluntary to help with specific site problems. It maintains a free on\-line travel plan builder Travel Know How and helps to monitor the effectiveness of travel plans. Nestrans is also active in supporting local authorities to develop School Travel Plans.
### Getabout
Nestrans is a partner in the multi\-agency Getabout partnership {{cite web \|url\=http://www.get\-about.com/ \|title\=Home \|website\=get\-about.com}} which promotes sustainable and active travel. They run events and promotions including promoting Park and Ride, Bike Week and European Mobility week. It uses its [website](/wiki/Website "Website"), [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") page, [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"), [radio broadcasting](/wiki/Radio_broadcasting "Radio broadcasting"), [billboards](/wiki/Billboard "Billboard") and promotional items to encourage a change in [travel behaviour](/wiki/Travel_behavior "Travel behavior").
|
[
"Regional transport strategy\n---------------------------",
"Nestrans produced a Regional Transport Strategy which was approved by Scottish Ministers in 2008\\. A Refresh was approved by the Minister for Transport \\& Veterans in January 2014, providing strategic policies and proposals covering the period to 2035\\. Aberdeen City and Aberdeenshire Councils’ Local Transport Strategies are written by the respective authorities to complement the Regional Transport Strategy. The strategic work carried out by Nestrans includes planning and delivery in partnership, enhancements to the following.",
"### Strategic road network",
"This includes the [Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route](/wiki/Aberdeen_Western_Peripheral_Route \"Aberdeen Western Peripheral Route\") (AWPR) dualling the [A90 road](/wiki/A90_road \"A90 road\") between [Balmedie](/wiki/Balmedie \"Balmedie\") and Tipperty, plans to improve the Haudagain roundabout, [Bridge of Dee](/wiki/Bridge_of_Dee \"Bridge of Dee\") and Inveramsay Bridge. The organisation also commissioned a \"Locking in the benefits\" plan for the City and Shire to ensure that the advantages of the AWPR are maintained in the longer term.",
"### Bus infrastructure",
"Improvements including new [park and ride](/wiki/Park_and_ride \"Park and ride\") sites and [bus priority](/wiki/Bus_priority \"Bus priority\") measures. Nestrans supported a shuttle bus between [Dyce railway station](/wiki/Dyce_railway_station \"Dyce railway station\") and [Aberdeen Airport](/wiki/Aberdeen_Airport \"Aberdeen Airport\"), which is now operated commercially by Stagecoach Bluebird. Nestrans is a member of the Local Authority Bus Operators Forum which is a key organisation delivering agreed quality standards for [bus](/wiki/Bus \"Bus\") services in the region",
"### Rail improvements",
"These include the re\\-opening of [Laurencekirk railway station](/wiki/Laurencekirk_railway_station \"Laurencekirk railway station\") in May 2009, development of a new station at [Kintore](/wiki/Kintore%2C_Aberdeenshire \"Kintore, Aberdeenshire\") that opened in 2020, increasing the number of local [trains](/wiki/Train \"Train\") and working with [Transport Scotland](/wiki/Transport_Scotland \"Transport Scotland\") to improve and increase rail speeds and the number of trains serving the North East from [Edinburgh](/wiki/Edinburgh \"Edinburgh\"), [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\") and [Inverness](/wiki/Inverness \"Inverness\"). Nestrans is also involved with the national [High Speed Rail](/wiki/High_Speed_Rail \"High Speed Rail\") proposals, seeking to ensure that the benefits of any such major national investment are also experienced in the north east of Scotland.",
"### Aviation",
"Nestrans works with operators to encourage the development of Aberdeen Airport and routes from the area to key destinations in the [UK](/wiki/UK \"UK\") and [Europe](/wiki/Europe \"Europe\"). Nestrans has sought assurances that additional slots released at [London Heathrow Airport](/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport \"London Heathrow Airport\") are retained for domestic flights from peripheral airports such as Aberdeen.",
"### Ports and ferries",
"Nestrans co\\-operates with [Aberdeen Harbour Board](/wiki/Aberdeen_Harbour_Board \"Aberdeen Harbour Board\"), Peterhead Harbour Board and other port authorities in the region, to encourage haulage of freight by sea where appropriate. The [Northern Isles ferry services](/wiki/Northern_Isles_ferry_services \"Northern Isles ferry services\") to [Orkney](/wiki/Orkney \"Orkney\") and [Shetland](/wiki/Shetland \"Shetland\") operate from Aberdeen and Nestrans liaises with the operator and neighbouring partnerships on matters of mutual interest.",
"### Active travel",
"Nestrans delivers improvements to the strategic cycle network including supporting cycle networks in [Peterhead](/wiki/Peterhead \"Peterhead\") and [Fraserburgh](/wiki/Fraserburgh \"Fraserburgh\") and implementing a new bridge at West Cults on the high quality Deeside Line, and off\\-road paths from the North and South of the region. Nestrans is a partner in the Health and Transport Action Plan with [NHS Grampian](/wiki/NHS_Grampian \"NHS Grampian\") and other public bodies. Nestrans supports the walkit.com website {{cite web \\|url\\=http://walkit.com/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=walkit.com}} for planning walking trips in and around Aberdeen City.",
"### Travel plans",
"Nestrans assists companies to develop travel plans either as part of the planning process or voluntary to help with specific site problems. It maintains a free on\\-line travel plan builder Travel Know How and helps to monitor the effectiveness of travel plans. Nestrans is also active in supporting local authorities to develop School Travel Plans.",
"### Getabout",
"Nestrans is a partner in the multi\\-agency Getabout partnership {{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.get\\-about.com/ \\|title\\=Home \\|website\\=get\\-about.com}} which promotes sustainable and active travel. They run events and promotions including promoting Park and Ride, Bike Week and European Mobility week. It uses its [website](/wiki/Website \"Website\"), [Facebook](/wiki/Facebook \"Facebook\") page, [Twitter](/wiki/Twitter \"Twitter\"), [radio broadcasting](/wiki/Radio_broadcasting \"Radio broadcasting\"), [billboards](/wiki/Billboard \"Billboard\") and promotional items to encourage a change in [travel behaviour](/wiki/Travel_behavior \"Travel behavior\").",
""
] |
History
-------
In 1086, following the [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest "Norman Conquest"), the [manor](/wiki/Manorialism "Manorialism") of Sudbury was listed in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book "Domesday Book").
The [Vernon family](/wiki/Vernon_family "Vernon family") came to Sudbury as a result of the 16th\-century marriage of the Sudbury heiress Ellen Montgomery to Sir John Vernon (d.1545\), a son of [Sir Henry Vernon](/wiki/Henry_Vernon_%28died_1515%29 "Henry Vernon (died 1515)") of [Haddon Hall](/wiki/Haddon_Hall "Haddon Hall") in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire "Derbyshire").{{cite web \|title\=The History of The Sudbury Estate {{!}} The Home Of Sudbury Hall and The Courtyard \|url\=https://sudburyestate.com/sudbury\-estate\-history.html \|website\=sudburyestate.com \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528130258/https://sudburyestate.com/sudbury\-estate\-history.html \|archive\-date\=28 May 2022 \|url\-status\=live}}
The present house at Sudbury was built shortly after the [restoration of King Charles II](/wiki/Stuart_Restoration "Stuart Restoration"), between 1660 and 1680 by George Vernon, grandfather of [George Venables\-Vernon](/wiki/George_Venables-Vernon%2C_1st_Baron_Vernon "George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon") the 1st [Baron Vernon](/wiki/Baron_Vernon "Baron Vernon"). George Vernon used his new\-found wealth from marrying Northamptonshire heiress Margaret Onley to build a grand new mansion on the site of a smaller house. He kept meticulous accounts of the building project, and because there is no record of any payment to an architect, historians surmise that George designed Sudbury Hall himself. George Vernon also established the Estate village close to the Hall to provide housing for his servants, labourers and tradesmen. The buildings in the village still survive intact today.
Sudbury Hall was leased for three years from 1840 by [Queen Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen "Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen"), the widow of [William IV of the United Kingdom](/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom "William IV of the United Kingdom"). The east wing was added by [George Devey](/wiki/George_Devey "George Devey") in 1876–83\.{{National Heritage List for England \|num\=1273995\|desc\=The Hall and attached stable block\|accessdate\=26 November 2012}} By the late 19th century, the extent of the Sudbury Estate stretched from [Cubley](/wiki/Cubley%2C_Derbyshire "Cubley, Derbyshire") down to [Marchington](/wiki/Marchington "Marchington") in [Staffordshire](/wiki/Staffordshire "Staffordshire").
In 1916, the 8th Lord Vernon, George Francis Augustus Venables\-Vernon, died aged 26 in Malta from an illness contracted while in service as an officer in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I "World War I"). As a result, the Sudbury estate was subject to [Death duties](/wiki/Inheritance_Tax_%28United_Kingdom%29 "Inheritance Tax (United Kingdom)"), the taxation which had been introduced in 1894 by the [Liberal Government](/wiki/Liberal_Government_1892%E2%80%9395 "Liberal Government 1892–95").{{Sfn\|Robinson\|2014\|p\=28}} As with many other large estates across Britain, this increased financial burden compelled the 9th Lord Vernon, [Francis Venables\-Vernon](/wiki/Francis_Venables-Vernon%2C_9th_Baron_Vernon "Francis Venables-Vernon, 9th Baron Vernon"), to sell off tracts of land and some of the contents of Sudbury Hall. In the 1930s and 1940s, the 9th Lord was able to buy back some of this land to provide social housing in Sudbury village.
During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II "World War II"), a [US Air Force](/wiki/USAAF "USAAF") hospital was based in Sudbury Park, close to [RAF Sudbury](/wiki/RAF_Sudbury "RAF Sudbury"). The land was purchased by the government in 1948 and converted into [HM Prison Sudbury](/wiki/HM_Prison_Sudbury "HM Prison Sudbury"), with a housing estate for prison officers.
### National Trust
Death duties continued to burden the Vernon family, and in 1967, Sudbury Hall and its principal contents along with part of the gardens and parkland, was transferred by the 10th Baron Vernon \[John Lawrence Venables\-Vernon] via the Land Fund to the [National Trust](/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty "National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty"), in part payment of death duties. The remainder of the Sudbury Estate is still held by Vernon descendants.{{cite web \|title\=History of Sudbury Hall, Derbyshire \|url\=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/peak\-district\-derbyshire/the\-childrens\-country\-house\-at\-sudbury/history\-of\-sudbury\-hall \|website\=National Trust \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826203503/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/peak\-district\-derbyshire/the\-childrens\-country\-house\-at\-sudbury/history\-of\-sudbury\-hall\|archive\-date\=26 August 2023 \|language\=en \|url\-status\=live}}
In 2020 Sudbury Hall closed to the public for renovations, during which the National Trust consulted 100 child "ambassadors" to redesign the visitor experience for children. It reopened in October 2022, rebranded as *The Children’s Country House at Sudbury*, equipped with a dressing up and dancing area, a mirror ball, a neon sign with the words "Party like it’s 1699", an [escape room](/wiki/Escape_room "Escape room") experience and humorous [speech bubbles](/wiki/Speech_bubbles "Speech bubbles") hung next to portraits.{{cite web \|last1\=Murray \|first1\=Jessica \|title\=Ropes come down as National Trust lets children roam free at Sudbury Hall \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\-news/2022/oct/21/national\-trust\-children\-roam\-free\-sudbury\-hall\-country\-house \|website\=The Guardian \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203093620/https://www.theguardian.com/uk\-news/2022/oct/21/national\-trust\-children\-roam\-free\-sudbury\-hall\-country\-house \|archive\-date\=3 February 2023 \|date\=21 October 2022 \|url\-status\=live}} The revised visitor experience has been criticised by the Vernon Family; Joanna Fitzalan Howard, daughter of [John Lawrance Venables\-Vernon, 10th Baron Vernon](/wiki/John_Lawrance_Venables-Vernon%2C_10th_Baron_Vernon "John Lawrance Venables-Vernon, 10th Baron Vernon") accused the National Trust of "[dumbing down](/wiki/Dumbing_down "Dumbing down")" by turning her ancestral home into "a child\-centred theme park".{{cite web \|last1\=Beal \|first1\=James \|title\=Sudbury Hall turned into 'theme park' for children \|url\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/c3c0c298\-56e9\-11ed\-a03e\-f7ac672386f7 \|work\=The Times \|access\-date\=27 August 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185348/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/c3c0c298\-56e9\-11ed\-a03e\-f7ac672386f7 \|archive\-date\=27 August 2023 \|language\=en \|date\=27 August 2023 \|url\-status\=live}} The National Trust have stated that the new experience offers "new ways for children to learn about the history of Sudbury Hall" and that the speech bubbles inform children about "hidden symbolism in historic portraits".{{cite news \|title\=Family's fury as Sudbury Hall turned into children's 'theme park' \|url\=https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local\-news/national\-trust\-criticised\-turning\-sudbury\-7762426 \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|work\=DerbyshireLive \|date\=30 October 2022 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031192130/https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local\-news/national\-trust\-criticised\-turning\-sudbury\-7762426 \|archive\-date\=31 October 2022 \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|last1\=Beale \|first1\=James \|last2\=Toms \|first2\=Adam \|last3\=Hodgkiss \|first3\=Samuel \|title\=Ancestors \[sic] accuse National Trust of turning hall into children's 'theme park' \|url\=https://www.staffordshire\-live.co.uk/news/local\-news/ancestors\-accuse\-national\-trust\-turning\-7775780 \|website\=StaffordshireLive \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103080046/https://www.staffordshire\-live.co.uk/news/local\-news/ancestors\-accuse\-national\-trust\-turning\-7775780 \|archive\-date\=3 November 2022 \|language\=en \|date\=2 November 2022 \|url\-status\=live}} The changes have also been criticised by the pressure group [Restore Trust](/wiki/Restore_Trust "Restore Trust") for discouraging adult visitors unaccompanied by children, and for removing the house contents to make way for "fun active games and activities".{{cite web \|title\=The new 'mansion experience' is coming to Sudbury Hall \|url\=https://www.restoretrust.org.uk/restore\-trust\-issues/the\-new\-mansion\-experience\-is\-coming\-to\-sudbury\-hall \|website\=Restore Trust \|access\-date\=26 August 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125232750/https://www.restoretrust.org.uk/restore\-trust\-issues/the\-new\-mansion\-experience\-is\-coming\-to\-sudbury\-hall \|archive\-date\=25 November 2022}} In May 2023 the Children’s Country House at Sudbury was awarded Permanent Exhibition of the Year at the Museum and Heritage Awards 2023\. Judges expressed the view that the redesign of Sudbury Hall offered a "participatory and imaginative new bold approach to interpreting historic houses and heritage".{{cite news \|last1\=Castle \|first1\=Richard \|last2\=Butterfield \|first2\=Gareth \|title\=Revamped National Trust museum that came under fire wins major award \|url\=https://www.staffordshire\-live.co.uk/news/local\-news/revamped\-national\-trust\-museum\-came\-8448010 \|access\-date\=27 August 2023 \|work\=burtonmail \|date\=17 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521050602/https://www.staffordshire\-live.co.uk/news/local\-news/revamped\-national\-trust\-museum\-came\-8448010 \|archive\-date\=21 May 2023 \|language\=en \|url\-status\=live}}{{cite web \|title\=Permanent Exhibition of the Year – Museums \+ Heritage Awards \|url\=https://awards.museumsandheritage.com/awards/2023\-winners/permanent\-exhibition\-23/ \|access\-date\=27 August 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603115312/https://awards.museumsandheritage.com/awards/2023\-winners/permanent\-exhibition\-23/ \|archive\-date\=3 June 2023 \|url\-status\=live}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"In 1086, following the [Norman Conquest](/wiki/Norman_Conquest \"Norman Conquest\"), the [manor](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\") of Sudbury was listed in the [Domesday Book](/wiki/Domesday_Book \"Domesday Book\").",
"The [Vernon family](/wiki/Vernon_family \"Vernon family\") came to Sudbury as a result of the 16th\\-century marriage of the Sudbury heiress Ellen Montgomery to Sir John Vernon (d.1545\\), a son of [Sir Henry Vernon](/wiki/Henry_Vernon_%28died_1515%29 \"Henry Vernon (died 1515)\") of [Haddon Hall](/wiki/Haddon_Hall \"Haddon Hall\") in [Derbyshire](/wiki/Derbyshire \"Derbyshire\").{{cite web \\|title\\=The History of The Sudbury Estate {{!}} The Home Of Sudbury Hall and The Courtyard \\|url\\=https://sudburyestate.com/sudbury\\-estate\\-history.html \\|website\\=sudburyestate.com \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528130258/https://sudburyestate.com/sudbury\\-estate\\-history.html \\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"The present house at Sudbury was built shortly after the [restoration of King Charles II](/wiki/Stuart_Restoration \"Stuart Restoration\"), between 1660 and 1680 by George Vernon, grandfather of [George Venables\\-Vernon](/wiki/George_Venables-Vernon%2C_1st_Baron_Vernon \"George Venables-Vernon, 1st Baron Vernon\") the 1st [Baron Vernon](/wiki/Baron_Vernon \"Baron Vernon\"). George Vernon used his new\\-found wealth from marrying Northamptonshire heiress Margaret Onley to build a grand new mansion on the site of a smaller house. He kept meticulous accounts of the building project, and because there is no record of any payment to an architect, historians surmise that George designed Sudbury Hall himself. George Vernon also established the Estate village close to the Hall to provide housing for his servants, labourers and tradesmen. The buildings in the village still survive intact today.",
"Sudbury Hall was leased for three years from 1840 by [Queen Adelaide](/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen \"Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen\"), the widow of [William IV of the United Kingdom](/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom \"William IV of the United Kingdom\"). The east wing was added by [George Devey](/wiki/George_Devey \"George Devey\") in 1876–83\\.{{National Heritage List for England \\|num\\=1273995\\|desc\\=The Hall and attached stable block\\|accessdate\\=26 November 2012}} By the late 19th century, the extent of the Sudbury Estate stretched from [Cubley](/wiki/Cubley%2C_Derbyshire \"Cubley, Derbyshire\") down to [Marchington](/wiki/Marchington \"Marchington\") in [Staffordshire](/wiki/Staffordshire \"Staffordshire\").",
"In 1916, the 8th Lord Vernon, George Francis Augustus Venables\\-Vernon, died aged 26 in Malta from an illness contracted while in service as an officer in [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\"). As a result, the Sudbury estate was subject to [Death duties](/wiki/Inheritance_Tax_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Inheritance Tax (United Kingdom)\"), the taxation which had been introduced in 1894 by the [Liberal Government](/wiki/Liberal_Government_1892%E2%80%9395 \"Liberal Government 1892–95\").{{Sfn\\|Robinson\\|2014\\|p\\=28}} As with many other large estates across Britain, this increased financial burden compelled the 9th Lord Vernon, [Francis Venables\\-Vernon](/wiki/Francis_Venables-Vernon%2C_9th_Baron_Vernon \"Francis Venables-Vernon, 9th Baron Vernon\"), to sell off tracts of land and some of the contents of Sudbury Hall. In the 1930s and 1940s, the 9th Lord was able to buy back some of this land to provide social housing in Sudbury village.",
"During [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), a [US Air Force](/wiki/USAAF \"USAAF\") hospital was based in Sudbury Park, close to [RAF Sudbury](/wiki/RAF_Sudbury \"RAF Sudbury\"). The land was purchased by the government in 1948 and converted into [HM Prison Sudbury](/wiki/HM_Prison_Sudbury \"HM Prison Sudbury\"), with a housing estate for prison officers.",
"### National Trust",
"Death duties continued to burden the Vernon family, and in 1967, Sudbury Hall and its principal contents along with part of the gardens and parkland, was transferred by the 10th Baron Vernon \\[John Lawrence Venables\\-Vernon] via the Land Fund to the [National Trust](/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty \"National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty\"), in part payment of death duties. The remainder of the Sudbury Estate is still held by Vernon descendants.{{cite web \\|title\\=History of Sudbury Hall, Derbyshire \\|url\\=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/peak\\-district\\-derbyshire/the\\-childrens\\-country\\-house\\-at\\-sudbury/history\\-of\\-sudbury\\-hall \\|website\\=National Trust \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826203503/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/peak\\-district\\-derbyshire/the\\-childrens\\-country\\-house\\-at\\-sudbury/history\\-of\\-sudbury\\-hall\\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|language\\=en \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"In 2020 Sudbury Hall closed to the public for renovations, during which the National Trust consulted 100 child \"ambassadors\" to redesign the visitor experience for children. It reopened in October 2022, rebranded as *The Children’s Country House at Sudbury*, equipped with a dressing up and dancing area, a mirror ball, a neon sign with the words \"Party like it’s 1699\", an [escape room](/wiki/Escape_room \"Escape room\") experience and humorous [speech bubbles](/wiki/Speech_bubbles \"Speech bubbles\") hung next to portraits.{{cite web \\|last1\\=Murray \\|first1\\=Jessica \\|title\\=Ropes come down as National Trust lets children roam free at Sudbury Hall \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/uk\\-news/2022/oct/21/national\\-trust\\-children\\-roam\\-free\\-sudbury\\-hall\\-country\\-house \\|website\\=The Guardian \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203093620/https://www.theguardian.com/uk\\-news/2022/oct/21/national\\-trust\\-children\\-roam\\-free\\-sudbury\\-hall\\-country\\-house \\|archive\\-date\\=3 February 2023 \\|date\\=21 October 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The revised visitor experience has been criticised by the Vernon Family; Joanna Fitzalan Howard, daughter of [John Lawrance Venables\\-Vernon, 10th Baron Vernon](/wiki/John_Lawrance_Venables-Vernon%2C_10th_Baron_Vernon \"John Lawrance Venables-Vernon, 10th Baron Vernon\") accused the National Trust of \"[dumbing down](/wiki/Dumbing_down \"Dumbing down\")\" by turning her ancestral home into \"a child\\-centred theme park\".{{cite web \\|last1\\=Beal \\|first1\\=James \\|title\\=Sudbury Hall turned into 'theme park' for children \\|url\\=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/c3c0c298\\-56e9\\-11ed\\-a03e\\-f7ac672386f7 \\|work\\=The Times \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185348/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/c3c0c298\\-56e9\\-11ed\\-a03e\\-f7ac672386f7 \\|archive\\-date\\=27 August 2023 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=27 August 2023 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The National Trust have stated that the new experience offers \"new ways for children to learn about the history of Sudbury Hall\" and that the speech bubbles inform children about \"hidden symbolism in historic portraits\".{{cite news \\|title\\=Family's fury as Sudbury Hall turned into children's 'theme park' \\|url\\=https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local\\-news/national\\-trust\\-criticised\\-turning\\-sudbury\\-7762426 \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|work\\=DerbyshireLive \\|date\\=30 October 2022 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031192130/https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/news/local\\-news/national\\-trust\\-criticised\\-turning\\-sudbury\\-7762426 \\|archive\\-date\\=31 October 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|last1\\=Beale \\|first1\\=James \\|last2\\=Toms \\|first2\\=Adam \\|last3\\=Hodgkiss \\|first3\\=Samuel \\|title\\=Ancestors \\[sic] accuse National Trust of turning hall into children's 'theme park' \\|url\\=https://www.staffordshire\\-live.co.uk/news/local\\-news/ancestors\\-accuse\\-national\\-trust\\-turning\\-7775780 \\|website\\=StaffordshireLive \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103080046/https://www.staffordshire\\-live.co.uk/news/local\\-news/ancestors\\-accuse\\-national\\-trust\\-turning\\-7775780 \\|archive\\-date\\=3 November 2022 \\|language\\=en \\|date\\=2 November 2022 \\|url\\-status\\=live}} The changes have also been criticised by the pressure group [Restore Trust](/wiki/Restore_Trust \"Restore Trust\") for discouraging adult visitors unaccompanied by children, and for removing the house contents to make way for \"fun active games and activities\".{{cite web \\|title\\=The new 'mansion experience' is coming to Sudbury Hall \\|url\\=https://www.restoretrust.org.uk/restore\\-trust\\-issues/the\\-new\\-mansion\\-experience\\-is\\-coming\\-to\\-sudbury\\-hall \\|website\\=Restore Trust \\|access\\-date\\=26 August 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125232750/https://www.restoretrust.org.uk/restore\\-trust\\-issues/the\\-new\\-mansion\\-experience\\-is\\-coming\\-to\\-sudbury\\-hall \\|archive\\-date\\=25 November 2022}} In May 2023 the Children’s Country House at Sudbury was awarded Permanent Exhibition of the Year at the Museum and Heritage Awards 2023\\. Judges expressed the view that the redesign of Sudbury Hall offered a \"participatory and imaginative new bold approach to interpreting historic houses and heritage\".{{cite news \\|last1\\=Castle \\|first1\\=Richard \\|last2\\=Butterfield \\|first2\\=Gareth \\|title\\=Revamped National Trust museum that came under fire wins major award \\|url\\=https://www.staffordshire\\-live.co.uk/news/local\\-news/revamped\\-national\\-trust\\-museum\\-came\\-8448010 \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2023 \\|work\\=burtonmail \\|date\\=17 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521050602/https://www.staffordshire\\-live.co.uk/news/local\\-news/revamped\\-national\\-trust\\-museum\\-came\\-8448010 \\|archive\\-date\\=21 May 2023 \\|language\\=en \\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{cite web \\|title\\=Permanent Exhibition of the Year – Museums \\+ Heritage Awards \\|url\\=https://awards.museumsandheritage.com/awards/2023\\-winners/permanent\\-exhibition\\-23/ \\|access\\-date\\=27 August 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603115312/https://awards.museumsandheritage.com/awards/2023\\-winners/permanent\\-exhibition\\-23/ \\|archive\\-date\\=3 June 2023 \\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
""
] |
The working principle
---------------------
[thumb\|Backswimmer (Notonecta glauca) under water: the silvery gleam is from the light reflecting off the interface between the air\-layer on the wing and the surrounding water.\|190x190pxThe](/wiki/File:Backswimmer_Notonecta.JPG "Backswimmer Notonecta.JPG") Salvinia effect defines surfaces which are able to permanently keep relatively thick air layers as a result of their hydrophobic chemistry, in combination with a complex architecture BMBF\-Projekt PTJ\-BIO/311965A: "Superhydrophobe Grenzflächen – ein mögliches Potenzial für hydrodynamische technische Innovationen", Bonn 2002–2007\. in nano\- and microscopic dimensions.
This phenomenon was discovered during a systematic research on aquatic plants and animals by Wilhelm Barthlott and his colleagues at the University of Bonn between 2002 and 2007\.Solga, A., Cerman, Z., Striffler, B.F., Spaeth, M. \& W. Barthlott. (2007\) The dream of staying clean: Lotus and biomimetic surfaces. *Bioinspir. Biomim.* 4(2\), pp 126–134\. DOI:10\.1088/1748\-3182/2/4/S02 Five criteria have been defined,Mail, M., Böhnlein, B., Mayser, M. \& W. Barthlott. (2014\) Bionische Reibungsreduktion: Eine Lufthülle hilft Schiffen Treibstoff zu sparen In: A. B. Kesel, D. Zehren (ed.): *Bionik: Patente aus der Natur – 7\. Bremer Bionik Kongress*, Bremen pp 126 – 134\. {{ISBN\|978\-3\-00\-048202\-1}}. they enable the existence of stable air layers under water and as of 2009 define the Salvinia effect:Koch, K., Bohn, H.F. \& W. Barthlott. (2009\) Hierarchically Sculptured Plant Surfaces and Superhydrophobicity. *Langmuir*. 25(24\), pp 14116–14120\.DOI:10\.1021/la9017322 . (1\) hydrophobic surfaces chemistry in combination with (2\) nanoscalic structures generate superhydrophobicity, (3\) microscopic hierarchical structures ranging from a few mirco\- to several millimeters with (4\) undercuts and (5\) elastic properties. Elasticity appears to be important for the compression of the air\-layer in dynamic hydrostatic conditions.Ditsche, P., Gorb, E., Mayser, M., Gorb, S., Schimmel, T. \& W. Barthlott. (2015\) Elasticity of the hair cover in air\-retaining Salvinia surfaces. *Applied Physics A*. DOI:10\.1007/s00339\-015\-9439\-y. An additional optimizing criterion is the chemical heterogeneity of the hydrophilic tips (Salvinia Paradox). This is a prime example of a hierarchical structuring on several levels.
In plants and animals, air retaining salvinia effect surfaces are always fragmented in small compartments with a length of 0\.5 to 8 cm and the borders are sealed against loss of air by particular microstructures.Balmert, A., Bohn, H.F., Ditsche\-Kuru, P. \& W. Barthlott. (2011\) Dry under water: Comparative morphology and functional aspects of air\-retaining insect surfaces. *Journal of Morphology*. 272(4\), pp 442–451, DOI:10\.1002/jmor.10921\. Compartments with sealed edges are also important for technical applications.
The working principle is illustrated in for the Giant Salvinia. The leaves of *S. molesta* are capable of keeping an air layer on its surfaces for a long time when submerged in water. If a leaf is pulled under water, the leaf surface shows a silvery shine. The distinctive feature of *S. molesta* lies in the long term stability. While the air layer on most [hydrophobic](/wiki/Hydrophobe "Hydrophobe") surfaces vanishes shortly after submerging, *S. molesta* is able to stabilize the air for several days to several weeks. The time span is thereby just limited by the lifetime of the leaf.
[thumb\|Schematic illustration of the stabilization of underwater air layers retained by the hydrophilic Anchor cells (“Salvinia paradox”)\|242x242px](/wiki/File:Funktionsprinzip_Salvinia_Effekt.jpg "Funktionsprinzip Salvinia Effekt.jpg")
The high stability is a consequence of a seemingly paradoxical combination of a [superhydrophobic](/wiki/Hydrophobe "Hydrophobe") (extremely water repellent) surface with [hydrophilic](/wiki/Hydrophile "Hydrophile") (water attractive) patches on the tips of the structures.
When submerged under water, no water can penetrate the room between the hairs due to the hydrophobic character of the surfaces. However, the water is pinned to the tip of each hair by the four wax free (hydrophilic) end cells. This fixation results in a stabilization of the air layer under water. The principle is shown in the figure.
Two submerged, air retaining surfaces are schematically shown: on the left hand side: a hydrophobic surface. On the right hand side: a hydrophobic surface with hydrophilic tips.
If [negative pressure](/wiki/wikt:Negative_pressure "Negative pressure") is applied, a bubble is quickly formed on the purely hydrophobic surfaces (left) stretching over several structures. With increasing negative pressure the bubble grows and can detach from the surface. The air bubble rises to the surface and the air layer decreases until it vanishes completely.
In case of the surface with hydrophilic anchor cells (right) the water is pinned to the tips of every structure by the hydrophilic patch on top. These linkages allow the formation of a bubble stretching over several structures; bubble release is suppressed because several links have to be broken first. This results in a higher energy input for the bubble formation. Therefore, an increased negative pressure is needed to form a bubble able to detach from the surface and rise upwards.
|
[
"The working principle\n---------------------",
"[thumb\\|Backswimmer (Notonecta glauca) under water: the silvery gleam is from the light reflecting off the interface between the air\\-layer on the wing and the surrounding water.\\|190x190pxThe](/wiki/File:Backswimmer_Notonecta.JPG \"Backswimmer Notonecta.JPG\") Salvinia effect defines surfaces which are able to permanently keep relatively thick air layers as a result of their hydrophobic chemistry, in combination with a complex architecture BMBF\\-Projekt PTJ\\-BIO/311965A: \"Superhydrophobe Grenzflächen – ein mögliches Potenzial für hydrodynamische technische Innovationen\", Bonn 2002–2007\\. in nano\\- and microscopic dimensions.",
"This phenomenon was discovered during a systematic research on aquatic plants and animals by Wilhelm Barthlott and his colleagues at the University of Bonn between 2002 and 2007\\.Solga, A., Cerman, Z., Striffler, B.F., Spaeth, M. \\& W. Barthlott. (2007\\) The dream of staying clean: Lotus and biomimetic surfaces. *Bioinspir. Biomim.* 4(2\\), pp 126–134\\. DOI:10\\.1088/1748\\-3182/2/4/S02 Five criteria have been defined,Mail, M., Böhnlein, B., Mayser, M. \\& W. Barthlott. (2014\\) Bionische Reibungsreduktion: Eine Lufthülle hilft Schiffen Treibstoff zu sparen In: A. B. Kesel, D. Zehren (ed.): *Bionik: Patente aus der Natur – 7\\. Bremer Bionik Kongress*, Bremen pp 126 – 134\\. {{ISBN\\|978\\-3\\-00\\-048202\\-1}}. they enable the existence of stable air layers under water and as of 2009 define the Salvinia effect:Koch, K., Bohn, H.F. \\& W. Barthlott. (2009\\) Hierarchically Sculptured Plant Surfaces and Superhydrophobicity. *Langmuir*. 25(24\\), pp 14116–14120\\.DOI:10\\.1021/la9017322 . (1\\) hydrophobic surfaces chemistry in combination with (2\\) nanoscalic structures generate superhydrophobicity, (3\\) microscopic hierarchical structures ranging from a few mirco\\- to several millimeters with (4\\) undercuts and (5\\) elastic properties. Elasticity appears to be important for the compression of the air\\-layer in dynamic hydrostatic conditions.Ditsche, P., Gorb, E., Mayser, M., Gorb, S., Schimmel, T. \\& W. Barthlott. (2015\\) Elasticity of the hair cover in air\\-retaining Salvinia surfaces. *Applied Physics A*. DOI:10\\.1007/s00339\\-015\\-9439\\-y. An additional optimizing criterion is the chemical heterogeneity of the hydrophilic tips (Salvinia Paradox). This is a prime example of a hierarchical structuring on several levels.",
"In plants and animals, air retaining salvinia effect surfaces are always fragmented in small compartments with a length of 0\\.5 to 8 cm and the borders are sealed against loss of air by particular microstructures.Balmert, A., Bohn, H.F., Ditsche\\-Kuru, P. \\& W. Barthlott. (2011\\) Dry under water: Comparative morphology and functional aspects of air\\-retaining insect surfaces. *Journal of Morphology*. 272(4\\), pp 442–451, DOI:10\\.1002/jmor.10921\\. Compartments with sealed edges are also important for technical applications.",
"The working principle is illustrated in for the Giant Salvinia. The leaves of *S. molesta* are capable of keeping an air layer on its surfaces for a long time when submerged in water. If a leaf is pulled under water, the leaf surface shows a silvery shine. The distinctive feature of *S. molesta* lies in the long term stability. While the air layer on most [hydrophobic](/wiki/Hydrophobe \"Hydrophobe\") surfaces vanishes shortly after submerging, *S. molesta* is able to stabilize the air for several days to several weeks. The time span is thereby just limited by the lifetime of the leaf.",
"[thumb\\|Schematic illustration of the stabilization of underwater air layers retained by the hydrophilic Anchor cells (“Salvinia paradox”)\\|242x242px](/wiki/File:Funktionsprinzip_Salvinia_Effekt.jpg \"Funktionsprinzip Salvinia Effekt.jpg\")",
"The high stability is a consequence of a seemingly paradoxical combination of a [superhydrophobic](/wiki/Hydrophobe \"Hydrophobe\") (extremely water repellent) surface with [hydrophilic](/wiki/Hydrophile \"Hydrophile\") (water attractive) patches on the tips of the structures.",
"When submerged under water, no water can penetrate the room between the hairs due to the hydrophobic character of the surfaces. However, the water is pinned to the tip of each hair by the four wax free (hydrophilic) end cells. This fixation results in a stabilization of the air layer under water. The principle is shown in the figure.",
"Two submerged, air retaining surfaces are schematically shown: on the left hand side: a hydrophobic surface. On the right hand side: a hydrophobic surface with hydrophilic tips.",
"If [negative pressure](/wiki/wikt:Negative_pressure \"Negative pressure\") is applied, a bubble is quickly formed on the purely hydrophobic surfaces (left) stretching over several structures. With increasing negative pressure the bubble grows and can detach from the surface. The air bubble rises to the surface and the air layer decreases until it vanishes completely.",
"In case of the surface with hydrophilic anchor cells (right) the water is pinned to the tips of every structure by the hydrophilic patch on top. These linkages allow the formation of a bubble stretching over several structures; bubble release is suppressed because several links have to be broken first. This results in a higher energy input for the bubble formation. Therefore, an increased negative pressure is needed to form a bubble able to detach from the surface and rise upwards.",
""
] |
Career
------
Johnny Mann began his music career in the late 1940s in his hometown of [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland "Baltimore, Maryland") before serving in the army playing as a member of the [U.S. Army Field Band](/wiki/United_States_Army_Field_Band "United States Army Field Band") from 1951 to 1953\. After his honorable discharge he moved to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") to continue his professional music career.
As [bandleader](/wiki/Bandleader "Bandleader") with The Johnny Mann Singers, he and the group [recorded](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction "Sound recording and reproduction") hosted the [TV series](/wiki/Television_program "Television program") titled *[Stand Up and Cheer](/wiki/Stand_Up_and_Cheer_%28variety_show%29 "Stand Up and Cheer (variety show)")* (1971–1974\), was the [musical director](/wiki/Musical_director "Musical director") for the 1967\-69 [ABC\-TV](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company "American Broadcasting Company") late night talk show, *[The Joey Bishop Show](/wiki/The_Joey_Bishop_Show_%28talk_show%29 "The Joey Bishop Show (talk show)")*, and performed at the [White House](/wiki/White_House "White House") twice.{{cite web\|url\=http://imdb.com/title/tt0061268/\|title\=''The Joey Bishop Show''\|publisher\=IMDb.com\|access\-date\=2012\-12\-16}} He was also musical director of *[The Alvin Show](/wiki/The_Alvin_Show "The Alvin Show")* and was the singing voice of Theodore. Mann was also choral director for *[The NBC Comedy Hour](/wiki/The_NBC_Comedy_Hour "The NBC Comedy Hour")*. Mann was credited as "Johnnie Mann" in some of his earlier works. His group's most notable alumna was [Vicki Lawrence](/wiki/Vicki_Lawrence "Vicki Lawrence").
The Johnny Mann Singers performed a strongly patriotic musical presentation at the 1972 [Emmy Awards](/wiki/Emmy_Awards "Emmy Awards") telecast hosted by [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson "Johnny Carson"). Following their performance, Carson returned to the stage and declared "War Bonds are available in the lobby", a sarcastic comment on the group's flag\-waving. The remark offended some conservative viewers around the country.{{citation needed\|date\=April 2015}}
Mann wrote a number of [radio](/wiki/Radio_station "Radio station") [jingles](/wiki/Jingle "Jingle"), the most famous being the "Sound of the City" jingle for [KSFO](/wiki/KSFO "KSFO") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), California.{{cite web \|url\=http://bayarearadio.org/audio/ksfo/ksfo\_sound\-of\-the\-city.shtml \|title\=560 KSFO Radio – The Sound Of The City \|publisher\=Bayarearadio.org \|access\-date\=2014\-06\-22 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117220824/http://bayarearadio.org/audio/ksfo/ksfo\_sound\-of\-the\-city.shtml \|archive\-date\=2014\-01\-17 \|url\-status\=dead }} This jingle became as requested as many of the songs played by KSFO in the era of [Don Sherwood](/wiki/Don_Sherwood_%28disc_jockey%29 "Don Sherwood (disc jockey)"), and it was adapted by Mann for other radio stations around the country which included [KFRC](/wiki/KFRC_%28defunct%29 "KFRC (defunct)") (AM) in San Francisco and [CKLW](/wiki/CKLW "CKLW") in [Windsor, Ontario](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario "Windsor, Ontario"). Mann can be seen on YouTube videos at a Los Angeles recording studio directing his six\-voice jingle singers while they sing jingles for radio station [KRTH\-FM](/wiki/KRTH-FM "KRTH-FM") (K\-Earth 101\).
In 1998, a Golden Palm Star on the [Palm Springs, California](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California "Palm Springs, California"), [Walk of Stars](/wiki/Palm_Springs_Walk_of_Stars "Palm Springs Walk of Stars") was dedicated to him.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web\-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013165655/http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web\-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf \|url\-status\=dead \|archive\-date\=2012\-10\-13 \|title\=Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated \|publisher\=Palmspringswalkofstars.com \|access\-date\=2012\-12\-16 }}
In 2005, Mann and his wife, Betty, retired to [Anderson, South Carolina](/wiki/Anderson%2C_South_Carolina "Anderson, South Carolina"), but he continued to produce radio station jingles, guest conduct around the country, and participate in local musical programs.
In April 2014, at the age of 85, he was a guest conductor of The South Carolina School of the Arts{{cite web\|url\=http://www.andersonuniversity.edu/sota.aspx?id\=6735\&ekmensel\=c580fa7b\_165\_0\_6735\_1/ \|title\=The South Carolina School of the Arts \|publisher\=Andersonuniversity.edu \|access\-date\=2014\-06\-26}} at [Anderson University](/wiki/Anderson_University_%28South_Carolina%29 "Anderson University (South Carolina)")'s spring gala where he led the university choir in performing The Johnny Mann Singers arrangement of "Up, Up and Away". At the song's conclusion, the audience of about 1,000 stood in Mann's honor.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.independentmail.com/news/2014/jun/19/his\-music\-is\-going\-to\-be\-with\-us/\|title\=His Music is Going to be with Us\|publisher\=Independentmail.com\|access\-date\=2014\-06\-19\|url\-status\=dead\|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20140621163830/http://www.independentmail.com/news/2014/jun/19/his\-music\-is\-going\-to\-be\-with\-us/\|archive\-date\=2014\-06\-21}}
### Recordings
The Johnny Mann Singers [recorded](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction "Sound recording and reproduction") 42 [albums](/wiki/Album "Album"), mainly for [Liberty Records](/wiki/Liberty_Records "Liberty Records") from the 1950s to the 1970s. In the mid\-1970s the Johnny Mann Singers began recording with [Light Records](/wiki/Light_Records "Light Records").
In the early 1960s the Singers provided backing for some singers including [rock 'n' roll](/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_roll "Rock 'n' roll") and [rockabilly](/wiki/Rockabilly "Rockabilly") singer [Johnny Burnette](/wiki/Johnny_Burnette "Johnny Burnette") (including "[God, Country and My Baby](/wiki/God%2C_Country_and_My_Baby "God, Country and My Baby")") and pop singer [Bobby Vee](/wiki/Bobby_Vee "Bobby Vee"). The Singers were also involved with the [Si Zentner Orchestra](/wiki/Si_Zentner "Si Zentner"), [The Crickets](/wiki/The_Crickets "The Crickets"), and [Eddie Cochran](/wiki/Eddie_Cochran "Eddie Cochran"), who was also signed to [Liberty Records](/wiki/Liberty_Records "Liberty Records") in Hollywood.
The Johnny Mann Singers' instrumental "Cinnamint Shuffle (Mexican Shuffle)" hit the [Billboard Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") chart in 1966\.{{cite book\|first\=Joel\|last\=Whitburn\|year\=2003\|title\=Top Pop Singles 1955\-2002\|edition\=1st\|publisher\=Record Research Inc.\|location\=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin\|isbn\=0\-89820\-155\-1\|page\=\[https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/155 155]\|url\-access\=registration\|url\=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/155}}
Their next single, a [cover version](/wiki/Cover_version "Cover version") of "[Up, Up and Away](/wiki/Up%2C_Up_and_Away_%28song%29 "Up, Up and Away (song)")", became the [hit](/wiki/Hit_record "Hit record") version of the song on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart "UK Singles Chart"), overtaking the US hit version by [The 5th Dimension](/wiki/The_5th_Dimension "The 5th Dimension").{{cite book
\| first\= David
\| last\= Roberts
\| year\= 2006
\| title\= British Hit Singles \& Albums
\| edition\= 19th
\| publisher\= Guinness World Records Limited
\| location\= London
\| isbn\= 1\-904994\-10\-5
\| page\= 347}} The version also won a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award "Grammy Award") in 1968 in the Best Performance by a Choir of Seven or More Persons category.{{cite book
\| first\= John
\| last\= Tobler
\| year\= 1992
\| title\= NME Rock 'N' Roll Years
\| edition\= 1st
\| publisher\= Reed International Books Ltd
\| location\= London
\| page\= 182
\| id\= CN 5585}} In total, Mann was nominated for five Grammys, two of which he won.
|
[
"Career\n------",
"Johnny Mann began his music career in the late 1940s in his hometown of [Baltimore](/wiki/Baltimore%2C_Maryland \"Baltimore, Maryland\") before serving in the army playing as a member of the [U.S. Army Field Band](/wiki/United_States_Army_Field_Band \"United States Army Field Band\") from 1951 to 1953\\. After his honorable discharge he moved to [Los Angeles](/wiki/Los_Angeles \"Los Angeles\") to continue his professional music career.",
"As [bandleader](/wiki/Bandleader \"Bandleader\") with The Johnny Mann Singers, he and the group [recorded](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction \"Sound recording and reproduction\") hosted the [TV series](/wiki/Television_program \"Television program\") titled *[Stand Up and Cheer](/wiki/Stand_Up_and_Cheer_%28variety_show%29 \"Stand Up and Cheer (variety show)\")* (1971–1974\\), was the [musical director](/wiki/Musical_director \"Musical director\") for the 1967\\-69 [ABC\\-TV](/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company \"American Broadcasting Company\") late night talk show, *[The Joey Bishop Show](/wiki/The_Joey_Bishop_Show_%28talk_show%29 \"The Joey Bishop Show (talk show)\")*, and performed at the [White House](/wiki/White_House \"White House\") twice.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://imdb.com/title/tt0061268/\\|title\\=''The Joey Bishop Show''\\|publisher\\=IMDb.com\\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-16}} He was also musical director of *[The Alvin Show](/wiki/The_Alvin_Show \"The Alvin Show\")* and was the singing voice of Theodore. Mann was also choral director for *[The NBC Comedy Hour](/wiki/The_NBC_Comedy_Hour \"The NBC Comedy Hour\")*. Mann was credited as \"Johnnie Mann\" in some of his earlier works. His group's most notable alumna was [Vicki Lawrence](/wiki/Vicki_Lawrence \"Vicki Lawrence\").",
"The Johnny Mann Singers performed a strongly patriotic musical presentation at the 1972 [Emmy Awards](/wiki/Emmy_Awards \"Emmy Awards\") telecast hosted by [Johnny Carson](/wiki/Johnny_Carson \"Johnny Carson\"). Following their performance, Carson returned to the stage and declared \"War Bonds are available in the lobby\", a sarcastic comment on the group's flag\\-waving. The remark offended some conservative viewers around the country.{{citation needed\\|date\\=April 2015}}",
"Mann wrote a number of [radio](/wiki/Radio_station \"Radio station\") [jingles](/wiki/Jingle \"Jingle\"), the most famous being the \"Sound of the City\" jingle for [KSFO](/wiki/KSFO \"KSFO\") in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), California.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://bayarearadio.org/audio/ksfo/ksfo\\_sound\\-of\\-the\\-city.shtml \\|title\\=560 KSFO Radio – The Sound Of The City \\|publisher\\=Bayarearadio.org \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-22 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117220824/http://bayarearadio.org/audio/ksfo/ksfo\\_sound\\-of\\-the\\-city.shtml \\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-01\\-17 \\|url\\-status\\=dead }} This jingle became as requested as many of the songs played by KSFO in the era of [Don Sherwood](/wiki/Don_Sherwood_%28disc_jockey%29 \"Don Sherwood (disc jockey)\"), and it was adapted by Mann for other radio stations around the country which included [KFRC](/wiki/KFRC_%28defunct%29 \"KFRC (defunct)\") (AM) in San Francisco and [CKLW](/wiki/CKLW \"CKLW\") in [Windsor, Ontario](/wiki/Windsor%2C_Ontario \"Windsor, Ontario\"). Mann can be seen on YouTube videos at a Los Angeles recording studio directing his six\\-voice jingle singers while they sing jingles for radio station [KRTH\\-FM](/wiki/KRTH-FM \"KRTH-FM\") (K\\-Earth 101\\).",
"In 1998, a Golden Palm Star on the [Palm Springs, California](/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California \"Palm Springs, California\"), [Walk of Stars](/wiki/Palm_Springs_Walk_of_Stars \"Palm Springs Walk of Stars\") was dedicated to him.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web\\-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013165655/http://www.palmspringswalkofstars.com/web\\-storage/Stars/Stars%20dedicated%20by%20date.pdf \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|archive\\-date\\=2012\\-10\\-13 \\|title\\=Palm Springs Walk of Stars by date dedicated \\|publisher\\=Palmspringswalkofstars.com \\|access\\-date\\=2012\\-12\\-16 }}",
"In 2005, Mann and his wife, Betty, retired to [Anderson, South Carolina](/wiki/Anderson%2C_South_Carolina \"Anderson, South Carolina\"), but he continued to produce radio station jingles, guest conduct around the country, and participate in local musical programs.",
"In April 2014, at the age of 85, he was a guest conductor of The South Carolina School of the Arts{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.andersonuniversity.edu/sota.aspx?id\\=6735\\&ekmensel\\=c580fa7b\\_165\\_0\\_6735\\_1/ \\|title\\=The South Carolina School of the Arts \\|publisher\\=Andersonuniversity.edu \\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-26}} at [Anderson University](/wiki/Anderson_University_%28South_Carolina%29 \"Anderson University (South Carolina)\")'s spring gala where he led the university choir in performing The Johnny Mann Singers arrangement of \"Up, Up and Away\". At the song's conclusion, the audience of about 1,000 stood in Mann's honor.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.independentmail.com/news/2014/jun/19/his\\-music\\-is\\-going\\-to\\-be\\-with\\-us/\\|title\\=His Music is Going to be with Us\\|publisher\\=Independentmail.com\\|access\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-19\\|url\\-status\\=dead\\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20140621163830/http://www.independentmail.com/news/2014/jun/19/his\\-music\\-is\\-going\\-to\\-be\\-with\\-us/\\|archive\\-date\\=2014\\-06\\-21}}",
"### Recordings",
"The Johnny Mann Singers [recorded](/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction \"Sound recording and reproduction\") 42 [albums](/wiki/Album \"Album\"), mainly for [Liberty Records](/wiki/Liberty_Records \"Liberty Records\") from the 1950s to the 1970s. In the mid\\-1970s the Johnny Mann Singers began recording with [Light Records](/wiki/Light_Records \"Light Records\").",
"In the early 1960s the Singers provided backing for some singers including [rock 'n' roll](/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_roll \"Rock 'n' roll\") and [rockabilly](/wiki/Rockabilly \"Rockabilly\") singer [Johnny Burnette](/wiki/Johnny_Burnette \"Johnny Burnette\") (including \"[God, Country and My Baby](/wiki/God%2C_Country_and_My_Baby \"God, Country and My Baby\")\") and pop singer [Bobby Vee](/wiki/Bobby_Vee \"Bobby Vee\"). The Singers were also involved with the [Si Zentner Orchestra](/wiki/Si_Zentner \"Si Zentner\"), [The Crickets](/wiki/The_Crickets \"The Crickets\"), and [Eddie Cochran](/wiki/Eddie_Cochran \"Eddie Cochran\"), who was also signed to [Liberty Records](/wiki/Liberty_Records \"Liberty Records\") in Hollywood.",
"The Johnny Mann Singers' instrumental \"Cinnamint Shuffle (Mexican Shuffle)\" hit the [Billboard Hot 100](/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") chart in 1966\\.{{cite book\\|first\\=Joel\\|last\\=Whitburn\\|year\\=2003\\|title\\=Top Pop Singles 1955\\-2002\\|edition\\=1st\\|publisher\\=Record Research Inc.\\|location\\=Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin\\|isbn\\=0\\-89820\\-155\\-1\\|page\\=\\[https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/155 155]\\|url\\-access\\=registration\\|url\\=https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstop00whitbur/page/155}}\nTheir next single, a [cover version](/wiki/Cover_version \"Cover version\") of \"[Up, Up and Away](/wiki/Up%2C_Up_and_Away_%28song%29 \"Up, Up and Away (song)\")\", became the [hit](/wiki/Hit_record \"Hit record\") version of the song on the [UK Singles Chart](/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart \"UK Singles Chart\"), overtaking the US hit version by [The 5th Dimension](/wiki/The_5th_Dimension \"The 5th Dimension\").{{cite book\n\\| first\\= David\n\\| last\\= Roberts\n\\| year\\= 2006\n\\| title\\= British Hit Singles \\& Albums\n\\| edition\\= 19th\n\\| publisher\\= Guinness World Records Limited\n\\| location\\= London\n\\| isbn\\= 1\\-904994\\-10\\-5\n\\| page\\= 347}} The version also won a [Grammy Award](/wiki/Grammy_Award \"Grammy Award\") in 1968 in the Best Performance by a Choir of Seven or More Persons category.{{cite book\n\\| first\\= John\n\\| last\\= Tobler\n\\| year\\= 1992\n\\| title\\= NME Rock 'N' Roll Years\n\\| edition\\= 1st\n\\| publisher\\= Reed International Books Ltd\n\\| location\\= London\n\\| page\\= 182\n\\| id\\= CN 5585}} In total, Mann was nominated for five Grammys, two of which he won.",
""
] |
Sites of interest
-----------------
[thumb\|left\|[New Hampshire historical marker](/wiki/New_Hampshire_historical_marker "New Hampshire historical marker")](/wiki/File:Concordcapitolsign.jpg "Concordcapitolsign.jpg")
The [New Hampshire State House](/wiki/New_Hampshire_State_House "New Hampshire State House"), designed by architect Stuart Park and constructed between 1815 and 1818, is the oldest state house in which the legislature meets in its original chambers.{{cite web\|url\=https://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/publications/documents/state\_house\_history.pdf\|title\=State House History\|publisher\=nh.gov\|access\-date\=August 19, 2016\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014218/https://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/publications/documents/state\_house\_history.pdf\|archive\-date\=October 6, 2016\|url\-status\=live}} The building was remodeled in 1866, and the third story and west wing were added in 1910\.
Across from the State House is the [Eagle Hotel](/wiki/Eagle_Hotel_%28Concord%2C_New_Hampshire%29 "Eagle Hotel (Concord, New Hampshire)") on Main Street, which has been a downtown landmark since its opening in 1827\. [U.S. Presidents](/wiki/U.S._President "U.S. President") [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant"), [Rutherford Hayes](/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes "Rutherford Hayes"), and [Benjamin Harrison](/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison "Benjamin Harrison") all dined there, and [Franklin Pierce](/wiki/Franklin_Pierce "Franklin Pierce") spent the night before departing for his inauguration. Other well\-known guests included [Jefferson Davis](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis "Jefferson Davis"), [Charles Lindbergh](/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh "Charles Lindbergh"), [Eleanor Roosevelt](/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt "Eleanor Roosevelt"), [Richard M. Nixon](/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon "Richard M. Nixon") (who carried New Hampshire in all three of his presidential bids), and [Thomas E. Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey "Thomas E. Dewey"). The hotel closed in 1961\.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM1Q7R\_Eagle\_Hotel\_\_Concord\_NH\|title\=Eagle Hotel\|publisher\=waymarking.com\|access\-date\=July 23, 2014\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501122727/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM1Q7R\_Eagle\_Hotel\_\_Concord\_NH\|archive\-date\=May 1, 2015\|url\-status\=live}}
South from the Eagle Hotel on Main Street is Phenix Hall, which replaced "Old" Phenix Hall, which burned in 1893\. Both the old and new buildings featured multi\-purpose auditoriums used for political speeches, theater productions, and fairs. [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln") spoke at the old hall in 1860; [Theodore Roosevelt](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt "Theodore Roosevelt"), at the new hall in 1912\.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.nhtourguide.com/history/concord.htm \|title\=New Phenix Hall \|publisher\=nhtourguide.com \|access\-date\=July 23, 2014 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629222308/http://nhtourguide.com/history/concord.htm \|archive\-date\=June 29, 2014 \|url\-status\=dead}}
[thumb\|right\|Walker\-Woodman House, built from 1733 to 1735, as it appeared {{circa\|1908}}](/wiki/File:Old_Walker_House%2C_Concord%2C_NH.jpg "Old Walker House, Concord, NH.jpg")
North on Main Street is the Walker\-Woodman House, also known as the Reverend Timothy Walker House, the oldest standing two\-story house in Concord.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.concordnh.gov/documentcenter/view/3413 \|title\=History of Concord Police Department (Pre 1853\) \|date\=March 7, 2014 \|website\=City of Concord, NH \|access\-date\=January 23, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224002351/http://concordnh.gov/DocumentCenter/View/3413 \|archive\-date\=December 24, 2016 \|url\-status\=dead}} It was built for the Reverend Timothy Walker between 1733 and 1735\.
On the north end of Main Street is the [Pierce Manse](/wiki/Pierce_Manse "Pierce Manse"), in which President Franklin Pierce lived in Concord before and following his presidency.{{Cite web \|url\=http://www.piercemanse.org/learn.html \|title\=Learn \|website\=The Pierce Brigade \|language\=en \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816064656/http://www.piercemanse.org/Learn.html \|archive\-date\=August 16, 2010 \|url\-status\=dead \|access\-date\=October 25, 2017}} The mid\-1830s [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival "Greek Revival") house was moved from Montgomery Street to North Main Street in 1971 to prevent its demolition.
Beaver Meadow Golf Course, located in the northern part of Concord, is one of the oldest [golf courses](/wiki/Golf_course "Golf course") in New England.{{cite web \|url\=http://www.beavermeadowgolfcourse.com/golf/emailer2020/img/beavermeadowgolfcourse/Press\_Release\_\-\_Golf\_Simulators\_Nov\_2015\.pdf \|title\=Beaver Meadow Golf Course \|date\=November 19, 2015 \|website\=Beaver Meadow Golf Course \|access\-date\=February 6, 2017 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114008/http://www.beavermeadowgolfcourse.com/golf/emailer2020/img/beavermeadowgolfcourse/Press\_Release\_\-\_Golf\_Simulators\_Nov\_2015\.pdf \|archive\-date\=February 7, 2017 \|url\-status\=dead}} Besides this golf course, other important sporting venues in Concord include [Everett Arena](/wiki/Everett_Arena "Everett Arena") and Memorial Field.
The SNOB (Somewhat North Of Boston) Film Festival, started in the fall of 2002, brings independent films and filmmakers to Concord and has provided an outlet for local filmmakers to display their films. SNOB Film Festival was a catalyst for the building in 2007 of Red River Theatres, a locally owned, nonprofit, independent cinema named after the [1948 film](/wiki/Red_River_%281948_film%29 "Red River (1948 film)") featuring John Wayne.{{Cite web \|title\=About \|url\=https://redrivertheatres.org/about/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-04 \|website\=Red River Theaters}}
Other sites of interest include the [Capitol Center for the Arts](/wiki/Capitol_Center_for_the_Arts "Capitol Center for the Arts"), the [New Hampshire Historical Society](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Historical_Society "New Hampshire Historical Society"), which has two facilities in Concord, and the [McAuliffe\-Shepard Discovery Center](/wiki/McAuliffe-Shepard_Discovery_Center "McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center"), a science museum named after [Christa McAuliffe](/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe "Christa McAuliffe"), the Concord teacher who died during the [Space Shuttle Challenger disaster](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster "Space Shuttle Challenger disaster") in 1986, and [Alan Shepard](/wiki/Alan_Shepard "Alan Shepard"), the [Derry](/wiki/Derry%2C_New_Hampshire "Derry, New Hampshire")\-born astronaut who was the second person and first American in space as well as the fifth and oldest person to walk on the Moon.
|
[
"Sites of interest\n-----------------",
"[thumb\\|left\\|[New Hampshire historical marker](/wiki/New_Hampshire_historical_marker \"New Hampshire historical marker\")](/wiki/File:Concordcapitolsign.jpg \"Concordcapitolsign.jpg\")",
"The [New Hampshire State House](/wiki/New_Hampshire_State_House \"New Hampshire State House\"), designed by architect Stuart Park and constructed between 1815 and 1818, is the oldest state house in which the legislature meets in its original chambers.{{cite web\\|url\\=https://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/publications/documents/state\\_house\\_history.pdf\\|title\\=State House History\\|publisher\\=nh.gov\\|access\\-date\\=August 19, 2016\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006014218/https://www.nh.gov/nhdhr/publications/documents/state\\_house\\_history.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=October 6, 2016\\|url\\-status\\=live}} The building was remodeled in 1866, and the third story and west wing were added in 1910\\.",
"Across from the State House is the [Eagle Hotel](/wiki/Eagle_Hotel_%28Concord%2C_New_Hampshire%29 \"Eagle Hotel (Concord, New Hampshire)\") on Main Street, which has been a downtown landmark since its opening in 1827\\. [U.S. Presidents](/wiki/U.S._President \"U.S. President\") [Ulysses S. Grant](/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant \"Ulysses S. Grant\"), [Rutherford Hayes](/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes \"Rutherford Hayes\"), and [Benjamin Harrison](/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison \"Benjamin Harrison\") all dined there, and [Franklin Pierce](/wiki/Franklin_Pierce \"Franklin Pierce\") spent the night before departing for his inauguration. Other well\\-known guests included [Jefferson Davis](/wiki/Jefferson_Davis \"Jefferson Davis\"), [Charles Lindbergh](/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh \"Charles Lindbergh\"), [Eleanor Roosevelt](/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt \"Eleanor Roosevelt\"), [Richard M. Nixon](/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon \"Richard M. Nixon\") (who carried New Hampshire in all three of his presidential bids), and [Thomas E. Dewey](/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey \"Thomas E. Dewey\"). The hotel closed in 1961\\.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM1Q7R\\_Eagle\\_Hotel\\_\\_Concord\\_NH\\|title\\=Eagle Hotel\\|publisher\\=waymarking.com\\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2014\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501122727/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM1Q7R\\_Eagle\\_Hotel\\_\\_Concord\\_NH\\|archive\\-date\\=May 1, 2015\\|url\\-status\\=live}}",
"South from the Eagle Hotel on Main Street is Phenix Hall, which replaced \"Old\" Phenix Hall, which burned in 1893\\. Both the old and new buildings featured multi\\-purpose auditoriums used for political speeches, theater productions, and fairs. [Abraham Lincoln](/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln \"Abraham Lincoln\") spoke at the old hall in 1860; [Theodore Roosevelt](/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt \"Theodore Roosevelt\"), at the new hall in 1912\\.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.nhtourguide.com/history/concord.htm \\|title\\=New Phenix Hall \\|publisher\\=nhtourguide.com \\|access\\-date\\=July 23, 2014 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629222308/http://nhtourguide.com/history/concord.htm \\|archive\\-date\\=June 29, 2014 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}}",
"[thumb\\|right\\|Walker\\-Woodman House, built from 1733 to 1735, as it appeared {{circa\\|1908}}](/wiki/File:Old_Walker_House%2C_Concord%2C_NH.jpg \"Old Walker House, Concord, NH.jpg\")",
"North on Main Street is the Walker\\-Woodman House, also known as the Reverend Timothy Walker House, the oldest standing two\\-story house in Concord.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.concordnh.gov/documentcenter/view/3413 \\|title\\=History of Concord Police Department (Pre 1853\\) \\|date\\=March 7, 2014 \\|website\\=City of Concord, NH \\|access\\-date\\=January 23, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224002351/http://concordnh.gov/DocumentCenter/View/3413 \\|archive\\-date\\=December 24, 2016 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} It was built for the Reverend Timothy Walker between 1733 and 1735\\.",
"On the north end of Main Street is the [Pierce Manse](/wiki/Pierce_Manse \"Pierce Manse\"), in which President Franklin Pierce lived in Concord before and following his presidency.{{Cite web \\|url\\=http://www.piercemanse.org/learn.html \\|title\\=Learn \\|website\\=The Pierce Brigade \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816064656/http://www.piercemanse.org/Learn.html \\|archive\\-date\\=August 16, 2010 \\|url\\-status\\=dead \\|access\\-date\\=October 25, 2017}} The mid\\-1830s [Greek Revival](/wiki/Greek_Revival \"Greek Revival\") house was moved from Montgomery Street to North Main Street in 1971 to prevent its demolition.",
"Beaver Meadow Golf Course, located in the northern part of Concord, is one of the oldest [golf courses](/wiki/Golf_course \"Golf course\") in New England.{{cite web \\|url\\=http://www.beavermeadowgolfcourse.com/golf/emailer2020/img/beavermeadowgolfcourse/Press\\_Release\\_\\-\\_Golf\\_Simulators\\_Nov\\_2015\\.pdf \\|title\\=Beaver Meadow Golf Course \\|date\\=November 19, 2015 \\|website\\=Beaver Meadow Golf Course \\|access\\-date\\=February 6, 2017 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207114008/http://www.beavermeadowgolfcourse.com/golf/emailer2020/img/beavermeadowgolfcourse/Press\\_Release\\_\\-\\_Golf\\_Simulators\\_Nov\\_2015\\.pdf \\|archive\\-date\\=February 7, 2017 \\|url\\-status\\=dead}} Besides this golf course, other important sporting venues in Concord include [Everett Arena](/wiki/Everett_Arena \"Everett Arena\") and Memorial Field.",
"The SNOB (Somewhat North Of Boston) Film Festival, started in the fall of 2002, brings independent films and filmmakers to Concord and has provided an outlet for local filmmakers to display their films. SNOB Film Festival was a catalyst for the building in 2007 of Red River Theatres, a locally owned, nonprofit, independent cinema named after the [1948 film](/wiki/Red_River_%281948_film%29 \"Red River (1948 film)\") featuring John Wayne.{{Cite web \\|title\\=About \\|url\\=https://redrivertheatres.org/about/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=Red River Theaters}}",
"Other sites of interest include the [Capitol Center for the Arts](/wiki/Capitol_Center_for_the_Arts \"Capitol Center for the Arts\"), the [New Hampshire Historical Society](/wiki/New_Hampshire_Historical_Society \"New Hampshire Historical Society\"), which has two facilities in Concord, and the [McAuliffe\\-Shepard Discovery Center](/wiki/McAuliffe-Shepard_Discovery_Center \"McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center\"), a science museum named after [Christa McAuliffe](/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe \"Christa McAuliffe\"), the Concord teacher who died during the [Space Shuttle Challenger disaster](/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster \"Space Shuttle Challenger disaster\") in 1986, and [Alan Shepard](/wiki/Alan_Shepard \"Alan Shepard\"), the [Derry](/wiki/Derry%2C_New_Hampshire \"Derry, New Hampshire\")\\-born astronaut who was the second person and first American in space as well as the fifth and oldest person to walk on the Moon.",
""
] |
Plot
----
After a horrible auto accident in which his father is tragically killed, 17\-year\-old Kale Brecht becomes a troubled outcast. During Spanish class, Señor Gutierrez reprimands Kale and mentions his recently deceased father, which leads to Kale violently attacking him. A sympathetic judge sentences him to three months [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest "House arrest"), with an [ankle monitor](/wiki/Ankle_monitor "Ankle monitor") and a [proximity sensor](/wiki/Proximity_sensor "Proximity sensor").
On Kale's first day of house arrest, Detective Parker explains the monitor. The officer overseeing him is revealed to be Señor Gutierrez's cousin. Kale watches TV and plays video games until his frustrated mother Julie cancels his [Xbox Live](/wiki/Xbox_Live "Xbox Live") subscription and cuts his TV's cord. Bored, Kale watches his neighborhood with binoculars, including his attractive new neighbor Ashley Carlson, and Robert Turner, a solitary man. He accidentally trips his proximity sensor after chasing pranking children.
One night, Kale becomes suspicious of Turner after he returns home in a 1960s [Ford Mustang](/wiki/Ford_Mustang "Ford Mustang") with a dented fender, which matches the description of a car given on a news report of a [serial killer](/wiki/Serial_killer "Serial killer") at large. Befriending Ashley, they begin to spy on Turner with Kale's best friend Ronnie. Turner arrives home with a woman, who they later see running frantically from him, but later appears to drive away.
Kale becomes jealous when Ashley throws a party and flirts with popular people from school, prompting him to blast non\-party\-related music to disrupt her party. Ashley breaks into the house to turn it off, and Kale reveals he has been observing her since she moved in and is romantically interested, so they kiss.
The following day, Kale has Ashley follow Turner to the supermarket so Ronnie can obtain Turner's garage controller's code. She agrees, but Turner catches her in the parking lot and intimidates her. Shaken, Ashley stops helping in the investigation. Ronnie then realizes he left his phone in Turner's car and breaks into his garage, with Kale watching at a distance. When Ronnie gets trapped when the garage door closes, Kale tries to rescue him, but alerts the police by tripping the ankle monitor. They arrive and search the garage, as Kale accuses Turner of murder. However, they only find a bag containing a roadkill deer.
Julie goes to Turner's house to convince him not to press charges against Kale. Ronnie escapes from Turner's house and gives Kale the video he made while running through the house. Freezing a frame and zooming in, Kale sees the corpse of the woman from earlier. Meanwhile, Turner incapacitates and binds Julie. Turner enters their house, bashing Ronnie over the head with a bat. After binding and gagging Kale, he reveals he will frame him for the murders and make it appear that Kale then killed himself. However, Ashley arrives, distracting Turner and allowing Kale to club him in the face. Kale throws him from the top of the stairs before Ashley frees him. They jump out of the window into her pool as Turner resurfaces. Kale's ankle monitor again alerts the police.
Looking for his mother, Kale enters Turner's home. Inside, he finds evidence of Turner's previous murders, including the corpses of his victims and a woman's dress and wig, indicating Turner posed as the woman leaving the house the night Kale and Ashley were watching. When Officer Gutierrez arrives, Turner snaps his neck. Kale finds his mother bound and gagged in the cellar. Turner appears, slashes him in the back and pins him to a wall. Before Turner can kill Kale, Julie stabs him in the leg with a screwdriver, allowing Kale to impale Turner with gardening shears.
Following the discovery of the murders, Kale's ankle bracelet is removed early for good behavior. Kale exacts revenge on the pranking neighborhood children before kissing Ashley on his sofa, while Ronnie playfully videotapes them.
|
[
"Plot\n----",
"After a horrible auto accident in which his father is tragically killed, 17\\-year\\-old Kale Brecht becomes a troubled outcast. During Spanish class, Señor Gutierrez reprimands Kale and mentions his recently deceased father, which leads to Kale violently attacking him. A sympathetic judge sentences him to three months [house arrest](/wiki/House_arrest \"House arrest\"), with an [ankle monitor](/wiki/Ankle_monitor \"Ankle monitor\") and a [proximity sensor](/wiki/Proximity_sensor \"Proximity sensor\").",
"On Kale's first day of house arrest, Detective Parker explains the monitor. The officer overseeing him is revealed to be Señor Gutierrez's cousin. Kale watches TV and plays video games until his frustrated mother Julie cancels his [Xbox Live](/wiki/Xbox_Live \"Xbox Live\") subscription and cuts his TV's cord. Bored, Kale watches his neighborhood with binoculars, including his attractive new neighbor Ashley Carlson, and Robert Turner, a solitary man. He accidentally trips his proximity sensor after chasing pranking children.",
"One night, Kale becomes suspicious of Turner after he returns home in a 1960s [Ford Mustang](/wiki/Ford_Mustang \"Ford Mustang\") with a dented fender, which matches the description of a car given on a news report of a [serial killer](/wiki/Serial_killer \"Serial killer\") at large. Befriending Ashley, they begin to spy on Turner with Kale's best friend Ronnie. Turner arrives home with a woman, who they later see running frantically from him, but later appears to drive away.",
"Kale becomes jealous when Ashley throws a party and flirts with popular people from school, prompting him to blast non\\-party\\-related music to disrupt her party. Ashley breaks into the house to turn it off, and Kale reveals he has been observing her since she moved in and is romantically interested, so they kiss.",
"The following day, Kale has Ashley follow Turner to the supermarket so Ronnie can obtain Turner's garage controller's code. She agrees, but Turner catches her in the parking lot and intimidates her. Shaken, Ashley stops helping in the investigation. Ronnie then realizes he left his phone in Turner's car and breaks into his garage, with Kale watching at a distance. When Ronnie gets trapped when the garage door closes, Kale tries to rescue him, but alerts the police by tripping the ankle monitor. They arrive and search the garage, as Kale accuses Turner of murder. However, they only find a bag containing a roadkill deer.",
"Julie goes to Turner's house to convince him not to press charges against Kale. Ronnie escapes from Turner's house and gives Kale the video he made while running through the house. Freezing a frame and zooming in, Kale sees the corpse of the woman from earlier. Meanwhile, Turner incapacitates and binds Julie. Turner enters their house, bashing Ronnie over the head with a bat. After binding and gagging Kale, he reveals he will frame him for the murders and make it appear that Kale then killed himself. However, Ashley arrives, distracting Turner and allowing Kale to club him in the face. Kale throws him from the top of the stairs before Ashley frees him. They jump out of the window into her pool as Turner resurfaces. Kale's ankle monitor again alerts the police.",
"Looking for his mother, Kale enters Turner's home. Inside, he finds evidence of Turner's previous murders, including the corpses of his victims and a woman's dress and wig, indicating Turner posed as the woman leaving the house the night Kale and Ashley were watching. When Officer Gutierrez arrives, Turner snaps his neck. Kale finds his mother bound and gagged in the cellar. Turner appears, slashes him in the back and pins him to a wall. Before Turner can kill Kale, Julie stabs him in the leg with a screwdriver, allowing Kale to impale Turner with gardening shears.",
"Following the discovery of the murders, Kale's ankle bracelet is removed early for good behavior. Kale exacts revenge on the pranking neighborhood children before kissing Ashley on his sofa, while Ronnie playfully videotapes them.",
""
] |
History
-------
### Early Dynastic period (c. 2900 – c. 2350 BC)
According to the *[Sumerian King List](/wiki/Sumerian_King_List "Sumerian King List")*, a dynasty from Awan exerted hegemony in [Sumer](/wiki/Sumer "Sumer") after defeating the [First Dynasty of Ur](/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur "First Dynasty of Ur"), probably in the 25th century BC.{{sfn\|Kriwaczek\|2010\|p\=136\|ps\=: "Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan."}} It mentions three Awan kings, who supposedly reigned for a total of 356 years.{{sfn\|Legrain\|1922\|pp\=\[http://etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14913\.pdf 10–22]}} Their names have not survived on the extant copies, apart from the partial names of the second and third kings, "...Lu" and Ku\-ul...", who it says ruled for 36 years.{{sfn\|Stolper\|1987}} This information is not considered reliable, but it does suggest that Awan had political importance in the 3rd millennium BC.
A royal list found at [Susa](/wiki/Susa "Susa") gives 12 names of the kings in the Awan dynasty.{{sfn\|Hinz\|1972}}{{sfn\|Cameron\|1936}}{{sfn\|Vallat\|1998}} The twelve kings of Awan given in the list are: [Pieli](/wiki/Peli_%28king_of_Awan%29 "Peli (king of Awan)"), [Tari/ip](/wiki/Tata_%28king_of_Awan%29 "Tata (king of Awan)"), [Ukkutahieš](/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish "Ukku-Tanhish"), Hišur, Šušuntarana, Na\-?\-pilhuš, Kikkutanteimti, [Luhhiššan](/wiki/Luh-ishan "Luh-ishan"), Hišepratep, Hielu?, [Hita\-Idaddu\-napir](/wiki/Khita "Khita"), [Puzur\-Inšušinak](/wiki/Puzur-In%C5%A1u%C5%A1inak "Puzur-Inšušinak"). The twelve kings of the [Shimashki Dynasty](/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty "Shimashki Dynasty") are: Girnamme, Tazitta, Ebarti, Tazitta, Lu?\-x\-luuhhan, [Kindattu](/wiki/Kindattu "Kindattu"), Idaddu, Tan\-Ruhurater, Ebarti, Idaddu, Idaddu\-Temti.
As there are very few other sources for this period, most of these names are not certain. Little more of these kings' reigns is known, but Elam seems to have kept up a heavy trade with the Sumerian city\-states during this time, importing mainly foods, and exporting cattle, wool, slaves and silver, among other things. A text of the time refers to a shipment of tin to the governor of the Elamite city of Urua, which was committed to work the material and return it in the form of bronze — perhaps indicating a technological edge enjoyed by the Elamites over the Sumerians.
It is also known that the Awan kings carried out incursions in Mesopotamia, where they ran up against the most powerful city\-states of this period, Kish and Lagash. One such incident is recorded in a tablet addressed to Enetarzi, a minor ruler or governor of Lagash, testifying that a party of 600 Elamites had been intercepted and defeated while attempting to abscond from the port with plunder.{{sfn\|Kramer\|1963\|p\=331}}
### Akkadian period (c. 2350 – c. 2154 BC)
Events become a little clearer at the time of the [Akkadian Empire](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire "Akkadian Empire") (c. 2300 BC), when historical texts tell of campaigns carried out by the kings of Akkad on the [Iranian plateau](/wiki/Iranian_plateau "Iranian plateau"). [Sargon of Akkad](/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad "Sargon of Akkad") boasted of defeating a "[Luh\-ishan](/wiki/Luh-ishan "Luh-ishan") king of Elam, son of Hishiprashini", and mentions plunder seized from Awan, among other places. Luhi\-ishan is the eighth king on the Awan king list, while his father's name "Hishiprashini" is a variant of that of the ninth listed king, Hishepratep \- indicating either a different individual, or if the same, that the order of kings on the Awan king list has been jumbled.{{sfn\|Scheil\|1931}}{{sfn\|Hansman\|1985}}{{sfn\|Stolper\|1987}}{{sfn\|Leick\|2001\|p\=\[https://books.google.com/books?id\=xwuOsvSVA3YC\&pg\=PA99 99]}}
Sargon's son and successor, [Rimush](/wiki/Rimush "Rimush"), is said to have conquered Elam, defeating its king who is named as Emahsini. Emahsini's name does not appear on the Awan king list, but the Rimush inscriptions claim that the combined forces of Elam and [Warahshe](/wiki/Marhashi "Marhashi"), led by General Sidgau, were defeated at a battle "on the middle river between Awan and Susa". Scholars have adduced a number of such clues that Awan and Susa were probably adjoining territories.
With these defeats, the low\-lying, westerly parts of Elam became a vassal of Akkad, centred at [Susa](/wiki/Susa "Susa"). This is confirmed by a document of great historical value, a peace treaty signed between [Naram\-Sin of Akkad](/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad "Naram-Sin of Akkad") and an unnamed king or governor of Awan, probably Khita or Helu. It is the oldest document written in [Elamite cuneiform](/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform "Elamite cuneiform") that has been found.
Although Awan was defeated, the Elamites were able to avoid total assimilation. The capital of [Anshan](/wiki/Anshan_%28Persia%29 "Anshan (Persia)"), located in a steep and mountainous area, was never reached by Akkad. The Elamites remained a major source of tension, that would contribute to destabilizing the Akkadian state, until it finally collapsed under Gutian pressure.
### Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2112 BC)
When the Akkadian empire started to break down around 2240 BC, it was [Kutik\-Inshushinak](/wiki/Kutik-Inshushinak "Kutik-Inshushinak") (or Puzur\-Inshushinak), the governor of Susa on behalf of Akkad, who liberated Awan and Elam, ascending to the throne.
By this time, Susa had started to gain influence in Elam (later, Elam would be called Susiana), and the city began to be filled with temples and monuments. Kutik\-Inshushinak next defeated Kimash and Hurtum (neighboring towns rebelling against him), destroying 70 cities in a day. Next he established his position as king, defeating all his rivals and taking Anshan, the capital. Not content with this, he launched a campaign of devastation throughout northern Sumer, seizing such important cities as [Eshnunna](/wiki/Eshnunna "Eshnunna"). When he finally conquered Akkad he was declared king of the four quarters, owner of the known world. Later, [Ur\-Nammu](/wiki/Ur-Nammu "Ur-Nammu") of [Ur](/wiki/Ur "Ur"), founder of the [3rd dynasty of Ur](/wiki/Ur-III "Ur-III") defeated Elam, ending the dynasty of Awan.
Kutik\-Inshushinak's work was not only as a conqueror; he created Elam's organization and the administrative structure. He extended the temple of [Inshushinak](/wiki/Inshushinak "Inshushinak"), where he erected a statue of her.
After his defeat, the Awan dynasty disappears from history, probably cut down by the [Guti](/wiki/Gutian_people "Gutian people") or [Lullubi](/wiki/Lullubi "Lullubi") tribes that then sowed disorder in Mesopotamia and the Zagros, and Elam was left in the hands of the [Shimashki dynasty](/wiki/Shimashki_dynasty "Shimashki dynasty").
The toponym "Awan" only occurs once more following the reign of Kutik\-Inshushinak, in a year\-name of [Ibbi\-Sin](/wiki/Ibbi-Sin "Ibbi-Sin") of Ur. The name [Anshan](/wiki/Anshan_%28Persia%29 "Anshan (Persia)"), on the other hand, which only occurs once before this time (in an inscription of [Manishtushu](/wiki/Manishtushu "Manishtushu")), becomes increasingly more commonplace beginning with king [Gudea](/wiki/Gudea "Gudea") of Lagash, who claimed to have conquered it around the same time. It has accordingly been conjectured that Anshan not only replaced Awan as one of the major divisions of Elam, but that it also included the same territory.{{sfn\|Hansman\|1985}}
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Early Dynastic period (c. 2900 – c. 2350 BC)",
"According to the *[Sumerian King List](/wiki/Sumerian_King_List \"Sumerian King List\")*, a dynasty from Awan exerted hegemony in [Sumer](/wiki/Sumer \"Sumer\") after defeating the [First Dynasty of Ur](/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur \"First Dynasty of Ur\"), probably in the 25th century BC.{{sfn\\|Kriwaczek\\|2010\\|p\\=136\\|ps\\=: \"Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan.\"}} It mentions three Awan kings, who supposedly reigned for a total of 356 years.{{sfn\\|Legrain\\|1922\\|pp\\=\\[http://etana.org/sites/default/files/coretexts/14913\\.pdf 10–22]}} Their names have not survived on the extant copies, apart from the partial names of the second and third kings, \"...Lu\" and Ku\\-ul...\", who it says ruled for 36 years.{{sfn\\|Stolper\\|1987}} This information is not considered reliable, but it does suggest that Awan had political importance in the 3rd millennium BC.",
"A royal list found at [Susa](/wiki/Susa \"Susa\") gives 12 names of the kings in the Awan dynasty.{{sfn\\|Hinz\\|1972}}{{sfn\\|Cameron\\|1936}}{{sfn\\|Vallat\\|1998}} The twelve kings of Awan given in the list are: [Pieli](/wiki/Peli_%28king_of_Awan%29 \"Peli (king of Awan)\"), [Tari/ip](/wiki/Tata_%28king_of_Awan%29 \"Tata (king of Awan)\"), [Ukkutahieš](/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish \"Ukku-Tanhish\"), Hišur, Šušuntarana, Na\\-?\\-pilhuš, Kikkutanteimti, [Luhhiššan](/wiki/Luh-ishan \"Luh-ishan\"), Hišepratep, Hielu?, [Hita\\-Idaddu\\-napir](/wiki/Khita \"Khita\"), [Puzur\\-Inšušinak](/wiki/Puzur-In%C5%A1u%C5%A1inak \"Puzur-Inšušinak\"). The twelve kings of the [Shimashki Dynasty](/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty \"Shimashki Dynasty\") are: Girnamme, Tazitta, Ebarti, Tazitta, Lu?\\-x\\-luuhhan, [Kindattu](/wiki/Kindattu \"Kindattu\"), Idaddu, Tan\\-Ruhurater, Ebarti, Idaddu, Idaddu\\-Temti.",
"As there are very few other sources for this period, most of these names are not certain. Little more of these kings' reigns is known, but Elam seems to have kept up a heavy trade with the Sumerian city\\-states during this time, importing mainly foods, and exporting cattle, wool, slaves and silver, among other things. A text of the time refers to a shipment of tin to the governor of the Elamite city of Urua, which was committed to work the material and return it in the form of bronze — perhaps indicating a technological edge enjoyed by the Elamites over the Sumerians.",
"It is also known that the Awan kings carried out incursions in Mesopotamia, where they ran up against the most powerful city\\-states of this period, Kish and Lagash. One such incident is recorded in a tablet addressed to Enetarzi, a minor ruler or governor of Lagash, testifying that a party of 600 Elamites had been intercepted and defeated while attempting to abscond from the port with plunder.{{sfn\\|Kramer\\|1963\\|p\\=331}}",
"### Akkadian period (c. 2350 – c. 2154 BC)",
"Events become a little clearer at the time of the [Akkadian Empire](/wiki/Akkadian_Empire \"Akkadian Empire\") (c. 2300 BC), when historical texts tell of campaigns carried out by the kings of Akkad on the [Iranian plateau](/wiki/Iranian_plateau \"Iranian plateau\"). [Sargon of Akkad](/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad \"Sargon of Akkad\") boasted of defeating a \"[Luh\\-ishan](/wiki/Luh-ishan \"Luh-ishan\") king of Elam, son of Hishiprashini\", and mentions plunder seized from Awan, among other places. Luhi\\-ishan is the eighth king on the Awan king list, while his father's name \"Hishiprashini\" is a variant of that of the ninth listed king, Hishepratep \\- indicating either a different individual, or if the same, that the order of kings on the Awan king list has been jumbled.{{sfn\\|Scheil\\|1931}}{{sfn\\|Hansman\\|1985}}{{sfn\\|Stolper\\|1987}}{{sfn\\|Leick\\|2001\\|p\\=\\[https://books.google.com/books?id\\=xwuOsvSVA3YC\\&pg\\=PA99 99]}}",
"Sargon's son and successor, [Rimush](/wiki/Rimush \"Rimush\"), is said to have conquered Elam, defeating its king who is named as Emahsini. Emahsini's name does not appear on the Awan king list, but the Rimush inscriptions claim that the combined forces of Elam and [Warahshe](/wiki/Marhashi \"Marhashi\"), led by General Sidgau, were defeated at a battle \"on the middle river between Awan and Susa\". Scholars have adduced a number of such clues that Awan and Susa were probably adjoining territories.",
"With these defeats, the low\\-lying, westerly parts of Elam became a vassal of Akkad, centred at [Susa](/wiki/Susa \"Susa\"). This is confirmed by a document of great historical value, a peace treaty signed between [Naram\\-Sin of Akkad](/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad \"Naram-Sin of Akkad\") and an unnamed king or governor of Awan, probably Khita or Helu. It is the oldest document written in [Elamite cuneiform](/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform \"Elamite cuneiform\") that has been found.",
"Although Awan was defeated, the Elamites were able to avoid total assimilation. The capital of [Anshan](/wiki/Anshan_%28Persia%29 \"Anshan (Persia)\"), located in a steep and mountainous area, was never reached by Akkad. The Elamites remained a major source of tension, that would contribute to destabilizing the Akkadian state, until it finally collapsed under Gutian pressure.\n### Gutian period (c. 2154 – c. 2112 BC)",
"When the Akkadian empire started to break down around 2240 BC, it was [Kutik\\-Inshushinak](/wiki/Kutik-Inshushinak \"Kutik-Inshushinak\") (or Puzur\\-Inshushinak), the governor of Susa on behalf of Akkad, who liberated Awan and Elam, ascending to the throne.",
"By this time, Susa had started to gain influence in Elam (later, Elam would be called Susiana), and the city began to be filled with temples and monuments. Kutik\\-Inshushinak next defeated Kimash and Hurtum (neighboring towns rebelling against him), destroying 70 cities in a day. Next he established his position as king, defeating all his rivals and taking Anshan, the capital. Not content with this, he launched a campaign of devastation throughout northern Sumer, seizing such important cities as [Eshnunna](/wiki/Eshnunna \"Eshnunna\"). When he finally conquered Akkad he was declared king of the four quarters, owner of the known world. Later, [Ur\\-Nammu](/wiki/Ur-Nammu \"Ur-Nammu\") of [Ur](/wiki/Ur \"Ur\"), founder of the [3rd dynasty of Ur](/wiki/Ur-III \"Ur-III\") defeated Elam, ending the dynasty of Awan.",
"Kutik\\-Inshushinak's work was not only as a conqueror; he created Elam's organization and the administrative structure. He extended the temple of [Inshushinak](/wiki/Inshushinak \"Inshushinak\"), where he erected a statue of her.",
"After his defeat, the Awan dynasty disappears from history, probably cut down by the [Guti](/wiki/Gutian_people \"Gutian people\") or [Lullubi](/wiki/Lullubi \"Lullubi\") tribes that then sowed disorder in Mesopotamia and the Zagros, and Elam was left in the hands of the [Shimashki dynasty](/wiki/Shimashki_dynasty \"Shimashki dynasty\").",
"The toponym \"Awan\" only occurs once more following the reign of Kutik\\-Inshushinak, in a year\\-name of [Ibbi\\-Sin](/wiki/Ibbi-Sin \"Ibbi-Sin\") of Ur. The name [Anshan](/wiki/Anshan_%28Persia%29 \"Anshan (Persia)\"), on the other hand, which only occurs once before this time (in an inscription of [Manishtushu](/wiki/Manishtushu \"Manishtushu\")), becomes increasingly more commonplace beginning with king [Gudea](/wiki/Gudea \"Gudea\") of Lagash, who claimed to have conquered it around the same time. It has accordingly been conjectured that Anshan not only replaced Awan as one of the major divisions of Elam, but that it also included the same territory.{{sfn\\|Hansman\\|1985}}",
""
] |
Competition and development history
-----------------------------------
### Pre\-season
Stella stated that not all the new developments McLaren had planned for the MCL38 had been ready in time for the launch specification car, but would become early season upgrades.
The car first ran on track during a filming day at [Silverstone Circuit](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit "Silverstone Circuit") in February, driven by both drivers ahead of the official pre\-season test at [Bahrain International Circuit](/wiki/Bahrain_International_Circuit "Bahrain International Circuit").{{cite web \|last\=Mitchell\-Malm \|first\=Scott \|date\=2024\-02\-14 \|title\=What McLaren's hiding on its new F1 car \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/2024\-mclaren\-f1\-car\-mcl38\-what\-is\-hidden/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-17 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=22 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061910/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/2024\-mclaren\-f1\-car\-mcl38\-what\-is\-hidden/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{cite web \|last\=Coch \|first\=Mat \|date\=2024\-02\-15 \|title\=Piastri cuts first laps in 2024 McLaren \|url\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-cuts\-first\-laps\-in\-2024\-mclaren/ \|access\-date\=2024\-02\-17 \|website\=\[\[Speedcafe]] \|language\=en\-AU \|archive\-date\=14 February 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214220520/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-cuts\-first\-laps\-in\-2024\-mclaren/ \|url\-status\=live }} Stella said that the MCL38 performed as expected during the pre\-season test, and that its most significant gain over the MCL60 was its increased rear grip.
### Opening rounds
The MCL38 featured a new front wing, sidepod inlet, floor, engine cover, and beam{{Efn\|The beam wing is a secondary aerodynamic device located below the rear wing. It complements the rear wing by creating a low\-pressure area at the rear of the car. This accelerates the rate of airflow through the venturi tunnels, increasing the downforce generated by the ground effect.{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \|date\=1 February 2022 \|title\=How the rear wing of the 2022 car has been designed to be an F1 gamechanger \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article.tech\-tuesday\-how\-the\-rear\-wing\-of\-the\-2022\-car\-has\-been\-designed\-to\-be\-an\-f1\.70dkHlnyP8DiGDDnMf3tzU.html \|access\-date\=17 September 2023 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=28 May 2023 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528094916/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article.tech\-tuesday\-how\-the\-rear\-wing\-of\-the\-2022\-car\-has\-been\-designed\-to\-be\-an\-f1\.70dkHlnyP8DiGDDnMf3tzU.html \|url\-status\=live }}}} and rear wings for the [Bahrain Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Bahrain_Grand_Prix "2024 Bahrain Grand Prix").{{Cite web \|last\=Medland \|first\=Chris \|date\=2024\-02\-29 \|title\=Technical updates: 2024 Bahrain Grand Prix \|url\=https://racer.com/2024/02/29/technical\-updates\-2024\-bahrain\-grand\-prix/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=\[\[Racer (magazine)\|RACER]] \|place\=Irvine \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=1066\-6060 \|archive\-date\=8 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308062251/https://racer.com/2024/02/29/technical\-updates\-2024\-bahrain\-grand\-prix/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris qualified seventh and finished sixth, while Piastri qualified and finished eighth.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-03\-04 \|title\=Norris hopeful McLaren can hit back against rivals \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article.norris\-hopeful\-mclaren\-can\-hit\-back\-against\-rivals\-after\-not\-nice\-car.3ZCw4MndgVUWf116NKF9Kg.html \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=8 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308062251/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article.norris\-hopeful\-mclaren\-can\-hit\-back\-against\-rivals\-after\-not\-nice\-car.3ZCw4MndgVUWf116NKF9Kg.html \|url\-status\=live }} Both drivers suggested they could have qualified in the top three had they set error\-free laps.{{Cite web \|last\=Cleeren \|first\=Filip \|date\=2024\-03\-02 \|title\=McLaren had pace for "second or third" on tight Bahrain F1 grid \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-drivers\-reckon\-they\-had\-pace\-for\-second\-row\-amid\-tight\-bahrain\-f1\-grid/10582121/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=8 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308062254/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-drivers\-reckon\-they\-had\-pace\-for\-second\-row\-amid\-tight\-bahrain\-f1\-grid/10582121/ \|url\-status\=live }} The result meant Norris and Piastri left the opening round in sixth and eighth respectively in the [World Drivers' Championship](/wiki/World_Drivers%27_Championship "World Drivers' Championship") (WDC), while McLaren was classified fourth in the [World Constructors' Championship](/wiki/World_Constructors%27_Championship "World Constructors' Championship") (WCC).
The car was fitted with modified rear and beam wings for the [Saudi Arabian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Saudi_Arabian_Grand_Prix "2024 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix").{{Cite web \|last\=Medland \|first\=Chris \|date\=2024\-03\-07 \|title\=Technical updates: 2024 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix \|url\=https://racer.com/2024/03/07/technical\-updates\-2024\-saudi\-arabian\-grand\-prix/ \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-08 \|website\=\[\[Racer (magazine)\|RACER]] \|publisher\=Irvine \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=1066\-6060 \|archive\-date\=9 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309200247/https://racer.com/2024/03/07/technical\-updates\-2024\-saudi\-arabian\-grand\-prix/ \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri qualified fifth and finished fourth, while Norris qualified sixth and finished eighth.{{Cite web \|last\=Walsh \|first\=Fergal \|date\=2024\-03\-09 \|title\=Piastri reveals secrets behind improved McLaren qualifying \|url\=https://racingnews365\.com/piastri\-reveals\-secrets\-behind\-improved\-mclaren\-qualifying \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-23 \|website\=RacingNews365 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=9 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309142115/https://racingnews365\.com/piastri\-reveals\-secrets\-behind\-improved\-mclaren\-qualifying \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-03\-09 \|title\=Norris insists strategy gamble worth a shot in Jeddah \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-insists\-strategy\-gamble\-worth\-a\-shot\-as\-piastri\-left\-very\-happy\-with.4KVt5Fq4rgqSoJJlQr6DhP \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-23 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=19 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319003816/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-insists\-strategy\-gamble\-worth\-a\-shot\-as\-piastri\-left\-very\-happy\-with.4KVt5Fq4rgqSoJJlQr6DhP \|url\-status\=live }} The drivers respectively moved up to fifth and down to eighth in the WDC, while McLaren moved up to third in the WCC.
Norris qualified fourth and Piastri sixth for the [Australian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Australian_Grand_Prix "2024 Australian Grand Prix"), and were both promoted a place on the starting grid by a penalty for another driver.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-03\-23 \|title\=Norris delighted with ‘better than expected’ qualifying \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-delighted\-with\-better\-than\-expected\-qualifying\-in\-australia\-after.5LLQDdaaXr5lu9ZTFSE1EN \|access\-date\=2024\-03\-23 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 March 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323115021/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-delighted\-with\-better\-than\-expected\-qualifying\-in\-australia\-after.5LLQDdaaXr5lu9ZTFSE1EN \|url\-status\=live }} Norris finished third and Piastri fourth, a result which moved Norris up to sixth in the WDC.
[thumb\|Piastri driving his MILTZ\-liveried MCL38 during practice for the Japanese Grand Prix](/wiki/File:MCL38_at_the_Japanese_GP.jpg "MCL38 at the Japanese GP.jpg") The MCL38 featured a special livery for the [Japanese Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Japanese_Grand_Prix "2024 Japanese Grand Prix") (see {{Section link\|2\=Liveries\|nopage\=y}}), and McLaren fitted the car with new front brake duct inlets.{{Cite web \|last\=Medland \|first\=Chris \|date\=2024\-04\-05 \|title\=Technical updates: 2024 Japanese Grand Prix \|url\=https://racer.com/2024/04/05/technical\-updates\-2024\-japanese\-grand\-prix/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-16 \|website\=\[\[Racer (magazine)\|RACER]] \|place\=Irvine \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=1066\-6060 \|archive\-date\=6 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406205122/https://racer.com/2024/04/05/technical\-updates\-2024\-japanese\-grand\-prix/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris qualified third but finished fifth.{{Cite web \|last\=Cooper \|first\=Adam \|last2\=Vording \|first2\=Ronald \|date\=2024\-04\-08 \|title\=Stella defends McLaren F1 team strategy in “complex” Japanese GP \|url\=https://au.motorsport.com/f1/news/stella\-defends\-mclaren\-f1\-team\-strategy\-in\-complex\-japanese\-gp/10596417/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-16 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com\|Motorsport.com Australia]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=15 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415193438/https://au.motorsport.com/f1/news/stella\-defends\-mclaren\-f1\-team\-strategy\-in\-complex\-japanese\-gp/10596417/ \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri qualified sixth and finished eighth,{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-04\-07 \|title\=Norris concedes 'Ferraris on another level' as Piastri rues 'not his best' weekend in Japan \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-concedes\-ferraris\-on\-another\-level\-as\-piastri\-rues\-not\-his\-best.51CpoFMgv89PmxmJjAzbYf \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-16 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=13 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413100142/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-concedes\-ferraris\-on\-another\-level\-as\-piastri\-rues\-not\-his\-best.51CpoFMgv89PmxmJjAzbYf \|url\-status\=live }} losing places late in the race after making an error.{{Cite web \|last\=Mitchell\-Malm \|first\=Scott \|date\=2024\-04\-09 \|title\=McLaren's gained on Red Bull \- but not where it needs to most \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/where\-mclarens\-gained\-in\-f1\-2024\-so\-far\-and\-whats\-it\-lost/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-16 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=22 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422062018/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/where\-mclarens\-gained\-in\-f1\-2024\-so\-far\-and\-whats\-it\-lost/ \|url\-status\=live }} In the WDC, Norris overtook Piastri for fifth.
[thumb\|Norris during sprint qualifying for the Chinese Grand Prix, in which he took pole](/wiki/File:Lando_Norris%2CChinese_GP_2024_SQ.jpg "Lando Norris,Chinese GP 2024 SQ.jpg") McLaren expected that the car would be uncompetitive at the [Chinese Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Chinese_Grand_Prix "2024 Chinese Grand Prix") given the quantity of low\-speed corners at [Shanghai International Circuit](/wiki/Shanghai_International_Circuit "Shanghai International Circuit"), in which the MCL38 typically underperformed (see {{Section link\|2\=Assessment and characteristics\|nopage\=y}}).{{Cite web \|last\=Cleeren \|first\=Filip \|date\=2024\-04\-15 \|title\=McLaren F1 team bracing for "damage limitation" in Chinese GP \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-bracing\-for\-damage\-limitation\-in\-chinese\-gp/10599010/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=17 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417195858/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-bracing\-for\-damage\-limitation\-in\-chinese\-gp/10599010/ \|url\-status\=live }} However, in a wet sprint qualifying session, Norris qualified on [pole](/wiki/Pole_position "Pole position").{{Cite web \|last\=Boxall\-Legge \|first\=Jake \|date\=2024\-04\-19 \|title\=Norris' China F1 sprint pole lap down to "all\-or\-nothing" approach \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\-china\-f1\-sprint\-pole\-lap\-down\-to\-all\-or\-nothing\-approach/10600484/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=20 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420155041/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\-china\-f1\-sprint\-pole\-lap\-down\-to\-all\-or\-nothing\-approach/10600484/ \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri, who qualified eighth for the sprint, suffered an issue with his car's transmission, which malfunctioned and shifted into neutral during his qualifying lap.{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \|date\=2024\-04\-19 \|title\=What's behind McLaren's outstanding China F1 pace \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-mclaren\-outstanding\-china\-f1\-pace/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=20 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420014956/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-mclaren\-outstanding\-china\-f1\-pace/ \|url\-status\=live }} In the sprint, Norris had a poor start and finished sixth, and Piastri finished seventh.{{Cite news \|last\=Doyle \|first\=Michael \|date\=2024\-04\-20 \|title\=Max Verstappen beats Lewis Hamilton to win F1 Chinese sprint race \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024\-04\-20/max\-verstappen\-beats\-lewis\-hamilton\-chinese\-sprint\-race/103306304 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|work\=\[\[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]] \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|language\=en\-AU \|archive\-date\=20 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420194159/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024\-04\-20/max\-verstappen\-beats\-lewis\-hamilton\-chinese\-sprint\-race/103306304 \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Noble \|first\=Jonathan \|date\=2024\-04\-20 \|title\=Norris had no reason to apologise for F1 sprint showing, says McLaren \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\-had\-no\-reason\-to\-apologise\-for\-f1\-sprint\-showing\-says\-mclaren/10600939/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=20 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420131810/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\-had\-no\-reason\-to\-apologise\-for\-f1\-sprint\-showing\-says\-mclaren/10600939/ \|url\-status\=live }} For the Grand Prix, Norris and Piastri qualified fourth and fifth respectively.{{Cite web \|last\=Walsh \|first\=Fergal \|last2\=Parkes \|first2\=Ian \|date\=2024\-04\-20 \|title\=Top\-five McLaren ‘out of position’ on Chinese GP grid \|url\=https://racingnews365\.com/top\-five\-mclaren\-out\-of\-position\-on\-chinese\-gp\-grid \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=RacingNews365 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=20 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420171535/https://racingnews365\.com/top\-five\-mclaren\-out\-of\-position\-on\-chinese\-gp\-grid \|url\-status\=live }} In a race twice interrupted by safety car periods, Norris moved up to finish second.{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \|date\=2024\-04\-21 \|title\=Superb Norris stunned Ferrari \- and McLaren \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-lando\-norris\-chinese\-gp\-f1\-ferrari\-mclaren\-stunned/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=22 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061909/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-lando\-norris\-chinese\-gp\-f1\-ferrari\-mclaren\-stunned/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=Richards \|first\=Giles \|date\=2024\-04\-21 \|title\=Max Verstappen charges to F1 Chinese GP victory with Lando Norris second \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/apr/21/max\-verstappen\-f1\-chinese\-grand\-prix\-victory\-report\-lando\-norris\-second \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421103434/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/apr/21/max\-verstappen\-f1\-chinese\-grand\-prix\-victory\-report\-lando\-norris\-second \|archive\-date\=21 April 2024 \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|work\=\[\[The Guardian]] \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0261\-3077}} Piastri, however, was struck by [Daniel Ricciardo](/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo "Daniel Ricciardo") (who in turn had been struck by [Lance Stroll](/wiki/Lance_Stroll "Lance Stroll")), and finished eighth with significant damage to his car's diffuser.{{Cite web \|last\=Coch \|first\=Mat \|date\=2024\-04\-22 \|title\=Piastri rejects Stroll’s claim after Chinese shunt \|url\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-rejects\-strolls\-claim\-after\-chinese\-shunt/ \|access\-date\=2024\-04\-22 \|website\=\[\[Speedcafe]] \|language\=en\-AU \|archive\-date\=21 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421225114/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-rejects\-strolls\-claim\-after\-chinese\-shunt/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-04\-22 \|title\=Piastri spent much of Chinese GP in ‘damage limitation’ \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/piastri\-admits\-spending\-much\-of\-chinese\-gp\-in\-damage\-limitation\-mode\-after.5844zqk2426WiWa2VaxakT \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-04 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=25 April 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425194150/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/piastri\-admits\-spending\-much\-of\-chinese\-gp\-in\-damage\-limitation\-mode\-after.5844zqk2426WiWa2VaxakT \|url\-status\=live }}
### Miami upgrade package
At the [Miami Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Miami_Grand_Prix "2024 Miami Grand Prix"), McLaren introduced a range of upgrades to the MCL38\. This included a new front wing, new front suspension geometry and updated rear suspension, revised front and rear brake ducts and winglets, new floor, revised sidepod inlet, and a new engine cover and bodywork including a new louvre arrangement.{{Cite web \|last\=Coch \|first\=Mat \|date\=2024\-05\-04 \|title\=F1 UPGRADES: Huge upgrade for McLaren in Miami \|url\=https://speedcafe.com/f1\-upgrades\-huge\-upgrade\-for\-mclaren\-in\-miami/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-04 \|website\=\[\[Speedcafe]] \|language\=en\-AU \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040531/https://speedcafe.com/f1\-upgrades\-huge\-upgrade\-for\-mclaren\-in\-miami/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \|date\=2024\-05\-03 \|title\=Big packages for McLaren and Mercedes among Miami F1 upgrades \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mclaren\-mercedes\-upgrades\-miami\-gp\-f1\-declared/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-04 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040509/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mclaren\-mercedes\-upgrades\-miami\-gp\-f1\-declared/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Anderson \|first\=Gary \|author\-link\=Gary Anderson (motorsport) \|date\=2024\-05\-10 \|title\=Gary Anderson's verdict on McLaren's race\-winning F1 upgrade \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mclaren\-race\-winning\-f1\-upgrade\-gary\-anderson\-explains/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-21 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=21 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621112020/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mclaren\-race\-winning\-f1\-upgrade\-gary\-anderson\-explains/ \|url\-status\=live }} Aside from these performance upgrades, the car also featured a circuit\-specific beam wing. Brown called the upgraded MCL38 "almost a B\-spec car",{{Cite web \|last\=Suttill \|first\=Josh \|date\=2024\-05\-03 \|title\=Upgraded McLaren flies then flops and hands Verstappen pole \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/miami\-grand\-prix\-f1\-sprint\-qualifying\-report\-max\-verstappen\-pole\-mclaren\-flops/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-04 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040604/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/miami\-grand\-prix\-f1\-sprint\-qualifying\-report\-max\-verstappen\-pole\-mclaren\-flops/ \|url\-status\=live }} and McLaren expected the upgrades to improve the car's performance across all conditions. Norris's car had all of the upgrades, while Piastri's had roughly half.{{Cite web \|last\=Noble \|first\=Jonathan \|last2\=Cleeren \|first2\=Filip \|date\=2024\-05\-03 \|title\=McLaren reveals 10 key changes behind its extensive Miami F1 upgrade \|url\=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-reveals\-10\-key\-changes\-behind\-its\-extensive\-miami\-f1\-upgrade/10606183/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-04 \|website\=\[\[Autosport]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040524/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-reveals\-10\-key\-changes\-behind\-its\-extensive\-miami\-f1\-upgrade/10606183/ \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri qualified sixth for the sprint,{{Cite web \|last\=Coch \|first\=Mat \|date\=2024\-05\-04 \|title\=Piastri predicts exciting Sprint after ‘terrible’ qualifying \|url\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-predicts\-exciting\-sprint\-after\-terrible\-qualifying/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040523/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-predicts\-exciting\-sprint\-after\-terrible\-qualifying/ \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-04 \|website\=\[\[Speedcafe]] \|language\=en\-AU}} and Norris qualified ninth.{{Cite web \|last\=Kalinauckas \|first\=Alex \|date\=2024\-05\-04 \|title\=Norris: Miami sprint qualifying tumble down to "pushing too hard" \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\-miami\-sprint\-qualifying\-tumble\-down\-pushing\-too\-hard/10606447/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-04 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040756/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\-miami\-sprint\-qualifying\-tumble\-down\-pushing\-too\-hard/10606447/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \|date\=2024\-05\-03 \|title\=Where Miami pole slipped through Norris' fingers \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-where\-miami\-pole\-slipped\-through\-norris\-fingers/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-04 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040756/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-where\-miami\-pole\-slipped\-through\-norris\-fingers/ \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri finished the sprint in sixth, however Norris did not finish after was struck by Stroll in a first\-lap incident that also involved [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso "Fernando Alonso") and [Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton "Lewis Hamilton").{{Cite web \|last\=Kalinauckas \|first\=Alex \|date\=2024\-05\-05 \|title\=Verstappen wins sprint from Leclerc; Hamilton penalised \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-miami\-gp\-verstappen\-wins\-sprint\-from\-leclerc\-hamilton\-penalised/10606749/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-05 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504230746/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-miami\-gp\-verstappen\-wins\-sprint\-from\-leclerc\-hamilton\-penalised/10606749/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=Richards \|first\=Giles \|date\=2024\-05\-04 \|title\=Max Verstappen storms to Miami GP pole after earlier sprint success \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/may/04/max\-verstappen\-wins\-miami\-f1\-gp\-sprint\-race \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-05 \|work\=\[\[The Observer]] \|publisher\=\[\[Guardian Media Group]] \|location\=Miami \|language\=en\-GB \|publication\-place\=London \|issn\=0029\-7712 \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504192732/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/may/04/max\-verstappen\-wins\-miami\-f1\-gp\-sprint\-race \|url\-status\=live }} Norris and Alonso both blamed Hamilton for the incident.{{Cite web \|last\=Larkam \|first\=Lewis \|date\=2024\-05\-04 \|title\=Lando Norris: ‘Obvious’ Lewis Hamilton to blame for race\-ending crash \|url\=https://www.crash.net/f1/news/1047872/1/lando\-norris\-obvious\-lewis\-hamilton\-blame\-race\-ending\-crash \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-05 \|website\=Crash.net \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=5 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505124000/https://www.crash.net/f1/news/1047872/1/lando\-norris\-obvious\-lewis\-hamilton\-blame\-race\-ending\-crash \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Noble \|first\=Jonathan \|last2\=Carlos de Celis \|first2\=Jose \|date\=2024\-05\-05 \|title\=Alonso: Hamilton will escape penalty for Turn 1 clash because he is not Spanish \|url\=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/alonso\-hamilton\-will\-escape\-penalty\-for\-turn\-1\-clash\-because\-he\-is\-not\-spanish/10606787/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-05 \|website\=\[\[Autosport]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=4 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504212834/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/alonso\-hamilton\-will\-escape\-penalty\-for\-turn\-1\-clash\-because\-he\-is\-not\-spanish/10606787/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris and Piastri qualified fifth and sixth respectively for the Grand Prix.{{Cite web \|last\=Bradley \|first\=Charles \|date\=2024\-05\-05 \|title\=2024 F1 Miami GP qualifying results: Verstappen takes pole \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/2024\-f1\-miami\-gp\-qualifying\-results\-verstappen\-pole/10606893/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-05 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=5 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505123937/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/2024\-f1\-miami\-gp\-qualifying\-results\-verstappen\-pole/10606893/ \|url\-status\=live }} During the race, a pit stop cycle moved Norris into the lead, just as a safety car was called for a collision between two other cars.{{Cite web \|last\=Suttill \|first\=Josh \|date\=2024\-05\-05 \|title\=Lando Norris's first F1 victory at Miami GP explained \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/lando\-norris\-first\-f1\-win\-at\-miami\-gp\-explained/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-06 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=6 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506015905/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/lando\-norris\-first\-f1\-win\-at\-miami\-gp\-explained/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Kalinauckas \|first\=Alex \|date\=2024\-05\-06 \|title\=F1 Miami GP: Norris takes advantage of safety car for maiden win \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-miami\-gp\-norris\-safety\-car\-maiden\-win/10607405/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-06 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=5 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505235211/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-miami\-gp\-norris\-safety\-car\-maiden\-win/10607405/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris pitted under the safety car and defended his lead to the end of the race, achieving his first Grand Prix win. Piastri, however, was involved in several close battles with [Carlos Sainz Jr.](/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr. "Carlos Sainz Jr."), one of which resulted in damage to Piastri's front wing which required an additional pit stop, and a penalty for Sainz.{{Cite web \|last\=Gale \|first\=Ewan \|date\=2024\-05\-06 \|title\=Sainz penalised for Piastri contact in Miami GP, drops to fifth \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/sainz\-penalised\-piastri\-contact\-f1\-miami\-gp\-drops\-fifth/10607512/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-06 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=6 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506015959/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/sainz\-penalised\-piastri\-contact\-f1\-miami\-gp\-drops\-fifth/10607512/ \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri set the fastest lap of the race, but finished fourteenth and was promoted one place after a penalty for another driver. The results of the weekend meant Norris drew level on points with Sainz, and took fourth place in the WDC on the countback.
The MCL38 was fitted with circuit\-specific beam and rear wings for the [Emilia Romagna Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Emilia_Romagna_Grand_Prix "2024 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix"),{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \|date\=2024\-05\-17 \|title\=Imola F1 tech: Extensive Ferrari changes \+ other major upgrades \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/imola\-f1\-tech\-the\-major\-packages\-beyond\-ferrari\-upgrade/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-18 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=18 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518044217/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/imola\-f1\-tech\-the\-major\-packages\-beyond\-ferrari\-upgrade/ \|url\-status\=live }} and Piastri's car received the remaining upgrades.{{Cite web \|last\=Walsh \|first\=Fergal \|date\=2024\-05\-17 \|title\=Crucial range of F1 upgrades unveiled at Imola \|url\=https://racingnews365\.com/crucial\-range\-of\-f1\-upgrades\-unveiled\-at\-imola \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-25 \|website\=RacingNews365 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=25 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525074707/https://racingnews365\.com/crucial\-range\-of\-f1\-upgrades\-unveiled\-at\-imola \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri qualified second and Norris third, but Piastri was given a three\-place grid penalty for impeding [Kevin Magnussen](/wiki/Kevin_Magnussen "Kevin Magnussen"): Piastri started fifth, and Norris second.{{Cite web \|last\=Suttill \|first\=Josh \|date\=2024\-05\-18 \|title\=Piastri loses front row start for Imola F1 race \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/piastri\-magnussen\-imola\-penalty\-f1\-qualifying/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-19 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=19 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519152530/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/piastri\-magnussen\-imola\-penalty\-f1\-qualifying/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=Richards \|first\=Giles \|date\=2024\-05\-18 \|title\=Max Verstappen battles back to claim Emilia\-Romagna F1 GP pole \|url\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/may/18/max\-verstappen\-battles\-back\-to\-claim\-emilia\-romagna\-f1\-gp\-pole \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-19 \|work\=\[\[The Observer]] \|publisher\=\[\[Guardian Media Group]] \|location\=Imola \|language\=en\-GB \|publication\-place\=London \|issn\=0029\-7712 \|archive\-date\=19 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519152531/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/may/18/max\-verstappen\-battles\-back\-to\-claim\-emilia\-romagna\-f1\-gp\-pole \|url\-status\=live }} Norris finished second and Piastri fourth.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-05\-19 \|title\=Max Verstappen holds off Lando Norris to win Emilia Romagna Grand Prix and extend F1 lead \|url\=https://apnews.com/article/emilia\-romagna\-f1\-max\-verstappen\-29a0643bc5b2129776dad7f5912566f9 \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-20 \|website\=\[\[AP News]] \|place\=Imola \|language\=en \|publication\-place\=New York City \|archive\-date\=20 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520031739/https://apnews.com/article/emilia\-romagna\-f1\-max\-verstappen\-29a0643bc5b2129776dad7f5912566f9 \|url\-status\=live }}
The car featured a special livery for the [Monaco Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Monaco_Grand_Prix "2024 Monaco Grand Prix") (see {{Section link\|2\=Liveries\|nopage\=y}}). McLaren fitted circuit\-specific beam and rear wings to suit the high downforce requirements of the [Circuit de Monaco](/wiki/Circuit_de_Monaco "Circuit de Monaco").{{Cite web \|last\=Cleeren \|first\=Filip \|date\=2024\-05\-24 \|title\=F1 team introduce Monaco rear wings as Ferrari and McLaren take on Red Bull \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/monaco\-f1\-rear\-wings\-red\-bull\-ferrari\-mclaren/10614713/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-25 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=25 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525074342/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/monaco\-f1\-rear\-wings\-red\-bull\-ferrari\-mclaren/10614713/ \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri and Norris qualified second and fourth respectively,{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-05\-25 \|title\=Monaco Grand Prix starting grid after qualifying exclusions \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/monaco\-grand\-prix\-f1\-starting\-grid\-2024\-after\-qualifying\-exclusions/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-26 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=26 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526061557/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/monaco\-grand\-prix\-f1\-starting\-grid\-2024\-after\-qualifying\-exclusions/ \|url\-status\=live }} and they finished in the same positions.{{Cite web \|last\=Kanal \|first\=Samarth \|date\=2024\-05\-26 \|title\=Leclerc finally wins Monaco GP shaped by first\-lap crash \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/monaco\-grand\-prix\-report\-2024\-crash\-charles\-leclerc\-win/ \|access\-date\=2024\-05\-27 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=30 May 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530035410/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/monaco\-grand\-prix\-report\-2024\-crash\-charles\-leclerc\-win/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris moved up to third in the WDC.
For the [Canadian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Canadian_Grand_Prix "2024 Canadian Grand Prix"), Norris qualified third and Piastri fourth.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-06\-08 \|title\=Norris ‘excited’ to see what McLaren can do in Canadian GP \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-excited\-to\-see\-what\-mclaren\-can\-do\-on\-race\-day\-in\-canada\-after\-taking.5qChkcdn7HDZpIBHlkmXMl \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-09 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=29 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112840/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-excited\-to\-see\-what\-mclaren\-can\-do\-on\-race\-day\-in\-canada\-after\-taking.5qChkcdn7HDZpIBHlkmXMl \|url\-status\=live }} Norris worked his way into the lead of the race, but missed the pit entry when the first safety car was called and rejoined third.{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes \|date\=2024\-06\-10 \|title\=Norris lost Canadian GP he should have won \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-lando\-norris\-lost\-canadian\-grand\-prix\-win/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-10 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=29 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112842/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-lando\-norris\-lost\-canadian\-grand\-prix\-win/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Suttill \|first\=Josh \|date\=2024\-06\-09 \|title\=Too harsh? Norris's U\-turn on key McLaren error explained \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/canadian\-grand\-prix\-mclaren\-strategy\-lando\-norris\-too\-harsh/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-10 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=29 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112841/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/canadian\-grand\-prix\-mclaren\-strategy\-lando\-norris\-too\-harsh/ \|url\-status\=live }} He finished second,{{Cite web \|last\=Boxall\-Legge \|first\=Jake \|date\=2024\-06\-10 \|title\=Norris "should have won" F1 Canadian GP, "had enough time to box" \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\-should\-have\-won\-f1\-canadian\-gp\-had\-enough\-time\-to\-box/10621708/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-10 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=10 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020138/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\-should\-have\-won\-f1\-canadian\-gp\-had\-enough\-time\-to\-box/10621708/ \|url\-status\=live }} while Piastri finished fifth after losing positions to [George Russell](/wiki/George_Russell_%28racing_driver%29 "George Russell (racing driver)") and Hamilton in the closing stages of the race.{{Cite web \|last\=Coch \|first\=Mat \|date\=2024\-06\-10 \|title\=Piastri admits Mercedes was ‘on a mission’ in Canada \|url\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-admits\-mercedes\-was\-on\-a\-mission\-in\-canada/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-10 \|website\=\[\[Speedcafe]] \|language\=en\-AU \|archive\-date\=25 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625083226/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-admits\-mercedes\-was\-on\-a\-mission\-in\-canada/ \|url\-status\=live }}
### Mid\-season European rounds
[thumb\|Norris and [Alex Albon](/wiki/Alex_Albon "Alex Albon") during free practice for the Spanish Grand Prix](/wiki/File:2024_Spanish_Grand_Prix_%2853811380910%29.jpg "2024 Spanish Grand Prix (53811380910).jpg")
Norris qualified on pole position for the [Spanish Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Spanish_Grand_Prix "2024 Spanish Grand Prix").{{Cite news \|last\=Cary \|first\=Tom \|date\=2024\-06\-22 \|title\=Lando Norris secures pole hours after McLaren’s team home catches fire \|url\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula\-1/2024/06/22/mclaren\-f1\-paddock\-home\-evacuated\-fire\-spanish\-gp\-f1/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-25 \|work\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph\|The Telegraph]] \|publisher\=\[\[Telegraph Media Group]] \|language\=en\-GB \|issn\=0307\-1235 \|oclc\=49632006 \|archive\-date\=25 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625083113/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula\-1/2024/06/22/mclaren\-f1\-paddock\-home\-evacuated\-fire\-spanish\-gp\-f1/ \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri qualified tenth as he failed to set a lap time in the final stage of qualifying due to a driver error, although he started ninth after a penalty for another driver.{{Cite web \|last\=Coch \|first\=Mat \|date\=2024\-06\-23 \|title\=Piastri “didn’t throw much away” with qualifying mistake \|url\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-didnt\-throw\-much\-away\-with\-qualifying\-mistake/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-25 \|website\=\[\[Speedcafe]] \|language\=en\-AU \|archive\-date\=29 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112841/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\-didnt\-throw\-much\-away\-with\-qualifying\-mistake/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris lost the lead on the start but recovered to finish second and set the fastest lap, and PIastri improved to finish seventh.{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (motorsport) \|date\=2024\-06\-23 \|title\=How McLaren and Red Bull really compared in Spain \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-spanish\-grand\-prix\-analysis\-mclaren\-versus\-red\-bull/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-25 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=24 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624013434/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-spanish\-grand\-prix\-analysis\-mclaren\-versus\-red\-bull/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|last\=Smith \|first\=Luke \|date\=2024\-06\-24 \|title\=‘Little details’ cost Norris F1 victory in Spain — but the threat to Verstappen is real \|url\=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5584944/2024/06/23/f1\-spanish\-gp\-lando\-norris\-max\-verstappen\-mclaren\-red\-bull/ \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623223244/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5584944/2024/06/23/f1\-spanish\-gp\-lando\-norris\-max\-verstappen\-mclaren\-red\-bull/ \|archive\-date\=23 June 2024 \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-25 \|work\=\[\[The New York Times]] \|department\=''\[\[The Athletic]]'' \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=1553\-8095 \|oclc\=1645522}} Following the race, Sainz said he considered the MCL38 the fastest and most consistent car, although Stella and Red Bull team principal [Christian Horner](/wiki/Christian_Horner "Christian Horner") believed it was evenly matched with the [Red Bull Racing RB20](/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing_RB20 "Red Bull Racing RB20").{{Cite web \|last\=Noble \|first\=Jonathan \|last2\=Hunt \|first2\=Ben \|date\=2024\-06\-24 \|title\=McLaren now has best package in F1, says Sainz \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-now\-has\-best\-package\-in\-f1\-says\-sainz/10626817/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-25 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=24 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624075711/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-now\-has\-best\-package\-in\-f1\-says\-sainz/10626817/ \|url\-status\=live }} The result moved Norris up to second in the WDC.
The MCL38 was fitted with a new front wing and front suspension for the [Austrian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Austrian_Grand_Prix "2024 Austrian Grand Prix"), with the intention of better balancing its performance through different corner types.{{Cite web \|last\=Somerfield \|first\=Matt \|last2\=Noble \|first2\=Jonathan \|date\=2024\-06\-28 \|title\=McLaren brings new front wing to boost F1 fight against Red Bull \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-brings\-new\-f1\-front\-wing\-to\-further\-lift\-low\-speed\-gains/10628403/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-29 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=28 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628213712/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-brings\-new\-f1\-front\-wing\-to\-further\-lift\-low\-speed\-gains/10628403/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris and Piastri qualified second and third respectively for the sprint,{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-06\-28 \|title\=Lando Norris confident of taking fight to Verstappen in Austria Sprint after close battle for pole in Sprint Qualifying \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-confident\-of\-taking\-fight\-to\-verstappen\-in\-austria\-sprint\-after\-close.68W58Vr1Ec9xog4WTOtbXT \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-29 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=28 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628200543/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-confident\-of\-taking\-fight\-to\-verstappen\-in\-austria\-sprint\-after\-close.68W58Vr1Ec9xog4WTOtbXT \|url\-status\=live }} and they swapped positions in the sprint itself.{{Cite web \|last\=Lamonato \|first\=Michael \|date\=2024\-06\-29 \|title\=Verstappen beats Piastri in Austria Sprint \|url\=https://racer.com/2024/06/29/verstappen\-beats\-piastri\-in\-austria\-sprint/ \|access\-date\=2024\-06\-29 \|website\=\[\[Racer (magazine)\|RACER]] \|place\=Irvine \|language\=en\-US \|issn\=1066\-6060 \|archive\-date\=29 June 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112841/https://racer.com/2024/06/29/verstappen\-beats\-piastri\-in\-austria\-sprint/ \|url\-status\=live }} For the Grand Prix, Norris qualified second and Piastri seventh, the latter losing his final lap time due to a track limits violation. Norris and Verstappen raced closely for the lead in the final stages of the race until a collision between the two: Norris suffered a puncture and terminal damage to his car, while Verstappen suffered a puncture and received a penalty for the incident. Piastri was a beneficiary of the incident, and improved to finish second. Despite not finishing, Norris was classified twentieth as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
[thumb\|Piastri during free practice for the British Grand Prix](/wiki/File:Oscar_Piastri_%2853838437626%29.jpg "Oscar Piastri (53838437626).jpg")
McLaren fitted a new rear wing assembly designed for a higher top speed to the car, alongside a different engine cover and cooling arrangement, for the [2024 British Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_British_Grand_Prix "2024 British Grand Prix").{{Cite web \|last\=Somerfield \|first\=Matt \|last2\=Piola \|first2\=Giorgio \|author\-link2\=Giorgio Piola \|date\=2024\-07\-10 \|title\=How McLaren chased a top speed boost at F1's British Grand Prix \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/how\-mclaren\-chased\-a\-top\-speed\-boost\-at\-f1s\-british\-grand\-prix/10633462/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-13 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=11 July 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711084811/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/how\-mclaren\-chased\-a\-top\-speed\-boost\-at\-f1s\-british\-grand\-prix/10633462/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris qualified third and Piastri fifth.{{Cite news \|date\=2024\-07\-06 \|title\='Incredible' F1 trio claim first all\-British top three since 1968 at Silverstone \|url\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024\-07\-07/british\-drivers\-top\-three\-f1\-british\-grand\-prix\-silverstone/104068420 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-13 \|work\=\[\[ABC News (Australia)\|ABC News]] \|publisher\=\[\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \|language\=en\-AU \|agency\=\[\[Associated Press]] \|archive\-date\=8 July 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708185439/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024\-07\-07/british\-drivers\-top\-three\-f1\-british\-grand\-prix\-silverstone/104068420 \|url\-status\=live }} During the race, three significant errors were made.{{Cite web \|last\=Kalinauckas \|first\=Alex \|date\=2024\-07\-09 \|title\=Exactly how much have F1 race mistakes cost McLaren this year? \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/exactly\-how\-much\-have\-f1\-race\-mistakes\-cost\-mclaren\-this\-year/10633232/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-13 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=11 July 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711084954/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/exactly\-how\-much\-have\-f1\-race\-mistakes\-cost\-mclaren\-this\-year/10633232/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-07\-09 \|title\=Is McLaren too error\-prone to beat Red Bull? \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/is\-mclaren\-too\-error\-prone\-to\-beat\-red\-bull/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-13 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=9 July 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709110138/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/is\-mclaren\-too\-error\-prone\-to\-beat\-red\-bull/ \|url\-status\=live }} Firstly, McLaren did not double\-stack{{Efn\|A strategic choice to pit both drivers on the same lap, servicing one immediately after the other.}} the drivers during the first pit stop cycle. Secondly, Norris overshot the pit mark during his second stop, causing delays, and thirdly, McLaren chose to fit his car with soft tyres rather than the better\-performing mediums. Norris finished third and Piastri fourth,{{Cite web \|last\=Coch \|first\=Mat \|date\=2024\-07\-08 \|title\=Hamilton victorious as McLaren throws away British GP win \|url\=https://speedcafe.com/hamilton\-victorious\-as\-mclaren\-throws\-away\-british\-gp\-win/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-13 \|website\=Speedcafe.com \|language\=en\-AU \|archive\-date\=13 July 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713160436/https://speedcafe.com/hamilton\-victorious\-as\-mclaren\-throws\-away\-british\-gp\-win/ \|url\-status\=live }} with the latter moving up to fifth in the WDC.
The car remained at the [Silverstone Circuit](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit "Silverstone Circuit") after the race to test {{F1\|2025}} tyre prototypes for sole supplier Pirelli.{{Cite web \|last\=Collantine \|first\=Keith \|date\=2024\-07\-09 \|title\=Mick Schumacher drives for McLaren in Pirelli test at Silverstone \|url\=https://www.racefans.net/2024/07/09/mick\-schumacher\-drives\-for\-mclaren\-in\-pirelli\-test\-at\-silverstone/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-13 \|website\=RaceFans \|archive\-date\=13 July 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713160437/https://www.racefans.net/2024/07/09/mick\-schumacher\-drives\-for\-mclaren\-in\-pirelli\-test\-at\-silverstone/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\= \|date\=2024\-07\-10 \|title\=Pirelli forced to re\-jig plans due to wet weather at Silverstone test \|url\=https://formularapida.net/en/pirelli\-forced\-to\-re\-jig\-plans\-due\-to\-wet\-weather\-at\-silverstone\-test/ \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-13 \|website\=FormulaRapida.net \|language\=en\-US \|archive\-date\=10 July 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710234251/https://formularapida.net/en/pirelli\-forced\-to\-re\-jig\-plans\-due\-to\-wet\-weather\-at\-silverstone\-test/ \|url\-status\=live }} [Mick Schumacher](/wiki/Mick_Schumacher "Mick Schumacher"), one of McLaren's reserve drivers, completed 53 laps on the first day, while Norris completed 95 on the second. Both days of the test were held in wet conditions.
Norris qualified on pole and Piastri second for the [Hungarian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Hungarian_Grand_Prix "2024 Hungarian Grand Prix"), McLaren's first front\-row lock\-out since {{F1\|2012}}. Piastri had a better start than Norris and moved into first place, but lost the position during the second round of pit stops.{{Cite web \|last\=Boxall\-Legge \|first\=Jake \|date\=2024\-07\-21 \|title\=Piastri scores maiden win amid Norris team order defiance \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-hungarian\-gp\-race\-report/10637230/?gpp\=DBABLA%7EBVQqAAAACgA.QA\&gpp\_sid\=7 \|access\-date\=2024\-07\-21 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074601/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-hungarian\-gp\-race\-report/10637230/?gpp\=DBABLA%7EBVQqAAAACgA.QA\&gpp\_sid\=7 \|url\-status\=live }} Norris was instructed to return the position to Piastri, but instead created a substantial gap of six seconds to Piastri, before eventually slowing and returning the position and allowing Piastri to take his first Grand Prix win. Piastri and Norris finishing first and second was McLaren's first 1–2 finish since {{F1\|2021}}, and meant the team overtook Ferrari for second in the WCC.
For the [Belgian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Belgian_Grand_Prix "2024 Belgian Grand Prix"), Norris qualified fifth and Piastri sixth, although both started one place higher after a grid penalty for Verstappen.{{Cite web \|last\=Larkam \|first\=Lewis \|date\=2024\-07\-28 \|title\=Starting grid for F1 Belgian Grand Prix after Max Verstappen grid penalty {{!}} F1 {{!}} Crash \|url\=https://www.crash.net/f1/news/1052781/1/starting\-grid\-f1\-belgian\-grand\-prix\-after\-max\-verstappen\-grid\-penalty \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=Crash.net \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074455/https://www.crash.net/f1/news/1052781/1/starting\-grid\-f1\-belgian\-grand\-prix\-after\-max\-verstappen\-grid\-penalty \|url\-status\=live }} Norris ran wide on the opening lap, compromising his performance for the rest of the race, and finished sixth.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-07\-29 \|title\=Belgian GP: Lando Norris rues repeated 'messed up' races after losing points to Max Verstappen at Spa\-Francorchamps \|url\=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/13186149/belgian\-gp\-lando\-norris\-rues\-repeated\-messed\-up\-races\-after\-losing\-points\-to\-max\-verstappen\-at\-spa\-francorchamps \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=\[\[Sky Sports F1]] \|publisher\=\[\[Sky Group]] \|archive\-date\=29 July 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729154109/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/13186149/belgian\-gp\-lando\-norris\-rues\-repeated\-messed\-up\-races\-after\-losing\-points\-to\-max\-verstappen\-at\-spa\-francorchamps \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri, however, improved to third. Both drivers were promoted a place when Russell, who had won the race, was disqualified.
### Post\-summer break and Dutch upgrade package
[thumb\|Norris during the Dutch Grand Prix, where he won from pole position](/wiki/File:2024-08-25_Motorsport%2C_Formel_1%2C_Gro%C3%9Fer_Preis_der_Niederlande_2024_STP_3858_by_Stepro.jpg "2024-08-25 Motorsport, Formel 1, Großer Preis der Niederlande 2024 STP 3858 by Stepro.jpg")
Returning from the summer break, McLaren introduced a new package of upgrades for the [Dutch Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Dutch_Grand_Prix "2024 Dutch Grand Prix"). This package included a new brake scoop, front and rear suspension, floor and edge wing, and beam and rear wings.{{Cite web \|last\=Somerfield \|first\=Matt \|last2\=Noble \|first2\=Jonathan \|date\=2024\-08\-23 \|title\=What’s behind McLaren’s ‘more risky’ latest F1 upgrade \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/whats\-behind\-mclarens\-more\-risky\-latest\-f1\-upgrade/10646898/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-23 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 August 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823160642/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/whats\-behind\-mclarens\-more\-risky\-latest\-f1\-upgrade/10646898/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris qualified on pole, and Piastri third.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-08\-24 \|title\=Norris surges to stunning Dutch GP pole ahead of Verstappen \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-surges\-to\-stunning\-pole\-ahead\-of\-verstappen\-and\-piastri\-during.GBxgPngEFHZeb7FheBo67 \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074458/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/norris\-surges\-to\-stunning\-pole\-ahead\-of\-verstappen\-and\-piastri\-during.GBxgPngEFHZeb7FheBo67 \|url\-status\=live }} Norris lost the lead on the first lap to Verstappen, but recovered it and won the race and set the fastest lap.{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \|date\=2024\-08\-26 \|title\=The critical moments for Norris as he soared to an emphatic Dutch Grand Prix win \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/monday\-morning\-debrief\-the\-critical\-moments\-for\-norris\-as\-he\-soared\-to\-an.54ullW6EEUkZOFRa1ltmAP \|url\-access\=registration \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=26 August 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826152413/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/monday\-morning\-debrief\-the\-critical\-moments\-for\-norris\-as\-he\-soared\-to\-an.54ullW6EEUkZOFRa1ltmAP \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite news \|date\=2024\-08\-26 \|title\=McLaren’s Lando Norris dominates Dutch Grand Prix to fire F1 world title warning at Max Verstappen \|url\=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/motorsport/dutch\-grand\-prix\-mclarens\-lando\-norris\-pips\-red\-bulls\-max\-verstappen\-to\-pole\-position/news\-story/44f29a220e91a5c2211e8a21bee9caf8 \|url\-access\=subscription \|url\-status\=live \|archive\-url\=https://archive.today/20240901041409/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/motorsport/dutch\-grand\-prix\-mclarens\-lando\-norris\-pips\-red\-bulls\-max\-verstappen\-to\-pole\-position/news\-story/44f29a220e91a5c2211e8a21bee9caf8?amp\&nk\=7994d44ed6ad424346d02a6ba09f2054\-1725164058 \|archive\-date\=2024\-09\-01 \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-01 \|work\=\[\[The Australian]] \|publisher\=\[\[News Corp Australia]] \|location\=Sydney \|language\=en \|issn\=1038\-8761 \|agency\=\[\[Agence France\-Presse]]}} Meanwhile, Piastri finished fourth.{{Cite web \|last\=Boxall\-Legge \|first\=Jake \|date\=2024\-08\-25 \|title\=F1 Dutch GP: Norris takes crushing win from Verstappen, Leclerc \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-dutch\-gp\-norris\-takes\-crushing\-win\-from\-verstappen\-leclerc/10647670/ \|access\-date\=2024\-08\-26 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=26 August 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826152413/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-dutch\-gp\-norris\-takes\-crushing\-win\-from\-verstappen\-leclerc/10647670/ \|url\-status\=live }}
The MCL38 was run with circuit\-specific front and rear wings for the [Italian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Italian_Grand_Prix "2024 Italian Grand Prix"), and a new sidepod design was introduced to complement the changes made at the Dutch Grand Prix.{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \|date\=2024\-08\-30 \|title\=Ferrari package \+ more: Every F1 team's Italian GP upgrades \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/italian\-gp\-f1\-upgrades\-ferrari\-package\-monza/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-01 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923072716/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/italian\-gp\-f1\-upgrades\-ferrari\-package\-monza/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris qualified on pole and Piastri second.{{Cite news \|last\=Kalinauckas \|first\=Alex \|date\=2024\-08\-31 \|title\=F1 Italian GP: Norris on pole from Piastri as Verstappen struggles \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-italian\-gp\-norris\-on\-pole\-from\-piastri\-as\-verstappen\-struggles/10649806/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-01 \|work\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=31 August 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831163626/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-italian\-gp\-norris\-on\-pole\-from\-piastri\-as\-verstappen\-struggles/10649806/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Medland \|first\=Chris \|date\=2024\-09\-01 \|title\=A huge chance for Norris as Red Bull look to bounce back – What to watch for in the Italian Grand Prix \|url\=https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/a\-huge\-chance\-for\-norris\-as\-red\-bull\-look\-to\-bounce\-back\-what\-to\-watch\-for.1dcxpgxdSZevAjW1uDvApp \|url\-access\=registration \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-01 \|website\=Formula1\.com \|publisher\=\[\[Formula One Administration]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923072716/https://www.formula1\.com/en/latest/article/a\-huge\-chance\-for\-norris\-as\-red\-bull\-look\-to\-bounce\-back\-what\-to\-watch\-for.1dcxpgxdSZevAjW1uDvApp \|url\-status\=live }} Following qualifying, Norris highlighted the MCL38's significant improvement in performance over the MCL60, with the car approximately {{Convert\|20\|km/h\|mph\|abbr\=on}} quicker in a straight line.{{Cite news \|last\=Kalinauckas \|first\=Alex \|date\=2024\-09\-01 \|title\=Norris: McLaren 20km/h faster on Monza straights than last year \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\-mclaren\-20km\-h\-faster\-on\-monza\-straights\-than\-last\-year/10649908/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-01 \|work\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]]}} Norris was overtaken by Piastri on the first lap, and were ultimately beaten by Ferrari's [Charles Leclerc](/wiki/Charles_Leclerc "Charles Leclerc") who selected a single\-stop strategy rather than McLaren's two\-stop. Piastri and Norris finished second and third respectively, with the latter setting the fastest lap.
Piastri qualified second for [Azerbaijan Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Azerbaijan_Grand_Prix "2024 Azerbaijan Grand Prix"), however, Norris's final lap in the first stage of qualifying was affected by yellow flags, forcing him to abort the lap.{{Cite web \|last\=Mann\-Bryans \|first\=Mark \|date\=2024\-09\-14 \|title\=Confusion over yellow flags led to Norris' Q1 exit in Azerbaijan \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/confusion\-over\-yellow\-flags\-led\-to\-norris\-q1\-exit\-in\-azerbaijan/10654161/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-15 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074500/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/confusion\-over\-yellow\-flags\-led\-to\-norris\-q1\-exit\-in\-azerbaijan/10654161/ \|url\-status\=live }} Norris qualified seventeenth, ending the MCL38's perfect record of qualifying in the top ten. Norris was promoted to fifteenth on the starting grid due to penalties for other drivers.{{Cite web \|date\=2024\-09\-15 \|title\=Updated grid for 2024 F1 Azerbaijan Grand Prix as Hamilton starts from pit lane \|url\=https://racingnews365\.com/full\-starting\-grid\-for\-2024\-f1\-azerbaijan\-grand\-prix \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-15 \|website\=RacingNews365 \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=15 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915124851/https://racingnews365\.com/full\-starting\-grid\-for\-2024\-f1\-azerbaijan\-grand\-prix \|url\-status\=live }} Piastri won the race, while Norris recovered to fourth and set the fastest lap of the race.{{Cite web \|last\=Cleeren \|first\=Filip \|date\=2024\-09\-15 \|title\=F1 Azerbaijan GP: Piastri beats Leclerc in thrilling battle; Norris outscores Verstappen \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-azerbaijan\-gp\-piastri\-wins\-amid\-late\-drama\-norris\-outscores\-verstappen/10654518/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-15 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=15 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915132209/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\-azerbaijan\-gp\-piastri\-wins\-amid\-late\-drama\-norris\-outscores\-verstappen/10654518/ \|url\-status\=live }} The result moved McLaren into first place in the WCC, marking the first time McLaren led the championship since the [2014 Australian Grand Prix](/wiki/2014_Australian_Grand_Prix "2014 Australian Grand Prix").
During the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, several observers noted that the MCL38's rear wing was designed to be flexible in such a way that the bottom corners of the upper panel lifted up to allow airflow through.{{Cite web \|last\=Somerfield \|first\=Matt \|date\=2024\-09\-18 \|title\=Did McLaren's 'mini\-DRS' rear wing trick help Piastri keep Leclerc at bay in Baku? \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/did\-mclarens\-mini\-drs\-rear\-wing\-trick\-help\-piastri\-keep\-leclerc\-at\-bay\-in\-baku/10654884/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073834/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/did\-mclarens\-mini\-drs\-rear\-wing\-trick\-help\-piastri\-keep\-leclerc\-at\-bay\-in\-baku/10654884/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Straw \|first\=Edd \|date\=2024\-09\-20 \|title\=McLaren's F1 wing trick beat Red Bull at its own game \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mclaren\-wing\-trick\-beat\-red\-bull\-at\-its\-own\-game/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=20 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920200607/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mclaren\-wing\-trick\-beat\-red\-bull\-at\-its\-own\-game/ \|url\-status\=live }} This mimicked the behaviour of the [drag reduction system](/wiki/Drag_reduction_system "Drag reduction system") (DRS), even when the car was not in a DRS zone or entitled to have its DRS open.{{Cite web \|last\=Noble \|first\=Jonathan \|date\=2024\-09\-19 \|title\=FIA considering action over flexi rear wings after McLaren’s ‘mini\-DRS’ intrigue \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/fia\-considering\-action\-over\-flexi\-rear\-wings\-after\-mclarens\-mini\-drs\-intrigue/10655564/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=19 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919134023/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/fia\-considering\-action\-over\-flexi\-rear\-wings\-after\-mclarens\-mini\-drs\-intrigue/10655564/ \|url\-status\=live }} Retrospective investigation revealed the wing, whose behaviour was nicknamed "mini\-DRS", was one of the designs introduced at the Belgian Grand Prix,{{Cite web \|last\=Mitchell\-Malm \|first\=Scott \|date\=2024\-09\-19 \|title\=What next as FIA investigates McLaren 'mini\-DRS' scrutiny \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/fia\-investigating\-mclaren\-mini\-drs\-scrutiny\-what\-you\-need\-to\-know/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=20 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920200607/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/fia\-investigating\-mclaren\-mini\-drs\-scrutiny\-what\-you\-need\-to\-know/ \|url\-status\=live }} before being used for the Italian and Azerbaijan Grands Prix. The [Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile "Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile") confirmed the design was legal under existing regulations but asked McLaren to modify the wing to prevent the flexing, to which the team agreed.{{Cite web \|last\=Noble \|first\=Jonathan \|date\=2024\-09\-20 \|title\=McLaren to modify rear wing after 'mini\-DRS' controversy \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-asked\-by\-fia\-to\-modify\-rear\-wing\-after\-mini\-drs\-controversy/10656065/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073836/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\-asked\-by\-fia\-to\-modify\-rear\-wing\-after\-mini\-drs\-controversy/10656065/ \|url\-status\=live }}
McLaren ran the car with track\-specific beam wing for the [Singapore Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Singapore_Grand_Prix "2024 Singapore Grand Prix"),{{Cite web \|last\=Medland \|first\=Chris \|date\=2024\-09\-20 \|title\=Technical updates: 2024 Singapore Grand Prix \|url\=https://racer.com/2024/09/20/technical\-updates\-2024\-singapore\-grand\-prix/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=\[\[Racer (magazine)\|RACER]] \|language\=en\-US \|publication\-place\=Irvine \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074526/https://racer.com/2024/09/20/technical\-updates\-2024\-singapore\-grand\-prix/ \|url\-status\=live }} and used a special livery (see {{Section link\|2\=Liveries\|nopage\=y}}). Unusually, the rear and beam wings used were of a low downforce specification, despite [Marina Bay Street Circuit](/wiki/Marina_Bay_Street_Circuit "Marina Bay Street Circuit") typically being considered a high downforce track.{{Cite web \|last\=Somerfield \|first\=Matt \|last2\=Piola \|first2\=Giorgio \|author\-link2\=Giorgio Piola \|date\=2024\-09\-26 \|title\=How McLaren’s rear wing choice again caught attention in Singapore \|url\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/how\-mclarens\-rear\-wing\-choice\-again\-caught\-attention\-in\-singapore/10658062/ \|access\-date\=2024\-10\-16 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]]}} Norris qualified on pole and Piastri in fifth place.{{Cite web \|last\=Edmondson \|first\=Laurence \|date\=2024\-09\-22 \|title\=2024 Singapore Airlines Singapore Grand Prix Race Recap \|url\=https://www.espn.co.uk/f1/report?id\=600041150 \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=\[\[ESPN.co.uk]] \|publisher\=\[\[ESPN]] \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073838/https://www.espn.co.uk/f1/report?id\=600041150 \|url\-status\=live }} Norris led the entire race and won, while Piastri improved to finish third.{{Cite web \|last\=Anderson \|first\=Ben \|date\=2024\-09\-22 \|title\=Norris survives two wall strikes to dominate Singapore GP \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/singapore\-grand\-prix\-result\-2024\-lando\-norris\-hits\-wall\-dominates/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073730/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/singapore\-grand\-prix\-result\-2024\-lando\-norris\-hits\-wall\-dominates/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{Cite web \|last\=Hughes \|first\=Mark \|author\-link\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \|date\=2024\-09\-22 \|title\=McLaren's other wing trick behind its Singapore superiority \|url\=https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-mclarens\-other\-wing\-trick\-behind\-its\-singapore\-superiority/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-23 \|website\=The Race \|language\=en \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073830/https://www.the\-race.com/formula\-1/mark\-hughes\-mclarens\-other\-wing\-trick\-behind\-its\-singapore\-superiority/ \|url\-status\=live }}
### Closing rounds and championship push
The car will be run with a special chrome livery for the [United States Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_United_States_Grand_Prix "2024 United States Grand Prix"). Piastri suffered a shock exit out of SQ1 for the sprint event, while Norris was positioned in fourth. Norris finished fourth and Piastri just outside the points in tenth. Norris took pole position for the main race with Piastri in fifth.
[Pato O'Ward](/wiki/Pato_O%27Ward "Pato O'Ward"), a driver for the [Arrow McLaren](/wiki/Arrow_McLaren "Arrow McLaren") IndyCar team, will substitute in for one of the regular drivers during the first free practice session for the [Mexico City Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Mexico_City_Grand_Prix "2024 Mexico City Grand Prix").{{Cite web \|last\=Faturos \|first\=Federico \|date\=2024\-09\-11 \|title\=Pato O'Ward conducirá para McLaren en la FP1 del GP de México de F1 \|trans\-title\=Pato O'Ward to drive for McLaren in FP1 of F1 Mexican GP \|url\=https://lat.motorsport.com/f1/news/pato\-oward\-fp1\-mexico\-mclaren/10653139/ \|access\-date\=2024\-09\-12 \|website\=\[\[Motorsport.com\|Motorsport.com Latin America]] \|publisher\=\[\[Motorsport Network]] \|language\=es \|archive\-date\=23 September 2024 \|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074501/https://lat.motorsport.com/f1/news/pato\-oward\-fp1\-mexico\-mclaren/10653139/ \|url\-status\=live }}{{\-\|right}}
|
[
"Competition and development history\n-----------------------------------",
"### Pre\\-season",
"Stella stated that not all the new developments McLaren had planned for the MCL38 had been ready in time for the launch specification car, but would become early season upgrades.",
"The car first ran on track during a filming day at [Silverstone Circuit](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit \"Silverstone Circuit\") in February, driven by both drivers ahead of the official pre\\-season test at [Bahrain International Circuit](/wiki/Bahrain_International_Circuit \"Bahrain International Circuit\").{{cite web \\|last\\=Mitchell\\-Malm \\|first\\=Scott \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-14 \\|title\\=What McLaren's hiding on its new F1 car \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/2024\\-mclaren\\-f1\\-car\\-mcl38\\-what\\-is\\-hidden/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-17 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061910/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/2024\\-mclaren\\-f1\\-car\\-mcl38\\-what\\-is\\-hidden/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{cite web \\|last\\=Coch \\|first\\=Mat \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-15 \\|title\\=Piastri cuts first laps in 2024 McLaren \\|url\\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-cuts\\-first\\-laps\\-in\\-2024\\-mclaren/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-02\\-17 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Speedcafe]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|archive\\-date\\=14 February 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214220520/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-cuts\\-first\\-laps\\-in\\-2024\\-mclaren/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Stella said that the MCL38 performed as expected during the pre\\-season test, and that its most significant gain over the MCL60 was its increased rear grip.",
"### Opening rounds",
"The MCL38 featured a new front wing, sidepod inlet, floor, engine cover, and beam{{Efn\\|The beam wing is a secondary aerodynamic device located below the rear wing. It complements the rear wing by creating a low\\-pressure area at the rear of the car. This accelerates the rate of airflow through the venturi tunnels, increasing the downforce generated by the ground effect.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \\|date\\=1 February 2022 \\|title\\=How the rear wing of the 2022 car has been designed to be an F1 gamechanger \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article.tech\\-tuesday\\-how\\-the\\-rear\\-wing\\-of\\-the\\-2022\\-car\\-has\\-been\\-designed\\-to\\-be\\-an\\-f1\\.70dkHlnyP8DiGDDnMf3tzU.html \\|access\\-date\\=17 September 2023 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=28 May 2023 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528094916/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article.tech\\-tuesday\\-how\\-the\\-rear\\-wing\\-of\\-the\\-2022\\-car\\-has\\-been\\-designed\\-to\\-be\\-an\\-f1\\.70dkHlnyP8DiGDDnMf3tzU.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }}}} and rear wings for the [Bahrain Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Bahrain_Grand_Prix \"2024 Bahrain Grand Prix\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Medland \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=2024\\-02\\-29 \\|title\\=Technical updates: 2024 Bahrain Grand Prix \\|url\\=https://racer.com/2024/02/29/technical\\-updates\\-2024\\-bahrain\\-grand\\-prix/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Racer (magazine)\\|RACER]] \\|place\\=Irvine \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=1066\\-6060 \\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308062251/https://racer.com/2024/02/29/technical\\-updates\\-2024\\-bahrain\\-grand\\-prix/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris qualified seventh and finished sixth, while Piastri qualified and finished eighth.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-03\\-04 \\|title\\=Norris hopeful McLaren can hit back against rivals \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article.norris\\-hopeful\\-mclaren\\-can\\-hit\\-back\\-against\\-rivals\\-after\\-not\\-nice\\-car.3ZCw4MndgVUWf116NKF9Kg.html \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308062251/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article.norris\\-hopeful\\-mclaren\\-can\\-hit\\-back\\-against\\-rivals\\-after\\-not\\-nice\\-car.3ZCw4MndgVUWf116NKF9Kg.html \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Both drivers suggested they could have qualified in the top three had they set error\\-free laps.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cleeren \\|first\\=Filip \\|date\\=2024\\-03\\-02 \\|title\\=McLaren had pace for \"second or third\" on tight Bahrain F1 grid \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-drivers\\-reckon\\-they\\-had\\-pace\\-for\\-second\\-row\\-amid\\-tight\\-bahrain\\-f1\\-grid/10582121/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=8 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308062254/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-drivers\\-reckon\\-they\\-had\\-pace\\-for\\-second\\-row\\-amid\\-tight\\-bahrain\\-f1\\-grid/10582121/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The result meant Norris and Piastri left the opening round in sixth and eighth respectively in the [World Drivers' Championship](/wiki/World_Drivers%27_Championship \"World Drivers' Championship\") (WDC), while McLaren was classified fourth in the [World Constructors' Championship](/wiki/World_Constructors%27_Championship \"World Constructors' Championship\") (WCC).",
"The car was fitted with modified rear and beam wings for the [Saudi Arabian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Saudi_Arabian_Grand_Prix \"2024 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Medland \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=2024\\-03\\-07 \\|title\\=Technical updates: 2024 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix \\|url\\=https://racer.com/2024/03/07/technical\\-updates\\-2024\\-saudi\\-arabian\\-grand\\-prix/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-08 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Racer (magazine)\\|RACER]] \\|publisher\\=Irvine \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=1066\\-6060 \\|archive\\-date\\=9 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309200247/https://racer.com/2024/03/07/technical\\-updates\\-2024\\-saudi\\-arabian\\-grand\\-prix/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri qualified fifth and finished fourth, while Norris qualified sixth and finished eighth.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Walsh \\|first\\=Fergal \\|date\\=2024\\-03\\-09 \\|title\\=Piastri reveals secrets behind improved McLaren qualifying \\|url\\=https://racingnews365\\.com/piastri\\-reveals\\-secrets\\-behind\\-improved\\-mclaren\\-qualifying \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-23 \\|website\\=RacingNews365 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=9 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309142115/https://racingnews365\\.com/piastri\\-reveals\\-secrets\\-behind\\-improved\\-mclaren\\-qualifying \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-03\\-09 \\|title\\=Norris insists strategy gamble worth a shot in Jeddah \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-insists\\-strategy\\-gamble\\-worth\\-a\\-shot\\-as\\-piastri\\-left\\-very\\-happy\\-with.4KVt5Fq4rgqSoJJlQr6DhP \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-23 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=19 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319003816/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-insists\\-strategy\\-gamble\\-worth\\-a\\-shot\\-as\\-piastri\\-left\\-very\\-happy\\-with.4KVt5Fq4rgqSoJJlQr6DhP \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The drivers respectively moved up to fifth and down to eighth in the WDC, while McLaren moved up to third in the WCC.",
"Norris qualified fourth and Piastri sixth for the [Australian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Australian_Grand_Prix \"2024 Australian Grand Prix\"), and were both promoted a place on the starting grid by a penalty for another driver.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-03\\-23 \\|title\\=Norris delighted with ‘better than expected’ qualifying \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-delighted\\-with\\-better\\-than\\-expected\\-qualifying\\-in\\-australia\\-after.5LLQDdaaXr5lu9ZTFSE1EN \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-03\\-23 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 March 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323115021/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-delighted\\-with\\-better\\-than\\-expected\\-qualifying\\-in\\-australia\\-after.5LLQDdaaXr5lu9ZTFSE1EN \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris finished third and Piastri fourth, a result which moved Norris up to sixth in the WDC.",
"[thumb\\|Piastri driving his MILTZ\\-liveried MCL38 during practice for the Japanese Grand Prix](/wiki/File:MCL38_at_the_Japanese_GP.jpg \"MCL38 at the Japanese GP.jpg\") The MCL38 featured a special livery for the [Japanese Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Japanese_Grand_Prix \"2024 Japanese Grand Prix\") (see {{Section link\\|2\\=Liveries\\|nopage\\=y}}), and McLaren fitted the car with new front brake duct inlets.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Medland \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-05 \\|title\\=Technical updates: 2024 Japanese Grand Prix \\|url\\=https://racer.com/2024/04/05/technical\\-updates\\-2024\\-japanese\\-grand\\-prix/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-16 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Racer (magazine)\\|RACER]] \\|place\\=Irvine \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=1066\\-6060 \\|archive\\-date\\=6 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406205122/https://racer.com/2024/04/05/technical\\-updates\\-2024\\-japanese\\-grand\\-prix/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris qualified third but finished fifth.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cooper \\|first\\=Adam \\|last2\\=Vording \\|first2\\=Ronald \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-08 \\|title\\=Stella defends McLaren F1 team strategy in “complex” Japanese GP \\|url\\=https://au.motorsport.com/f1/news/stella\\-defends\\-mclaren\\-f1\\-team\\-strategy\\-in\\-complex\\-japanese\\-gp/10596417/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-16 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com\\|Motorsport.com Australia]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=15 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415193438/https://au.motorsport.com/f1/news/stella\\-defends\\-mclaren\\-f1\\-team\\-strategy\\-in\\-complex\\-japanese\\-gp/10596417/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri qualified sixth and finished eighth,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-07 \\|title\\=Norris concedes 'Ferraris on another level' as Piastri rues 'not his best' weekend in Japan \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-concedes\\-ferraris\\-on\\-another\\-level\\-as\\-piastri\\-rues\\-not\\-his\\-best.51CpoFMgv89PmxmJjAzbYf \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-16 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=13 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413100142/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-concedes\\-ferraris\\-on\\-another\\-level\\-as\\-piastri\\-rues\\-not\\-his\\-best.51CpoFMgv89PmxmJjAzbYf \\|url\\-status\\=live }} losing places late in the race after making an error.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mitchell\\-Malm \\|first\\=Scott \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-09 \\|title\\=McLaren's gained on Red Bull \\- but not where it needs to most \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/where\\-mclarens\\-gained\\-in\\-f1\\-2024\\-so\\-far\\-and\\-whats\\-it\\-lost/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-16 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422062018/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/where\\-mclarens\\-gained\\-in\\-f1\\-2024\\-so\\-far\\-and\\-whats\\-it\\-lost/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In the WDC, Norris overtook Piastri for fifth.",
"[thumb\\|Norris during sprint qualifying for the Chinese Grand Prix, in which he took pole](/wiki/File:Lando_Norris%2CChinese_GP_2024_SQ.jpg \"Lando Norris,Chinese GP 2024 SQ.jpg\") McLaren expected that the car would be uncompetitive at the [Chinese Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Chinese_Grand_Prix \"2024 Chinese Grand Prix\") given the quantity of low\\-speed corners at [Shanghai International Circuit](/wiki/Shanghai_International_Circuit \"Shanghai International Circuit\"), in which the MCL38 typically underperformed (see {{Section link\\|2\\=Assessment and characteristics\\|nopage\\=y}}).{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cleeren \\|first\\=Filip \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-15 \\|title\\=McLaren F1 team bracing for \"damage limitation\" in Chinese GP \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-bracing\\-for\\-damage\\-limitation\\-in\\-chinese\\-gp/10599010/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=17 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417195858/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-bracing\\-for\\-damage\\-limitation\\-in\\-chinese\\-gp/10599010/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} However, in a wet sprint qualifying session, Norris qualified on [pole](/wiki/Pole_position \"Pole position\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Boxall\\-Legge \\|first\\=Jake \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-19 \\|title\\=Norris' China F1 sprint pole lap down to \"all\\-or\\-nothing\" approach \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\\-china\\-f1\\-sprint\\-pole\\-lap\\-down\\-to\\-all\\-or\\-nothing\\-approach/10600484/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420155041/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\\-china\\-f1\\-sprint\\-pole\\-lap\\-down\\-to\\-all\\-or\\-nothing\\-approach/10600484/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri, who qualified eighth for the sprint, suffered an issue with his car's transmission, which malfunctioned and shifted into neutral during his qualifying lap.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-19 \\|title\\=What's behind McLaren's outstanding China F1 pace \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-mclaren\\-outstanding\\-china\\-f1\\-pace/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420014956/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-mclaren\\-outstanding\\-china\\-f1\\-pace/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In the sprint, Norris had a poor start and finished sixth, and Piastri finished seventh.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Doyle \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-20 \\|title\\=Max Verstappen beats Lewis Hamilton to win F1 Chinese sprint race \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024\\-04\\-20/max\\-verstappen\\-beats\\-lewis\\-hamilton\\-chinese\\-sprint\\-race/103306304 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|work\\=\\[\\[ABC News (Australia)\\|ABC News]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420194159/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024\\-04\\-20/max\\-verstappen\\-beats\\-lewis\\-hamilton\\-chinese\\-sprint\\-race/103306304 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Noble \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-20 \\|title\\=Norris had no reason to apologise for F1 sprint showing, says McLaren \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\\-had\\-no\\-reason\\-to\\-apologise\\-for\\-f1\\-sprint\\-showing\\-says\\-mclaren/10600939/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420131810/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\\-had\\-no\\-reason\\-to\\-apologise\\-for\\-f1\\-sprint\\-showing\\-says\\-mclaren/10600939/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} For the Grand Prix, Norris and Piastri qualified fourth and fifth respectively.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Walsh \\|first\\=Fergal \\|last2\\=Parkes \\|first2\\=Ian \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-20 \\|title\\=Top\\-five McLaren ‘out of position’ on Chinese GP grid \\|url\\=https://racingnews365\\.com/top\\-five\\-mclaren\\-out\\-of\\-position\\-on\\-chinese\\-gp\\-grid \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=RacingNews365 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=20 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420171535/https://racingnews365\\.com/top\\-five\\-mclaren\\-out\\-of\\-position\\-on\\-chinese\\-gp\\-grid \\|url\\-status\\=live }} In a race twice interrupted by safety car periods, Norris moved up to finish second.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-21 \\|title\\=Superb Norris stunned Ferrari \\- and McLaren \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-lando\\-norris\\-chinese\\-gp\\-f1\\-ferrari\\-mclaren\\-stunned/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=22 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422061909/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-lando\\-norris\\-chinese\\-gp\\-f1\\-ferrari\\-mclaren\\-stunned/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Richards \\|first\\=Giles \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-21 \\|title\\=Max Verstappen charges to F1 Chinese GP victory with Lando Norris second \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/apr/21/max\\-verstappen\\-f1\\-chinese\\-grand\\-prix\\-victory\\-report\\-lando\\-norris\\-second \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421103434/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/apr/21/max\\-verstappen\\-f1\\-chinese\\-grand\\-prix\\-victory\\-report\\-lando\\-norris\\-second \\|archive\\-date\\=21 April 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Guardian]] \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0261\\-3077}} Piastri, however, was struck by [Daniel Ricciardo](/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo \"Daniel Ricciardo\") (who in turn had been struck by [Lance Stroll](/wiki/Lance_Stroll \"Lance Stroll\")), and finished eighth with significant damage to his car's diffuser.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Coch \\|first\\=Mat \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|title\\=Piastri rejects Stroll’s claim after Chinese shunt \\|url\\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-rejects\\-strolls\\-claim\\-after\\-chinese\\-shunt/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Speedcafe]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|archive\\-date\\=21 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421225114/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-rejects\\-strolls\\-claim\\-after\\-chinese\\-shunt/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-04\\-22 \\|title\\=Piastri spent much of Chinese GP in ‘damage limitation’ \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/piastri\\-admits\\-spending\\-much\\-of\\-chinese\\-gp\\-in\\-damage\\-limitation\\-mode\\-after.5844zqk2426WiWa2VaxakT \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=25 April 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425194150/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/piastri\\-admits\\-spending\\-much\\-of\\-chinese\\-gp\\-in\\-damage\\-limitation\\-mode\\-after.5844zqk2426WiWa2VaxakT \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Miami upgrade package",
"At the [Miami Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Miami_Grand_Prix \"2024 Miami Grand Prix\"), McLaren introduced a range of upgrades to the MCL38\\. This included a new front wing, new front suspension geometry and updated rear suspension, revised front and rear brake ducts and winglets, new floor, revised sidepod inlet, and a new engine cover and bodywork including a new louvre arrangement.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Coch \\|first\\=Mat \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|title\\=F1 UPGRADES: Huge upgrade for McLaren in Miami \\|url\\=https://speedcafe.com/f1\\-upgrades\\-huge\\-upgrade\\-for\\-mclaren\\-in\\-miami/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Speedcafe]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040531/https://speedcafe.com/f1\\-upgrades\\-huge\\-upgrade\\-for\\-mclaren\\-in\\-miami/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-03 \\|title\\=Big packages for McLaren and Mercedes among Miami F1 upgrades \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mclaren\\-mercedes\\-upgrades\\-miami\\-gp\\-f1\\-declared/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040509/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mclaren\\-mercedes\\-upgrades\\-miami\\-gp\\-f1\\-declared/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=Gary \\|author\\-link\\=Gary Anderson (motorsport) \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-10 \\|title\\=Gary Anderson's verdict on McLaren's race\\-winning F1 upgrade \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mclaren\\-race\\-winning\\-f1\\-upgrade\\-gary\\-anderson\\-explains/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-21 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=21 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621112020/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mclaren\\-race\\-winning\\-f1\\-upgrade\\-gary\\-anderson\\-explains/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Aside from these performance upgrades, the car also featured a circuit\\-specific beam wing. Brown called the upgraded MCL38 \"almost a B\\-spec car\",{{Cite web \\|last\\=Suttill \\|first\\=Josh \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-03 \\|title\\=Upgraded McLaren flies then flops and hands Verstappen pole \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/miami\\-grand\\-prix\\-f1\\-sprint\\-qualifying\\-report\\-max\\-verstappen\\-pole\\-mclaren\\-flops/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040604/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/miami\\-grand\\-prix\\-f1\\-sprint\\-qualifying\\-report\\-max\\-verstappen\\-pole\\-mclaren\\-flops/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and McLaren expected the upgrades to improve the car's performance across all conditions. Norris's car had all of the upgrades, while Piastri's had roughly half.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Noble \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last2\\=Cleeren \\|first2\\=Filip \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-03 \\|title\\=McLaren reveals 10 key changes behind its extensive Miami F1 upgrade \\|url\\=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-reveals\\-10\\-key\\-changes\\-behind\\-its\\-extensive\\-miami\\-f1\\-upgrade/10606183/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Autosport]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040524/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-reveals\\-10\\-key\\-changes\\-behind\\-its\\-extensive\\-miami\\-f1\\-upgrade/10606183/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri qualified sixth for the sprint,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Coch \\|first\\=Mat \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|title\\=Piastri predicts exciting Sprint after ‘terrible’ qualifying \\|url\\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-predicts\\-exciting\\-sprint\\-after\\-terrible\\-qualifying/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040523/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-predicts\\-exciting\\-sprint\\-after\\-terrible\\-qualifying/ \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Speedcafe]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU}} and Norris qualified ninth.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kalinauckas \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|title\\=Norris: Miami sprint qualifying tumble down to \"pushing too hard\" \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\\-miami\\-sprint\\-qualifying\\-tumble\\-down\\-pushing\\-too\\-hard/10606447/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040756/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\\-miami\\-sprint\\-qualifying\\-tumble\\-down\\-pushing\\-too\\-hard/10606447/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-03 \\|title\\=Where Miami pole slipped through Norris' fingers \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-where\\-miami\\-pole\\-slipped\\-through\\-norris\\-fingers/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504040756/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-where\\-miami\\-pole\\-slipped\\-through\\-norris\\-fingers/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri finished the sprint in sixth, however Norris did not finish after was struck by Stroll in a first\\-lap incident that also involved [Fernando Alonso](/wiki/Fernando_Alonso \"Fernando Alonso\") and [Lewis Hamilton](/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton \"Lewis Hamilton\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kalinauckas \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-05 \\|title\\=Verstappen wins sprint from Leclerc; Hamilton penalised \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-miami\\-gp\\-verstappen\\-wins\\-sprint\\-from\\-leclerc\\-hamilton\\-penalised/10606749/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-05 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504230746/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-miami\\-gp\\-verstappen\\-wins\\-sprint\\-from\\-leclerc\\-hamilton\\-penalised/10606749/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Richards \\|first\\=Giles \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|title\\=Max Verstappen storms to Miami GP pole after earlier sprint success \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/may/04/max\\-verstappen\\-wins\\-miami\\-f1\\-gp\\-sprint\\-race \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-05 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Observer]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guardian Media Group]] \\|location\\=Miami \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|publication\\-place\\=London \\|issn\\=0029\\-7712 \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504192732/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/may/04/max\\-verstappen\\-wins\\-miami\\-f1\\-gp\\-sprint\\-race \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris and Alonso both blamed Hamilton for the incident.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Larkam \\|first\\=Lewis \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-04 \\|title\\=Lando Norris: ‘Obvious’ Lewis Hamilton to blame for race\\-ending crash \\|url\\=https://www.crash.net/f1/news/1047872/1/lando\\-norris\\-obvious\\-lewis\\-hamilton\\-blame\\-race\\-ending\\-crash \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-05 \\|website\\=Crash.net \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505124000/https://www.crash.net/f1/news/1047872/1/lando\\-norris\\-obvious\\-lewis\\-hamilton\\-blame\\-race\\-ending\\-crash \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Noble \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last2\\=Carlos de Celis \\|first2\\=Jose \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-05 \\|title\\=Alonso: Hamilton will escape penalty for Turn 1 clash because he is not Spanish \\|url\\=https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/alonso\\-hamilton\\-will\\-escape\\-penalty\\-for\\-turn\\-1\\-clash\\-because\\-he\\-is\\-not\\-spanish/10606787/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-05 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Autosport]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=4 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504212834/https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/alonso\\-hamilton\\-will\\-escape\\-penalty\\-for\\-turn\\-1\\-clash\\-because\\-he\\-is\\-not\\-spanish/10606787/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris and Piastri qualified fifth and sixth respectively for the Grand Prix.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Bradley \\|first\\=Charles \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-05 \\|title\\=2024 F1 Miami GP qualifying results: Verstappen takes pole \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/2024\\-f1\\-miami\\-gp\\-qualifying\\-results\\-verstappen\\-pole/10606893/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-05 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505123937/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/2024\\-f1\\-miami\\-gp\\-qualifying\\-results\\-verstappen\\-pole/10606893/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} During the race, a pit stop cycle moved Norris into the lead, just as a safety car was called for a collision between two other cars.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Suttill \\|first\\=Josh \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-05 \\|title\\=Lando Norris's first F1 victory at Miami GP explained \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/lando\\-norris\\-first\\-f1\\-win\\-at\\-miami\\-gp\\-explained/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-06 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506015905/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/lando\\-norris\\-first\\-f1\\-win\\-at\\-miami\\-gp\\-explained/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kalinauckas \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-06 \\|title\\=F1 Miami GP: Norris takes advantage of safety car for maiden win \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-miami\\-gp\\-norris\\-safety\\-car\\-maiden\\-win/10607405/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-06 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=5 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505235211/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-miami\\-gp\\-norris\\-safety\\-car\\-maiden\\-win/10607405/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris pitted under the safety car and defended his lead to the end of the race, achieving his first Grand Prix win. Piastri, however, was involved in several close battles with [Carlos Sainz Jr.](/wiki/Carlos_Sainz_Jr. \"Carlos Sainz Jr.\"), one of which resulted in damage to Piastri's front wing which required an additional pit stop, and a penalty for Sainz.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Gale \\|first\\=Ewan \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-06 \\|title\\=Sainz penalised for Piastri contact in Miami GP, drops to fifth \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/sainz\\-penalised\\-piastri\\-contact\\-f1\\-miami\\-gp\\-drops\\-fifth/10607512/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-06 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=6 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506015959/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/sainz\\-penalised\\-piastri\\-contact\\-f1\\-miami\\-gp\\-drops\\-fifth/10607512/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri set the fastest lap of the race, but finished fourteenth and was promoted one place after a penalty for another driver. The results of the weekend meant Norris drew level on points with Sainz, and took fourth place in the WDC on the countback.",
"The MCL38 was fitted with circuit\\-specific beam and rear wings for the [Emilia Romagna Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Emilia_Romagna_Grand_Prix \"2024 Emilia Romagna Grand Prix\"),{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-17 \\|title\\=Imola F1 tech: Extensive Ferrari changes \\+ other major upgrades \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/imola\\-f1\\-tech\\-the\\-major\\-packages\\-beyond\\-ferrari\\-upgrade/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-18 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=18 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518044217/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/imola\\-f1\\-tech\\-the\\-major\\-packages\\-beyond\\-ferrari\\-upgrade/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and Piastri's car received the remaining upgrades.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Walsh \\|first\\=Fergal \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-17 \\|title\\=Crucial range of F1 upgrades unveiled at Imola \\|url\\=https://racingnews365\\.com/crucial\\-range\\-of\\-f1\\-upgrades\\-unveiled\\-at\\-imola \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-25 \\|website\\=RacingNews365 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525074707/https://racingnews365\\.com/crucial\\-range\\-of\\-f1\\-upgrades\\-unveiled\\-at\\-imola \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri qualified second and Norris third, but Piastri was given a three\\-place grid penalty for impeding [Kevin Magnussen](/wiki/Kevin_Magnussen \"Kevin Magnussen\"): Piastri started fifth, and Norris second.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Suttill \\|first\\=Josh \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-18 \\|title\\=Piastri loses front row start for Imola F1 race \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/piastri\\-magnussen\\-imola\\-penalty\\-f1\\-qualifying/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-19 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519152530/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/piastri\\-magnussen\\-imola\\-penalty\\-f1\\-qualifying/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Richards \\|first\\=Giles \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-18 \\|title\\=Max Verstappen battles back to claim Emilia\\-Romagna F1 GP pole \\|url\\=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/may/18/max\\-verstappen\\-battles\\-back\\-to\\-claim\\-emilia\\-romagna\\-f1\\-gp\\-pole \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-19 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Observer]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Guardian Media Group]] \\|location\\=Imola \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|publication\\-place\\=London \\|issn\\=0029\\-7712 \\|archive\\-date\\=19 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519152531/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/may/18/max\\-verstappen\\-battles\\-back\\-to\\-claim\\-emilia\\-romagna\\-f1\\-gp\\-pole \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris finished second and Piastri fourth.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-19 \\|title\\=Max Verstappen holds off Lando Norris to win Emilia Romagna Grand Prix and extend F1 lead \\|url\\=https://apnews.com/article/emilia\\-romagna\\-f1\\-max\\-verstappen\\-29a0643bc5b2129776dad7f5912566f9 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-20 \\|website\\=\\[\\[AP News]] \\|place\\=Imola \\|language\\=en \\|publication\\-place\\=New York City \\|archive\\-date\\=20 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520031739/https://apnews.com/article/emilia\\-romagna\\-f1\\-max\\-verstappen\\-29a0643bc5b2129776dad7f5912566f9 \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The car featured a special livery for the [Monaco Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Monaco_Grand_Prix \"2024 Monaco Grand Prix\") (see {{Section link\\|2\\=Liveries\\|nopage\\=y}}). McLaren fitted circuit\\-specific beam and rear wings to suit the high downforce requirements of the [Circuit de Monaco](/wiki/Circuit_de_Monaco \"Circuit de Monaco\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cleeren \\|first\\=Filip \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-24 \\|title\\=F1 team introduce Monaco rear wings as Ferrari and McLaren take on Red Bull \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/monaco\\-f1\\-rear\\-wings\\-red\\-bull\\-ferrari\\-mclaren/10614713/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-25 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=25 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525074342/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/monaco\\-f1\\-rear\\-wings\\-red\\-bull\\-ferrari\\-mclaren/10614713/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri and Norris qualified second and fourth respectively,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-25 \\|title\\=Monaco Grand Prix starting grid after qualifying exclusions \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/monaco\\-grand\\-prix\\-f1\\-starting\\-grid\\-2024\\-after\\-qualifying\\-exclusions/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-26 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=26 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526061557/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/monaco\\-grand\\-prix\\-f1\\-starting\\-grid\\-2024\\-after\\-qualifying\\-exclusions/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and they finished in the same positions.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kanal \\|first\\=Samarth \\|date\\=2024\\-05\\-26 \\|title\\=Leclerc finally wins Monaco GP shaped by first\\-lap crash \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/monaco\\-grand\\-prix\\-report\\-2024\\-crash\\-charles\\-leclerc\\-win/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-05\\-27 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=30 May 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530035410/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/monaco\\-grand\\-prix\\-report\\-2024\\-crash\\-charles\\-leclerc\\-win/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris moved up to third in the WDC.",
"For the [Canadian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Canadian_Grand_Prix \"2024 Canadian Grand Prix\"), Norris qualified third and Piastri fourth.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-08 \\|title\\=Norris ‘excited’ to see what McLaren can do in Canadian GP \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-excited\\-to\\-see\\-what\\-mclaren\\-can\\-do\\-on\\-race\\-day\\-in\\-canada\\-after\\-taking.5qChkcdn7HDZpIBHlkmXMl \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-09 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112840/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-excited\\-to\\-see\\-what\\-mclaren\\-can\\-do\\-on\\-race\\-day\\-in\\-canada\\-after\\-taking.5qChkcdn7HDZpIBHlkmXMl \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris worked his way into the lead of the race, but missed the pit entry when the first safety car was called and rejoined third.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\|title\\=Norris lost Canadian GP he should have won \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-lando\\-norris\\-lost\\-canadian\\-grand\\-prix\\-win/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112842/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-lando\\-norris\\-lost\\-canadian\\-grand\\-prix\\-win/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Suttill \\|first\\=Josh \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-09 \\|title\\=Too harsh? Norris's U\\-turn on key McLaren error explained \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/canadian\\-grand\\-prix\\-mclaren\\-strategy\\-lando\\-norris\\-too\\-harsh/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112841/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/canadian\\-grand\\-prix\\-mclaren\\-strategy\\-lando\\-norris\\-too\\-harsh/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} He finished second,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Boxall\\-Legge \\|first\\=Jake \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\|title\\=Norris \"should have won\" F1 Canadian GP, \"had enough time to box\" \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\\-should\\-have\\-won\\-f1\\-canadian\\-gp\\-had\\-enough\\-time\\-to\\-box/10621708/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=10 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610020138/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\\-should\\-have\\-won\\-f1\\-canadian\\-gp\\-had\\-enough\\-time\\-to\\-box/10621708/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} while Piastri finished fifth after losing positions to [George Russell](/wiki/George_Russell_%28racing_driver%29 \"George Russell (racing driver)\") and Hamilton in the closing stages of the race.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Coch \\|first\\=Mat \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\|title\\=Piastri admits Mercedes was ‘on a mission’ in Canada \\|url\\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-admits\\-mercedes\\-was\\-on\\-a\\-mission\\-in\\-canada/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-10 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Speedcafe]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625083226/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-admits\\-mercedes\\-was\\-on\\-a\\-mission\\-in\\-canada/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Mid\\-season European rounds",
"[thumb\\|Norris and [Alex Albon](/wiki/Alex_Albon \"Alex Albon\") during free practice for the Spanish Grand Prix](/wiki/File:2024_Spanish_Grand_Prix_%2853811380910%29.jpg \"2024 Spanish Grand Prix (53811380910).jpg\")\nNorris qualified on pole position for the [Spanish Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Spanish_Grand_Prix \"2024 Spanish Grand Prix\").{{Cite news \\|last\\=Cary \\|first\\=Tom \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-22 \\|title\\=Lando Norris secures pole hours after McLaren’s team home catches fire \\|url\\=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula\\-1/2024/06/22/mclaren\\-f1\\-paddock\\-home\\-evacuated\\-fire\\-spanish\\-gp\\-f1/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-25 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph\\|The Telegraph]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Telegraph Media Group]] \\|language\\=en\\-GB \\|issn\\=0307\\-1235 \\|oclc\\=49632006 \\|archive\\-date\\=25 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625083113/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/formula\\-1/2024/06/22/mclaren\\-f1\\-paddock\\-home\\-evacuated\\-fire\\-spanish\\-gp\\-f1/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri qualified tenth as he failed to set a lap time in the final stage of qualifying due to a driver error, although he started ninth after a penalty for another driver.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Coch \\|first\\=Mat \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-23 \\|title\\=Piastri “didn’t throw much away” with qualifying mistake \\|url\\=https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-didnt\\-throw\\-much\\-away\\-with\\-qualifying\\-mistake/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-25 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Speedcafe]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112841/https://speedcafe.com/piastri\\-didnt\\-throw\\-much\\-away\\-with\\-qualifying\\-mistake/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris lost the lead on the start but recovered to finish second and set the fastest lap, and PIastri improved to finish seventh.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (motorsport) \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-23 \\|title\\=How McLaren and Red Bull really compared in Spain \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-spanish\\-grand\\-prix\\-analysis\\-mclaren\\-versus\\-red\\-bull/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-25 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624013434/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-spanish\\-grand\\-prix\\-analysis\\-mclaren\\-versus\\-red\\-bull/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|last\\=Smith \\|first\\=Luke \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-24 \\|title\\=‘Little details’ cost Norris F1 victory in Spain — but the threat to Verstappen is real \\|url\\=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5584944/2024/06/23/f1\\-spanish\\-gp\\-lando\\-norris\\-max\\-verstappen\\-mclaren\\-red\\-bull/ \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623223244/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5584944/2024/06/23/f1\\-spanish\\-gp\\-lando\\-norris\\-max\\-verstappen\\-mclaren\\-red\\-bull/ \\|archive\\-date\\=23 June 2024 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-25 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The New York Times]] \\|department\\=''\\[\\[The Athletic]]'' \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=1553\\-8095 \\|oclc\\=1645522}} Following the race, Sainz said he considered the MCL38 the fastest and most consistent car, although Stella and Red Bull team principal [Christian Horner](/wiki/Christian_Horner \"Christian Horner\") believed it was evenly matched with the [Red Bull Racing RB20](/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing_RB20 \"Red Bull Racing RB20\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Noble \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|last2\\=Hunt \\|first2\\=Ben \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-24 \\|title\\=McLaren now has best package in F1, says Sainz \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-now\\-has\\-best\\-package\\-in\\-f1\\-says\\-sainz/10626817/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-25 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=24 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624075711/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-now\\-has\\-best\\-package\\-in\\-f1\\-says\\-sainz/10626817/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The result moved Norris up to second in the WDC.",
"The MCL38 was fitted with a new front wing and front suspension for the [Austrian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Austrian_Grand_Prix \"2024 Austrian Grand Prix\"), with the intention of better balancing its performance through different corner types.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Somerfield \\|first\\=Matt \\|last2\\=Noble \\|first2\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-28 \\|title\\=McLaren brings new front wing to boost F1 fight against Red Bull \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-brings\\-new\\-f1\\-front\\-wing\\-to\\-further\\-lift\\-low\\-speed\\-gains/10628403/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-29 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628213712/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-brings\\-new\\-f1\\-front\\-wing\\-to\\-further\\-lift\\-low\\-speed\\-gains/10628403/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris and Piastri qualified second and third respectively for the sprint,{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-28 \\|title\\=Lando Norris confident of taking fight to Verstappen in Austria Sprint after close battle for pole in Sprint Qualifying \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-confident\\-of\\-taking\\-fight\\-to\\-verstappen\\-in\\-austria\\-sprint\\-after\\-close.68W58Vr1Ec9xog4WTOtbXT \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-29 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=28 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628200543/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-confident\\-of\\-taking\\-fight\\-to\\-verstappen\\-in\\-austria\\-sprint\\-after\\-close.68W58Vr1Ec9xog4WTOtbXT \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and they swapped positions in the sprint itself.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Lamonato \\|first\\=Michael \\|date\\=2024\\-06\\-29 \\|title\\=Verstappen beats Piastri in Austria Sprint \\|url\\=https://racer.com/2024/06/29/verstappen\\-beats\\-piastri\\-in\\-austria\\-sprint/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-06\\-29 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Racer (magazine)\\|RACER]] \\|place\\=Irvine \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|issn\\=1066\\-6060 \\|archive\\-date\\=29 June 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629112841/https://racer.com/2024/06/29/verstappen\\-beats\\-piastri\\-in\\-austria\\-sprint/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} For the Grand Prix, Norris qualified second and Piastri seventh, the latter losing his final lap time due to a track limits violation. Norris and Verstappen raced closely for the lead in the final stages of the race until a collision between the two: Norris suffered a puncture and terminal damage to his car, while Verstappen suffered a puncture and received a penalty for the incident. Piastri was a beneficiary of the incident, and improved to finish second. Despite not finishing, Norris was classified twentieth as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.\n[thumb\\|Piastri during free practice for the British Grand Prix](/wiki/File:Oscar_Piastri_%2853838437626%29.jpg \"Oscar Piastri (53838437626).jpg\")\nMcLaren fitted a new rear wing assembly designed for a higher top speed to the car, alongside a different engine cover and cooling arrangement, for the [2024 British Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_British_Grand_Prix \"2024 British Grand Prix\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Somerfield \\|first\\=Matt \\|last2\\=Piola \\|first2\\=Giorgio \\|author\\-link2\\=Giorgio Piola \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-10 \\|title\\=How McLaren chased a top speed boost at F1's British Grand Prix \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/how\\-mclaren\\-chased\\-a\\-top\\-speed\\-boost\\-at\\-f1s\\-british\\-grand\\-prix/10633462/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711084811/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/how\\-mclaren\\-chased\\-a\\-top\\-speed\\-boost\\-at\\-f1s\\-british\\-grand\\-prix/10633462/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris qualified third and Piastri fifth.{{Cite news \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-06 \\|title\\='Incredible' F1 trio claim first all\\-British top three since 1968 at Silverstone \\|url\\=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024\\-07\\-07/british\\-drivers\\-top\\-three\\-f1\\-british\\-grand\\-prix\\-silverstone/104068420 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-13 \\|work\\=\\[\\[ABC News (Australia)\\|ABC News]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Associated Press]] \\|archive\\-date\\=8 July 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708185439/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024\\-07\\-07/british\\-drivers\\-top\\-three\\-f1\\-british\\-grand\\-prix\\-silverstone/104068420 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} During the race, three significant errors were made.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Kalinauckas \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-09 \\|title\\=Exactly how much have F1 race mistakes cost McLaren this year? \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/exactly\\-how\\-much\\-have\\-f1\\-race\\-mistakes\\-cost\\-mclaren\\-this\\-year/10633232/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=11 July 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711084954/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/exactly\\-how\\-much\\-have\\-f1\\-race\\-mistakes\\-cost\\-mclaren\\-this\\-year/10633232/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-09 \\|title\\=Is McLaren too error\\-prone to beat Red Bull? \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/is\\-mclaren\\-too\\-error\\-prone\\-to\\-beat\\-red\\-bull/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=9 July 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709110138/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/is\\-mclaren\\-too\\-error\\-prone\\-to\\-beat\\-red\\-bull/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Firstly, McLaren did not double\\-stack{{Efn\\|A strategic choice to pit both drivers on the same lap, servicing one immediately after the other.}} the drivers during the first pit stop cycle. Secondly, Norris overshot the pit mark during his second stop, causing delays, and thirdly, McLaren chose to fit his car with soft tyres rather than the better\\-performing mediums. Norris finished third and Piastri fourth,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Coch \\|first\\=Mat \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-08 \\|title\\=Hamilton victorious as McLaren throws away British GP win \\|url\\=https://speedcafe.com/hamilton\\-victorious\\-as\\-mclaren\\-throws\\-away\\-british\\-gp\\-win/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=Speedcafe.com \\|language\\=en\\-AU \\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713160436/https://speedcafe.com/hamilton\\-victorious\\-as\\-mclaren\\-throws\\-away\\-british\\-gp\\-win/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} with the latter moving up to fifth in the WDC.",
"The car remained at the [Silverstone Circuit](/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit \"Silverstone Circuit\") after the race to test {{F1\\|2025}} tyre prototypes for sole supplier Pirelli.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Collantine \\|first\\=Keith \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-09 \\|title\\=Mick Schumacher drives for McLaren in Pirelli test at Silverstone \\|url\\=https://www.racefans.net/2024/07/09/mick\\-schumacher\\-drives\\-for\\-mclaren\\-in\\-pirelli\\-test\\-at\\-silverstone/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=RaceFans \\|archive\\-date\\=13 July 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713160437/https://www.racefans.net/2024/07/09/mick\\-schumacher\\-drives\\-for\\-mclaren\\-in\\-pirelli\\-test\\-at\\-silverstone/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\= \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-10 \\|title\\=Pirelli forced to re\\-jig plans due to wet weather at Silverstone test \\|url\\=https://formularapida.net/en/pirelli\\-forced\\-to\\-re\\-jig\\-plans\\-due\\-to\\-wet\\-weather\\-at\\-silverstone\\-test/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-13 \\|website\\=FormulaRapida.net \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|archive\\-date\\=10 July 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710234251/https://formularapida.net/en/pirelli\\-forced\\-to\\-re\\-jig\\-plans\\-due\\-to\\-wet\\-weather\\-at\\-silverstone\\-test/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} [Mick Schumacher](/wiki/Mick_Schumacher \"Mick Schumacher\"), one of McLaren's reserve drivers, completed 53 laps on the first day, while Norris completed 95 on the second. Both days of the test were held in wet conditions.",
"Norris qualified on pole and Piastri second for the [Hungarian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Hungarian_Grand_Prix \"2024 Hungarian Grand Prix\"), McLaren's first front\\-row lock\\-out since {{F1\\|2012}}. Piastri had a better start than Norris and moved into first place, but lost the position during the second round of pit stops.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Boxall\\-Legge \\|first\\=Jake \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-21 \\|title\\=Piastri scores maiden win amid Norris team order defiance \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-hungarian\\-gp\\-race\\-report/10637230/?gpp\\=DBABLA%7EBVQqAAAACgA.QA\\&gpp\\_sid\\=7 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-07\\-21 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074601/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-hungarian\\-gp\\-race\\-report/10637230/?gpp\\=DBABLA%7EBVQqAAAACgA.QA\\&gpp\\_sid\\=7 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris was instructed to return the position to Piastri, but instead created a substantial gap of six seconds to Piastri, before eventually slowing and returning the position and allowing Piastri to take his first Grand Prix win. Piastri and Norris finishing first and second was McLaren's first 1–2 finish since {{F1\\|2021}}, and meant the team overtook Ferrari for second in the WCC.",
"For the [Belgian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Belgian_Grand_Prix \"2024 Belgian Grand Prix\"), Norris qualified fifth and Piastri sixth, although both started one place higher after a grid penalty for Verstappen.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Larkam \\|first\\=Lewis \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-28 \\|title\\=Starting grid for F1 Belgian Grand Prix after Max Verstappen grid penalty {{!}} F1 {{!}} Crash \\|url\\=https://www.crash.net/f1/news/1052781/1/starting\\-grid\\-f1\\-belgian\\-grand\\-prix\\-after\\-max\\-verstappen\\-grid\\-penalty \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=Crash.net \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074455/https://www.crash.net/f1/news/1052781/1/starting\\-grid\\-f1\\-belgian\\-grand\\-prix\\-after\\-max\\-verstappen\\-grid\\-penalty \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris ran wide on the opening lap, compromising his performance for the rest of the race, and finished sixth.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-07\\-29 \\|title\\=Belgian GP: Lando Norris rues repeated 'messed up' races after losing points to Max Verstappen at Spa\\-Francorchamps \\|url\\=https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/13186149/belgian\\-gp\\-lando\\-norris\\-rues\\-repeated\\-messed\\-up\\-races\\-after\\-losing\\-points\\-to\\-max\\-verstappen\\-at\\-spa\\-francorchamps \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Sky Sports F1]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Sky Group]] \\|archive\\-date\\=29 July 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729154109/https://www.skysports.com/f1/news/12433/13186149/belgian\\-gp\\-lando\\-norris\\-rues\\-repeated\\-messed\\-up\\-races\\-after\\-losing\\-points\\-to\\-max\\-verstappen\\-at\\-spa\\-francorchamps \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri, however, improved to third. Both drivers were promoted a place when Russell, who had won the race, was disqualified.",
"### Post\\-summer break and Dutch upgrade package",
"[thumb\\|Norris during the Dutch Grand Prix, where he won from pole position](/wiki/File:2024-08-25_Motorsport%2C_Formel_1%2C_Gro%C3%9Fer_Preis_der_Niederlande_2024_STP_3858_by_Stepro.jpg \"2024-08-25 Motorsport, Formel 1, Großer Preis der Niederlande 2024 STP 3858 by Stepro.jpg\")\nReturning from the summer break, McLaren introduced a new package of upgrades for the [Dutch Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Dutch_Grand_Prix \"2024 Dutch Grand Prix\"). This package included a new brake scoop, front and rear suspension, floor and edge wing, and beam and rear wings.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Somerfield \\|first\\=Matt \\|last2\\=Noble \\|first2\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-23 \\|title\\=What’s behind McLaren’s ‘more risky’ latest F1 upgrade \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/whats\\-behind\\-mclarens\\-more\\-risky\\-latest\\-f1\\-upgrade/10646898/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-23 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 August 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823160642/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/whats\\-behind\\-mclarens\\-more\\-risky\\-latest\\-f1\\-upgrade/10646898/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris qualified on pole, and Piastri third.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-24 \\|title\\=Norris surges to stunning Dutch GP pole ahead of Verstappen \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-surges\\-to\\-stunning\\-pole\\-ahead\\-of\\-verstappen\\-and\\-piastri\\-during.GBxgPngEFHZeb7FheBo67 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074458/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/norris\\-surges\\-to\\-stunning\\-pole\\-ahead\\-of\\-verstappen\\-and\\-piastri\\-during.GBxgPngEFHZeb7FheBo67 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris lost the lead on the first lap to Verstappen, but recovered it and won the race and set the fastest lap.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|title\\=The critical moments for Norris as he soared to an emphatic Dutch Grand Prix win \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/monday\\-morning\\-debrief\\-the\\-critical\\-moments\\-for\\-norris\\-as\\-he\\-soared\\-to\\-an.54ullW6EEUkZOFRa1ltmAP \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826152413/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/monday\\-morning\\-debrief\\-the\\-critical\\-moments\\-for\\-norris\\-as\\-he\\-soared\\-to\\-an.54ullW6EEUkZOFRa1ltmAP \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite news \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|title\\=McLaren’s Lando Norris dominates Dutch Grand Prix to fire F1 world title warning at Max Verstappen \\|url\\=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/motorsport/dutch\\-grand\\-prix\\-mclarens\\-lando\\-norris\\-pips\\-red\\-bulls\\-max\\-verstappen\\-to\\-pole\\-position/news\\-story/44f29a220e91a5c2211e8a21bee9caf8 \\|url\\-access\\=subscription \\|url\\-status\\=live \\|archive\\-url\\=https://archive.today/20240901041409/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/motorsport/dutch\\-grand\\-prix\\-mclarens\\-lando\\-norris\\-pips\\-red\\-bulls\\-max\\-verstappen\\-to\\-pole\\-position/news\\-story/44f29a220e91a5c2211e8a21bee9caf8?amp\\&nk\\=7994d44ed6ad424346d02a6ba09f2054\\-1725164058 \\|archive\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-01 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-01 \\|work\\=\\[\\[The Australian]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[News Corp Australia]] \\|location\\=Sydney \\|language\\=en \\|issn\\=1038\\-8761 \\|agency\\=\\[\\[Agence France\\-Presse]]}} Meanwhile, Piastri finished fourth.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Boxall\\-Legge \\|first\\=Jake \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-25 \\|title\\=F1 Dutch GP: Norris takes crushing win from Verstappen, Leclerc \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-dutch\\-gp\\-norris\\-takes\\-crushing\\-win\\-from\\-verstappen\\-leclerc/10647670/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-08\\-26 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=26 August 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826152413/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-dutch\\-gp\\-norris\\-takes\\-crushing\\-win\\-from\\-verstappen\\-leclerc/10647670/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"The MCL38 was run with circuit\\-specific front and rear wings for the [Italian Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Italian_Grand_Prix \"2024 Italian Grand Prix\"), and a new sidepod design was introduced to complement the changes made at the Dutch Grand Prix.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-30 \\|title\\=Ferrari package \\+ more: Every F1 team's Italian GP upgrades \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/italian\\-gp\\-f1\\-upgrades\\-ferrari\\-package\\-monza/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-01 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923072716/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/italian\\-gp\\-f1\\-upgrades\\-ferrari\\-package\\-monza/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris qualified on pole and Piastri second.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kalinauckas \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=2024\\-08\\-31 \\|title\\=F1 Italian GP: Norris on pole from Piastri as Verstappen struggles \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-italian\\-gp\\-norris\\-on\\-pole\\-from\\-piastri\\-as\\-verstappen\\-struggles/10649806/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-01 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=31 August 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831163626/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-italian\\-gp\\-norris\\-on\\-pole\\-from\\-piastri\\-as\\-verstappen\\-struggles/10649806/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Medland \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-01 \\|title\\=A huge chance for Norris as Red Bull look to bounce back – What to watch for in the Italian Grand Prix \\|url\\=https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/a\\-huge\\-chance\\-for\\-norris\\-as\\-red\\-bull\\-look\\-to\\-bounce\\-back\\-what\\-to\\-watch\\-for.1dcxpgxdSZevAjW1uDvApp \\|url\\-access\\=registration \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-01 \\|website\\=Formula1\\.com \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Formula One Administration]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923072716/https://www.formula1\\.com/en/latest/article/a\\-huge\\-chance\\-for\\-norris\\-as\\-red\\-bull\\-look\\-to\\-bounce\\-back\\-what\\-to\\-watch\\-for.1dcxpgxdSZevAjW1uDvApp \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Following qualifying, Norris highlighted the MCL38's significant improvement in performance over the MCL60, with the car approximately {{Convert\\|20\\|km/h\\|mph\\|abbr\\=on}} quicker in a straight line.{{Cite news \\|last\\=Kalinauckas \\|first\\=Alex \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-01 \\|title\\=Norris: McLaren 20km/h faster on Monza straights than last year \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/norris\\-mclaren\\-20km\\-h\\-faster\\-on\\-monza\\-straights\\-than\\-last\\-year/10649908/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-01 \\|work\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]]}} Norris was overtaken by Piastri on the first lap, and were ultimately beaten by Ferrari's [Charles Leclerc](/wiki/Charles_Leclerc \"Charles Leclerc\") who selected a single\\-stop strategy rather than McLaren's two\\-stop. Piastri and Norris finished second and third respectively, with the latter setting the fastest lap.",
"Piastri qualified second for [Azerbaijan Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Azerbaijan_Grand_Prix \"2024 Azerbaijan Grand Prix\"), however, Norris's final lap in the first stage of qualifying was affected by yellow flags, forcing him to abort the lap.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mann\\-Bryans \\|first\\=Mark \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-14 \\|title\\=Confusion over yellow flags led to Norris' Q1 exit in Azerbaijan \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/confusion\\-over\\-yellow\\-flags\\-led\\-to\\-norris\\-q1\\-exit\\-in\\-azerbaijan/10654161/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-15 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074500/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/confusion\\-over\\-yellow\\-flags\\-led\\-to\\-norris\\-q1\\-exit\\-in\\-azerbaijan/10654161/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris qualified seventeenth, ending the MCL38's perfect record of qualifying in the top ten. Norris was promoted to fifteenth on the starting grid due to penalties for other drivers.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-15 \\|title\\=Updated grid for 2024 F1 Azerbaijan Grand Prix as Hamilton starts from pit lane \\|url\\=https://racingnews365\\.com/full\\-starting\\-grid\\-for\\-2024\\-f1\\-azerbaijan\\-grand\\-prix \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-15 \\|website\\=RacingNews365 \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=15 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915124851/https://racingnews365\\.com/full\\-starting\\-grid\\-for\\-2024\\-f1\\-azerbaijan\\-grand\\-prix \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Piastri won the race, while Norris recovered to fourth and set the fastest lap of the race.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Cleeren \\|first\\=Filip \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-15 \\|title\\=F1 Azerbaijan GP: Piastri beats Leclerc in thrilling battle; Norris outscores Verstappen \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-azerbaijan\\-gp\\-piastri\\-wins\\-amid\\-late\\-drama\\-norris\\-outscores\\-verstappen/10654518/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-15 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=15 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915132209/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/f1\\-azerbaijan\\-gp\\-piastri\\-wins\\-amid\\-late\\-drama\\-norris\\-outscores\\-verstappen/10654518/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} The result moved McLaren into first place in the WCC, marking the first time McLaren led the championship since the [2014 Australian Grand Prix](/wiki/2014_Australian_Grand_Prix \"2014 Australian Grand Prix\").",
"During the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, several observers noted that the MCL38's rear wing was designed to be flexible in such a way that the bottom corners of the upper panel lifted up to allow airflow through.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Somerfield \\|first\\=Matt \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-18 \\|title\\=Did McLaren's 'mini\\-DRS' rear wing trick help Piastri keep Leclerc at bay in Baku? \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/did\\-mclarens\\-mini\\-drs\\-rear\\-wing\\-trick\\-help\\-piastri\\-keep\\-leclerc\\-at\\-bay\\-in\\-baku/10654884/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073834/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/did\\-mclarens\\-mini\\-drs\\-rear\\-wing\\-trick\\-help\\-piastri\\-keep\\-leclerc\\-at\\-bay\\-in\\-baku/10654884/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Straw \\|first\\=Edd \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-20 \\|title\\=McLaren's F1 wing trick beat Red Bull at its own game \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mclaren\\-wing\\-trick\\-beat\\-red\\-bull\\-at\\-its\\-own\\-game/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920200607/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mclaren\\-wing\\-trick\\-beat\\-red\\-bull\\-at\\-its\\-own\\-game/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} This mimicked the behaviour of the [drag reduction system](/wiki/Drag_reduction_system \"Drag reduction system\") (DRS), even when the car was not in a DRS zone or entitled to have its DRS open.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Noble \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-19 \\|title\\=FIA considering action over flexi rear wings after McLaren’s ‘mini\\-DRS’ intrigue \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/fia\\-considering\\-action\\-over\\-flexi\\-rear\\-wings\\-after\\-mclarens\\-mini\\-drs\\-intrigue/10655564/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=19 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919134023/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/fia\\-considering\\-action\\-over\\-flexi\\-rear\\-wings\\-after\\-mclarens\\-mini\\-drs\\-intrigue/10655564/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Retrospective investigation revealed the wing, whose behaviour was nicknamed \"mini\\-DRS\", was one of the designs introduced at the Belgian Grand Prix,{{Cite web \\|last\\=Mitchell\\-Malm \\|first\\=Scott \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-19 \\|title\\=What next as FIA investigates McLaren 'mini\\-DRS' scrutiny \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/fia\\-investigating\\-mclaren\\-mini\\-drs\\-scrutiny\\-what\\-you\\-need\\-to\\-know/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=20 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920200607/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/fia\\-investigating\\-mclaren\\-mini\\-drs\\-scrutiny\\-what\\-you\\-need\\-to\\-know/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} before being used for the Italian and Azerbaijan Grands Prix. The [Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile](/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile \"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile\") confirmed the design was legal under existing regulations but asked McLaren to modify the wing to prevent the flexing, to which the team agreed.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Noble \\|first\\=Jonathan \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-20 \\|title\\=McLaren to modify rear wing after 'mini\\-DRS' controversy \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-asked\\-by\\-fia\\-to\\-modify\\-rear\\-wing\\-after\\-mini\\-drs\\-controversy/10656065/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073836/https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/mclaren\\-asked\\-by\\-fia\\-to\\-modify\\-rear\\-wing\\-after\\-mini\\-drs\\-controversy/10656065/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"McLaren ran the car with track\\-specific beam wing for the [Singapore Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Singapore_Grand_Prix \"2024 Singapore Grand Prix\"),{{Cite web \\|last\\=Medland \\|first\\=Chris \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-20 \\|title\\=Technical updates: 2024 Singapore Grand Prix \\|url\\=https://racer.com/2024/09/20/technical\\-updates\\-2024\\-singapore\\-grand\\-prix/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Racer (magazine)\\|RACER]] \\|language\\=en\\-US \\|publication\\-place\\=Irvine \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074526/https://racer.com/2024/09/20/technical\\-updates\\-2024\\-singapore\\-grand\\-prix/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }} and used a special livery (see {{Section link\\|2\\=Liveries\\|nopage\\=y}}). Unusually, the rear and beam wings used were of a low downforce specification, despite [Marina Bay Street Circuit](/wiki/Marina_Bay_Street_Circuit \"Marina Bay Street Circuit\") typically being considered a high downforce track.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Somerfield \\|first\\=Matt \\|last2\\=Piola \\|first2\\=Giorgio \\|author\\-link2\\=Giorgio Piola \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-26 \\|title\\=How McLaren’s rear wing choice again caught attention in Singapore \\|url\\=https://www.motorsport.com/f1/news/how\\-mclarens\\-rear\\-wing\\-choice\\-again\\-caught\\-attention\\-in\\-singapore/10658062/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]]}} Norris qualified on pole and Piastri in fifth place.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Edmondson \\|first\\=Laurence \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-22 \\|title\\=2024 Singapore Airlines Singapore Grand Prix Race Recap \\|url\\=https://www.espn.co.uk/f1/report?id\\=600041150 \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=\\[\\[ESPN.co.uk]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[ESPN]] \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073838/https://www.espn.co.uk/f1/report?id\\=600041150 \\|url\\-status\\=live }} Norris led the entire race and won, while Piastri improved to finish third.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Anderson \\|first\\=Ben \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-22 \\|title\\=Norris survives two wall strikes to dominate Singapore GP \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/singapore\\-grand\\-prix\\-result\\-2024\\-lando\\-norris\\-hits\\-wall\\-dominates/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073730/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/singapore\\-grand\\-prix\\-result\\-2024\\-lando\\-norris\\-hits\\-wall\\-dominates/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{Cite web \\|last\\=Hughes \\|first\\=Mark \\|author\\-link\\=Mark Hughes (journalist) \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-22 \\|title\\=McLaren's other wing trick behind its Singapore superiority \\|url\\=https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-mclarens\\-other\\-wing\\-trick\\-behind\\-its\\-singapore\\-superiority/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-23 \\|website\\=The Race \\|language\\=en \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923073830/https://www.the\\-race.com/formula\\-1/mark\\-hughes\\-mclarens\\-other\\-wing\\-trick\\-behind\\-its\\-singapore\\-superiority/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}",
"### Closing rounds and championship push",
"The car will be run with a special chrome livery for the [United States Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_United_States_Grand_Prix \"2024 United States Grand Prix\"). Piastri suffered a shock exit out of SQ1 for the sprint event, while Norris was positioned in fourth. Norris finished fourth and Piastri just outside the points in tenth. Norris took pole position for the main race with Piastri in fifth.",
"[Pato O'Ward](/wiki/Pato_O%27Ward \"Pato O'Ward\"), a driver for the [Arrow McLaren](/wiki/Arrow_McLaren \"Arrow McLaren\") IndyCar team, will substitute in for one of the regular drivers during the first free practice session for the [Mexico City Grand Prix](/wiki/2024_Mexico_City_Grand_Prix \"2024 Mexico City Grand Prix\").{{Cite web \\|last\\=Faturos \\|first\\=Federico \\|date\\=2024\\-09\\-11 \\|title\\=Pato O'Ward conducirá para McLaren en la FP1 del GP de México de F1 \\|trans\\-title\\=Pato O'Ward to drive for McLaren in FP1 of F1 Mexican GP \\|url\\=https://lat.motorsport.com/f1/news/pato\\-oward\\-fp1\\-mexico\\-mclaren/10653139/ \\|access\\-date\\=2024\\-09\\-12 \\|website\\=\\[\\[Motorsport.com\\|Motorsport.com Latin America]] \\|publisher\\=\\[\\[Motorsport Network]] \\|language\\=es \\|archive\\-date\\=23 September 2024 \\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923074501/https://lat.motorsport.com/f1/news/pato\\-oward\\-fp1\\-mexico\\-mclaren/10653139/ \\|url\\-status\\=live }}{{\\-\\|right}}",
""
] |
History
-------
The Ottery Mine is a derelict underground tin/arsenic mine located 8 km northeast of Emmaville in far northern New South Wales. It was one of the first underground base metal deposits exploited in the Emmaville district and lies about 2\.5 km north of the old mining village of Tent Hill.Toyer and Main 1980: 1\-3
The mine was discovered by and named after Alexander Ottery in the late 1870s. It was worked continuously for tin between 1882 and 1905 by the Glen Smelting Company who set up a 15 head stamper battery at near by Tent Hill.Toyer and Main 1980: 3 Extensive mine developments occurred with eight shafts being sunk and 2,500 tonnes of tin concentrate being produced. As the lode became deeper the sulphide content became higher, and a smelter was erected on site to calcine the ore. After it was fired the ore was transported to Tent Hill for crushing. After a fatal accident in 1906, operations ceased and did not begin again until 1920 when the mine was acquired by the [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney "Sydney") based William Cooper and Nephews (Aust.) Pty. Ltd. Their sole purpose was to produce arsenic for sheep and cattle dips and other pesticides. An on site ore processing plant was constructed under the supervision of mine manager A. C. Julius and production of the 99\.7% pure arsenic trioxide began in 1921\.Godden 1981: 2
The process of arsenic extraction involved feeding the coarse ore into roasting kilns and the fine ore into a mechanical furnace for firing. The resulting arsenic fumes passed into a set of 66 condensation chambers where the gasses were cooled and sublimed onto the interior brickwork as solid crystals of crude arsenic trioxide. The crystals were further refined by being re\-fired and the gasses re\-sublimed. The concentrated arsenic trioxide was then barrelled and transported to Sydney.
From 1925 to 1927 a ten\-head stamper battery, grinding pans, concentrating tables, a concrete weir and pump were installed to extract the tin that was also present in the arsenic ores. The plant reworked arsenic tailings as well as some high tin, low arsenic ores.Godden 1981: 3 Operations ceased in late 1929 due to the economic depression and low mineral prices, only to reopen again in 1931\. It operated in a limited capacity until 1936 when it was forced to close due to the importation of cheaper arsenic.
Burma Malay Tin Ltd. purchased the Ottery and commenced operations in June 1938\. The company imported flotation equipment and constructed a freshwater dam for the storage of boiler feed and dressing water.Toyer and Main 1980: 5; Godden 1981: 3 No arsenic production occurred at this time. Prolonged dry weather forced the close of operations in 1940 and the company pulled down the plant buildings and equipment and transferred them to other sites.
From 1956\-7 the Guardian Trading and Investment Company Pty. Ltd. reconditioned the mill and set up equipment to treat the remains of the old calcine dump. Further minor attempts were made to mine and treat the dumps but no further major mining operations were established.
In 1993 Ottery was rehabilitated in a joint project by the Department of Conservation and Land Management and the Department of Mineral Resources. This included: reducing the pollution of contaminated water/sediments in the area; improving fencing around the structures, many of which were unstable; fencing and covering open shafts and erecting walkways and viewing platforms.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"The Ottery Mine is a derelict underground tin/arsenic mine located 8 km northeast of Emmaville in far northern New South Wales. It was one of the first underground base metal deposits exploited in the Emmaville district and lies about 2\\.5 km north of the old mining village of Tent Hill.Toyer and Main 1980: 1\\-3",
"The mine was discovered by and named after Alexander Ottery in the late 1870s. It was worked continuously for tin between 1882 and 1905 by the Glen Smelting Company who set up a 15 head stamper battery at near by Tent Hill.Toyer and Main 1980: 3 Extensive mine developments occurred with eight shafts being sunk and 2,500 tonnes of tin concentrate being produced. As the lode became deeper the sulphide content became higher, and a smelter was erected on site to calcine the ore. After it was fired the ore was transported to Tent Hill for crushing. After a fatal accident in 1906, operations ceased and did not begin again until 1920 when the mine was acquired by the [Sydney](/wiki/Sydney \"Sydney\") based William Cooper and Nephews (Aust.) Pty. Ltd. Their sole purpose was to produce arsenic for sheep and cattle dips and other pesticides. An on site ore processing plant was constructed under the supervision of mine manager A. C. Julius and production of the 99\\.7% pure arsenic trioxide began in 1921\\.Godden 1981: 2",
"The process of arsenic extraction involved feeding the coarse ore into roasting kilns and the fine ore into a mechanical furnace for firing. The resulting arsenic fumes passed into a set of 66 condensation chambers where the gasses were cooled and sublimed onto the interior brickwork as solid crystals of crude arsenic trioxide. The crystals were further refined by being re\\-fired and the gasses re\\-sublimed. The concentrated arsenic trioxide was then barrelled and transported to Sydney.",
"From 1925 to 1927 a ten\\-head stamper battery, grinding pans, concentrating tables, a concrete weir and pump were installed to extract the tin that was also present in the arsenic ores. The plant reworked arsenic tailings as well as some high tin, low arsenic ores.Godden 1981: 3 Operations ceased in late 1929 due to the economic depression and low mineral prices, only to reopen again in 1931\\. It operated in a limited capacity until 1936 when it was forced to close due to the importation of cheaper arsenic.",
"Burma Malay Tin Ltd. purchased the Ottery and commenced operations in June 1938\\. The company imported flotation equipment and constructed a freshwater dam for the storage of boiler feed and dressing water.Toyer and Main 1980: 5; Godden 1981: 3 No arsenic production occurred at this time. Prolonged dry weather forced the close of operations in 1940 and the company pulled down the plant buildings and equipment and transferred them to other sites.",
"From 1956\\-7 the Guardian Trading and Investment Company Pty. Ltd. reconditioned the mill and set up equipment to treat the remains of the old calcine dump. Further minor attempts were made to mine and treat the dumps but no further major mining operations were established.",
"In 1993 Ottery was rehabilitated in a joint project by the Department of Conservation and Land Management and the Department of Mineral Resources. This included: reducing the pollution of contaminated water/sediments in the area; improving fencing around the structures, many of which were unstable; fencing and covering open shafts and erecting walkways and viewing platforms.",
""
] |
Heritage listing
----------------
The Ottery Mine is the only arsenic refinery plant remaining in any condition in New South Wales. It is the oldest principal ore refinery in Australia. It was one of the first underground mines in the Emmaville area and largely responsible for the economic and social development of the town. The design of the Ottery arsenic plant is unique in Australia. It is the most complete and complex of the arsenic refinery sites. It is an excellent example of a traditional method of industrial processing.
The site has a unique potential to provide information about the mining and extraction of arsenic, for students of geology, archaeology and industrial process. No detailed plans of the site or individual structures are known to exist. The site can therefore provide information not available from any other source.Godden 1981: 7\-9
Ottery Mine was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register "New South Wales State Heritage Register") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**
The Ottery Mine is the only arsenic refinery plant remaining in any condition in New South Wales. It is the oldest principal ore refinery in Australia. Ore from the site was smelted at Australia's first tin smelter. It was one of the first underground mines in the Emmaville area and largely responsible for the economic and social development of the town.
The tin dressing plant represents the fluctuating fortunes of the tin mining industry.
The Ottery also has historical links to the wool industry, as arsenic was the principal ingredient in sheep dip.Godden 1981: 7\-8
With production commencing in 1882, the Ottery Mine is one of the oldest underground mines in the Emmaville District. Emmaville, [Torrington](/wiki/Torrington%2C_New_South_Wales "Torrington, New South Wales") and neighbouring towns developed from the mining industry. As such, the Ottery mine is an integral part of the history of the area. It represents the fluctuating fortunes of those who mined the Ottery tin lodes in the late nineteenth century and those who produced arsenic in the early twentieth century. Both tin and arsenic were extracted after 1927\.Steding 2003: 20
The Ottery arsenic refinery is the oldest principal ore refinery in Australia. Arsenic mining ceased in Australia in 1952 and in New South Wales in 1936, as the Ottery Mine ended production. As Godden suggests, it is unlikely that the mining of this resource will take place again, since the Bolidan copper mine in Sweden produces enough arsenic as a by\-product to satisfy world demand.
**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**
The Ottery Mine is associated with Tent Hill, location of the first tin mine in Australia. The tin ore was concentrated initially and later smelted, at Tent Hill, the site of Australia's first tin smelter.
**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**
The site is an integral part of the Emmaville mining landscape.Godden 1981: 6
Substantial structural remains from the arsenic treatment plant and the intricately constructed brick checker\-work condensation chambers, afford this site aesthetic and architectural significance. The Ottery arsenic treatment plant is particularly unique in Australia for its design, thought to be Portuguese.Steding 2003: 20\-1
**The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**
Emmaville owes its existence to the discovery of alluvial and lode tin. Ottery, as one of the first and largest underground mining operations in the area, holds an important place for the local community in the history of their economic and social development.
The Ottery Mine is an integral part of Australia's mining history in the northern NSW region. It was once a major place of employment for many people, the descendants of whom still live in neighbouring towns. The Ottery Mine is also important to local organisations as a tourist site. Such groups include the Glen Innes Historical Society, the Gem and Mineral Club and Emmaville Tourism \& Progress Association. While its relative isolation may limit the number of visitors, the site is actively promoted through literature, signage and community support.Steding 2003: 21
**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
The design of the Ottery arsenic plant is unique in Australia. It is the most complete and complex of the arsenic refinery sites. It is an excellent example of a traditional method of industrial processing.
The site has a unique potential to provide information about the mining and extraction of arsenic, for students of geology, archaeology and industrial process. No detailed plans of the site or individual structures are known to exist. The site can therefore provide information not available from any other source.
**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**
The Ottery arsenic refinery is the oldest principal ore refinery in Australia. Arsenic mining ceased in Australia in 1952 and in New South Wales in 1936, as the Ottery Mine ended production. As Godden suggests, it is unlikely that the mining of this resource will take place again, since the Bolidan copper mine in Sweden produces enough arsenic as a by\-product to satisfy world demand.
The Ottery Mine is one of only four arsenic mines in Australia. These are the Ottery and [Mole River](/wiki/Mole_River_%28New_South_Wales%29 "Mole River (New South Wales)") mines in New South Wales and two mines in [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland "Queensland"). Only the Ottery and Mole River mines were equipped with on\-site refining plants capable of producing the final product.
The arsenic refinery is the best preserved of the sublimation type arsenic refineries. It is believed to be one of the last arsenic refinery relics of this type anywhere in the world. As such, it has international as well as national significance.
|
[
"Heritage listing\n----------------",
"The Ottery Mine is the only arsenic refinery plant remaining in any condition in New South Wales. It is the oldest principal ore refinery in Australia. It was one of the first underground mines in the Emmaville area and largely responsible for the economic and social development of the town. The design of the Ottery arsenic plant is unique in Australia. It is the most complete and complex of the arsenic refinery sites. It is an excellent example of a traditional method of industrial processing.",
"The site has a unique potential to provide information about the mining and extraction of arsenic, for students of geology, archaeology and industrial process. No detailed plans of the site or individual structures are known to exist. The site can therefore provide information not available from any other source.Godden 1981: 7\\-9",
"Ottery Mine was listed on the [New South Wales State Heritage Register](/wiki/New_South_Wales_State_Heritage_Register \"New South Wales State Heritage Register\") on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.**",
"The Ottery Mine is the only arsenic refinery plant remaining in any condition in New South Wales. It is the oldest principal ore refinery in Australia. Ore from the site was smelted at Australia's first tin smelter. It was one of the first underground mines in the Emmaville area and largely responsible for the economic and social development of the town.",
"The tin dressing plant represents the fluctuating fortunes of the tin mining industry.",
"The Ottery also has historical links to the wool industry, as arsenic was the principal ingredient in sheep dip.Godden 1981: 7\\-8",
"With production commencing in 1882, the Ottery Mine is one of the oldest underground mines in the Emmaville District. Emmaville, [Torrington](/wiki/Torrington%2C_New_South_Wales \"Torrington, New South Wales\") and neighbouring towns developed from the mining industry. As such, the Ottery mine is an integral part of the history of the area. It represents the fluctuating fortunes of those who mined the Ottery tin lodes in the late nineteenth century and those who produced arsenic in the early twentieth century. Both tin and arsenic were extracted after 1927\\.Steding 2003: 20",
"The Ottery arsenic refinery is the oldest principal ore refinery in Australia. Arsenic mining ceased in Australia in 1952 and in New South Wales in 1936, as the Ottery Mine ended production. As Godden suggests, it is unlikely that the mining of this resource will take place again, since the Bolidan copper mine in Sweden produces enough arsenic as a by\\-product to satisfy world demand.",
"**The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.**",
"The Ottery Mine is associated with Tent Hill, location of the first tin mine in Australia. The tin ore was concentrated initially and later smelted, at Tent Hill, the site of Australia's first tin smelter.",
"**The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.**",
"The site is an integral part of the Emmaville mining landscape.Godden 1981: 6",
"Substantial structural remains from the arsenic treatment plant and the intricately constructed brick checker\\-work condensation chambers, afford this site aesthetic and architectural significance. The Ottery arsenic treatment plant is particularly unique in Australia for its design, thought to be Portuguese.Steding 2003: 20\\-1",
"**The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.**",
"Emmaville owes its existence to the discovery of alluvial and lode tin. Ottery, as one of the first and largest underground mining operations in the area, holds an important place for the local community in the history of their economic and social development.",
"The Ottery Mine is an integral part of Australia's mining history in the northern NSW region. It was once a major place of employment for many people, the descendants of whom still live in neighbouring towns. The Ottery Mine is also important to local organisations as a tourist site. Such groups include the Glen Innes Historical Society, the Gem and Mineral Club and Emmaville Tourism \\& Progress Association. While its relative isolation may limit the number of visitors, the site is actively promoted through literature, signage and community support.Steding 2003: 21",
"**The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"The design of the Ottery arsenic plant is unique in Australia. It is the most complete and complex of the arsenic refinery sites. It is an excellent example of a traditional method of industrial processing.",
"The site has a unique potential to provide information about the mining and extraction of arsenic, for students of geology, archaeology and industrial process. No detailed plans of the site or individual structures are known to exist. The site can therefore provide information not available from any other source.",
"**The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.**",
"The Ottery arsenic refinery is the oldest principal ore refinery in Australia. Arsenic mining ceased in Australia in 1952 and in New South Wales in 1936, as the Ottery Mine ended production. As Godden suggests, it is unlikely that the mining of this resource will take place again, since the Bolidan copper mine in Sweden produces enough arsenic as a by\\-product to satisfy world demand.",
"The Ottery Mine is one of only four arsenic mines in Australia. These are the Ottery and [Mole River](/wiki/Mole_River_%28New_South_Wales%29 \"Mole River (New South Wales)\") mines in New South Wales and two mines in [Queensland](/wiki/Queensland \"Queensland\"). Only the Ottery and Mole River mines were equipped with on\\-site refining plants capable of producing the final product.",
"The arsenic refinery is the best preserved of the sublimation type arsenic refineries. It is believed to be one of the last arsenic refinery relics of this type anywhere in the world. As such, it has international as well as national significance.",
""
] |
Life
----
He was admitted to the bar in 1811, and practiced in Greencastle. Later he removed to Washington, D.C.
On December 3, 1822, he was elected on the 11th ballot Clerk of the House of Representatives in the [17th United States Congress](/wiki/17th_United_States_Congress "17th United States Congress"), to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Clerk [Thomas Dougherty](/wiki/Thomas_Dougherty_%28politician%29 "Thomas Dougherty (politician)"). He was re\-elected five times, serving throughout the [18th](/wiki/18th_United_States_Congress "18th United States Congress"), [19th](/wiki/19th_United_States_Congress "19th United States Congress"), [20th](/wiki/20th_United_States_Congress "20th United States Congress"), [21st](/wiki/21st_United_States_Congress "21st United States Congress") and [22nd United States Congresses](/wiki/22nd_United_States_Congress "22nd United States Congress"), and opened the proceedings in the House of the [23rd United States Congress](/wiki/23rd_United_States_Congress "23rd United States Congress") on December 2, 1833, when he was succeeded by [Walter S. Franklin](/wiki/Walter_S._Franklin_%28politician%29 "Walter S. Franklin (politician)").
On May 31, 1841, Clarke was again elected Clerk of the House of Representatives in the [27th United States Congress](/wiki/27th_United_States_Congress "27th United States Congress"). Clarke opened the proceedings of the [28th United States Congress](/wiki/28th_United_States_Congress "28th United States Congress") on December 4, 1843, but was defeated for re\-election by [Caleb J. McNulty](/wiki/Caleb_J._McNulty "Caleb J. McNulty") two days later.
Clarke was co\-publisher with [Peter Force](/wiki/Peter_Force "Peter Force") of the latter's *American Archives*, a nine volume work of archives which was ultimately sold to the Library of Congress for $100,000 in 1867\.[Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 3, 1964](/wiki/%23doab "#doab"), pp.512–513[Peter Force library, Library of Congress, 2016](/wiki/%23loc4 "#loc4")
In 1843, he was appointed Sixth Auditor of the [United States Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Treasury "United States Treasury") and remained in office until 1845\.
In 1852, his daughter Anna L. Clarke married Gen. [William B. Franklin](/wiki/William_B._Franklin "William B. Franklin"), the son of Clerk of the House [Walter S. Franklin](/wiki/Walter_S._Franklin_%28politician%29 "Walter S. Franklin (politician)") who had succeeded Clarke in 1833\.
|
[
"Life\n----",
"He was admitted to the bar in 1811, and practiced in Greencastle. Later he removed to Washington, D.C.",
"On December 3, 1822, he was elected on the 11th ballot Clerk of the House of Representatives in the [17th United States Congress](/wiki/17th_United_States_Congress \"17th United States Congress\"), to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Clerk [Thomas Dougherty](/wiki/Thomas_Dougherty_%28politician%29 \"Thomas Dougherty (politician)\"). He was re\\-elected five times, serving throughout the [18th](/wiki/18th_United_States_Congress \"18th United States Congress\"), [19th](/wiki/19th_United_States_Congress \"19th United States Congress\"), [20th](/wiki/20th_United_States_Congress \"20th United States Congress\"), [21st](/wiki/21st_United_States_Congress \"21st United States Congress\") and [22nd United States Congresses](/wiki/22nd_United_States_Congress \"22nd United States Congress\"), and opened the proceedings in the House of the [23rd United States Congress](/wiki/23rd_United_States_Congress \"23rd United States Congress\") on December 2, 1833, when he was succeeded by [Walter S. Franklin](/wiki/Walter_S._Franklin_%28politician%29 \"Walter S. Franklin (politician)\").",
"On May 31, 1841, Clarke was again elected Clerk of the House of Representatives in the [27th United States Congress](/wiki/27th_United_States_Congress \"27th United States Congress\"). Clarke opened the proceedings of the [28th United States Congress](/wiki/28th_United_States_Congress \"28th United States Congress\") on December 4, 1843, but was defeated for re\\-election by [Caleb J. McNulty](/wiki/Caleb_J._McNulty \"Caleb J. McNulty\") two days later.",
"Clarke was co\\-publisher with [Peter Force](/wiki/Peter_Force \"Peter Force\") of the latter's *American Archives*, a nine volume work of archives which was ultimately sold to the Library of Congress for $100,000 in 1867\\.[Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 3, 1964](/wiki/%23doab \"#doab\"), pp.512–513[Peter Force library, Library of Congress, 2016](/wiki/%23loc4 \"#loc4\")",
"In 1843, he was appointed Sixth Auditor of the [United States Treasury](/wiki/United_States_Treasury \"United States Treasury\") and remained in office until 1845\\.",
"In 1852, his daughter Anna L. Clarke married Gen. [William B. Franklin](/wiki/William_B._Franklin \"William B. Franklin\"), the son of Clerk of the House [Walter S. Franklin](/wiki/Walter_S._Franklin_%28politician%29 \"Walter S. Franklin (politician)\") who had succeeded Clarke in 1833\\.",
""
] |
Fictional character biography
-----------------------------
### Origin
In an [alternate universe](/wiki/Multiverse "Multiverse") in the [DC Multiverse](/wiki/Multiverse_%28DC_Comics%29 "Multiverse (DC Comics)"), the degradation of Earth's [ozone layer](/wiki/Ozone_layer "Ozone layer") exposes the surface of the Earth to a previously\-unknown type of [radioactive](/wiki/Radioactive_decay "Radioactive decay") energy, causing 29 people from around the planet to develop [godlike powers](/wiki/Superpower_%28ability%29 "Superpower (ability)"). Some of these people attempt world domination with their new powers, while others oppose this, leading to a cataclysmic war between these metahumans. One month later, fourteen of the metahumans have died, and seven others have left the planet, leaving only eight remaining. Naomi is the first child born to two of these metahumans. The most evil of the original 29 metahumans, a criminal named Zumbado, who was about to be executed when he got his powers, tries to kill the infant Naomi. Consequently, her parents send her to Earth\-0 for her safety and are killed in battle doing so. The infant ends up in a small [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon "Oregon") town, where a [Rannian](/wiki/Rannian "Rannian") ex\-soldier and resident of the town, going by the name Greg McDuffie, witnesses her arrival, and adopts her.
Naomi lives an ordinary life in her hometown raised by Greg and his human wife, who knows about her husband's secrets, until [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman") crashes through the center of town in a battle with [Mongul](/wiki/Mongul "Mongul"). This prompts a couple of citizens to talk about the previous time the town had an encounter with otherworldly beings. Having learned that the date of the incident was also the day she was adopted, Naomi questions whether she has a connection to superheroes and begins looking into her origins.
Greg then reveals his own origins to Naomi, before telling her about her arrival on Earth\-0\. He gives Naomi a device he found with her, which contains a message from her birth mother, and awakens her superpowers. Shortly afterward, Zumbado arrives and takes Naomi back to their original world, which has been devastated under his rule. Naomi fights Zumbado to avenge her birth parents, and only narrowly manages to escape back to Earth\-0\.
Following these events, Naomi flies to [Metropolis](/wiki/Metropolis_%28comics%29 "Metropolis (comics)"), and meets [Superman](/wiki/Superman "Superman") and [Batman](/wiki/Batman "Batman"). She later joins the recently reformed [Young Justice](/wiki/Young_Justice "Young Justice").
### Infinite Frontier
Following the events of *[Dark Nights: Death Metal](/wiki/Dark_Nights:Death_Metal "Death Metal")*, Naomi joins the [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League "Justice League").
|
[
"Fictional character biography\n-----------------------------",
"### Origin",
"In an [alternate universe](/wiki/Multiverse \"Multiverse\") in the [DC Multiverse](/wiki/Multiverse_%28DC_Comics%29 \"Multiverse (DC Comics)\"), the degradation of Earth's [ozone layer](/wiki/Ozone_layer \"Ozone layer\") exposes the surface of the Earth to a previously\\-unknown type of [radioactive](/wiki/Radioactive_decay \"Radioactive decay\") energy, causing 29 people from around the planet to develop [godlike powers](/wiki/Superpower_%28ability%29 \"Superpower (ability)\"). Some of these people attempt world domination with their new powers, while others oppose this, leading to a cataclysmic war between these metahumans. One month later, fourteen of the metahumans have died, and seven others have left the planet, leaving only eight remaining. Naomi is the first child born to two of these metahumans. The most evil of the original 29 metahumans, a criminal named Zumbado, who was about to be executed when he got his powers, tries to kill the infant Naomi. Consequently, her parents send her to Earth\\-0 for her safety and are killed in battle doing so. The infant ends up in a small [Oregon](/wiki/Oregon \"Oregon\") town, where a [Rannian](/wiki/Rannian \"Rannian\") ex\\-soldier and resident of the town, going by the name Greg McDuffie, witnesses her arrival, and adopts her.",
"Naomi lives an ordinary life in her hometown raised by Greg and his human wife, who knows about her husband's secrets, until [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\") crashes through the center of town in a battle with [Mongul](/wiki/Mongul \"Mongul\"). This prompts a couple of citizens to talk about the previous time the town had an encounter with otherworldly beings. Having learned that the date of the incident was also the day she was adopted, Naomi questions whether she has a connection to superheroes and begins looking into her origins.",
"Greg then reveals his own origins to Naomi, before telling her about her arrival on Earth\\-0\\. He gives Naomi a device he found with her, which contains a message from her birth mother, and awakens her superpowers. Shortly afterward, Zumbado arrives and takes Naomi back to their original world, which has been devastated under his rule. Naomi fights Zumbado to avenge her birth parents, and only narrowly manages to escape back to Earth\\-0\\.",
"Following these events, Naomi flies to [Metropolis](/wiki/Metropolis_%28comics%29 \"Metropolis (comics)\"), and meets [Superman](/wiki/Superman \"Superman\") and [Batman](/wiki/Batman \"Batman\"). She later joins the recently reformed [Young Justice](/wiki/Young_Justice \"Young Justice\").",
"### Infinite Frontier",
"Following the events of *[Dark Nights: Death Metal](/wiki/Dark_Nights:Death_Metal \"Death Metal\")*, Naomi joins the [Justice League](/wiki/Justice_League \"Justice League\").",
""
] |
First generation (1949–1954\)
-----------------------------
{{Infobox automobile
\| name \= First generation
\| image \= 1950 Pontiac Chieftain Deluxe Coupe (16290382196\).jpg
\| caption \= 1950 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe Sedan Coupe
\| model\_years \= 1949–1954
\| engine \= {{unbulleted list \| {{convert\|239\.2\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[Pontiac Straight\-6 engine\|L\-head]] \[\[Straight\-six engine\|I6]] \| {{convert\|268\.2\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} \[\[L\-head]] \[\[Pontiac Straight\-8 engine\|Silver\-Streak]] \[\[Straight\-eight engine\|I8]] (1949–1951\) \| {{convert\|268\.4\|cuin\|L\|1\|abbr\=on}} L\-head Silver\-Streak I8 (1952–1954\) }}
\| transmission \=
\| related \= \[\[Chevrolet Deluxe]]
\| wheelbase \=1949\-51: {{convert\|120\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}}
1952\-54: {{convert\|122\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}}
\| length \=1949\-51: {{convert\|5143\.5\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}}
1952: {{convert\|5144\|mm\|in\|1\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}}
1953–1954: {{convert\|5150\|mm\|in\|abbr\=on}}
\| width \={{convert\|75\.8\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}}(1949–1952\)
{{convert\|76\.6\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} (1953–1954\){{cite book\|last\=Flory, Jr.\|first\=J. "Kelly"\|title\=American Cars, 1946\-1959 Every Model Every Year\|year\=2008\|publisher\=McFarland \& Company, Inc., Publishers\|isbn\=978\-0\-7864\-3229\-5}}
\| height \= {{convert\|63\.3\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}}{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Pontiac/1954%20Pontiac/1954\_Pontiac\_Prestige\_Brochure/1954%20Pontiac%20Prestige\-24\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Pontiac/1954 Pontiac/1954\_Pontiac\_Prestige\_Brochure \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=2011\-11\-12\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=2017\-06\-08\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608112948/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Pontiac/1954%20Pontiac/1954\_Pontiac\_Prestige\_Brochure/1954%20Pontiac%20Prestige\-24\.html}}
\| weight \=1949\-51: {{convert\|1535\|\-\|1557\|kg\|lb\|0\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}}
1952\-54: {{convert\|1691\|\-\|1564\|kg\|lb\|0\|abbr\=on\|order\=flip}}
\| platform \= \[\[GM A platform]]
\| layout \= \[\[FR layout]]
\| body\_style \= 2\-door \[\[sedan (car)\|sedan]]
4\-door \[\[sedan (car)\|sedan]]
2\-door \[\[coupe]]
2\-door \[\[hardtop]]
2\-door \[\[convertible]]
4\-door \[\[station wagon]]
}}
In 1949 the [A\-body](/wiki/GM_A_platform "GM A platform") Chieftain replaced the [Pontiac Torpedo](/wiki/Pontiac_Torpedo "Pontiac Torpedo") as Pontiac's smaller and lower priced model. However, the newly redesigned [B\-bodied](/wiki/GM_B_platform "GM B platform") [Pontiac Streamliner](/wiki/Pontiac_Streamliner "Pontiac Streamliner") was now very similar (if not exact) in dimensions, engines, trim levels and options. This was the first time since 1934 that all Pontiacs had the same wheelbase. They had standard automatic interior lighting.
The Chieftain was initially introduced with four models: [Sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 "Sedan (car)"), [Sedan Coupe](/wiki/Coup%C3%A9 "Coupé"), Business Coupe, and Deluxe Convertible Coupe. In 1950, a Catalina Coupe was added to the range while a [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon "Station wagon") was added in 1952, with the demise of the top\-of\-the\-line Streamliner wagon.John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975, Revised 4th Edition, pages 695\-708
1949 Chieftains came with a choice of four engines:
* a 239\.2 cu in L\-head [6\-cylinder](/wiki/Straight-six_engine "Straight-six engine") engine making {{convert\|90\|hp}} at 3400 rpm
* a 239\.2 cu in L\-head 6\-cylinder engine making {{convert\|93\|hp}} at 3400 rpm
* a 248\.9 cu in L\-head [8\-cylinder](/wiki/Straight-eight_engine "Straight-eight engine") making {{convert\|103\|hp}} at 3800 rpm
* a 248\.9 cu in L\-head 8\-cylinder making {{convert\|106\|hp}} at 3800 rpm
The horsepower differences between each of the 6\- and 8\-cylinder engines were due to changes in compression ratios.
Some of the more interesting optional items available for the first generation Chieftain included a radio with seven vacuum tubes, tissue dispenser, under seat heaters, and a Remington Auto\-Home shaver. In 1951, the horsepower on the 8\-cylinder rose to 116\. The Chieftain came with a gas gauge, ammeter, oil pressure gauge, and a temperature gauge which had marks for 160, 180, and 220 degrees Fahrenheit.{{cite web\|url\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Pontiac/1950\_Pontiac/1950\_Pontiac\_Owners\_Manual/1950%20Pontiac%20owner%20s%20manual%20\-%20Pg%2006%20\-%2007\.html \|title\=Directory Index: Pontiac/1950\_Pontiac/1950\_Pontiac\_Owners\_Manual \|publisher\=Oldcarbrochures.com \|access\-date\=2011\-11\-12\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=2016\-03\-04\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084513/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Pontiac/1950\_Pontiac/1950\_Pontiac\_Owners\_Manual/1950%20Pontiac%20owner%20s%20manual%20\-%20Pg%2006%20\-%2007\.html}}
For the 1952 model year, Pontiac discontinued the Streamliner leaving the Chieftain as their only offering. The Chieftain continued with the 120 inch wheelbase. Engine offerings were basically the same except for the [8\-cylinder](/wiki/Straight-8 "Straight-8") which got a .2 cubic inch enlargement. Horsepower did increase by 10 on the [six\-cylinder](/wiki/Straight-six_engine "Straight-six engine") and by 15 on the eight\-cylinder. Also, a red light to remind the driver that the parking brake was on was new. In the May 1952 issue of [Popular Mechanics](/wiki/Popular_Mechanics "Popular Mechanics"), the Chieftain was rated 14\.9 seconds for a 0\-60 mph time. Front head room was 36 inches, while rear head room was 35\.75 inches.{{cite journal\|title\= The Owners Report on the '52 Pontiac \| first \= Floyd \| last \= Clymer \|journal\=Popular Mechanics Magazine\|date\=May 1952 \|page \= 266 \| volume \= 97 \| number \= 5 \| publisher\= Popular Mechanics Company \| url \= https://archive.org/details/PopularMechanics1952/Popular\_Mechanics\_05\_1952/page/n275/mode/2up \|via\=Internet Archive }}
In 1953, Pontiac came with a new body style, offering a {{convert\|122\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} wheelbase, and sleeker lines. The windshield was now one piece, and a panoramic rear window was standard. Pontiacs sported accentuated bubbled\-up fins in the rear for the first time in 1953\. The six\-cylinder engine was standard. There was a lower\-equipped Chieftain Special and a better\-equipped Chieftain Deluxe line, as well as the Custom Catalina two\-door hardtop coupe. A light\-up plastic Chief Pontiac hood ornament that illuminated with the headlights adorned the front end.{{Cite book \| title \= Standard Catalog of Pontiac, 1926\-2002 \| edition \= 2nd \| first \= John \| last \= Gunnell \| ref \= GunPon \| publisher \= Krause Publications \| location \= Iola, WI \| page \= 70 \| date \= 2012 \| isbn \= 978\-1\-4402\-3234\-3 }}
The [Star Chief](/wiki/Pontiac_Star_Chief "Pontiac Star Chief") was added to the Pontiac line in 1954 and the Chieftain was moved down to entry level status. Both cars were built on the A\-body shell, but the new Star Chief had an {{convert\|11\|in\|mm\|0\|abbr\=on}} extension added to its frame. Also in 1954, output of the eight\-cylinder engines increased by about nine horsepower due to carburetor changes, up to {{cvt\|122\|hp\|kW\|0}} for the manual and {{cvt\|127\|hp\|kW\|0}} for the Hydra\-Matic. The six\-cylinder engines remained unchanged.{{rp\|73}}
Pontiac was the last GM division to abandon its prewar inline eight engines as Oldsmobile and Cadillac had adopted modern OHV V8s in 1949 and Buick in 1953; Chevrolet had never has an inline eight. The 1953\-54 Pontiacs had been meant for the division's new OHV 287 V8; however, Buick division managers succeeded in delaying its launch until 1955 to avoid upstaging their "Nailhead" Buick V8\.
Partially because of competition from Chevrolet, Oldsmobile, and Buick, and partially because Pontiac still lacked a V8, total sales fell by 30% in 1954\.
Also in 1954, power brakes, "power lift" windows (only for the front doors), as well as air\-conditioning were offered as extra cost options for the first time.{{cite web\| url \= http://oldcarbrochures.org/July%202020/1954%20Pontiac%20Accessories/slides/1954%20Pontiac%20Accessories\-Side%20B.html\| title \= The Old Car Manual Project Brochure Collection\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-date\=2020\-10\-18\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018003922/http://oldcarbrochures.org/July%202020/1954%20Pontiac%20Accessories/slides/1954%20Pontiac%20Accessories\-Side%20B.html}} The 1954 Pontiacs have the distinction of the first production car in the US to have an air conditioning system in the modern sense with in\-dash controls. In addition, a far more responsive and fully adjustable front seat was added.
File:1949 Pontiac Chieftan Silver Streak Sedan (8397764366\).jpg\|1949 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe 4\-Door Sedan
File:1950 Pontiac Chieftan Silver Streak Sedan (23886297593\).jpg\|1950 Pontiac Chieftain
File:Pontiac Chieftain 1951\.jpg\|1951 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe Convertible
File:52 Pontiac (9120307389\).jpg\|1952 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe Two\-Door Sedan
File:Pontiac Chieftain sedan 1953 at rest at Schaffen\-Diest Fly\-Drive 2013\.JPG\|1953 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe Four\-Door Sedan
File:1954 Pontiac Chieftain Special Six two\-door sedan, front left.jpg\|1954 Pontiac Chieftain Special Six two\-door sedan, with considerably less chrome than the Deluxe models
File:1954 Pontiac Chieftain Special Station Wagon.jpg\|1954 Pontiac Chieftain Special Station Wagon
{{clear}}
|
[
"First generation (1949–1954\\)\n-----------------------------",
"{{Infobox automobile\n\\| name \\= First generation\n\\| image \\= 1950 Pontiac Chieftain Deluxe Coupe (16290382196\\).jpg\n\\| caption \\= 1950 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe Sedan Coupe\n\\| model\\_years \\= 1949–1954\n\\| engine \\= {{unbulleted list \\| {{convert\\|239\\.2\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[Pontiac Straight\\-6 engine\\|L\\-head]] \\[\\[Straight\\-six engine\\|I6]] \\| {{convert\\|268\\.2\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} \\[\\[L\\-head]] \\[\\[Pontiac Straight\\-8 engine\\|Silver\\-Streak]] \\[\\[Straight\\-eight engine\\|I8]] (1949–1951\\) \\| {{convert\\|268\\.4\\|cuin\\|L\\|1\\|abbr\\=on}} L\\-head Silver\\-Streak I8 (1952–1954\\) }}\n\\| transmission \\= \n\\| related \\= \\[\\[Chevrolet Deluxe]]\n\\| wheelbase \\=1949\\-51: {{convert\\|120\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} \n1952\\-54: {{convert\\|122\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| length \\=1949\\-51: {{convert\\|5143\\.5\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} \n 1952: {{convert\\|5144\\|mm\\|in\\|1\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} \n1953–1954: {{convert\\|5150\\|mm\\|in\\|abbr\\=on}}\n\\| width \\={{convert\\|75\\.8\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}(1949–1952\\) \n{{convert\\|76\\.6\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} (1953–1954\\){{cite book\\|last\\=Flory, Jr.\\|first\\=J. \"Kelly\"\\|title\\=American Cars, 1946\\-1959 Every Model Every Year\\|year\\=2008\\|publisher\\=McFarland \\& Company, Inc., Publishers\\|isbn\\=978\\-0\\-7864\\-3229\\-5}}\n\\| height \\= {{convert\\|63\\.3\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}}{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Pontiac/1954%20Pontiac/1954\\_Pontiac\\_Prestige\\_Brochure/1954%20Pontiac%20Prestige\\-24\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Pontiac/1954 Pontiac/1954\\_Pontiac\\_Prestige\\_Brochure \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-12\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=2017\\-06\\-08\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608112948/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Pontiac/1954%20Pontiac/1954\\_Pontiac\\_Prestige\\_Brochure/1954%20Pontiac%20Prestige\\-24\\.html}}\n\\| weight \\=1949\\-51: {{convert\\|1535\\|\\-\\|1557\\|kg\\|lb\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}} \n1952\\-54: {{convert\\|1691\\|\\-\\|1564\\|kg\\|lb\\|0\\|abbr\\=on\\|order\\=flip}}\n\\| platform \\= \\[\\[GM A platform]]\n\\| layout \\= \\[\\[FR layout]]\n\\| body\\_style \\= 2\\-door \\[\\[sedan (car)\\|sedan]] \n 4\\-door \\[\\[sedan (car)\\|sedan]] \n 2\\-door \\[\\[coupe]] \n 2\\-door \\[\\[hardtop]] \n 2\\-door \\[\\[convertible]] \n 4\\-door \\[\\[station wagon]]\n}}",
"In 1949 the [A\\-body](/wiki/GM_A_platform \"GM A platform\") Chieftain replaced the [Pontiac Torpedo](/wiki/Pontiac_Torpedo \"Pontiac Torpedo\") as Pontiac's smaller and lower priced model. However, the newly redesigned [B\\-bodied](/wiki/GM_B_platform \"GM B platform\") [Pontiac Streamliner](/wiki/Pontiac_Streamliner \"Pontiac Streamliner\") was now very similar (if not exact) in dimensions, engines, trim levels and options. This was the first time since 1934 that all Pontiacs had the same wheelbase. They had standard automatic interior lighting.",
"The Chieftain was initially introduced with four models: [Sedan](/wiki/Sedan_%28car%29 \"Sedan (car)\"), [Sedan Coupe](/wiki/Coup%C3%A9 \"Coupé\"), Business Coupe, and Deluxe Convertible Coupe. In 1950, a Catalina Coupe was added to the range while a [station wagon](/wiki/Station_wagon \"Station wagon\") was added in 1952, with the demise of the top\\-of\\-the\\-line Streamliner wagon.John Gunnell, Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975, Revised 4th Edition, pages 695\\-708",
"1949 Chieftains came with a choice of four engines:\n* a 239\\.2 cu in L\\-head [6\\-cylinder](/wiki/Straight-six_engine \"Straight-six engine\") engine making {{convert\\|90\\|hp}} at 3400 rpm\n* a 239\\.2 cu in L\\-head 6\\-cylinder engine making {{convert\\|93\\|hp}} at 3400 rpm\n* a 248\\.9 cu in L\\-head [8\\-cylinder](/wiki/Straight-eight_engine \"Straight-eight engine\") making {{convert\\|103\\|hp}} at 3800 rpm\n* a 248\\.9 cu in L\\-head 8\\-cylinder making {{convert\\|106\\|hp}} at 3800 rpm",
"The horsepower differences between each of the 6\\- and 8\\-cylinder engines were due to changes in compression ratios.",
"Some of the more interesting optional items available for the first generation Chieftain included a radio with seven vacuum tubes, tissue dispenser, under seat heaters, and a Remington Auto\\-Home shaver. In 1951, the horsepower on the 8\\-cylinder rose to 116\\. The Chieftain came with a gas gauge, ammeter, oil pressure gauge, and a temperature gauge which had marks for 160, 180, and 220 degrees Fahrenheit.{{cite web\\|url\\=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Pontiac/1950\\_Pontiac/1950\\_Pontiac\\_Owners\\_Manual/1950%20Pontiac%20owner%20s%20manual%20\\-%20Pg%2006%20\\-%2007\\.html \\|title\\=Directory Index: Pontiac/1950\\_Pontiac/1950\\_Pontiac\\_Owners\\_Manual \\|publisher\\=Oldcarbrochures.com \\|access\\-date\\=2011\\-11\\-12\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=2016\\-03\\-04\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084513/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Pontiac/1950\\_Pontiac/1950\\_Pontiac\\_Owners\\_Manual/1950%20Pontiac%20owner%20s%20manual%20\\-%20Pg%2006%20\\-%2007\\.html}}",
"For the 1952 model year, Pontiac discontinued the Streamliner leaving the Chieftain as their only offering. The Chieftain continued with the 120 inch wheelbase. Engine offerings were basically the same except for the [8\\-cylinder](/wiki/Straight-8 \"Straight-8\") which got a .2 cubic inch enlargement. Horsepower did increase by 10 on the [six\\-cylinder](/wiki/Straight-six_engine \"Straight-six engine\") and by 15 on the eight\\-cylinder. Also, a red light to remind the driver that the parking brake was on was new. In the May 1952 issue of [Popular Mechanics](/wiki/Popular_Mechanics \"Popular Mechanics\"), the Chieftain was rated 14\\.9 seconds for a 0\\-60 mph time. Front head room was 36 inches, while rear head room was 35\\.75 inches.{{cite journal\\|title\\= The Owners Report on the '52 Pontiac \\| first \\= Floyd \\| last \\= Clymer \\|journal\\=Popular Mechanics Magazine\\|date\\=May 1952 \\|page \\= 266 \\| volume \\= 97 \\| number \\= 5 \\| publisher\\= Popular Mechanics Company \\| url \\= https://archive.org/details/PopularMechanics1952/Popular\\_Mechanics\\_05\\_1952/page/n275/mode/2up \\|via\\=Internet Archive }}",
"In 1953, Pontiac came with a new body style, offering a {{convert\\|122\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} wheelbase, and sleeker lines. The windshield was now one piece, and a panoramic rear window was standard. Pontiacs sported accentuated bubbled\\-up fins in the rear for the first time in 1953\\. The six\\-cylinder engine was standard. There was a lower\\-equipped Chieftain Special and a better\\-equipped Chieftain Deluxe line, as well as the Custom Catalina two\\-door hardtop coupe. A light\\-up plastic Chief Pontiac hood ornament that illuminated with the headlights adorned the front end.{{Cite book \\| title \\= Standard Catalog of Pontiac, 1926\\-2002 \\| edition \\= 2nd \\| first \\= John \\| last \\= Gunnell \\| ref \\= GunPon \\| publisher \\= Krause Publications \\| location \\= Iola, WI \\| page \\= 70 \\| date \\= 2012 \\| isbn \\= 978\\-1\\-4402\\-3234\\-3 }}",
"The [Star Chief](/wiki/Pontiac_Star_Chief \"Pontiac Star Chief\") was added to the Pontiac line in 1954 and the Chieftain was moved down to entry level status. Both cars were built on the A\\-body shell, but the new Star Chief had an {{convert\\|11\\|in\\|mm\\|0\\|abbr\\=on}} extension added to its frame. Also in 1954, output of the eight\\-cylinder engines increased by about nine horsepower due to carburetor changes, up to {{cvt\\|122\\|hp\\|kW\\|0}} for the manual and {{cvt\\|127\\|hp\\|kW\\|0}} for the Hydra\\-Matic. The six\\-cylinder engines remained unchanged.{{rp\\|73}}",
"Pontiac was the last GM division to abandon its prewar inline eight engines as Oldsmobile and Cadillac had adopted modern OHV V8s in 1949 and Buick in 1953; Chevrolet had never has an inline eight. The 1953\\-54 Pontiacs had been meant for the division's new OHV 287 V8; however, Buick division managers succeeded in delaying its launch until 1955 to avoid upstaging their \"Nailhead\" Buick V8\\.",
"Partially because of competition from Chevrolet, Oldsmobile, and Buick, and partially because Pontiac still lacked a V8, total sales fell by 30% in 1954\\.",
"Also in 1954, power brakes, \"power lift\" windows (only for the front doors), as well as air\\-conditioning were offered as extra cost options for the first time.{{cite web\\| url \\= http://oldcarbrochures.org/July%202020/1954%20Pontiac%20Accessories/slides/1954%20Pontiac%20Accessories\\-Side%20B.html\\| title \\= The Old Car Manual Project Brochure Collection\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-18\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018003922/http://oldcarbrochures.org/July%202020/1954%20Pontiac%20Accessories/slides/1954%20Pontiac%20Accessories\\-Side%20B.html}} The 1954 Pontiacs have the distinction of the first production car in the US to have an air conditioning system in the modern sense with in\\-dash controls. In addition, a far more responsive and fully adjustable front seat was added.",
"",
"File:1949 Pontiac Chieftan Silver Streak Sedan (8397764366\\).jpg\\|1949 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe 4\\-Door Sedan\nFile:1950 Pontiac Chieftan Silver Streak Sedan (23886297593\\).jpg\\|1950 Pontiac Chieftain\nFile:Pontiac Chieftain 1951\\.jpg\\|1951 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe Convertible\nFile:52 Pontiac (9120307389\\).jpg\\|1952 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe Two\\-Door Sedan\nFile:Pontiac Chieftain sedan 1953 at rest at Schaffen\\-Diest Fly\\-Drive 2013\\.JPG\\|1953 Pontiac Chieftain De Luxe Four\\-Door Sedan\nFile:1954 Pontiac Chieftain Special Six two\\-door sedan, front left.jpg\\|1954 Pontiac Chieftain Special Six two\\-door sedan, with considerably less chrome than the Deluxe models\nFile:1954 Pontiac Chieftain Special Station Wagon.jpg\\|1954 Pontiac Chieftain Special Station Wagon",
"",
"{{clear}}",
""
] |
History
-------
### Aboriginal history and name
The area of land now known as Girilambone lies within the traditional lands of the [Wangaaypuwan](/wiki/Wangaaypuwan "Wangaaypuwan") dialect speakers (also known as Wangaibon) of the [Ngiyampaa](/wiki/Ngiyampaa "Ngiyampaa") people.{{Cite web \|last\=Studies \|first\=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander \|date\=2022\-11\-10 \|title\=Map of Indigenous Australia \|url\=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map\-indigenous\-australia \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16 \|website\=aiatsis.gov.au \|language\=en}}
The name Girilambone is an [anglicised](/wiki/Anglicisation "Anglicisation") word, derived from the local language, for 'place of many stars'[Girilambone](http://www.smh.com.au/news/New-South-Wales/Girilambone/2005/02/17/1108500193566.html) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013005108/http://www.smh.com.au/news/New\-South\-Wales/Girilambone/2005/02/17/1108500193566\.html\|date\=13 October 2008}}. [Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald "Sydney Morning Herald"), 8 February 2004\. or 'place of falling stars'.{{Cite web \|date\=2016\-06\-04 \|title\=Girilambone \- Place of Falling Stars: Gadi Mirrabooka story \|url\=https://www.gadimirrabooka.com/aboriginal\-stories/23\-33/girilambone\-place\-of\-falling\-stars \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16 \|language\=en\-AU}} The name is associated with a [dreamtime](/wiki/The_Dreaming "The Dreaming") story of the local people. The story may relate to an astronomical event, as a large [meteorite](/wiki/Meteorite "Meteorite") was found 70km south\-west of Girilambone, in 1909\. It was 32kg in weight, but reports seem to differ on whether its surface condition indicated that it landed long ago or more recently.{{Cite journal \|last\=McQueen \|first\=Ken \|date\=October 2018 \|title\=Copper under the stars: The history of discovery and mining at Girilambone, north\-west New South Wales \|url\=https://smedg.org.au/wp\-content/uploads/2020/07/Ken%20McQueen%20Girilambone%20Discovery%20\&%20Mining%20History.pdf \|journal\=Journal of Australasian Mining History \|volume\=16}}{{Cite news \|date\=1909\-11\-06 \|title\=DISCOVERY OF A METEORITE. \|pages\=13 \|work\=Daily Telegraph \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article238222764 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16}}
In 1907, there were no Aboriginal people recorded as living at Girilambone.{{Cite web \|date\=1908 \|title\=ABORIGINES.(REPORT OF BOARD FOR THE PROTECTION OF, FOR YEAR 1907\) \|url\=https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/digitised\_collections/remove/22926\.pdf \|publisher\=Legislative Assembly of New South Wales \|page\=18}} At the 2021 census, some people living in Girilambone were recorded as having Aboriginal ancestry.
### Settler history
[left\|thumb\|Copper mine and smelting works, 1899\|222x222px](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p121_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE_AND_SMELTING_WORKS.jpg "CARNE(1899) p121 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE AND SMELTING WORKS.jpg")
The presence of copper ore in the area was first noticed in 1875\.[thumb\|Copper mine, 1899\|left\|221x221px](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p127_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE.jpg "CARNE(1899) p127 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE.jpg")
In early 1880, mining commenced on a small scale at the Girilambone Copper Mine—3 km west of Girilambone—and in 1881 a [reverberatory smelter](/wiki/Reverberatory_smelter "Reverberatory smelter") was built.{{Cite web\|last\=Kass\|first\=Terry\|date\=March 2012\|title\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \- Draft Report March\_2012\.pdf\|url\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=27 May 2020\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|pages\=24, 25}} Giriambone was initially founded as a privately owned mining town.{{Cite web\|last\=Kass\|first\=Terry\|date\=March 2012\|title\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \- Draft Report March\_2012\.pdf\|url\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=27 May 2020\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|pages\=37–40}} In late 1880, a 100\-acre block, east of the copper mine and adjacent to the planned railway line, was surveyed and the plan of a private subdivision of it was made. This land is on the western side of the railway line, and two of its streets are the modern\-day Sydney Road—then 'Great Northern Road'—and Railway Road. Girilambone originally developed on this land, which was also the site of the first school, which opened in 1882\.{{Cite web\|last\=Kass\|first\=Terry\|date\=March 2012\|title\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \- Draft Report March\_2012\.pdf\|url\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=27 May 2020\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|pages\=62}}{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=Girilambone Mine\|url\=https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\=3307\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011311/https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\=3307\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-20\|website\=nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au}} Other streets of the private town were, Girilambone, Louisa, Oxide, Carbonate, Malachite and Suphate Streets, Australia Parade, and the incongruously\-named Rue d'Enfer{{Cite web\|last\=Kass\|first\=Terry\|date\=March 2012\|title\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \- Draft Report March\_2012\.pdf\|url\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\_Thematic\_History\_\-\_Draft\_March\_2012\.pdf\|archive\-date\=27 May 2020\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|pages\=39}} (named after [a former street of Paris](/wiki/Barri%C3%A8re_d%27Enfer "Barrière d'Enfer")).
When the [Main Western railway line](/wiki/Main_Western_railway_line%2C_New_South_Wales "Main Western railway line, New South Wales") reached Girilambone in 1884, a government village was surveyed on the eastern side of the new railway line and the railway station was built on that eastern side. The railway station opened, in 1884, with the name 'Giralambone', The station's name was altered to its current form in 1889\.[Girilambone station](http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Girilambone&line=NSW:main_west:0) {{Webarchive\|url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730192915/http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name\=NSW:Girilambone\&line\=NSW:main\_west:0\|date\=30 July 2008}}. NSWrail.net, accessed 8 September 2009\.
For some decades, there were two Girilambone settlements; the original privately owned mining town—thereafter called Girilambone Mine—and the newer government village of Girilambone vied with each other for dominance. The focus of the settlement gradually shifted to the government village; some businesses migrated to the newer village and others to [Nyngan](/wiki/Nyngan "Nyngan"). The town allotments of the older Girilambone, west of the railway line, are still visible on Google Maps{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=Girilambone\|url\=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Girilambone\+NSW\+2831/@\-31\.2482875,146\.8989191,17z/data\=!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b03fdf112cadd49:0x40609b4904372a0!8m2!3d\-31\.1028991!4d147\.0803318\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011207/https://www.google.com/gen\_204?v\=3\&s\=tactile\&action\=vtworker\&srt\=366\&tbsrt\=429\&tran\=15\&conn\=onchange\&ei\=UjODYduPLvOf0PEPwqC\-yAY\&cad\=vws:17961\.224999977276,cr:wccf10,ct:2,jsv:20211101\.1,cz:17,w:1299,h:40760,sc:0,drv:m\&e\=10202786,10202788,10203448,10203487,10203489,10203509,10203568,10203575,10203988,10204020,10204034,10204112,10204121,10204174,10204226,10204258,10204417,10204423,10204434,10204493,10204507,10204517,10204520,10204567,10204684,10204732,10204736,10204743,10204762,10204786,1381033,1368782,1368785,4592408,1375050,4536287\&atyp\=csi\&rt\=noop.1\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-03\|website\=Google Maps\|language\=en}} but virtually nothing remains of the first Girilambone. This is probably the reason that the Mitchell Highway (Sydney Road) bypasses the village centre; it passes instead along one side of the site of the older private town.[thumb\|Smelting works, 1899\|leftAt](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p135_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE%2C_SMELTIMG_WORKS.jpg "CARNE(1899) p135 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE, SMELTIMG WORKS.jpg") the 1891 census, Girilambone had a population of 161 in 34 'habitations'. In 1897, a new public school was opened in the government village{{Cite web\|last\=\|first\=\|date\=\|title\=Girilambone (2\)\|url\=https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\=3305\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011148/https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\=3305\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|access\-date\=2020\-12\-20\|website\=nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au}}—the older school became known as Girilambone Mine Public School, until it closed in 1904—and in 1894 a new post office opened—the older post office (opened in 1881\) became known as Girilambone Mine, until it closed in 1919—in the government village. In 1899, a new police station and lock\-up was opened.{{Cite web\|title\=Post Office Details \- PPA (Girilambone)\|url\=http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi\-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\=NSW\&filter\=\*Girilambone\*\|website\=www.phoenixauctions.com.au\|access\-date\=27 January 2021\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011149/http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi\-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\=NSW\&filter\=%2AGirilambone%2A\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|Former Catholic church, 2007](/wiki/File:Former_Catholic_Church%2C_Girilambone%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_2007.jpg "Former Catholic Church, Girilambone, New South Wales, 2007.jpg")
In 1895, the Girilambone Copper Mine—a victim of low copper prices—was sold, as one lot, at auction, by its creditor, the [Australian Joint Stock Bank](/wiki/Australian_Joint_Stock_Bank "Australian Joint Stock Bank"). In 1896, the Girilambone Copper Mining Co. was formed and the main period of copper production began; it lasted until 1901\. During this period, the price of copper had increased. On 11 January 1901, buildings at the mine and in the village were extensively damaged—some totally destroyed—by violent winds, described as a 'hurricane.'
From April 1901 onward, the copper price declined, reaching a level, by the end of 1901, at which mining became uneconomic. In 1902, the Girilambone Copper Mining Co.was wound up by its liquidator and its assets transferred into a new company Girilambone Mining Co. (No Liability). Mining restarted and continued until around 1910\.{{Cite news\|date\=1901\-12\-24\|title\=THE PRICE OF COPPER.\|pages\=6\|work\=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 \- 1954\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article14450565\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011233/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14450565\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=1901\-12\-27\|title\=MINING.\|pages\=2\|work\=Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser (Qld. : 1860 \- 1947\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article148155561\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011241/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148155561\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=1896\-10\-30\|title\=MEMORANDUM FOR REGISTRATION OF THE GIRILAMBONE COPPER\-MINING COMPANY (NoLIABILITY).\|pages\=7818\|work\=New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, NSW : 1832 \- 1900\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article222365369\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011154/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/222365369\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=1895\-09\-21\|title\=Advertising\|pages\=15\|work\=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 \- 1954\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article14017739\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011156/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14017739\|url\-status\=live}}{{Cite news\|date\=1901\-01\-16\|title\=HURRICANE AT GIRILAMBONE.\|pages\=6\|work\=Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 \- 1931\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article114017866\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011154/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/114017866\|url\-status\=live}} There were other mines between Girilambone and Hermidale, some relatively close to Girilambone.{{Cite web\|title\=Girilambone Copper Mine (Murrawombie open pit; West Bogan Mine; West Bogan No.5 block), Girilambone, Canbelego Co., New South Wales, Australia\|url\=https://www.mindat.org/loc\-16762\.html\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-03\|website\=www.mindat.org\|archive\-date\=19 April 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419194509/https://www.mindat.org/loc\-16762\.html\|url\-status\=live}}
[thumb\|Former St Paul's Anglican Church, 2007](/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Anglican_Church_%28former%29%2C_Myall_Street%2C_Girilambone%2C_2007.jpg "St Paul's Anglican Church (former), Myall Street, Girilambone, 2007.jpg")
On Sunday 16 July 1898, Reverend Father Daly of the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus "Society of Jesus") opened and blessed a Catholic church on the eastern corner of Sirius and Myall Streets ({{Coord\|\-31\.2459\|146\.9049\|type:landmark\_region:AU\-NSW\|name\=Catholic church (former)}}). It is now closed but still extant.{{cite news\|date\=15 July 1898\|title\=NYNGAN.\|volume\=XI\|page\=6\|newspaper\=\[\[Western Champion]]\|issue\=3\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article112289404\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=4 November 2021}}{{cite news\|date\=19 February 1898\|title\=NYNGAN NOTES.\|volume\=XLIX\|page\=15\|newspaper\=\[\[The Freeman's Journal (Sydney)\|Freeman's Journal]]\|issue\=3085\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article115387957\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=5 November 2021}}{{Cite web\|title\=Girilambone Catholic Church \- Former\|url\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/catholic/directory/8702\-girilambone\-catholic\-church\-former\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-04\|website\=Churches Australia\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011240/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/catholic/directory/8702\-girilambone\-catholic\-church\-former}}
On Friday 17 January 1913 a [Union Church](/wiki/Union_Church_%28Australia%29 "Union Church (Australia)") (intended for the use of all denominations) was opened by Mrs Elletson with around 300 people in attendance.{{cite news\|date\=25 January 1913\|title\=Girilambone.\|volume\=XLIX\|page\=5\|newspaper\=\[\[Western Herald (Bourke)\|Western Herald]]\|issue\=84\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article103972316\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=5 November 2021}}{{cite news\|date\=30 January 1913\|title\=THE CHURCHES.\|page\=4\|newspaper\=\[\[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)\|The Daily Telegraph]]\|issue\=10,510\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article238626271\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=5 November 2021}}
In 1915, Girilambone's population was estimated at 400,{{Cite news\|date\=1915\-11\-05\|title\=GIRILAMBONE PATRIOTIC FUND.\|pages\=6\|work\=Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate (NSW : 1894 \- 1954\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article77601891\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-04\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011157/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77601891\|url\-status\=live}} but, by 1931, was 317\.{{Cite news\|date\=1931\-03\-12\|title\=DUBBO HAS 12,862 POPULATION\|pages\=3\|work\=Dubbo Dispatch and Wellington Independent (NSW : 1887 \- 1932\)\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article230976598\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-05\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011313/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230976598\|url\-status\=live}} At the 1933 census, the village's population was 156 with 136 others in the surrounding area.
St Paul's Anglican Church in Myall Street ({{Coord\|\-31\.2468\|146\.9057\|type:landmark\_region:AU\-NSW\|name\=St Paul's Anglican Church (former)}}) held its first service on 30 August 1925\. The church building was a former shop relocated from Cobar, erected by Mr Howarth of Nyngan.{{cite news\|date\=7 November 1924\|title\=NYAGAN.\|volume\=15\|page\=2\|newspaper\=\[\[Western Age]]\|issue\=1226\|location\=New South Wales, Australia\|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article137156091\|via\=National Library of Australia\|accessdate\=5 November 2021}} It is now closed but still extant in private ownership.{{Cite web\|title\=St Paul's Anglican Church \- Former\|url\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/8685\-st\-pauland\#39;s\-anglican\-church\-former\|url\-status\=live\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-04\|website\=Churches Australia\|language\=en\|archive\-date\=4 November 2021\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011155/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\-of\-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/8685\-st\-pauland\#39;s\-anglican\-church\-former}}
[thumb\|Former railway station buildings, 2007](/wiki/File:Girilambone_railway_station_buildings_%28former%29%2C_2007.jpg "Girilambone railway station buildings (former), 2007.jpg")
The police station closed in 1975, and the railway station in 1986\.
The village has two cemeteries, one established 1901 on Arcturus Street and an older one on Sydney Road (Mitchell Highway); the Old Girilambone Cemetery lies closer to the original mining settlement, west of the railway, and has not been used for many years.{{Cite web \|title\=Australian Cemeteries Index \- Cemetery 1469 \- Girilambone Old \|url\=https://austcemindex.com/cemetery.php?cemid\=1469 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16 \|website\=austcemindex.com}}{{Cite web \|title\=Australian Cemeteries Index \- Cemetery 38 \- Girilambone \|url\=https://austcemindex.com/cemetery.php?cemid\=38 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16 \|website\=austcemindex.com}} The newer Girilambone Cemetery is the resting place of Helena ('Ellen') Kerz, who was murdered by [Jimmy Governor](/wiki/Jimmy_Governor "Jimmy Governor"), on 20 July 1900, at [Breelong](/wiki/Breelong%2C_New_South_Wales "Breelong, New South Wales").{{Cite news \|date\=1900\-07\-25 \|title\=FUNERAL OF THE VICTIMS. \|pages\=8 \|work\=Sydney Morning Herald \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article14326257 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16}}{{Cite news \|date\=1900\-12\-01 \|title\=Jimmy Governor. \|pages\=2 \|work\=Murrurundi Times and Liverpool Plains Gazette \|url\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\-article130528070 \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16}}
The old Girilambone Copper Mine deposit was the upper (oxide ore) levels of a larger deposit, now known as the Murrawombie deposit. This deposit was mined again, by open pit methods, from 1993 to 2002\. In 2008, a new underground mine to mine the deeper, sulphide ores was opened but mining was soon suspended due to economic conditions; mining operations restarted in late 2015\.{{Cite web\|last1\=Cox\|first1\=Brad\|last2\=Sheppard\|first2\=Ian\|date\=30 June 2019\|title\=MURRAWOMBIE DEPOSIT \- Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimate Statement\|url\=https://www.aerisresources.com.au/wp\-content/uploads/2019/12/Murrawombie\-Mineral\-Resources\-and\-Ore\-Reserve\-Estimate\-30\-June\-2019\.pdf\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228190551/https://www.aerisresources.com.au/wp\-content/uploads/2019/12/Murrawombie\-Mineral\-Resources\-and\-Ore\-Reserve\-Estimate\-30\-June\-2019\.pdf\|archive\-date\=28 February 2021\|access\-date\=\|website\=\|publisher\=AERIS RESOURCES LIMITED}} Although mining has resumed, that has had little direct benefit to Girilambone.
In 2019, the N.S.W. government announced funding to repair the derelict railway station building and to repurpose it as a visitor centre with a museum and Indigenous art gallery.{{Cite web\|date\=2019\-07\-19\|title\=NSW Government's Drought Stimulus Package providing $1 million for tourism in Bogan Shire {{!}} NSW Government\|url\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/media\-releases/nsw\-governments\-drought\-stimulus\-package\-providing\-1\-million\-for\-tourism\-bogan\-shire\|url\-status\=live\|archive\-url\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127205814/https://www.nsw.gov.au/media\-releases/nsw\-governments\-drought\-stimulus\-package\-providing\-1\-million\-for\-tourism\-bogan\-shire\|archive\-date\=27 January 2021\|access\-date\=2020\-10\-28\|website\=www.nsw.gov.au\|language\=en\-AU}}{{Cite web\|title\=Girilambone Railway revitalisation\|url\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/drought\-stimulus\-package/girilambone\-railway\-revitalisation\|access\-date\=2021\-11\-05\|website\=\[\[NSW Government]]\|language\=en\-AU}} Work on the restoration and renovation of the old building was well under way in September 2022\.{{Cite web \|last\=Times \|first\=The Coonamble \|date\=2022\-09\-09 \|title\=Reviving Girilambone's historic railway station \|url\=https://www.coonambletimes.com.au/reviving\-girilambones\-historic\-railway\-station/ \|access\-date\=2022\-10\-16 \|website\=The Coonamble Times \|language\=en\-AU}}
Alfred "Tony" Lodge (1939 \- 2018\) was a successful farmer in the area until his departure to [Orange, New South Wales](/wiki/Orange%2C_New_South_Wales "Orange, New South Wales") with his family in 1977\.
|
[
"History\n-------",
"### Aboriginal history and name",
"The area of land now known as Girilambone lies within the traditional lands of the [Wangaaypuwan](/wiki/Wangaaypuwan \"Wangaaypuwan\") dialect speakers (also known as Wangaibon) of the [Ngiyampaa](/wiki/Ngiyampaa \"Ngiyampaa\") people.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Studies \\|first\\=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander \\|date\\=2022\\-11\\-10 \\|title\\=Map of Indigenous Australia \\|url\\=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map\\-indigenous\\-australia \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=aiatsis.gov.au \\|language\\=en}}",
"The name Girilambone is an [anglicised](/wiki/Anglicisation \"Anglicisation\") word, derived from the local language, for 'place of many stars'[Girilambone](http://www.smh.com.au/news/New-South-Wales/Girilambone/2005/02/17/1108500193566.html) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013005108/http://www.smh.com.au/news/New\\-South\\-Wales/Girilambone/2005/02/17/1108500193566\\.html\\|date\\=13 October 2008}}. [Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald \"Sydney Morning Herald\"), 8 February 2004\\. or 'place of falling stars'.{{Cite web \\|date\\=2016\\-06\\-04 \\|title\\=Girilambone \\- Place of Falling Stars: Gadi Mirrabooka story \\|url\\=https://www.gadimirrabooka.com/aboriginal\\-stories/23\\-33/girilambone\\-place\\-of\\-falling\\-stars \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16 \\|language\\=en\\-AU}} The name is associated with a [dreamtime](/wiki/The_Dreaming \"The Dreaming\") story of the local people. The story may relate to an astronomical event, as a large [meteorite](/wiki/Meteorite \"Meteorite\") was found 70km south\\-west of Girilambone, in 1909\\. It was 32kg in weight, but reports seem to differ on whether its surface condition indicated that it landed long ago or more recently.{{Cite journal \\|last\\=McQueen \\|first\\=Ken \\|date\\=October 2018 \\|title\\=Copper under the stars: The history of discovery and mining at Girilambone, north\\-west New South Wales \\|url\\=https://smedg.org.au/wp\\-content/uploads/2020/07/Ken%20McQueen%20Girilambone%20Discovery%20\\&%20Mining%20History.pdf \\|journal\\=Journal of Australasian Mining History \\|volume\\=16}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=1909\\-11\\-06 \\|title\\=DISCOVERY OF A METEORITE. \\|pages\\=13 \\|work\\=Daily Telegraph \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article238222764 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16}}",
"In 1907, there were no Aboriginal people recorded as living at Girilambone.{{Cite web \\|date\\=1908 \\|title\\=ABORIGINES.(REPORT OF BOARD FOR THE PROTECTION OF, FOR YEAR 1907\\) \\|url\\=https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/digitised\\_collections/remove/22926\\.pdf \\|publisher\\=Legislative Assembly of New South Wales \\|page\\=18}} At the 2021 census, some people living in Girilambone were recorded as having Aboriginal ancestry.",
"### Settler history",
"[left\\|thumb\\|Copper mine and smelting works, 1899\\|222x222px](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p121_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE_AND_SMELTING_WORKS.jpg \"CARNE(1899) p121 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE AND SMELTING WORKS.jpg\")",
"The presence of copper ore in the area was first noticed in 1875\\.[thumb\\|Copper mine, 1899\\|left\\|221x221px](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p127_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE.jpg \"CARNE(1899) p127 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE.jpg\")",
"In early 1880, mining commenced on a small scale at the Girilambone Copper Mine—3 km west of Girilambone—and in 1881 a [reverberatory smelter](/wiki/Reverberatory_smelter \"Reverberatory smelter\") was built.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kass\\|first\\=Terry\\|date\\=March 2012\\|title\\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \\- Draft Report March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|pages\\=24, 25}} Giriambone was initially founded as a privately owned mining town.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kass\\|first\\=Terry\\|date\\=March 2012\\|title\\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \\- Draft Report March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|pages\\=37–40}} In late 1880, a 100\\-acre block, east of the copper mine and adjacent to the planned railway line, was surveyed and the plan of a private subdivision of it was made. This land is on the western side of the railway line, and two of its streets are the modern\\-day Sydney Road—then 'Great Northern Road'—and Railway Road. Girilambone originally developed on this land, which was also the site of the first school, which opened in 1882\\.{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kass\\|first\\=Terry\\|date\\=March 2012\\|title\\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \\- Draft Report March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|pages\\=62}}{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Girilambone Mine\\|url\\=https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\\=3307\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011311/https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\\=3307\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-20\\|website\\=nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au}} Other streets of the private town were, Girilambone, Louisa, Oxide, Carbonate, Malachite and Suphate Streets, Australia Parade, and the incongruously\\-named Rue d'Enfer{{Cite web\\|last\\=Kass\\|first\\=Terry\\|date\\=March 2012\\|title\\=A Thematic History of Bogan Shire \\- Draft Report March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\=https://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527232123/http://www.bogan.nsw.gov.au/images/PlanningAndDevelopment/Heritage/BSC\\_Thematic\\_History\\_\\-\\_Draft\\_March\\_2012\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=27 May 2020\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|pages\\=39}} (named after [a former street of Paris](/wiki/Barri%C3%A8re_d%27Enfer \"Barrière d'Enfer\")).",
"When the [Main Western railway line](/wiki/Main_Western_railway_line%2C_New_South_Wales \"Main Western railway line, New South Wales\") reached Girilambone in 1884, a government village was surveyed on the eastern side of the new railway line and the railway station was built on that eastern side. The railway station opened, in 1884, with the name 'Giralambone', The station's name was altered to its current form in 1889\\.[Girilambone station](http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name=NSW:Girilambone&line=NSW:main_west:0) {{Webarchive\\|url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730192915/http://www.nswrail.net/locations/show.php?name\\=NSW:Girilambone\\&line\\=NSW:main\\_west:0\\|date\\=30 July 2008}}. NSWrail.net, accessed 8 September 2009\\.",
"For some decades, there were two Girilambone settlements; the original privately owned mining town—thereafter called Girilambone Mine—and the newer government village of Girilambone vied with each other for dominance. The focus of the settlement gradually shifted to the government village; some businesses migrated to the newer village and others to [Nyngan](/wiki/Nyngan \"Nyngan\"). The town allotments of the older Girilambone, west of the railway line, are still visible on Google Maps{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Girilambone\\|url\\=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Girilambone\\+NSW\\+2831/@\\-31\\.2482875,146\\.8989191,17z/data\\=!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b03fdf112cadd49:0x40609b4904372a0!8m2!3d\\-31\\.1028991!4d147\\.0803318\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011207/https://www.google.com/gen\\_204?v\\=3\\&s\\=tactile\\&action\\=vtworker\\&srt\\=366\\&tbsrt\\=429\\&tran\\=15\\&conn\\=onchange\\&ei\\=UjODYduPLvOf0PEPwqC\\-yAY\\&cad\\=vws:17961\\.224999977276,cr:wccf10,ct:2,jsv:20211101\\.1,cz:17,w:1299,h:40760,sc:0,drv:m\\&e\\=10202786,10202788,10203448,10203487,10203489,10203509,10203568,10203575,10203988,10204020,10204034,10204112,10204121,10204174,10204226,10204258,10204417,10204423,10204434,10204493,10204507,10204517,10204520,10204567,10204684,10204732,10204736,10204743,10204762,10204786,1381033,1368782,1368785,4592408,1375050,4536287\\&atyp\\=csi\\&rt\\=noop.1\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-03\\|website\\=Google Maps\\|language\\=en}} but virtually nothing remains of the first Girilambone. This is probably the reason that the Mitchell Highway (Sydney Road) bypasses the village centre; it passes instead along one side of the site of the older private town.[thumb\\|Smelting works, 1899\\|leftAt](/wiki/File:CARNE%281899%29_p135_GIRILAMBONE_COPPER_MINE%2C_SMELTIMG_WORKS.jpg \"CARNE(1899) p135 GIRILAMBONE COPPER MINE, SMELTIMG WORKS.jpg\") the 1891 census, Girilambone had a population of 161 in 34 'habitations'. In 1897, a new public school was opened in the government village{{Cite web\\|last\\=\\|first\\=\\|date\\=\\|title\\=Girilambone (2\\)\\|url\\=https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\\=3305\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011148/https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId\\=3305\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-12\\-20\\|website\\=nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au}}—the older school became known as Girilambone Mine Public School, until it closed in 1904—and in 1894 a new post office opened—the older post office (opened in 1881\\) became known as Girilambone Mine, until it closed in 1919—in the government village. In 1899, a new police station and lock\\-up was opened.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Post Office Details \\- PPA (Girilambone)\\|url\\=http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi\\-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\\=NSW\\&filter\\=\\*Girilambone\\*\\|website\\=www.phoenixauctions.com.au\\|access\\-date\\=27 January 2021\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011149/http://www.phoenixauctions.com.au/cgi\\-bin/wsPhoenix.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy\\=NSW\\&filter\\=%2AGirilambone%2A\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[thumb\\|Former Catholic church, 2007](/wiki/File:Former_Catholic_Church%2C_Girilambone%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_2007.jpg \"Former Catholic Church, Girilambone, New South Wales, 2007.jpg\")\nIn 1895, the Girilambone Copper Mine—a victim of low copper prices—was sold, as one lot, at auction, by its creditor, the [Australian Joint Stock Bank](/wiki/Australian_Joint_Stock_Bank \"Australian Joint Stock Bank\"). In 1896, the Girilambone Copper Mining Co. was formed and the main period of copper production began; it lasted until 1901\\. During this period, the price of copper had increased. On 11 January 1901, buildings at the mine and in the village were extensively damaged—some totally destroyed—by violent winds, described as a 'hurricane.'",
"From April 1901 onward, the copper price declined, reaching a level, by the end of 1901, at which mining became uneconomic. In 1902, the Girilambone Copper Mining Co.was wound up by its liquidator and its assets transferred into a new company Girilambone Mining Co. (No Liability). Mining restarted and continued until around 1910\\.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1901\\-12\\-24\\|title\\=THE PRICE OF COPPER.\\|pages\\=6\\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 \\- 1954\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article14450565\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011233/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14450565\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1901\\-12\\-27\\|title\\=MINING.\\|pages\\=2\\|work\\=Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser (Qld. : 1860 \\- 1947\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article148155561\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011241/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148155561\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1896\\-10\\-30\\|title\\=MEMORANDUM FOR REGISTRATION OF THE GIRILAMBONE COPPER\\-MINING COMPANY (NoLIABILITY).\\|pages\\=7818\\|work\\=New South Wales Government Gazette (Sydney, NSW : 1832 \\- 1900\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article222365369\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011154/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/222365369\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1895\\-09\\-21\\|title\\=Advertising\\|pages\\=15\\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 \\- 1954\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article14017739\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011156/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/14017739\\|url\\-status\\=live}}{{Cite news\\|date\\=1901\\-01\\-16\\|title\\=HURRICANE AT GIRILAMBONE.\\|pages\\=6\\|work\\=Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 \\- 1931\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article114017866\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011154/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/114017866\\|url\\-status\\=live}} There were other mines between Girilambone and Hermidale, some relatively close to Girilambone.{{Cite web\\|title\\=Girilambone Copper Mine (Murrawombie open pit; West Bogan Mine; West Bogan No.5 block), Girilambone, Canbelego Co., New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=https://www.mindat.org/loc\\-16762\\.html\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-03\\|website\\=www.mindat.org\\|archive\\-date\\=19 April 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419194509/https://www.mindat.org/loc\\-16762\\.html\\|url\\-status\\=live}}\n[thumb\\|Former St Paul's Anglican Church, 2007](/wiki/File:St_Paul%27s_Anglican_Church_%28former%29%2C_Myall_Street%2C_Girilambone%2C_2007.jpg \"St Paul's Anglican Church (former), Myall Street, Girilambone, 2007.jpg\")\nOn Sunday 16 July 1898, Reverend Father Daly of the [Society of Jesus](/wiki/Society_of_Jesus \"Society of Jesus\") opened and blessed a Catholic church on the eastern corner of Sirius and Myall Streets ({{Coord\\|\\-31\\.2459\\|146\\.9049\\|type:landmark\\_region:AU\\-NSW\\|name\\=Catholic church (former)}}). It is now closed but still extant.{{cite news\\|date\\=15 July 1898\\|title\\=NYNGAN.\\|volume\\=XI\\|page\\=6\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Western Champion]]\\|issue\\=3\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article112289404\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=4 November 2021}}{{cite news\\|date\\=19 February 1898\\|title\\=NYNGAN NOTES.\\|volume\\=XLIX\\|page\\=15\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Freeman's Journal (Sydney)\\|Freeman's Journal]]\\|issue\\=3085\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article115387957\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=5 November 2021}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Girilambone Catholic Church \\- Former\\|url\\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/catholic/directory/8702\\-girilambone\\-catholic\\-church\\-former\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-04\\|website\\=Churches Australia\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011240/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/catholic/directory/8702\\-girilambone\\-catholic\\-church\\-former}}",
"On Friday 17 January 1913 a [Union Church](/wiki/Union_Church_%28Australia%29 \"Union Church (Australia)\") (intended for the use of all denominations) was opened by Mrs Elletson with around 300 people in attendance.{{cite news\\|date\\=25 January 1913\\|title\\=Girilambone.\\|volume\\=XLIX\\|page\\=5\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Western Herald (Bourke)\\|Western Herald]]\\|issue\\=84\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article103972316\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=5 November 2021}}{{cite news\\|date\\=30 January 1913\\|title\\=THE CHURCHES.\\|page\\=4\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)\\|The Daily Telegraph]]\\|issue\\=10,510\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article238626271\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=5 November 2021}}",
"In 1915, Girilambone's population was estimated at 400,{{Cite news\\|date\\=1915\\-11\\-05\\|title\\=GIRILAMBONE PATRIOTIC FUND.\\|pages\\=6\\|work\\=Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate (NSW : 1894 \\- 1954\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article77601891\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-04\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011157/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/77601891\\|url\\-status\\=live}} but, by 1931, was 317\\.{{Cite news\\|date\\=1931\\-03\\-12\\|title\\=DUBBO HAS 12,862 POPULATION\\|pages\\=3\\|work\\=Dubbo Dispatch and Wellington Independent (NSW : 1887 \\- 1932\\)\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article230976598\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-05\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011313/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/230976598\\|url\\-status\\=live}} At the 1933 census, the village's population was 156 with 136 others in the surrounding area.",
"St Paul's Anglican Church in Myall Street ({{Coord\\|\\-31\\.2468\\|146\\.9057\\|type:landmark\\_region:AU\\-NSW\\|name\\=St Paul's Anglican Church (former)}}) held its first service on 30 August 1925\\. The church building was a former shop relocated from Cobar, erected by Mr Howarth of Nyngan.{{cite news\\|date\\=7 November 1924\\|title\\=NYAGAN.\\|volume\\=15\\|page\\=2\\|newspaper\\=\\[\\[Western Age]]\\|issue\\=1226\\|location\\=New South Wales, Australia\\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article137156091\\|via\\=National Library of Australia\\|accessdate\\=5 November 2021}} It is now closed but still extant in private ownership.{{Cite web\\|title\\=St Paul's Anglican Church \\- Former\\|url\\=https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/8685\\-st\\-pauland\\#39;s\\-anglican\\-church\\-former\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-04\\|website\\=Churches Australia\\|language\\=en\\|archive\\-date\\=4 November 2021\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104011155/https://www.churchesaustralia.org/list\\-of\\-churches/denominations/anglican/directory/8685\\-st\\-pauland\\#39;s\\-anglican\\-church\\-former}}\n[thumb\\|Former railway station buildings, 2007](/wiki/File:Girilambone_railway_station_buildings_%28former%29%2C_2007.jpg \"Girilambone railway station buildings (former), 2007.jpg\")\nThe police station closed in 1975, and the railway station in 1986\\.",
"The village has two cemeteries, one established 1901 on Arcturus Street and an older one on Sydney Road (Mitchell Highway); the Old Girilambone Cemetery lies closer to the original mining settlement, west of the railway, and has not been used for many years.{{Cite web \\|title\\=Australian Cemeteries Index \\- Cemetery 1469 \\- Girilambone Old \\|url\\=https://austcemindex.com/cemetery.php?cemid\\=1469 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=austcemindex.com}}{{Cite web \\|title\\=Australian Cemeteries Index \\- Cemetery 38 \\- Girilambone \\|url\\=https://austcemindex.com/cemetery.php?cemid\\=38 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=austcemindex.com}} The newer Girilambone Cemetery is the resting place of Helena ('Ellen') Kerz, who was murdered by [Jimmy Governor](/wiki/Jimmy_Governor \"Jimmy Governor\"), on 20 July 1900, at [Breelong](/wiki/Breelong%2C_New_South_Wales \"Breelong, New South Wales\").{{Cite news \\|date\\=1900\\-07\\-25 \\|title\\=FUNERAL OF THE VICTIMS. \\|pages\\=8 \\|work\\=Sydney Morning Herald \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article14326257 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16}}{{Cite news \\|date\\=1900\\-12\\-01 \\|title\\=Jimmy Governor. \\|pages\\=2 \\|work\\=Murrurundi Times and Liverpool Plains Gazette \\|url\\=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news\\-article130528070 \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16}}",
"The old Girilambone Copper Mine deposit was the upper (oxide ore) levels of a larger deposit, now known as the Murrawombie deposit. This deposit was mined again, by open pit methods, from 1993 to 2002\\. In 2008, a new underground mine to mine the deeper, sulphide ores was opened but mining was soon suspended due to economic conditions; mining operations restarted in late 2015\\.{{Cite web\\|last1\\=Cox\\|first1\\=Brad\\|last2\\=Sheppard\\|first2\\=Ian\\|date\\=30 June 2019\\|title\\=MURRAWOMBIE DEPOSIT \\- Mineral Resource and Ore Reserve Estimate Statement\\|url\\=https://www.aerisresources.com.au/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/12/Murrawombie\\-Mineral\\-Resources\\-and\\-Ore\\-Reserve\\-Estimate\\-30\\-June\\-2019\\.pdf\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228190551/https://www.aerisresources.com.au/wp\\-content/uploads/2019/12/Murrawombie\\-Mineral\\-Resources\\-and\\-Ore\\-Reserve\\-Estimate\\-30\\-June\\-2019\\.pdf\\|archive\\-date\\=28 February 2021\\|access\\-date\\=\\|website\\=\\|publisher\\=AERIS RESOURCES LIMITED}} Although mining has resumed, that has had little direct benefit to Girilambone.",
"In 2019, the N.S.W. government announced funding to repair the derelict railway station building and to repurpose it as a visitor centre with a museum and Indigenous art gallery.{{Cite web\\|date\\=2019\\-07\\-19\\|title\\=NSW Government's Drought Stimulus Package providing $1 million for tourism in Bogan Shire {{!}} NSW Government\\|url\\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/media\\-releases/nsw\\-governments\\-drought\\-stimulus\\-package\\-providing\\-1\\-million\\-for\\-tourism\\-bogan\\-shire\\|url\\-status\\=live\\|archive\\-url\\=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127205814/https://www.nsw.gov.au/media\\-releases/nsw\\-governments\\-drought\\-stimulus\\-package\\-providing\\-1\\-million\\-for\\-tourism\\-bogan\\-shire\\|archive\\-date\\=27 January 2021\\|access\\-date\\=2020\\-10\\-28\\|website\\=www.nsw.gov.au\\|language\\=en\\-AU}}{{Cite web\\|title\\=Girilambone Railway revitalisation\\|url\\=https://www.nsw.gov.au/drought\\-stimulus\\-package/girilambone\\-railway\\-revitalisation\\|access\\-date\\=2021\\-11\\-05\\|website\\=\\[\\[NSW Government]]\\|language\\=en\\-AU}} Work on the restoration and renovation of the old building was well under way in September 2022\\.{{Cite web \\|last\\=Times \\|first\\=The Coonamble \\|date\\=2022\\-09\\-09 \\|title\\=Reviving Girilambone's historic railway station \\|url\\=https://www.coonambletimes.com.au/reviving\\-girilambones\\-historic\\-railway\\-station/ \\|access\\-date\\=2022\\-10\\-16 \\|website\\=The Coonamble Times \\|language\\=en\\-AU}}",
"Alfred \"Tony\" Lodge (1939 \\- 2018\\) was a successful farmer in the area until his departure to [Orange, New South Wales](/wiki/Orange%2C_New_South_Wales \"Orange, New South Wales\") with his family in 1977\\.",
""
] |
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